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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 10, 2017
Registration No. 333-207243
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
Amendment No. 5
to
FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
Laureate Education, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |
8200
(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number) |
52-1492296
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
650 S. Exeter Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
(410) 843-6100
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including
area code, of registrant's principal executive offices)
Robert W. Zentz, Esq.
Senior Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel
Laureate Education, Inc.
650 S. Exeter Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
(410) 843-6100
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including
area code, of agent for service)
With copies to: | ||
Robert W. Smith, Jr., Esq. Michael J. Stein, Esq. DLA Piper LLP (US) 6225 Smith Avenue Baltimore, MD 21209 (410) 580-3000 |
|
Joseph H. Kaufman, Esq. David W. Azarkh, Esq. Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP 425 Lexington Avenue New York, NY 10017 (212) 455-2000 |
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement is declared effective.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 check the following box: o
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer o | Accelerated filer o |
Non-accelerated filer
ý
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |
Smaller reporting company o |
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
|
||||
Title of Each Class of Securities
to be Registered |
Proposed Maximum
Aggregate Offering Price(1)(2) |
Amount of
Registration Fee |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
Class A common stock, par value $0.004 per share |
$100,000,000 | $10,070(3) | ||
|
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
Subject to Completion, dated January 10, 2017
PROSPECTUS
Shares
Class A Common Stock
Laureate Education, Inc. is offering shares of its Class A common stock. This is our initial public offering and no public market currently exists for our shares of Class A common stock. We anticipate that the initial public offering price will be between $ and $ per share.
Following this offering, we will have two classes of outstanding common stock, Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock will be identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. Each share of Class A common stock will be entitled to one vote per share. Each share of Class B common stock will be entitled to ten votes per share and will be convertible at any time into one share of Class A common stock. Outstanding shares of Class B common stock will represent approximately % (or % if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares of Class A common stock) of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock following this offering. After completion of this offering, Wengen Alberta, Limited Partnership, an Alberta limited partnership ("Wengen"), our controlling stockholder, will continue to control a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock. As a result, we are a "controlled company" within the meaning of the Nasdaq Global Select Market ("Nasdaq") corporate governance standards. See "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management." In October 2015, we redomiciled in Delaware as a public benefit corporation as a demonstration of our long-term commitment to our mission to benefit our students and society.
We have applied for the listing of our Class A common stock on Nasdaq under the symbol "LAUR."
Investing in our Class A common stock involves risks. See "Risk Factors" beginning on page 29.
|
Per
Share |
Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial public offering price |
$ | $ | |||||
Underwriting discounts and commissions(1) |
$ | $ | |||||
Proceeds, before expenses, to us |
$ | $ |
We have granted the underwriters the right to purchase up to an additional shares of Class A common stock from us.
The Securities and Exchange Commission and state securities regulators have not approved or disapproved these securities, or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The underwriters expect to deliver the shares of Class A common stock to purchasers on , 2017.
Joint Book-Running Managers
Credit Suisse | Morgan Stanley | Barclays |
Macquarie Capital | J.P. Morgan | BMO Capital Markets | Citigroup | Goldman, Sachs & Co. |
Co-Managers
Baird |
|
Barrington Research |
|
Piper Jaffray |
|
Stifel |
|
William Blair |
Bradesco BBI |
|
BTG Pactual |
, 2017
You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or contained in any free writing prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Neither we nor the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide you with additional information or information different from that contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus filed with the SEC. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, our Class A common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus.
Through and including , 2017 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that effect transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers' obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.
For investors outside of the United States, neither we nor the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus or any free writing prospectus we may provide to you in connection with this offering in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus and any such free writing prospectus outside of the United States.
As used in this prospectus, unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, references to "we," "us," "our," the "Company," "Laureate" and similar references refer collectively to Laureate Education, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Unless otherwise stated or the context requires, references to the Laureate International Universities network include Santa Fe University of Art and Design ("SFUAD"), which is owned by Wengen. Laureate is affiliated with SFUAD, but does not own or control it and,
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accordingly, SFUAD is not included in the financial results of Laureate presented throughout this prospectus.
LAUREATE, LAUREATE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES and the leaf symbol are trademarks of Laureate Education, Inc. in the United States and other countries. This prospectus also includes other trademarks of Laureate and trademarks of other persons, which are properties of their respective owners.
We obtained the industry, market and competitive position data used throughout this prospectus from our own internal estimates and research as well as from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. This prospectus also contains the results from studies by Millward Brown and Gallup, Inc. ("Gallup"). We commissioned the Millward Brown study as part of our periodic evaluation of employment rates and starting salary information for our graduates. In addition, we commissioned the Gallup survey to explore the relationship between the experiences of students at Walden University, our online university located in the United States, and long-term outcomes of those students based on the survey responses.
Industry publications, studies and surveys generally state that they have been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. While we believe that each of these publications, surveys and studies is reliable, we have not independently verified industry, market and competitive position data from third-party sources. While we believe our internal business research is reliable and the market definitions are appropriate, neither such research nor these definitions have been verified by any independent source.
PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION
In this prospectus we present certain data for the 12-month period ("LTM") ended September 30, 2016. This data has been derived by summing our historical results for the year ended December 31, 2015 and our historical results for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, then subtracting our historical results for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. Our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year.
On May 2, 2016, we announced a change to our operating segments in order to align our structure more geographically. Our institution in Italy, Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano ("NABA"), including Domus Academy, moved from our GPS segment into our Europe segment. Media Design School ("MDS"), located in New Zealand, moved from our GPS segment into our AMEA segment. Our GPS segment now focuses on Laureate's fully online global operations and on its campus-based institutions in the United States. This change has been reflected in the financial statements for all periods presented.
On January 10, 2017, we announced that we plan to combine our Europe and AMEA operations, effective March 31, 2017, in order to reflect our belief that we will be able to operate the institutions in those operations more successfully and efficiently under common management. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this combination on its operating segments. All information in this prospectus is presented consistently with our operating segments as in effect on September 30, 2016, and on the date of this prospectus, and does not reflect any possible segment realignment.
On January 1, 2016, Laureate adopted Accounting Standards Update 2015-03, which simplified the presentation of debt issuance costs by requiring debt issuance costs to be presented as a deduction from debt. At adoption, the new guidance was applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in this prospectus.
Our consolidated financial statements included in this prospectus are presented in U.S. dollars ($) rounded to the nearest thousand, with many amounts in this prospectus rounded to the nearest tenth of a million. Therefore, discrepancies in the tables between totals and the sums of the amounts listed may occur due to such rounding.
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Dear Prospective Investors,
As the founder of Laureate, it is my privilege to explain the company and its beliefs, as a way of educating potential new investors to determine if we are a compatible fit. This company was founded over 25 years ago and, while the offerings, strategies and even the name of the company have changed over the years, our core beliefs remain the same. Chief among them is our belief in the power of education to transform lives, and our view that the private sector can make a positive impact in a field that traditionally has been the province of the public sector. I have been accompanied on this journey by remarkable partners, friends and co-workers, and the success and longevity of this company is a credit to their passion, commitment and many sacrifices. Many of these contributors are still with us and some are gone, but I write this letter on behalf of them all, in a shared belief that Laureate is that rare company that will outlive its many founders and make lasting contributions to the world.
Seventeen years ago, we entered the field of international higher education with the acquisition of Universidad Europea de Madrid in Spain, and this became our testbed for innovation as we developed our ideas for new ways to manage universities and to improve outcomes for students. The company was built upon the idea that our main purpose was to prepare our students for success in their careers and lives. And we also believed that this was a much more valuable contribution if it could be done at scale. There are many barriers that inhibit participation in higher education and we committed ourselves to overcoming these barriers in order to expand access. This requires us to educate students at an affordable price, and in fact our tuition typically is far below the actual per-student cost to society of public institutions, which are heavily subsidized by government. Expanding access also requires us to accept more students compared to elite institutions, and to demonstrate that many of our students graduate and succeed in career and life.
From the very beginning, we wanted to create an international network of universities that would give our students a unique multicultural experience and better preparation for success in an increasingly globalized workforce. So we searched for other compatible acquisitions of, or partnerships with, universities in other countries, initially in Spanish-speaking markets but eventually across many languages and cultures. In the process, we forged the largest and most powerful network of universities of its kind, with over 70 institutions that today serve more than one million students. Many of these universities are owned or controlled by Laureate, but we also manage institutions that we do not own. In addition, we provide services under contract to governments and to prestigious public and non-profit universities, which demonstrates our quality and value. We believe that providing these types of services will become an increasingly important part of our business model.
Accountability for results has been a critical factor in our success, and to accomplish this we have brought together best practices from the fields of higher education and business management. As a company, we understand the needs of the private sector, which will ultimately employ most of our graduates. So we build deep linkages with employers to ensure that our curriculum reflects the latest requirements and that our students graduate with the skills to succeed. But we are not just a company. We are a company of educators. Our academic leaders ensure that we have great teachers in the classroom, teaching in effective ways and with the right curriculum, and with a human connection to each of our students. They ensure that we understand the needs and requirements of regulators in the many countries that we serve, helping achieve the goals of increasing participation while assuring quality. Their efforts allow us to deliver great, measurable outcomes for our students, the majority of whom are outside the United States.
We recognize the enormous importance that society places on education as a public good or even a civil right, and we respect the role that government plays in ensuring quality and access to education. As a leader in this field, we are required to operate with the highest integrity and the deepest commitment to social responsibility. This has always caused us to have a culture that combines the "head" of a business enterprisescalable, efficient and accountable for measurable resultswith the
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"heart" of a non-profit organizationdedicated to improving lives and benefitting society. We reconcile these two concepts by delivering measurable results for our students, recognizing that when our students succeed, countries prosper and societies benefit. This means that we have always asked our stockholders and employees to recognize our commitment to put the needs of our students first.
I believe that balancing the needs of our constituents has been instrumental to our success and longevity, allowing us to grow even in challenging economic times. For a long time, we didn't have an easy way to explain the idea of a for-profit company with such a deep commitment to benefitting society. So we took notice when in 2010 the first state in the U.S. passed legislation creating the concept of a Public Benefit Corporation, a new type of for-profit corporation with an expressed commitment to creating a material positive impact on society. We watched this concept carefully as it swept the nation, with 31 states and the District of Columbia now having passed legislation to allow for this new class of corporation, which commits itself to high standards of corporate purpose, accountability and transparency. This includes Delaware, the state that we have selected as our new domicile and which has the most up-to-date Public Benefit Corporation law. We believe that we are by far the largest company to become a Public Benefit Corporation and that, following our IPO, we likely will be the first publicly traded Public Benefit Corporation. In addition, while not required by Delaware law, we have chosen to have our social and environmental performance, accountability and transparency assessed against the proprietary criteria established by an independent non-profit organization. Based on this assessment, we have been designated as a "Certified B Corporation."
Which brings me to the topic of our initial public offering. Many of you may know that Laureate was previously a publicly traded company, from 1993 until we went private in 2007. So we understand the advantages and challenges associated with being public. We went private with the intention of accomplishing some very specific objectives and, having achieved these goals, we believe it is time for us to re-establish ourselves as a publicly traded company. Being public brings the highest level of transparency, and will enable us to more easily raise capital to support our mission which, at its core, is about expanding access to higher education through greater scale. We want to best ensure that we always have capital to grow and bring the benefits of our education programs to more students. We recognize that some investors in public companies are highly focused on short-term results, and we hope that it is very clear to them that this is not our approach. With the benefit of a long-term view, we will balance the needs of stockholders with the needs of students, employees and the communities in which we operate, and we believe that this approach will deliver the best results for our investors. We plan to seek out and engage with investors who see the benefit of this approach, and who want to be a part of an enduring, mission-driven company that we believe has strong prospects for long-term growth and the opportunity to help millions of people change their lives through education. We use the expression Here For Good to explain our commitment to thinking and acting for the long-term, and providing a significant benefit to society.
Looking ahead, I can't think of a more exciting time for our company. The world embraces the power and importance of education and is seeking new ideas and technologies to deliver better education to more people at an affordable cost. We believe we are uniquely positioned to meet this need through our unparalleled scale and resources, and our growing capacity to provide our intellectual property and services to other universities and governments.
Sincerely yours,
Douglas
L. Becker
Founder, Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer
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This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before making your investment decision. Before investing in our Class A common stock, you should carefully read this entire prospectus, including the information presented under the section entitled "Risk Factors" and the financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Our Mission
Laureate is an international community of universities that encourages learning without boundaries. Our purpose is to offer higher education with a unique multicultural perspective, and prepare our students for exciting careers and life-long achievement. We believe that when our students succeed, countries prosper and societies benefit.
Our Beliefs
We are a mission-driven company with a long-term perspective, committed to addressing the needs of our students and preparing them for their future endeavors. We are intensely focused on providing our students with the highest quality education resulting in strong employment opportunities. In addition to delivering superior outcomes for our students, we remain highly focused on delivering social returns to all of our constituents, especially the local communities we serve. Key decisions affecting each institution are made by local management and faculty, taking into account the needs of the students, prospective employers, surrounding communities and regulators. We believe our dedication to these constituencies has enabled our institutions to become trusted brands in their local markets, and has enabled Laureate to become a trusted name in global higher education.
Our Business
We are the largest global network of degree-granting higher education institutions, with more than one million students enrolled at our 71 institutions in 25 countries on more than 200 campuses, which we collectively refer to as the Laureate International Universities network. We participate in the global higher education market, which was estimated to account for revenues of approximately $1.5 trillion in 2015, according to GSV Advisors ("GSV"). We believe the global higher education market presents an attractive long-term opportunity, primarily because of the large and growing imbalance between the supply and demand for quality higher education around the world. Advanced education opportunities drive higher earnings potential, and we believe the projected growth in the middle class population worldwide and limited government resources dedicated to higher education create substantial opportunities for high-quality private institutions to meet this growing and unmet demand. Our outcomes-driven strategy is focused on enabling millions of students globally to prosper and thrive in the dynamic and evolving knowledge economy.
In 1999, we made our first investment in higher education and, since that time, we have developed into the global leader in higher education, based on the number of students, institutions and countries making up our network. Our global network of 71 institutions comprises 59 institutions we own or control, and an additional 12 institutions that we manage or with which we have other relationships. Our institutions are recognized for their high-quality academics. For example, we own and operate Universidad del Valle de México ("UVM Mexico"), the largest private university in Mexico, which in 2016 was ranked seventh among all public and private higher education institutions in the country by Guía Universitaria , an annual publication of Reader's Digest . Our track record for delivering high-quality outcomes to our students, while stressing affordability and accessibility, has been a key reason for our long record of success, including 16 consecutive years of enrollment growth. We have generated
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compound annual growth rates ("CAGRs") in total enrollment and revenues of 10.4% and 9.0%, respectively, from 2009 through September 30, 2016. For the LTM ended September 30, 2016, we generated total revenues of $4,218.8 million, operating income of $336.8 million, net income of $311.6 million and Adjusted EBITDA of $708.3 million. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), see "Prospectus SummarySummary Historical Consolidated Financial and Other Data."
Since being taken private in August 2007, we have undertaken several initiatives to continually improve the quality of our programs and outcomes for our students, while expanding our scale and geographic presence, and strengthening our organization and management team. From 2007 to September 30, 2016, we have expanded into 12 new countries, added over 100 campuses worldwide and grown enrollment from approximately 300,000 to more than one million students with a combination of strong organic revenue growth of 9.3% (average annual revenue growth from 2007 to 2015 excluding acquisitions) and the successful integration of 41 strategic acquisitions. Key to this growth were expansions into Brazil, where we owned 13 institutions with a combined enrollment of approximately 260,000 students, and expansions into Asia, the Middle East and Africa, where we owned or controlled 21 institutions with a combined enrollment of approximately 86,000 students. Further, we have made significant capital investments and continue to make operational improvements in technology and human resources, including key management hires, and are developing scalable back-office operations to support the Laureate International Universities network, including implementing a vertically integrated information technology, finance, accounting and human resources organization that, among other things, are designed to enhance our analytical capabilities. Finally, over the past several years, we have invested heavily in technology-enabled solutions to enhance the student experience, increase penetration of our hybrid offerings and optimize efficiency throughout our network. We believe these investments have created an intellectual property advantage that has further differentiated our offerings from local market competitors.
The Laureate International Universities network enables us to educate our students locally, while connecting them to an international community with a global perspective. Our students can take advantage of shared curricula, optional international programs and services, including English language instruction, dual-degree and study abroad programs and other benefits offered by other institutions in our network. We believe that the benefits of the network translate into better career opportunities and higher earnings potential for our graduates.
The institutions in the Laureate International Universities network offer a broad range of undergraduate and graduate degrees through campus-based, online and hybrid programs. Approximately 93% of our students attend traditional, campus-based institutions offering multi-year degrees, similar to leading private and public higher education institutions in the United States and Europe. In addition, approximately two thirds of our students are enrolled in programs of four or more years in duration. Our programs are designed with a distinct emphasis on applied, professional-oriented content for growing career fields and are focused on specific academic disciplines, or verticals, that we believe demonstrate strong employment opportunities and provide high earnings potential for our students, including:
Across these academic disciplines, we continually and proactively adapt our curriculum to the needs of the market, including emphasizing the core STEM (science, technology, engineering and
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math) and business disciplines. We believe the STEM and business disciplines present attractive areas of study to students, especially in developing countries where there exists a strong and ongoing focus to develop and retain professionally trained individuals. Since 2009, we have more than doubled our enrollment of students pursuing degrees in Business & Management, Medicine & Health Sciences and Engineering & Information Technology, our three largest disciplines. We believe the work of our graduates in these disciplines creates a positive impact on the communities we serve and strengthens our institutions' reputations within their respective markets.
Across the world, we operate institutions that address regional, national and local supply and demand imbalances in higher education. As the global leader in higher education, we believe we are uniquely positioned to effectively deliver high-quality education across different brands and tuition levels in the markets in which we operate. In many developing markets, traditional higher education students (defined as 18-24 year olds) have historically been served by public universities, which have limited capacity and are often underfunded, resulting in an inability to meet growing student demands and employer requirements. Our institutions in these markets offer traditional higher education students a private education alternative, often with multiple brands and price points in each market, with innovative programs and strong career-driven outcomes. In many of these same markets, non-traditional students such as working adults and distance learners have limited options for pursuing higher education. Through targeted programs and multiple teaching modalities, we are able to serve the differentiated needs of this unique demographic. Our flexible approach across geographies allows Laureate to access a broader addressable market of students by efficiently tailoring institutions to meet the needs of a particular geography and student population.
We have four reporting segments, which are summarized in the table below. We group our institutions by geography in Latin America ("LatAm"), Europe ("Europe") and Asia, Middle East and Africa ("AMEA") for reporting purposes. Our Global Products and Services segment ("GPS") includes our fully online universities and our campus-based institutions in the United States.
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The following information for our operating segments is presented as of September 30, 2016, except where otherwise indicated, and reflects the operating segment change discussed in the section entitled "Presentation of Financial Information":
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LatAm | Europe | AMEA | GPS | Total |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Countries |
8 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 25 | ||||||||||||
Institutions |
29 | 14 | 21 | 7 | 71 | ||||||||||||
Enrollments (rounded to nearest thousand) |
834,000 | 54,000 | 86,000 | 73,000 | 1,047,000 | ||||||||||||
LTM ended September 30, 2016 Revenues ($ in millions) |
$ | 2,378.7 | $ | 496.9 | $ | 419.1 | $ | 939.9 | $ | 4,218.8 | |||||||
% Contribution to LTM ended September 30, 2016 Revenues |
56 | % | 12 | % | 10 | % | 22 | % | 100 | % |
Our Industry
We are the leader in the global market for higher education, which is characterized by a significant imbalance between supply and demand, especially in developing economies. In many countries, demand for higher education is large and growing. GSV estimates that higher education institutions accounted for total revenues of approximately $1.5 trillion globally in 2015, with the higher education market expected to grow by approximately 5% per annum through 2020. Global growth in higher education is being fueled by several demographic and economic factors, including a growing middle class, global growth in services and technology-related industries and recognition of the significant personal and economic benefits gained by graduates of higher education institutions. At the same time, many governments have limited resources to devote to higher education, resulting in a diminished ability by the public sector to meet growing demand, and creating opportunities for private education providers to enter these markets and deliver high-quality education. As a result, the private sector plays a large and growing role in higher education globally. While the Laureate International Universities network is the largest global network of degree-granting higher education institutions in the world, our total enrollment of more than one million students represents only 0.5% of worldwide higher education students.
Large, Growing and Underpenetrated Population of Qualified Higher Education Students. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ("UNESCO"), 198.6 million students worldwide were enrolled in higher education institutions in 2013, nearly double the 99.7 million students enrolled in 2000, and approximately 90% of those students were enrolled at institutions outside of the United States as of 2013. In many countries, including throughout Latin America, Asia and other developing regions, there is growing demand for higher education based on favorable demographics, increasing secondary completion rates and increasing higher education participation rates, resulting in continued growth in higher education enrollments. While global participation rates have increased for traditional higher education students (defined as 18-24 year olds), the market for higher education is still significantly underpenetrated, particularly in developing countries. Given the low penetration rates, many governments in developing countries have a stated goal of increasing the number of students participating in higher education. For example, Mexico's participation rate increased from approximately 16% to approximately 22% from 2003 to 2013, and the Mexican government has set a goal of increasing the number of students enrolled in higher education by 17% over the next three years. Other developing countries with large addressable markets are similarly underpenetrated as evidenced by the following participation rates for 2013: Brazil (32%), China (22%) and India (19%), all of which are well below rates of developed countries such as the
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United States and Spain, which in 2013 had participation rates of approximately 63% and approximately 60%, respectively.
Strong Economic Incentives for Higher Education. According to the Brookings Institution, approximately 1.8 billion people in the world composed the middle class in 2009, a number that is expected to more than double by 2030 to almost five billion people. We believe that members of this large and growing group seek advanced education opportunities for themselves and their children in recognition of the vast differential in earnings potential with and without higher education. According to data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD"), in certain European markets in which we operate, the earnings from employment for an adult completing higher education were approximately 60% higher than those of an adult with just an upper secondary education, while in the United States the differential was approximately 76%. This income gap is even more pronounced in many developing countries around the world, including a differential of approximately 139% in Chile and approximately 152% in Brazil. OECD statistics also show that overall employment rates are greater for individuals completing higher education than for those who have not completed upper secondary education. In addition, we believe as economies around the world are increasingly based on the services sector, they will require significant investment in human capital, advanced education and specialized training to produce knowledgeable professionals. We believe the cumulative impact of favorable demographic and socio-economic trends, coupled with the superior earnings potential of higher education graduates, will continue to expand the market for private higher education.
Increasing Role of the Private Sector in Higher Education. In many of our markets, the private sector plays a meaningful role in higher education, bridging supply and demand imbalances created by a lack of capacity at public universities. In addition to capacity limitations, we believe that limited public resources, and the corresponding policy reforms to make higher education systems less dependent on the financial and operational support of local governments, have resulted in increased enrollments in private institutions relative to public institutions.
According to the OECD, from 2003 to 2013, the number of students enrolled in private institutions grew from approximately 26% to approximately 31% of total enrollments within OECD countries. For example, Brazil and Chile rely heavily upon private institutions to deliver quality higher education to students, with approximately 71% (in 2012) and approximately 84% (in 2013), respectively, of higher education students in these countries enrolled in private institutions.
The decrease in government funding to public higher education institutions in recent years has served to spur the growth of private institutions, as tuitions have been increasingly funded by private sources. On average, OECD countries experienced a decrease in public funding from approximately 69% of total funding in 2000 to approximately 65% in 2012. For example, Mexico experienced a decrease in public funding as a percentage of total funding of approximately ten percentage points during the same period. We believe these trends have increased demand for competitive private institutions as public institutions are unable to meet the demand of students and families around the world, especially in developing markets.
Greater Accessibility to Higher Education through Online and Hybrid Offerings. Improving Internet broadband infrastructure and new instruction methodologies designed for the online medium have driven increased acceptance of the online modality globally. According to a survey conducted by the Babson Survey Research Group, approximately 71% of academic leaders rated online learning outcomes as the same or superior to classroom learning in 2014, up from approximately 57% in 2003. GSV estimates that the online higher education market will grow by a CAGR of approximately 25%, from $49 billion in 2012 to $149 billion in 2017. Additionally, new online and hybrid education offerings have enabled the cost-effective delivery of higher education, while improving overall affordability and accessibility for students. We believe that increasing student demand, coupled with
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growing employer and regulatory acceptance of degrees obtained through online and hybrid modalities, will continue to drive significant growth in the online and hybrid higher education market globally.
Our Strengths and Competitive Advantages
We believe our key competitive strengths that will enable us to execute our growth strategy include the following:
First Mover and Leader in Global Higher Education. In 1999, we made our first investment in global higher education. Since that time, the Laureate International Universities network has grown to include 71 institutions in 25 countries that enroll more than one million students, of which approximately 95% are outside of the United States. Our growth has been the result of numerous organic initiatives, supplemented by successfully completing and integrating 41 acquisitions since August 2007, substantially all of which were completed through private negotiations and not as part of an auction process. Given our size and status as the first mover in many of our markets, we have been able to acquire many marquee assets, which we believe will help us maintain our market-leading position due to the considerable time and expense it would take a competitor to establish an integrated network of international universities of similar scale with the brands, intellectual property and accreditations that we possess.
Long-Standing and Reputable University Brands Delivering High Quality Education. We believe we have established a reputation for providing high-quality higher education around the world, and that our schools are among the most respected higher education brands in their local markets. Many of our institutions have over 40-year histories, with some institutions approaching 100 years. In addition to long-standing presences in their local communities, many of our institutions are ranked among the best in their respective countries. For example, the Barómetro de la Educación Superior has ranked Universidad Andrés Bello as the top private university in Chile. Similarly, in Brazil, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi is ranked by Guia do Estudante as one of São Paulo's top universities, and in Europe, Universidad Europea de Madrid is the second largest private university in Spain and received four stars in the prestigious 2015 QS Stars TM international university rating.
Our strong brands are perpetuated by our student-centric focus and our mission to provide greater access to cost-effective, high-quality higher education, which allows more students to pursue their academic and career aspirations. We are committed to continually evaluating our institutions to ensure we are providing the highest quality education to our students. Our proprietary management tool, the Laureate Education Assessment Framework ("LEAF"), is used to evaluate institutional performance based on 44 unique criteria across five different categories: Employability, Learning Experience, Personal Experience, Access & Outreach and Academic Excellence. LEAF, in conjunction with additional external assessment methodologies, such as QS Stars TM , allows us to identify key areas for improvement in order to drive a culture of quality and continual innovation at our institutions. For example, more than 86% of students attending Laureate institutions in Brazil are enrolled in an institution with an IGC score (an indicator used by the Brazilian Ministry of Education to evaluate the quality of higher education institutions) that has improved since 2010. In addition, our Brazilian institutions' IGC scores have increased by approximately 16% on average from 2010 to 2014, placing three of our institutions in the top quintile, and nine (encompassing approximately 96% of our student enrollment in Brazil) in the top three quintiles of all private higher education institutions in the country.
Many of our institutions and programs have earned the highest accreditation available, which provides us with a strong competitive advantage in local markets. For example, we serve more than 200,000 students in the fields of medicine and health sciences on over 100 campuses throughout the Laureate International Universities network, including 22 medical schools and 19 dental schools. Medical school licenses are often the most difficult to obtain and are only granted to institutions that meet
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rigorous standards. We believe the existence of medical schools at many of our institutions further validates the quality of our institutions and programs. Similarly, other institutions have received numerous specialized accreditations, including those for Ph.D. programs.
Superior Outcomes for Our Students. We offer high-quality undergraduate, graduate and specialized programs in a wide range of disciplines that generate strong interest from students and provide attractive employment prospects. We design our programs to prepare students to contribute productively in their chosen professions upon employment. Our curriculum development process includes employer surveys and ongoing research into business trends to determine the skills and knowledge base that will be required by those employers in the future. This information results in timely curriculum upgrades, which helps ensure that our graduates acquire the skills that will make them marketable to employers. In 2014, we commissioned a study by Millward Brown, a leading third-party market research organization, of graduates at Laureate institutions representing over 60% of total Laureate enrollments. Graduates at 12 of our 13 surveyed international institutions achieved, on average, equal or higher employment rates within 12 months of graduation as compared to graduates of other institutions in the same markets, and in all of our premium institutions surveyed, graduates achieved higher starting salaries as compared to graduates of other institutions in those same markets (salary premium to market benchmarks ranged from approximately 6% to approximately 118%).
Robust Technology and Intellectual Property Platform. By virtue of our 17 years of experience operating in a global environment, managing campus-based institutions across multiple disciplines and developing and administering online programs and curricula, we have developed an extensive collection of intellectual property. We believe this collection of intellectual property, which includes online capabilities, campus design and management, recruitment of transnational students, faculty training, curriculum design and quality assurance, among other proprietary solutions, provides our students a truly differentiated learning experience and creates a significant competitive advantage for our institutions over competitors.
A critical element of our intellectual property is a suite of proprietary technology solutions. Select examples include OneCampus , which connects students across our network with shared online courses and digital experiences, and Slingshot, an online career orientation tool that enables students to explore career paths through state-of-the-art interest assessment and rich content about hundreds of careers. Our commitment to investing in technology infrastructure, software and human capital ensures a high-quality educational experience for our students and faculty, while also providing us with the infrastructure to manage and scale our business.
Our intellectual property has been a key driver in developing partnerships with prestigious independent institutions and governments globally. For example, we have partnered with other traditional public and private higher education institutions as a provider of online services. We have operated this model for more than ten years with the University of Liverpool in the United Kingdom and, more recently, we have added new partnerships with the University of Roehampton in the United Kingdom and the University of Miami in the United States. Additionally, in 2013, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia launched the College of Excellence program with a long-term goal of opening 100 new technical colleges, and sought private operators to manage the institutions on its behalf under an operating model in which the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia funds the capital requirements to build the institutions, and the private operator runs the academic operations under a contract model. As of September 30, 2016, we have been awarded contracts to operate eight of the 33 colleges for which contracts have been awarded to date, more than any other provider in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Scale and Diversification of Our Global Network. The Laureate International Universities network is diversified across 25 countries, 71 campus-based and online institutions and over 2,500 programs. Additionally, in many markets, we have multiple institutions serving different segments of the population, at different price points and with different academic offerings. Although the majority of our
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institutions serve the premium segment of the market, we also have expanded our portfolio of offerings in many markets to include high-quality value and technical-vocational institutions. By serving multiple segments of the market, all with high-quality offerings, we are able to continue to expand our enrollments during varying economic cycles. We believe there is no other public or private organization that commands comparable global reach or scale.
Our global network allows our institutions to bring their distinctive identities together with our proprietary international content, managerial best practices and international programs. Through collaboration across the global network, we can efficiently share academic curricula and resources, create dual degree programs and student exchanges, develop our faculty and incorporate best practices throughout the organization. In addition, our wide-ranging network allows us to continue to scale our business by facilitating the expansion of existing programs and campuses, the launch of new programs, the opening of new campuses in areas of high demand and the strategic acquisition and integration of new institutions into our network. For example, the resources and support of our global network have had a demonstrated impact on our Medicine & Health Sciences expansion effort, which has resulted in enrollment growth from approximately 75,000 students in 2009 to more than 200,000 students as of September 30, 2016. Furthermore, the existing breadth of our network allows us to provide a high-quality educational experience to our students, while simultaneously accessing the broadest addressable market for our offerings.
In recognition of the benefits of our international scale, and in order to formalize our organizational focus on the opportunities presented by our established network, we created the Laureate Network Office ("LNO") in 2015. The LNO is an important resource that allows us, among other things, to better leverage our expertise in the online modality to increase the frequency and effectiveness of online and hybrid learning opportunities across the network.
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To further illustrate the breadth and diversity of our global network, the charts below show the mix of our geographic revenues, programs, modality and levels of study:
Attractive Financial Model.
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Proven Management Team. We have an experienced and talented senior management team, with strong international expertise from a wide variety of industry-leading global companies. Our executive officers have been with us an average of 13 years and have led our transformation into the largest global network of degree-granting higher education institutions in the world. Douglas L. Becker, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and founder, has led our Company since its inception in 1989 and has cultivated an entrepreneurial and collaborative management culture. This entrepreneurial leadership style has been complemented by an executive management team with broad global experience, enabling us to institute strong governance practices throughout our network. The strength of the management team has enabled the sharing of best practices, allowing us to capitalize on favorable market dynamics and leading to the successful integration of numerous institutions into the Laureate International Universities network. In addition, we have strong regional and local management teams with a deep understanding of the local markets, that are focused on meeting the needs of our students and communities, and maintaining key relationships with regulators and business leaders. Our management team has a proven track record of gaining the trust and respect of the many regulatory authorities that are critical to our business.
Our Growth Strategy
We intend to continue to focus on growing the Laureate International Universities network through the following key strategies:
Expand Programs, Demographics and Capacity. We will continue to focus on opportunities to expand our programs and the type of students that we serve, as well as our capacity in our markets to meet local demand. We also intend to continue to improve the performance of each of our institutions by adopting best practices that have been successful at other institutions in the Laureate International Universities network. We believe these initiatives will drive organic growth and provide an attractive return on capital. In particular, we intend to:
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available through the network, and in consultation with leading local businesses. New programs and course offerings enable us to consistently provide a high-quality education that is desired by students and prospective employers. As we optimize our offerings to deliver courses in high-demand disciplines, we also believe we will be able to increase enrollment and improve utilization at institutions across our network.
We have successfully implemented these strategies at many of our institutions. For example, at UVM Mexico we grew total enrollments from approximately 37,000 students in 2002 to approximately 128,000 in 2015. This growth was the result of the introduction of new programs, including in the fields of health sciences, engineering and hospitality, the addition of 23 new campus locations (from 13 in 2002 to 36 in 2015), and the ability to serve new market segments such as working adults. While UVM Mexico has grown into the largest private institution in Mexico, our relentless focus on academic quality remains. In fact, UVM Mexico has improved from the 9 th ranked institution in 2004 to the 7 th ranked institution in 2016 according to Guía Universitaria.
Expand Penetration of Online and Hybrid Offerings. We intend to increase the number of our students who receive their education through fully online or hybrid programs to meet the growing demand of younger generations that continue to embrace technology. Over the past decade, the global population with Internet access has continued to grow, and Forrester Research, Inc. ("Forrester") estimates a total of 3.5 billion people will have Internet access by 2017, representing nearly half of the world's population. Additionally, in many of our markets, online education is becoming more accepted by regulators and education professionals as an effective means of providing quality higher education. As the quality and acceptance of online education increases globally, we plan to continue investing in both expanding our stand-alone online course offerings and enhancing our traditional campus-based course offerings via complementary online delivery, creating a hybrid delivery model. We believe our history of success with Walden University, a fully online institution in the United States, and our well-developed online program offerings will provide a considerable advantage over local competitors, enabling us to combine our strong local brands with our experience in delivering online education. By the end of 2019, our goal is to increase the number of student credit hours taken online, which was approximately 11% as of the end of 2015, to approximately 25%. Some of our network institutions are already implementing online programs with significant progress being made. For example, at Universidad Europea de Madrid in Spain, approximately 20% of our students took at least one online course as of June 30, 2016. Our online initiative is designed to not only provide our students with access to the technology platforms and innovative programs they expect, but also to increase our
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enrollment in a more capital efficient manner, leveraging current infrastructure and improving classroom utilization.
Expand Presence in AMEA. AMEA represents the largest higher education market opportunity in the world with more than 120 million students enrolled in higher education institutions in 2013, according to UNESCO. Despite the large number of students enrolled, participation rates in the region suggest significantly underpenetrated enrollment given the strong imbalance between the supply and demand for higher education.
In 2008, we entered the AMEA higher education market with our acquisition of an interest in INTI Education Group in Malaysia. In the last eight years, we have grown our AMEA footprint to include 21 institutions in eight countries, serving approximately 86,000 students, representing an enrollment CAGR of approximately 20% since entering the region in 2008. Recent expansion in the AMEA region includes eight Colleges of Excellence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and our first institution in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2013, Monash South Africa. In anticipation of continued growth, we have made significant investments in the region, including hiring an experienced regional management team and establishing the infrastructure to help facilitate growth and further expand our footprint in the region. We plan to continue to expand our presence in AMEA by prioritizing markets based on demographic, market and regulatory factors, while seeking attractive returns on capital.
Accelerate Partnership and Services Model Globally. As the global leader in higher education, we believe we are well-positioned to capitalize on additional opportunities in the form of partnership and service models that are designed to address the growing needs of traditional institutions and governments around the world.
Increasingly more complex services and operating capabilities are required by higher education institutions to address the needs of students effectively, and we believe our expertise and knowledge will allow us to leverage our intellectual property and technology to serve this market need. We have partnered with traditional public and private education institutions as a provider of online services and we believe there will be opportunities to expand that platform under similar relationships with other prestigious independent institutions in the future. Additionally, we are continually adding to our suite of solutions, and we believe many of these products and services will provide additional contractual and licensing opportunities for us in the future. For example, in recent years we have significantly advanced our digital teaching and learning efforts through proprietary technology-enabled solutions such as:
Additionally, governments around the world are increasingly focused on increasing participation rates and often do not have an established or scalable public sector platform with the necessary expertise to accomplish that objective, and therefore are willing to fund private sector solutions. We believe our current partnership with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where we were selected as their largest partner for the Colleges of Excellence program, is a demonstration of how our distinct portfolio of solutions differentiates us from other providers who participated in the selection process. We are in active discussion with other governments regarding similar partnerships, as well as other solutions that we can provide to existing and new partners, and we anticipate this could be a source of additional revenue for us in the future.
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Increase Operating Efficiencies through Centralization and Standardization. In 2014, we launched Excellence in Process ("EiP") as an enterprise-wide initiative to optimize and standardize our processes to enable sustained growth and margin expansion. The program aims to enable vertical integration of procurement, information technology, finance, accounting and human resources, thus enabling us to fully leverage the growing size and scope of our local operations. Specifically, we have developed and begun to deploy regional shared services organizations ("SSOs") around the world, which will process most back-office and non-student facing transactions for the institutions in the Laureate International Universities network, such as accounting, finance and procurement. The implementation of EiP and regional SSOs are expected to generate significant cost savings throughout the network as we eliminate redundant processes and better leverage our global scale. In addition, centralized information technology, product development and content management will allow us to propagate best practices throughout the Laureate International Universities network and capitalize on efficiencies to help improve performance. We anticipate EiP will require an investment of approximately $180 million from 2015 to 2017, with the first significant investments already having been made in 2015. These investments have already begun to generate cost savings and, upon completion of the project, we expect these efficiencies to generate approximately $100 million in annual cost savings in 2019, while also enhancing our internal controls and the speed of integration of new acquisitions. We also believe these initiatives will enhance the student experience by improving the quality of our operations and by enabling additional reinvestment in facilities, faculty and course offerings.
Target Strategic Acquisitions. Since being taken private in August 2007, we have made 41 acquisitions with an aggregate purchase price of approximately $2.0 billion, including assumed debt. Substantially all of these acquisitions were completed through private negotiations and not as part of an auction process, which we believe demonstrates our standing as a partner of choice. We intend to continue to expand through the selective acquisition of institutions in new and existing markets. We employ a highly disciplined approach to acquisitions by focusing on key characteristics that make certain markets particularly attractive for private higher education, such as demographics, economic and social factors, the presence of a stable political environment and a regulatory climate that values private higher education. When we enter a new market or industry sector, we target institutions with well-regarded reputations and which are well-respected by regulators. We also invest time and resources to understand the managerial, financial and academic resources of the prospect and the resources we can bring to that institution. After an acquisition, we focus on organic growth and financial returns by applying best practices and integrating, both operationally and financially, the institution into the Laureate International Universities network, and we have a strong track record of success. For all the institutions we acquired between 1999 and December 31, 2010, we achieved average enrollment and revenue CAGRs of approximately 15% and approximately 19%, respectively, in the four full years following the first anniversary of the acquisition. Further, we achieved operating income CAGRs (adjusted for impairment charges) of approximately 40%, translating into a margin expansion of nearly six percentage points for the same period. Additionally, we bring programs and expertise to increase the quality and reputation of institutions after we acquire them, and assist them in earning new forms of licenses and accreditations. We believe our experienced management team, history of strong financial performance rooted in the successful integration of previous acquisitions, local contacts and cultural understanding makes us the leading choice for higher education institutions seeking to join an international educational network.
Our History
We were founded in 1989 as Sylvan Learning Systems, Inc., a provider of a broad array of supplemental and remedial educational services. In 1999, we made our first investment in global higher education with our acquisition of Universidad Europea de Madrid, and in 2001 we entered the market for online delivery of higher education services in the United States with our acquisition of Walden University. In 2003, we sold the principal operations that made up our then K-12 educational services
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business and certain venture investments deemed not strategic to our higher education business, and in 2004 we changed our name to Laureate Education, Inc. Between the time we sold the K-12 educational services business in 2003 and August 2007, we acquired nine institutions for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $160 million, including assumed debt, and entered seven new countries.
In August 2007, we were acquired in a leveraged buyout by a consortium of investment funds and other investors affiliated with or managed by, among others, Douglas L. Becker, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and founder, Steven M. Taslitz, a director of the Company, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. L.P. (together with its affiliates, "KKR"), Point72 Asset Management, L.P. (together with its affiliates, "Point72"), Bregal Investments, Inc. (together with its affiliates, "Bregal"), StepStone Group LLC (together with its affiliates, "StepStone"), Sterling Fund Management, LLC (together with its affiliates and investment funds managed by it, "Sterling Partners") and Snow Phipps Group, LLC (together with its affiliates, "Snow Phipps" and, collectively, the "Wengen Investors"), for an aggregate total purchase price of $3.8 billion, including $1.7 billion of debt, all of which has been refinanced or replaced. See "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our IndebtednessThe fact that we have substantial debt could materially adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and limit our ability to pursue our growth strategy or to react to changes in the economy or our industry." We believe that these investors have embraced our mission, commitment to academic quality and ongoing focus to provide a social benefit to the communities we serve.
Since being taken private in August 2007, we have undertaken several initiatives to continually improve the quality of our programs and outcomes for our students, while expanding our scale and geographic presence, and strengthening our organization and management team. Since August 2007, we have completed 41 acquisitions with an aggregate purchase price of approximately $2 billion, including assumed debt, and entered 12 new countries, and we now have a total institution count of 71.
In early 2013, International Finance Corporation ("IFC"), a member of the World Bank Group, the IFC Africa, Latin American and Caribbean Fund, LP and the Korea Investment Corporation (together with the IFC, the "IFC Investors") collectively invested $200 million in our common stock. IFC is a global development institution that helps developing countries achieve sustainable growth by financing investment in the private sector and providing advisory services to businesses and governments.
In December 2013, the boards of directors of Wengen and Laureate authorized the combination of Laureate and Laureate Education Asia Limited ("Laureate Asia"). Laureate Asia was a subsidiary of Wengen that provided higher education programs and services to students through a network of licensed institutions located in Australia, China, India, Malaysia and Thailand. Wengen transferred 100% of the equity of Laureate Asia to Laureate. The transaction is accounted for as a transfer between entities under common control and, accordingly, the accounts of Laureate Asia are retrospectively included in the financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Public Benefit Corporation Status
In October 2015, we redomiciled in Delaware as a public benefit corporation as a demonstration of our long-term commitment to our mission to benefit our students and society. Public benefit corporations are a relatively new class of corporations that are intended to produce a public benefit and to operate in a responsible and sustainable manner. Under Delaware law, public benefit corporations are required to identify in their certificate of incorporation the public benefit or benefits they will promote and their directors have a duty to manage the affairs of the corporation in a manner that balances the pecuniary interests of the stockholders, the best interests of those materially affected by the corporation's conduct, and the specific public benefit or public benefits identified in the public benefit corporation's certificate of incorporation. Public benefit corporations organized in Delaware are
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also required to assess their benefit performance internally and to disclose publicly at least biennially a report detailing their success in meeting their benefit objectives.
We do not believe that an investment in the stock of a public benefit corporation differs materially from an investment in a corporation that is not designated as a public benefit corporation. We believe that our ongoing efforts to achieve our public benefit goals will not materially affect the financial interests of our stockholders. Holders of our Class A common stock will have voting, dividend and other economic rights that are the same as the rights of stockholders of a corporation that is not designated as a public benefit corporation. See "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Investing in Our Class A Common StockAs a public benefit corporation, our focus on a specific public benefit purpose and producing a positive effect for society may negatively influence our financial performance" and "Description of Capital StockPublic Benefit Corporation Status."
Our public benefit, as provided in our certificate of incorporation, is: to produce a positive effect (or a reduction of negative effects) for society and persons by offering diverse education programs delivered online and on premises operated in the communities that we serve. By doing so, we believe that we provide greater access to cost-effective, high-quality higher education that enables more students to achieve their academic and career aspirations. Most of our operations are outside the United States, where there is a large and growing imbalance between the supply and demand for quality higher education. Our stated public benefit is firmly rooted in our company mission and our belief that when our students succeed, countries prosper and societies benefit. Becoming a public benefit corporation underscores our commitment to our purpose and our stakeholders, including students, regulators, employers, local communities and stockholders.
Certified B Corporation
In addition to becoming a public benefit corporation, although not required by Delaware law, we have elected to have our social and environmental performance, accountability and transparency assessed against the proprietary criteria established by an independent non-profit organization. As a result of this assessment, we have been designated as a "Certified B Corporation TM ." See "BusinessCertified B Corporation."
Recent Developments
Sale of Glion and Les Roches Hospitality Management Schools
On March 15, 2016, we signed an agreement with Eurazeo, a publicly traded French investment company, to sell Glion and Les Roches and associated institutions (the "Swiss Institution Sale") for a total transaction value of CHF 380 million (approximately $385 million at the signing date), subject to certain adjustments. The sale included the operations of Glion in Switzerland and the United Kingdom, with a total of approximately 1,800 students, and the operations of Les Roches in Switzerland and the United States, as well as LRG in Switzerland, Les Roches Jin Jiang in China, RACA in Jordan and Les Roches Marbella in Spain, with a combined total of approximately 3,000 students. The transaction closed on June 14, 2016 and we received total net proceeds of approximately $339 million. We are continuing to provide certain back-office services to Glion and Les Roches, and programs of those institutions will continue on various campuses in the Laureate International Universities network throughout the world.
Sale of Operations in France
On April 19, 2016, we signed an agreement with Apax Partners, a private equity firm, under which Apax Partners acquired LIUF SAS (the "French Institution Sale"), our French holding company ("LIUF"), for a total transaction value of EUR 201 million (approximately $228 million at the signing date), subject to certain adjustments. LIUF comprised our five institutions located in France with a
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total student population of approximately 7,500: École Supériure du Commerce Extérieur, Institut Français de Gestion, European Business School, École Centrale d'Electronique and Centre d'Études Politiques et de la Communication. The transaction closed on July 20, 2016 and we received total net proceeds of approximately $207 million.
2015 and 2016 Operating Results of Institutions Associated with the Swiss Institution Sale and the French Institution Sale
For the year ended December 31, 2015, the combined contributions to revenues, operating income, and depreciation and amortization expense from the institutions associated with the Swiss Institution Sale and the French Institution Sale were approximately $262.2 million, $15.3 million and $13.7 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 (during the period that those institutions were included in our consolidated results prior to being sold), the combined contributions to revenues, operating income, and depreciation and amortization expense from the institutions associated with the Swiss Institution Sale and the French Institution Sale were approximately $142.0 million, $23.7 million and $3.0 million, respectively.
Senior Note Exchange Transaction
On April 15, 2016, we entered into separate, privately negotiated note exchange agreements (the "Note Exchange Agreements") with certain existing holders (the "Existing Holders") of our outstanding 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019 (the "Senior Notes") pursuant to which we will exchange $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes for shares of our Class A common stock. We expect the exchange to be completed within one year and one day after the consummation of this offering. The number of shares of Class A common stock issuable will equal 104.625% of the aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes to be exchanged, or $261.6 million, divided by $ , the initial public offering price per share of Class A common stock in this offering. Following this offering, but prior to the exchange, the Senior Notes subject to the exchange will continue to receive interest at the same rate as the Senior Notes that are not subject to the exchange.
Pursuant to the Note Exchange Agreements, on June 15, 2016, we also repurchased from the Existing Holders $62.5 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes at par value, plus accrued and unpaid interest and special interest. Within 60 days after the consummation of this offering, at the option of the Existing Holders or their transferees, we will repurchase up to an additional $62.5 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes at the redemption price set forth in the indenture governing the Senior Notes that is applicable as of the date of pricing of this offering, plus accrued and unpaid interest and special interest (the "Subsequent Repurchase").
The Note Exchange Agreements will terminate if this offering is not consummated on or before August 15, 2017, and the exchange of $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes for shares of Class A common stock and the Subsequent Repurchase will not occur.
Upon consummation of all of the transactions described above, we will have retired up to $375.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes.
Assuming an initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and assuming the completion of the exchange transaction one year and one day after the date of this offering, we expect to issue an aggregate of shares of Class A common stock in connection with the exchange transaction.
The exchange of Senior Notes for shares of Class A common stock will be effected in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act. Nothing herein shall constitute or be deemed to constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy the Senior Notes.
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Series A Preferred Stock Offering
On December 4, 2016, we signed a subscription agreement (the "Subscription Agreement") with six investors, including KKR and Snow Phipps, pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell to those investors an aggregate of 400,000 shares of a new series of our convertible redeemable preferred stock (the "Series A Preferred Stock") in a private offering for total gross proceeds of $400 million and net proceeds of approximately $383 million. Closing of the first tranche of funding for this transaction (the "Closing") occurred on December 20, 2016 and we received net proceeds, after issuance costs, of approximately $328 million. One investor will fund a portion of its purchase price equal to $57 million (approximately $55 million net of issuance costs) prior to January 23, 2017. The proceeds from the Series A Preferred Stock offering have and will be used primarily to, among other things, repay a portion of our outstanding debt, including our revolving credit facility.
Dividends compound quarterly and, if not paid in shares of Series A Preferred Stock on a quarterly basis or in cash, accrue when, as and if declared by the board of directors of the Company, on each share of Series A Preferred Stock. The holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to the payment of their liquidation preference in cash in certain circumstances, including upon the sale of the Company or the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, and upon a change in control of Wengen. The holders of Series A Preferred Stock do not have any voting rights except as required by law and with respect to certain extraordinary actions.
The shares of Series A Preferred Stock are only convertible into shares of our Class A common stock under certain circumstances, including upon the closing of a sale of the Company or Wengen, in the event Wengen no longer exclusively controls us and, following this offering and except in certain circumstances, by us and the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock into shares of our Class A common stock commencing on the earlier to occur of one day following the first anniversary of the closing of this offering and the time immediately prior to the effectiveness of a registration statement filed by us in connection with our first follow-on public offering following this offering in which the holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock receive net proceeds not less than the Priority Amount. "Priority Amount" means, generally, shares of our Class A common stock in a dollar amount equal to, as of any date of determination, the greater of (a) 25% of the aggregate offering price of all Class A common stock proposed to be offered and sold in our first follow-on public offering following this offering and (b) $275 million.
The shares of Series A Preferred Stock are redeemable at our option at any time until the closing of this offering and, thereafter, subject to certain conditions, and by the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock after the fifth anniversary of the issue date, in each case, at a redemption price per share equal to 115% of the sum of the issue amount per share plus any accrued and unpaid dividends. If we fail to redeem the shares of Series A Preferred Stock when required after the fifth anniversary of the issue date, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to certain remedies, including the ability to take control of a majority of our board of directors and cause a sale of the Company and/or cause us to raise debt or equity capital in an amount sufficient to redeem the remaining outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock.
Following Closing, and so long as the shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, we will be subject to certain financial covenants relating to total net leverage and trailing 12 months revenue and Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Stockholders Agreement (as defined below)). Failure by the Company to satisfy these covenants would result in the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock obtaining certain remedies, including (i) the ability to appoint an individual to advise the board of directors on improving our growth and profitability and (ii) consent to (A) the incurrence of additional indebtedness and (B) acquisitions of assets and the establishment of new schools by the Company. In addition, we would be required to implement a one-time cost reduction program.
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For more information on our Series A Preferred Stock, including for a description of certain rights that terminate upon the effective time of this offering, see "Description of Capital StockPreferred StockSeries A Preferred Stock."
Estimated Fiscal 2016 Financial Results
The unaudited estimated financial results set forth below are preliminary and subject to revision based upon the completion of our year-end financial closing process as well as the related external audit of the results of operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016. Once the year-end financial closing process and external audit are completed, we may report financial results that could differ, and the differences could be material.
The preliminary financial data set forth below have been prepared by, and is the responsibility of, our management. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP has not audited, reviewed, compiled or performed any procedures with respect to the following preliminary financial data. Accordingly, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP does not express an opinion or any other form of assurance with respect thereto.
The following information and estimates contain certain forward-looking statements. While we believe that such information and estimates are based on reasonable assumptions, our actual results may vary, and such variations may be material. Factors that could cause the preliminary financial data and estimates to differ include, but are not limited to: (i) additional adjustments in the calculation of, or application of accounting principles for, the financial results for the year ended December 31, 2016, (ii) discovery of new information that affects accounting estimates, management judgment, or impacts valuation methodologies underlying these estimated results and (iii) the completion of our audit for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, we expect to generate total revenues of between $4,200.0 million and $4,250.0 million, operating income of between $398.6 million and $413.1 million, net income of between $373.2 million and $407.0 million and Adjusted EBITDA of between $767.0 million and $777.0 million. Please see below for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income. In addition, please see footnote 3 under "Summary Historical Consolidated Financial and Other Data" for a definition of Adjusted EBITDA, reasons why we include it and certain limitations to its use. We expect new enrollments at all of our institutions to be between 505,500 and 506,500 students for the year ended December 31, 2016. We expect total enrollment at all of our institutions to
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be between 1,035,000 and 1,041,000 students as of December 31, 2016, compared to 1,009,000 students at December 31, 2015, after giving effect to the Swiss Institution Sale and the French Institution Sale.
|
For the year ended
December 31, 2016 |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
Low End | High End | |||||
Net income |
$ | 373.2 | $ | 407.0 | |||
Plus: |
|||||||
Income tax expense |
47.8 | 53.8 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net loss of affiliates |
421.0 | 460.8 | |||||
Plus: |
|||||||
Gain on sale of subsidiaries, net(a) |
(398.1 | ) | (398.1 | ) | |||
Foreign currency exchange income, net(b) |
(54.6 | ) | (75.2 | ) | |||
Other expense (income), net |
0.3 | (0.8 | ) | ||||
Loss on derivatives |
8.9 | 7.9 | |||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
17.4 | 17.4 | |||||
Interest income |
(18.2 | ) | (19.2 | ) | |||
Interest expense |
421.9 | 420.3 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Operating income |
398.6 | 413.1 | |||||
Plus: |
|||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense |
272.9 | 271.9 | |||||
Stock-based compensation expense(c) |
38.9 | 37.9 | |||||
EiP expenses(d) |
56.6 | 54.1 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 767.0 | $ | 777.0 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Risk Factors
We are subject to certain risks related to our industry and our business, and there are risks associated with investing in our Class A common stock. The risks set forth under the section entitled "Risk Factors" reflect risks and uncertainties that may materially adversely affect our business,
19
prospects, financial condition, operating results and growth strategy. In summary, significant risks related to our business include:
In connection with your investment decision, you should review the section of this prospectus entitled "Risk Factors."
Corporate Information
Our principal executive offices are located at 650 S. Exeter Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. Our telephone number is (410) 843-6100. Our website is accessible through www.laureate.net. Information on, or accessible through, our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into, this prospectus.
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Class A common stock offered by us |
shares | |
Class A common stock to be outstanding after this offering |
shares, representing a % voting interest (or shares, representing a % voting interest, if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares of Class A common stock). |
|
Class B common stock to be outstanding after this offering |
133,300,971 shares, representing a % voting interest (or a % voting interest, if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares of Class A common stock). |
|
Underwriters' option to purchase additional shares of our Class A common stock |
We have granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to additional shares of Class A common stock at the initial public offering price for a period of 30 days from the date of this prospectus. |
|
Use of proceeds |
We estimate that our net proceeds from the sale of shares of our Class A common stock being offered by us pursuant to this prospectus at an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, will be approximately $ million. We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to repay, redeem or repurchase our outstanding Senior Notes, our term loans under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities (as defined below) and/or the seller notes used to partially finance the acquisition of FMU Group. See "Use of Proceeds." |
|
Dividend policy |
We do not intend to pay dividends on our Class A common stock following this offering. Any declaration and payment of future dividends to holders of our Class A common stock may be limited by restrictive covenants in our debt agreements, and will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors and will depend on many factors, including our financial condition, earnings, capital requirements, level of indebtedness, statutory and contractual restrictions applicable to the payment of dividends and other considerations that our board of directors deems relevant. See "Dividend Policy." |
|
Risk factors |
Please read "Risk Factors" and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our Class A common stock. |
|
Proposed Nasdaq symbol |
LAUR |
21
The total number of shares of our Class A and Class B common stock outstanding after this offering is based on no shares of our Class A common stock and 133,300,971 shares of our Class B common stock outstanding, as of September 30, 2016, and excludes the following shares:
Unless otherwise stated, information in this prospectus (except for the historical financial statements) assumes:
The information in this prospectus reflects a 4 to 1 reverse stock split of our common stock that we intend to effect prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
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SUMMARY HISTORICAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA
Set forth below are summary historical consolidated financial data of Laureate Education, Inc., at the dates and for the periods indicated. The summary historical statements of operations data and statements of cash flows data for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 have been derived from our historical audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited historical consolidated statements of operations data and statements of cash flows data for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 and the unaudited consolidated balance sheet data as of September 30, 2016 have been derived from our historical unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. We have prepared the unaudited financial information on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and have included, in our opinion, all adjustments that we consider necessary for a fair presentation of the financial information set forth in those statements. The segment data reflects the operating segment change discussed in the section entitled "Presentation of Financial Information." Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our future results. The data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes and other financial information included therein. See accompanying historical financial statements of FMU Group and Sociedade Educacional Sul-Rio-Grandense Ltda., which are included because these two acquisitions met the significance thresholds of Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X.
The summary historical consolidated financial and other data should be read in conjunction with "Selected Historical Consolidated Financial and Other Data," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
|
Nine Months Ended
September 30, |
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31, |
||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)
|
2016 | 2015 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||
|
(unaudited)
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations: |
||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
$ | 3,068,299 | $ | 3,141,156 | $ | 4,291,659 | $ | 4,414,682 | $ | 3,913,881 | ||||||
Costs and expenses: |
||||||||||||||||
Direct costs |
2,697,820 | 2,795,027 | 3,760,016 | 3,838,179 | 3,418,449 | |||||||||||
General and administrative expenses |
158,566 | 134,103 | 194,686 | 151,215 | 141,197 | |||||||||||
Loss on impairment of assets |
| | | 125,788 | 33,582 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income |
211,913 | 212,026 | 336,957 | 299,500 | 320,653 | |||||||||||
Interest income |
13,305 | 9,924 | 13,328 | 21,822 | 21,805 | |||||||||||
Interest expense |
(314,383 | ) | (300,145 | ) | (398,042 | ) | (385,754 | ) | (350,196 | ) | ||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
(17,363 | ) | (1,263 | ) | (1,263 | ) | (22,984 | ) | (1,361 | ) | ||||||
(Loss) gain on derivatives |
(8,235 | ) | (2,618 | ) | (2,607 | ) | (3,101 | ) | 6,631 | |||||||
Other (expense) income, net |
(964 | ) | 1,268 | 195 | (1,184 | ) | 7,499 | |||||||||
Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net |
80,263 | (139,416 | ) | (149,178 | ) | (109,970 | ) | (3,102 | ) | |||||||
Gain on sale of subisidaries, net(1) |
398,412 | | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net income (loss) of affiliates |
362,948 | (220,224 | ) | (200,610 | ) | (201,671 | ) | 1,929 | ||||||||
Income tax (expense) benefit |
(35,246 | ) | (81,587 | ) | (117,730 | ) | 39,060 | (91,246 | ) | |||||||
Equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, net of tax |
20 |
2,106 |
2,495 |
158 |
(905 |
) |
||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from continuing operations |
327,722 | (299,705 | ) | (315,845 | ) | (162,453 | ) | (90,222 | ) | |||||||
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax of $0 for all years |
| | | | 796 | |||||||||||
Gain on sales of discontinued operations, net of tax of $0, $0, $0, $0, and $1,864, respectively |
| | | | 4,350 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income (loss) |
327,722 | (299,705 | ) | (315,845 | ) | (162,453 | ) | (85,076 | ) | |||||||
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests |
2,817 | 124 | (403 | ) | 4,162 | 15,398 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
$ | 330,539 | $ | (299,581 | ) | $ | (316,248 | ) | $ | (158,291 | ) | $ | (69,678 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
23
24
|
As of September 30, 2016 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
|
Actual | As Adjusted(4) |
As Further
Adjusted(5) |
|||||||
|
(unaudited)
|
|||||||||
Consolidated Balance Sheets: |
||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents (includes VIE amounts of $164,922) |
$ | 481,471 | $ | 704,471 | ||||||
Restricted cash and investments(6) |
176,235 | 176,235 | ||||||||
Net working capital (deficit) (including cash and cash equivalents) |
(422,130 | ) | (182,130 | ) | ||||||
Property and equipment, net |
2,177,596 | 2,177,596 | ||||||||
Goodwill |
2,009,278 | 2,009,278 | ||||||||
Tradenames |
1,325,613 | 1,325,613 | ||||||||
Other intangible assets, net |
51,084 | 51,084 | ||||||||
Total assets (includes VIE amounts of $1,469,249) |
7,508,457 | 7,731,457 | ||||||||
Total debt, including due to shareholders of acquired companies(7) |
4,242,255 | 4,082,255 | ||||||||
Deferred compensation |
31,804 | 31,804 | ||||||||
Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock |
| 400,000 | ||||||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
21,365 | 21,365 | ||||||||
Total Laureate Education, Inc. stockholders' equity |
651,530 | 651,530 |
We
have included Adjusted EBITDA in this prospectus because it is a key measure used by our management and board of directors to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends, to
prepare and approve our annual budget and to develop short- and long-term operational plans. In particular, the exclusion of certain expenses in calculating Adjusted EBITDA can provide a useful
measure for period-to-period comparisons of our core business. Additionally, Adjusted EBITDA is a key input used by the compensation committee of our board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer
in connection with the payment of incentive compensation to our executive officers and other members of our management team. Accordingly, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to
investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors.
Our use of Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:
25
Other
companies may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than the way we do, limiting the usefulness of these items as comparative measures. We believe that the inclusion of Adjusted EBITDA in this
prospectus is appropriate to provide additional information to investors about our business. While management believes that these measures provide useful information to investors, the SEC may require
that Adjusted EBITDA be presented differently or not at all in filings made with the SEC.
Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including various cash flow metrics, net loss and our other GAAP results. The
26
following unaudited table sets forth a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss for the periods indicated:
|
Nine Months Ended
September 30, |
Fiscal Year Ended
December 31, |
||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
|
2016 | 2015 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||
|
(unaudited)
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | 327,722 | $ | (299,705 | ) | $ | (315,845 | ) | $ | (162,453 | ) | $ | (85,076 | ) | ||
Plus: |
||||||||||||||||
Gain on sales of discontinued operations, net of tax |
| | | | (4,350 | ) | ||||||||||
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax |
| | | | (796 | ) | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from continuing operations |
327,722 | (299,705 | ) | (315,845 | ) | (162,453 | ) | (90,222 | ) | |||||||
Plus: |
||||||||||||||||
Equity in net (income) loss of affiliates, net of tax |
(20 | ) | (2,106 | ) | (2,495 | ) | (158 | ) | 905 | |||||||
Income tax expense (benefit) |
35,246 | 81,587 | 117,730 | (39,060 | ) | 91,246 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net (income) loss of affiliates |
362,948 | (220,224 | ) | (200,610 | ) | (201,671 | ) | 1,929 | ||||||||
Plus: |
||||||||||||||||
Gain on sale of subsidiaries, net(a) |
(398,412 | ) | | | | | ||||||||||
Foreign currency exchange (income) loss, net |
(80,263 | ) | 139,416 | 149,178 | 109,970 | 3,102 | ||||||||||
Other expense (income), net |
964 | (1,268 | ) | (195 | ) | 1,184 | (7,499 | ) | ||||||||
Loss (gain) on derivatives |
8,235 | 2,618 | 2,607 | 3,101 | (6,631 | ) | ||||||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
17,363 | 1,263 | 1,263 | 22,984 | 1,361 | |||||||||||
Interest expense |
314,383 | 300,145 | 398,042 | 385,754 | 350,196 | |||||||||||
Interest income |
(13,305 | ) | (9,924 | ) | (13,328 | ) | (21,822 | ) | (21,805 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income |
211,913 | 212,026 | 336,957 | 299,500 | 320,653 | |||||||||||
Plus: |
||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense |
202,735 | 209,390 | 282,946 | 288,331 | 242,725 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
EBITDA |
414,648 | 421,416 | 619,903 | 587,831 | 563,378 | |||||||||||
Plus: |
||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense(b) |
28,939 | 27,222 | 39,021 | 49,190 | 49,512 | |||||||||||
Loss on impairment of assets(c) |
| | | 125,788 | 33,582 | |||||||||||
EiP expenses(d) |
37,175 | 27,227 | 44,484 | 10,716 | | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 480,762 | $ | 475,865 | $ | 703,408 | $ | 773,525 | $ | 646,472 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
27
around the world, as well as improvements to our system of internal controls over financial reporting.
28
Investing in our Class A common stock involves risk. Before investing in our Class A common stock, you should carefully consider the following risks as well as the other information included in this prospectus, including "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our financial statements and related notes. Any of the following risks could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. However, the risks described below are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or those we currently view to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In such a case, the trading price of the Class A common stock could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.
Risks Relating to Our Business
We are a global business with operations in 25 countries around the world and are subject to complex business, economic, legal, political, tax and foreign currency risks, which risks may be difficult to adequately address.
In each of 2015, 2014 and 2013, over 80% of our revenues were generated from operations outside of the United States. We own or control 59 institutions and manage or have relationships with 12 other licensed institutions in 25 countries, each of which is subject to complex business, economic, legal, political, tax and foreign currency risks. As we continue to expand our international operations, we may have difficulty managing and administering a globally dispersed business and we may need to expend additional funds to, among other things, staff key management positions, obtain additional information technology infrastructure and successfully implement relevant course and program offerings for a significant number of international markets, which may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Additional challenges associated with the conduct of our business overseas that may materially adversely affect our operating results include:
29
Our success in growing our business will depend, in part, on the ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks related to operating in various countries. Any failure by us to effectively manage the challenges associated with the international expansion of our operations could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we do not effectively manage our growth and business, our results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
We have expanded our business over the past eight years through the expansion of existing institutions and the acquisition of higher education institutions, and we intend to continue to do so in the future. We also have established and intend to establish new institutions in certain markets. Planned growth will require us to add management personnel and upgrade our financial and management systems and controls and information technology infrastructure. There is no assurance that we will be able to maintain or accelerate the current growth rate, effectively manage expanding operations, build expansion capacity, integrate new institutions or achieve planned growth on a timely or profitable basis. If our revenue growth is less than projected, the costs incurred for these additions and upgrades could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we cannot maintain student enrollments in our institutions and maintain tuition levels, our results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
Our strategy for growth and profitability depends, in part, upon maintaining and, subsequently, increasing student enrollments in our institutions and maintaining tuition levels. Attrition rates are often due to factors outside our control. Students sometimes face financial, personal or family constraints that require them to drop out of school. They also are affected by economic and social factors prevalent in their countries. In some markets in which we operate, transfers between universities are not common and, as a result, we are less likely to fill spaces of students who drop out. In addition, our ability to attract and retain students may require us to discount tuition from published levels, and may prevent us from increasing tuition levels at a rate consistent with inflation and increases in our costs. If we are unable to control the rate of student attrition, our overall enrollment levels are likely to decline or if we are unable to charge tuition rates that are both competitive and cover our rising expenses, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. In addition, student enrollment may be negatively affected by our reputation and any negative publicity related to us.
We have incurred net losses in each of the last three fiscal years.
We incurred net losses of $315.8 million, $162.5 million and $85.1 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and had an accumulated deficit of $1,079.0 million as of September 30, 2016. Our operating expenses may increase in the foreseeable future as we continue to expand our operations and the Laureate International Universities network. These efforts may prove more expensive than we
30
currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenues sufficiently to offset any higher expenses. Any failure to increase our revenues could prevent us from attaining profitability. We cannot be certain that we will be able to attain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. If we are unable to manage these risks and difficulties effectively as we encounter them, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
We may not be able to identify, acquire or establish control of, and integrate additional higher education institutions, or effectively integrate previously acquired institutions, which could materially adversely affect our growth.
We have previously relied on, and we expect to continue to rely on, acquisitions as an element of our growth. In 2015, we made two acquisitions totaling $11.6 million, in 2014, we made three acquisitions totaling $469.2 million, in 2013, we made four acquisitions totaling $321.7 million, in 2012, we made two acquisitions totaling $8.6 million, in 2011, we made six acquisitions totaling $58.9 million and in 2010 we made four acquisitions totaling $153.0 million, including debt assumed. However, there is no assurance that we will be able to continue to identify suitable acquisition candidates or that we will be able to acquire or establish control of any acquisition candidate on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, in many countries, the approval of a regulatory agency is needed to acquire or operate a higher education institution, which we may not be able to obtain. Furthermore, there is no assurance that any acquired institution can be integrated into our operations successfully or be operated profitably. Acquisitions involve a number of risks, including:
If we do not make acquisitions or make fewer acquisitions than we have historically, or if our acquisitions are not managed successfully, our growth and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
We may not be able to successfully establish new higher education institutions, which could materially adversely affect our growth.
We have entered new markets primarily through acquisitions. As part of our expansion strategy, we may establish new higher education institutions in some markets where there are no suitable acquisition targets. We have only limited experience in establishing new institutions, such as the establishment of our universities in Morocco and Australia, and there is no assurance that we will be able to do this successfully or profitably. Establishing new institutions poses unique challenges and will require us to make investments in management, capital expenditures, marketing activities and other resources that are different, and in some cases may be greater, than those made to acquire and then operate an existing institution. To open a new institution, we will also be required to obtain appropriate governmental approvals, including a new license, which may take a substantial period of time to obtain. If we are unable to establish new higher education institutions successfully, our growth may be materially adversely affected.
31
Our success depends substantially on the value of the local brands of each of our institutions as well as the Laureate International Universities network brand, which may be materially adversely affected by changes in current and prospective students' perception of our reputation and the use of social media.
Each of our institutions has worked hard to establish the value of its individual brand. Brand value may be severely damaged, even by isolated incidents, particularly if the incidents receive considerable negative publicity. There has been a marked increase in use of social media platforms, including weblogs (blogs), social media websites, and other forms of Internet-based communications that allow individuals access to a broad audience of interested persons. We believe students and prospective employers value readily available information about our institutions and often act on such information without further investigation or authentication, and without regard to its accuracy. In addition, many of our institutions use the Laureate name in promoting their institutions and our success is dependent in large part upon our ability to maintain and enhance the value of the Laureate and Laureate International Universities brands. Social media platforms and devices immediately publish the content their subscribers and participants post, often without filters or checks on the accuracy of the content posted. Information concerning our company and our institutions may be posted on such platforms and devices at any time. Information posted may be materially adverse to our interests, it may be inaccurate, and it may harm our performance, prospects and business.
Our reputation may be negatively influenced by the actions of other for-profit and private institutions.
In recent years, there have been a number of regulatory investigations and civil litigation matters targeting post-secondary for-profit education institutions in the United States and private higher education institutions in other countries, such as Chile. These investigations and lawsuits have alleged, among other things, deceptive trade practices, false claims against the United States and noncompliance with state and DOE regulations, and breach of the requirement that universities in Chile be operated as not-for-profit institutions. These allegations have attracted adverse media coverage and have been the subject of federal and state legislative hearings and investigations in the United States and in other countries. Allegations against the post-secondary for-profit and private education sectors may affect general public perceptions of for-profit and private educational institutions, including institutions in the Laureate International Universities network and us, in a negative manner. Adverse media coverage regarding other for-profit or private educational institutions or regarding us directly or indirectly could damage our reputation, reduce student demand for our programs, materially adversely affect our revenues and operating profit or result in increased regulatory scrutiny.
Growing our online academic programs could be difficult for us.
We anticipate significant future growth from online courses we offer to students, particularly in emerging markets. The expansion of our existing online programs, the creation of new online programs and the development of new fully online or hybrid programs may not be accepted by students or employers, or by government regulators or accreditation agencies. In addition, our efforts may be materially adversely affected by increased competition in the online education market or because of problems with the performance or reliability of our online program infrastructure. There is also increasing development of online programs by traditional universities, both in the public and private sectors, which may have more consumer acceptance than programs we develop, because of lower pricing or greater perception of value of their degrees in the marketplace, which may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our success depends, in part, on the effectiveness of our marketing and advertising programs in recruiting new students.
In order to maintain and increase our revenues and margins, we must continue to develop our admissions programs and attract new students in a cost-effective manner. Over the last several years, in
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support of our admissions efforts in all the countries in which we operate, we have increased the amounts spent globally on marketing and advertising from $265.4 million in 2013 to $278.3 million in 2015, and we anticipate that this trend will continue. As part of our marketing and advertising, we also subscribe to lead-generating databases in certain markets, the cost of which is expected to increase. The level of marketing and advertising and types of strategies used are affected by the specific geographic markets, regulatory compliance requirements and the specific individual nature of each institution and its students. The complexity of these marketing efforts contributes to their cost. If we are unable to advertise and market our institutions and programs successfully, our ability to attract and enroll new students could be materially adversely affected and, consequently, our financial performance could suffer. We use marketing tools such as the Internet, radio, television and print media advertising to promote our institutions and programs. Our representatives also make presentations at upper secondary schools. Additionally, we rely on the general reputation of our institutions and referrals from current students, alumni and employers as a source of new enrollment. Among the factors that could prevent us from marketing and advertising our institutions and programs successfully are the failure of our marketing tools and strategies to appeal to prospective students, regulatory constraints on marketing, current student and/or employer dissatisfaction with our program offerings or results and diminished access to upper secondary campuses. In addition, in certain instances, local regulatory authorities set quotas each year for how many students we may enroll, which may further limit our ability to recruit new students or maintain our present enrollment level. In some of the countries in which we operate, enrollment growth in degree-granting, higher education institutions is slowing or is expected to slow. In order to maintain current growth rates, we will need to attract a larger percentage of students in existing markets and increase our addressable market by adding locations in new markets and rolling out new academic programs. Any failure to accomplish this may have a material adverse effect on our future growth.
Our institutions are subject to uncertain and varying laws and regulations, and any changes to these laws or regulations or their application to us may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Higher education is regulated to varying degrees and in different ways in each of the countries in which we operate an institution. In general, our institutions must have licenses, approvals, authorizations, or accreditations from various governmental authorities and accrediting bodies. These licenses, approvals, authorizations, and accreditations must be renewed periodically, usually after an evaluation of the institution by the relevant governmental authorities or accrediting bodies. These periodic evaluations could result in limitations, restrictions, conditions, or withdrawal of such licenses, approvals, authorizations or accreditations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In some countries in which we operate, there is a trend toward making continued licensure or accreditation based on successful student outcomes, such as employment, which may be affected by many factors outside of our control. Once licensed, approved, authorized or accredited, some of our institutions may need approvals for new campuses or to add new degree programs.
All of these regulations and their applicable interpretations are subject to change. Moreover, regulatory agencies may scrutinize our institutions because they are owned or controlled by a U.S.-based for-profit corporation. Outside the United States, we may be particularly susceptible to such treatment because, in several of the countries in which we operate, our institutions are among the largest private institutions and have a substantial share of the higher education market. Changes in applicable regulations may cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in laws governing student financing could affect the availability of government-sponsored financing programs for our non-U.S. students, such as the Crédito con Aval del Estado
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(the "CAE Program"), a government-sponsored student loan program in Chile, the Fundo de Financiamento Estudantil ("FIES"), a government-sponsored loan program in Brazil, and the Programa Universidade Para Todos ("PROUNI") in Brazil, all of which are offered by governments as a means of increasing student access to post-secondary education programs. If those programs are changed, or if our institutions or our students are no longer permitted to participate in those programs, it could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in December 2014, the Brazilian government announced a number of changes to FIES beginning in 2015. These changes limit the number of new participants and the amount spent on the program, and delay payments to the post-secondary institutions that would otherwise have been due in 2015. For more information on the CAE Program, FIES and PROUNI, see "If students who avail themselves of government-sponsored student financing programs in certain countries do not graduate and subsequently default on their loans, we may be responsible for repaying a significant portion of their loans" and "BusinessOur Operating SegmentsLatAmGovernment-Sponsored Student Financing Programs." As another example, in October 2013, one of our institutions in Chile, Universidad de Las Américas ("UDLA Chile"), was notified by the National Accreditation Commission that its institutional accreditation would not be renewed. UDLA Chile appealed this decision but received a final determination that the appeal was denied on January 22, 2014. UDLA Chile filed a new application for accreditation in October 2015 and was notified in March 2016 that it had been accredited for three years until March 2019. Institutional accreditation is required for new students to be eligible to participate in the CAE Program and new students at UDLA Chile were not eligible to participate in the CAE Program during the period that UDLA Chile was not accredited. For more information about possible changes in government regulation of higher education in Chile, including possible changes to student financing programs, see "Political and regulatory developments in Chile may materially adversely affect our operations" and "Industry RegulationChilean RegulationRecent Developments." In December 2015, the Australian parliament adopted legislation that imposed limits on government financing of vocational education beginning in January 2016, and the Australian government announced that it plans to fundamentally redesign the vocational education fee help scheme in the near future. While we are unable to predict what changes may be adopted, any such redesign could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. See "BusinessOur Operating SegmentsAMEAGovernment-Sponsored Student Financing Programs."
The laws of the countries where we own or control institutions and expect to acquire ownership or control of institutions in the future must permit both private higher education institutions and foreign ownership or control of them. For political, economic or other reasons, a country could decide to change its laws or regulations to prohibit or limit private higher education institutions or foreign ownership or control or prohibit or limit our ability to enter into contracts or agreements with these institutions. If this change occurred, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and we could be forced to sell an institution at a price that could be lower than its fair market value or relinquish control of an institution. A forced sale or relinquishment of control could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Istanbul Bilgi University, a member of the Laureate International Universities network located in Turkey, is established as a "Foundation High Education Institution" (a "Foundation University") under the Turkish higher education law, sponsored by an educational foundation (the "Bilgi Foundation"). As such, it is subject to regulation, supervision and inspection by the Turkish Higher Education Council (the "YÖK"). In 2014, the Turkish parliament amended the higher education law to provide expanded authority to the YÖK with respect to Foundation Universities, including authorizing additional remedies for violations of the higher education law and of regulations adopted by the YÖK. On November 19, 2015, the YÖK promulgated an "Ordinance Concerned with Amendment to Foundation High Education Institutions" (the "Ordinance") the principal effects of which relate to the supervision and inspection of Foundation Universities by the YÖK. Under the Ordinance, the YÖK has expanded authority to inspect accounts, transactions, activities and assets of Foundation Universities, as well as
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their academic units, programs, projects and subjects. The Ordinance establishes a progressive series of five remedies that the YÖK can take in the event it finds a violation of the Ordinance, ranging from (1) a warning and request for correction to (2) the suspension of the Foundation University's ability to establish new academic units or programs to (3) limiting the number of students the Foundation University can admit, including ceasing new admissions, to (4) provisional suspension of the Foundation University's license to (5) cancellation of the Foundation University's license. Since the promulgation of the Ordinance, the YÖK has cancelled the licenses of 15 Foundation Universities.
The Ordinance specifies that Foundation Universities cannot be established by foundations in order to gain profit for themselves, and prohibits specified types of fund transfers from Foundation Universities to their sponsoring foundation, with certain exceptions for payments made under contractual arrangements for various goods and services that are provided at or below current market rates. Istanbul Bilgi University has entered into contractual arrangements with a subsidiary of Laureate that is a member of the board of trustees of the Bilgi Foundation, and has affiliates that are also members of that board, to provide Istanbul Bilgi University with management, operational and student services and certain intellectual property at fair market rates. If the YÖK were to determine that any of these contracts or the payments made by Istanbul Bilgi University to this Laureate subsidiary, or any other activities of Istanbul Bilgi University, including the donation of 40.0 million Turkish Liras made by the university to a charitable foundation that was subsequently reimbursed to the university by certain Laureate-owned entities, violate the Ordinance or other applicable law, the YÖK could take actions against Istanbul Bilgi University up to and including cancellation of its license. See "We are conducting an internal investigation of one of our network institutions for violations of the Company's policies, and possible violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other applicable laws. A violation of these laws and regulations could subject us to penalties, harm our reputation and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations." Further, if the YÖK were to determine that any administrators of Istanbul Bilgi University have directly taken any actions or supported any activities that are intended to harm the integrity of the state, the license of the university could be cancelled. In July 2016, a coup attempt increased political instability in Turkey, and the uncertainties arising from the failed coup in Turkey could lead to changes in laws affecting Istanbul Bilgi University or result in modifications to the current interpretations and enforcement of the Ordinance or other laws and regulations by the YÖK. Any such actions by the YÖK could have a material adverse impact on Istanbul Bilgi University's future growth or its ability to remain in operation, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
For a full description of the laws and regulations affecting our higher education institutions in the United States ("U.S. Institutions"), and the impact of those laws and regulations on the operations of our U.S. Institutions, including the ability of our U.S. Institutions to continue to access U.S. federal student aid funding sources, see "Risks Relating to Our Highly Regulated Industry in the United States" and "Industry RegulationU.S. Regulation." Our institutions located outside the United States also participate in various student financial aid programs offered by the countries in which they operate.
Political and regulatory developments in Chile may materially adversely affect our operations.
As a consequence of student protests and political disturbances, during 2011 and 2012, the former Chilean government announced several proposed reforms to the higher education system. The reforms, if they had been adopted, could have included changing the current accreditation system to make it more demanding, revising the student financing system to provide a single financing system for students in all higher education institutions (replacing the CAE Program), establishing a system of information transparency for higher education, creating an agency to promote accountability by higher education institutions, changing certain corporate governance rules for universities (such as the need for a
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minimum number of independent directors), and establishing procedures for the approval of, or otherwise limiting, transactions between higher education institutions and related parties. Other legislative reforms were promoted by members of the Chilean Congress but were not supported by the previous Chilean government, including proposals to restrict related party transactions between higher education institutions and entities that control them. In November and December 2013, Chile held national elections. The presidential election was won by former president Michelle Bachelet, who assumed office on March 11, 2014, and a political coalition led by Ms. Bachelet won the elections for both houses of the Chilean Congress, in each case for four years beginning on March 11, 2014. Although the election platform of the new government mentioned that stronger regulation of higher education was required, it did not contain specific commitments with respect to the abovementioned reforms, other than the creation of a special agency to oversee higher education institutions' compliance with law and regulations. In the second quarter of 2014, the new government announced the withdrawal of all of the prior administration's higher education proposals and its intent to submit new bills to the Chilean Congress.
In April 2016, the Chilean Congress made reforms to specific career disciplines, including pedagogy. Law 20,903 created the teaching professional development system ( Sistema de Desarrollo Profesional Docente ), which aims to improve the quality of training for those who choose to study pedagogy by setting new program admission requirements and mandatory institutional accreditation standards for pedagogy career programs. As these changes have only taken effect in 2017, their impact cannot yet be determined; however, the Chilean universities in the Laureate International Universities network are preparing to adjust to the new regime and will be monitoring the effects on their pedagogy programs.
On July 4, 2016, the Chilean President submitted to the Chilean Congress a bill (the "Higher Education Bill") that, if approved, would change the entire regulatory landscape of higher education in Chile, as it would amend and/or replace most of the currently applicable legislation, including repealing the current laws governing universities, professional institutes and technical training centers. Among other things, the Higher Education Bill would create the Undersecretary of Higher Education, which would propose policies on higher education to the Ministry of Education, including policies on access, inclusion, retention and graduation of higher education students. The Undersecretary of Higher Education would also develop policies relating to the promotion development, support and continuous improvement of the quality of higher education institutions and their relationship with the needs of the country. The Undersecretary of Higher Education would also manage the new Common Access System for Higher Education Institutions, which would establish the process and mechanisms for the application, admission and selection of undergraduate students, and which would be mandatory at all higher education institutions that receive public funding through the Ministry of Education.
The Higher Education Bill also includes new regulations applicable to not-for-profit educational institutions that would: (i) provide that their controllers and members can only be individuals, other not-for-profits or state-owned entities; (ii) create the obligation to use their resources and reinvest their surplus or profits in the pursuit of their objectives and in enhancing the quality of the education they provide; (iii) create the obligation to have a board of directors, which cannot delegate its functions, and whose members cannot be removed unless approved by the majority of the board and for serious reasons; and (iv) prohibit related party transactions with their founders, controllers, members of the board, rector and their relatives or related entities, unless the counterparty to the transaction is another not-for-profit entity, and establish regulations for other related party transactions which include the need for them to be under market conditions and approved by the board. For more information about possible changes in government regulation of higher education in Chile as a result of the Higher Education Bill, see "Industry RegulationChilean RegulationRecent Developments." See also, "Student protests may disrupt our ability to hold classes as well as our ability to attract and retain students, which could materially adversely affect our operations."
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We are currently evaluating the effect the proposed Higher Education Bill would have on the Chilean institutions in the Laureate International Universities network if it is adopted in the form introduced in the Chilean Congress. We cannot predict whether or not the proposed Higher Education Bill will be adopted in this form, or if any higher education legislation will be adopted that would affect the institutions in the Laureate International Universities network. However, if any such legislation is adopted, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
While we believe that all of our institutions in Chile are operating in full compliance with Chilean law, we cannot predict the extent or outcome of any educational reforms that may be implemented in Chile. Depending upon how these reforms are defined and implemented, there could be a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Any disruption to our operations in Chile would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Similar reforms in other countries in which we operate could also have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Regulatory changes in Chile may reduce access to student financing for some of our students in Chile, which could reduce enrollments at our Chilean institutions.
On November 27, 2015, the Chilean Congress passed the 2016 budget law (the "2016 Budget Law"). By means of the 2016 Budget Law, the administration sought to implement a policy to grant free access to higher education to students from the first five income deciles who attend certain universities or technical vocational ("tech/voc") institutions. For university students, the 2016 Budget Law would have required them to be enrolled in universities that either are members of the Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas (the "CRUCh") or are private universities that are not members of the CRUCh that, on September 30, 2015, met the following requirements: (a) being accredited for four years or more; (b) not being related to for-profit legal entities; and (c) having a representative of the students or non-academic personnel as a member of their governing body. For tech/voc students, the Budget Law would have required them to be enrolled in institutions organized as not-for-profit legal entities that were accredited for four or more years.
On December 21, 2015, the Constitutional Tribunal ("CT") declared portions of the 2016 Budget Law dealing with higher education institutions to be unconstitutional, in particular those portions that would require students to attend institutions with specific characteristics in order to obtain free tuition as, under the Chilean Constitution, that would constitute arbitrary discrimination affecting students who are in the same economic condition.
Before the CT published the text of its decision, the administration submitted to the Chilean Congress a bill modifying the 2016 Budget Law that establishes different conditions to access free higher education (the ley corta or "Short Law"). The Short Law was approved by Congress two days after its submission, on December 23, 2015, and published on December 26, 2015. The Short Law is effective only during 2016 and was not subject to a constitutional challenge.
Under the Short Law, for university students to be eligible for free tuition, they had to come from the first five income deciles and enroll either in a State-owned university or in a private university that on December 27, 2015 was accredited for at least four years and controlled by individuals or not-for-profit legal entities. The Short Law excluded tech/voc students from eligibility for free tuition in 2016. However, the Short Law provided that free tuition for tech/voc students would be implemented within three years provided that they attend tech/voc institutions that are accredited for at least four years and are organized as not-for-profit legal entities. The Short Law provided that tech/voc institutions that were organized as for-profit entities should, not later than December 27, 2015, state their intention to reorganize as not-for-profit entities in order to be eligible to participate in certain student financing programs.
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For the period between the effective date of the Short Law and such time as students at tech/voc institutions become eligible to participate in the free tuition program, the Short Law modified the allocations of the Nuevo Milenio Scholarship ("NMS"). The Short Law divided this scholarship program into three parts: (i) NMS I, which grants students who meet certain personal conditions scholarships of up to CLP 600,000 per year; (ii) NMS II, which grants students scholarships of up to CLP 850,000 per year, provided the students come from the first five income deciles and the tech/voc institution in which they are enrolled is organized as a not-for-profit legal entity or, if the tech/voc institution is not so organized, the institution has stated in writing its intention to become a not-for-profit entity and to be accredited; and (iii) NMS III, which grants students scholarships of up to CLP 900,000 per year, provided that such students and the institution in which they enroll meet the requirements for NMS II and the tech/voc institution was, on December 31, 2015, accredited for four years or more.
The Chilean universities and tech/voc institutions in the Laureate International Universities network did not meet each of these tests, so students at these institutions were not eligible for free tuition or NMS II or NMS III scholarships under the Short Law. It is possible that the provisions of the Short Law could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
On November 11, 2016, the Chilean Congress passed the 2017 budget law (the "2017 Budget Law"). The 2017 Budget Law included changes to the policies for granting free access to higher education and scholarships to students from the first five and seven income deciles who attend certain universities or tech/voc institutions.
For university students, the 2017 Budget Law provides for free access to higher education with the same requirements as were in the 2016 Budget Law but adds the requirement that eligible universities have a minimum of 80% of their newly enrolled students with an average result from the national university admissions examination, high school grades and high school rankings above a specified level, and have a transparent admission system that must have been published on the institution's website by December 1, 2016. For tech/voc institutions, the 2017 Budget Law provides for eligibility for free access for students if they are enrolled in institutions (i) organized as not-for-profit legal entities or as for-profit legal entities that have filed for transformation to not-for-profit legal entities under the "Transformation Law" passed by the Chilean Congress on November 16, 2016, before December 15, 2016, (ii) accredited for four years or more as of December 23, 2016, (iii) having as controllers not-for-profit legal entities or natural persons, (iv) having stated their intention to participate in the free access system before December 15, 2016, and (v) having a transparent admission system that must have been published on the institution's website by December 1, 2016.
The 2017 Budget Law also modified the allocations of the Bicentenario Scholarship ("the BS Program"). The BS Program supports access to higher education for university students coming from one of the first seven income deciles and covers the full amount of tuition up to an amount authorized by the government. Historically, the BS Program solely benefited students of CRUCh universities. The 2017 Budget Law terminated the differentiation between CRUCh and non-CRUCh universities for eligibility for the BS Program. Thus, for 2017, 3,500 BS Program scholarships will be granted to students at non-CRUCh universities and 3,500 additional BS Program scholarships will be granted to students at non-CRUCh universities in 2018. By 2019, the government promises to have an equal BS Program scholarship policy for all universities, whether CRUCh or non-CRUCh. Students may apply for a BS Program scholarship if their university is accredited for at least four years and if 80% of the university's newly enrolled students have an average result from the national university admissions examination, high school grades and high school rankings above a specified level.
Under the 2017 Budget Law, the NMS II and NMS III are available to all students enrolled in a tech/voc institution, whether for-profit or not-for-profit: (i) NMS II in an amount of CLP 860,000 per year, or up to the effective government-approved tuition fee if it is less than that amount, for students who come from the first five income deciles with an average high school grade of 5.0 and the tech/voc
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institution in which they are enrolled being accredited for at least three years; and (ii) NMS III, in an amount up to CLP 900,000 per year, or up to the effective government-approved tuition fee if it is less than that amount, provided that such students and the institution in which they enroll meet the requirements for NMS II and the tech/voc institution was, on December 31, 2016, accredited for four years or more. The NMS III scholarship will last until the tax benefit established in the Transformation Law for tech/voc institutions ends.
Finally, under the 2017 Budget Law, the Comptroller General will be in charge of overseeing the use of the public resources in higher education.
We cannot predict the effect that the student financing reforms may have on our operations in Chile. Any material limitations on the access of our students in Chile to government-sponsored financing may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Similar limitations on government-sponsored student financing in other countries in which we operate could also have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to investigations by Chilean regulators, which could individually or in the aggregate, materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In December 2014, the Chilean Congress approved legislation that provides for the appointment of a provisional administrator or closing administrator to handle the affairs of failing universities or universities found to have breached their bylaws (the "Provisional Administrator Law"). If the Ministry of Education were to determine that one of the universities in Chile that is part of the Laureate International Universities network had violated its bylaws, it could appoint a provisional administrator for that university causing us to lose our rights to control that institution, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
In June 2012, an investigative committee of the Chilean Chamber of Deputies issued a preliminary report on the Chilean higher education system alleging that certain universities, including the three universities that Laureate controls in Chile, have not complied with the requirements of Chilean law that universities be not-for-profit. Among the irregularities cited in the report are high salaries to board members or top executives, outsourcing of services to related parties, and that universities are being bought and sold by foreign and economic groups. The investigative committee referred its report to the Ministry of Education and to the Public Prosecutor of Chile to determine whether there has been any violation of the law. The Public Prosecutor has appointed a regional prosecutor to investigate whether any criminal charges should be brought for alleged violations of the laws on higher education. On July 19, 2012, the Chilean Chamber of Deputies rejected the report of the investigative committee. In December 2012, in light of the criminal prosecution of the former president of the National Accreditation Commission for alleged bribery, the Chilean Chamber of Deputies mandated its Education Commission to be an investigative committee regarding the functioning of the National Accreditation Commission, especially with respect to compliance with the National Accreditation Commission's duty to oversee higher education entities. The Education Commission delivered a report, which was approved by the Chamber of Deputies on October 1, 2013, containing several recommendations to improve regulation of the higher education accreditation system. Additionally, the Chilean Chamber of Deputies approved the creation of a special investigative committee to resume the investigation of higher education performed by the investigative committee that issued the June 2012 report that was previously rejected by the Chamber of Deputies. On January 15, 2014, that investigative committee approved a new report recommending, among other things, improvements to the Chilean higher education system regulations, amendments to the higher education financing system, particularly the CAE Program, imposition of criminal penalties for violation of the requirement that universities be not-for-profit, and support of legislation that would prohibit related party transactions, prohibit the transfer of control of universities, and require universities to have independent board members. The report was approved by the full Chamber of Deputies on April 1, 2014. If the Chilean Congress were
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to approve legislation implementing the recommendations in this report, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
On February 18, 2014, the Ministry of Education disclosed that on November 15, 2013 and February 11, 2014, it had initiated internal investigations into UDLA Chile and Universidad Andrés Bello ("UNAB"), respectively. The investigations were initiated upon referrals from the National Education Council and the National Accreditation Commission, which had conveyed to the Ministry of Education their concerns regarding certain agreements entered into by UDLA Chile and UNAB with their controlling entities, including concerns about the amount and real use made by the universities of the services provided under those agreements. The investigations are an initial step by the Ministry of Education to determine whether the Ministry should begin formal sanction proceedings against the universities. The Ministry of Education also disclosed that it had delivered relevant documentation on the matter to the Public Prosecutor. In January 2016, the Ministry of Education announced that it had closed the investigation into UNAB.
In May 2014, Servicio de Impuestos Internos Chile ("SII"), the Chilean tax authority, instituted an audit of Universidad Viña del Mar, UNAB and UDLA Chile questioning whether they had regularly paid their taxes as non-profit entities for the period from 2011 to 2014, specifically in relation to their financial dealings with Laureate for-profit entities. Any non-compliance with the non-profit laws would subject them to the payment of additional taxes and penalties. As of August 2015, SII had notified all three institutions that its audit detected "no differences" in the taxes paid and the taxes owed, and provided a written closure letter to each of the institutions. In December 2016, SII notified separately UDLA Chile and UNAB that as part of the general audit program called "Auditoria Integral a Universidades," it was requesting supporting documentation from them for the tax periods between November 2013 and October 2016. Each institution will submit responsive documents that support taxes paid related to its revenues and expenses, including to the extent such revenues and expenses involve financial dealings with Laureate for-profit entities.
In June 2016, the Ministry of Education notified UNAB that it was opening an investigation into possible violations of the not-for-profit nature of UNAB. In September 2016, the Ministry of Education notified UVM Chile that it was opening a similar investigation of UVM Chile. Each of the institutions continues to be responsive to the Ministry of Education's requests as part of these investigations. Each investigation will be conducted by an investigator appointed by the Ministry of Education under the Provisional Administrator Law, and both UNAB and UVM Chile have been advised that the investigation will last at least six months. Under the Provisional Administrator Law, at the end of the investigation the Ministry of Education can either close the investigation or issue a report imposing one of the following measures: (i) ordering a recovery plan for the investigated institution, should the Ministry verify severe breaches of the institution's financial, administrative, labor or academic commitments; (ii) with the prior consent of the National Education Council, naming a provisional administrator for the institution if the Ministry determines that (a) there are serious risks to the administrative or financial viability of the institution that may affect the continuity of its educational programs, (b) there are serious and recurring breaches of the academic commitments of the institution to its students due to a lack of educational or teaching resources available to grant professional or technical degrees, (c) it is impossible for the institution to maintain its academic functions due to sanctions, injunctions or foreclosures affecting the institution, its campuses or its assets, (d) the institution is declared bankrupt or (e) a recovery plan pursuant to (i) above has not been presented, has been rejected or has been breached by the institution; or (iii) initiating a process to revoke the institution's license, in which case it would name a closing administrator.
While we believe that all of our institutions in Chile are operating in full compliance with Chilean law, we cannot predict whether the Ministry of Education or the Public Prosecutor will take any action in response to the reports of the Chamber of Deputies investigative committees, or what outcome may result from any investigations undertaken by the Ministry of Education, the Public Prosecutor or the
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SII in response to the referrals from the National Education Council and National Accreditation Commission, or by the Ministry of Education as a result of its investigation under the Provisional Administrator Law. Depending upon the outcome of any investigation by the Chilean authorities, there could be a material adverse effect on our business. Any disruption to our operations in Chile would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Our right to receive economic benefits from certain of the institutions that are organized as not-for-profit or non-stock entities, and that we account for as variable interest entities, may be limited.
We have obtained board and operating control and controlling financial interests in entities outside the United States that are educational institutions similar to U.S. not-for-profit, non-stock universities. Under applicable law, these institutions do not have recognized "owners" or shareholders, and generally cannot declare dividends or distribute their net assets to us. For accounting purposes, we have determined that these institutions are Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs") under GAAP and that we are the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. Maintenance of our interest in the VIE institutions, and our ability to receive economic benefits from these entities, is based on a combination of (1) service agreements that other Laureate entities have with the VIE institutions, allowing the institutions to access the benefits of the Laureate International Universities network and allowing us to recognize economies of scale throughout the network, (2) our ability to provide these entities with opportunities to invest for market returns in education-related real estate entities globally and (3) our ability to transfer our rights to govern the VIE institutions, or the entities that possess those rights, to other parties, which would yield a return if and when these rights are transferred. In limited circumstances, we may have rights to the residual assets in liquidation. Under the mutually agreed service agreements, we are paid at market rates for providing services to institutions such as access to content, support with curriculum design, professional development, student exchange, access to dual degree programs, affiliation and access to the Laureate International Universities network, and management, legal, tax, finance, accounting, treasury, use of real estate and other services. While we believe these arrangements conform to applicable law, the VIE institutions are subject to regulation by various agencies based on the requirements of local jurisdictions. These agencies, as well as local legislative bodies, review and update laws and regulations as they deem necessary or appropriate. We cannot predict the form of any laws that may be enacted, or regulations that ultimately may be adopted in the future, or what effects they might have on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. If local laws or regulations were to change, the VIE institutions were found to be in violation of existing local laws or regulations, or regulators were to question the financial sustainability of the VIE institutions and/or whether the contractual arrangements were at fair value, local government agencies could, among other actions:
If we are unable to receive economic benefits from these institutions, it would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if we are unable or limited in our ability to receive economic benefits from these institutions, we may be unable to consolidate the VIE institutions into our consolidated financial statements or we may be limited in our ability to recognize all of the institutions' earnings in our consolidated statements of operations.
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Our ability to control our institutions may be materially adversely affected by changes in laws affecting higher education in certain countries in which we operate.
Our institutions are governed by the higher education laws of the various countries in which we operate, which may be amended or interpreted in ways that affect our ability to maintain control over the institutions through our ability to appoint the members of the institutions' governing bodies. If we are unable to maintain our rights of control of appointments to those governing bodies, our ability to realize economic benefits from these institutions may be severely limited, including not being able to transfer control of the institutions in a way that would yield us a return on our investment or not being able to implement or maintain service agreements with those institutions.
It is possible that the governance and control structures that we implement at a specific institution to comply with local laws and regulations would not allow us to meet the standards for consolidation of that institution's financial statements into our own consolidated financial statements. If we determine that we do not control an institution or otherwise meet the standards for consolidation, deconsolidation of that institution would be required. In that event, or if our controlling financial interest in that institution is impaired, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
For example, in the second half of 2010, Ecuador adopted a new higher education law that, upon its implementation, required us to modify the governance structure of our institution in that country. While the constitutionality of certain provisions of the higher education law is currently being challenged in Ecuador's court system, the law has been implemented. In the fourth quarter of 2012, the Consejo de Educación Superior (the "CES"), the relevant regulatory body, commenced reviewing and issuing comments on bylaws submitted by other Ecuadorian higher education institutions, implementing and enforcing the co-governance provisions of the new law. In accordance with ASC 810-10-15-10, we believed that control no longer resided with Laureate given the governmentally imposed uncertainties. As a result, Universidad de Las Américas Ecuador ("UDLA Ecuador") was deconsolidated in the fourth quarter of 2012 and a loss of $43.7 million was recorded in loss from regulatory changes in the consolidated statement of operations. This loss represented our initial investment on the leveraged buyout date in the Ecuadorian institution of $17.9 million, as well as $25.8 million of accumulated earnings from the leveraged buyout date to the date of deconsolidation. The CES approved UDLA Ecuador's new bylaws complying with the 2010 law in September 2014 and we no longer control UDLA Ecuador, although we maintain contractual arrangements with the institution. See also "Industry RegulationChilean RegulationRecent Developments."
Our business may be materially adversely affected by a general economic slowdown or recession.
Many countries around the world have recently experienced reduced economic activity, increased unemployment, substantial uncertainty about their financial services markets and, in some cases, economic recession. These events may reduce the demand for our programs among students, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. These adverse economic developments also may result in a reduction in the number of jobs available to our graduates and lower salaries being offered in connection with available employment which, in turn, may result in declines in our placement and retention rates. For example, in the United States, our professional-oriented graduate programs, such as master's degrees in teaching, are directly affected by the employment and promotion prospects for persons with advanced degrees. Efforts by states in recent years to reduce education funding by laying off younger teachers and curtailing pay increases for remaining teachers may have a material adverse effect on our ability to attract and retain students in our graduate education programs. In addition, in 2015 we generated approximately 83% of our revenues outside the United States, including approximately 56% of our revenues from our LatAm segment. As a result, any general economic slowdown or recession that disproportionately impacts the
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countries in which our institutions operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The higher education market is very competitive, and we may not be able to compete effectively.
Higher education markets around the world are highly fragmented and are very competitive and dynamic. Our institutions compete with traditional public and private colleges and universities and other proprietary institutions, including those that offer online professional-oriented programs. In each of the countries where we operate a private institution, our primary competitors are public and other private universities, some of which are larger, more widely known and have more established reputations than our institutions. Some of our competitors in both the public and private sectors may have greater financial and other resources than we have and have operated in their markets for many years. We also face potential competition from alternative education providers that prioritize open access education to students. A number of these providers have been formed recently to provide online curriculum from leading academics at little or no cost to the student. If this new modality is successful, it could disrupt the economics of the current education model (both for-profit and not-for-profit institutions). Other competitors may include large, well-capitalized companies that may pursue a strategy similar to ours of acquiring or establishing for-profit institutions. Public institutions receive substantial government subsidies, and public and private not-for-profit institutions have access to government and foundation grants, tax-deductible contributions and other financial resources generally not available to for-profit institutions. Accordingly, public and private not-for-profit institutions may have instructional and support resources superior to those in the for-profit sector, and public institutions can offer substantially lower tuition prices or other advantages that we cannot match.
Any of these large, well-capitalized competitors may make it more difficult for us to acquire institutions as part of our growth strategy. They may also be able to charge lower tuitions or attract more students, which would adversely affect our growth and the profitability of our competing institutions. There is also an increased ability of traditional universities to offer online programs and we expect competition to increase as the online market matures. This may create greater pricing or operating pressure on us, which could have a material adverse effect on our institutions' enrollments, revenues and profit margins. We may not be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors and may face competitive pressures that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If our graduates are unable to obtain professional licenses or certifications required for employment in their chosen fields of study, our reputation may suffer and we may face declining enrollments and revenues or be subject to student litigation.
Certain of our students require or desire professional licenses or certifications after graduation to obtain employment in their chosen fields. Their success in obtaining such licensure depends on several factors, including the individual merits of the student, whether the institution and the program were approved by the relevant government or by a professional association, whether the program from which the student graduated meets all governmental requirements and whether the institution is accredited. If one or more governmental authorities refuses to recognize our graduates for professional licensure in the future based on factors relating to us or our programs, the potential growth of our programs would be negatively affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we could be exposed to litigation that would force us to incur legal and other expenses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in 2013, 2015 and 2016, several groups of current and former students filed five separate lawsuits against University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences ("St. Augustine") relating to matters arising before we acquired that institution in November 2013. The allegations relate to a program that was launched in May 2011 and, at the time, offered a "Master of
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Orthopaedic Physician's Assistant Program" degree. The plaintiffs in these matters allege that the university misrepresented their ability to practice as licensed Physician Assistants with a heightened specialty in orthopaedics. One of the lawsuits was resolved in October 2015, another was resolved in March 2016, and another was resolved in June 2016 and all have been dismissed. See "BusinessLegal Proceedings" for more information. See also "Risks Relating to Our Highly Regulated Industry in the United StatesThe inability of our graduates to obtain licensure or other specialized outcomes in their chosen professional fields of study could reduce our enrollments and revenues, and potentially lead to litigation that could be costly to us."
Our business may be materially adversely affected if we are not able to maintain or improve the content of our existing academic programs or to develop new programs on a timely basis and in a cost-effective manner.
We continually seek to maintain and improve the content of our existing academic programs and develop new programs in order to meet changing market needs. Revisions to our existing academic programs and the development of new programs may not be accepted by existing or prospective students or employers in all instances. If we cannot respond effectively to market changes, our business may be materially adversely affected. Even if we are able to develop acceptable new programs, we may not be able to introduce these new programs as quickly as students or employers require or as quickly as our competitors are able to introduce competing programs. Our efforts to introduce a new academic program may be conditioned or delayed by requirements to obtain foreign, federal, state and accrediting agency approvals. The development of new programs and courses, both conventional and online, is subject to requirements and limitations imposed by the governmental regulatory bodies of the various countries in which our institutions are located, including the DOE, state licensing agencies and the relevant accrediting bodies. The imposition of restrictions on the initiation of new educational programs by regulatory agencies may delay such expansion plans. If we do not respond adequately to changes in market requirements, our ability to attract and retain students could be impaired and our financial results could suffer.
Establishing new academic programs or modifying existing academic programs also may require us to make investments in specialized personnel and capital expenditures, increase marketing efforts and reallocate resources away from other uses. We may have limited experience with the subject matter of new programs and may need to modify our systems and strategy. If we are unable to increase the number of students, offer new programs in a cost-effective manner or otherwise manage effectively the operations of newly established academic programs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Failure to keep pace with changing market needs and technology could harm our ability to attract students.
The success of our institutions depends to a significant extent on the willingness of prospective employers to hire our students upon graduation. Increasingly, employers demand that their employees possess appropriate technological skills and also appropriate "soft" skills, such as communication, critical thinking and teamwork skills. These skills can evolve rapidly in a changing economic and technological environment. Accordingly, it is important that our educational programs evolve in response to those economic and technological changes. The expansion of existing academic programs and the development of new programs may not be accepted by current or prospective students or by the employers of our graduates. Students and faculty increasingly rely on personal communication devices and expect that we will be able to adapt our information technology platforms and our educational delivery methods to support these devices and any new technologies that may develop. Even if our institutions are able to develop acceptable new programs and adapt to new technologies, our institutions may not be able to begin offering those new programs and technologies as quickly as required by prospective students and employers or as quickly as our competitors begin offering similar programs. If we are unable to adequately respond to changes in market requirements due to regulatory
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or financial constraints, unusually rapid technological changes or other factors, our ability to attract and retain students could be impaired, the rates at which our graduates obtain jobs involving their fields of study could suffer and our results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.
If students who avail themselves of government-sponsored student financing programs in certain countries do not graduate and subsequently default on their loans, we may be responsible for repaying a significant portion of their loans.
Our accredited Chilean institutions participate in a Chilean government-sponsored student financing program known as the CAE Program. The program was implemented by the Chilean government in 2006 to promote higher education in Chile for lower socio-economic level students with good academic standing. The CAE Program involves tuition financing and guarantees that are shared by our institutions and the government. As part of the program, our institutions provide guarantees resulting in contingent liabilities to third-party financing institutions, beginning at 90% of the tuition loans made directly to qualified students enrolled through the CAE Program and declining to 60%. The guarantees by our institutions are for the period in which the student is enrolled, and the guarantees are assumed entirely by the government upon the student's graduation. Additionally, when a student leaves one of our institutions and enrolls in another CAE-qualified institution, our institution will remain the guarantor of the tuition loans that have been granted to the student up to such date, and until the student's graduation from the new CAE-qualified institution. Assuming that all students at our institutions who are in the CAE Program, and all students who left our institutions and were part of the CAE Program, do not graduate, and that all of those students default on the full amount of the CAE-qualified loan balances, the maximum potential amount of payments our institutions could be required to make under the CAE Program was approximately $484 million at September 30, 2016. As of September 30, 2016, we had recorded $23.7 million as estimated guarantee liabilities for these obligations. If a significant portion of our students who participate in the CAE Program were to default, the financial condition and results of operations of each participating institution would be materially adversely affected.
Similarly, students at substantially all of our Brazilian institutions are participating in a Brazilian government program known as FIES. FIES is a federal program established to provide financing to students enrolled in private institutions of higher education that meet certain academic standards and whose household incomes per capita relative to the cost of tuition are below a certain level. Under FIES, the government loans a portion of the tuition to eligible students, some of whom are required to name a guarantor to underwrite their loan. The government then pays the corresponding loan amount to the higher education institution in special bonds that the institution may use to pay its national social security tax and certain other federal taxes or, if the institution has a tax clearance certificate, that the institution can sell for cash in a public auction conducted by a government-sponsored bank. Under FIES, if a student defaults on his or her repayment of a FIES loan, and the guarantor does not fulfill its guarantee, the higher education institution is responsible for repaying up to 15% of the related delinquency (30% if an institution has one or more open tax disputes that are not being defended in compliance with the applicable security/bond requirements). However, since February 2014, all new students who participate in FIES must also enroll in the Fundo de Garantia de Operações de Crédito Educativo ("FGEDUC"), which is a government-mandated, private guarantee fund that allows participating educational institutions to insure themselves for 90% (or 13.5% of 15%) of their losses related to student defaults under the FIES program. See "BusinessOur Operating SegmentsLatAmGovernment-Sponsored Financing Programs." If participation by our Brazilian students in FIES increases, and a significant portion of our participating students in the program were to default and their respective guarantors were to fail to fulfill the terms of their guarantee, or if the defaulting student was not required to provide a guarantor, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, if any institution were involved in a tax dispute with the Brazilian government, and such institution were not defending the suit in compliance with the
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applicable security/bond requirements, the amount of the guarantee would increase to 30%, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Regulatory changes that affect the timing of government-sponsored student aid payments or receipt of government-sponsored financial aid could materially adversely affect our liquidity.
New regulations may change the timing for the collection of government-sponsored student aid payments from our students. For example, in December 2014, regulators in Brazil announced several significant rule changes to FIES beginning in 2015; additional regulations were issued in December 2015. These changes raise the eligibility requirements, reduce the annual budget for the program and delay payments to the post-secondary institutions that would otherwise have been due in 2015 and 2016. Such a delay in tuition payments from government-sponsored programs may negatively affect our liquidity and we may require additional working capital or third-party funding to finance our operations. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsLiquidity and Capital ResourcesFIES Payment Plan," "BusinessOur Operating SegmentsLatAmGovernmentSponsored Student Financing Programs" and "Industry RegulationBrazil RegulationStudent Financing Program." See also "Risks Relating to our Highly Regulated Industry in the United StatesThe DOE may change our U.S. Institutions' method of receiving Title IV program funds, which could materially affect our liquidity."
We may have exposure to greater-than-anticipated tax liabilities.
As a multinational corporation, we are subject to income taxes as well as non-income based taxes in the United States and various foreign jurisdictions.
Our future income taxes could be materially adversely affected by earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory tax rates. In addition, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws, regulations and accounting principles, could have a material adverse effect on our future income taxes. The determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires significant judgment, and there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We have not recorded any deferred tax liabilities for undistributed foreign earnings either because of legal restrictions on distributions or because our historical strategy was to reinvest these earnings outside the United States. As circumstances change and if some or all of these undistributed foreign earnings are remitted to the United States, we may be required to recognize deferred tax liabilities on those amounts.
We earn a significant amount of our income from subsidiaries located in countries outside the United States, and any repatriation of funds currently held in foreign jurisdictions may result in higher effective tax rates for our company. In addition, there have been proposals to change U.S. tax laws that would significantly impact how U.S. multinational corporations are taxed on foreign earnings. Although we cannot predict whether or in what form this proposed legislation may pass, if enacted it could have a material adverse effect on our tax expense and cash flows.
Additionally, in certain countries in which we operate, higher education institutions are either exempt from paying certain taxes, including income taxes, or pay taxes at significantly reduced rates. This includes certain of our higher education institutions that are organized as VIEs, similar to not-for-profit institutions in the United States. If we were to lose this favorable tax treatment, either because a VIE institution is converted into a for-profit shareholder-owned entity, or because of a change in local tax laws, our tax liabilities could increase materially.
We are subject to regular review and audit by both domestic and foreign tax authorities. Any adverse outcome of such a review or audit could have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition. We are also subject to non-income based taxes, such as payroll, sales, use, value-
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added, net worth, property and goods and services taxes, in both the United States and various foreign jurisdictions. We are under regular audit by tax authorities with respect to these non-income based taxes and may have exposure to additional non-income based tax liabilities. Our acquisition activities have increased the volume and complexity of laws and regulations that we are subject to and with which we must comply.
During 2010, we were notified by the Spanish Taxing Authorities ("STA") (in this case, by the Regional Inspection Office of the Special Madrid Tax Unit) that an audit of some of our Spanish subsidiaries was being initiated for 2006 and 2007. On June 29, 2012, the STA issued a final assessment to Iniciativas Culturales de España, S.L. ("ICE"), our Spanish holding company, for approximately EUR 11.1 million ($12.4 million at September 30, 2016), including interest, for those two years based on its rejection of the tax deductibility of financial expenses related to certain intercompany acquisitions and the application of the Spanish ETVE regime. On July 25, 2012, we filed a claim with the Regional Economic-Administrative Court challenging this assessment and, in the same month, we issued a cash-collateralized letter of credit for the assessment amount, in order to suspend the payment of the tax due. Further, in July 2013, we were notified by the STA (in this case, by the Central Inspection Office for Large Taxpayers) that an audit of ICE was also being initiated for 2008 through 2010. On October 19, 2015, the STA issued a final assessment to ICE for approximately EUR 17.2 million ($19.3 million at September 30, 2016), including interest, for those three years. We have appealed this assessment and, in order to suspend the payment of the tax assessment until the court decision, we issued a cash-collateralized letter of credit for the assessment amount plus interest and surcharges. We believe the assessments in this case are without merit and intend to defend vigorously against them. During the second quarter of 2016, we were notified by the STA that tax audits of the Spanish subsidiaries were also being initiated for 2011 and 2012; no assessments have yet been issued for these years.
During the quarter ended June 30, 2015, we reassessed our position regarding the ICE tax audit matters as a result of recent adverse decisions from the Spanish Supreme Court and Spanish National Court on cases for taxpayers with similar facts, and determined that we could no longer support a more-likely-than-not position. As a result, during the second quarter of 2015, we recorded a provision totaling EUR 37.6 million ($42.1 million) for the period from January 1, 2006 through September 30, 2016. We plan to continue the appeals process for the periods already audited and assessed.
Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially adversely affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made.
Market perceptions concerning the instability of the euro, the potential reintroduction of individual currencies within the Eurozone, or the potential dissolution of the euro entirely, could adversely affect our business and financial position.
As a result of the credit crisis in Europe, in particular in Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, the European Commission created the European Financial Stability Facility (the "EFSF") and the European Financial Stability Mechanism (the "EFSM") to provide funding to Eurozone countries in financial difficulties that seek such support. Throughout 2011, the EFSF and EFSM undertook a series of interventions to provide direct financing or other credit support to European governments. In 2012, certain Eurozone states announced austerity programs and other cost-cutting initiatives, and the EFSF was permitted to further expand its powers to provide direct loans to certain Eurozone financial institutions. Despite these measures, there can be no assurance that the recent market disruptions in Europe related to sovereign debt, including the increased cost of funding for certain governments and financial institutions, will not continue, nor can there be any assurance that future assistance packages will be available or, even if provided, will be sufficient to stabilize the affected countries and markets in Europe or elsewhere.
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Uncertainty persists regarding the debt burden of certain Eurozone countries, including those in which we have higher education institutions, and the solvency of certain European financial institutions and their respective ability to meet future financial obligations. In 2015, Greece entered into extended negotiations with its international creditor institutions as to its request for additional assistance or relief in meeting its financial obligations. Uncertainty regarding this financial assistance and Greece's ability to meet its financial obligations led to the imposition of capital controls within Greece and the closing of the country's banks and stock exchanges for an extended period of time, all of which has caused a significant negative impact on the Greek economy. While we do not have any institutions in Greece, our institution in Cyprus (European University Cyprus) draws a significant proportion of its students from Greece, and may be adversely affected by the current and any future economic turmoil in Greece.
In general, the protracted adverse market conditions in Europe have created doubts as to the overall stability of the euro and the suitability of the euro as a single currency given the diverse economic and political circumstances in individual member states. These and other concerns could lead to the reintroduction of individual currencies in one or more member states or, in more extreme circumstances, the possible dissolution of the euro entirely. Should the euro dissolve entirely, the legal and contractual consequences for holders of euro-denominated obligations would be determined by laws in effect at such time. These potential developments, or market perceptions concerning these and related issues, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our reported revenues and earnings may be negatively affected by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar and currency exchange rates.
We report revenues, costs and earnings in U.S. dollars, while our institutions generally collect tuition in the local currency. Exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the local currency in the countries where we operate institutions are likely to fluctuate from period to period. In 2015, approximately 83% of our revenues originated outside the United States. We translate revenues and other results denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars for our consolidated financial statements. This translation is based on average exchange rates during a reporting period. The U.S. dollar has been strengthening against many international currencies, including the Brazilian real, euro and Mexican peso. For example, the Brazilian dollar-to-real spot exchange rate increased from 1:2.3621 on December 31, 2013 to 1:2.6576 on December 31, 2014, 1:3.9180 on December 31, 2015 and 1:3.2352 on September 30, 2016. As the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar strengthens, our reported international revenues and earnings are reduced because foreign currencies translate into fewer U.S. dollars. For the year ended December 31, 2015, a hypothetical 10% adverse change in average annual foreign currency exchange rates, excluding the impacts of our derivatives, would have decreased our operating income and our Adjusted EBITDA by $21.9 million and $71.1 million, respectively. For more information, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsOverviewFactors Affecting ComparabilityForeign Exchange."
To the extent that foreign revenues and expense transactions are not denominated in the local currency and/or to the extent foreign earnings are reinvested in a currency other than their functional currency, we are also subject to the risk of transaction losses. We occasionally enter into foreign exchange forward contracts or other hedging arrangements to reduce the earnings impact of non-functional currency denominated non-trade receivables and debt and to protect the U.S. dollar value of our assets and future cash flows with respect to exchange rate fluctuations. Given the volatility of exchange rates, there is no assurance that we will be able to effectively manage currency transaction and/or translation risks. Therefore, volatility in currency exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Currency exchange rates and our reported revenues and earnings may also be negatively affected by inflation or hyperinflation. If a country in which we operate is designated as a highly inflationary
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economy in the future under GAAP, the U.S. dollar would become the functional currency for our operations in that country. As a result, all gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of the financial results of operations in such country and other transactional foreign exchange gains and losses would be reflected in our earnings, which could result in volatility within our earnings, rather than as a component of our comprehensive income within stockholders' equity. Hyperinflation in any of the countries in which we operate may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We experience seasonal fluctuations in our results of operations.
Most of the institutions in our network have a summer break, during which classes are generally not in session and minimal revenues are recognized. In addition to the timing of summer breaks, holidays such as Easter also have an impact on our academic calendar. Operating expenses, however, do not fully correlate to the enrollment and revenue cycles, as the institutions continue to incur expenses during summer breaks. Given the geographic diversity of our institutions and differences in timing of summer breaks, our second and fourth quarters are stronger revenue quarters as the majority of our institutions are in session for most of these respective quarters. Our first and third fiscal quarters are weaker revenue quarters because the majority of our institutions have summer breaks for some portion of one of these two quarters. Because a significant portion of our expenses do not vary proportionately with the fluctuations in our revenues, our results in a particular fiscal quarter may not indicate accurately the results we will achieve in a subsequent quarter or for the full fiscal year.
Connectivity constraints or system disruptions to our computer networks could have a material adverse effect on our ability to attract and retain students.
We run the online operations of our institutions on different platforms, which are in various stages of development. The performance and reliability of these online operations are critical to the reputation of our institutions and our ability to attract and retain students. Any computer system error or failure, or a sudden and significant increase in traffic on our institutions' computer networks may result in the unavailability of these computer networks. In addition, any significant failure of our computer networks could disrupt our on-campus operations. Individual, sustained or repeated occurrences could significantly damage the reputation of our institutions' operations and result in a loss of potential or existing students. Additionally, the computer systems and operations of our institutions are vulnerable to interruption or malfunction due to events beyond our control, including natural disasters and other catastrophic events and network and telecommunications failures. The disaster recovery plans and backup systems that we have in place may not be effective in addressing a natural disaster or catastrophic event that results in the destruction or disruption of any of our critical business or information technology and infrastructure systems. As a result of any of these events, we may not be able to conduct normal business operations and may be required to incur significant expenses in order to resume normal business operations. As a result, our revenues and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
We rely on computer systems for financial reporting and other operations and any disruptions in our systems would materially adversely affect us.
We rely on computer systems to support our financial reporting capabilities, including our SSOs, and other operations. As with any computer systems, unforeseen issues may arise that could affect our ability to receive adequate, accurate and timely financial information, which in turn could inhibit effective and timely decisions. Furthermore, it is possible that our information systems could experience a complete or partial shutdown. If such a shutdown occurred, it could materially adversely affect our ability to report our financial results in a timely manner or to otherwise operate our business.
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The personal information that we collect may be vulnerable to breach, theft or loss that could materially adversely affect our reputation and operations.
Possession and use of personal information in our operations subjects us to risks and costs that could harm our business. Our institutions collect, use and retain large amounts of personal information regarding our students and their families, including social security numbers, tax return information, personal and family financial data and credit card numbers. We also collect and maintain personal information of our employees in the ordinary course of our business. Our computer networks and the networks of certain of our vendors that hold and manage confidential information on our behalf may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer hackers, computer viruses, cyber attacks and other security threats. Confidential information also may become available to third parties inadvertently when we integrate or convert computer networks into our network following an acquisition of an institution or in connection with upgrades from time to time.
Due to the sensitive nature of the information contained on our networks, such as students' grades, our networks may be targeted by hackers. A user who circumvents security measures could misappropriate proprietary information or cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations. Although we use security and business controls to limit access and use of personal information, a third party may be able to circumvent those security and business controls, which could result in a breach of student or employee privacy. In addition, errors in the storage, use or transmission of personal information could result in a breach of student or employee privacy. Possession and use of personal information in our operations also subjects us to legislative and regulatory burdens that could require notification of data breaches and restrict our use of personal information. As a result, we may be required to expend significant resources to protect against the threat of these security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by these breaches. A major breach, theft or loss of personal information regarding our students and their families or our employees that is held by us or our vendors could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and results of operations and could result in further regulation and oversight by governmental authorities and could violate the laws of one or more countries in which we operate, which could subject us to civil or criminal penalties and increased costs of compliance.
Student protests and strikes may disrupt our ability to hold classes as well as our ability to attract and retain students, which could materially adversely affect our operations.
Political, social and economic developments in the countries in which we operate may cause protests and disturbances against conditions in those countries, including policies relating to the operation and funding of higher education institutions. These disturbances may involve protests on university campuses, including the occupation of university buildings and the disruption of classes. For example, during the second quarter of 2016, students in Chile engaged in a mobilization that included the occupation of buildings and disruption of classes on their respective campuses to protest, among other things, the failure of the Chilean government to enact proposed reforms of the higher education system that had been promised by President Bachelet in her 2013 presidential campaign, as well as to call attention to their belief that there should not be any role or involvement of for-profit companies in the operation of private universities in Chile, including the universities that are part of the Laureate International Universities network. During May and June 2016, approximately 30 universities as well as over 100 high schools had their buildings occupied or classes disrupted due to the student mobilizations. Students occupied buildings on five of UNAB's campuses and one campus at Universidad Viña del Mar and over 70% of students enrolled at those universities, representing approximately 22% of the total number of students enrolled in Laureate International Universities institutions in Chile, were not able to attend classes during that time as a result of such protests, although classes returned to normal in July 2016. We are unable to predict whether students at institutions in the Laureate International Universities network in Chile or other countries will engage in
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various forms of protest in the future. Should we sustain student strikes, protests or occupations in Chile or other countries in the future, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and on our overall financial condition. Further, we may need to make additional investments in security infrastructure and personnel on our campuses in order to prevent future student protests from disrupting the ability of our institutions to hold classes. If we are required to make substantial additional investments in security, or if we are unable to identify security enhancements that would prevent future disruptions of classes, that could cause an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we may need to pay overtime compensation to certain of our faculty and staff, which may increase our overall costs.
We may be unable to operate one or more of our institutions or suffer liability or loss due to a natural or other disaster.
Our institutions are vulnerable to natural or other disasters, including fires, earthquakes, hurricanes and other events beyond our control. A number of our institutions are located in areas such as Mexico and Central America that are prone to hurricane damage, which may be substantial. A number of our institutions are also located in areas, such as Chile, Mexico, Peru and Turkey, that are prone to earthquake damage. For example, in 2010, a magnitude 8.8 earthquake struck Chile and a magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck Mexico. Many of our locations in Chile and several locations in Mexico sustained damage in these earthquakes. Also in 2010, we experienced a fire in a dormitory at one of our institutions in Switzerland. It is possible that one or more of our institutions would be unable to operate for an extended period of time in the event of a hurricane, earthquake or other disaster which does substantial damage to the area in which an institution is located. The failure of one or more of our institutions to operate for a substantial period of time could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. In the event of a major natural or other disaster, we could also experience loss of life of students, faculty members and administrative staff, or liability for damages or injuries.
If there is an outbreak of disease in one or more of our locations, our ability to recruit new students or hold classes may be interrupted.
In recent years, there have been numerous outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as Zika, SARS and the H1N1 virus, that have spread quickly through populations in countries in which we operate, and have had serious impact on businesses that operate in those countries. Concentrated populations, such as students in upper secondary schools and universities, may be particularly susceptible to these diseases, requiring local governments to take various measures, including suspension of business and quarantines, to control their spread. If there is an outbreak of disease in a country in which we operate, our recruiters may be prevented from visiting local upper secondary schools during the student recruitment season, which could have a material adverse effect on our new student enrollments during the following academic term. In addition, an outbreak during the academic year could result in a shutdown of one or more campuses, or a quarantine that could prevent students and faculty from entering a campus or, in the case of a residential campus, a quarantine of students on campus without faculty access, resulting in a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
We intend to increase the number of international students at many of our institutions, which presents multiple risks.
A significant portion of students at several of our institutions come from other countries. We intend to increase international student representation at our institutions, including increased dual degree programs between universities and increased study abroad programs. The ability of foreign students to register at our institutions is subject to various obstacles over which we have no control, including their ability to obtain student visas, the financial stability of the countries from which they
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come, their families' ability to afford our programs, and quarantines and other travel restrictions in the event of the outbreak of epidemics. For example, during the SARS epidemic in Asia in 2003, Switzerland effectively prevented students from Asia, who made up a large proportion of the students at the hospitality institutions that we then owned in Switzerland, from traveling to Switzerland. Any restrictions on the ability of international students to obtain visas to study at our institutions, or any restrictions on their ability to travel, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
We may be unable to recruit, train and retain qualified and experienced faculty and administrative staff at our institutions.
Our success and ability to grow depend on the ability to hire and retain large numbers of talented people. The process of hiring employees with the combination of skills and attributes required to implement our business strategy can be difficult and time-consuming. Our faculty members in particular are key to the success of our institutions. Our rapid global expansion has presented challenges for recruiting talented people with the right experience and skills for our needs. We face competition in attracting and retaining faculty members who possess the necessary experience and accreditation to teach at our institutions. As we expand and add personnel, it may be difficult to maintain consistency in the quality of our faculty and administrative staff. If we are unable to, or are perceived to be unable to, attract and retain experienced and qualified faculty, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
High crime levels in certain countries and regions in which we operate institutions may have an impact on our ability to attract and retain students and may increase our operating expenses.
Many of our institutions are located in countries and regions that have high rates of violent crime, drug trafficking and vandalism. If we are unable to maintain adequate security levels on our campuses, and to work with local authorities to maintain adequate security in the areas adjacent to our campuses, we may not be able to continue to attract and retain students, or we may have to close a campus either temporarily or permanently. For example, in 2014 we closed a small campus of one of our universities in Mexico because of threats from a local drug cartel. In addition, high crime rates may require us to make additional investments in security infrastructure and personnel, which may cause us to increase our tuition rates in order to maintain operating margins. Certain security measures may materially adversely affect the campus experience by making access by students more cumbersome, which may be viewed negatively by some of our existing or prospective students. If we are not able to attract and retain students because of our inability to provide them with a safe environment, or if we are required to make substantial additional investments in security, that could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we are unable to upgrade our campuses, they may become less attractive to parents and students and we may fail to grow our business.
All of our institutions require periodic upgrades to remain attractive to parents and students. Upgrading the facilities at our institutions could be difficult for a number of reasons, including the following:
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Our failure to upgrade the facilities of our institutions could lead to lower enrollment and could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our planned growth will require occupying increasing amounts of real estate that can be difficult to obtain and are subject to local regulation and control by landlords.
In order to continue to expand, we must continue to buy or lease additional real estate and construct new campus buildings. Construction of new campus buildings requires us to obtain permits from local authorities and to manage complex construction projects, which may result in unanticipated delays or expenditures. In 2013, the opening of a new campus building at UNAB was delayed, resulting in the need to relocate students to temporary facilities while the building was completed. UNAB incurred expenses to rent temporary facilities and provided tuition discounts to those students affected by the delay. The real estate that institutions in the Laureate International Universities network occupy is subject to local regulations, some of which may affect their ability to expand their operations. For example, in some locations, institutions are required by local regulations to provide a specific number of parking spaces per student enrolled or per area constructed. Even if there were adequate space in the academic facilities to expand the number of programs offered or students enrolled, we may not be able to expand if we are not able to provide adequate parking at a reasonable cost. The majority of the real estate that institutions in the Laureate International Universities network occupy is leased and may be subject to lease provisions that give the landlord the ability to affect the operation of the academic programs. For example, in certain jurisdictions, the landlord may be responsible for obtaining and maintaining occupancy permits or licenses, without which we cannot operate. If the landlord does not maintain the required permits or licenses, the institution may be required to suspend operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. In Brazil, real estate laws provide that rent terms under certain types of leases are subject to periodic adjustments to reflect local economic conditions. These rent increases can be substantial, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We currently have leases with various expiration dates, some of which have renewal options. Our ability to renegotiate favorable terms on an expiring lease or to negotiate favorable terms for a suitable alternate location, and our ability to negotiate favorable lease terms for additional locations, will depend on conditions in the real estate market, competition for desirable properties and our relationships with current and prospective landlords or may depend on other factors that are not within our control. Any or all of these factors and conditions could negatively affect our growth.
Our success depends on the skills of our executive officers, particularly our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. If we lose key personnel or are unable to hire additional qualified personnel, our business may be harmed.
Our future success depends to a significant degree on the skills, experience and efforts of Douglas L. Becker, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and founder, who has always played and continues to play an integral role in developing and executing our growth strategy. We cannot assure you that we will have an internal candidate to take on the role of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer should Mr. Becker become unable or unwilling to serve. We also have other very experienced and valuable executives in senior management roles who would be extremely difficult to replace, the loss of whose services could affect the growth or results of our company. As our competitors expand their operations, they may have the resources to hire away members of our management team. There is no assurance that we will be able to retain our existing key personnel, particularly in light of increased competition in the higher education industry, or that we will be able to attract, assimilate or retain the
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additional personnel needed to support our business. If we cannot, we may not be able to grow our business as planned, and we may not be able to operate our existing business effectively. In addition, we may not have identified clear successors to our management team and other key employees, which could result in lost opportunities and disruptions to our operations in the event of an unexpected departure. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our status as a Certified B Corporation may not result in the benefits that we anticipate.
While not required by Delaware law or the terms of our certificate of incorporation, we have elected to have our social and environmental performance, accountability and transparency assessed against the proprietary criteria established by an independent non-profit organization. As a result of this assessment, we have been designated as a "Certified B Corporation TM ," which refers to companies that are certified as meeting certain levels of social and environmental performance, accountability and transparency. The standards for Certified B Corporation certification are set by an independent organization and may change over time. See "BusinessCertified B Corporation." Our reputation could be harmed if we lose our status as a Certified B Corporation, whether by our choice or by our failure to continue to meet the certification requirements, if that failure or change were to create a perception that we are more focused on financial performance and are no longer as committed to the values shared by Certified B Corporations. Likewise, our reputation could be harmed if our publicly reported Certified B Corporation score declines.
The minority owners of our institutions may disagree with the way we operate the institutions or plan to expand the institutions, which could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Although we control all of our institutions, we share ownership or control of several of our institutions with minority stockholders. We currently do not have the right to buy out all of these minority interests. The minority owners could assert that our business decisions at the institution adversely affected the value of their investment. In certain of our institutions, minority owners continue to occupy key management positions and may have the ability to enter into agreements with third parties or take other actions that are inconsistent with our corporate policies, which could create legal burdens and additional expense for us. In addition, disagreements with the minority owners may distract management and may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Litigation may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business is subject to the risk of litigation by employees, students, suppliers, competitors, minority partners, stockholders, government agencies or others through private actions, class actions, administrative proceedings, regulatory actions or other litigation. The outcome of litigation, particularly class action lawsuits, regulatory actions and intellectual property claims, is difficult to assess or quantify. Plaintiffs in these types of lawsuits may seek recovery of very large or indeterminate amounts, and the magnitude of the potential loss relating to these lawsuits may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. In addition, certain of these lawsuits, if decided adversely to us or settled by us, may result in liability material to our financial statements as a whole or may negatively affect our operating results if changes to our business operation are required. The cost to defend future litigation may be significant. There also may be adverse publicity associated with litigation that could negatively affect customer perception of our business, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether we are ultimately found liable. As a result, litigation may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We are subject to anti-corruption laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the "FCPA"), as well as trade compliance and economic sanctions laws and regulations. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations could subject us to civil and criminal penalties, harm our reputation and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Doing business on a worldwide basis requires us to comply with the laws and regulations of numerous jurisdictions. These laws and regulations place restrictions on our operations and business practices. In particular, we are subject to the FCPA, which generally prohibits companies and their intermediaries from providing anything of value to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing any improper business advantage, along with various other anti-corruption laws. As a result of doing business in foreign countries and with foreign partners, we are exposed to a heightened risk of violating anti-corruption laws. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure that we, our employees and other intermediaries comply with the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws to which we are subject, there is no assurance that such policies or procedures will work effectively all of the time or protect us against liability under the FCPA or other laws for actions taken by our employees and other intermediaries with respect to our business or any businesses that we may acquire. We cannot assure you that all of our local partners will comply with these laws, in which case we could be held liable for actions taken inside or outside of the United States, even though our partners may not be subject to these laws. Our continued international expansion, and any development of new partnerships and joint venture relationships worldwide, increase the risk of FCPA violations in the future.
Violations of anti-corruption laws, export control laws and regulations, and economic sanctions laws and regulations are punishable by civil penalties, including fines, as well as criminal fines and imprisonment. If we fail to comply with the FCPA or other laws governing the conduct of international operations, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties and other remedial measures, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Any investigation of any potential violations of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws, export control laws and regulations, and economic sanctions laws and regulations by the United States or foreign authorities could also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity, regardless of the outcome of the investigation.
We may not generate anticipated savings from our EiP program or our SSOs.
We anticipate making an investment of approximately $180 million in our EiP program from 2015 to 2017 to optimize and standardize our processes with a goal of enabling sustained growth and margin expansion, and we have developed and begun to deploy SSOs around the world with the goal of processing most back-office and non-student facing transactions for the institutions in the Laureate International Universities network, such as accounting, finance and procurement. While we expect these programs to generate approximately $100 million in annual cost savings when fully realized in 2019, there can be no assurance that we will achieve these savings goals or that we will not have to make additional investments in these programs to do so. In addition, our ability to implement these programs successfully and timely could be adversely affected by many factors including, among others, lack of acceptance by local regulators and institutions, inability to identify and hire qualified personnel to staff SSOs and unanticipated technical difficulties. If we are not able to implement the EiP program and the SSOs successfully and timely, at the costs that we currently anticipate, these initiatives may not generate their intended operating efficiencies which could hamper our ability to grow in a scalable manner, and this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We are conducting an internal investigation of one of our network institutions for violations of the Company's policies, and possible violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other applicable laws. A violation of these laws and regulations could subject us to penalties, harm our reputation and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
As previously disclosed, during the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an operating expense of $18.0 million (the value of 40.0 million Turkish Liras at the date of donation) for a donation by our network institution in Turkey to a charitable foundation. We believed the donation was encouraged by the Turkish government to further a public project supported by the government and expected that it would enhance the position and ongoing operations of our institution in Turkey. The Company has learned that the charitable foundation which received the donation disbursed the funds at the direction of a former senior executive at our network institution in Turkey and other external individuals to a third party without our knowledge or approval.
In June 2016, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors initiated an internal investigation into this matter with the assistance of external counsel. The investigation concerns the facts surrounding the donation, violations of the Company's policies, and possible violations of the FCPA and other applicable laws in what appears to be a fraud perpetrated by the former senior executive at our network institution in Turkey and other external individuals. This includes an investigation to determine if the diversion was part of a scheme to misappropriate the funds and whether any portion of the funds was paid to government officials. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not identified that any other officers or employees outside of Turkey were involved in the diversion of the intended donation. Although we are pursuing efforts to recover the diverted funds, there is no assurance that we will be successful.
We have been advised by Turkish counsel that, under Turkish law, a Foundation University may not make payments that cause a decrease in the university's wealth or do not otherwise benefit the university. Given the uncertainty of recovery of the diverted donation and to mitigate any potential regulatory issues in Turkey relating to the donation, certain Laureate-owned entities that are members of the foundation that controls our network institution in Turkey have contributed an amount of approximately $13.0 million (the value of 40.0 million Turkish Liras on November 4, 2016, the date of contribution) to our network institution in Turkey to reimburse it for the donation.
As a result of the investigation, which is ongoing, we took steps to remove the former senior executive at our network institution in Turkey. Because of the complex organizational structure in Turkey, this took approximately one month and during that period our access to certain aspects of the business including the financial and other records of the university was interrupted. The former senior executive is now no longer affiliated with our network institution and we again have access to the financial and other records of the university.
In September 2016, we voluntarily disclosed the investigation to the U.S. Department of Justice (the "DOJ") and the SEC. The Company intends to fully cooperate with these agencies and any other applicable authorities in any investigation that may be conducted in this matter by them. The Company has internal controls and compliance policies and procedures that are designed to prevent misconduct of this nature and support compliance with laws and best practices throughout its global operations. The Company is taking steps to enhance these internal controls and compliance policies and procedures. The investigation is ongoing, and we cannot predict the outcome at this time, or the impact, if any, to the Company's consolidated financial statements or predict how the resulting consequences, if any, may impact our internal controls and compliance policies and procedures, business, ability or right to operate in Turkey, results of operations or financial position. If we are found to have violated the FCPA or other laws governing the conduct of our operations, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties and other remedial measures, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
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See "We currently have four material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that, if not corrected, could result in material misstatements of our financial statements" and"Our institutions are subject to uncertain and varying laws and regulations, and any changes to these laws or regulations or their application to us may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and result of operations."
We currently have four material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that, if not corrected, could result in material misstatements of our financial statements.
In the course of preparing our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2013, we identified certain material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses related to (1) an inadequate contract management process, (2) inadequate accounting for tax matters, (3) inadequate knowledge of GAAP in the non-U.S. finance organization, (4) inadequate journal entry review processes and (5) inadequate controls over key reports and spreadsheets. We have remediated four of the five material weaknesses; however, material weaknesses related to inadequate controls over key reports and spreadsheets remained at December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2016.
As of December 31, 2015, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to inadequate controls over key reports and spreadsheets, as discussed above. Specifically, we did not design adequate controls to address the completeness and accuracy of key reports and key spreadsheets. This material weakness, in combination with other prior material weaknesses, contributed to a revision to our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2013. This material weakness could result in additional misstatements to the accounts and disclosures that would result in a material misstatement of our consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.
As of September 30, 2016, we identified three additional material weaknesses, as follows:
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systems that are relevant to the preparation of our financial statements. Specifically we did not:
These IT deficiencies did not result in a material misstatement to the financial statements, however, the deficiencies, when aggregated, could impact the effectiveness of IT-dependent controls (such as automated controls that address the risk of material misstatement to one or more assertions, along with the IT controls and underlying data that support the effectiveness of system-generated data and reports) that could result in misstatements potentially affecting all financial statement accounts and disclosures that would not be prevented or detected in a timely manner.
We have commenced the remediation of these material weaknesses. Our efforts to remediate these material weaknesses may not be effective. If our efforts to remediate these material weaknesses are not successful, the remediated material weaknesses may reoccur, the current material weaknesses may not be remediated in a timely manner, or other material weaknesses could occur in the future.
As a result of these material weaknesses, we may be unable to report our financial results accurately on a timely basis, which could cause our reported financial results to be materially misstated and result in the loss of investor confidence or delisting of our Class A common stock and could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline. As a result of such failures, we could also become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our Class A common stock is listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, and become subject to litigation from investors, which could harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations, and divert financial and management resources from our core business.
Further, if as a result of these material weaknesses we are unable to provide the DOE with required financial statements by specified deadlines, the DOE could take action to materially limit or terminate our U.S. Institutions' participation in the Title IV federal student aid programs, which could result in a material or adverse decline in revenues, financial condition or results of operations. Furthermore, the U.S. Institutions would then be unable to continue their business as currently conducted, which could be expected to have a material adverse effect on our U.S. Institutions' ability to continue as going concerns.
See "We are conducting an internal investigation of one of our network institutions for violations of the Company's policies, and possible violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other applicable laws. A violation of these laws and regulations could subject us to penalties, harm our reputation and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations."
If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be materially adversely affected.
Commencing with our fiscal year ending December 31, 2017, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal controls over financial reporting to allow management and our independent registered public accounting firm to report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our Form 10-K filing for that year, as required by Section 404 of the
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act"). This will require that we incur substantial additional professional fees and internal costs to expand our accounting and finance functions and that we expend significant management efforts and we may need to make further investments in order to become compliant. Prior to this offering, we have not been required to test our internal controls within a specified period and, as a result, we may experience difficulty in meeting these reporting requirements in a timely manner.
We may in the future discover areas of our internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that need improvement. Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, regardless of how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.
If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements, and we or our independent registered public accounting firm may conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting are not effective or our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to provide us with an unqualified opinion as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. If that were to happen, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could lead to a decline in the market price of our Class A common stock and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the stock exchange on which our Class A common stock is listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities.
Additionally, the existence of any material weakness could require management to devote significant time and incur significant expense to remediate any such material weakness and management may not be able to remediate any such material weakness in a timely manner. The existence of any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could also result in errors in our financial statements that could require us to restate our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and cause the holders of our Class A common stock to lose confidence in our reported financial information, all of which could materially adversely affect our business and share price.
See "We are conducting an internal investigation of one of our network institutions for violations of the Company's policies, and possible violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other applicable laws. A violation of these laws and regulations could subject us to penalties, harm our reputation and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations."
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Risks Relating to Our Highly Regulated Industry in the United States
Failure of any of our U.S. Institutions to comply with extensive regulatory requirements could result in significant monetary liabilities, fines and penalties, restrictions on our operations, limitations on our growth, or loss of access to federal student loans and grants for our students, on which we are substantially dependent.
Our U.S. Institutions are subject to extensive regulatory requirements, including at the federal, state, and accrediting agency levels. Many students at our U.S. Institutions rely on the availability of federal student financial aid programs, known as Title IV programs, which are administered by the DOE, to finance their cost of attending our institutions. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, Kendall College, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, St. Augustine and Walden University derived approximately 36%, 43%, 49% and 73%, respectively, of their revenues (calculated on a cash basis) from Title IV program funds. In the aggregate, our U.S. Institutions derived approximately $480 million of revenues (calculated on a cash basis) from Title IV programs during the year ended December 31, 2015.
To participate in Title IV programs, our U.S. Institutions must be authorized by the appropriate state education agency or agencies, be accredited by an accrediting agency recognized by the DOE, and be certified as an eligible institution by the DOE. As a result, our U.S. Institutions are subject to extensive regulation and review by these agencies and commissions which cover the vast majority of our U.S. operations, including our educational programs, instructional and administrative staff, administrative procedures, marketing, student recruiting and admissions, and financial operations. These regulations also affect our ability to acquire or open additional institutions, add new educational programs, substantially change existing programs or change our corporate or ownership structure. The agencies and commissions that regulate our operations periodically revise their requirements and modify their interpretations of existing requirements. Regulatory requirements are not always precise and clear, and regulatory agencies may sometimes disagree with the way we interpret or apply these requirements. If we misinterpret or are found to have not complied with any of these regulatory requirements, our U.S. Institutions could suffer financial penalties, limitations on their operations, loss of accreditation, termination of or limitations on their ability to grant degrees and certificates, or limitations on or termination of their eligibility to participate in Title IV programs, each of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we are charged with regulatory violations, our reputation could be damaged, which could have a negative impact on our enrollments and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot predict with certainty how all of these regulatory requirements will be applied, or whether we will be able to comply with all of the applicable requirements in the future.
If any of our U.S. Institutions were to lose its eligibility to participate in Title IV programs, we would experience a material and adverse decline in revenues, financial condition, results of operations, and future growth prospects. Furthermore, the affected U.S. Institution would be unable to continue its business as it is currently conducted, which could have a material adverse effect on the institution's ability to continue as a going concern.
If any of the U.S. education regulatory agencies or commissions that regulate us do not approve or delay any required approvals of transactions involving a change of control, including our recent conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation and this offering, our ability to operate or participate in Title IV programs may be impaired.
If we or one of our U.S. Institutions experiences a change of ownership or control under the standards of the DOE, any applicable accrediting agency, any applicable state educational licensing agency, or any specialized accrediting agency, we must notify or seek approval of each such agency or commission. These agencies do not have uniform criteria for what constitutes a change of ownership or
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control. Transactions or events that typically constitute a change of ownership or control include significant acquisitions or dispositions of shares of the voting stock of an institution or its parent company, and significant changes in the composition of the board of directors of an institution or its parent company. The occurrence of some of these transactions or events may be beyond our control. Our failure to obtain, or a delay in receiving, approval of any change of control from the DOE or any applicable accrediting agency or state educational licensing agency, could impair our U.S. Institutions' ability to operate or participate in Title IV programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to obtain, or a delay in receiving, approval of any change of control from any state in which our U.S. Institutions are currently licensed or authorized, or from any applicable accrediting agency, could require us to suspend our activities in that state or suspend offering applicable programs until we receive the required approval, or could otherwise impair our operations.
The DOE previously notified us that it considers this offering and our recent conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation to be two separate changes of ownership resulting in changes in control under the DOE's regulations. Under the DOE's regulations, an institution that undergoes a change in control loses its eligibility to participate in Title IV programs and must apply to the DOE to reestablish such eligibility. If an institution files the required application and follows certain other procedures, the DOE may temporarily certify the institution on a provisional basis following the change in control, such that the institution's students retain access to Title IV program funds until the DOE completes its full review of the change in control. In addition, the DOE will extend such temporary provisional certification if the institution timely files other required materials, including any required approvals of the change in control by its state authorizing agency and accrediting commission, and certain financial information. If an institution fails to meet any of these deadlines, its certification will expire, and its students will not be eligible to receive Title IV program funds until the DOE completes its full review, which commonly takes several months or longer. We applied to the DOE on behalf of Kendall College, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, St. Augustine and Walden University for approval of these institutions' continued participation in Title IV programs in connection with both this offering and the recent conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation. The DOE completed its review of the conversion and issued provisional program participation agreements to the institutions with respect to the conversion. We have also filed pre-acquisition review applications to the DOE on behalf of Kendall College, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, St. Augustine and Walden University in connection with this offering. After this offering is completed, if the applications are deemed materially complete, the DOE will issue temporary program participation agreements to the institutions, which will expire on the last day of the month following the month in which the offering occurred. If certain documents are submitted to DOE before the expiration of the temporary program participation agreements, the eligibility of the institutions to participate in the Title IV programs will be continued. However, the DOE will only formally review and approve this offering after it has occurred. As a result, there can be no assurance that the DOE will approve this offering and recertify our U.S. Institutions for continued Title IV program eligibility following this offering. If the DOE approves an application after a change in control, it will typically certify an institution on a provisional basis for a period of up to approximately three years. If the DOE fails to recertify our U.S. Institutions following this offering, students at the affected institutions would no longer be able to receive Title IV program funds. The DOE could also recertify our U.S. Institutions following this offering, but restrict or delay students' receipt of Title IV program funds, limit the number of students to whom an institution could disburse such funds, require letters of credit, or impose other restrictions that could materially adversely affect our U.S. business.
We are also seeking confirmation from the institutional and programmatic accrediting agencies for Kendall College, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, St. Augustine and Walden University, as well as from the U.S. institutional accrediting agency for Universidad Andrés Bello, whether this offering will constitute a change of control under their respective standards. With respect to the institutional
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accrediting agencies, the Higher Learning Commission, the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and the Commission on Senior Colleges of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges have informed us that they do not consider this offering to constitute a change of control, but have required certain follow-up information regarding the offering. With respect to the conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation, among our institutional accreditors, the Middle States Commission on Higher Education has stated that it considers the conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation to constitute a substantive change under its standards, and has approved the conversion. The Commission on Senior Colleges of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges required the NewSchool of Architecture and Design and St. Augustine to submit "Substantive Change: Change in Mission, Ownership, or Form of Control" proposals to the Structural Change committee. This committee reviewed these proposals and determined that neither this offering nor the conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation constituted structural changes requiring approval. Following the conversion, the Florida Commission for Independent Education issued provisional licenses to Walden University and St. Augustine and required additional ongoing financial reporting. In September 2016 it issued a full, non-provisional license to St. Augustine but continued the school on financial reporting.
Many states and programmatic accreditors have informed us that this offering will not constitute a change of control, but some agencies have determined that this offering will need to be reviewed under their respective change of ownership standards. We have notified each agency regarding this offering and some have requested additional information in connection with this offering. To the extent any agency requires approval of this offering the institutional accrediting agencies and some state educational agencies that authorize our U.S. Institutions also may not act to review or approve this offering on an advance basis. Our failure to obtain any required approval of this offering from the DOE, the institutional accrediting agencies, or the pertinent state educational agencies could result in one or more of our U.S. Institutions losing continued eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs, accreditation or state licensure, which could have a material adverse effect on our U.S. business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, we increased our ownership of St. Augustine from 80% to 100% on June 7, 2016. The 20% noncontrolling interest was previously held by Patris of St. Augustine, Inc. and subject to a put right, which Patris of St. Augustine, Inc. elected to exercise. We have notified St. Augustine's applicable regulators regarding the increase in the percentage of our ownership in St. Augustine.
Congress may revise the laws governing Title IV programs or reduce funding for those and other student financial assistance programs, and the DOE may revise its regulations administering Title IV programs, any of which could reduce our enrollment and revenues and increase costs of operations.
The HEA is a federal law that governs Title IV programs. The U.S. Congress must authorize and appropriate funding for Title IV programs under the HEA and can change the laws governing Title IV programs at any time. The HEA was most recently reauthorized in August 2008 through federal fiscal year 2014, although the U.S. Congress has taken actions required to extend Title IV programs while an HEA reauthorization remains pending and the Title IV programs remain authorized and functioning. Congress continues to engage in HEA reauthorization hearings, with such hearings examining various subjects to be potentially addressed through reauthorization, including, but not limited to, college affordability, the role of consumer information in college choices by students and families, whether Title IV programs should include institutional risk-sharing, and the role of accrediting agencies in ensuring institutional quality, among other items. We cannot predict the timing and terms of any eventual HEA reauthorization, including any potential changes to institutional participation or student eligibility requirements or funding levels for particular Title IV programs, which terms may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Apart from Title IV programs, eligible veterans and military personnel may receive educational benefits for the pursuit of higher education. A reduction in federal funding levels for Title IV programs, or for programs providing educational benefits to veterans and military personnel, could reduce the ability of some students to finance their education. We cannot predict with certainty the future funding levels for Title IV programs, or for programs providing educational benefits to veterans and military personnel, or the nature of any future revisions to the law or regulations related to these programs. Because a significant percentage of the revenues of our U.S. Institutions is and is expected to be derived from Title IV programs, any action by the U.S. Congress that significantly reduces Title IV program funding or the ability of our U.S. students to participate in Title IV programs could have a material adverse effect on our U.S. Institutions' enrollments, business, financial condition and results of operations. Congressional action also may require our U.S. Institutions to modify their practices in ways that could increase administrative costs and reduce profit margins, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In recent years, the DOE has promulgated a substantial number of new regulations that impact our U.S. Institutions, including, but not limited to, state authorization, standards regarding the payment of incentive compensation, the definition of a credit hour for the purpose of determining program eligibility for Title IV student financial aid, and the scope of the prohibition and potential sanctions for substantial misrepresentations. These regulations concerning Title IV program integrity generally became effective on July 1, 2011. On October 30, 2014, the DOE published final regulations to define "gainful employment" for the purposes of the Title IV program requirement that educational programs offered by proprietary institutions prepare students for gainful employment in recognized occupations, which became effective on July 1, 2015. In November 2014, two organizations representing for-profit institutions filed separate lawsuits in federal district courts against the DOE seeking to have the final gainful employment regulations invalidated. In both cases, the courts upheld the regulations and dismissed the lawsuits. In addition, several of the program integrity regulations remain subject to further interpretation and specific application by the DOE.
In October 2014, the DOE published final regulations updating the standard for determining adverse credit history for the purposes of eligibility for a Direct PLUS loan. On December 3, 2014, the DOE published proposed regulations on the teacher preparation program accountability system under the HEA, and additionally proposed amendments on teacher preparation program eligibility for TEACH Grant participation. In October 2016, the DOE published its final regulations regarding teacher preparation programs and TEACH Grant eligibility. We are currently assessing the eligibility of Walden University to continue to access TEACH Grant funds under the new regulations.
On October 30, 2015, the DOE published final regulations to establish a Pay as You Earn Repayment Plan and implement changes regarding cohort default rate appeals and the Federal Family Education Loan and Direct Loan Programs. The Pay as You Earn Repayment Plan provisions took effect in December 2015 and a majority of the remaining provisions regulations took effect on July 1, 2016. Also, as described in more detail below, on October 30, 2015, the DOE published final regulations regarding cash management and debit card practices, retaking coursework and clock-to-credit hour conversion. A majority of the provisions of the regulations took effect on July 1, 2016, and others took effect on later dates in 2016. The final regulations concerning cash management require, among other things, that institutions subject to heightened cash monitoring procedures for disbursements of Title IV funds must, effective July 1, 2016, pay to students any applicable Title IV credit balances before requesting such funds from the DOE. St. Augustine, Walden University, NewSchool of Architecture and Design and Kendall College are currently subject to heightened cash monitoring procedures. We have reviewed the regulations and made appropriate adjustments in our business operations to meet those requirements effective July 1, 2016.
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On December 19, 2016, the DOE published final regulations regarding state authorization for programs offered through distance education and state authorization for foreign locations of institutions. Among other provisions, these final regulations require that an institution participating in the Title IV federal student aid programs and offering post secondary education through distance education be authorized by each state in which the institution enrolls students, if such authorization is required by the state. The DOE would recognize authorization through participation in a state authorization reciprocity agreement, if the agreement does not prevent a state from enforcing its own laws. The final regulations also require that foreign additional locations and branch campuses be authorized by the appropriate foreign government agency and, if at least 50% of a program can be completed at the location/branch, be approved by the institution's accrediting agency and be reported to the state where the main campus is located. The final regulations would also require institutions to: document the state process for resolving complaints from students enrolled in programs offered through distance education or correspondence courses; and make certain public and individualized disclosures to enrolled and prospective students about their distance education programs. These final regulations are effective July 1, 2018.
Also, on November 1, 2016, the DOE published a final rule to clarify how Direct Loan Program borrowers who believe they were defrauded by their institutions can seek relief, to strengthen provisions to hold institutions accountable for their wrongdoing that results in loan discharges and to expand circumstances under which the DOE may request letters of credit. For additional information regarding this final rule, see "The DOE may adopt regulations governing federal student loan debt forgiveness that could result in liability for amounts based on borrower defenses or affect the DOE's assessment of our institutional capability." We cannot predict the outcome or related impact of any of these items. As described in more detail under "Industry RegulationU.S. Regulation," our U.S. Institutions or certain of their educational programs may lose eligibility to participate in Title IV programs if they or certain of their educational programs cannot maintain compliance with applicable regulations of the DOE.
The DOE may adopt regulations governing federal student loan debt forgiveness that could result in liability for amounts based on borrower defenses or affect the DOE's assessment of our institutional capability.
On November 1, 2016, the DOE published a final rule that, among other provisions, establishes new standards and processes for determining whether a Direct Loan Program borrower has a defense to repayment ("DTR") on a loan due to acts or omissions by the institution at which the loan was used by the borrower for educational expenses. The final regulations will take effect on July 1, 2017. Among other topics, this final rule establishes permissible borrower defense claims for discharge, procedural rules under which claims will be adjudicated, time limits for borrowers' claims, and guidelines for recoupment by the DOE of discharged loan amounts from institutions of higher education. It also prohibits schools from using any pre-dispute arbitration agreements, prohibits schools from prohibiting relief in the form of class actions by student borrowers, and invalidates clauses imposing requirements that students pursue an internal dispute resolution process before contacting authorities regarding concerns about an institution. For proprietary institutions, the final rule describes the threshold for loan repayment rates that will require specific disclosures to current and prospective students and the applicable loan repayment rate methodology. The final rule also establishes important new financial responsibility and administrative capacity requirements for both not-for-profit and for-profit institutions participating in the Title IV programs. For example, certain events would automatically trigger the need for a school to obtain a letter of credit, including for publicly traded institutions, if the SEC warns the school that it may suspend trading on the school's stock, the school failed to timely file a required annual or quarterly report with the SEC, or the exchange on which the stock is traded notifies the school that it is not in compliance with exchange requirements or the stock is delisted. Other events would will require a recalculation of a school's composite score of financial responsibility, including, for
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a proprietary institution whose score is less than 1.5, any withdrawal of an owner's equity by any means, including by declaring a dividend, unless the equity is transferred within the affiliated entity group on whose basis the composite score was calculated. The final rule also sets forth events that are discretionary triggers for letters of credit, meaning that if any of them occur, the DOE may choose to require a letter of credit, increase an existing letter of credit requirement or demand some other form of surety from the institution. The final rule provides that if an institution fails to meet the composite score requirement for longer than three years under provisional certification, the DOE may mandate additional financial protection from the institution or any party with "substantial control" over the institution. Such parties with "substantial control" must agree to jointly and severally guarantee the Title IV liabilities of the institution at the end of the three-year provisional certification period. Under current regulations, a party may be deemed to have "substantial control" over an institution if, among other factors, the party directly or indirectly holds an ownership interest of 25% or more of an institution, or is a member of the board of directors, a general partner, the chief executive officer or other executive officer of the institution. If we are required to repay the DOE for any successful DTR claims by students who attended our U.S. Institutions, or we are required to obtain additional letters of credit or increase our current letter of credit, it could materially affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations. We are currently assessing the impact of these final regulations on our U.S. Institutions.
Hearings and examinations of the for-profit educational industry could result in negative publicity, additional legislation, rulemaking by the DOE and other federal regulatory agencies, and other restrictions on our business.
In recent years, the U.S. House of Representatives Education and Workforce Committee (the "House Education and Workforce Committee") and the U.S. Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee (the "Senate HELP Committee") have increased the focus on the role of the for-profit post-secondary education industry. In the past, hearings by these committees have focused, among other things, on the manner in which accrediting agencies review higher education institutions, student recruiting and admissions and outcomes of students. In July 2012, the Democratic staff of the Senate HELP Committee released a report based on information requested from 30 companies operating proprietary institutions, including Walden University. While stating that proprietary educational institutions such as Walden University play an important role in higher education and should be well-equipped to meet the needs of non-traditional students who now constitute the majority of the post-secondary education population, the report was critical of the proprietary school sector. The report could be used for future legislative proposals by members of Congress in connection with a reauthorization of the HEA or other proposed legislation. The report could also lead to further investigations of proprietary schools by various federal and state governmental agencies, and to additional regulations promulgated by the DOE. Also, a subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs Committee has conducted hearings covering the quality of education provided by proprietary institutions and treatment of educational benefits for military personnel for purposes of the 90/10 Rule on institutional eligibility for Title IV programs. In April 2012, President Obama signed an executive order aimed at providing military personnel, veterans and their family members with the resources they need to make an informed decision about their educational prospects and other protections (the "Executive Order").
The U.S. Congress and Department of Defense (the "DoD") have increased their focus on DoD tuition assistance that is used for distance education and programs at proprietary institutions. In August 2013, the DoD began incorporating the principles of excellence outlined in the 2012 Executive Order into their current Memorandum of Understanding (the "MOU"), which increases oversight of educational programs offered to active duty service members and conveys the commitments and agreements between educational institutions and the DoD prior to accepting funds under the tuition
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assistance program. Institutions were required to sign the MOU by March 30, 2012. After March 1, 2013, institutions without a signed DoD MOU cannot enroll service members under the tuition assistance program. In May 2014, the DoD released a final version of its revised MOU, which included new provisions applicable to all higher educational institutions providing educational programs through the DoD tuition assistance program. Among other things, the MOU requested that participating institutions provide meaningful information to students about the financial cost and attendance at an institution so military students can make informed decisions on where to attend school, will not use unfair, deceptive, and abusive recruiting practices and will provide academic and student support services to service members and their families. The revised MOU also implemented rules to strengthen existing procedures for access to DoD installations by educational institutions, a DoD Postsecondary Education Complaint System for service members, spouses, and adult family members to register student complaints and established authorization for the military departments to establish service-specific tuition assistance eligibility criteria and management controls. Our U.S. Institutions utilizing tuition assistance have signed DoD's standard MOU. The DoD has begun to increase its enforcement activity in connection with the 2012 Executive Order.
We cannot predict whether, or the extent to which, this scrutiny will result in legislation or further rulemaking affecting our participation in Title IV programs, or in programs providing educational benefits to veterans and military personnel. To the extent that any laws or regulations are adopted that limit our participation in Title IV programs, programs providing educational benefits to veterans and military personnel, or the amount of student financial aid for which the students at our U.S. Institutions are eligible, those institutions' enrollments, revenues and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
In September 2015, President Obama announced the DOE's launch of a revised "College Scorecard" website that provides access to national data on college costs, graduation rates, debt and post-college earnings, including data regarding our U.S. Institutions. This data was updated in September 2016. In addition, in November 2015, the DOE issued comparative data regarding DOE-recognized accreditation agencies and the institutions they accredit, which include median debt, repayment rates, completion rates and median earnings. To the extent such data gives rise to negative perceptions of our U.S. Institutions or of proprietary educational institutions generally, our reputation and business could be materially adversely affected.
Our U.S. Institutions must periodically seek recertification to participate in Title IV programs and, if the DOE does not recertify the institutions to continue participating in Title IV programs, our students would lose their access to Title IV program funds, or the institutions could be recertified but required to accept significant limitations as a condition of continued participation in Title IV programs.
DOE certification to participate in Title IV programs lasts a maximum of six years, and institutions are required to seek recertification from the DOE on a regular basis to continue their participation in Title IV programs. An institution must also apply for recertification by the DOE if it undergoes a change in control, as defined by DOE regulations, and may be subject to similar review if it expands its operations or educational programs in certain ways. Generally, the recertification process includes a review by the DOE of the institution's educational programs and locations, administrative capability, financial responsibility and other oversight categories. The DOE could limit, suspend or terminate an institution's participation in Title IV programs for violations of the HEA or Title IV regulations. As discussed in more detail under "Industry RegulationU.S. Regulation," each of our U.S. Institutions currently participates in the Title IV programs pursuant to the DOE's provisional form of certification.
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There can be no assurance that the DOE will recertify our U.S. Institutions after its review of the U.S. Institutions' applications for continued certification, which were filed in connection with this offering. If the DOE does not renew or withdraws any of our U.S. Institutions' certifications to participate in Title IV programs at any time, students in the affected institution(s) would no longer be able to receive Title IV program funds. Similarly, the DOE could renew our U.S. Institutions' certifications, but restrict or delay Title IV funding, limit the number of students to whom it could disburse such funds or impose other restrictions. In addition, the DOE may take emergency action to suspend any of our U.S. Institutions' certifications without advance notice if it receives reliable information that an institution is violating Title IV requirements and it determines that immediate action is necessary to prevent misuse of Title IV funds. Any of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our U.S. Institutions' enrollments and our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our U.S. Institutions would lose their ability to participate in Title IV programs if they fail to maintain their institutional accreditation, and our student enrollments could decline if we fail to maintain any of our accreditations or approvals.
An institution must be accredited by an accrediting agency recognized by the DOE to participate in Title IV programs. Each of our U.S. Institutions is so accredited, and such accreditation is subject to renewal or review periodically or when necessary. If any of our U.S. Institutions fails to satisfy any of its respective accrediting commissions' standards, that institution could lose its accreditation by its respective accrediting commission, which would cause the institution to lose eligibility to participate in Title IV programs and experience a significant decline in total student enrollments. In addition, many of our U.S. Institutions' individual educational programs are accredited by specialized accrediting commissions or approved by specialized state agencies. If any of our U.S. Institutions fails to satisfy the standards of any of those specialized accrediting commissions or state agencies, that institution could lose the specialized accreditation or approval for the affected programs, which could result in materially reduced student enrollments in those programs and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if an accrediting body of one of our U.S. Institutions loses recognition by the DOE, that institution could lose its ability to participate in Title IV programs.
If any of our U.S. Institutions fail to obtain or maintain any of its state authorizations in states where such authorization is required, that institution may not be able to operate or enroll students in that state, and may not be able to award Title IV program funds to students.
The DOE requires that an educational institution be authorized in each state where it physically operates in order to participate in Title IV programs. The level of regulatory oversight varies substantially from state to state. Our campus-based U.S. Institutions are authorized by applicable state educational licensing agencies to operate and to grant degrees or diplomas, which authorizations are required for students at these institutions to be eligible to receive funding under Title IV programs. If any of our U.S. Institutions fail to continuously satisfy applicable standards for maintaining its state authorization in a state in which that institution is physically located, that institution could lose its authorization from the applicable state educational agency to offer educational programs and could be forced to cease operations in that state. Such a loss of authorization would also cause that institution's location in the state to lose eligibility to participate in Title IV programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
DOE regulations effective on July 1, 2011 imposed new requirements regarding whether a state's authorization of an educational institution is sufficient for purposes of participation in the Title IV programs. If any of the authorizations provided to one or more of our U.S. Institutions are determined not to comply with these regulations, or one or more of our U.S. Institutions is unable to obtain or
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maintain an authorization that satisfies the DOE requirements, students at the pertinent institution may be unable to access Title IV funds, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations in the United States.
Many states also have sought to assert jurisdiction, whether through adoption of new laws and regulations or new interpretations of existing laws and regulations, over out-of-state educational institutions offering online degree programs that have no physical location or other presence in the state but that have some activity in the state, such as enrolling or offering educational services to students who reside in the state, employing faculty who reside in the state or advertising to or recruiting prospective students in the state. State regulatory requirements for online education are inconsistent between states and not well developed in many jurisdictions. As such, these requirements change frequently and, in some instances, are not clear or are left to the discretion of state employees or agents. State regulatory agencies may sometimes disagree with the way we have interpreted or applied these requirements. Any misinterpretation by us of these regulatory requirements or adverse changes in regulations or interpretations of these regulations by state licensing agencies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our online educational programs offered by our U.S. Institutions and the constantly changing regulatory environment require us to continually evaluate our state regulatory compliance activities. We review the licensure requirements of other states when appropriate to determine whether our activities in those states constitute a presence or otherwise require licensure or authorization by the respective state education agencies. Therefore, in addition to the states where we maintain physical facilities, we have obtained, or are in the process of obtaining, approvals or exemptions that we believe are necessary in connection with our activities that may constitute a presence in such other states requiring licensure or authorization by the state educational agency based on the laws, rules or regulations of that state. Some of our approvals are pending or are in the renewal process. St. Augustine does not have current approvals or exemptions from the state educational agencies of 12 states in which St. Augustine does not maintain physical locations but has enrolled a small number of students. For each such state, St. Augustine is either in the process of applying for such approval/exemption or has plans to submit such applications in 2017. In recent years, several states have voluntarily entered into State Authorization Reciprocity Agreements ("SARA") that establish standards for interstate offering of post-secondary distance education courses and programs. If an institution's home state participates in SARA and authorizes the institution to provide distance education in accordance with SARA standards, then the institution need not obtain additional authorizations for distance education from any other SARA member state. The SARA participation requirements and process are administered by the four regional higher education compacts in the United States (the Midwestern Higher Education Compact (the "MHEC"), the New England Board of Higher Education, the Southern Regional Education Board and the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education) and is overseen by the National Council for State Authorization Reciprocity Agreements. If any of our U.S. Institutions fail to comply with state licensure or authorization requirements, we could be subject to various sanctions, including restrictions on recruiting students, providing educational programs and other activities in that state, and fines and penalties. Additionally, new laws, regulations or interpretations related to providing online educational programs and services could increase our cost of doing business and affect our ability to recruit students in particular states, which could, in turn, negatively affect enrollments and revenues and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Walden University was approved to participate in SARA, effective through June 2, 2016. On April 8, 2016, the Minnesota Office of Higher Education ("MOHE") notified Walden University that its renewal application to participate in SARA has been denied because Walden University does not have an institutional federal financial composite score computed by the DOE in connection with Walden University's participation in federal Title IV financing programs of 1.5 or higher, although the institutional financial composite score calculation made by Walden University in accordance with the
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DOE's published formula and based on Walden University's 2014 audited financial statements is 3.0. In the absence of an institution-level financial composite score calculated by DOE, MOHE viewed Laureate's financial composite score calculated based on its global operations, which did not exceed 1.5 for 2014, as attributable to Walden University.
On May 6, 2016, Walden University appealed the MOHE decision to MHEC. Walden University and MOHE participated in an appeal hearing before MHEC on June 3, 2016. On June 14, 2016, MHEC informed Walden University that it affirmed MOHE's decision. Walden University had until September 30, 2016 to regain its state authorization, exemption or other required status in the SARA states in which it participates in order to seek to enroll new students who reside in those states. As of the date of this prospectus, Walden University has regained authorization, exemption or other required status in all of the 31 SARA states in which it has been a SARA participant.
The failure to maintain any required state licensure or authorization for our distance education programs in the United States could prohibit us from recruiting prospective students or offering educational services to current students in one or more states, which could significantly reduce enrollments and revenues and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations in the United States. Additionally, a DOE regulation that was to become effective on July 1, 2011 required institutions to meet state authorization requirements in states in which they enroll distance education students, but in which they are not physically located or otherwise subject to state jurisdiction, as a condition of awarding Title IV funds to students in that state. In July 2011, a Federal District Court issued an order vacating the regulation, which was sustained in June 2012 by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. On December 19, 2016, the DOE published final regulations regarding state authorization for programs offered through distance education and state authorization for foreign locations of institutions. For additional information regarding this proposed rule, see "Congress may revise the laws governing Title IV programs or reduce funding for those and other student financial assistance programs, and the DOE may revise its regulations administering Title IV programs, any of which could reduce our enrollment and revenues and increase costs of operations." Any failure to comply with state requirements, or any new or modified regulations at the federal or state level, could result in our inability to enroll students or receive Title IV funds for students in those states and could result in restrictions on our growth and enrollments.
Increased regulatory and enforcement effort aimed at proprietary education institutions could be a catalyst for legislative or regulatory restrictions, investigations, enforcement actions and claims that could, individually or in the aggregate, materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The proprietary education industry is experiencing broad-based, intensifying scrutiny in the form of increased investigations and enforcement actions. In October 2014, the DOE announced an interagency task force composed of the DOE, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (the "FTC"), the U.S. Departments of Justice, Treasury and Veterans Affairs, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB"), the SEC, and numerous state attorneys general. The FTC has also recently issued civil investigative demands to several other U.S. proprietary educational institutions, which require the institutions to provide documents and information related to the advertising, marketing, or sale of secondary or postsecondary educational products or services, or educational accreditation products or services. The CFPB has also initiated a series of investigations against other U.S. proprietary educational institutions alleging that certain institutions' lending practices violate various consumer finance laws. In addition, attorneys general in several states have become more active in enforcing consumer protection laws, especially related to recruiting practices and the financing of education at proprietary educational institutions. In addition, several state attorneys general have recently partnered with the CFPB to review industry practices.
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In the event that any of our past or current business practices are found to violate applicable consumer protection laws, or if we are found to have made misrepresentations to our current or prospective students about our educational programs, we could be subject to monetary fines or penalties and possible limitations on the manner in which we conduct our business, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. To the extent that more states or government agencies commence investigations, act in concert, or direct their focus on our U.S. Institutions, the cost of responding to these inquiries and investigations could increase significantly, and the potential impact on our business would be substantially greater.
Our failure to comply with the laws and regulations of various states could result in actions that would have a material adverse effect on our enrollments, revenues and results of operations.
We are subject to extensive laws and regulations by the states in which we are authorized or licensed to operate. State laws typically establish standards for instruction, qualifications of faculty, administrative procedures, marketing, recruiting, financial operations and other operational matters. State laws and regulations may limit our ability to offer educational programs and to award degrees and may limit the ability of our students to sit for certification exams in their chosen fields of study. In addition, as mentioned above, attorneys general in several states have become more active in enforcing consumer protection laws, and in some instances have partnered with the CFPB. In addition, we may be subject to litigation by private parties alleging that we violated state laws regarding the educational programs provided by our U.S. Institutions and their operations.
In January 2015, two students filed suit against us and Walden University, seeking class action status and alleging claims for breach of contract and unjust enrichment and violations of the Maryland and Illinois consumer protection laws and California unfair competition law related to the students' doctoral dissertation and master's thesis processes. A third student joined as a plaintiff when the complaint was subsequently amended. The claims from all three students were resolved in December 2015 and dismissed with prejudice as of January 5, 2016. The three plaintiffs have re-enrolled at Walden University to complete their Ph.D. programs. In addition, several groups of current and former students filed five separate law suits against St. Augustine relating to matters arising before we acquired the school in November 2013. The allegations pertain to a program that was launched in May 2011 and, at the time, offered a "Master of Orthopaedic Physician's Assistant Program" degree. The plaintiffs in these matters allege that the university misrepresented their ability to practice as licensed Physician Assistants with a heightened specialty in orthopaedics. One of the lawsuits was resolved in October 2015, another was resolved in March 2016, and another was resolved in June 2016 and all three have been dismissed. For more information on these lawsuits, see "BusinessLegal Proceedings." We believe the claims in the remaining two cases are without merit and intend to defend vigorously against the allegations. Any adverse outcome in such litigation could result in monetary or injunctive relief, which could materially adversely affect our U.S. Institutions and their operations.
On September 8, 2016, as part of a program review that MOHE is conducting of Walden University's doctoral programs, MOHE sent to Walden University an information request regarding its doctoral programs and complaints filed by doctoral students. We have been informed by MOHE that in an effort to better understand the context, background and issues related to doctoral student complaints in Minnesota, MOHE is initiating a full review of doctoral programs for institutions registered in Minnesota. We cannot predict the outcome of this matter. However, if MOHE makes an adverse determination, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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The inability of our graduates to obtain licensure or other specialized outcomes in their chosen professional fields of study could reduce our enrollments and revenues, and potentially lead to litigation that could be costly to us.
Certain of our graduates seek professional licensure or other specialized outcomes in their chosen fields following graduation. Their success in obtaining these outcomes depends on several factors, including the individual merits of the learner, but also may depend on whether the institution and the program were approved by the state or by a professional association, whether the program from which the learner graduated meets all state requirements and whether the institution is accredited. In addition, professional associations may refuse to certify specialized outcomes for our learners for similar reasons. The state requirements for licensure are subject to change, as are the professional certification standards, and we may not immediately become aware of changes that may impact our learners in certain instances. Also, as described below, the final gainful employment regulations require an institution to certify to the DOE that its educational programs subject to the gainful employment requirements, which include all programs offered by our U.S. Institutions, meet the applicable requirements for graduates to be professionally or occupationally certified in the state in which the institution is located. In the event that one or more states refuses to recognize our learners for professional licensure, and/or professional associations refuse to certify specialized outcomes for our learners, based on factors relating to our institution or programs, the potential growth of our programs would be negatively impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, we could be exposed to litigation that would force us to incur legal and other expenses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
If any of our U.S. Institutions do not comply with the DOE's "administrative capability" standards, we could suffer financial penalties, be required to accept other limitations to continue participating in Title IV programs or lose our eligibility to participate in Title IV programs.
DOE regulations specify extensive criteria an institution must satisfy to establish that it has the requisite "administrative capability" to participate in Title IV programs. These criteria require, among other things, that we comply with all applicable Title IV program regulations; have capable and sufficient personnel to administer the federal student financial aid programs; not have student loan cohort default rates in excess of specified levels; have acceptable methods of defining and measuring the satisfactory academic progress of our students; have various procedures in place for safeguarding federal funds; not be, and not have any principal or affiliate who is, debarred or suspended from federal contracting or engaging in activity that is cause for debarment or suspension; provide financial aid counseling to our students; refer to the DOE's Office of Inspector General any credible information indicating that any applicant, student, employee or agent of the institution has been engaged in any fraud or other illegal conduct involving Title IV programs; submit in a timely manner all reports and financial statements required by Title IV regulations; and not otherwise appear to lack administrative capability. If an institution fails to satisfy any of these criteria or comply with any other DOE regulations, the DOE may change the institution's method of receiving Title IV program funds, which in some cases may result in a significant delay in the institution's receipt of those funds; place the institution on provisional certification status; or commence a proceeding to impose a fine or to limit, suspend or terminate the participation of the institution in Title IV programs. Thus, if any of our U.S. Institutions were found not to have satisfied the DOE's "administrative capability" requirements, we could be limited in our access to, or lose, Title IV program funding, which could significantly reduce our enrollments and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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If any of our U.S. Institutions do not meet specific financial responsibility standards established by the DOE, that institution may be required to post a letter of credit or accept other limitations to continue participating in Title IV programs, or that institution could lose its eligibility to participate in Title IV programs.
To participate in Title IV programs, our U.S. Institutions must satisfy specific measures of financial responsibility prescribed by the DOE, or post a letter of credit in favor of the DOE and possibly accept other conditions on its participation in Title IV programs. These financial responsibility tests are applied on an annual basis based on an institution's audited financial statements, and may be applied at other times, such as if an institution undergoes a change in control. The DOE may also apply such measures of financial responsibility to an eligible institution's operating company and ownership entities and, if such measures are not satisfied by the operating company or ownership entities, require the institution to post a letter of credit in favor of the DOE and possibly accept other conditions on its participation in Title IV programs. The operating restrictions that may be placed on an institution that does not meet the quantitative standards of financial responsibility include changes to the method of receiving Title IV program funds, which in some cases may result in a significant delay in the institution's receipt of those funds. Limitations on, or termination of, our participation in Title IV programs as a result of our failure to demonstrate financial responsibility would limit our students' access to Title IV program funds, which could significantly reduce enrollments and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
As described in more detail under "Industry RegulationU.S. Regulation," the DOE annually assesses our U.S. Institutions' financial responsibility through a composite score determination based on our consolidated audited financial statements. The DOE has decided to assess certain of our institutions' financial responsibility on a consolidated level at the Laureate Education, Inc. level. In October 2014, the DOE determined, based on Laureate's composite score for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, that Laureate and, consequently, Walden University, NewSchool of Architecture and Design and Kendall College failed to meet the standards of financial responsibility. As a result, the DOE required us to increase our required letter of credit amount to approximately $85.6 million for Walden University, NewSchool of Architecture and Design and Kendall College, which is equal to approximately 10% of Title IV program funds that these institutions received during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013. In September 2015, the DOE required us to increase our required letter of credit amount to $85.8 million for Walden University, NewSchool of Architecture and Design and Kendall College, which is approximately 10% of Title IV program funds that these institutions received during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014. We renewed our letters of credit for this required amount. In March 2016, in connection with its review of our financial statements following our conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation, the DOE sent us a letter requiring us to increase our existing letter of credit by $4,682,990 to the amount of $90,508,766 for Kendall College, St. Augustine, Walden University and NewSchool of Architecture and Design, which is equal to approximately 10% of the Title IV program funds that these schools received during the most recently completed fiscal year. In the letter, DOE also has required us to continue to comply with additional notification and reporting requirements. We have provided the increased letter of credit and are complying with the additional notification and reporting requirements.
We received a letter dated October 4, 2016 from the DOE (subsequently revised on November 4, 2016) stating that, based on Laureate's failure to meet standards of financial responsibility for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we are required to either: (1) increase our letter of credit to an amount equal to 50% (calculated by the DOE to be $351,995,250) of the Title IV, HEA funds received by Laureate in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015) and qualify as a financial responsible institution; or (2) increase our letter of credit to an amount equal to 15% (calculated by the DOE to be $105,598,575) of the Title IV, HEA funds received by Laureate in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 and remain provisionally certified for a period of up to three complete award years. In the letter, the DOE also has required us to continue to comply with additional notification and
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reporting requirements. We chose to increase our letter of credit to $105,598,575 and to remain provisionally certified for a period of up to three complete award years and have obtained a replacement letter of credit. St. Augustine, Walden University, NewSchool of Architecture and Design and Kendall College also currently receive Title IV program funds under the least restrictive form of heightened cash monitoring and are subject to certain additional reporting and disclosure requirements. The increased letter of credit has been provided to the DOE.
Further, the DOE, as a condition to the provisional program participation agreement of the National Hispanic University, requested that we post an additional letter of credit in an amount equal to $1.5 million representing approximately 25% of the Title IV program funds received by the National Hispanic University during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013. In October 2015, the DOE sent us a letter requiring us to renew our letter of credit in the amount of $772,931 for the National Hispanic University (25% of the total Title IV program funds the institution received during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014). We renewed our letters of credit for this required amount. This requirement was initially due to the fact that the subsidiary corporation used to acquire the institution's assets did not possess two years of audited financial statements at the time of the acquisition in April 2010, and the requirement has been continued based on the DOE's review of the institution's audited financial statements. We received a letter dated September 21, 2016 from the DOE confirming that this letter of credit for National Hispanic University was no longer required and may be cancelled by our bank. We have cancelled this letter of credit and the funds have been released back to us.
In December 2015, the DOE sent us a letter requiring us to post a letter of credit in the amount of $14,967 for St. Augustine (25% of the total Title IV program refunds the institution made or should have made during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014). This requirement was due to the fact that St. Augustine was found to have issued late refunds to more than 5% of the students in its auditor's sample for the 2014 fiscal year. We have obtained this letter of credit. Any obligation to post, maintain or increase a letter of credit could materially adversely affect our liquidity or increase our costs of regulatory compliance. The DOE has the discretion to increase our letter of credit requirements at any time. If we are unable to secure any required letter of credit, our U.S. Institutions would lose their eligibility to participate in Title IV programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
On November 1, 2016, the DOE issued a final rule to revise its general standards of financial responsibility to include various actions and events that would require institutions to provide the DOE with irrevocable letters of credit. For additional information regarding this final rule, see "The DOE may adopt regulations governing federal student loan debt forgiveness that could result in liability for amounts based on borrower defenses or affect the DOE's assessment of our institutional capability." If we are required to repay the DOE for any successful DTR claims by students who attended our U.S. Institutions, or we are required to obtain additional letters of credit or increase our current letter of credit, it could materially affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations. We are currently assessing the impact of these final regulations on our U.S. Institutions.
The DOE may change our U.S. Institutions' method of receiving Title IV program funds, which could materially adversely affect our liquidity.
The DOE can impose sanctions for violating the statutory and regulatory requirements of Title IV programs, including transferring one or more of our U.S. Institutions from the advance method or the heightened cash monitoring level one method of Title IV payment, each of which permits an institution to receive Title IV funds before or concurrently with disbursing them to students, to the heightened cash monitoring level two method of payment or to the reimbursement method of payment, each of which may significantly delay an institution's receipt of Title IV funds until student eligibility has been verified by the DOE. Any such delay in our U.S. Institutions' receipt of Title IV program funds may
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materially adversely affect our cash flows and we may require additional working capital or third-party funding to finance our operations.
Our U.S. Institutions may lose eligibility to participate in Title IV programs if the percentage of our U.S. Institutions revenues derived from Title IV programs is too high.
A provision of the HEA commonly referred to as the "90/10 Rule" provides that a for-profit educational institution loses its eligibility to participate in Title IV programs if, under a complex regulatory formula that requires cash basis accounting and other adjustments to the calculation of revenues, the institution derives more than 90% of its revenues from Title IV program funds for any two consecutive fiscal years. If any of our U.S. Institutions were to violate the 90/10 Rule, that institution would become ineligible to participate in Title IV programs as of the first day of the fiscal year following the second consecutive fiscal year in which the institution exceeded the 90% threshold and would be unable to regain eligibility for two fiscal years thereafter. In addition, an institution that derives more than 90% of its revenue (on a cash basis) from Title IV programs for any single fiscal year will be placed on provisional certification for at least two fiscal years and may be subject to additional conditions or sanctions imposed by the DOE. Using the DOE's formula under the "90/10 Rule," Kendall College, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, St. Augustine and Walden University derived approximately 36%, 43%, 49% and 73% of their revenues (calculated on a cash basis), respectively, from Title IV program funds for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.
Our U.S. Institutions' ratios could increase in the future. Congressional increases in students' Title IV grant and loan limits may result in an increase in the revenues we receive from Title IV programs. In recent years, legislation has been introduced in Congress that would revise the 90/10 Rule to consider educational benefits for veterans and military personnel from the Department of Veteran Affairs and Department of Defense, respectively, in the same manner as Title IV funds for purposes of the rule, to prohibit institutions from participating in Title IV programs for one year if they derive more than 90% of their total revenues (calculated on a cash basis) from the Title IV programs and these other federal programs in a single fiscal year rather than the current rule of two consecutive fiscal years, and to revise the 90/10 Rule to an 85/15 rule. We cannot predict whether, or the extent to which, any of these proposed revisions could be enacted into law or result in further rulemaking. In addition, reductions in state appropriations in a number of areas, including with respect to the amount of financial assistance provided to post-secondary students, could further increase our U.S. Institutions' percentages of revenues derived from Title IV program funds. The employment circumstances of our students or their parents could also increase reliance on Title IV program funds. If any of our U.S. Institutions become ineligible to participate in Title IV programs as a result of noncompliance with the 90/10 Rule, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any of our U.S. Institutions may lose eligibility to participate in Title IV programs if their respective student loan default rates are too high.
An educational institution may lose eligibility to participate in Title IV programs if, for three consecutive years, 30% or more of its students who were required to begin repayment on their federal student loans in the relevant fiscal year default on their payment by the end of the next federal fiscal year. In addition, an institution may lose its eligibility to participate in Title IV programs if the default rate as determined by the DOE of its students exceeds 40% for any single year.
Kendall College's official three-year cohort default rates for the 2013, 2012 and 2011 federal fiscal years were 10.0%, 7.9% and 11.3%, respectively. NewSchool of Architecture and Design's official three-year cohort default rates for the 2013, 2012 and 2011 federal fiscal years were 5.1%, 10.2% and 11.2%, respectively. St. Augustine's official three-year cohort default rates for the 2013, 2012 and 2011 federal fiscal years were 0.2%, 0.5%, and 0.0%, respectively. Walden University's official three-year
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cohort default rates for the 2013, 2012 and 2011 federal fiscal years were 6.7%, 6.8% and 7.8%, respectively. The average national student loan default rates published by the DOE for all institutions that participated in the federal student aid programs for 2013, 2012 and 2011 were 11.3%, 11.8% and 13.7%, respectively, and for all proprietary institutions that participated in the federal student aid programs for 2013, 2012 and 2011 were 15.0%, 15.8% and 19.1%, respectively.
While we believe our U.S. Institutions are not in danger of exceeding the regulatory default rate thresholds for other Title IV programs, we cannot provide any assurance that this will continue to be the case. Any increase in interest rates or reliance on "self-pay" students, as well as declines in income or job losses for our students, could contribute to higher default rates on student loans. Exceeding the student loan default rate thresholds and losing eligibility to participate in Title IV programs would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any future changes in the formula for calculating student loan default rates, economic conditions or other factors that cause our default rates to increase, could place our U.S. Institutions in danger of losing their eligibility to participate in Title IV programs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We could be subject to sanctions or other adverse legal actions if any of our U.S. Institutions were to pay impermissible commissions, bonuses or other incentive payments to individuals involved in or with responsibility for certain recruiting, admission or financial aid activities.
Under the HEA, an educational institution that participates in Title IV programs may not make any commission, bonus or other incentive payments to any persons or entities involved in recruitment or admissions activities or in the awarding of financial aid. The requirement only pertains to the recruitment of students who are U.S. citizens, permanent residents and others temporarily residing in the United States with the intention of becoming a citizen or permanent resident. Under regulations that took effect on July 1, 2011, the DOE effectively has taken the position that any commission, bonus or other incentive compensation payment based in any part, directly or indirectly, or securing enrollment or awarding financial aid is inconsistent with the statutory prohibition against incentive compensation. The DOE has maintained that institutions may make merit-based adjustments to employee compensation, provided that those adjustments are not based, in any part, directly or indirectly, upon securing enrollments or awarding financial aid. In sub-regulatory correspondence to institutions, the DOE provided additional guidance regarding the scope of the prohibition on incentive compensation and to what employees and types of activities the prohibition applies. Based on these regulatory changes, we modified some of our compensation practices, which could make it more difficult to attract and retain key employees and executives, and affect our ability to grow and maintain our business and enrollments.
In addition, in recent years, several for-profit education companies have been faced with whistleblower lawsuits under the Federal False Claims Act, known as "qui tam" cases, by current or former employees alleging violations of the prohibition against incentive compensation. In such cases, the whistleblower's claims are reviewed under seal by the Department of Justice for potential intervention. If the Department of Justice elects to intervene, it assumes primary control over the litigation. If the DOE were to determine that we or any of our U.S. Institutions violated this requirement of Title IV programs, or if we were to be found liable in a False Claims action alleging a violation of this law, or if any third parties we have engaged were to violate this law, we could be fined or sanctioned by the DOE, or subjected to other monetary liability or penalties that could be substantial, including the possibility of treble damages under a False Claims action, any of which could harm our reputation, impose significant costs and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We could be subject to sanctions if any of our U.S. Institutions fails to correctly calculate and timely return Title IV program funds for students who withdraw before completing their educational program.
An institution participating in Title IV programs must calculate the amount of unearned Title IV program funds that it has disbursed to students who withdraw from their educational programs before completing such programs and must return those unearned funds to the appropriate lender or the DOE in a timely manner, generally within 45 days of the date the institution determines that the student has withdrawn. If any of our U.S. Institutions does not properly calculate and timely return the unearned funds for a sufficient percentage of students, that institution may have to post a letter of credit in favor of the DOE equal to 25% of Title IV program funds that should have been returned for such students in the prior fiscal year. Additionally, if any of our U.S. Institutions does not correctly calculate and timely return unearned Title IV program funds, that institution may be liable for repayment of Title IV funds and related interest and may be fined, sanctioned, or otherwise subject to adverse actions by the DOE, including termination of that institution's participation in Title IV programs. Any of these adverse actions could increase our cost of regulatory compliance and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
On March 3, 2015, the DOE issued a final program review determination letter to Walden University for a September 2012 review of the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 Title IV award years. The letter required Walden University to return $34,281 in Title IV funds, and also found that Walden University failed to timely return Title IV program funds for more than 5% of the withdrawn students during its fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. The DOE noted that such a finding would usually require Walden to post a letter of credit to the DOE equal to 25% of the Title IV funds that the institution should have returned for withdrawn students in its most recently completed fiscal year; however, such an additional letter of credit was not required in this instance because of the letter of credit that was previously posted to the DOE based on our consolidated audited financial statements failing to meet the DOE's standards of financial responsibility.
We could also be subject to fines or penalties related to findings cited in our regulatory compliance reviews. For more information, see "Government, regulatory agencies, accrediting bodies and third parties may conduct compliance reviews, bring claims or initiate litigation against us."
We or certain of our educational programs at our U.S. Institutions may lose eligibility to participate in Title IV programs if any of our U.S. Institutions or certain of their educational programs cannot satisfy the DOE's "gainful employment" requirements.
Under the HEA, proprietary schools generally are eligible to participate in Title IV programs in respect of educational programs that lead to "gainful employment in a recognized occupation." Historically, the concept of "gainful employment" has not been defined in detail. On October 30, 2014, the DOE published final regulations to define "gainful employment," which became effective on July 1, 2015. The final regulations define this concept using two ratios, one based on annual debt-to-annual earnings ("DTE") and another based on annual debt-to-discretionary income ("DTI") ratio. Under the final regulations, an educational program with a DTE ratio at or below 8% or a DTI ratio at or below 20% is considered "passing." An educational program with a DTE ratio greater than 8% but less than or equal to 12% or a DTI ratio greater than 20% but less than or equal to 30% is considered to be "in the zone." An educational program with a DTE ratio greater than 12% and a DTI ratio greater than 30% is considered "failing." An educational program will cease to be eligible for students to receive Title IV program funds if its DTE and DTI ratios are failing in two out of any three consecutive award years or if both of those rates are failing or in the zone for four consecutive award years. In January 2017, the DOE issued to institutions final DTE rates. Among the Classification of Instructional Programs reported within NewSchool of Architecture and Design, Kendall College and Walden University, the DOE has indicated that we had one that failed and five in the zone. This represents a total of one educational program that failed and ten in the zone. St. Augustine had no programs that
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failed or were in the zone. The percentage of students enrolled in the educational program that failed represents approximately 1% of the students currently enrolled in our U.S. Institutions. The percentage of students enrolled in the educational programs that were in the zone represents approximately 5.3%. We are currently examining and implementing options for each of these programs and their students. Additionally, the final regulations require an institution to certify to the DOE that its educational programs subject to the gainful employment requirements, which include all programs offered by our U.S. Institutions, meet the applicable requirements for graduates to be professionally or occupationally licensed or certified in the state in which the institution is located. If we are unable to certify that our programs meet the applicable state requirements for graduates to be professionally or occupationally certified in that state, then we may need to cease offering certain programs in certain states or to students who are residents in certain states. The final regulations further include requirements for the reporting of student and program data by institutions to the DOE and expand the disclosure requirements that have been in effect since July 1, 2011. In November 2014, two organizations representing for-profit institutions filed separate lawsuits in federal district courts against the DOE seeking to have the final regulations invalidated. Both lawsuits alleged that the DOE exceeded its statutory authority in promulgating the regulation, that the regulation violates an institution's constitutional rights and that the regulation is arbitrary and capricious. In both cases, the courts upheld the regulations and dismissed the lawsuits.
The failure of any program or programs offered by any of our U.S. Institutions to satisfy any gainful employment regulations could render that program or programs ineligible for Title IV program funds. Additionally, any gainful employment data released by the DOE about our U.S. Institutions or warnings provided under the final regulations could influence current students not to continue their studies, discourage prospective students from enrolling in our programs or negatively impact our reputation. If a particular educational program ceased to become eligible for Title IV program funds, either because it fails to prepare students for gainful employment in a recognized occupation or due to other factors, we may choose to cease offering the program. It is possible that several programs offered by our schools may be adversely impacted by the regulations due to lack of specialized program accreditation or certification or in the states in which such institutions are based. We also could be required to make changes to certain programs in the future in order to comply with the rule or to avoid the uncertainty associated with such compliance. Any of these factors could reduce enrollments, impact tuition prices, and have a material adverse effect on our U.S. Institutions' business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we fail to maintain adequate systems and processes to detect and prevent fraudulent activity in student enrollment and financial aid, our business could be materially adversely impacted.
Higher educational institutions are susceptible to an increased risk of fraudulent activity by outside parties with respect to student enrollment and student financial aid programs. The DOE's regulations require institutions that participate in Title IV programs to refer to the Office of Inspector General credible information indicating that any applicant, employee, third-party servicer or agent of the institution that acts in a capacity that involves administration of the Title IV programs has been engaged in any fraud or other illegal conduct involving Title IV programs. We cannot be certain that our systems and processes will always be adequate in the face of increasingly sophisticated and ever-changing fraud schemes. The potential for outside parties to perpetrate fraud in connection with the award and disbursement of Title IV program funds, including as a result of identity theft, may be heightened due to our U.S. Institutions offering various educational programs via distance education. Any significant failure by one or more of our U.S. Institutions to adequately detect fraudulent activity related to student enrollment and financial aid could result in loss of accreditation at the discretion of the institutions' accrediting agency, which would result in the institution losing eligibility for Title IV programs, or in direct action by the DOE to limit or terminate the institution's Title IV program
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participation. Any of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any substantial misrepresentation regarding our U.S. Institutions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The DOE's regulation regarding substantial misrepresentations includes statements about the nature of its educational programs, its financial charges or the employability of its graduates. Under the regulation as promulgated by the DOE, any false, erroneous, or misleading statement, or statement that has the likelihood or tendency to deceive, that an institution, one of its representatives, or person or entity with whom the institution has an agreement to provide educational programs, marketing, advertising, recruiting or admissions services, makes directly or indirectly to a student, prospective student, any member of the public, an accrediting agency, a state licensing agency or the DOE could be deemed a misrepresentation by the institution. In the event that the DOE determines that an institution engaged in a substantial misrepresentation, it can revoke the institution's program participation agreement, impose limitations on the institution's participation in Title IV programs, deny participation applications on behalf of the institution, or seek to fine, suspend or terminate the institution's participation in Title IV programs. These regulations create broad grounds for the DOE to monitor and enforce violations of the regulations on substantial misrepresentation, and the DOE has recently taken actions to terminate the Title IV Program participation of, and impose significant financial penalties on other institutions based on its determination of such violations. These regulations also provide grounds for private litigants to seek to enforce the expanded regulations through False Claims Act litigation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The requirement to notify the DOE in advance of introducing new programs, and to obtain approvals for new programs, could delay the introduction of such programs and negatively impact growth.
All of our U.S. Institutions are currently provisionally certified by the DOE and remain subject to certain program approval requirements otherwise applicable to provisionally certified institutions. Any delay in obtaining a required DOE approval could delay the introduction of the program, which could negatively impact our enrollment growth.
A bankruptcy filing by us, or by any of our subsidiaries that operate our U.S. Institutions or a closure of one of our U.S. Institutions or their affiliates, would lead to an immediate loss of the institution's eligibility to participate in Title IV programs.
In the event of a bankruptcy filing by us, or by any of our subsidiaries that operate our U.S. Institutions, the U.S. Institutions owned by us or the bankrupt subsidiary would lose its eligibility to participate in Title IV programs, pursuant to statutory provisions of the HEA and notwithstanding the automatic stay provisions of federal bankruptcy law, which would make any reorganization difficult to implement. Additionally, in the event of any bankruptcy affecting one or more of our U.S. Institutions, the DOE could hold our other U.S. Institutions jointly liable for any Title IV program liabilities, whether asserted or unasserted at the time of such bankruptcy, of our U.S. Institutions whose Title IV program eligibility was terminated.
Further, in the event that an institution closes and fails to pay liabilities or other amounts owed to the DOE, the DOE can attribute the liabilities of that institution to other institutions under common ownership. If any one of our U.S. Institutions or affiliates were to close or have unpaid DOE liabilities, the DOE could seek to have those liabilities repaid by one of our other U.S. Institutions. In addition, the ultimate controlling owner of SFUAD is Wengen, which is also the ultimate controlling owner of Laureate. As a result, it is possible that the DOE could attempt to attribute any unpaid Title IV related liabilities of SFUAD to our other U.S. Institutions due to their common ownership.
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Government, regulatory agencies, accrediting bodies and third parties may conduct compliance reviews, bring claims or initiate litigation against us.
Because we operate in a highly regulated industry, we may be subject to compliance reviews and claims of noncompliance and lawsuits by government agencies, regulatory agencies and third parties, including claims brought by third parties on behalf of the federal government. On February 3, 2015, the DOE issued a final program review determination letter to National Hispanic University regarding a December 2013 review covering the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 Title IV award years. The letter determined that National Hispanic University has taken corrective actions necessary to resolve all findings noted in the preliminary report, except for certain findings related to drug and alcohol abuse prevention program requirements. With respect to those findings, the DOE did not require any further action due to the fact that the National Hispanic University closed on August 23, 2015. On September 11, 2015, the DOE issued an expedited final program review determination letter to Kendall College regarding a March-April 2015 program review. The letter determined that Kendall College has taken corrective actions necessary to resolve all findings noted in the preliminary report. In addition, on September 21, 2015, the Higher Learning Commission notified Kendall College that the Higher Learning Commission placed the school on ongoing financial monitoring over the next 24 months. Such action was primarily due to concerns over the school's continued reliance upon Laureate to provide financial support to sustain its operations. See also "We could be subject to sanctions if any of our U.S. Institutions fails to correctly calculate and timely return Title IV program funds for students who withdraw before completing their educational program."
On September 8, 2016, as part of a program review that MOHE is conducting of Walden University's doctoral programs, MOHE sent to Walden University an information request regarding its doctoral programs and complaints filed by doctoral students. We have been informed by MOHE that in an effort to better understand the context, background and issues related to doctoral student complaints in Minnesota, MOHE is initiating a full review of doctoral programs for institutions registered in Minnesota.
In May 2017, Kendall College and Walden University are scheduled to host interim site visits from their institutional accreditor, Higher Learning Commission, as a condition of their ongoing accreditation.
If the results of these or other reviews or proceedings are unfavorable to us, or if we are unable to defend successfully against lawsuits or claims, we may be required to pay money damages or be subject to fines, limitations, loss of eligibility for Title IV program funding at our U.S. Institutions, injunctions or other penalties. We may also lose or have limitations imposed on our accreditations, licensing or Title IV program participation, be required to pay monetary damages or be limited in our ability to open new institutions or add new program offerings. Even if we adequately address issues raised by an agency review or successfully defend a lawsuit or claim, we may have to divert significant financial and management resources from our ongoing business operations to address issues raised by those reviews or to defend against those lawsuits or claims. Additionally, we may experience adverse collateral consequences, including declines in the number of students enrolling at our institutions and the willingness of third parties to deal with us or our institutions, as a result of any negative publicity associated with such reviews, claims or litigation. Claims and lawsuits brought against us may damage our reputation or cause us to incur expenses, even if such claims and lawsuits are without merit, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
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Risks Relating to Our Indebtedness
The fact that we have substantial debt could materially adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and limit our ability to pursue our growth strategy or to react to changes in the economy or our industry.
We have, and will continue to have, substantial debt following the consummation of this offering. As of September 30, 2016 we had (a) a $1.66 billion senior secured credit facility (the "Senior Secured Credit Facilities") of which (1) $325.0 million is a multi-currency revolving credit facility scheduled to mature in June 2019, of which $160.0 million was outstanding at September 30, 2016, (2) $282.6 million is a senior secured term loan facility scheduled to mature in June 2018 and (3) $1.22 billion is a senior secured term loan facility scheduled to mature in March 2021, (b) $1.38 billion aggregate principal amount of senior notes and (c) $1.25 billion of other long-term indebtedness, consisting of capital lease obligations, notes payable, seller notes and borrowings against certain lines of credit. During 2015, our total cash interest payments on our debt were approximately 67% of our net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations (excluding such cash interest expense). Our debt could have important negative consequences to our business, including:
We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future, subject to the restrictions contained in the senior secured credit agreement governing our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing our outstanding notes. If new indebtedness is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify.
We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.
Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.
If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. In the absence of such operating
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results and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. Our senior secured credit agreement governing our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing our outstanding Senior Notes restrict our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from the disposition. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain the proceeds that we could realize from them and these proceeds may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due.
Repayment of our debt is dependent on cash flow generated by our subsidiaries and their ability to make distributions to us or return cash via other repatriation strategies.
Our subsidiaries own a significant portion of our assets and conduct a significant portion of our operations. Accordingly, repayment of our indebtedness is dependent, to a significant extent, on the generation of cash flow by our subsidiaries and their ability to make such cash available to us, by dividend, debt repayment or otherwise. Because the majority of our indebtedness is denominated in U.S. dollars, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the local currencies in countries where we have significant operations has an adverse impact on our cash flows when translated into U.S. dollars and, accordingly, could have a material adverse impact on our ability to repay the obligations under our outstanding indebtedness. Unless they are guarantors of our Senior Secured Credit Facilities or our outstanding notes, our subsidiaries do not have any obligation to pay amounts due on our indebtedness or to make funds available for that purpose. Our subsidiaries may not be able to, or may not be permitted to, make distributions to enable us to make payments in respect of our indebtedness. Each subsidiary is a distinct legal entity and, under certain circumstances, legal and contractual restrictions may limit our ability to obtain cash from our subsidiaries. Our non-guarantor subsidiaries include foreign subsidiaries and they may be prohibited by law or other regulations from distributing funds to us and/or we may be subject to payment of repatriation taxes and withholdings. Our non-guarantor subsidiaries account for substantially all of our total revenue, our total Adjusted EBITDA, and our total assets and our total liabilities (other than our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and our outstanding notes). While the senior secured credit agreement governing our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing our outstanding Senior Notes limit the ability of our subsidiaries to incur consensual restrictions on their ability to pay dividends or make other intercompany payments to us, these limitations are subject to certain qualifications and exceptions. In the event that we do not receive distributions from our subsidiaries or receive cash via other cash repatriation strategies for services rendered and intellectual property, or if the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against local currencies significantly reduces the amount of such distributions when translated into U.S. dollars, we may be unable to make required principal and interest payments on our indebtedness.
Our debt agreements contain, and future debt agreements may contain, restrictions that may limit our flexibility in operating our business.
The senior secured credit agreement governing our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing our outstanding Senior Notes contain various covenants that may limit our ability to engage in specified types of transactions. These covenants limit our and our restricted subsidiaries' ability to, among other things:
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In addition, the senior secured credit agreement governing our Senior Secured Credit Facilities provides for compliance with the Consolidated Senior Secured Debt to Consolidated EBITDA Ratio, as defined in the senior secured credit agreement, solely with respect to the revolving line of credit facility, which is tested quarterly. The maximum ratio, as defined, is 5.3x, 4.5x and 3.5x at December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The ratio as of September 30, 2016 was 3.44x.
The senior secured credit agreement governing our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing our outstanding Senior Notes also include cross-default provisions applicable to other agreements. A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under the agreement governing such indebtedness, including as a result of cross-default provisions. In addition, failure to make payments or observe certain covenants on the indebtedness of our subsidiaries may cause a cross default on our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and our outstanding Senior Notes. Upon our failure to maintain compliance with these covenants, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding to be immediately due and payable and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. If the lenders under such indebtedness accelerate the repayment of borrowings, we cannot assure you that we will have sufficient assets to repay those borrowings, as well as our other indebtedness. We have pledged a significant portion of our assets as collateral under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities. If we were unable to repay those amounts, the lenders under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness.
We rely on contractual arrangements and other payments, advances and transfers of funds from our operating subsidiaries to meet our debt service and other obligations.
We conduct all of our operations through certain of our subsidiaries, and we have no significant assets other than cash of $42.8 million as of September 30, 2016 held domestically at corporate entities and the capital stock or other control rights of our subsidiaries. As a result, we rely on payments from contractual arrangements, such as intellectual property royalty, network fee and management services agreements. In addition, we also rely upon intercompany loan repayments and other payments from our operating subsidiaries to meet any existing or future debt service and other obligations, a substantial portion of which are denominated in U.S. dollars. The ability of our operating subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make distributions or other payments to their parent companies or directly to us will depend on their respective operating results and may be restricted by, among other things, the laws of their respective jurisdictions of organization, regulatory requirements, agreements entered into by those operating subsidiaries and the covenants of any existing or future outstanding indebtedness that we or our subsidiaries may incur. For example, our VIE institutions generally are not permitted to pay dividends. Further, because most of our income is generated by our operating subsidiaries in non-U.S. dollar denominated currencies, our ability to service our U.S. dollar denominated debt obligations may be impacted by any strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to the functional currencies of our operating subsidiaries.
Disruptions of the credit and equity markets worldwide may impede or prevent our access to the capital markets for additional funding to expand our business and may affect the availability or cost of borrowing under our existing senior secured credit facilities.
The credit and equity markets of both mature and developing economies have historically experienced extraordinary volatility, asset erosion and uncertainty, leading to governmental intervention in the banking sector in the United States and abroad. If these market disruptions occur in the future, we may not be able to access the capital markets to obtain funding needed to refinance our existing indebtedness or expand our business. In addition, changes in the capital or other legal requirements
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applicable to commercial lenders may affect the availability or increase the cost of borrowing under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities. If we are unable to obtain needed capital on terms acceptable to us, we may need to limit our growth initiatives or take other actions that materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Failure to obtain additional capital in the future could materially adversely affect our ability to grow.
We believe that our cash flows from operations, cash, investments and borrowings under our multi-currency revolving credit facility will be adequate to fund our current operating plans for the foreseeable future. However, we may need additional debt or equity financing in order to finance our continued growth and to fund the put/call arrangements with certain minority stockholders. In addition, we may be required to buy additional interests in certain higher education institutions and redeem the shares of our Series A Preferred Stock at specified times in the future. The amount and timing of such additional financing will vary principally depending on the timing and size of acquisitions and new institution openings, the willingness of sellers to provide financing for future acquisitions and the cash flows from our operations. Given current global macro conditions, companies with emerging market exposure have been more affected by recent market volatility, and during the past year this has been reflected in the trading level of our Senior Notes, which have at various times traded at a significant discount to par. During the second quarter of 2015, one of the leading U.S. credit rating agencies downgraded our credit rating one notch and during the second quarter of 2016, another of the leading U.S. credit rating agencies downgraded our credit rating one notch. A significantly discounted trading price for our notes, as well as the reduced credit rating, could materially and adversely affect our ability to obtain additional debt financing in the future. To the extent that we require additional financing in the future and are unable to obtain such additional financing, we may not be able to fully implement our growth strategy.
Our variable rate debt exposes us to interest rate risk which could materially adversely affect our cash flow.
Borrowings under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and certain local credit facilities bear interest at variable rates and other debt we incur also could be variable-rate debt. If market interest rates increase, variable-rate debt will create higher debt service requirements, which could materially adversely affect our cash flow. If these rates were to increase significantly, the risks related to our substantial debt would intensify. While we have and may in the future enter into agreements limiting our exposure to higher interest rates, any such agreements may not offer complete protection from this risk. Based on our outstanding variable-rate debt as of September 30, 2016, after factoring in the interest rate floor in our Senior Secured Credit Facilities, an increase of 1% in interest rates would result in an increase in interest expense of approximately $21.9 million on an annual basis.
Risks Relating to Investing in Our Class A Common Stock
Our status as a public benefit corporation may not result in the benefits that we anticipate.
We are a public benefit corporation under Delaware law. As a public benefit corporation we are required to balance the financial interests of our stockholders with the best interests of those stakeholders materially affected by our conduct, including particularly those impacted by the specific benefit purpose relating to education set forth in our certificate of incorporation. In addition, there is no assurance that the expected positive impact from being a public benefit corporation will be realized. Accordingly, being a public benefit corporation and complying with our related obligations could negatively impact our ability to provide the highest possible return to our stockholders.
As a public benefit corporation, we are required to publicly disclose a report at least biennially on our overall public benefit performance and on our assessment of our success in achieving our specific public benefit purpose. If we are not timely or are unable to provide this report, or if the report is not
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viewed favorably by parties doing business with us or regulators or others reviewing our credentials, our reputation and status as a public benefit corporation may be harmed.
As a public benefit corporation, our focus on a specific public benefit purpose and producing a positive effect for society may negatively influence our financial performance.
As a public benefit corporation, since we do not have a fiduciary duty solely to our stockholders, we may take actions that we believe will benefit our students and the surrounding communities, even if those actions do not maximize our short- or medium-term financial results. While we believe that this designation and obligation will benefit the Company given the importance to our long-term success of our commitment to education, it could cause our board of directors to make decisions and take actions not in keeping with the short-term or more narrow interests of our stockholders. Any longer-term benefits may not materialize within the timeframe we expect or at all and may have an immediate negative effect. For example:
We may be unable or slow to realize the long-term benefits we expect from actions taken to benefit our students and communities in which we operate, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.
An active, liquid trading market for our Class A common stock may not develop or be sustained.
No public trading market currently exists for our Class A common stock. We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in our company will lead to the development of a trading market on Nasdaq or elsewhere, or how active and liquid that market may become. If an active and liquid trading market does not develop or is not maintained, you may have difficulty selling any of our Class A common stock that you purchase. The initial public offering price for the shares will be determined by negotiations between us and the underwriters and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the open market following this offering. The market price of our Class A common stock may decline below the initial offering price, and you may be unable to sell your shares of our Class A common stock at or above the price you paid in this offering, or at all.
You will suffer immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of the shares of Class A common stock you purchase in this offering.
The initial public offering price of our Class A common stock is substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of outstanding common stock prior to the completion of this offering. Based on our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2016 and upon the issuance and sale of shares of Class A common stock by us at an initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, if you purchase
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our Class A common stock in this offering, you will pay more for your shares than the amounts paid by our existing stockholders for their shares and you will suffer immediate dilution of approximately $ per share in net tangible book value after giving effect to the sale of shares of our Class A common stock in this offering at an initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We also have a large number of outstanding options to purchase Class B common stock with exercise prices that are below the estimated initial public offering price of our Class A common stock. In addition, shares of our Series A Preferred Stock are convertible, in certain circumstances, into shares of our Class A common stock. To the extent that these options are exercised or the shares of Series A Preferred Stock are converted, you will experience further dilution. See "Dilution."
The price of our Class A common stock may be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
The trading price of our Class A common stock following this offering may fluctuate substantially and may be higher or lower than the initial public offering price. The trading price of our Class A common stock following this offering will depend on a number of factors, including those described in this "Risk Factors" section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our Class A common stock as you may be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid in this offering, or at all. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our Class A common stock include the following:
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In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of our management team from our business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.
In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our Class A common stock is low. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment.
If we or our existing investors sell additional shares of our Class A common stock or shares of our Series A Preferred Stock are converted into shares of our Class A common stock after this offering, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline.
The market price of our Class A common stock could decline as a result of sales of a large number of shares of Class A common stock in the market after this offering, or the perception that such sales could occur. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to raise capital through future sales of equity securities at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate, or at all. After the completion of this offering, we will have shares of Class A common stock outstanding.
We, our directors and executive officers and holders of substantially all of our outstanding common stock (including Wengen and the IFC Investors (other than the Korean Investment Corporation, which holds 1,390,902 shares of our common stock)) have agreed not to (i) offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of Class A common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of Class A common stock; (ii) file any registration statement with the SEC relating to the offering of any shares of Class A common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Class A common stock or (iii) enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of Class A common stock, without the consent of the representatives of the underwriters for a period of 180 days from the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions. On an as converted basis, these shares will represent approximately % of our outstanding Class A common stock after this offering. Our Class A common stock that is issued upon conversion of our Class B common stock also may be sold pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, depending on their holding period and subject to restrictions in the case of shares held by persons deemed to be our affiliates. As restrictions on resale end or if these stockholders exercise their registration rights, the market price of our stock could decline if the holders of restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. See "Certain Relationships and Related Party TransactionsRegistration Rights Agreement" and "Shares Eligible for Future Sale."
In addition, pursuant to the Note Exchange Agreements, we will exchange $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes for shares of our Class A common stock. We expect the exchange to be completed within one year and one day after the consummation of this offering, subject to certain exceptions that could result in the exchange being completed prior to that time. The number of shares of Class A common stock issuable will equal 104.625% of the aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes to be exchanged, or $261.6 million, divided by $ , the initial public offering price per share of Class A common stock in this offering. Assuming an initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and assuming the completion of the exchange transaction on the one-year anniversary of this offering, we expect to issue an aggregate of shares of Class A common stock. The shares of Class A common stock
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issued upon completion of the exchange will not be subject to any lock up agreements and may be sold pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, depending on their holding period and subject to restrictions in the case of shares held by persons deemed to be our affiliates. As restrictions on resale end, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline if the holders of restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them.
In addition, the holders of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock may convert their shares of Series A Preferred Stock into shares of our Class A common stock within one year and one day after the consummation of this offering, subject to certain exceptions that could result in the holders being able to convert their shares of Series A Preferred Stock prior to that time. The number of shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion will depend upon, among other things, the number of shares of Class A common stock sold and the initial public offering price per share of Class A common stock in this offering. Assuming an initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and assuming all interest is paid in cash through the conversion date and the completion of the exchange transaction on the one-year anniversary of this offering, we expect to issue an aggregate of shares of Class A common stock. Depending on when and in what manner the shares of Series A Preferred Stock are converted, the shares of Class A common stock issued upon conversion may or may not be subject to any lock up agreements and may be sold pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, depending on their holding period and subject to restrictions in the case of shares held by persons deemed to be our affiliates. As restrictions on resale end, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline if the holders of restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. For more information on our Series A Preferred Stock, see "Description of Capital StockPreferred StockSeries A Preferred Stock."
As of September 30, 2016, after giving effect to the recapitalization of our existing common stock into an equivalent number of shares of our Class B common stock and the authorization of our Class A common stock, 133,300,971 shares of our Class B common stock were outstanding, in addition to 31,905 shares of Class B common stock that are subject to forfeiture and substantial restrictions on transfer (the "restricted shares"). Such amount excludes 5,432,438 shares of Class B common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding vested stock options under the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2007 Plan"), 91,874 shares of Class B common stock subject to outstanding unvested stock options under the 2007 Plan, 2,469,551 shares of Class B common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding vested stock options under the 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "2013 Plan"), 2,866,662 shares of Class B common stock subject to outstanding unvested stock options under the 2013 Plan, 1,296,621 shares of Class A common stock and/or Class B common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2013 Plan, 7,431 shares of Class B common stock reserved for future issuance under the Post-2004 DCP, shares of Class B common stock issuable upon exercise of options to be granted to Mr. Becker at the consummation of this offering in exchange for the liquidation of certain of his Executive Profits Interests, in both cases assuming an initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus and all shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock. See "Executive Compensation" for information relating to the terms of the restricted shares, the Post-2004 DCP, Mr. Becker's Executive DCP and Mr. Becker's Executive Profits Interests. All of our outstanding shares of Class B common stock (other than the restricted shares) will first become eligible for resale 180 days after the date of this prospectus. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Class B common stock, which will automatically convert into Class A common stock upon sale, could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline.
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Because we have no current plans to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future, and our debt arrangements and the Series A Preferred Stock place certain restrictions on our ability to do so, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your Class A common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.
We may retain future earnings, if any, for future operation, expansion, debt repayment and the possible mandatory redemption of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to the terms of the certificate of designations governing our Series A Preferred Stock (the "Certificate of Designations") and have no current plans to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions, restrictions on dividends imposed by the Certificate of Designations and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur, including our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing our outstanding notes, and the terms of our Series A Preferred Stock. See "Description of Certain Indebtedness" For more information on our Series A Preferred Stock, see "Description of Capital StockPreferred StockSeries A Preferred Stock." In addition, we are permitted under the terms of our debt instruments to incur additional indebtedness, which may restrict or prevent us from paying dividends on our common stock. Furthermore, our ability to declare and pay dividends may be limited by instruments governing future outstanding indebtedness we may incur. As a result, you may not receive any return on an investment in our Class A common stock unless you sell your Class A common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.
The dual class structure of our common stock as contained in our certificate of incorporation has the effect of concentrating voting control with those stockholders who held our stock prior to this offering, including Wengen and our executive officers, employees and directors and their affiliates, and limiting your ability to influence corporate matters.
Each share of our Class B common stock will be entitled to ten votes per share, and each share of our Class A common stock, which is the class of stock we are offering, has one vote per share. Stockholders who hold shares of Class B common stock, including Wengen, and our executive officers, employees and directors and their affiliates, will together hold approximately % of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock following this offering, and therefore will have significant influence over the management and affairs of the Company and control over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets, for the foreseeable future. Because of the 10-to-1 voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of our Class B common stock collectively will continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock even when the shares of Class B common stock represent less than a majority of the outstanding shares of our Class A and Class B common stock. See "Description of Capital Stock."
The Wengen Investors will have control over our decisions to enter into any corporate transaction and the ability to prevent any transaction that requires stockholder approval regardless of whether others believe that the transaction is in our best interests. So long as the Wengen Investors continue to have an indirect interest in a majority of our outstanding Class B common stock, they will have the ability to control the vote in any election of directors. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future and, as a result, the market price of our Class A common stock could be materially adversely affected. In addition, upon the consummation of this offering we expect to enter into an amendment and restatement of the Wengen Securityholders' Agreement dated as of July 11, 2007, by and among Wengen and the other parties thereto (as amended and restated from time to time, the "Wengen Securityholders' Agreement"), pursuant to which certain
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of the Wengen Investors will have certain rights to appoint directors to our board of directors and its committees. See "Certain Relationships and Related Party TransactionsAgreements with Wengen."
In addition, the Wengen Investors are in the business of making or advising on investments in companies and may hold, and may from time to time in the future acquire, interests in or provide advice to businesses that directly or indirectly compete with certain portions of our business or are suppliers or customers of ours.
The Certificate of Designations governing the terms of our Series A Preferred Stock contains rights and privileges that may adversely affect the holders of our Class A common stock, and, if we are unable to redeem the shares of Series A Preferred Stock when required, the holders of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock could take control of our board of directors and force a sale of the Company.
So long as there are shares of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding, the holders of such security are entitled to annual dividends and have seniority upon any distribution of the Company's cash and other assets. The holders of Series A Preferred Stock also have veto power over certain corporate matters, such as (i) amending or repealing any provision of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws that would adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers of the Series A Preferred Stock, including any amendment that would increase or decrease the authorized number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, (ii) if it is not a follow-on public offering after this offering in which the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock receive net proceeds not less than the Priority Amount, the first public offering of our common stock following a QPO (as defined below) or an initial public offering that is not a QPO, and (iii) any proposed initial public offering that is not a QPO. The holders of shares of the Series A Preferred Stock may have interests adverse to holders of our Class A common stock and the exercise of such rights may have a negative impact on the value of Class A common stock or the amount of cash or other assets the holders of our common stock may receive in connection with a distribution or merger, consolidation or share exchange.
In addition, if we fail to redeem the shares of Series A Preferred Stock when required after the fifth anniversary of the issue date, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to appoint two members to our board of directors and the dividend rate increases to 18.0% per annum. For a period of 120 days following the appointment of such directors, we must work in good faith with the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock to structure a mutually agreeable capital fundraising transaction to redeem the then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock. If, after such 120 day period, any shares of Series A Preferred Stock remain outstanding, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock may nominate a number of individuals to our board of directors such that after such nomination the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock control a majority of our board of directors and, after which, the holders of Series A Preferred Stock may cause a sale of the Company and/or cause the Company to raise debt or equity capital in an amount sufficient to redeem the remaining outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock.
Following Closing, and so long as the shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, we will be subject to certain financial covenants relating to total net leverage and trailing 12 months revenue and Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Stockholders Agreement). Failure by the Company to satisfy these covenants would result in the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock obtaining certain remedies, including (i) the ability to appoint an individual to advise the board of directors on improving the Company's growth and profitability and (ii) consent to (A) the incurrence of additional indebtedness and acquisitions of assets and (B) the establishment of new schools by the Company. In addition, we would be required to implement a one-time cost reduction program.
For more information on our Series A Preferred Stock, see "Description of Capital StockPreferred StockSeries A Preferred Stock."
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We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, and the requirements of being a public company may divert management's attention from our business and materially adversely affect our financial results.
As a public company, we will be subject to a number of additional requirements, including the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the Nasdaq listing standards. These requirements will cause us to incur increased costs and might place a strain on our systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, significant resources and management oversight will be required. As a result, our management's attention might be diverted from other business concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We may not be successful in implementing these requirements and implementing them could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we might not be able to retain our independent directors or attract new independent directors for our committees.
In addition, the need to establish the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may direct management's attention, from implementing our business strategy, which could prevent us from improving our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have made, and will continue to make, changes to our internal controls, including information technology controls, and procedures for financial reporting and accounting systems to meet our reporting obligations as a public company. However, the measures we take may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a public company. If we do not continue to develop and implement the right processes and tools to manage our changing enterprise and maintain our culture, our ability to compete successfully and achieve our business objectives could be impaired, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur to comply with these requirements. We anticipate that these costs will materially increase our general and administrative expenses.
We are a "controlled company" within the meaning of the Nasdaq rules and, as a result, will qualify for, and intend to rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. You will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.
After completion of this offering, Wengen will continue to control a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock. As a result, we are a "controlled company" within the meaning of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a "controlled company" and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:
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Following this offering, we intend to utilize these exemptions. As a result, we will not have a majority of independent directors, our nominating/corporate governance committee and compensation committee will not consist entirely of independent directors and such committees will not be subject to annual performance evaluations. See "Management." Accordingly, for so long as we are a "controlled company," you will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation, Certificate of Designations and bylaws and the Delaware General Corporation Law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us and could discourage a takeover and adversely affect the holders of our Class A common stock.
Provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of the Company, even if such change in control would be beneficial to the holders of our Class A common stock. These provisions include:
These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors of your choosing and cause us to take other corporate actions you desire. In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt by our stockholders to replace current members of our management team.
We may issue additional shares of preferred stock in the future, which could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our Class A common stock, which could depress the price of our Class A common stock.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will authorize us to issue one or more additional series of preferred stock. Our board of directors will have the authority to determine the
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preferences, limitations and relative rights of any additional shares of preferred stock and to fix the number of shares constituting any series and the designation of such series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our additional series of preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to the rights of our Class A common stock. The potential issuance of an additional series of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control of us, discourage bids for our Class A common stock at a premium to the market price, and materially adversely affect the market price and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Class A common stock.
The provision of our certificate of incorporation requiring exclusive venue in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will require, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (c) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL") or our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or the bylaws or (d) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine will have to be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock is deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation described above. This choice of forum provision many limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they publish unfavorable commentary about us or our industry or downgrade our Class A common stock, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline.
We expect that the trading price for our Class A common stock will be affected by any research or reports that securities analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who may elect to cover us or our business downgrade their evaluations of our Class A common stock, the price of our Class A common stock would likely decline. We may be unable or slow to attract research coverage and if one or more analysts cease coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the market for our Class A common stock, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which involve risks and uncertainties. You can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as "believes," "expects," "may," "will," "should," "seeks," "approximately," "intends," "plans," "estimates" or "anticipates" or similar expressions that concern our strategy, plans or intentions. All statements we make relating to estimated and projected earnings, costs, expenditures, cash flows, growth rates and financial results are forward-looking statements. In addition, we, through our senior management, from time to time make forward-looking public statements concerning our expected future operations and performance and other developments. All of these forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may change at any time, and, therefore, our actual results may differ materially from those we expected. We derive most of our forward-looking statements from our operating budgets and forecasts, which are based upon many detailed assumptions. While we believe that our assumptions are reasonable, we caution that it is very difficult to predict the impact of known factors, and, of course, it is impossible for us to anticipate all factors that could affect our actual results. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations are disclosed under "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this prospectus, including, without limitation, in conjunction with the forward-looking statements included in this prospectus. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us, or persons acting on our behalf, are expressly qualified in their entirety by the factors discussed in this prospectus. Some of the factors that we believe could affect our results include:
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We caution you that the foregoing list of important factors may not contain all of the material factors that are important to you. In addition, in light of these risks and uncertainties, the matters referred to in the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus may not in fact occur. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law.
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We estimate that our net proceeds from the sale of shares (or shares if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares of Class A common stock) of our Class A common stock being offered by us pursuant to this prospectus at an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, will be approximately $ million (or $ million if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares of Class A common stock). A $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share would increase or decrease the net proceeds to us from the offering by approximately $ million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, an increase or decrease of one million shares in the number of shares of Class A common stock offered by us would increase or decrease the net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately $ million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to repay, redeem or repurchase our outstanding Senior Notes, our term loans under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and/or the seller notes used to partially finance the acquisition of FMU Group. We have not yet determined whether we will repay the Senior Notes through tender offers, open market repurchases or redemption. If the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares of Class A common stock, we intend to use such proceeds for general corporate purposes, including the further repayment, redemption or repurchase of certain of our indebtedness.
As of the date hereof, there is approximately $1.4 billion aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes outstanding, which bear interest at a rate of 9.250% per annum and mature on September 1, 2019. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not caused a registration statement to be declared effective to complete the registration requirement for an exchange offer for our Senior Notes. Accordingly, special interest is accruing on such indebtedness at a rate equal to 0.75% per annum. There is approximately $1.5 billion of term loans outstanding under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities with approximately $282.6 million outstanding that have a maturity date of June 16, 2018, which as of September 30, 2016, bears interest at a rate of 5.0% per annum. The FMU seller notes have an outstanding balance of $97.6 million, mature on September 12, 2017, and bear interest of approximately 14% based on the Certificados de Depositos Interbancarios ("CDI") rate, a published index, as of September 30, 2016.
Affiliates of certain of the underwriters hold a portion of the Senior Notes and/or the term loans under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities, and as a result, may receive a portion of the proceeds from this offering. See "Underwriting."
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We currently do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our Class A common stock or Class B common stock in the foreseeable future. We expect to retain our future earnings, if any, for use in the operation and expansion of our business. The terms of our senior secured credit agreement governing our Senior Secured Credit Facilities, the indenture governing our outstanding Senior Notes and the Certificate of Designations governing our Series A Preferred Stock limit our ability to pay cash dividends in certain circumstances. Furthermore, if we are in default under the senior secured credit agreement governing our Senior Secured Credit Facilities or the indenture governing our outstanding Senior Notes, our ability to pay cash dividends will be limited in the absence of a waiver of that default or an amendment to such agreement or such indenture. In addition, our ability to pay cash dividends on shares of our Class A common stock may be limited by restrictions on our ability to obtain sufficient funds through dividends from our subsidiaries. For more information on our senior secured credit agreement governing our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing our outstanding Senior Notes, see "Description of Certain Indebtedness" and for more information on our Series A Preferred Stock, see "Description of Capital StockPreferred StockSeries A Preferred Stock." Subject to the foregoing, the payment of cash dividends in the future, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon such factors as earnings levels, capital requirements, our overall financial condition and any other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors.
We made cash distributions on our common stock in an aggregate amount of $19.0 million, $5.3 million and $22.9 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
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The following table shows our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of September 30, 2016 on:
You should read this table together with "Use of Proceeds," "Selected Historical Consolidated Financial and Other Data," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
|
As of September 30, 2016 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Actual | As Adjusted |
As Further
Adjusted(1) |
|||||||
|
(Dollar amounts in millions)
|
|||||||||
|
(unaudited)
|
|||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents (includes VIE amounts of $164.9 million) |
$ | 481.5 | $ | 704.5 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Indebtedness |
||||||||||
Senior Secured Credit Facilities: |
||||||||||
Multi-currency revolving credit facility(2) |
$ | 160.0 | $ | | ||||||
Term loan facilities(3) |
1,501.7 | 1,501.7 | ||||||||
Senior Notes due 2019(4) |
1,376.7 | 1,376.7 | ||||||||
Other debt, including seller notes(5) |
1,251.7 | 1,251.7 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total debt(6) |
4,290.1 | 4,130.1 | ||||||||
Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A, $0.001 par value; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual; 512,000 shares authorized, 400,000 shares issued and outstanding, as adjusted and as further adjusted(7) |
| 400.0 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock(8) |
| 400.0 | ||||||||
Stockholders' equity |
||||||||||
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding, actual, 49,488,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding, as adjusted and as further adjusted |
| | ||||||||
Class A common stock, $0.004 par value: no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, as adjusted and 700,000,000 shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding, as further adjusted |
| | ||||||||
Class B common stock, $0.004 par value: no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, actual; no shares authorized, issued and outstanding, as adjusted and 175,000,000 shares authorized, 133,300,971 shares issued and outstanding, as further adjusted |
| | ||||||||
Common stock, $0.004 par value: 175,000,000 shares authorized, 133,300,971 shares issued and outstanding, actual and as adjusted and 700,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding, as further adjusted |
0.5 | 0.5 | ||||||||
Additional paid-in capital |
2,714.2 | 2,714.2 | ||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |
(984.2 | ) | (984.2 | ) | ||||||
Accumulated deficit |
(1,079.0 | ) | (1,079.0 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total Laureate Education, Inc. stockholders' equity(7) |
651.5 | 651.5 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total capitalization |
$ | 4,941.6 | $ | 5,181.6 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
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equivalents, additional paid-in capital, total Laureate Education, Inc. stockholders' equity and total capitalization by approximately $ million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, an increase or decrease of one million shares in the number of shares of Class A common stock offered by us would increase or decrease cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital, total Laureate Education, Inc. stockholders' equity and total capitalization by approximately $ million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
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If you invest in our Class A common stock, your investment will be diluted immediately to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per share of our Class A common stock and the net tangible book value per share of our Class A and Class B common stock after this offering. Our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2016 was a deficit of approximately $2.7 billion, or $(20.14) per share of Class A and Class B common stock. Net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets, less our total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of Class A and Class B common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2016. Total tangible assets represents total assets reduced by goodwill, tradenames, and other intangible assets, net.
Net tangible book value dilution per share to new investors represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of shares of Class A common stock in this offering and the net tangible book value per share of Class A and Class B common stock immediately after the completion of this offering. After giving effect to our sale of shares of Class A common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2016 would have been approximately $ billion, or $ per share. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $ per share to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $ per share to investors purchasing Class A common stock in this offering, as illustrated in the following table:
A $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease our as adjusted net tangible book value per share by $ , assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, an increase or decrease of one million shares in the number of shares of Class A common stock offered by us would increase or decrease our as adjusted net tangible book value per share by $ , assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares of our Class A common stock in full, the as adjusted net tangible book value per share would be $ per share, the increase in net tangible book value per share to existing stockholders would be $ per share and the dilution per share to new investors purchasing shares in this offering would be $ per share.
The following table presents, on a pro forma basis as of September 30, 2016, after giving effect to the sale of shares of Class A common stock and the recapitalization of all of our common stock into 133,300,971 shares of Class B common stock immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, the differences between the existing
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stockholders and the purchasers of shares in this offering with respect to the number of shares purchased from us, the total consideration paid and the average price paid per share:
A $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease total consideration paid by new investors by $ , total consideration paid by all stockholders by $ and the average price per share paid by all stockholders by $ , in each case assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, an increase or decrease of one million shares in the number of shares of Class A common stock offered by us would increase or decrease total consideration paid by new investors by $ , total consideration paid by all stockholders by $ and the average price per share paid by all stockholders by $ , in each case assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
To the extent that any outstanding options are exercised, new investors will experience further dilution. If all of these options were exercised, then our existing stockholders, including the holders of these options, would own % and our new investors would own % of the total number of shares of our Class A and Class B common stock outstanding upon the closing of this offering. The net tangible book value per share after this offering would be $ , causing dilution to new investors of $ per share.
The above tables reflect a 4 to 1 reverse stock split of our common stock that we intend to effect prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. The tables do not reflect any shares of our Class A Common Stock issued upon exchange for the Senior Notes or upon conversion of shares of our Series A Preferred Stock.
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SELECTED HISTORICAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA
Set forth below are selected consolidated financial data of Laureate Education, Inc., at the dates and for the periods indicated. The selected historical statements of operations data and statements of cash flows data for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and balance sheet data as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 have been derived from our historical audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The selected historical statements of operations data and statements of cash flows data for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 and balance sheet data as of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 have been derived from our historical audited consolidated financial statements not included in this prospectus. The unaudited historical consolidated statement of operations data and statement of cash flows data for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 and the unaudited consolidated balance sheet data as of September 30, 2016 have been derived from our historical unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. We have prepared the unaudited financial information on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and have included, in our opinion, all adjustments that we consider necessary for a fair presentation of the financial information set forth in those statements. The segment data reflects the operating segment change discussed in the section entitled "Presentation of Financial Information." Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our future results. The data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, related notes, and other financial information included therein. See accompanying historical financial statements of FMU Group and Sociedade Educacional Sul-Rio-Grandense Ltda., which are included because these two acquisitions met the significance thresholds of Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X.
The selected historical consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.
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Nine Months
Ended September 30, |
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
|
2016 | 2015 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||||||||||||
|
(unaudited)
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
$ |
3,068,299 |
$ |
3,141,156 |
$ |
4,291,659 |
$ |
4,414,682 |
$ |
3,913,881 |
$ |
3,567,117 |
$ |
3,370,350 |
||||||||
Costs and expenses: |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Direct costs |
2,697,820 | 2,795,027 | 3,760,016 | 3,838,179 | 3,418,449 | 3,148,530 | 2,943,732 | |||||||||||||||
General and administrative expenses |
158,566 | 134,103 | 194,686 | 151,215 | 141,197 | 110,078 | 101,383 | |||||||||||||||
Loss on impairment of assets |
| | | 125,788 | 33,582 | 58,329 | 108,467 | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income |
211,913 | 212,026 | 336,957 | 299,500 | 320,653 | 250,180 | 216,768 | |||||||||||||||
Interest income |
13,305 | 9,924 | 13,328 | 21,822 | 21,805 | 19,467 | 20,020 | |||||||||||||||
Interest expense |
(314,383 | ) | (300,145 | ) | (398,042 | ) | (385,754 | ) | (350,196 | ) | (307,728 | ) | (276,943 | ) | ||||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
(17,363 | ) | (1,263 | ) | (1,263 | ) | (22,984 | ) | (1,361 | ) | (4,421 | ) | (3,755 | ) | ||||||||
(Loss) gain on derivatives |
(8,235 | ) | (2,618 | ) | (2,607 | ) | (3,101 | ) | 6,631 | (63,234 | ) | 15,242 | ||||||||||
Settlement of stockholders litigation(1) |
| | | | | | (10,000 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Loss from regulatory changes(2) |
| | | | | (43,716 | ) | | ||||||||||||||
Other (expense) income, net |
(964 | ) | 1,268 | 195 | (1,184 | ) | 7,499 | (5,533 | ) | 5,194 | ||||||||||||
Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net |
80,263 | (139,416 | ) | (149,178 | ) | (109,970 | ) | (3,102 | ) | 14,401 | (32,424 | ) | ||||||||||
Gain on sale of subisidaries, net(3) |
398,412 | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net income (loss) of affiliates |
362,948 | (220,224 | ) | (200,610 | ) | (201,671 | ) | 1,929 | (140,584 | ) | (65,898 | ) | ||||||||||
Income tax (expense) benefit |
(35,246 | ) | (81,587 | ) | (117,730 | ) | 39,060 | (91,246 | ) | (68,061 | ) | (50,230 | ) | |||||||||
Equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, net of tax |
20 | 2,106 | 2,495 | 158 | (905 | ) | (8,702 | ) | (1,392 | ) | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from continuing operations |
327,722 | (299,705 | ) | (315,845 | ) | (162,453 | ) | (90,222 | ) | (217,347 | ) | (117,520 | ) | |||||||||
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax of $0, $0, $0, $0, $0, $787 and $1,089, respectively |
| | | | 796 | 4,384 | 3,215 | |||||||||||||||
Gain on sales of discontinued operations, net of tax of $0, $0, $0, $0, $1,864, $179 and $0, respectively |
| | | | 4,350 | 3,308 | | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income (loss) |
327,722 | (299,705 | ) | (315,845 | ) | (162,453 | ) | (85,076 | ) | (209,655 | ) | (114,305 | ) | |||||||||
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |
2,817 | 124 | (403 | ) | 4,162 | 15,398 | 8,597 | 9,120 | ||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
$ | 330,539 | $ | (299,581 | ) | $ | (316,248 | ) | $ | (158,291 | ) | $ | (69,678 | ) | $ | (201,058 | ) | $ | (105,185 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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the establishment of regional SSOs around the world, as well as improvements to our system of internal controls over financial reporting.
Return on Incremental Invested Capital ("ROIIC") is not a recognized measure under GAAP. We believe ROIIC is a relevant metric for investors because it measures how effectively we deploy capital to generate operating profit. We define ROIIC as the change in operating income (as adjusted) for the four-year period ended December 31, 2015 divided by the change in net invested capital for the four-year period ended December 31, 2014. We believe comparing the change in operating income (as adjusted) for the four-year period ended December 31, 2015 versus the change in net invested capital for the four-year period ended December 31, 2014 is a representative reflection of the returns our incremental capital investments generate because it only includes capital deployed for more than 12 months, resulting in a full-year impact on operating income (as adjusted). We believe a four-year measurement period is more representative of the returns we expect to generate on our investments. Our method of calculating ROIIC may differ from the methods other companies use to calculate ROIIC and may be calculated over different time periods. We encourage you to understand the methods other companies use to calculate ROIIC before comparing their ROIIC to ours. The following table presents the calculation of ROIIC:
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As of December 31, |
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2010 | 2014 |
|
|||||||
DENOMINATOR: |
||||||||||
Total assets |
$ | 7,454,657 | $ | 8,358,124 | ||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
(442,196 | ) | (461,584 | ) | ||||||
Total liabilities, excluding debt, due to shareholders of acquired companies and derivative instruments |
(1,926,174 | ) | (2,498,611 | ) | ||||||
Sale-leaseback transaction(b) |
| (137,878 | ) | |||||||
Impairment of assets(c) |
195,543 | 521,709 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net invested capital |
$ | 5,281,830 | $ | 5,781,760 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Change in net invested capital |
$ | 499,930 | ||||||||
|
|
|
28.1 |
% |
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion of our results of operations and financial condition with the "Selected Historical Consolidated Financial and Other Data" and the audited and unaudited historical consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements and involves numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described in the "Risk Factors" section of this prospectus. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements."
Introduction
This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (the "MD&A") is provided to assist readers of the financial statements in understanding the results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of Laureate Education, Inc. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our MD&A is presented in the following sections:
Overview
We are the largest global network of degree-granting higher education institutions, with more than one million students enrolled at our 71 institutions in 25 countries on more than 200 campuses, which we collectively refer to as the Laureate International Universities network. We participate in the global higher education market, which was estimated to account for revenues of approximately $1.5 trillion in 2015, according to GSV. We believe the global higher education market presents an attractive long-term opportunity, primarily because of the large and growing imbalance between the supply and demand for quality higher education around the world. Advanced education opportunities drive higher earnings potential, and we believe the projected growth in the middle class population worldwide and limited government resources dedicated to higher education create substantial opportunities for high-quality private institutions to meet this growing and unmet demand. Our outcomes-driven strategy is focused on enabling millions of students globally to prosper and thrive in the dynamic and evolving knowledge economy.
In 1999, we made our first investment in higher education and, since that time, we have developed into the global leader in higher education, based on the number of students, institutions and countries
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making up our network. Our global network of 71 institutions comprises 59 institutions we own or control, and an additional 12 institutions that we manage or with which we have other relationships. We have four reporting segments as described below. We group our institutions by geography in Latin America ("LatAm"), Europe ("Europe") and Asia, Middle East and Africa ("AMEA") for reporting purposes. Our Global Products and Services segment ("GPS") includes our fully online institutions and our campus-based institutions in the United States.
Our Segments
On May 2, 2016, we announced a change to our operating segments in order to align our structure more geographically. Our institution in Italy, NABA, including Domus Academy, moved from our GPS segment into our Europe segment. MDS, located in New Zealand, moved from our GPS segment into our AMEA segment. Our GPS segment now focuses on Laureate's fully online global operations and on its campus-based institutions in the United States. Our segment information for all periods presented has been revised to reflect this change. We determine our operating segments based on information utilized by our chief operating decision maker to allocate resources and assess performance.
The LatAm segment includes institutions in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Panama and Peru and has contractual relationships with a licensed institution in Ecuador. The institutions generate revenues by providing an education that emphasizes professional-oriented fields of study with undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. The programs at these institutions are mainly campus-based and are primarily focused on local students. In addition, the institutions in our LatAm segment have begun introducing online and hybrid (a combination of online and in-classroom) courses and programs to their curriculum. Brazil and Chile have government-supported financing programs, while in other countries students generally finance their own education. Tuition and expenses per student are less than in the Europe and GPS segments, but the volume of enrollments is higher.
The Europe segment includes institutions in Cyprus, Germany, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain and Turkey. The institutions generate revenues by providing professional-oriented fields of study with undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide variety of disciplines. The programs at these institutions are mainly campus-based, but several institutions have begun to introduce online and hybrid programs. While a higher percentage of the eligible population in Europe participates in higher education than in LatAm, Europe's population is older and growing more slowly than in the countries in our LatAm and AMEA segments. The greater availability in these locations of established, and in some instances nearly free, public universities results in a more competitive market for increased and sustained enrollments. The institutions in this segment enroll local and international students. As most countries in the Europe segment do not have government financing for private education, most students finance their own education. Tuition and expenses per student are higher, with lower enrollment than in our LatAm and AMEA segments.
The AMEA segment consists of campus-based institutions with operations in Australia, China, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Africa and Thailand. AMEA also manages nine licensed institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and manages one additional institution in China through a joint venture arrangement. The programs at these institutions generate revenues by providing an education that emphasizes professional-oriented fields of study with undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. The programs at these institutions are mainly campus-based and are primarily focused on local students. In certain markets in the AMEA segment there are various forms of government-supported student financing programs; however, most students finance their own education. The AMEA segment has a combination of fast growing economies, such as China and Malaysia. Tuition and expenses per student are less than in our Europe and GPS segments. In the
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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the government awarded us contracts with 11 licensed institutions, including eight under the Colleges of Excellence program. The contracts are each five years in length, and we may apply for renewal with the government upon expiration of each contract. The first contract, under which we provide services to approximately 300 students, expired in October 2015; however, it was renewed on a temporary basis. The board of directors of Riyadh Polytechnic Institute recently decided to end operations at that institution by July 2017. Two of the remaining contracts ended during the second quarter of 2016 and will not be renewed. Four of the contracts for the Colleges of Excellence will expire in August 2018 and four will expire in August 2019. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2016, we manage nine licensed institutions under these contracts.
The GPS segment includes our fully online institutions operating globally and our U.S. campus-based institutions. The GPS segment provides professional-oriented fully online degree programs in the United States offered through Walden University, a U.S.-based accredited institution, and through the University of Liverpool and the University of Roehampton in the United Kingdom. Additionally, within the GPS segment we have smaller campus-based institutions in the United States. The online institutions primarily serve working adults with undergraduate and graduate degree programs, while the campus-based institutions primarily serve traditional students seeking undergraduate and graduate degrees. Students in the United States finance their education in a variety of ways, including Title IV programs.
Corporate is a non-operating business unit whose purpose is to support operations. Its departments are responsible for establishing operational policies and internal control standards; implementing strategic initiatives; and monitoring compliance with policies and controls throughout our operations. Our Corporate segment is an internal source of capital and provides financial, human resource, information technology, insurance, legal and tax compliance services. The Corporate segment also contains the eliminations of inter-segment revenues and expenses.
The following information for our operating segments is presented as of September 30, 2016, except where otherwise indicated:
|
LatAm | Europe | AMEA | GPS | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Countries |
8 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 25 | |||||||||||
Institutions |
29 | 14 | 21 | 7 | 71 | |||||||||||
Enrollments (rounded to nearest thousand) |
834,000 | 54,000 | 86,000 | 73,000 | 1,047,000 | |||||||||||
LTM ended September 30, 2016 Revenues ($ in millions) |
$ | 2,378.7 | $ | 496.9 | $ | 419.1 | $ | 939.9 | $ | 4,218.8 | ||||||
% Contribution to LTM ended September 30, 2016 Revenues |
56 | % | 12 | % | 10 | % | 22 | % | 100 | % |
Challenges
Our global operations are subject to complex business, economic, legal, political, tax and foreign currency risks, which may be difficult to adequately address. The majority of our operations are outside the United States. As a result, we face risks that are inherent in international operations, including: fluctuations in exchange rates, possible currency devaluations, inflation and hyperinflation; price controls and foreign currency exchange restrictions; potential economic and political instability in the countries in which we operate; expropriation of assets by local governments; key political elections and changes in government policies; multiple and possibly overlapping and conflicting tax laws; and compliance with a wide variety of foreign laws. We plan to continue to grow our business globally by
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acquiring or establishing private higher education institutions. Our success in growing our business will depend on the ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks related to operating in various countries.
Regulatory Environment
Our business is subject to regulation by various agencies based on the requirements of local jurisdictions. These agencies continue to review and update regulations as they deem necessary. We cannot predict the form of the rules that ultimately may be adopted in the future or what effects they might have on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We will continue to develop and implement necessary changes that enable us to comply with such regulations. See "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our Highly Regulated Industry in the United States," "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our BusinessOur institutions are subject to uncertain and varying laws and regulations, and any changes to these laws or regulations or their application to us may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations," "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our BusinessPolitical and regulatory developments in Chile may materially adversely affect our operations" and "Industry Regulation" for a detailed discussion of our different regulatory environments and Note 19, Legal and Regulatory Matters, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Key Business Metrics
Enrollment
Enrollment is our lead revenue indicator and represents our most important non-financial metric. We define "enrollment" as the number of students registered in a course on the last day of the enrollment reporting period. New enrollments provide an indication of future revenue trends. Total enrollment is a function of continuing student enrollments, new student enrollments and enrollments from acquisitions, offset by graduations, attrition and enrollments related to dispositions. Attrition is defined as a student leaving the institution before completion of the program. To minimize attrition, we have implemented programs that involve assisting students in remedial education, mentoring, counseling and student financing.
Each of our institutions has an enrollment cycle that varies by geographic region and academic program. During each academic year, each institution has a "Primary Intake" period in which the majority of the enrollment occurs. Most institutions also have one or more smaller "Secondary Intake" periods. The first calendar quarter generally coincides with the Primary Intakes for our institutions in Central America, the Andean Region, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Saudi Arabia. The third calendar quarter generally coincides with the Primary Intakes for our institutions in Mexico, Europe, China, India, Malaysia, Thailand and the GPS segment.
The following chart shows our enrollment cycles. Shaded areas in the chart represent periods when classes are generally in session and revenues are recognized. Areas that are not shaded represent summer breaks during which revenues are not typically recognized. The large circles indicate the
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Primary Intake start dates of our institutions, and the small circles represent Secondary Intake start dates.
Pricing
We continually monitor market conditions and carefully adjust our tuition rates to meet local demand levels. We proactively seek the best price and content combinations to ensure that we remain competitive in all the markets in which we operate.
Principal Components of Income Statement
Revenues
Tuition is the largest component of our revenues and we recognize tuition revenues on a weekly basis, as classes are being taught. The amount of tuition generated in a given period depends on the price per credit hour and the total credit hours or price per program taken by the enrolled student population. Deferred revenue and student deposits on our consolidated balance sheets consist of tuition paid prior to the start of academic sessions and unearned tuition amounts recorded as accounts receivable after an academic session begins. The price per credit hour varies by program, by market, and by degree level. Additionally, varying levels of discounts and scholarships are offered depending on market-specific dynamics and individual achievements of our students. Revenues are reported net of scholarships, other discounts, refunds, waivers and the fair value of any guarantees made by Laureate related to student financing programs. In addition to tuition revenues, we generate other revenues from ancillary product sales, dormitory/residency fees, student fees and other education-related services. These other revenues are less material to our overall financial results and have a tendency to trend with tuition revenues. The main drivers of changes in revenues between periods are student enrollment and price.
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Direct Costs
Our direct costs include instructional and services expenses as well as marketing and promotional expenses. Our instructional and services costs consist primarily of labor and operating costs associated with the delivery of services to our students, including the cost of wages, payroll taxes, and benefits for institution employees, depreciation and amortization, rent, utilities and bad debt expenses. Marketing and promotional costs consist primarily of advertising expenses and labor costs for marketing personnel at the institutions. In general, a significant portion of our direct costs tend to be variable in nature and trend with enrollment, and management continues to monitor and improve the efficiency of instructional delivery. Conversely, as campuses expand, direct costs may grow faster than enrollment growth as infrastructure investments are made in anticipation of future enrollment growth.
General and Administrative Expenses
Our general and administrative expenses primarily consist of costs associated with corporate departments, including executive management, accounting, legal, business development and other departments that do not provide direct operational services.
Factors Affecting Comparability
Acquisitions
Our past experiences provide us with the expertise to further our mission of providing high-quality, accessible and affordable higher education to students by expanding into new markets, primarily through acquisitions. Acquisitions affect the comparability of our financial statements from period to period. Acquisitions completed during one period impact comparability to a prior period in which we did not own the acquired entity. Therefore, changes related to such entities are considered "incremental impact of acquisitions" for the first 12 months of our ownership. See Note 4, Acquisitions, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for details of our acquisitions and other transactions.
Dispositions
Certain strategic initiatives may include the sale of institutions such as the French Institution Sale and the Swiss Institution Sale. Such dispositions affect the comparability of our financial statements from period to period. Dispositions completed during one period impact comparability to a prior period in which we owned the divested entity. Therefore, changes related to such entities are considered "incremental impact of dispositions" for the first 12 months subsequent to the disposition.
Foreign Exchange
The majority of our institutions are located outside the United States. These institutions enter into transactions in currencies other than the U.S. dollar ("USD") and keep their local financial records in a functional currency other than the USD. We monitor the impact of foreign currency movements and the correlation between the local currency and the USD. Our revenues and expenses are generally denominated in local currency. The USD is our reporting currency and our subsidiaries operate in various other functional currencies, including: Australian Dollar, Brazilian Real, Chilean Peso, Chinese Renminbi, Costa Rican Colon, Euro, Honduran Lempira, Indian Rupee, Malaysian Ringgit, Mexican Peso, Moroccan Dirham, New Zealand Dollar, Peruvian Nuevo Sol, Polish Złoty, Saudi Riyal, South African Rand, Thai Baht and Turkish Lira. The principal foreign exchange exposure is the risk related to the translation of revenues and expenses incurred in each country from the local currency into USD. For the years ended December 31, 2013, December 31, 2014, December 31, 2015 and the nine months and LTM ended September 30, 2016, the impact of changing foreign currency exchange rates reduced
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consolidated revenues by approximately $54 million, $225 million, $689 million, $181 million and $397 million, respectively, as compared to the comparable preceding period. For the years ended December 31, 2013, December 31, 2014, December 31, 2015 and the nine months and LTM ended September 30, 2016, the impact of changing foreign currency exchange rates reduced consolidated Adjusted EBITDA by approximately $8 million, $46 million, $142 million, $6 million and $61 million, respectively, as compared to the comparable preceding period. We experienced a proportionally greater negative impact related to the years ended December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2015 and the first half of 2016, which resulted from the significant weakening against the U.S. dollar experienced by most currencies where we have significant operations, which began in the second half of 2014. See "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our BusinessOur reported revenues and earnings may be negatively affected by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar and currency exchange rates."
Seasonality
Most of the institutions in our network have a summer break during which classes are generally not in session and minimal revenues are recognized. In addition to the timing of summer breaks, holidays such as Easter also have an impact on our academic calendar. Operating expenses, however, do not fully correlate to the enrollment and revenue cycles, as the institutions continue to incur expenses during summer breaks. Given the geographic diversity of our institutions and differences in timing of summer breaks, our second and fourth quarters are stronger revenue quarters as the majority of our institutions are in session for most of these respective quarters. Our first and third fiscal quarters are weaker revenue quarters because the majority of our institutions have summer breaks for some portion of one of these two quarters. Due to this seasonality, revenues and profits in any one quarter are not necessarily indicative of results in subsequent quarters and may not be correlated to new enrollment in any one quarter. For a discussion of our revenue recognition accounting policy, see Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Income Tax Expense
Our consolidated income tax provision is derived based on the combined impact of federal, state and foreign income taxes. The tax provisions for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were based on estimated full-year effective tax rates that incorporate the forecasted earnings for the various jurisdictions and tax-paying and tax-exempt entities within our organizational structure, as well as significant discrete items related to the interim periods. Laureate has operations in multiple countries, many of which have statutory tax rates lower than the United States. Generally, lower tax rates in these foreign jurisdictions, along with Laureate's intent and ability to indefinitely reinvest foreign earnings outside of the United States, results in an effective tax rate lower than the statutory rate in the United States. Further, discrete items can arise in the course of our operations that can further impact the Company's effective tax rate for the period.
Our tax rate fluctuates from period to period due to changes in the forecasted mix of earnings between our tax-paying entities, our tax-exempt entities and our loss-making entities for which it is not more likely than not that a tax benefit will be realized on the loss. Before the impact of discrete items, the estimated annual tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $82.7 million. The pre-tax result from our profitable entities for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was $452.0 million. For comparison, before the impact of discrete items, the estimated annual tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 was $75.1 million. The pre-tax result from our profitable entities for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 was $229.0 million. A significant driver of the lower tax expense as compared to pre-tax income is the non-taxable gain on the sale of certain operations in Europe that is included in pre-tax income. After consideration of year-to-date discrete events, of which the material events are discussed below in "Results of Operations," our year-to-date tax expense was $35.2 million.
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Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have identified material weaknesses that existed as of December 31, 2015 and/or September 30, 2016. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
As of December 31, 2015, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to inadequate controls over key reports and spreadsheets. Specifically, we did not design adequate controls to address the completeness and accuracy of key reports and key spreadsheets. This material weakness, in combination with other prior material weaknesses, contributed to a revision to our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2013. This material weakness could result in additional misstatements to the accounts and disclosures that would result in a material misstatement of our consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.
As of September 30, 2016, we identified three additional material weaknesses, as follows:
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These IT deficiencies did not result in a material misstatement to the financial statements, however, the deficiencies, when aggregated, could impact the effectiveness of IT-dependent controls (such as automated controls that address the risk of material misstatement to one or more assertions, along with the IT controls and underlying data that support the effectiveness of system-generated data and reports) that could result in misstatements potentially affecting all financial statement accounts and disclosures that would not be prevented or detected in a timely manner.
We have commenced the remediation of each of these material weaknesses, including making significant investments to develop training programs for our global organization, changing the organizational design and upgrading the qualifications of personnel where necessary, and designing and implementing improved processes and internal controls, some of which are manual. We have begun an enterprise-wide risk assessment whereby risks throughout the organization will be identified, assessed and prioritized. This enterprise-wide risk assessment will be periodically updated and leveraged as an ongoing mechanism to manage the broad set of risks the Company faces. We will leverage the results of this entity-wide risk assessment as input for the determination of future initiatives and to tailor our future activities around the implementation assessment, and monitoring of internal controls for all entities, including VIEs. We have also commenced a remediation process that includes, among other things, enhancement of our contract management policy, communication and training on the enhanced policy, and increased oversight. We are in the process of ensuring that the design of our policies and procedures have been fully implemented and are operational, including monitoring of access, change management and segregation of duties relating to IT development and production roles. We are in the process of designing and implementing procedures to address the design deficiencies relating to the completeness and accuracy of our key reports and spreadsheets.
In addition to the remediation actions discussed above, we are continuing with our ongoing EiP initiative, which is anticipated to be completed by the end of 2017 and includes implementing a global enterprise resource planning system and completing the vertical integration of our finance organization through the establishment of regional SSOs.
Our efforts to remediate these material weaknesses may not be effective or prevent any future material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. See "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our BusinessWe currently have four material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that, if not corrected, could result in material misstatements of our financial statements," and "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our BusinessIf we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be materially adversely affected."
As a public company, we will be required to devote significant resources to complete the assessment and documentation of our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including an assessment of the design, implementation and operating effectiveness of our information systems associated with our internal control over financial reporting. We will incur material costs to remediate the material weaknesses described above, as well as ensuring compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Results of Operations
The following discussion of the results of our operations is organized as follows:
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Summary Comparison of Consolidated Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015
Discussion of Significant Items Affecting the Consolidated Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
On June 14, 2016, we sold the operations of Glion in Switzerland and the United Kingdom, and the operations of Les Roches in Switzerland and the United States, as well as Haute école spécialisée Les Roches-Gruyère SA ("LRG") in Switzerland, Les Roches Jin Jiang in China, Royal Academy of Culinary Arts ("RACA") in Jordan and Les Roches Marbella in Spain, which resulted in a gain on sale of approximately $249.1 million. This gain is included in other non-operating income in the tables below.
On July 20, 2016, we sold the operations of École Supérieure du Commerce Extérieur ("ESCE"), Institut Français de Gestion ("IFG"), European Business School ("EBS"), École Centrale d'Electronique ("ECE"), and Centre d'Études Politiques et de la Communication ("CEPC"), which resulted in a gain on sale of approximately $149.0 million. This gain is included in other non-operating income in the tables below.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
On March 5, 2015, we completed the sale of our interest in HSM Group Management Focus Europe Global S.L. ("HSM"). We recognized a net gain of $2.0 million in equity in net income of affiliates, net of tax, for the nine months ended September 30, 2015.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, we reassessed our position regarding certain ongoing Spanish tax audits and, as a result of recent adverse decisions from the Spanish Supreme Court and Spanish National Court on cases for taxpayers with similar facts, it was determined that we could no longer support a more-likely-than-not position and thus recorded a provision of $42.1 million relating to these tax audits.
Comparison of Consolidated Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015
The following table presents our operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015:
(in millions)
|
2016 | 2015 |
% Change
Better/(Worse) 2016 vs. 2015 |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Revenues |
$ | 3,068.3 | $ | 3,141.2 | (2 | )% | ||||
Direct costs |
2,697.8 | 2,795.0 | 3 | % | ||||||
General and administrative expenses |
158.6 | 134.1 | (18 | )% | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income |
211.9 | 212.0 | nm | |||||||
Interest expense, net of interest income |
(301.1 | ) | (290.2 | ) | (4 | )% | ||||
Other non-operating income (expense) |
452.1 | (142.0 | ) | nm | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net income of affiliates |
362.9 | (220.2 | ) | nm | ||||||
Income tax expense |
(35.2 | ) | (81.6 | ) | 57 | % | ||||
Equity in net income of affiliates, net of tax |
| 2.1 | (100 | )% | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net income (loss) |
327.7 | (299.7 | ) | nm | ||||||
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |
2.8 | 0.1 | nm | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
$ | 330.5 | $ | (299.6 | ) | nm | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
nmpercentage changes not meaningful
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Comparison of Consolidated Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
Revenues decreased by $72.9 million to $3,068.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 (the "2016 fiscal period") from $3,141.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 (the "2015 fiscal period"). This revenue decrease was driven by the effect of a net change in foreign currency exchange rates, which decreased revenues by $181.0 million and the incremental impact of dispositions which reduced revenue by $57.3 million. Partially offsetting this decrease in revenues was the incremental impact of acquisitions, which increased revenues by $3.4 million, and increased average total enrollment at a majority of our institutions, which increased revenues by $87.5 million. The effect of changes in tuition rates and enrollments in programs at varying price points ("product mix"), pricing and timing resulted in a $77.9 million increase in revenues compared to the 2015 fiscal period; this increase was net of a negative impact to revenues of approximately $18.0 million that occurred as a result of class disruptions at two of our institutions in Chile during a nationwide student protest that lasted several weeks. The protest began in the second quarter of 2016 and ended in July 2016. The disrupted classes are anticipated to be fully complete before the end of the year. Other Corporate changes accounted for a decrease in revenues of $3.4 million.
Direct costs and general and administrative expenses combined decreased by $72.7 million to $2,856.4 million for the 2016 fiscal period from $2,929.1 million for the 2015 fiscal period. The direct costs decrease was due to the effect of a net change in foreign currency exchange rates, which decreased costs by $188.4 million for the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period. In the 2016 fiscal period, the incremental impact of dispositions decreased costs by $62.5 million.
Offsetting these direct cost decreases was the incremental impact of acquisitions, which increased costs by $2.2 million, and overall higher enrollments and expanded operations which increased costs by $156.5 million. Acquisition-contingent liabilities for taxes other than income tax, net of changes in recorded indemnification assets increased direct costs by $8.8 million in the 2016 fiscal period and increased direct costs by $2.3 million in the 2015 fiscal period, increasing expenses by $6.5 million in the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period. Other Corporate expenses accounted for an increase in costs of $13.0 million in the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period.
Operating income decreased by $0.1 million to $211.9 million for the 2016 fiscal period from $212.0 million for the 2015 fiscal period. The increase in operating income was the result of increased operating income in our GPS, Europe and LatAm segments, partially offset by decreased operating income in our AMEA and Corporate segments.
Interest expense, net of interest income increased by $10.9 million to $301.1 million for the 2016 fiscal period from $290.2 million for the 2015 fiscal period. The increase in interest expense was primarily attributable to higher interest rates on our outstanding debt balances, partially offset by lower average balances outstanding during the 2016 fiscal period.
Other non-operating income (expense) increased by $594.1 million to income of $452.1 million for the 2016 fiscal period from expense of $142.0 million for the 2015 fiscal period. This increase was primarily attributable to a gain on sales of subsidiaries in the 2016 fiscal period of $398.4 million and a gain on foreign currency exchange in the 2016 fiscal period compared to a loss in the 2015 fiscal period for a change of $219.7 million. This change was partially offset by an increase in the loss on debt extinguishment recognized in the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period of $16.1 million, increased loss on derivative instruments of $5.6 million in the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period and a change in other non-operating income (expense) of $2.3 million in the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period.
Income tax expense decreased by $46.4 million to $35.2 million for the 2016 fiscal period from $81.6 million for the 2015 fiscal period. The year-over-year decrease in expense was primarily the result of recognizing a contingent liability in 2015 of $42.1 million related to the Spanish tax audits. In
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addition, the 2016 fiscal period had a discrete benefit of $7.9 million related to the deferred taxes included within the accounting for the sale of the hospitality management schools, and a release of an income tax contingency related to Peru of $21.2 million. There was also a change in the mix of pre-tax book income attributable to taxable entities, tax-exempt entities, and loss-making entities for which no tax benefit can be derived among various taxing jurisdictions, partially offsetting the decreases above.
Equity in net income of affiliates, net of tax decreased by $2.1 million to $0.0 million for the 2016 fiscal period from $2.1 million for the 2015 fiscal period. We recognized a net gain on the sale of HSM for $2.0 million in the 2015 fiscal period. Other equity-method investments resulted in a change of $0.1 million for the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period.
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests increased by $2.7 million to $2.8 million for the 2016 fiscal period from $0.1 million for the 2015 fiscal period. The increase primarily related to increased net loss at Obeikan, decreased net income at St. Augustine as a result of acquiring the remaining noncontrolling interest in 2016, and a change from net income to net loss at Pearl Academy. These increases were partially offset by changes from net loss to net income at HIEU and the closure of National Hispanic University ("NHU") in August 2015, which had losses in the 2015 fiscal period.
Summary Comparison of Consolidated Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013
Discussion of Significant Items Affecting the Consolidated Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013
Year Ended December 31, 2015
On March 5, 2015, we completed the sale of our interest in HSM. We recognized a net gain of $2.0 million in equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, net of tax, for the year ended December 31, 2015.
During the quarter ended June 30, 2015, we reassessed our position regarding certain ongoing Spanish tax audits and, as a result of recent adverse decisions from the Spanish Supreme Court and Spanish National Court on cases for taxpayers with similar facts, it was determined that we could no longer support a more-likely-than-not position and thus recorded a provision of $42.1 million relating to these tax audits.
The fiscal reform that was enacted in Mexico in December 2013 subjects our Mexico entities to corporate income tax and also requires them to comply with profit-sharing legislation, whereby 10% of the taxable income of our Mexican entities will be set aside as employee compensation. In 2013, we established an asset for a deferred benefit related to this matter. During 2014, we revised our estimate regarding the realizability of this asset and, accordingly, recorded a net decrease in operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2014 of $22.8 million. During 2015, we revised our estimate regarding the realizability of this asset and, accordingly, recorded a net increase in operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 of $0.9 million.
During the fourth quarter of 2015, we approved a plan of restructuring, which primarily included workforce reductions in order to reduce operating costs in response to overcapacity at certain locations. We incurred employee termination costs of $15.5 million resulting from a reduction in force at certain locations, including $5.4 million in our LatAm segment, $4.1 million in our Europe segment, $2.5 million in our AMEA segment, $3.2 million in our GPS segment and $0.3 million incurred at Corporate.
Year Ended December 31, 2014
In the first quarter of 2014, we announced the beginning of a teach-out process at NHU, an institution in our GPS segment that closed in August 2015, and will no longer enroll new students. In
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connection with this teach-out, we recorded direct costs of $6.6 million for 2014 to ensure an orderly and successful transition for our students.
In the second quarter of 2014, corporate expenses were reduced by $3.4 million related to proceeds received from the settlement of earthquake-related insurance claims. In the fourth quarter of 2014, corporate expenses were further reduced by $1.4 million related to additional proceeds received from the settlement of earthquake-related insurance claims.
We recorded a loss on disposal of property of $4.4 million at HIEU, an institution in our AMEA segment, to write off the carrying value of several parcels of land for which it no longer has land use rights.
In the second quarter of 2014, we recorded a benefit to direct costs of $11.3 million in our LatAm segment related to the settlement of a pre-acquisition loss contingency after receiving a favorable court ruling with respect to the use of grant funds by the prior owners of Universidade Anhembi Morumbi ("UAM Brazil").
In the second quarter of 2014, we determined it was probable that performance targets would be achieved for contingent consideration payable under the terms of the 2013 purchase agreement for THINK: Education Group Pty. Ltd. ("THINK"), an institution in our AMEA segment, therefore we accrued this contingent consideration at its estimated fair value of $3.8 million, which we charged to operating expenses.
In the third quarter of 2014, an entity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in our AMEA segment recorded a benefit to direct costs of $2.8 million, primarily related to cash payments received for fully reserved receivables.
In 2014, we incurred employee termination costs of $18.0 million resulting from a reduction in force at certain locations, including $11.5 million in our LatAm segment, $4.7 million in our Europe segment and $1.8 million in our GPS segment.
In 2014, we reached an arbitration settlement related to certain indemnification claims with the former owners of an institution in Brazil and recorded a gain of $6.7 million in our LatAm segment.
During the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an operating expense of $18.0 million for a donation to a foundation for an initiative supported by the Turkish government. This donation was made by our network institution in Turkey to support our ongoing operations.
During 2013, we recorded a liability of $11.8 million for a social security tax matter in our Europe segment for the years 2009 through 2012. In 2014, we reversed $2.1 million of the social security tax liability due to statute of limitations expirations.
The fiscal reform that was enacted in Mexico in December 2013 subjects our Mexico entities to corporate income tax and also requires them to comply with profit-sharing legislation, whereby 10% of the taxable income of our Mexican entities will be set aside as employee compensation. In 2013, we had established an asset for a deferred benefit related to this matter. During 2014, we revised our estimate regarding the realizability of this asset and, accordingly, recorded a net decrease in operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2014 of $22.8 million.
Impairment
In 2014, we recorded a total impairment loss of $125.8 million. Tradenames were impaired in the aggregate amount of $47.7 million related to two Chilean institutions in our LatAm segment. Also in our LatAm segment, goodwill was impaired in the amount of $77.1 million, which related to our institutions in Costa Rica, Honduras, and Panama. Our LatAm and GPS segments recorded impairments of long-lived assets of $0.7 million and $0.1 million, respectively. Our Europe segment recorded impairments of deferred costs of $0.3 million.
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UDLA Chile recorded impairment of $16.4 million for tradenames. This is an additional impairment to the charge taken in 2013. The primary driver for this additional charge was the secondary intake of enrollment that occurred during the third quarter of 2014, which provided us with additional information regarding the projected financial performance of UDLA Chile and that indicated that the financial impact of the loss of accreditation was larger than initially estimated. UNAB recorded an impairment charge for tradenames of $31.3 million that resulted from our expectation of reduced margins and lower pricing. The lower projections reflect weaker operating performance compared to the prior long-range plan, combined with reduced expectations as a result of a regulatory environment that favors public rather than private supply in higher education.
The goodwill impairment of $77.1 million in LatAm at our institutions in Costa Rica, Honduras, and Panama can be attributed to a weaker long-range outlook as compared to the assumptions contained in the models previously used to value the intangible assets. The primary driver of this weaker outlook is a shortfall in 2014 enrollments which has caused us to decrease our long-term enrollment projections. The softened enrollment outlook has also resulted in pricing pressure on revenue.
Year Ended December 31, 2013
In the second half of 2010, Ecuador adopted a new higher education law that, upon its implementation, required us to modify the governance structure of our institution in that country. While the constitutionality of certain provisions of the higher education law is currently being challenged in Ecuador's court system, the law has been implemented. In the fourth quarter of 2012, the CES, the relevant regulatory body, commenced reviewing and issuing comments on bylaws submitted by other Ecuadorian higher education institutions, implementing and enforcing the co-governance provisions of the new law. In accordance with ASC 810-10-15-10, we believed that control no longer resided with Laureate given the governmentally imposed uncertainties. As a result, UDLA Ecuador was deconsolidated in the fourth quarter of 2012. As a result of the deconsolidation, the net reduction in consolidated revenues for 2013 was $20.8 million, consisting of a decrease in the LatAm segment of $28.7 million, partially offset by an increase of $7.9 million in corporate and eliminations from royalty revenues and other support charges recognized for 2013. Additionally, direct costs in the LatAm segment decreased by $16.2 million.
On January 18, 2013, we borrowed an additional $250.0 million in term loans under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities. This additional amount was issued at an original debt discount of $1.3 million, and we paid debt issuance costs of $2.9 million, all of which was amortized to interest expense over the term of the loan. On December 16, 2013, we borrowed an additional $200.0 million in term loans under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities. This additional loan was issued at a discount of $0.5 million, and we paid debt issuance costs of $2.2 million, all of which was amortized to interest expense over the term of the loan. Additionally, third-party costs of $1.5 million were charged to general and administrative expenses.
On January 23, 2013, we sold Universidad Del Desarrollo Professional, SC ("UNIDEP") for approximately $40.6 million and recognized a gain on the sale of $4.4 million, net of income tax expense of $1.9 million in the consolidated statement of operations. UNIDEP was classified as a discontinued operation in the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
During the first quarter of 2013, a university in our Europe segment sold non-operating assets for $4.1 million and recognized a gain on the sale of $3.9 million in other (expense) income, net in the consolidated statement of operations.
The planned March 2013 opening of a new campus building at UNAB in our LatAm segment was delayed, resulting in the need to relocate students to temporary facilities until the building was completed. During 2013, we incurred $6.2 million of expenses to rent the temporary facilities and operate them as classrooms. This also caused a delay to the start of the 2013 academic calendar year
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for these students. As a concession for the inconvenience experienced by the students who were affected, we agreed to a one-time settlement in the form of discounts on those students' tuition. This settlement was recognized as a reduction of revenues and totaled $10.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013.
During 2013, we recorded an accrual of $11.8 million for a social security tax matter for the years 2009 through 2012 in our Europe segment.
On April 23, 2013, we borrowed an additional $310.0 million in term loans under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities. This additional amount was issued at a premium of $1.6 million, and we paid debt issuance costs of $3.9 million, both of which will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the loan. Additionally, third-party costs of $0.4 million were charged to general and administrative expenses. The proceeds from this borrowing were used to repay all of the outstanding senior subordinated notes (the "Senior Subordinated Notes"). We paid a total of $17.1 million of tender premiums and fees and call premiums which were capitalized as debt issuance costs.
In May 2013, we exited a leased facility at one institution in our Europe segment and as a result received an early termination settlement of $4.8 million, which decreased direct costs.
During 2012, we recorded an accrual for a tax contingency in Brazil, as discussed further below. During 2013, we settled this Brazil tax contingency and recorded additional expense of $3.8 million in direct costs in our LatAm segment.
In the third quarter of 2013, we wrote down our investment in HSM of $3.1 million to a carrying value of zero, which resulted in a charge to equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, net of tax for the year ended December 31, 2013. We concluded that the impairment in the value of its investment in HSM was other than temporary.
On December 20, 2013, we acquired the remaining 80% interest of THINK and remeasured our equity method investment in THINK to a fair value of approximately $18.5 million, recording a non-operating gain of $5.9 million.
As a result of the fiscal reform enacted in Mexico in December 2013, we recorded a net increase in operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2013 of $8.4 million in our LatAm segment.
In December 2013, we recorded a $2.5 million gain on the termination of a sale-leaseback arrangement in our Europe segment.
Impairment
In 2013, we recorded a total impairment loss of $33.6 million. Tradenames were impaired in the aggregate amount of $25.7 million related to institutions in our LatAm, Europe and GPS segments, which recorded impairments of $22.0 million, $1.1 million and $2.6 million, respectively. Our AMEA segment recorded impairments of long-lived assets of $2.0 million for certain buildings that were impaired in 2013. Our GPS segment also recorded impairments of long-lived assets of $1.4 million and impairments of other intangible assets of $4.5 million.
The impairment of tradenames in LatAm related to UDLA Chile. The primary driver for this charge was a reduction in this institution's projected revenue and income following UDLA Chile's loss of accreditation, as discussed in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The impairment charge was based on management's best estimates using available and knowable information about the short and long term implications to the UDLA Chile financial forecast.
The tradenames impairment of $1.1 million in our Europe segment related to one institution in Italy. The impairment at the Italian institution resulted from our expectation of reduced margins, as compared to the assumptions contained in the models previously used to value the intangible assets.
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The reduced margin expectations result primarily from the ongoing weakness in the European economies, which has caused pricing decreases at certain of the institutions included in this segment, as well as enrollment declines as compared to the projections used to value the intangible assets.
The tradenames impairment of $2.6 million in our GPS segment related to two institutions in the United States. One of the institutions recorded a tradenames impairment of $1.3 million, which primarily resulted from our expectation of further reduced margins and cash flows as compared to our initial projections contained in the previous model used to value the intangible assets at this institution during our 2012 impairment testing. These expectations of further reduced margins and cash flows were largely due to the poor economic conditions in the United States, continued media focus on the cost of education as compared to earnings potential, as well as the regulatory environment, which are discussed in Note 19, Legal and Regulatory Matters, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. All of these factors have caused us to reduce our expectation of future performance for this institution. In the first quarter of 2014, one of our U.S. Institutions, NHU, decided to stop enrolling new students and teach out the existing cohort of students. This decision was driven in part by certain regulatory changes. As a result, we have written off the entire tradenames value of $1.3 million related to this institution. In addition, NHU, also wrote down capitalized curriculum, which is recorded in deferred costs, net by $4.5 million and software, which is recorded in property and equipment, by $1.3 million, as it was determined that the curriculum and software cannot be redeployed. There was also an impairment of other long-lived assets in the GPS segment of $0.1 million.
Comparison of Consolidated Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013
The following table presents our operating results for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
|
|
|
% Change Better/(Worse) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 vs. 2014 | 2014 vs. 2013 | |||||||||||
Revenues |
$ | 4,291.7 | $ | 4,414.7 | $ | 3,913.9 | (3 | )% | 13 | % | ||||||
Direct costs |
3,760.0 | 3,838.2 | 3,418.4 | 2 | % | (12 | )% | |||||||||
General and administrative expenses |
194.7 | 151.2 | 141.2 | (29 | )% | (7 | )% | |||||||||
Loss on impairment of assets |
| 125.8 | 33.6 | nm | nm | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income |
337.0 | 299.5 | 320.7 | 13 | % | (7 | )% | |||||||||
Interest expense, net of interest income |
(384.7 | ) | (363.9 | ) | (328.4 | ) | (6 | )% | (11 | )% | ||||||
Other non-operating (expense) income |
(152.9 | ) | (137.2 | ) | 9.7 | (11 | )% | nm | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net income (loss) of affiliates |
(200.6 | ) | (201.7 | ) | 1.9 | 1 | % | nm | ||||||||
Income tax (expense) benefit |
(117.7 | ) | 39.1 | (91.2 | ) | nm | 143 | % | ||||||||
Equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, net of tax |
2.5 | 0.2 | (0.9 | ) | nm | 122 | % | |||||||||
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax |
| | 0.8 | nm | nm | |||||||||||
Gain on sales of discontinued operations, net of tax |
| | 4.4 | nm | nm | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net loss |
(315.8 | ) | (162.5 | ) | (85.1 | ) | (94 | )% | (91 | )% | ||||||
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |
(0.4 | ) | 4.2 | 15.4 | (110 | )% | (73 | )% | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net loss attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
$ | (316.2 | ) | $ | (158.3 | ) | $ | (69.7 | ) | (100 | )% | (127 | )% | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
nmpercentage changes not meaningful
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Comparison of Consolidated Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2015 to the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Revenues decreased by $123.0 million to $4,291.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $4,414.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. This revenue decrease was driven by the effect of a net change in foreign currency exchange rates, which decreased revenues by $688.9 million. Partially offsetting this decrease in revenues was the overall increased average total enrollment at a majority of our institutions, which increased revenues by $299.8 million; the incremental impact of acquisitions, which increased revenues by $114.8 million; and the effect of changes in product mix, pricing and timing, which increased revenues by $151.9 million. Other Corporate changes accounted for a decrease in revenues of $0.6 million.
Direct costs and general and administrative expenses combined decreased by $34.7 million to $3,954.7 million for 2015 from $3,989.4 million for 2014. The direct costs decrease was due to the effect of a net change in foreign currency exchange rates, which decreased costs by $587.9 million for 2015 compared to 2014. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an operating expense of $18.0 million for a donation to a foundation for an initiative supported by the Turkish government in our Europe segment. Employee termination costs increased direct costs by $15.5 million in 2015 and $18.0 million in 2014, decreasing costs year-over-year by $2.5 million. In connection with a teach out at NHU, an institution in our GPS segment that closed in August 2015, we recorded costs of $6.6 million in 2014 to ensure an orderly and successful transition for our students. Additionally, in 2014, HIEU, an institution in our AMEA segment, recorded a $4.4 million loss on disposal of property to write off the carrying value of several parcels of land for which it no longer has land use rights. In 2014, we determined it was probable that THINK, an institution in our AMEA segment, would meet performance targets that were part of a share purchase agreement and accrued for a contingent earn-out of $3.8 million.
Offsetting these direct cost decreases was the incremental impact of acquisitions, which increased costs by $110.4 million and overall higher enrollments and expanded operations which increased costs by $403.3 million. Acquisition contingent liabilities for taxes other than income tax, net of changes in recorded indemnification assets increased direct costs by $5.6 million in 2015 and decreased direct costs by $4.6 million in 2014, increasing expenses by $10.2 million in 2015 compared to 2014. We recorded an increase in direct costs for a profit-sharing plan in Mexico of $0.9 million in 2015 and a decrease in direct costs of $22.8 million in 2014, increasing costs by $23.7 million in 2015 compared to 2014. Additionally during 2014, we recorded a benefit in our LatAm segment of $11.3 million related to the settlement of a pre-acquisition loss contingency after receiving a favorable court ruling. In 2014, we reached an arbitration settlement related to indemnification claims with the former owners of a university in Brazil in our LatAm segment and recorded a gain of $6.7 million. In 2014, an entity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in our AMEA segment recorded a benefit of $2.8 million, primarily related to cash payments received for fully reserved receivables. In 2014, corporate expenses were reduced by $4.8 million related to proceeds received from the settlement of earthquake-related insurance claims. Other Corporate expenses accounted for an increase in costs of $15.3 million in 2015 compared to 2014.
Operating income increased by $37.5 million to $337.0 million for 2015 from $299.5 million for 2014. The increase in operating income was related to a decrease in the loss on impairment of $125.8 million between 2015 and 2014 and increased operating income from our GPS segment combined with less operating loss in our AMEA and Europe segments. The increase in operating income was partially offset by a decrease in our operating income for our LatAm segment, which was significantly impacted by the weakening of foreign currency against the USD, and increased Corporate expenses.
Interest expense, net of interest income increased by $20.8 million to $384.7 million for 2015 from $363.9 million for 2014. The increase in interest expense was primarily attributable to higher debt balances and increased special interest expense since our registration statement was not declared effective by July 25, 2014.
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Other non-operating (expense) income increased by $15.7 million to expense of $152.9 million for 2015 from expense of $137.2 million for 2014. This increase was primarily attributable to a larger loss on foreign currency exchange in 2015 compared to 2014 for an increase in expense of $39.2 million. This increase was offset by a decrease in the loss on debt extinguishment of $21.7 million combined with a decreased loss on derivative instruments in 2015 compared to 2014 of $0.5 million and an change in other non-operating (expense) income of $1.3 million in 2015 compared to 2014.
Income tax (expense) benefit increased by $156.8 million to expense of $117.7 million for 2015 from a benefit of $39.1 million for 2014. We have operations in multiple countries, many of which have statutory tax rates lower than the United States. The main reasons for this year-over-year increase in expense were releases of valuation allowances in 2014, the recording of the tax contingency related to the ICE audit matters in 2015, as discussed in Note 15, Income Taxes, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, and significant tax rate changes in multiple jurisdictions on deferred tax balances, partially offset by a change in the mix of taxable and non-taxable entities in various taxing jurisdictions.
Equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, net of tax increased by $2.3 million to income of $2.5 million for 2015 from income of $0.2 million for 2014. We recognized a net gain on the sale of HSM for $2.0 million in 2015. Other equity-method investments resulted in a change of $0.3 million for 2015 compared to 2014.
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests increased by $4.6 million to net income of $0.4 million for 2015 from a net loss of $4.2 million for 2014. The increase in net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests primarily related to changes from net loss to net income at Obeikan and HIEU combined with increased net income at St. Augustine and less net loss at NHU, which closed in August 2015. These increases were offset by a higher net loss at Monash and less net income at INTI.
Comparison of Consolidated Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2014 to the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Revenues increased by $500.8 million to $4,414.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $3,913.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. This revenue growth was driven by overall increased average total enrollment at a majority of our institutions, which increased revenues by $315.3 million; the incremental impact of acquisitions, which increased revenues by $275.9 million; the effect of changes in product mix, pricing and timing, which increased revenues by $132.9 million; and a 2013 settlement in the form of tuition discounts, which decreased revenues by $10.1 million in 2013 in our LatAm segment. Partially offsetting this revenue growth was the effect of a net change in foreign currency exchange rates, which decreased revenues by $224.8 million. Other Corporate changes accounted for a decrease in revenues of $8.6 million.
Direct costs and general and administrative expenses combined increased by $429.8 million to $3,989.4 million for 2014 from $3,559.6 million for 2013. The direct cost increase was due to the incremental impact of acquisitions increasing costs by $242.5 million and overall higher enrollments and expanded operations increasing costs by $403.7 million. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an operating expense of $18.0 million for a donation to a foundation for an initiative supported by the Turkish government in our Europe segment. In 2014, employee termination costs related to a reduction in force increased direct costs by $18.0 million. In connection with a teach out at NHU, an institution in our GPS segment that closed in August 2015, we recorded costs of $6.6 million in 2014 to ensure an orderly and successful transition for our students. Additionally, in 2014, HIEU, an institution in our AMEA segment, recorded a $4.4 million loss on disposal of property to write off the carrying value of several parcels of land for which it no longer has land use rights. In 2014, we determined it was probable that THINK, an institution in our AMEA segment, would meet performance targets that were part of a share purchase agreement and accrued for a contingent earn-out of $3.8 million. In our
124
Europe segment, we exited a leased facility at one institution and as a result, received an early termination settlement of $4.8 million, decreasing expense in 2013, and we recorded a $2.5 million gain on the termination of a sale leaseback arrangement in 2013. Acquisition contingent liabilities for taxes other than income tax, net of changes in recorded indemnification assets decreased direct costs by $4.6 million in 2014 and $7.2 million in 2013, increasing expenses by $2.6 million in 2014 compared to 2013.
Offsetting these direct cost increases was a net change in foreign currency exchange rates, which decreased costs by $193.3 million for 2014 compared to 2013. In 2013, we recorded the initial establishment of a profit-sharing plan related to the fiscal reform in Mexico, increasing expense by $8.4 million in our LatAm segment. During 2014, we recorded a decrease in direct costs of $22.8 million for this profit-sharing plan. Additionally, during 2014, we recorded a benefit in our LatAm segment of $11.3 million related to the settlement of a pre-acquisition loss contingency after receiving a favorable court ruling. In 2014, we reached an arbitration settlement related to indemnification claims with the former owners of a university in Brazil in our LatAm segment and recorded a gain of $6.7 million. In 2014, an entity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in our AMEA segment recorded a benefit of $2.8 million, primarily related to cash payments received for fully reserved receivables. The planned March 2013 opening of a new campus building for UNAB in Chile was delayed and additional expenses of $6.2 million were incurred in our LatAm segment in 2013 to rent temporary facilities and operate them as classrooms. In 2013, we revised an estimate for a Brazil tax matter, resulting in additional expense of $3.8 million in our LatAm segment. Additionally, during 2013, we recorded $11.8 million for a social security tax matter for the years 2009 through 2012 in our Europe segment. In 2014, we reversed $2.1 million of this social security tax liability due to statute of limitations expirations. In 2014, corporate expenses were reduced by $4.8 million related to proceeds received from the settlement of earthquake-related insurance claims and $1.9 million for debt modification costs incurred in 2013. Other changes in Corporate expenses accounted for a decrease in costs of $1.2 million in 2014 compared to 2013.
Operating income decreased by $21.2 million to $299.5 million for 2014 from $320.7 million for 2013. The decrease in operating income was primarily the result of a loss on impairment of $125.8 million for 2014 compared to a loss on impairment of $33.6 million for 2013. The decrease in operating income was also affected by the changes in the recorded values of certain tax contingent liabilities and indemnification assets from 2013 to 2014, which increased expenses by $2.6 million. The decrease in operating income was partially offset by increased operating income primarily due to increased revenues greater than increased direct costs in our LatAm and GPS segments.
As of December 31, 2014, our balance sheet included liabilities of $121.9 million in other long-term liabilities for taxes other than income tax, principally payroll tax-related uncertainties due to acquisitions of companies primarily in Latin America. As of December 31, 2013, we recorded $53.7 million for this liability. The changes in this liability from 2013 to 2014 were related to acquisitions, interest and penalty accruals, changes in tax laws, expirations of statutes of limitations, settlements and changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The terms of the statutes of limitations on these contingencies vary but can be up to ten years. In most cases, we have received indemnification from the former owners and/or noncontrolling interest holders of the acquired businesses for these contingencies and therefore, we do not believe we will sustain an economic loss even if we are required to pay these additional amounts. If these contingencies expire unchallenged, the reversal of the related liabilities would increase operating income and reduce interest expense. For acquisitions made prior to 2009, an indemnified contingency would result in a reduction of recorded goodwill to the extent of recoveries made under the indemnification agreement. For acquisitions completed from and after January 1, 2009, indemnification assets are recorded as of the acquisition date on the same measurement basis as the indemnified contingency. To the extent these contingencies expire unchallenged, the reversal of the related liabilities would increase operating income and reduce interest expense and the corresponding indemnification asset reversal would reduce operating income.
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Interest expense, net of interest income increased by $35.5 million to $363.9 million for 2014 from $328.4 million for 2013. The increase in interest expense was primarily attributable to higher debt balances.
Other non-operating (expense) income increased by $146.9 million to expense of $137.2 million for 2014 from income of $9.7 million for 2013. This increase was primarily attributable to a larger loss on foreign currency exchange in 2014 compared to 2013 for an increase in expense of $106.9 million combined with a loss on derivative instruments in 2014 compared to a gain in 2013 for an increase in expense of $9.7 million and an increase in the loss on debt extinguishment of $21.6 million in 2014 compared to 2013. Other items of $8.7 million accounted for an additional increase in other non-operating expense for 2014 as compared to 2013; 2013 included a gain related to the acquisition of the remaining 80% interest of THINK of $5.9 million and a gain on the sale of non-operating assets of $3.9 million.
Income tax benefit (expense). We have operations in multiple countries, many of which have statutory tax rates lower than the United States. Our tax provision decreased by $130.3 million to a benefit of $39.1 million for 2014, from expense of $91.2 million for 2013. The main reasons for this decrease in expense were the release of valuation allowances on deferred tax assets and the impact of the fiscal reform in Mexico.
Equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, net of tax increased by $1.1 million to income of $0.2 million for 2014 from a loss of $0.9 million for 2013. In 2013, we wrote down our investment in HSM by $3.1 million and recorded $0.9 million in equity in net income of affiliate for THINK. We acquired the remaining ownership interest in THINK in December 2013. Other equity-method investments resulted in changes of $1.1 million for 2014 compared to 2013.
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax decreased by $0.8 million for 2014 compared to 2013. UNIDEP was classified as a discontinued operation in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The decrease in income from discontinued operations was related to the sale of UNIDEP in January 2013.
Gain on sales of discontinued operations, net of tax decreased by $4.4 million for 2014 compared to 2013. During 2013, we recognized a gain on the sale of UNIDEP of $4.4 million.
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests decreased by $11.2 million to $4.2 million for 2014, from $15.4 million for 2013. The decrease in net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests primarily related to our noncontrolling interest in UAM Brazil. In 2013, we recognized $6.6 million of net loss attributable to UAM Brazil. We acquired the remaining interest of UAM Brazil in April 2013. We acquired 80% of St. Augustine in November 2013 and in 2014, we recognized $1.0 million of net income attributable to St. Augustine. Additionally, we recognized $1.5 million net loss attributable to Obeikan in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for 2014 compared to $2.5 million net loss attributable to Obeikan for 2013. Other noncontrolling interests resulted in changes of $2.6 million for 2014 compared to 2013.
Non-GAAP Financial Measure
We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss), before gain on sales of discontinued operations, net of tax (for 2013), and income from discontinued operations, net of tax (for 2013), equity in net (income) loss of affiliates, net of tax, income tax expense (benefit), gain on sale of subsidiaries, net, foreign currency exchange loss (income), net, other (income) expense, net, loss (gain) on derivatives, loss on debt extinguishment, interest expense and interest income, plus depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, loss on impairment of assets and expenses related to implementation of our EiP initiative. When we review Adjusted EBITDA on a segment basis, we exclude inter-segment revenues and expenses that eliminate in consolidation. Adjusted EBITDA is used in addition to and in conjunction with results presented in accordance with GAAP and should not be relied upon to the exclusion of GAAP financial measures.
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We have included Adjusted EBITDA in this prospectus because it is a key measure used by our management and board of directors to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends, to prepare and approve our annual budget and to develop short- and long-term operational plans. In particular, the exclusion of certain expenses in calculating Adjusted EBITDA can provide a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our core business. Additionally, Adjusted EBITDA is a key input into the formula used by the compensation committee of our board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer in connection with the payment of incentive compensation to our executive officers and other members of our management team. Accordingly, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors.
Comparison of Adjusted EBITDA for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015
The following table presents Adjusted EBITDA and reconciles net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015:
(in millions)
|
2016 | 2015 |
% Change
Better/(Worse) 2016 v 2015 |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Net income (loss) |
$ | 327.7 | $ | (299.7 | ) | nm | ||||
Plus: |
||||||||||
Equity in net income of affiliates, net of tax |
| (2.1 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||
Income tax expense |
35.2 | 81.6 | 57 | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net income of affiliates |
362.9 | (220.2 | ) | nm | ||||||
Plus: |
||||||||||
Gain on sale of subsidiaries, net |
(398.4 | ) | | nm | ||||||
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss, net |
(80.3 | ) | 139.4 | 158 | % | |||||
Other expense (income), net |
1.0 | (1.3 | ) | (177 | )% | |||||
Loss on derivatives |
8.2 | 2.6 | nm | |||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
17.4 | 1.3 | nm | |||||||
Interest expense |
314.4 | 300.1 | (5 | )% | ||||||
Interest income |
(13.3 | ) | (9.9 | ) | 34 | % | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income |
211.9 | 212.0 | nm | |||||||
Plus: |
||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
202.7 | 209.4 | 3 | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
EBITDA |
414.6 | 421.4 | (2 | )% | ||||||
Plus: |
||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense(a) |
28.9 | 27.2 | (6 | )% | ||||||
EiP implementation expenses(b) |
37.2 | 27.2 | (37 | )% | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 480.7 | $ | 475.8 | 1 | % | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
nmpercentage changes not meaningful
127
Comparison of Depreciation and Amortization, Stock-based Compensation and EiP Implementation Expenses for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015
Depreciation and amortization decreased by $6.7 million to $202.7 million for the 2016 fiscal period from $209.4 million for the 2015 fiscal period. The incremental impact of dispositions decreased depreciation and amortization expense by $3.8 million. The effects of foreign currency exchange decreased depreciation and amortization expense by $13.4 million for the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period. Other items accounted for a decrease in amortization expense of $5.8 million, primarily related to intangibles that were fully amortized in 2015. The incremental impact from acquisitions resulted in a $0.2 million increase in depreciation expense and amortization expense for the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period. Other items accounted for an increase in depreciation expense of $16.1 million, primarily related to capital expenditures.
Stock-based compensation expense increased by $1.7 million to $28.9 million for the 2016 fiscal period from $27.2 million for the 2015 fiscal period. This increase was primarily due to an increase in stock option expense related to an equity award modification in the 2016 fiscal period; this was partially offset by a decrease in expense recorded for the deferred compensation arrangement as $87.1 million was paid in December 2015 with $37.1 million in cash and $50.0 million in notes.
EiP implementation expenses increased by $10.0 million to $37.2 million for the 2016 fiscal period from $27.2 million for the 2015 fiscal period. These increased expenses represent increased spending related to an enterprise-wide initiative to optimize and standardize our processes, creating vertical integration of procurement, information technology, finance, accounting and human resources. It includes the establishment of regional SSOs around the world, as well as improvements to our system of internal controls over financial reporting.
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Comparison of Adjusted EBITDA for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013
The following table presents Adjusted EBITDA and reconciles net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013:
|
|
|
|
% Change Better/(Worse) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 vs. 2014 | 2014 vs. 2013 | |||||||||||
Net loss |
$ | (315.8 | ) | $ | (162.5 | ) | $ | (85.1 | ) | (94 | )% | (91 | )% | |||
Plus: |
||||||||||||||||
Gain on sales of discontinued operations, net of tax |
| | (4.4 | ) | nm | (100 | )% | |||||||||
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax |
| | (0.8 | ) | nm | (100 | )% | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Loss from continuing operations |
(315.8 | ) | (162.5 | ) | (90.2 | ) | (94 | )% | (80 | )% | ||||||
Equity in net (income) loss of affiliates, net of tax |
(2.5 | ) | (0.2 | ) | 0.9 | nm | 122 | % | ||||||||
Income tax expense (benefit) |
117.7 | (39.1 | ) | 91.2 | nm | 143 | % | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net (income) loss of affiliates |
(200.6 | ) | (201.7 | ) | 1.9 | 1 | % | nm | ||||||||
Plus: |
||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency exchange loss, net |
149.2 | 110.0 | 3.1 | (36 | )% | nm | ||||||||||
Other (income) expense, net |
(0.2 | ) | 1.2 | (7.5 | ) | 117 | % | (116 | )% | |||||||
Loss (gain) on derivatives |
2.6 | 3.1 | (6.6 | ) | 16 | % | (147 | )% | ||||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
1.3 | 23.0 | 1.4 | 94 | % | nm | ||||||||||
Interest expense |
398.0 | 385.8 | 350.2 | (3 | )% | (10 | )% | |||||||||
Interest income |
(13.3 | ) | (21.8 | ) | (21.8 | ) | (39 | )% | | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income |
337.0 | 299.5 | 320.7 | 13 | % | (7 | )% | |||||||||
Plus: |
||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
282.9 | 288.3 | 242.7 | 2 | % | (19 | )% | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
EBITDA |
619.9 | 587.8 | 563.4 | 5 | % | 4 | % | |||||||||
Plus: |
||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation expense(a) |
39.0 | 49.2 | 49.5 | 21 | % | 1 | % | |||||||||
Loss on impairment of assets(b) |
| 125.8 | 33.6 | nm | nm | |||||||||||
EiP implementation expenses(c) |
44.5 | 10.7 | | nm | nm | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 703.4 | $ | 773.5 | $ | 646.5 | (9 | )% | 20 | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
nmpercentage changes not meaningful
Comparison of Depreciation and Amortization, Stock-based Compensation and EiP Implementation Expenses for the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
Depreciation and amortization decreased by $5.4 million to $282.9 million for 2015 from $288.3 million for 2014. The effects of foreign currency exchange decreased depreciation and amortization expense by $40.7 million for 2015 compared to 2014. The incremental impact from acquisitions resulted in a $5.5 million increase in depreciation expense and amortization expense for 2015 compared to 2014. New capital expenditures primarily accounted for an increase in depreciation
129
expense of $25.5 million. Other items accounted for the remaining change in amortization expense of $4.3 million.
Stock-based compensation expense decreased by $10.2 million to $39.0 million for 2015 from $49.2 million for 2014. This decrease was primarily due to the following: (1) a decrease in restricted stock awards expense in 2015 as compared to 2014 due to accelerated expense recognition under graded vesting, primarily related to a large tranche of performance-based restricted stock awards that vested on December 31, 2014; (2) a decrease in expense recorded for the deferred compensation arrangement as $81.0 million was paid in September 2014; and (3) a decrease in stock option expense resulting from a modification charge recorded for a 30% special vesting tranche in 2014.
EiP implementation expenses increased by $33.8 million to $44.5 million for 2015 from $10.7 million for 2014. These increased expenses represent increased spending related to an enterprise-wide initiative to optimize and standardize our processes, creating vertical integration of procurement, information technology, financing, accounting and human resources. It includes the establishment of regional SSOs around the world, as well as improvements to our system of internal controls over financial reporting.
Comparison of Depreciation and Amortization and Stock-based Compensation Expense for the Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013
Depreciation and amortization increased by $45.6 million to $288.3 million for 2014 from $242.7 million for 2013. The incremental impact from acquisitions resulted in a $14.7 million increase in depreciation expense for 2014 compared to 2013. Other items accounted for an increase in depreciation expense of $34.8 million, primarily related to new capital expenditures. The incremental impact from acquisitions resulted in a $10.9 million increase in amortization expense for 2014 compared to 2013. The effects of foreign currency exchange decreased depreciation and amortization expense by $14.3 million for 2014 compared to 2013. Other items accounted for the remaining decrease in amortization expense of $0.5 million.
Stock-based compensation expense decreased by $0.3 million to $49.2 million for 2014 from $49.5 million for 2013. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in stock options expense of $9.7 million due to: $4.0 million recorded for an equity restructuring modification in the fourth quarter of 2013; $4.9 million recorded for a special 30% performance option tranche becoming probable to vest during 2013; and $0.8 million recorded for options modified in 2013 as a result of 2007 Plan performance target modification. Other items accounted for a decrease in expense of $0.8 million for 2014 compared to 2013. This decrease was offset by an increase in expense related to restricted stock unit awards of $10.2 million for 2014 compared to 2013 due to an equity grant in October 2013.
Segment Results
We have four operating segments, LatAm, Europe, AMEA and GPS. On May 2, 2016, we announced a change to our operating segments in order to align our structure more geographically. Our institution in Italy, NABA, including Domus Academy, moved from our GPS segment into our Europe segment. MDS, located in New Zealand, moved from our GPS segment into our AMEA segment. Our GPS segment now focuses on Laureate's fully online global operations and on its campus-based institutions in the United States. Our segment information for all periods presented has been revised to reflect this change. We determine our operating segments based on information utilized by our chief operating decision maker to allocate resources and assess performance.
On January 10, 2017, we announced that we plan to combine our Europe and AMEA operations, effective March 31, 2017, in order to reflect our belief that we will be able to operate the institutions in those operations more successfully and efficiently under common management. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this combination on its operating segments. All information in this prospectus is presented consistently with our operating segments as in effect on September 30, 2016, and on the date of this prospectus, and does not reflect any possible segment realignment.
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For purposes of the following comparison of results discussion, " segment direct costs " represent direct costs by segment as they are included in Adjusted EBITDA, such that depreciation and amortization expense, impairment charges on long-lived assets, stock-based compensation expense and our EiP implementation expenses have been excluded. In the segment tables presented below, total segment direct costs are segregated into instructional and services and marketing and promotional expenses. For a further description of our segments, see "Overview."
Summary Comparison of Segment Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and 2015
The following table, derived from our consolidated financial statements, presents selected financial information of our segments for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015:
(in millions)
|
2016 | 2015 |
% Change
Better/(Worse) 2016 vs. 2015 |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Revenues: |
||||||||||
LatAm |
$ | 1,738.3 | $ | 1,775.3 | (2 | )% | ||||
Europe |
331.8 | 321.1 | 3 | % | ||||||
AMEA |
309.9 | 312.9 | (1 | )% | ||||||
GPS |
697.9 | 737.9 | (5 | )% | ||||||
Corporate |
(9.5 | ) | (6.1 | ) | (56 | )% | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Consolidated Total Revenues |
$ | 3,068.3 | $ | 3,141.2 | (2 | )% | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA: |
||||||||||
LatAm |
$ | 329.4 | $ | 323.1 | 2 | % | ||||
Europe |
25.7 | 23.6 | 9 | % | ||||||
AMEA |
36.3 | 37.8 | (4 | )% | ||||||
GPS |
189.5 | 175.2 | 8 | % | ||||||
Corporate |
(100.3 | ) | (83.9 | ) | (20 | )% | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Consolidated Total Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 480.7 | $ | 475.8 | 1 | % | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
LatAm
Operating results for our LatAm segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
(in millions)
|
2016 | 2015 |
% Change
Better/(Worse) 2016 vs. 2015 |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Segment revenues |
$ | 1,738.3 | $ | 1,775.3 | (2 | )% | ||||
Segment direct costs: |
||||||||||
Instructional and services |
1,330.1 | 1,368.3 | 3 | % | ||||||
Marketing and promotional |
78.8 | 83.9 | 6 | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 329.4 | $ | 323.1 | 2 | % | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Comparison of LatAm Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
LatAm segment revenues for the 2016 fiscal period decreased by $37.0 million to $1,738.3 million, compared to the 2015 fiscal period. Our LatAm segment operates in several countries and is subject to the effects of foreign currency exchange rates in each of those countries. For the 2016 fiscal period, the
131
effects of currency translations decreased revenues by $156.5 million, primarily due to the weakening of the Mexican Peso, Brazilian Real, Chilean Peso and Peruvian Nuevo Sol relative to the USD. On average, organic enrollment excluding acquisitions increased during the 2016 fiscal period by 3% for this segment, increasing revenues by $50.1 million compared to the 2015 fiscal period. Each institution in the segment offers tuition at various prices based upon degree program. The effects of product mix, pricing and timing resulted in a $69.4 million increase in revenues compared to the 2015 fiscal period; this increase was net of a negative impact to revenues of approximately $18.0 million that occurred as a result of class disruptions at two of our institutions in Chile during a nationwide student protest that lasted several weeks. The protest began in the second quarter of 2016 and ended in July 2016. The disrupted classes are anticipated to be fully complete before the end of the year. LatAm revenues represented 56% of our total revenues for the 2016 fiscal period compared to 57% for the 2015 fiscal period.
LatAm segment direct costs decreased by $43.3 million to $1,408.9 million, or 81% of LatAm revenues for the 2016 fiscal period, compared to $1,452.2 million, or 82% of LatAm revenues for the 2015 fiscal period. The effects of currency translations decreased expenses by $153.6 million, primarily due to the weakening of the Mexican Peso, Brazilian Real, Chilean Peso and Peruvian Nuevo Sol relative to the USD. Offsetting these direct costs decreases, higher enrollments and expanded operations at our LatAm institutions increased direct costs by $103.7 million in the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period due to increased labor costs to service the enrollment growth, increased compliance costs to address regulatory changes and increased direct costs associated with the growth in the LatAm segment during 2016. Acquisition-contingent liabilities for taxes other than income tax, net of changes in recorded indemnification assets, increased expenses by $6.6 million for the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period.
LatAm segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $6.3 million to $329.4 million in the 2016 fiscal period from $323.1 million in the 2015 fiscal period, as described above.
Europe
Operating results for our Europe segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
(in millions)
|
2016 | 2015 |
% Change
Better/(Worse) 2016 vs. 2015 |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Segment revenues |
$ | 331.8 | $ | 321.1 | 3 | % | ||||
Segment direct costs: |
||||||||||
Instructional and services |
279.1 | 271.5 | (3 | )% | ||||||
Marketing and promotional |
27.0 | 26.0 | (4 | )% | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 25.7 | $ | 23.6 | 9 | % | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Comparison of Europe Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
Europe segment revenues for the 2016 fiscal period increased by $10.7 million to $331.8 million, compared to the 2015 fiscal period. The incremental impact of acquisitions resulted in a $3.4 million increase in revenues in the 2016 fiscal period. On average, organic enrollment excluding acquisitions increased during the 2016 fiscal period by 12% for this segment, increasing revenues by $27.7 million compared to the 2015 fiscal period. The incremental impact of dispositions decreased revenues by $11.3 million in the 2016 fiscal period. For the 2016 fiscal period, the effects of product mix, pricing and timing resulted in a $1.9 million decrease in revenues compared to the 2015 fiscal period. The segment operates in several countries and is subject to the effects of foreign currency exchange rates in
132
each of those countries. For the 2016 fiscal period, the effects of currency translations decreased revenues by $7.2 million due to the weakening of the Turkish Lira relative to the USD. Europe revenues represented 11% of our total revenues for the 2016 fiscal period compared to 10% for the 2015 fiscal period.
Europe segment direct costs increased by $8.6 million to $306.1 million, or 92% of Europe revenues for the 2016 fiscal period, compared to $297.5 million, or 93% of Europe revenues for the 2015 fiscal period. The incremental impact of acquisitions increased segment direct costs by $2.0 million in the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period. Higher enrollments and expanded operations at our institutions in the Europe segment increased direct costs by $25.3 million in the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period, driven primarily by increased labor costs and student support activities to service the enrollment growth experienced during the 2016 fiscal period. In the 2016 fiscal period, the incremental impact of dispositions decreased direct costs by $12.7 million. The effects of currency translations decreased expenses by $5.8 million due to the weakening of the Turkish Lira relative to the USD. Acquisition-contingent liabilities for taxes other than income tax, net of changes in recorded indemnification assets, decreased expenses by $0.2 million for the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period.
Europe segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $2.1 million to $25.7 million in the 2016 fiscal period, from $23.6 million in the 2015 fiscal period, as described above.
AMEA
Operating results for our AMEA segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
(in millions)
|
2016 | 2015 |
% Change
Better/(Worse) 2016 vs. 2015 |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Segment revenues |
$ | 309.9 | $ | 312.9 | (1 | )% | ||||
Segment direct costs: |
||||||||||
Instructional and services |
244.9 | 250.2 | 2 | % | ||||||
Marketing and promotional |
28.7 | 24.9 | (15 | )% | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 36.3 | $ | 37.8 | (4 | )% | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Comparison of AMEA Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
AMEA segment revenues for the 2016 fiscal period decreased by $3.0 million to $309.9 million, compared to the 2015 fiscal period. The segment operates in several countries and is subject to the effects of foreign currency exchange rates in each of those countries. For the 2016 fiscal period, the effects of currency translations decreased revenues by $14.7 million, primarily due to the weakening of the Malaysian Ringgit, South African Rand, Indian Rupee, Chinese Renminbi and Australian Dollar relative to the USD. On average, organic enrollment excluding acquisitions increased during the 2016 fiscal period by 5% for this segment, increasing revenues by $2.8 million compared to the 2015 fiscal period. For the 2016 fiscal period, the effects of product mix, pricing and timing resulted in an $8.9 million increase in revenues compared to the 2015 fiscal period. AMEA revenues represented 10% of our total revenues for the 2016 and 2015 fiscal periods.
AMEA segment direct costs decreased by $1.5 million to $273.6 million, or 88% of AMEA revenues for the 2016 fiscal period, compared to $275.1 million, or 88% of AMEA revenues for the 2015 fiscal period. For the 2016 fiscal period, the effects of currency translations decreased expenses by $13.2 million, primarily due to the weakening of the Malaysian Ringgit, South African Rand, Indian
133
Rupee, Chinese Renminbi and Australian Dollar relative to the USD. Increased costs to support the growth in our operations increased costs by $11.7 million in the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period.
AMEA segment Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $1.5 million to $36.3 million in the 2016 fiscal period, from $37.8 million in the 2015 fiscal period, as described above.
GPS
Operating results for our GPS segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
(in millions)
|
2016 | 2015 |
% Change
Better/(Worse) 2016 vs. 2015 |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Segment revenues |
$ | 697.9 | $ | 737.9 | (5 | )% | ||||
Segment direct costs: |
||||||||||
Instructional and services |
404.2 | 470.9 | 14 | % | ||||||
Marketing and promotional |
104.2 | 91.8 | (14 | )% | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 189.5 | $ | 175.2 | 8 | % | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Comparison of GPS Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
GPS segment revenues for the 2016 fiscal period decreased by $40.0 million to $697.9 million, compared to the 2015 fiscal period. The incremental impact of dispositions decreased revenues by $46.0 million in the 2016 fiscal period. The effects of currency translations decreased revenues by $2.6 million in the 2016 fiscal period, compared to the 2015 fiscal period, primarily due to the weakening of the Swiss Franc relative to the USD. On average, organic enrollment excluding acquisitions increased during the 2016 fiscal period by 2%, increasing revenues by $6.9 million compared to the 2015 fiscal period. For the 2016 fiscal period, the effects of product mix, pricing and timing resulted in a $1.7 million increase in revenues compared to the 2015 fiscal period. GPS segment revenues represented 23% of our total revenues for the 2016 and 2015 fiscal periods.
GPS segment direct costs decreased by $54.3 million to $508.4 million, or 73% of total GPS segment revenues for the 2016 fiscal period, compared to $562.7 million, or 76% of total GPS segment revenues for the 2015 fiscal period. In the 2016 fiscal period, the incremental impact of dispositions decreased direct costs by $46.0 million. The effects of currency translations decreased segment direct costs by $2.4 million in the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period, due to the weakening of the Swiss Franc relative to the USD. GPS direct costs decreased by $7.0 million for the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period, primarily a result of cost reductions at the shared service center. Higher enrollments and expanded operations, partially offset by decreased expenses from the closure of NHU in August 2015, increased expenses by $1.1 million during the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period.
GPS segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $14.3 million to $189.5 million for the 2016 fiscal period, from $175.2 million for the 2015 fiscal period, as described above.
Corporate
Corporate revenues represent amounts from contractual arrangements with UDLA Ecuador, our consolidated joint venture with the University of Liverpool and Corporate billings for centralized IT costs billed to various segments, offset by the elimination of inter-segment revenues.
134
Operating results for Corporate for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
(in millions)
|
2016 | 2015 |
% Change
Better/(Worse) 2016 vs. 2015 |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Revenues |
$ | (9.5 | ) | $ | (6.1 | ) | (56 | )% | ||
Expenses |
90.8 | 77.8 | (17 | )% | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | (100.3 | ) | $ | (83.9 | ) | (20 | )% | ||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Comparison of Corporate Results for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
Corporate Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $16.4 million to $(100.3) million for the 2016 fiscal period, compared to $(83.9) million for the 2015 fiscal period. This decrease in Adjusted EBITDA primarily resulted from increases in consulting and labor costs of $17.8 million, partially offset by other items of $1.4 million.
Summary Comparison of Segment Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013
The following table, derived from our consolidated financial statements, presents selected financial information of our segments for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013:
|
|
|
|
% Change Better/(Worse) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 vs. 2014 | 2014 vs. 2013 | |||||||||||
Revenues: |
||||||||||||||||
LatAm |
$ | 2,415.6 | $ | 2,532.5 | $ | 2,340.9 | (5 | )% | 8 | % | ||||||
Europe |
486.2 | 533.9 | 501.4 | (9 | )% | 6 | % | |||||||||
AMEA |
422.1 | 405.6 | 202.3 | 4 | % | 100 | % | |||||||||
GPS |
979.9 | 954.5 | 872.4 | 3 | % | 9 | % | |||||||||
Corporate |
(12.3 | ) | (11.7 | ) | (3.1 | ) | (5 | )% | nm | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Consolidated Total Revenues |
$ | 4,291.7 | $ | 4,414.7 | $ | 3,913.9 | (3 | )% | 13 | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA: |
||||||||||||||||
LatAm |
$ | 463.7 | $ | 542.0 | $ | 466.7 | (14 | )% | 16 | % | ||||||
Europe |
78.4 | 72.8 | 72.7 | 8 | % | | % | |||||||||
AMEA |
49.9 | 30.1 | (4.8 | ) | 66 | % | nm | |||||||||
GPS |
226.8 | 223.0 | 205.6 | 2 | % | 8 | % | |||||||||
Corporate |
(115.4 | ) | (94.4 | ) | (93.7 | ) | (22 | )% | (1 | )% | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Consolidated Total Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 703.4 | $ | 773.5 | $ | 646.5 | (9 | )% | 20 | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
nmpercentage changes not meaningful
135
LatAm
Operating results for our LatAm segment for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
% Change Better/(Worse) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 vs. 2014 | 2014 vs. 2013 | |||||||||||
Segment revenues |
$ | 2,415.6 | $ | 2,532.5 | $ | 2,340.9 | (5 | )% | 8 | % | ||||||
Segment direct costs: |
||||||||||||||||
Instructional and services |
1,837.9 | 1,868.5 | 1,755.6 | 2 | % | (6 | )% | |||||||||
Marketing and promotional |
114.0 | 122.0 | 118.6 | 7 | % | (3 | )% | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 463.7 | $ | 542.0 | $ | 466.7 | (14 | )% | 16 | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comparison of LatAm Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2015 to the Year Ended December 31, 2014
LatAm segment revenues for 2015 decreased by $116.9 million to $2,415.6 million, compared to 2014. Our LatAm segment operates in several countries and is subject to the effects of foreign currency exchange rates in each of those countries. For 2015, the effects of currency translations decreased revenues by $512.1 million, primarily due to the weakening of the Brazilian Real, Mexican Peso, Chilean Peso, Peruvian Nuevo Sol and Honduran Lempira relative to the USD. The incremental impact of acquisitions resulted in a $106.1 million increase in revenues in 2015. On average, organic enrollment excluding acquisitions increased during 2015 by 7% for this segment, increasing revenues by $169.0 million compared to 2014. Each institution in the segment offers tuition at various prices based upon degree program. For 2015, the effects of product mix, pricing and timing resulted in a $120.1 million increase in revenues compared to 2014. LatAm revenues represented 56% of our total revenues for 2015 compared to 57% for 2014.
LatAm segment direct costs decreased by $38.6 million to $1,951.9 million, or 81% of LatAm revenues for 2015, compared to $1,990.5 million, or 79% of LatAm revenues for 2014. The effects of currency translations decreased expenses by $394.9 million, primarily due to the weakening of the Brazilian Real, Mexican Peso, Chilean Peso, Peruvian Nuevo Sol and Honduran Lempira relative to the USD. Employee termination costs were $5.4 million in 2015 and $11.5 million in 2014, which resulted in a decrease year-over-year of $6.1 million.
Offsetting these direct costs decreases, the incremental impact of acquisitions increased segment direct costs by $97.1 million in 2015 compared to 2014. Higher enrollments and expanded operations at our LatAm institutions increased direct costs by $213.5 million in 2015 compared to 2014 due to increased labor costs to service the enrollment growth, increased compliance costs to address regulatory changes and increased direct costs associated with the growth in the LatAm segment during 2015. Acquisition contingent liabilities for taxes other than income tax, net of changes in recorded indemnification assets, increased expenses by $10.1 million for 2015 compared to 2014. We recorded an increase in direct costs for a profit-sharing plan in Mexico of $0.9 million in 2015 and a decrease in direct costs of $22.8 million in 2014, thereby increasing costs by $23.7 million in 2015 compared to 2014. Additionally during 2014, we recorded a benefit of $11.3 million related to the settlement of a pre-acquisition loss contingency after receiving a favorable court ruling. In 2014, we reached an arbitration settlement related to indemnification claims with the former owners in Brazil and recorded a gain of $6.7 million.
LatAm segment Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $78.3 million to $463.7 million in 2015 from $542.0 million in 2014, as described above.
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Comparison of LatAm Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2014 to the Year Ended December 31, 2013
LatAm segment revenues for 2014 increased by $191.6 million to $2,532.5 million, compared to 2013. The incremental impact of acquisitions resulted in a $77.2 million increase in revenues in 2014. On average, organic enrollment excluding acquisitions increased during 2014 by 10% for this segment, increasing revenues by $201.7 million compared to 2013. Each institution in the segment offers tuition at various prices based upon the degree program. For 2014, the effects of product mix, pricing and timing resulted in a $105.5 million increase in revenues compared to 2013. Additionally, a settlement in the form of tuition discounts decreased revenues in our LatAm segment by $10.1 million in 2013. Our LatAm segment operates in several countries and is subject to the effects of foreign currency exchange rates in each of those countries. For 2014, the effects of currency translations decreased revenues by $202.9 million, primarily due to the weakening of the Chilean Peso, Brazilian Real, Mexican Peso, Peruvian Nuevo Sol and Costa Rican Colón relative to the USD. LatAm revenues represented 57% of our total revenues for 2014 compared to 60% for 2013.
LatAm segment direct costs increased by $116.3 million to $1,990.5 million, or 79% of LatAm revenues for 2014, compared to $1,874.2 million, or 80% of LatAm revenues for 2013. The incremental impact of acquisitions increased segment direct costs by $66.8 million in 2014 compared to 2013. Higher enrollments and expanded operations at our LatAm institutions contributed to $254.1 million of the increased expenses during 2014 compared to 2013 due to: increased labor costs to service the enrollment growth, increased compliance costs to address regulatory changes and increased direct costs associated with the growth in the LatAm segment during 2014. Acquisition contingent liabilities for taxes other than income tax, net of changes in recorded indemnification assets, increased expenses by $3.2 million for 2014 compared to 2013. Employee termination costs related to a reduction in force increased direct costs by $11.5 million for 2014.
Offsetting these direct costs increases, the effects of currency translations decreased expenses by $160.1 million, primarily due to the weakening of the Chilean Peso, Brazilian Real, Mexican Peso, Peruvian Nuevo Sol and Costa Rican Colón relative to the USD. In 2013, we recorded the initial establishment of a profit-sharing plan in Mexico, increasing expense by $8.4 million. During 2014, we recorded a decrease in direct costs of $22.8 million for this profit-sharing plan. Additionally during 2014, we recorded a benefit of $11.3 million related to the settlement of a pre-acquisition loss contingency after receiving a favorable court ruling. In 2014, we reached an arbitration settlement related to indemnification claims with the former owners in Brazil and recorded a gain of $6.7 million. In 2013, we revised an estimate for a Brazil tax matter, resulting in additional expense of $3.8 million. The planned March 2013 opening of a new campus building for UNAB in Chile was delayed and additional expenses of $6.2 million were incurred in 2013 to rent temporary facilities and operate them as classrooms.
LatAm segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $75.3 million to $542.0 million in 2014 from $466.7 million in 2013, as described above.
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Europe
Operating results for our Europe segment for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
% Change Better/(Worse) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 vs. 2014 | 2014 vs. 2013 | |||||||||||
Segment revenues |
$ | 486.2 | $ | 533.9 | $ | 501.4 | (9 | )% | 6 | % | ||||||
Segment direct costs: |
||||||||||||||||
Instructional and services |
374.3 | 426.2 | 392.3 | 12 | % | (9 | )% | |||||||||
Marketing and promotional |
33.5 | 34.9 | 36.4 | 4 | % | 4 | % | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 78.4 | $ | 72.8 | $ | 72.7 | 8 | % | | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comparison of Europe Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2015 to the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Europe segment revenues for 2015 decreased by $47.7 million to $486.2 million, compared to 2014. The segment operates in several countries and is subject to the effects of foreign currency exchange rates in each of those countries. For 2015, the effects of currency translations decreased revenues by $97.0 million due to the weakening of the Euro and Turkish Lira relative to the USD. The incremental impact of acquisitions resulted in an $8.2 million increase in revenues in 2015. On average, organic enrollment excluding acquisitions increased during 2015 by 10% for this segment, increasing revenues by $35.5 million compared to 2014. For 2015, the effects of product mix, pricing and timing resulted in a $5.6 million increase in revenues compared to 2014. Europe revenues represented 11% of our total revenues for 2015 compared to 12% for 2014.
Europe segment direct costs decreased by $53.3 million to $407.8 million, or 84% of Europe revenues for 2015, compared to $461.1 million, or 86% of Europe revenues for 2014. The effects of currency translations decreased expenses by $82.1 million due to the weakening of the Euro and Turkish Lira relative to the USD. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an operating expense of $18.0 million for a donation to a foundation for an initiative supported by the Turkish government. Employee termination costs were $4.1 million in 2015 and $4.7 million in 2014, which resulted in a decrease year-over-year of $0.6 million in 2015 compared to 2014.
Offsetting these direct cost decreases, the incremental impact of acquisitions increased segment direct costs by $6.5 million in 2015 compared to 2014. Higher enrollments and expanded operations at our institutions in the Europe segment increased direct costs by $40.9 million in 2015 compared to 2014, driven primarily by increased labor costs and student support activities to service the enrollment growth experienced during 2015.
Europe segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $5.6 million to $78.4 million in 2015, from $72.8 million in 2014, as described above.
Comparison of Europe Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2014 to the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Europe segment revenues for 2014 increased by $32.5 million to $533.9 million, compared to 2013. The incremental impact of acquisitions resulted in a $9.9 million increase in revenues in 2014. On average, organic enrollment excluding acquisitions increased during 2014 by 9% for this segment, increasing revenues by $32.8 million compared to 2013. For 2014, the effects of product mix, pricing and timing resulted in a $6.9 million increase in revenues compared to 2013. The segment operates in several countries and is subject to the effects of foreign currency exchange rates in each of those countries. For 2014, the effects of currency translations decreased revenues by $17.1 million due to the weakening of the Turkish Lira and the Euro relative to the USD. Europe revenues represented 12% of our total revenues for 2014 compared to 13% for 2013.
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Europe segment direct costs increased by $32.4 million to $461.1 million, or 86% of Europe revenues for 2014, compared to $428.7 million, or 86% of Europe revenues for 2013. The incremental impact of acquisitions increased segment direct costs by $8.8 million in 2014 compared to 2013. Higher enrollments and expanded operations at our institutions in the Europe segment contributed to $21.4 million of the increased expenses during 2014 compared to 2013, driven primarily by increased labor costs and student support activities to service the enrollment growth experienced during 2014. During the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an operating expense of $18.0 million for a donation to a foundation for an initiative supported by the Turkish government. Employee termination costs related to a reduction in force increased direct costs by $4.7 million for 2014. We also exited a leased facility at one institution in Europe and as a result received an early termination settlement of $4.8 million, which decreased direct costs in 2013, and recorded a $2.5 million gain on the termination of a sale leaseback arrangement in 2013.
For 2014, the effects of currency translations decreased expenses by $13.4 million due to the weakening of the Turkish Lira and the Euro relative to the USD. Changes in contingent liabilities for taxes other than income tax, net of changes in recorded indemnification assets, decreased expenses by $0.5 million for 2014 compared to 2013. During 2013, we recorded $11.8 million for a social security tax matter for the years 2009 through 2012, which increased direct costs for 2013. In 2014, we reversed $2.1 million of the social security tax liability due to statute of limitations expirations.
Europe segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $0.1 million to $72.8 million in 2014, from $72.7 million in 2013, as described above.
AMEA
Operating results for our AMEA segment for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
% Change Better/(Worse) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 vs. 2014 | 2014 vs. 2013 | |||||||||||
Segment revenues |
$ | 422.1 | $ | 405.6 | $ | 202.3 | 4 | % | 100 | % | ||||||
Segment direct costs: |
||||||||||||||||
Instructional and services |
337.5 | 343.0 | 191.2 | 2 | % | (79 | )% | |||||||||
Marketing and promotional |
34.7 | 32.5 | 15.9 | (7 | )% | (104 | )% | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 49.9 | $ | 30.1 | $ | (4.8 | ) | 66 | % | nm | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
nmpercentage changes not meaningful
Comparison of AMEA Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2015 to the Year Ended December 31, 2014
AMEA segment revenues for 2015 increased by $16.5 million to $422.1 million, compared to 2014. The incremental impact of acquisitions resulted in a $0.5 million increase in revenues in 2015. On average, organic enrollment excluding acquisitions increased during 2015 by 9% for this segment, increasing revenues by $65.7 million compared to 2014. For 2015, the effects of product mix, pricing and timing resulted in a $4.0 million increase in revenues compared to 2014. The segment operates in several countries and is subject to the effects of foreign currency exchange rates in each of those countries. For 2015, the effects of currency translations decreased revenues by $53.7 million, primarily due to the weakening of the Australian Dollar, Malaysian Ringgit, South African Rand and Indian Rupee relative to the USD. AMEA revenues represented 10% of our total revenues for 2015 compared to 9% for 2014.
139
AMEA segment direct costs decreased by $3.3 million to $372.2 million, or 88% of AMEA revenues for 2015, compared to $375.5 million, or 93% of AMEA revenues for 2014. For 2015, the effects of currency translations decreased expenses by $46.0 million, primarily due to the weakening of the Australian Dollar, Malaysian Ringgit, South African Rand, and Indian Rupee relative to the USD. In 2014, we determined it was probable that THINK would meet performance targets that were part of a share purchase agreement and accrued for a contingent earn-out of $3.8 million. Additionally, during 2014, HIEU recorded a $4.4 million loss on disposal of property to write off the carrying value of several parcels of land for which it no longer has land use rights. The incremental impact of acquisitions increased segment direct costs by $1.3 million in 2015 compared to 2014. Increased costs to support the growth in our operations increased costs by $44.2 million in 2015 compared to 2014. In 2014, an entity in Saudi Arabia received a benefit of $2.8 million, primarily related to cash payments received for fully reserved receivables. Employee termination costs increased direct costs by $2.5 million in 2015. Changes in contingent liabilities for taxes other than income tax, net of changes in recorded indemnification assets, increased expenses by $0.1 million for 2015 compared to 2014.
AMEA segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $19.8 million to $49.9 million in 2015, from $30.1 million in 2014, as described above.
Comparison of AMEA Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2014 to the Year Ended December 31, 2013
AMEA segment revenues for 2014 increased by $203.3 million to $405.6 million, compared to 2013. The incremental impact of acquisitions resulted in a $137.9 million increase in revenues in 2014. On average, organic enrollment excluding acquisitions increased during 2014 by 19% for this segment, increasing revenues by $71.5 million compared to 2013. For 2014, the effects of product mix, pricing and timing resulted in a $0.5 million increase in revenues compared to 2013. The segment operates in several countries and is subject to the effects of foreign currency exchange rates in each of those countries. For 2014, the effects of currency translations decreased revenues by $6.6 million due to the weakening of the Malaysian Ringgit, Australian Dollar, Indian Rupee and Thai Baht relative to the USD. AMEA revenues represented 9% of our total revenues for 2014 compared to 5% for 2013.
AMEA segment direct costs increased by $168.4 million to $375.5 million, or 93% of AMEA revenues for 2014, compared to $207.1 million, or 102% of AMEA revenues for 2013. The incremental impact of acquisitions increased segment direct costs by $115.1 million in 2014 compared to 2013. Increased costs to support the growth in our operations contributed to $55.0 million of the increased expenses during 2014 compared to 2013. In 2014, we determined it was probable that THINK would meet performance targets that were part of a share purchase agreement and accrued for a contingent earn-out of $3.8 million. Additionally, HIEU recorded a $4.4 million loss on disposal of property to write off the carrying value of several parcels of land for which it no longer has land use rights. In 2014, an entity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia received a benefit of $2.8 million, primarily related to cash payments received for fully reserved receivables. For 2014, the effects of currency translations decreased expenses by $7.0 million, primarily due to the weakening of the Malaysian Ringgit, Australian Dollar, Indian Rupee and Thai Baht relative to the USD. Changes in contingent liabilities for taxes other than income tax, net of changes in recorded indemnification assets, decreased expenses by $0.1 million for 2014 compared to 2013.
AMEA segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $34.9 million to $30.1 million in 2014, from $(4.8) million in 2013, as described above.
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GPS
Operating results for our GPS segment for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
% Change Better/(Worse) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 vs. 2014 | 2014 vs. 2013 | |||||||||||
Segment revenues |
$ | 979.9 | $ | 954.5 | $ | 872.4 | 3 | % | 9 | % | ||||||
Segment direct costs: |
||||||||||||||||
Instructional and services |
627.8 | 602.3 | 521.2 | (4 | )% | (16 | )% | |||||||||
Marketing and promotional |
125.3 | 129.2 | 145.6 | 3 | % | 11 | % | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 226.8 | $ | 223.0 | $ | 205.6 | 2 | % | 8 | % | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Comparison of GPS Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2015 to the Year Ended December 31, 2014
GPS segment revenues for 2015 increased by $25.4 million to $979.9 million, compared to 2014. On average, organic enrollment excluding acquisitions increased during 2015 by 3%, increasing revenues by $29.6 million compared to 2014. For 2015, the effects of product mix, pricing and timing resulted in an $21.1 million increase in revenues compared to 2014. For 2015, the effects of currency translations decreased revenues by $26.1 million, primarily due to the weakening of the Euro and Swiss Franc relative to the USD. GPS Shared Service and Eliminations revenue increased by $0.8 million for 2015 compared to 2014 due to increases in inter-segment revenues related to a management service arrangement. GPS segment revenues represented 23% of our total revenues for 2015 compared to 22% for 2014.
GPS segment direct costs increased by $21.6 million to $753.1 million, or 77% of total GPS segment revenues for 2015, compared to $731.5 million, or 77% of total GPS segment revenues for 2014. Higher enrollments and expanded operations contributed to $53.2 million of the increased expenses during 2015 compared to 2014. Direct costs included employee termination costs of $3.2 million in 2015 and $1.8 million in 2014, resulting in a year-over-year direct cost increase of $1.4 million. The effects of currency translations decreased segment direct costs by $24.2 million in 2015, compared to 2014, due to the weakening of the Euro and Swiss Franc relative to the USD. In connection with a teach out at NHU, we recorded costs of $6.6 million for 2014 to ensure an orderly and successful transition for our students. GPS direct costs decreased by $2.2 million for 2015 compared to 2014 related to the operation of the shared service center.
GPS segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $3.8 million to $226.8 million for 2015, from $223.0 million for 2014, as described above.
Comparison of GPS Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2014 to the Year Ended December 31, 2013
GPS segment revenues for 2014 increased by $82.1 million to $954.5 million, compared to 2013. The incremental impact of acquisitions resulted in a $50.9 million increase in revenues for 2014. On average, organic enrollment excluding acquisitions increased during 2014 by 1%, increasing revenues by $9.3 million compared to 2013. For 2014, the effects of product mix, pricing and timing resulted in a $20.8 million increase in revenues compared to 2013. For 2014, the effects of currency translations increased revenues by $1.8 million, primarily due to the strengthening of the Swiss Franc relative to the USD. GPS Shared Service and Eliminations revenue decreased $0.7 million for 2014 compared to 2013 due to decreases in inter-segment revenues related to a management service arrangement. GPS segment revenues represented 22% of our total revenues for 2014 and 2013.
141
GPS segment direct costs increased by $64.7 million to $731.5 million, or 77% of total GPS segment revenues for 2014, compared to $666.8 million, or 76% of total GPS segment revenues for 2013. The incremental impact of acquisitions increased segment direct costs by $26.2 million for 2014 compared to 2013. Higher enrollments and expanded operations contributed to $27.3 million of the increased expenses during 2014 compared to 2013. The effects of currency translations increased segment direct costs by $1.5 million for 2014, compared to 2013, due to the strengthening of the Swiss Franc relative to the USD. In connection with a teach out at NHU, we recorded costs of $6.6 million for 2014 to ensure an orderly and successful transition for our students. Employee termination costs related to a reduction in force increased direct costs by $1.8 million for 2014. GPS direct costs increased by $1.3 million for 2014 compared to 2013 related to the operation of the shared service center.
GPS segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $17.4 million to $223.0 million for 2014, from $205.6 million for 2013, as described above.
Corporate
Corporate revenues represent amounts from contractual arrangements with UDLA Ecuador, our consolidated joint venture with the University of Liverpool and Corporate billings for centralized IT costs billed to various segments, offset by the elimination of inter-segment revenues.
Operating results for Corporate for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
% Change Better/(Worse) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 vs. 2014 | 2014 vs. 2013 | |||||||||||
Revenues |
$ | (12.3 | ) | $ | (11.7 | ) | $ | (3.1 | ) | (5 | )% | nm | ||||
Expenses |
103.1 | 82.7 | 90.6 | (25 | )% | 9 | % | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | (115.4 | ) | $ | (94.4 | ) | $ | (93.7 | ) | (22 | )% | (1 | )% | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
nmpercentage changes not meaningful
Comparison of Corporate Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2015 to the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Corporate Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $21.0 million to $(115.4) million for 2015, compared to $(94.4) million for 2014. This decrease in Adjusted EBITDA results primarily from an increase in labor costs of $14.5 million combined with $4.8 million of proceeds in 2014 for the settlement of earthquake-related insurance claims. Additionally, in 2015, we recognized employee termination costs of $0.3 million. Other items accounted for a change of $1.4 million.
Comparison of Corporate Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2014 to the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Corporate Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $0.7 million to $(94.4) million for 2014, compared to $(93.7) million for 2013. This decrease in Adjusted EBITDA results from an increase in labor costs of $9.5 million. This decrease was partially offset by a $4.8 million gain recorded for the settlement of earthquake-related insurance claims and $1.9 million for debt modification costs incurred for 2013. Other items accounted for a change of $2.1 million.
Quarterly Results of Operations Data
The following table represents data from our unaudited statements of operations for our most recent eleven quarters. You should read the following table in conjunction with our consolidated
142
financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. The results of operations of any quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.
|
Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
September 30,
2016 |
June 30,
2016 |
March 31,
2016 |
December 31,
2015 |
September 30,
2015 |
June 30,
2015 |
March 31,
2015 |
December 31,
2014 |
September 30,
2014 |
June 30,
2014 |
March 31,
2014 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
$ | 929.9 | $ | 1,231.9 | $ | 906.5 | $ | 1,150.5 | $ | 985.4 | $ | 1,270.2 | $ | 885.6 | $ | 1,329.2 | $ | 968.9 | $ | 1,238.5 | $ | 878.1 | ||||||||||||
Operating costs and expenses |
917.4 | 1,021.3 | 917.7 | 1,025.6 | 952.1 | 1,037.5 | 939.5 | 1,208.3 | 1,004.5 | 1,001.0 | 901.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income (loss) |
12.5 | 210.6 | (11.2 | ) | 124.9 | $ | 33.3 | $ | 232.6 | $ | (53.9 | ) | $ | 120.9 | $ | (35.6 | ) | $ | 237.5 | $ | (23.3 | ) | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from continuing operations |
80.9 | 349.2 | (102.4 | ) | (16.1 | ) | $ | (130.4 | ) | $ | 56.9 | $ | (226.2 | ) | $ | 47.6 | $ | (195.7 | ) | $ | 109.0 | $ | (123.4 | ) | ||||||||||
Less: Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests |
5.4 | (1.8 | ) | (0.7 | ) | (0.5 | ) | 1.8 | (1.9 | ) | 0.2 | (0.7 | ) | 2.3 | (0.8 | ) | 3.4 | |||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
$ | 86.3 | $ | 347.4 | $ | (103.2 | ) | $ | (16.7 | ) | $ | (128.6 | ) | $ | 55.1 | $ | (226.0 | ) | $ | 47.0 | $ | (193.4 | ) | $ | 108.2 | $ | (120.0 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The following table presents Adjusted EBITDA and reconciles net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for our most recent eleven quarters.
|
Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
September 30,
2016 |
June 30,
2016 |
March 31,
2016 |
December 31,
2015 |
September 30,
2015 |
June 30,
2015 |
March 31,
2015 |
December 31,
2014 |
September 30,
2014 |
June 30,
2014 |
March 31,
2014 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | 80.9 | $ | 349.2 | $ | (102.4 | ) | $ | (16.1 | ) | $ | (130.4 | ) | $ | 56.9 | $ | (226.2 | ) | $ | 47.6 | $ | (195.7 | ) | $ | 109.0 | $ | (123.4 | ) | ||||||
Plus: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity in net (income) loss of affiliates, net of tax |
| (0.3 | ) | 0.3 | (0.4 | ) | | (0.3 | ) | (1.8 | ) | (0.3 | ) | 0.1 | (0.6 | ) | 0.6 | |||||||||||||||||
Income tax (benefit) expense |
(3.1 | ) | 28.4 | 10.0 | 36.1 | 5.9 | 84.0 | (8.3 | ) | (93.5 | ) | 1.0 | 46.8 | 6.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net (income) loss of affiliates |
77.8 | 377.4 | (92.2 | ) | 19.6 | (124.5 | ) | 140.6 | (236.4 | ) | (46.1 | ) | (194.6 | ) | 155.3 | (116.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Plus: |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gain on sale of subsidiaries, net(a) |
(155.2 | ) | (243.3 | ) | | | | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss, net |
(26.3 | ) | (26.3 | ) | (27.7 | ) | 9.8 | 57.0 | (4.0 | ) | 86.4 | 37.7 | 67.1 | (4.8 | ) | 10.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other (income) expense, net |
(0.4 | ) | 1.3 | | 1.1 | (0.1 | ) | (1.3 | ) | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.2 | (0.5 | ) | 0.4 | |||||||||||||||||||
(Gain) loss on derivatives |
(0.5 | ) | (2.0 | ) | 10.8 | | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.1 | (0.3 | ) | 2.0 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
15.7 | 1.7 | | | 0.3 | | 0.9 | 23.0 | | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest expense |
104.8 | 105.8 | 103.8 | 97.9 | 102.9 | 99.1 | 98.2 | 106.6 | 97.2 | 92.3 | 89.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest income |
(3.4 | ) | (4.1 | ) | (5.8 | ) | (3.4 | ) | (3.8 | ) | (2.7 | ) | (3.5 | ) | (2.5 | ) | (5.2 | ) | (6.8 | ) | (7.3 | ) | ||||||||||||
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Operating income (loss) |
12.5 | 210.6 | (11.2 | ) | 124.9 | 33.3 | 232.6 | (53.9 | ) | 120.9 | (35.6 | ) | 237.5 | (23.3 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Plus: |
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Depreciation and amortization |
66.8 | 69.7 | 66.2 | 73.6 | 70.2 | 69.8 | 69.3 | 77.4 | 73.1 | 71.3 | 66.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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EBITDA |
79.3 | 280.3 | 55.0 | 198.5 | 103.5 | 302.5 | 15.4 | 198.3 | 37.5 | 308.8 | 43.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Plus: |
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Stock-based compensation expense(b) |
8.0 | 13.7 | 7.2 | 11.8 | 8.3 | 8.6 | 10.4 | 12.4 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 10.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Loss on impairment of assets(c) |
| | | | | | | 109.3 | 16.4 | | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
EiP implementation expenses(d) |
11.2 | 14.2 | 11.8 | 17.3 | 6.8 | 11.4 | 9.0 | 8.1 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Adjusted EBITDA |
$ | 98.5 | $ | 308.2 | $ | 74.0 | $ | 227.5 | $ | 118.6 | $ | 322.5 | $ | 34.8 | $ | 328.1 | $ | 68.9 | $ | 322.1 | $ | 54.5 | ||||||||||||
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity Sources
We believe that cash flow from operations and available cash on hand will be sufficient to meet our operating requirements through January 31, 2018.
Our primary source of cash is revenue from tuition charged to students in connection with our various education program offerings. The majority of our students finance the costs of their own education and/or seek third-party financing programs. We anticipate generating sufficient cash flow from operations in the majority of countries where we operate to satisfy the working capital and financing needs of our organic growth plans for each country. If our educational institutions within one country were unable to maintain sufficient liquidity, we would consider using internal cash resources or reasonable short-term working capital facilities to accommodate any short- to medium-term shortfalls.
As of September 30, 2016, our secondary source of cash was cash and cash equivalents of $481.5 million. Our cash accounts are maintained with high-quality financial institutions with no significant concentration in any one institution.
The Company also maintains a revolving credit facility with a syndicate of financial institutions as a third source of liquidity. The revolving credit facility provides for borrowings of $325.0 million if certain financial covenants are maintained, and a maturity date of June 2019, subject to certain acceleration provisions as further discussed below. The Company was in compliance with these covenants at September 30, 2016. The Company continues to maintain a substantial unencumbered asset pool that it believes can be used for additional secured and unsecured borrowings, and for sale and sale-leaseback transactions. Additionally, a significant portion of the Company's capital expenditures in any given year are for growth initiatives and are therefore discretionary.
Since the beginning of 2016, the Company has taken numerous actions to reduce leverage, improve liquidity and increase cash flow. The sale of our Swiss and French operations, as further discussed below, resulted in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $546 million. These proceeds were used to repay approximately $380 million of long-term indebtedness, with the remaining proceeds used to repay a portion of our revolving credit facility, thus increasing our liquidity. In addition, during June and July 2016 the Company entered into amendments to our Senior Secured Credit Facilities which addressed a significant portion of the near-term debt maturities of the Company by extending 84% of the term loan maturities originally scheduled to mature in 2018 to 2021, and all of the revolving credit facility to 2019, both subject to certain acceleration rights as further discussed below. The Company continually evaluates its debt maturities and, based on management's current assessment, believes it has viable financing and refinancing alternatives.
On December 4, 2016, the Company signed the Subscription Agreement pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell to certain investors an aggregate of 400,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock in a private offering for total expected net proceeds of approximately $383 million, as further discussed in Note 19, Subsequent Events, in our interim consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. For more information on our Series A Preferred Stock see "Description of Capital StockPreferred StockSeries A Preferred Stock." Closing of the first tranche of funding for this transaction occurred on December 20, 2016 and we received net proceeds, after issuance costs, of approximately $328 million. One investor will fund a portion of its purchase price equal to $57 million (approximately $55 million net of issuance costs) prior to January 23, 2017.
The proceeds from the Series A Preferred Stock offering have and will be used primarily to, among other things, repay a portion of our outstanding debt, including our revolving credit facility, which will improve our liquidity. See "Description of Capital Stock" and "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions" for a detailed description of the Series A Preferred Stock and the documents related to the Series A Preferred Stock offering, which include the Subscription Agreement,
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the Stockholders Agreement and the Series A Registration Rights Agreement (as defined below) that were executed by the Company at the Closing.
On June 14, 2016, we sold the operations of Glion in Switzerland and the United Kingdom, the operations of Les Roches in Switzerland and the United States, Haute école spécialisée Les Roches-Gruyère SA ("LRG") in Switzerland, Les Roches Jin Jiang in China, Royal Academy of Culinary Arts ("RACA") in Jordan and Les Roches Marbella in Spain. As a result of this sale, we received net proceeds of approximately $332.8 million, net of cash sold of $14.5 million, and after adjustments for liabilities assumed by the buyer and transaction-related costs. In September 2016, we received additional proceeds from the buyer of approximately $5.8 million after finalization of the working capital adjustment required by the purchase agreement. In addition, on the June 14, 2016 closing date, we settled the deal-contingent forward exchange swap agreement for a payment of $10.3 million.
On July 20, 2016, we sold the operations of LIUF which comprised five institutions with a total student population of approximately 7,500:
The value of the transaction was EUR 201.0 million (approximately $228.0 million at the signing date), subject to certain adjustments. At closing on July 20, 2016, we received total net proceeds of approximately $207.0 million, net of cash sold of $3.4 million, and adjustments for liabilities assumed by the buyer and transaction-related costs. In addition, in July we settled the forward exchange swap agreements related to this sale, resulting in total proceeds of $4.6 million.
During 2014 and 2015 the U.S. dollar has strengthened significantly against most of the local currencies in countries where we have significant operations, which has negatively affected our cash flows from operations. Though currency movements can unfavorably impact our cash flows, we have the ability to increase cash flow and liquidity, if needed, through reductions in certain discretionary spending including, but not limited to, growth capital expenditures, investments in our EiP initiative and other discretionary investments.
FIES Payment Plan
The Brazilian government implemented changes to the FIES program in 2015 which included extending the payment period from the government to the participating institutions. Our total FIES receivable balance at December 31, 2015 was approximately $78.3 million, compared to a balance of approximately $24.0 million at December 31, 2014. The increase in total FIES receivables was caused by a delay in the receipt of funds from the Brazilian government. The government has implemented a payment plan for all outstanding 2015 FIES amounts. We received payment for 25 percent of the outstanding 2015 FIES balances in June 2016. We expect to receive payments on the remaining outstanding 2015 FIES balances of 25 percent by June 30, 2017 and 50 percent by June 30, 2018. Each payment will include an adjustment based on the Brazilian inflation index. If the payments are not received by the due dates, it will have a negative impact on our operating cash flows. See also Note 19, Legal and Regulatory Matters in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
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Liquidity Restrictions
Our liquidity is affected by restricted cash and investments balances, which totaled $176.2 million and $160.6 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
Restricted cash and investments also consists of cash equivalents and short-term investments held to collateralize standby letters of credit in favor of the DOE. These letters of credit are required by the DOE in order to allow our U.S. Institutions to participate in the Title IV program and totaled $90.5 million and $86.6 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had $37.3 million and $36.5 million, respectively, posted as a cash-collateralized letter of credit in order to continue the appeals process with the STA who challenged the holding company structure in Spain and issued a final assessment against ICE, our Spanish holding company, of EUR 11.1 million ($12.4 million at September 30, 2016), including interest, for the periods 2006 and 2007. In July 2013, we were notified by the STA that an audit of the Spanish subsidiaries was being initiated for 2008 through 2010. In October 2015, the STA issued a final assessment to ICE for approximately EUR 17.2 million ($19.3 million at September 30, 2016), including interest, for those three years. We have appealed the assessments and, in order to suspend the payment of the tax assessments until the court decision, we issued cash-collateralized letters of credit for the assessment amounts plus interest and surcharges. We believe the assessments in this case are without merit and intend to defend vigorously against them. During the second quarter of 2016, we were notified by the STA that tax audits of the Spanish subsidiaries were also being initiated for 2011 and 2012; no assessments have yet been issued for these years.
Indefinite Reinvestment of Foreign Earnings
We earn a significant portion of our income from subsidiaries located in countries outside the United States. As part of our business strategies, we have determined that all earnings from our foreign operations will be deemed indefinitely reinvested outside the United States. As of December 31, 2015, our undistributed earnings from non-U.S. subsidiaries totaled approximately $1,154.0 million. As of September 30, 2016, $447.8 million of our total $481.5 million of cash and cash equivalents were held by foreign subsidiaries, including $164.9 million held by VIEs. As of December 31, 2015, $342.8 million of our total $458.7 million of cash and cash equivalents were held by foreign subsidiaries, including $120.9 million held by VIEs. The VIEs' cash and cash equivalents balances are generally required to be used only for the benefit of the operations of these VIEs.
Our plans to indefinitely reinvest certain earnings are supported by projected working capital and long-term capital requirements in each foreign subsidiary location in which the earnings are generated. We have analyzed our domestic operation's cash repatriation strategies, projected cash flows, projected working capital and liquidity, and the expected availability within the debt or equity markets to provide funds for our domestic needs. As a result, we rely on payments from contractual arrangements, such as intellectual property royalty, network fee and management services agreements, as well as repayments of intercompany loans to meet any of our existing or future debt service and other obligations, a substantial portion of which are denominated in U.S. dollars. Based on our analysis, we believe we have the ability to indefinitely reinvest these foreign earnings.
If our expectations change based on future developments such that some or all of the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries may be remitted to the United States in the foreseeable future, we will be required to recognize deferred tax expense and liabilities on those amounts and pay additional taxes. In addition, if applicable U.S. tax rules are modified to cause U.S. corporations to pay taxes on foreign earnings, even if the earnings are not remitted to the United States, we may incur additional taxes in the United States.
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Liquidity Requirements
Our short-term liquidity requirements include: funding for debt service (including capital leases); operating lease obligations; payments of deferred compensation; payments due to shareholders of acquired companies; working capital; operating expenses; payments of third-party obligations; capital expenditures; and business development activities.
Long-term liquidity requirements include: principal payments of long-term debt; operating lease obligations; payments of long-term amounts due to shareholders of acquired companies; payments of deferred compensation; settlements of derivatives and business development activities.
Debt
As of September 30, 2016, senior long-term borrowings totaled $3,038.4 million and consisted of the following:
As of September 30, 2016, other debt balances totaled $771.3 million, and our capital lease obligations and sale-leaseback financings were $259.7 million. Other debt includes lines of credit and short-term borrowing arrangements of subsidiaries, mortgages payable, and notes payable. As discussed further below, the Company has undertaken several initiatives to reduce its leverage and extend the maturities of its obligations.
Senior Secured Credit Facilities
We entered into the Senior Secured Credit Facilities with a syndicate of lenders on August 17, 2007 to fund the leveraged buyout merger between Laureate and Wengen. On June 16, 2011, we amended and restated our credit agreement (the "Amended and Restated Credit Agreement") in order to, among other things, extend maturity dates. On December 22, 2011, we increased the borrowing capacity under our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility to $350.0 million and borrowed an additional $25.0 million in term loans. On January 18, 2013, we borrowed an additional $250.0 million in term loans. On April 23, 2013, we borrowed an additional $310.0 million in term loans to repay all of the outstanding Senior Subordinated Notes, as noted below. On October 3, 2013, we amended our credit agreement to, among other things, reduce the interest rate on the term loans. On December 16, 2013, we borrowed an additional $200.0 million in term loans. On July 7, 2015, we entered into a Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and Amendment to the U.S. Obligations Security Agreement and U.S. Pledge Agreement (the "Fourth Amendment"). Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment, the maturity date of the senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility was extended from June 2016 to March 2018.
As discussed in further detail in Note 7, Debt, in our interim consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, on June 3, 2016, we entered into the Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to, among other things, obtain the commitment of the term loan lenders holding approximately $1,526.0 million of the approximately $1,810.1 million of the then outstanding term loans to extend the maturity dates of the term loans held by such term loan lenders from June 2018 to March 17, 2021. Effectiveness of such term loan extensions was subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions including, (i) the closing of the sale of the Glion and Les Roches hospitality management schools and our operations in France, (ii) the prepayment of $300.0 million of the 2021 Extended Term Loan, and (iii) the further amendment of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement pursuant to which certain of the lenders thereunder holding revolving credit commitments would have agreed to extend the maturity date of the revolving line of credit facility to a date on or after March 8, 2019. These conditions have been satisfied and the Fifth Amendment became effective
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on July 29, 2016. The extended term loans with a maturity date of March 17, 2021 are referred to as the 2021 Extended Term Loan, and the non-extended term loans with a maturity date of June 2018 continue to be referred to as the 2018 Extended Term Loan. The Fifth Amendment also provides that if a qualified equity offering or a qualified public offering or combination thereof, of the Company does not occur on or before August 15, 2017, the Company will be required to make, on August 16, 2017, an additional scheduled payment of principal on the 2021 Extended Term Loan in the amount of $62.5 million. Further, if on the date that is 91 days prior to September 1, 2019 more than $250.0 million of the principal amount of the Senior Notes due 2019 is outstanding, then the 2021 Extended Term Loan maturity date shall be the date that is 91 days prior to September 1, 2019. See also "Description of Certain IndebtednessSenior Secured Credit Facilities."
As discussed in further detail in Note 7, Debt, in our interim consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, on July 7, 2016, we entered into a Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Sixth Amendment") to extend the maturity date of the revolving credit facility to June 7, 2019, subject to the closing of the Fifth Amendment and other conditions needing to be satisfied. The Sixth Amendment also reduced the borrowing capacity of the revolving line of credit facility from $350.0 million to $325.0 million. The conditions for the effectiveness of the Sixth Amendment were satisfied and the Sixth Amendment became effective on July 29, 2016. If, on the date that is 91 days prior to September 1, 2019, more than $250.0 million of the principal amount of the Senior Notes due 2019 is outstanding, then the maturity date of the revolving line of credit facility shall be the date that is 91 days prior to September 1, 2019. Further, if, on the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date of the 2018 Extended Term Loan, more than $250.0 million of the principal amount of the 2018 Extended Term Loan is outstanding, then the maturity date of the revolving line of credit facility shall be the date that is 91 days prior to the 2018 Extended Term Loan maturity date.
As of September 30, 2016, the outstanding balance under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities was $1,661.7 million, which consisted of $160.0 million outstanding under our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility and an aggregate outstanding balance of $1,501.7 million, net of a debt discount, under the term loans. As of September 30, 2016, we had $0.9 million of outstanding letters of credit, which decrease availability on our revolving credit facility. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2016, the available borrowing capacity on our $325.0 million senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility was approximately $164.1 million. As of December 31, 2015, the outstanding balance under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities was $2,084.1 million, which consisted of $269.3 million outstanding under our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility and an aggregate outstanding balance of $1,814.8 million, net of a debt discount, under the term loans.
Senior Notes due 2019
On July 25, 2012, we completed an offering of $350.0 million of 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019. The net proceeds received from the debt offering were used to repay a portion of our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility. On November 13, 2012, we completed an offering of $1,050.0 million of additional Senior Notes. These proceeds were used to fully repay the outstanding balances of certain term loans outstanding under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities, which totaled $164.5 million as of December 31, 2011, and to purchase all of the outstanding Senior Toggle Notes and the Senior Cash Pay Notes. On December 29, 2015, we issued $50.0 million of Senior Notes pursuant to the indenture to the participants in the Executive DCP in partial settlement of deferred payment obligations.
As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, our outstanding balance under our Senior Notes was $1,376.7 million and $1,436.2 million, respectively, net of a debt discount. The Senior Notes mature on September 1, 2019.
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On April 15, 2016, we entered into Note Exchange Agreements with certain Existing Holders of the Senior Notes pursuant to which we will exchange $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes for shares of our Class A common stock. We expect the exchange to be completed within one year and one day after the consummation of this offering. The number of shares of Class A common stock issuable will equal 104.625% of the aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes to be exchanged, or $261.6 million, divided by $ , the initial public offering price per share of Class A common stock in this offering.
Pursuant to the Note Exchange Agreements, on June 15, 2016, we also repurchased from the Existing Holders $62.5 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes at par value, plus accrued and unpaid interest and special interest. Within 60 days after the consummation of this offering, at the option of the Existing Holders or their transferees, we will repurchase up to an additional $62.5 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes at the redemption price set forth in the indenture governing the Senior Notes that is applicable as of the date of pricing of this offering, plus accrued and unpaid interest and special interest.
We or our affiliates from time to time may purchase our outstanding Senior Notes, term loans under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and/or other of our indebtedness. Any such future purchases may be made through open market or privately negotiated transactions with third parties or pursuant to one or more tender or exchange offers or otherwise, upon such terms and at such prices as well as with such consideration as we or any such affiliates may determine.
Covenants
Our senior long-term debt contains certain negative covenants including, among others: (1) limitations on additional indebtedness; (2) limitations on dividends; (3) limitations on asset sales, including the sale of ownership interests in subsidiaries and sale-leaseback transactions; and (4) limitations on liens, guarantees, loans or investments. In connection with the extension of our revolving credit facility in July 2015, we are now subject to a Consolidated Senior Secured Debt to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, financial maintenance covenant beginning in the third quarter of 2015. The maximum ratio, as defined, is 5.30x, 4.50x and 3.50x at December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The ratios as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were 3.44x and 3.91x, respectively. In addition, notes payable at some of our locations contain financial maintenance covenants. We are in compliance with our debt covenants and expect to be in compliance for the next 12 months.
Registration of Senior Notes due 2019
We and our guarantors agreed to (1) file a registration statement with the SEC with respect to a registered offer to exchange the Senior Notes for new notes having terms substantially identical in all material respects to the outstanding notes (except that the new notes will not contain transfer restrictions or provide for special interest); or (2) file a shelf registration for the resale of the Senior Notes. We were required to use all commercially reasonable efforts to cause the registration statement to be declared effective on or before July 25, 2014. Since the registration statement was not declared effective by July 25, 2014, we have incurred special interest at a rate equal to 0.25% per annum for the first 90-day period of the outstanding indenture indebtedness on the outstanding notes, 0.50% per annum for the next 90-day period, and 0.75% thereafter, as liquidated damages until the registration statement is declared effective and the exchange offer is completed. Accordingly, we have recorded a liability for the amount of special interest on the Senior Notes that we have determined to be probable and estimable based on our expected timing of registration as of each balance sheet date. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had a total contingent liability for special interest on the Senior Notes of approximately $7.0 million and $8.1 million, respectively recorded in accrued expenses in our consolidated balance sheets.
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Other Debt
Other debt includes lines of credit and short-term borrowing arrangements of subsidiaries, mortgages payable, and notes payable.
As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the aggregate outstanding balances on our lines of credit were $64.7 million and $74.3 million, respectively.
On December 21, 2007, we entered into a note payable to acquire Universidad Tecnológica de México ("UNITEC Mexico"). The loan was originally scheduled to mature on July 1, 2015. In order to align the payments with the new loan described below, in May 2014, the loan maturity was extended to May 15, 2021, and the repayments were suspended until May 16, 2016. As of December 31, 2015, the balance outstanding on this note payable was $76.7 million. In May 2016, this loan was combined with the loan from May 2012, as further described below.
We entered into a note payable in May 2012 to acquire the remaining 10% interest in Planeación de Sistemas, S.A. de C.V. ("Plansi"). The loan was originally scheduled to mature on May 15, 2019. In May 2014, the loan maturity date was extended to May 15, 2021, and the repayments were suspended until May 16, 2016. As of December 31, 2015, the balance outstanding on this note payable was $52.1 million. In May 2016, this loan was combined with the loan from 2007, as further described below.
On May 12, 2016, the outstanding loans from 2007 and 2012 were refinanced and combined into one loan. The maturity date of the combined loan was extended to May 15, 2023. The repayments of the principal, which were originally suspended until May 16, 2016, were further suspended until May 15, 2018. The new refinanced loan carries a variable interest rate based on the 28-day Mexican Interbanking Offer Rate ("TIIE"), plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin for the interest calculation is established based on the ratio of debt to EBITDA, as defined in the agreement. Interest is paid monthly commencing on May 15, 2016. As of September 30, 2016, the interest rate on the loan was 7.71%, and the outstanding balance on the loan was $114.1 million.
In addition to the loans above, in August 2015, UVM Mexico entered into an agreement with a bank for a loan of MXN 1,300 million. The loan carries a variable interest rate (6.86% at September 30, 2016) and matures in August 2020.
We also obtained financing to fund the construction of two new campuses at one of our institutions in Peru, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas ("UPC"). As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the outstanding balance on the loans was $51.9 million and $60.6 million, respectively. These loans have varying maturity dates with the final payment due in October 2022.
In May 2014, we obtained $7.5 million of financing to fund the construction of a new campus at one of our institutions in Panama. In December 2014, we borrowed an additional $5.0 million. In June 2015, we borrowed an additional $12.5 million. As of both September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the outstanding balance of this loan was $25.0 million. It has a fixed interest rate of 8.11% and matures in 2024.
We had outstanding notes payable at HIEU in China. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the outstanding balance on the loans was $83.9 million and $90.4 million, respectively. These notes are repayable in installments with the final installment due in November 2019.
We had outstanding notes payable at a real estate subsidiary in Chile. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the outstanding balance on the loans was $65.2 million and $55.0 million, respectively. These notes are repayable in installments with the final installment due in August 2028.
We financed a portion of the purchase price for THINK by borrowing AUD 45.0 million ($34.5 million at September 30, 2016) under a syndicated facility agreement in the form of two term loans of AUD 22.5 million each. The syndicated facility agreement also provides for additional
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borrowings of up to AUD 20.0 million ($15.3 million at September 30, 2016) under a capital expenditure facility and a working capital facility. The first term loan has a term of five years and principal is payable in quarterly installments beginning on March 31, 2014. The second term loan has a term of five years and the total principal balance is payable at its maturity date of December 20, 2018. In June 2016, these loan facilities were amended and restated. As a result of this amendment and a repayment of AUD 11.0 million ($8.1 million at the date of payment):
As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, $14.7 million and $25.7 million, respectively, was outstanding under these loan facilities.
We acquired FMU on September 12, 2014 and financed a portion of the purchase price by borrowing amounts under two loans that totaled BRL 259.1 million ($110.3 million at the borrowing date). The loans require semi-annual principal payments beginning at BRL 6.5 million in October 2014 and increasing to a maximum of BRL 22.0 million beginning in October 2017 and continuing through their maturity dates in April 2021. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the outstanding balance of these loans was $66.5 million and $58.9 million, respectively.
On November 18, 2015, the Company entered into an agreement with two banks to borrow a total of EUR 100 million ($106.5 million at the borrowing date) as described in Note 9, Debt, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Leases
We conduct a significant portion of our operations from leased facilities. These facilities include our corporate headquarters, other office locations, and many of our higher education facilities. See "Contractual Obligations" for a summary of our capital and operating lease obligations.
Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies
One method of payment for acquisitions is the use of promissory notes payable to the sellers of acquired companies. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we recorded $220.7 million and $186.7 million, respectively, for these liabilities. See Note 5, Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further details.
Capital Expenditures
Capital expenditures consist of purchases of property and equipment, purchases of land use rights and expenditures for deferred costs. Our capital expenditure program is a component of our liquidity and capital management strategy. This program includes discretionary spending, which we can adjust in response to economic and other changes in our business environment, to grow our network through the following: (1) capacity expansion at institutions to support enrollment growth; (2) new campuses for institutions entering new geographic markets; (3) information technology to increase efficiency and controls; and (4) online content development. Our non-discretionary spending includes the maintenance of existing facilities. We typically fund our capital expenditures through cash flow from operations and external financing.
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Our capital expenditures were $146.9 million and $232.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $366.9 million, $436.4 million and $519.5 million during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The 37% decrease in capital expenditures for the 2016 fiscal period compared to the 2015 fiscal period related to decreases in capital expenditures in Brazil, Chile, Peru, Europe, GPS and AMEA related in part to an ongoing online initiative to reduce capital expenditures. We also increased information technology spending in Corporate. Our online initiative is designed to not only provide our students with access to the technology platforms and innovative programs they expect, but also to increase our enrollment in a more capital efficient manner, leveraging current infrastructure and improving classroom utilization. The 16% decrease in capital expenditures for 2015 compared to 2014 primarily related to significant decreases in capital expenditures in Chile, Europe and AMEA, partially offset by the continued construction of new campuses and capacity expansion projects throughout the rest of LatAm and increased information technology spending in Corporate and Brazil. The 16% decrease in capital expenditures for 2014 compared to 2013 primarily related to significant decreases in capital expenditures in Chile, Mexico, Central America and Corporate, partially offset by the continued construction of new campuses and capacity expansion projects throughout the rest of Latin America and AMEA.
Derivatives
In the normal course of business, our operations are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency values and interest rate changes. We mitigate a portion of these risks through a risk-management program that includes the use of derivatives. We were required to make periodic net cash payments on our derivatives totaling $14.7 million and $8.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $11.3 million, $38.5 million and $38.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
See Note 14, Derivative Instruments, in our consolidated financial statements and Note 12, Derivative Instruments, in our interim consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further information on our derivatives.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Equity
In connection with certain acquisitions, we have entered into put/call arrangements with certain minority shareholders, and we may be required or elect to purchase additional ownership interests in the associated entities within a specified timeframe. Certain of our call rights contain minimum payment provisions. If we exercise such call rights, the consideration required could be significantly higher than the estimated put values. Upon exercise of these puts or calls, our ownership interests in these subsidiaries would increase.
Business Development Activities
Our growth plans have historically included and may include future acquisition activity. Our acquisitions have historically been funded primarily through existing liquidity and seller financing. We evaluate various alternatives to raise additional capital to fund potential acquisitions and other investing activities. These alternatives may include issuing additional equity or debt and entering into operating or other leases relating to facilities that we use, including sale-leaseback transactions involving new or existing facilities. Our incurrence covenants in our debt agreements impose limitations on our ability to engage in additional debt and sale-leaseback transactions, as well as on investments that may be made. In the event that we are unable to obtain the necessary funding or capital for potential acquisitions or other business initiatives, it could have a significant impact on our long-term growth strategy. We believe that our internal sources of cash and our ability to incur seller financing and additional third-party financing, subject to market conditions, will be sufficient to fund our investing activities.
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On March 27, 2015, we acquired four higher education institutions in Portugal, a not-for-profit association and a for-profit services company that conducts market research. The total purchase price for this group of entities was $10.4 million. The purchase price included an initial cash payment of $6.5 million, a seller note of $3.2 million and a deferred payment of $0.7 million related to a working capital settlement. The seller note carries an annual interest rate of 3% and will be paid in three equal installments of EUR 1.0 million at 18 months after the closing date, 36 months after the closing date, and 60 months after the closing date.
In August 2013, we made an investment of $2.2 million for a 25% ownership interest in a for-profit entity that controls Monash South Africa ("MSA"), a not-for-profit institution in South Africa. In February 2014, we assumed control of MSA for a total ownership interest in the for-profit entity of 75% and acquired 100% of an entity that owns the real estate used by MSA, for a total purchase price of $44.4 million. The purchase price consisted of the initial investment of $2.2 million made in 2013, a cash payment of $6.7 million, and deferred payments totaling $35.4 million. MSA was converted to a for-profit institution during the first quarter of 2015.
On August 12, 2014, we acquired Faculdade Porto-Alegrense ("FAPA"), an institution in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The total purchase price was $4.1 million, and was paid in the form of two seller notes with a total discounted present value of approximately $3.0 million, plus an additional deferred payment of approximately $1.1 million. The deferred payment of $1.1 million was paid in September 2014.
On September 12, 2014, we acquired FMU, an affiliated group of higher educational institutions in Brazil. The total purchase price was $387.6 million, which was paid with seller notes totaling $96.8 million and cash paid at closing of $290.6 million, net of cash acquired of $0.1 million. The cash paid at acquisition included approximately $231.0 million of cash, including accrued interest, that had been held by us in an escrow bank account prior to the acquisition date and was recorded as restricted cash on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2013. The remainder of the cash paid at closing was financed through borrowings from third-party lenders.
Stock-based Deferred Compensation Arrangements
Immediately prior to the leveraged buyout merger in 2007, our Chief Executive Officer and another then-member of the board of directors held vested equity-based awards which they exchanged on the date of the merger for unfunded, nonqualified stock-based deferred compensation arrangements ("stock-based DCPs") having an aggregate fair value at that time of $126.7 million. Prior to the occurrence of an initial public offering, each of the stock-based DCPs allows the participant the potential to earn an amount (at any time, a "Plan Balance") equal to the product of (A) the number of "phantom shares" credited to the participant's account, and (B) the lesser of (i) the fair market value per "phantom share" on the date of the merger plus a 5% compounded annual return thereon, and (ii) the fair market value per "phantom share" on the earlier of September 17, 2014 (the "Distribution Date") or a change of control. On and after the occurrence of an initial public offering, each of the stock-based DCPs allows the participant the potential to earn a Plan Balance equal to the product of (A) the number of "phantom shares" credited to the participant's account as of the initial public offering and (B) the fair market value per "phantom share" on the Distribution Date or a change of control, as applicable. If we have not consummated an initial public offering prior to the first or second anniversary of the Distribution Date, as applicable, the scheduled distribution will be made in cash. Distributions made after Laureate has consummated an initial public offering would generally be made in shares of our common stock, the number of which will depend on the value of the shares on the date of distribution. Notwithstanding the foregoing, immediately upon a change of control, the stock-based DCPs will be terminated and liquidated and the Plan Balances will be distributed in a lump sum. A change of control would generally occur if all or substantially all of our assets or more than 50% of our equity interests are sold.
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Under these stock-based DCPs, a cash payment of $81.0 million was made in September 2014. As of December 31, 2014, the total liability recorded for the stock-based DCPs was $99.7 million, of which $82.2 million was recorded as a current liability in deferred compensation on the consolidated balance sheet and the remaining balance was noncurrent. Under the terms of the arrangement, $85.9 million was payable on September 17, 2015, and the remainder was payable on September 17, 2016. The participants agreed to extend the payment due on September 17, 2015 (the "2015 Obligation"), the first anniversary of the Distribution Date, until December 31, 2015, in order to agree with the Company on a form of payment that we believe more closely aligns with the long-term interests of the Company and our securityholders. On December 29, 2015 (the "2015 Executive DCP Closing Date"), we satisfied the 2015 Obligation by paying the participants a total amount of $87.1 million, including $6.1 million in interest from the Distribution Date to the 2015 Executive DCP Closing Date. The payment consisted of $37.1 million in cash and $50.0 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes. The participants agreed not to offer or sell their Senior Notes, other than to the Company, until 12 months after the 2015 Executive DCP Closing Date. The participants also agreed to extend the payment that was due on September 17, 2016 (the "2016 Executive DCP Obligation") until December 30, 2016. As of September 30, 2016, the total liability recorded for the stock-based DCPs was $18.0 million, which is recorded as a current liability in deferred compensation on the consolidated balance sheet. On December 30, 2016 (the "2016 Executive DCP Closing Date"), we satisfied the 2016 Executive DCP Obligation by paying the participants a total amount of $18.2 million, including $0.2 million in interest from September 17, 2016 to the 2016 Executive DCP Closing Date. The payment consisted of $7.7 million in cash and $10.5 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes. Following the satisfaction of the 2016 Executive DCP Obligation, the Company's obligations under the DCPs were satisfied in full.
Contribution to Network Institution in Turkey
On November 4, 2016, we made a contribution to our network institution in Turkey, a VIE, of approximately $13.0 million (the value of 40.0 million Turkish Liras at the date of the contribution). This amount eliminates in consolidation in our financial statements. See "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our BusinessWe are conducting an internal investigation of one of our network institutions for violations of the Company's policies, and possible violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other applicable laws. A violation of these laws and regulations could subject us to penalties, harm our reputation and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations."
Cash Flows
In the consolidated statements of cash flows, the changes in operating assets and liabilities are presented excluding the effects of exchange rate changes, acquisitions, and reclassifications, as these effects do not represent operating cash flows. Accordingly, the amounts in the consolidated statements of cash flows do not agree with the changes of the operating assets and liabilities as presented in the consolidated balance sheets. The effects of exchange rate changes on cash are presented separately in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, is reported in investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
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The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015:
(in millions)
|
2016 | 2015 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cash provided by (used in): |
|||||||
Operating activities |
$ | 196.0 | $ | 220.3 | |||
Investing activities |
392.3 | (41.3 | ) | ||||
Financing activities |
(572.7 | ) | 12.1 | ||||
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash |
7.2 | (34.2 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 22.8 | $ | 156.8 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Comparison of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities decreased by $24.3 million to $196.0 million for the 2016 fiscal period, compared to $220.3 million for the 2015 fiscal period. The decrease in operating cash flows primarily was due to an increase in cash paid for interest of $16.3 million, from $289.8 million for the 2015 fiscal period to $306.1 million for the 2016 fiscal period. This was partially offset by a decrease in cash paid for taxes of $13.6 million, from $88.4 million for the 2015 fiscal period to $74.8 million for the 2016 fiscal period. Other working capital changes, including changes in accounts receivable and deferred revenue, accounted for the remaining change of $21.6 million.
Investing Activities
Cash provided by investing activities increased by $433.6 million for the 2016 fiscal period to $392.3 million, from an investing cash usage of $(41.3) million in the 2015 fiscal period. Cash provided by investing activities was higher in 2016 than in 2015 due to the following: (1) proceeds from the sale of property and equipment were $364.9 million higher in 2016 than in 2015, due to proceeds received in 2016 fiscal period from the sale of the Glion and Les Roches Hospitality Management schools and the French institutions, partially offset by the proceeds from the Switzerland sale-leaseback arrangements received in the 2015 fiscal period; (2) $85.4 million of lower capital expenditures during the 2016 fiscal period than in the 2015 fiscal period; and (3) in 2015, we used cash for business acquisitions of $6.7 million related to the 2015 Portugal acquisition. These changes were partially offset by: (1) in 2016, we settled derivatives related to the sale of our subsidiaries for net cash payments of $5.7 million; and (2) in 2015, we received proceeds of $5.0 million related to the sale of HSM. Other items accounted for the remaining change of $12.7 million.
Financing Activities
Cash used in financing activities increased by $(584.8) million for the 2016 fiscal period to $(572.7) million, compared to a financing cash inflow of $12.1 million for the 2015 fiscal period. This change in financing activities was due to higher net payments of long-term debt during 2016 versus 2015 of $578.0 million, which included the prepayment of $300.0 million related to the Fifth Amendment, a partial pay down of our revolving credit facility, and a $62.5 million payment on our Senior Notes. In addition, payments to purchase noncontrolling interests were higher in 2016 versus 2015 by $20.3 million, primarily related to the 2016 purchase of the remaining noncontrolling interest of St. Augustine. These changes were partially offset by a $10.9 million reduction in seller note payments during the 2016 fiscal period as compared to the 2015 fiscal period. Other items accounted for the remaining change of $2.6 million.
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The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for each of the past three fiscal years:
|
For the Years Ended
December 31, |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Cash provided by (used in): |
||||||||||
Operating activities |
$ | 170.5 | $ | 269.2 | $ | 277.2 | ||||
Investing activities |
(173.6 | ) | (489.2 | ) | (889.1 | ) | ||||
Financing activities |
34.4 | 172.6 | 756.7 | |||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) discontinued operations |
| | 0.3 | |||||||
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash |
(34.2 | ) | (50.9 | ) | (12.5 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |
$ | (2.9 | ) | $ | (98.3 | ) | $ | 132.6 | ||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Comparison of Cash Flows for the Year Ended December 31, 2015 to the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities decreased by $98.7 million to $170.5 million for 2015, compared to $269.2 million for 2014.
The decrease in operating cash flows primarily included the following: (1) Adjusted EBITDA in 2015 was $703.4 million, a decrease from 2014 of $70.1 million; (2) cash paid for interest increased by $30.4 million to $351.4 million for 2015 compared to $321.0 million for 2014, primarily due to higher average debt balances; and (3) cash paid for taxes increased by $39.6 million to $108.3 million for 2015, compared to $68.7 million for 2014, due primarily to timing of tax payments in Mexico resulting from the tax reform changes that became effective in January 2014.
The net decrease in operating cash flows was partially offset by the following: (1) during 2014, we made a cash payment of $81.0 million for the deferred compensation arrangement, while the 2015 payment for the deferred compensation arrangement was made through a combination of $37.1 million of cash and the issuance of $50.0 million of Senior Notes, resulting in year-over-year decreased cash usage of $43.9 million; and (2) other working capital changes accounted for the remaining change of $2.5 million.
Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities decreased by $315.6 million for 2015 to $173.6 million, compared to $489.2 million for 2014. Cash usage for investing activities was lower during 2015 than during 2014 due to the following: (1) proceeds from the sale of property and equipment were $199.5 million higher in 2015, which was the result of the sale-leaseback arrangements at certain campuses in Switzerland; (2) our capital expenditures were $69.6 million lower in 2015 than in 2014; (3) in 2015, our proceeds from investments in affiliates were $5.0 million, related to the sale of HSM; and (4) in 2015, our cash used for business acquisitions was $281.2 million less than in 2014, due principally to the FMU acquisition in September 2014. This was partially offset by a change in restricted cash of $239.9 million, primarily related to the release of the escrow deposit for the FMU acquisition. Other items accounted for the remaining change of $0.2 million.
Financing Activities
Cash provided by financing activities was $34.4 million for 2015, compared to $172.6 million for 2014, a net decrease of $138.2 million. This decrease in cash provided by financing activities was due to the following: (1) net proceeds from issuance of long-term debt were $130.9 million less for 2015 compared to 2014, primarily related to the loans that were issued during 2014 to partially finance the
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FMU acquisition; (2) debt issuance costs increased by $9.7 million in 2015 as compared to 2014, related to the extension of the revolving line of credit facility in the 2015 fiscal period; and (3) cash dividends to our shareholders increased by $13.9 million, which is primarily related to a 2015 cash dividend of $19.0 million. These changes were partially offset by a $15.5 million reduction in seller note payments during 2015 compared to 2014. Other items accounted for the remaining difference of $0.8 million.
Comparison of Cash Flows for the Year Ended December 31, 2014 to the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities decreased by $8.0 million to $269.2 million for 2014, compared to $277.2 million for 2013.
The decrease in operating cash flows included the following: (1) cash paid for interest increased by $28.2 million to $321.0 million for 2014 compared to $292.8 million for 2013, primarily due to higher average debt balances; and (2) during 2014, we made a payment of $81.0 million for the deferred compensation arrangement.
The net decrease in operating cash flows was partially offset by an increase in Adjusted EBITDA of $127.0 million to $773.5 million for 2014 from $646.5 million for 2013. However, $12.7 million of the period-over-period increase in Adjusted EBITDA related to non-cash reversals of liabilities for taxes other than income tax. In addition, $31.2 million of the year-over-year increase related to the Adjusted EBITDA impact of the fiscal reform in Mexico, as noted in "Discussion of Significant Items Affecting the Consolidated Results" and Note 18, Benefit Plans, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Also, $11.3 million of the Adjusted EBITDA increase related to a non-cash reversal of a pre-acquisition loss contingency at an institution in our LatAm segment during 2014, and $6.7 million of the Adjusted EBITDA increase was from a non-cash settlement that was reached with the former owners of one of our institutions in Brazil related to a tax contingency matter. In addition to this net increase of $65.1 million were the following: (1) cash paid for income taxes decreased by $27.1 million to $68.7 million for 2014, compared to $95.8 million for 2013, of which $14.8 million was due to tax reform changes in Mexico that became effective in January 2014 and provide educational institutions relief from making estimated monthly tax payments for one year; (2) as noted in "Results of OperationsSummary Comparison of Consolidated Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012Discussion of Significant Items Affecting the Consolidated Results," during 2013 we made a payment of approximately $21.5 million to settle a tax contingency in Brazil; (3) during 2013, we made cash payments of approximately $5.7 million for compensation to the former owners of UPN, as discussed in Note 5, Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus; and (4) 2014 included $3.4 million of operating cash flows that were not included in 2013, related to settlement proceeds from an insurance carrier.
Other working capital changes accounted for the remaining change of $21.6 million.
Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities decreased by $399.9 million for 2014 to $489.2 million, compared to $889.1 million for 2013. Cash usage for investing activities was higher during 2013 than during 2014 for the following: (1) in 2013, we used $235.8 million of restricted cash in investing activities, which included the deposit of approximately $231.0 million that was made in connection with the commitment to acquire FMU; (2) in 2013, our net cash used for business acquisitions was $114.0 million higher, which represents a $110.4 million increase in cash paid for acquisitions, less a $224.4 million change in restricted cash due to the release of the escrow for the FMU acquisition; (3) our capital expenditures were $84.1 million higher in 2013 than in 2014, related to higher campus construction and capacity expansion during 2013 in Chile, Peru and China; (4) in 2013, we made investments in affiliates of
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$8.8 million, which included our investments in Coursera, MSA, and HSM; (5) in 2013 we made payments of contingent consideration for acquisitions of $5.7 million related to UPN; and (6) in 2013 our net payments to related parties were $11.5 million higher.
These higher cash uses for investing activities during 2013 were partially offset by $62.4 million of less cash received in 2014 than in 2013 from the sale of property, equipment and subsidiaries, due to the sale of UNIDEP in 2013. Other items accounted for the remaining change of $2.4 million.
Financing Activities
Cash provided by financing activities was $172.6 million for 2014, compared to $756.7 million for 2013, a net decrease of $584.1 million. This decrease in cash provided by financing activities was due to the following: (1) net proceeds from long-term debt were $429.0 million less for 2014 compared to 2013, as a result of the new debt issuances during 2013 (as discussed in Note 9, Debt, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus); (2) payments of deferred purchase price for acquisitions were $10.5 million higher in 2014 than in 2013; (3) in 2013, we received net proceeds of $199.7 million from the sale of common stock to institutional investors; (4) in 2013, capital contributions from our parent to Laureate Asia were $13.6 million; and (5) net capital contributions from noncontrolling interest holders of subsidiaries were $13.5 million higher in 2013 than in 2014.
Partially offsetting this decrease in cash provided by financing activities in 2014 compared to 2013 were the following: (1) payments to purchase noncontolling interests were $6.4 million less in 2014 than in 2013, when we acquired the remaining noncontrolling interest of UAM Brazil and CH Holding; (2) payment of dividends were $16.3 million less in 2014 than in 2013, primarily related to less dividends to common shareholders; (3) payment of debt issuance costs were $27.3 million higher in 2013 than in 2014, due to debt issuance costs paid in connection with the issuance of the Series B New Term Loans (the "Series B New Term Loans"), the Series B Additional Term Loans (the "Series B Additional Term Loans"), and the Additional New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans (the "Additional New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans") during 2013, as well the redemption of the Senior Subordinated Notes; and (4) in 2013, we disbursed $29.1 million to the lenders of the Senior Notes. Other items accounted for the remaining difference of $3.1 million.
Contractual Obligations
The following table reflects a summary of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2015:
|
|
Payments due by period(a) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
Total |
less than
1 year |
1-3 years | 3-5 years |
More than
5 years |
|||||||||||
Long-term debt(b)(c) |
$ | 4,347.3 | $ | 180.9 | $ | 2,311.5 | $ | 1,668.2 | $ | 186.7 | ||||||
Operating lease obligations |
2,021.8 | 206.6 | 370.3 | 318.0 | 1,126.9 | |||||||||||
Interest payments(d) |
1,294.3 | 351.4 | 574.9 | 202.5 | 165.5 | |||||||||||
Capital lease obligations(e) |
247.3 | 11.5 | 38.9 | 22.3 | 174.6 | |||||||||||
Due to shareholders of acquired companies(f) |
194.3 | 21.4 | 125.4 | 39.3 | 8.2 | |||||||||||
Other obligations(g) |
88.4 | 38.9 | 17.9 | 13.5 | 18.1 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 8,193.4 | $ | 810.7 | $ | 3,438.9 | $ | 2,263.8 | $ | 1,680.0 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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The preceding table does not reflect unrecognized income tax benefits, including interest and penalties, as of December 31, 2015 of approximately $142.7 million. We are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the period of any cash settlements. It is reasonably possible that our liability for unrecognized tax benefits could change during the time period.
As of December 31, 2015, FMU recorded a prepaid asset of $4.9 million and a liability of $15.0 million related to Brazilian federal tax-related debt that will be paid based on an installment program, Programa de Recuperacão Fiscal ("REFIS"). This program provides for reductions in fines, penalties and interest associated with outstanding tax debt. These outstanding liabilities relate to pre-acquisition taxes for which the Company has received indemnification from the prior owners. We are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the period for the cash settlements as the REFIS installment payments have not yet been approved for this liability. As a result, we have not presented this $15.0 million REFIS liability in the table above.
As of December 31, 2015, we recorded a total liability of $15.0 million for a deferred compensation plan for certain executive employees and members of our board of directors. This amount is not included in the table above as the payout dates cannot be estimated.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2015, we had the following off-balance sheet arrangements:
Noncontrolling Interest Call Options
We hold various call options that give us the right to purchase the remaining shares owned by noncontrolling interest holders of certain acquired subsidiaries. These call options had no impact on our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2015. For further discussion regarding call
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options, see Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies, and Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Student Loan Guarantees
The accredited Chilean institutions in our network also participate in the CAE Program, a government-sponsored student financing program. As part of the CAE Program, these institutions provide guarantees which result in contingent liabilities to third-party financing institutions, beginning at 90% of the tuition loans made directly to qualified students enrolled through the CAE Program and declining to 60% over time. The guarantees by these institutions are in effect during the period in which the student is enrolled. The maximum potential amount of payments our institutions could be required to make under the CAE Program was approximately $428.0 million and $432.0 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This maximum potential amount assumes that all students in the CAE Program do not graduate, so that our guarantee would not be assigned to the government, and that all students default on the full amount of the CAE-qualified loan balances. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recorded $18.8 million and $19.9 million, respectively, as estimated long-term guarantee liabilities for these obligations.
Subsidiary Shares as Collateral
In conjunction with the purchase of Universidade Potiguar ("UnP"), we pledged all of the acquired shares as a guarantee of our payments of rents as they become due. In the event that we default on any payment, the pledge agreement provides for a forfeiture of the relevant pledged shares. In the event of forfeiture, we may be required to transfer the books and management of UnP to the former owners.
We acquired the remaining 49% ownership interest in UAM Brazil in April 2013. As part of the agreement to purchase the 49% ownership interest, we pledged 49% of our total shares in UAM Brazil as a guarantee of our payment obligations under the purchase agreement. In the event that we default on any payment, the agreement provides for a forfeiture of the pledged shares.
In connection with the purchase of FMU on September 12, 2014, we pledged 75% of the acquired shares to third-party lenders as a guarantee of our payment obligations under the loans that financed a portion of the purchase price. We pledged the remaining 25% of the acquired shares to the sellers as a guarantee of our payment obligations under the purchase agreement for the seller notes. In the event that we default on any payment of the loans or the seller notes, the purchase agreement provides for a forfeiture of the relevant pledged shares. Upon maturity and payment of the seller notes in September 2017, the shares pledged to the sellers will be pledged to the third-party lenders until full payment of the loans, which mature in April 2021.
Standby Letters of Credit
As of December 31, 2015, we had outstanding letters of credit ("LOC") of $126.7 million, which primarily consisted of the following:
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Surety Bonds
As part of our normal operations, our insurers issue surety bonds on our behalf, as required by various state education authorities in the United States. We are obligated to reimburse our insurers for any payments made by the insurers under the surety bonds. As of December 31, 2015, the total face amount of these fully cash-collateralized surety bonds was $3.4 million.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. We believe the following critical accounting policies require the most significant judgments and estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. As a result, these accounting policies and estimates could materially affect our financial statements and are critical to the understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. Management has discussed the selection of these critical accounting policies and estimates with the audit committee of the board of directors.
Variable Interest Entities
Laureate consolidates in its financial statements certain internationally based educational organizations that do not have shares or other equity ownership interests. Although these educational organizations may be considered not-for-profit entities in their home countries, and they are operated in compliance with their respective not-for-profit legal regimes, we believe they do not meet the definition of a not-for-profit entity under GAAP, and we treat them as "for-profit" entities for accounting purposes. These entities generally cannot declare dividends or distribute their net assets to the entities that control them. Under ASC Topic 810-10, "Consolidation," we have determined that these institutions are VIEs and that Laureate is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because we have, as further described below: (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly affect their educational and economic performance, and (2) the right to receive economic benefits from contractual and other arrangements with the VIEs that could potentially be significant to the VIEs. We account for the acquisition of the right to control a VIE in accordance with ASC 805, "Business Combinations."
As with all of our educational institutions, the VIE institutions' primary source of income is tuition fees paid by students, for which the students receive educational services and goods that are proportionate to the prices charged. We maintain control of these VIEs through our rights to designate a majority of the governing entities' board members, through which we have the legal ability to direct the activities of the entities. Laureate maintains a variable interest in these VIEs through mutual contractual arrangements at market rates and terms that provide them with necessary products and services, and/or intellectual property, and has the ability to enter into additional such contractual arrangements at market rates and terms. We also have the ability to transfer our rights to govern these VIEs, or the entities that possess those rights, to other parties, which could yield a return if and when these rights are transferred.
We generally do not have legal entitlement to distribute the net assets of the VIEs. Generally, in the event of liquidation or the sale of the net assets of the VIEs, the net proceeds can only be transferred either to another VIE institution with similar purposes or to the government. In the unlikely case of liquidation or a sale of the net assets of the VIE, we may be able to retain the residual value by naming another Laureate-controlled VIE resident in the same jurisdiction as the recipient, if one exists; however we generally cannot name a for-profit entity as the recipient. Moreover, because
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the institution generally would be required to provide for the continued education of its students, liquidation would not be a likely course of action and would be unlikely to result in significant residual assets available for distribution. However, we operate our VIEs as going concern enterprises, maintain control in perpetuity, and have the ability to provide additional contractual arrangements for educational and other services priced at up to market rates with Laureate-controlled service companies. Typically, we are not legally obligated to make additional investments in the VIE institutions.
Laureate for-profit entities provide necessary products and services, and/or intellectual property, to all institutions in the Laureate International Universities network, including the VIE institutions, through contractual arrangements at market rates and terms, which are accretive to Laureate. We periodically modify the rates we charge under these arrangements to ensure that they are priced at or below fair market value and to add additional services. If it is determined that contractual arrangements with any institution are not on market terms, it could have an adverse regulatory impact on such institution. We believe these arrangements improve the quality of the academic curriculum and the students' educational experience. There are currently four types of contractual arrangements: (i) intellectual property ("IP") royalty arrangements; (ii) network fee arrangements; (iii) management services arrangements; and (iv) lease arrangements.
Revenues recognized by our for-profit entities from these contractual arrangements with our consolidated VIEs were approximately $106.0 million, $113.5 million and $111.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. These revenues are eliminated in consolidation.
Under our accounting policy, we allocate all of the income or losses of these VIEs to Laureate unless there is a noncontrolling interest where the economics of the VIE are shared with a third party. The income or losses of these VIEs allocated to Laureate represent the earnings after deducting charges related to contractual arrangements with our for-profit entities as described above. We believe that the income remaining at the VIEs after these charges accretes value to our rights to control these entities.
Laureate's VIEs are generally exempt from income taxes. As a result, the VIEs generally do not record deferred tax assets or liabilities or recognize any income tax expense in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. No deferred taxes are recognized by the for-profit service companies for the remaining income in these VIEs as the legal status of these entities generally prevents them from declaring dividends or making distributions to their sponsors. However, these for-profit service companies record income taxes related to revenues from their contractual arrangements with these VIEs.
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Risks in Relation to the VIEs
We believe that all of the VIE institutions in the Laureate network are operated in full compliance with local law and that the contractual arrangements with the VIEs are legally enforceable; however, these VIEs are subject to regulation by various agencies based on the requirements of local jurisdictions. These agencies, as well as local legislative bodies, review and update laws and regulations as they deem necessary or appropriate. We cannot predict the form of any laws that may be enacted, or regulations that ultimately may be adopted in the future, or what effects they might have on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. If local laws or regulations were to change, if the VIEs were found to be in violation of existing local laws or regulations, or if the regulators were to question the financial sustainability of the VIEs and/or whether the contractual arrangements were at fair value, local government agencies could, among other actions:
Our ability to conduct our business would be negatively affected if local governments were to carry out any of the aforementioned or other similar actions. In any such case, we may no longer be able to consolidate the VIEs.
Selected consolidated statements of operations information for these VIEs was as follows, net of the charges related to the above-described contractual arrangements:
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For the Years Ended
December 31, |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Selected Statements of Operations information: |
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Revenues, by segment: |
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LatAm |
$ | 417.7 | $ | 458.1 | $ | 566.2 | ||||
Europe |
128.6 | 130.4 | 115.8 | |||||||
AMEA |
136.1 | 139.1 | 93.7 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Revenues |
682.4 | 727.6 | 775.6 | |||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
53.0 | 54.8 | 50.2 | |||||||
Operating income (loss), by segment: |
||||||||||
LatAm |
(14.8 | ) | (50.0 | ) | 21.7 | |||||
Europe |
13.6 | (11.2 | ) | 8.7 | ||||||
AMEA |
9.2 | 4.4 | 2.8 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income (loss) |
8.1 | (56.9 | ) | 33.1 | ||||||
Net income (loss) |
11.8 | (51.5 | ) | 41.1 | ||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
11.5 | (50.9 | ) | 41.1 |
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The following table reconciles the net (loss) income attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. as presented in the table above, to the amounts in our consolidated statements of operations included elsewhere in this prospectus:
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For the Years Ended
December 31, |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(in millions)
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
Variable interest entities |
$ | 11.5 | $ | (50.9 | ) | $ | 41.1 | |||
Other operations |
118.0 | 291.2 | 211.7 | |||||||
Corporate and eliminations |
(445.8 | ) | (398.6 | ) | (322.5 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net loss attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
$ | (316.2 | ) | $ | (158.3 | ) | $ | (69.7 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
The following table presents selected assets and liabilities of the consolidated VIEs. Except for goodwill, the assets in the table below include the assets that can be used only to settle the obligations for the VIEs. The liabilities in the table are liabilities for which the creditors of the VIEs do not have recourse to our general credit.
Selected consolidated balance sheet amounts for these VIEs were as follows:
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December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||
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(in millions)
|
VIE | Consolidated | VIE | Consolidated | |||||||||
Balance Sheets Data: |
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Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 120.9 | $ | 458.7 | $ | 122.7 | $ | 461.6 | |||||
Other current assets |
186.1 | 677.0 | 192.9 | 691.9 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total current assets |
307.0 | 1,135.7 | 315.6 | 1,153.4 | |||||||||
Goodwill |
196.9 | 2,115.9 | 256.7 | 2,469.8 | |||||||||
Tradenames |
105.0 | 1,361.1 | 118.7 | 1,461.8 | |||||||||
Other intangible assets, net |
| 52.2 | 0.3 | 93.1 | |||||||||
Other long-term assets |
738.0 | 2,774.2 | 758.4 | 3,180.1 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets |
1,346.9 | 7,439.1 | 1,449.6 | 8,358.1 | |||||||||
Total current liabilities |
305.1 | 1,548.2 | 388.6 | 1,669.3 | |||||||||
Long-term debt and other long-term liabilities |
150.3 | 5,483.8 | 116.7 | 5,588.4 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities |
455.3 | 7,031.9 | 505.3 | 7,257.7 | |||||||||
Total stockholders' equity |
891.5 | 355.4 | 944.2 | 1,056.5 | |||||||||
Total stockholders' equity attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
874.6 | 324.8 | 920.1 | 1,017.1 |
The VIEs' cash and cash equivalents balances are generally required to be used only for the benefit of the operations of these VIEs. These balances are included in cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated balance sheets included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Business Combinations
We apply the purchase accounting standards under ASC 805, "Business Combinations," to acquisitions. The purchase price of an acquisition is allocated, for accounting purposes, to individual tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests based on their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. Any excess purchase price over the assigned values of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The acquisition date is the date on which control is obtained by the acquiring company. Any nonmonetary consideration transferred and any previously held noncontrolling interests that are part of the purchase consideration are remeasured at fair value on the acquisition date, with any resulting gain or loss recognized in earnings. The
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preliminary allocations of the purchase price are subject to revision in subsequent periods based on the final determination of fair values, which must be finalized no later than the first anniversary of the date of the acquisition. Transaction costs are expensed as incurred. See Note 4, Acquisitions, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for details of our 2015, 2014 and 2013 business combinations.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Equity
In certain cases, we initially purchase a majority ownership interest in a company and use various put and call arrangements with the noncontrolling interest holders that require or enable us to purchase all or a portion of the remaining minority ownership at a later date. In accounting for these arrangements, we are required to make estimates with regard to the final amount we will eventually pay for the additional ownership interest that we will acquire. In the minority put arrangements, the final settlement values are usually based on future earnings measurements that we refer to as "non-GAAP earnings," as they are calculated using an agreed-upon set of rules that are not necessarily consistent with GAAP. We use the current value of a multiple of the current period non-GAAP earnings as an estimate for the final value that will eventually be paid to settle the arrangement. These values are then adjusted annually to reflect changes in the acquired company's non-GAAP earnings as well as the additional passage of time to maturity for the arrangement. To the extent that the current period's non-GAAP earnings are different from future periods' non-GAAP earnings, the value of these obligations can change significantly and can impact our financial position and results of operations. See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for details of our noncontrolling interest put arrangements.
Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets
We perform annual impairment tests of indefinite-lived intangible assets, primarily goodwill and tradenames, as of October 1 of each year. We also evaluate these assets on an interim basis if events or changes in circumstances between annual tests indicate that the assets may be impaired. We have not made material changes to the methodology used to assess impairment loss on indefinite-lived intangible assets during the past three fiscal years.
We have the option of first performing a qualitative assessment (i.e., step zero) before calculating the fair value of the reporting unit (i.e., step one of the two-step fair value based impairment test). If we determine on the basis of qualitative factors that the fair value of the reporting unit is more likely than not less than the carrying amount, the two-step impairment test is required.
If we do not perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit or determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative two-step fair value-based test is performed. In the first step, we estimate the fair value of each reporting unit, utilizing a weighted combination of discounted cash flow analysis and a market multiples analysis. A reporting unit is defined as a component of an operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by management of that segment. If the recorded net assets of the reporting unit are less than the reporting unit's estimated fair value, then there is no goodwill deemed to be impaired. If the recorded net assets of the reporting unit exceed its estimated fair value, then goodwill is potentially impaired and we calculate the implied fair value of goodwill, by deducting the estimated fair value of all tangible and identifiable intangible net assets of the reporting unit from the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. If the recorded amount of goodwill exceeds this implied fair value, the difference is recognized as a loss on impairment of assets in the consolidated statements of operations.
Our valuation approach utilizes a weighted combination of a discounted cash flow analysis and a market multiples analysis, where available. The discounted cash flow analysis relies on historical data
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and internal estimates, which are developed as a part of our long-range plan process, and includes an estimate of terminal value based on these expected cash flows using the generally accepted Gordon Dividend Growth formula, which derives a valuation using an assumed perpetual annuity based on the reporting unit's residual cash flows. The discount rate is based on the generally accepted Weighted Average Cost of Capital methodology, and is derived using a cost of equity based on the generally accepted Capital Asset Pricing Model and a cost of debt based on the typical rate paid by market participants. The market multiples analysis utilizes multiples of business enterprise value to revenues, operating income and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization of comparable publicly traded companies and multiples based on fair value transactions where public information is available. Significant assumptions used in estimating the fair value include: (1) discount and growth rates, and (2) our long-range plan, which includes enrollment, pricing, planned capital expenditures and operating margins. Management reviews the sum of the estimated fair value of all our reporting units to our enterprise value to corroborate the results of our weighted combination approach to determining fair value.
We also evaluate the sensitivity of a change in assumptions related to goodwill impairment, assessing whether a 10% reduction in our estimates of revenue or a 100 basis point increase in our estimated discount rates would result in impairment of goodwill. Excluding the impact of our recent acquisitions to their respective reporting units, using the current estimated cash flows and discount rates, each reporting unit's estimated fair value exceeds its carrying value by at least 15%. We have determined that none of our reporting units with material goodwill were at risk of failing the first step of the goodwill impairment test as of September 30, 2016.
The impairment test for indefinite-lived assets generally requires a new determination of the fair value of the intangible asset using the "relief from royalty" method. This method estimates the amount of royalty expense that would be incurred if the assets were licensed from a third party. We use publicly available information and proprietary third-party arm's length agreements that we have entered into with various licensors in determining certain assumptions to assist us in estimating fair value using market participant assumptions. If the fair value of the intangible asset is less than its carrying value, the intangible asset is adjusted to its new fair value, and an impairment loss is recognized.
If the estimates and related assumptions used in assessing the recoverability of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets decline, we may be required to record impairment charges for those assets. We base our fair value estimates on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable but that are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Actual results may differ from those estimates. In addition, we make certain judgments and assumptions in allocating shared assets and liabilities to determine the carrying values for each of our reporting units.
As a result of our impairment testing, we recorded no impairment losses for the year ended December 31, 2015. For the year ended December 31, 2014, we recorded impairment losses on goodwill and tradenames. For the year ended December 31, 2013, we recorded impairment losses on tradenames. See "Results of OperationsDiscussion of Significant Items Affecting the Consolidated Results" and Note 7, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further details of the impairments.
Long-Lived Assets and Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
We evaluate our long-lived assets, including property and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets, to determine whether events or changes in circumstances indicate that the remaining estimated useful lives of such assets may warrant revision or that their carrying values may not be fully recoverable.
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Indicators of impairment include, but are not limited to:
If an impairment indicator is present, we evaluate recoverability by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets. If the assets are determined to be impaired, the impairment recognized is the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the assets. Fair value is generally determined by the discounted cash flow method. The discount rate used in any estimate of discounted cash flows is the rate commensurate with a similar investment of similar risk. We use judgment in determining whether a triggering event has occurred and in estimating future cash flows and fair value. Changes in our judgments could result in impairments in future periods.
As a result of our impairment testing, we recorded impairment losses on long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, as described in "Results of OperationsSummary Comparison of Consolidated Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013Discussion of Significant Items Affecting the Consolidated Results" and in Note 7, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Deferred Costs
Deferred costs on the consolidated balance sheets consist primarily of direct costs associated with online course development and accreditation. Deferred costs associated with the development of online educational programs are capitalized after technological feasibility has been established. Deferred online course development costs are amortized to direct costs on a straight-line basis over the estimated period that the associated products are expected to generate revenues. Deferred online course development costs are evaluated on a quarterly basis through review of the corresponding course catalog. If a course is no longer listed or offered in the current course catalog, then the costs associated with its development are written off. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the unamortized balances of online course development costs were $54.5 million and $56.3 million, respectively. We defer direct and incremental third-party costs incurred for obtaining initial accreditation and for the renewal of accreditations. These accreditation costs are amortized to direct costs over the life of the accreditation on a straight-line basis. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the unamortized balances of accreditation costs were $3.7 million and $3.2 million, respectively.
At December 31, 2015 and 2014, our total deferred costs were $156.0 million and $140.3 million, respectively, with accumulated amortization of $(97.9) million and $(80.8) million, respectively.
As a result of our impairment testing, we recorded impairment losses on deferred costs for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, as described in "Results of OperationsSummary Comparison of Consolidated Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012Discussion of Significant Items Affecting the Consolidated Results" and in Note 7, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
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Debt Issuance Costs
Debt issuance costs are paid as a result of certain debt transactions and are presented as a deduction from debt. These debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the associated debt instruments. The amortization expense is recognized as a component of Interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. If we extinguish our debt before its full term, we may need to write off all or a portion of these deferred financing costs and recognize a loss on extinguishment. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the unamortized balances of debt issuance costs were $69.3 million and $80.1 million, respectively.
Income Taxes
We record the amount of income taxes payable or refundable for the current year, as well as deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that we have recognized in our consolidated financial statements or tax returns. We exercise judgment in assessing future profitability and the likely future tax consequences of these events.
Deferred Taxes
Estimates of deferred tax assets and liabilities are based on current tax laws, rates and interpretations, and, in certain cases, business plans and other expectations about future outcomes. We develop estimates of future profitability based upon historical data and experience, industry projections, forecasts of general economic conditions, and our own expectations. Our accounting for deferred tax consequences represents management's best estimate of future events that can be appropriately reflected in our accounting estimates. Changes in existing tax laws and rates, their related interpretations, as well as the uncertainty generated by the current economic environment may impact the amounts of deferred tax liabilities or the valuations of deferred tax assets.
Tax Contingencies
We are subject to regular review and audit by both domestic and foreign tax authorities. We apply a more-likely-than-not threshold for tax positions, under which we must conclude that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained in order for us to continue to recognize the benefit. This assumes that the position will be examined by the appropriate taxing authority and that full knowledge of all relevant information is available. In determining the provision for income taxes, judgment is used, reflecting estimates and assumptions, in applying the more-likely-than-not threshold. A change in the assessment of the outcome of a tax review or audit could materially adversely affect our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
See Note 15, Income Taxes, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for details of our deferred taxes and tax contingencies.
Indefinite Reinvestment of Foreign Earnings
We earn a significant portion of our income from subsidiaries located in countries outside the United States. Deferred tax liabilities have not been recognized for undistributed foreign earnings because management believes that the earnings will be indefinitely reinvested outside the United States under our planned tax neutral methods. ASC 740, "Income Taxes," requires that we evaluate our circumstances to determine whether or not there is sufficient evidence to support the assertion that we will reinvest undistributed foreign earnings indefinitely. Our assertion that earnings from our foreign operations will be indefinitely reinvested is supported by projected working capital and long-term capital plans in each foreign subsidiary location in which the earnings are generated. Additionally, we believe that we have the ability to indefinitely reinvest foreign earnings based on our domestic operation's cash repatriation strategies, projected cash flows, projected working capital and liquidity,
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and the expected availability of capital within the debt or equity markets. If our expectations change based on future developments such that some or all of the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries may be remitted to the United States in the foreseeable future, we will be required to recognize deferred tax expense and liabilities on those amounts. In addition, if applicable tax rules in the United States are modified to cause U.S. corporations to pay taxes on foreign earnings even if the earnings are not remitted to the United States, we may incur additional tax expense.
Revenue Recognition
Our revenues primarily consist of tuition and educational service revenues. We also generate revenues from student fees, dormitory/residency fees, and education-related activities. Revenues are reported net of scholarships and other discounts, refunds, waivers and the fair value of any guarantees made by us related to student financing programs. Our institutions have various billing and academic cycles. Collectability is determined on a student-by-student basis at the time of enrollment. Generally, students cannot re-enroll for the next academic session without satisfactory resolution of any past-due amounts. Tuition revenues are recognized ratably on a weekly straight-line basis over each academic session. Deferred revenue and student deposits on our consolidated balance sheets consist of tuition paid prior to the start of academic sessions and unearned tuition amounts recorded as accounts receivable after an academic session begins. If a student withdraws from an institution, our obligation to issue a refund depends on the refund policy at that institution and the timing of the student's withdrawal. Generally, our refund obligations are reduced over the course of the academic term. We record refunds as a reduction of deferred revenue and student deposits, as applicable. Once a student withdraws, the Company recognizes revenue on a cash basis as collectability is not reasonably assured. Dormitory revenues are recognized over the occupancy period. Revenues from the sale of educational products are generally recognized upon delivery and when collectability is reasonably assured. Student fees and other revenues, which include revenues from contractual arrangements with unconsolidated institutions, are recognized as earned over the appropriate service period.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Receivables are deemed to be uncollectible when they have been outstanding for two years, or earlier when collection efforts have ceased, at which time they are written-off. Prior to that, we record an allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce our receivables to their net realizable value. Our allowance estimation methodology is based on the age of the receivables, the status of past-due amounts, historical collection trends, current economic conditions, and student enrollment status. In the event that current collection trends differ from historical trends, an adjustment is made to the allowance account and bad debt expense.
Derivatives
In the normal course of business, our operations have significant exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency values and interest rate changes. Accordingly, we mitigate a portion of these risks through a risk-management program that includes the use of derivative financial instruments (derivatives). The interest and principal payments for our senior long-term debt arrangements are primarily paid in USD. Because the majority of our operating cash flow and revenues comes from business units located outside the United States with functional currencies other than USD, our ability to make debt payments and our earnings are subject to fluctuations in the value of the USD relative to foreign currencies. In order to mitigate these foreign currency risks, we selectively enter into foreign exchange forward contracts. Additionally, borrowings under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and certain local credit facilities bear interest at variable rates. If market interest rates increase, variable-rate debt will create higher debt service requirements, which could adversely affect our cash flow. Therefore, we have entered into floating-to-fixed interest rate swap contracts for certain debt
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arrangements that are subject to fluctuations in interest rates. We do not engage in speculative or leveraged transactions, nor do we hold or issue derivatives for trading purposes.
We report all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The values are derived using valuation models commonly used for derivatives. These valuation models require a variety of inputs, including contractual terms, market prices, forward-price yield curves, notional quantities, measures of volatility and correlations of such inputs. Our fair value models incorporate the measurement of our own nonperformance risk into our calculations. Our derivatives expose us to credit risk to the extent that the counterparty may possibly fail to perform its contractual obligation when we are in a net gain position. As a result, our valuation models reflect measurements for counterparty credit risk. We also actively monitor counterparty credit ratings for any significant changes that could impact the nonperformance risk calculation for our fair value. We value derivatives using management's best estimate of inputs we believe market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Derivative and hedge accounting requires judgment in the use of estimates that are inherently uncertain and that may change in subsequent periods. External factors, such as economic conditions, will impact the inputs to the valuation model over time. The effect of changes in assumptions and estimates could materially impact our financial statements. See Note 14, Derivative Instruments, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for details of our derivatives.
Stock-based Compensation
We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock options. This option valuation model requires the use of subjective assumptions, including the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock, the expected stock price volatility, and the expected term of the option. The estimated fair value of the underlying common stock is based on third-party valuations. Our volatility estimates are based on a peer group of companies. We estimate the expected term of awards to be the weighted average mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. We use this method to estimate the expected term since we do not have sufficient historical exercise data.
We have granted restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options, and performance awards for which the vesting is based on our annual performance metrics. For interim periods, we use our year-to-date actual results, financial forecasts, and other available information to estimate the probability of the award vesting based on the performance metrics. The related compensation expense recognized is affected by our estimates of the vesting potential of these performance awards. See Note 13, Share-based Compensation, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further discussion of these arrangements.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-16 ("ASU 2016-16"), Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory
In October 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-16 in order to improve the accounting for income tax consequences for intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. Under current GAAP, the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity transfer is prohibited until the asset has been sold to a third party. The amendments in this ASU state that an entity should recognize income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer when the transfer occurs. This aligns the recognition of income tax consequences for intra-entity transfers of assets with International Financing Reporting Standards ("IFRS"). This ASU is effective for Laureate beginning on January 1, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this ASU should be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a
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cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-16 on our consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-15 ("ASU 2016-15"), Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15 in order to reduce diversity around how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified on the Statement of Cash Flows. This ASU provides guidance on the following areas, for which current GAAP is either unclear or does not include specific guidance:
This ASU is effective for Laureate beginning on January 1, 2018 and early adoption is permitted; however, if early adoption is elected, all of the amendments to the areas above must be adopted at the same time. The amendments in this ASU should be applied retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-15 on our consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-12 ("ASU 2016-12"), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-scope improvements and practical expedients
In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12 to address certain areas of improvement around Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The amendments in this Update do not change the core principles of Topic 606, but do address clarification around the following areas:
The amendments in this update affect the guidance in ASU 2014-09, Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which is not yet effective, and therefore follow the same effective date and transition requirements. ASU 2014-09 is effective for Laureate on January 1, 2018 and allows either a full retrospective adoption to all periods presented or a modified retrospective adoption approach with the cumulative effect of initial application of the revised guidance recognized at the date of the initial application. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-12 on our consolidated financial statements.
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Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-10 ("ASU 2016-10"), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing
In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10 in response to an issue communicated by the Transition Resource Group for Revenue Recognition (the "TRG"), a group which was formed by the FASB and the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB"), (collectively, the "Boards"), whose objective is to inform the Boards of any issues that could arise with the implementation of a converged standard on recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. ASU 2016-10 does not change the core principal of the guidance in Topic 606, but adds clarification around identifying performance obligations and licensing.
The amendments in this update affect the guidance in ASU 2014-09, Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which is not yet effective, and therefore follows the same effective date and transition requirements. ASU 2014-09 is effective for Laureate on January 1, 2018 and allows either a full retrospective adoption to all periods presented or a modified retrospective adoption approach with the cumulative effect of initial application of the revised guidance recognized at the date of the initial application. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-10 on our consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09 ("ASU 2016-09"), CompensationStock compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-based Payment Accounting
On March 30, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09 as part of its initiative to reduce complexity in accounting standards. The areas for simplification in this ASU involve several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for Laureate beginning January 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted in any annual or interim period for which financial statements have not been issued or made available for issuance, but all of the guidance must be adopted in the same period. If an entity early adopts the guidance in an interim period, any adjustments must be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. We are evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-09 on our consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-08 ("ASU 2016-08"), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08 in response to an issue communicated by the TRG regarding the determination of whether the entity acts as the principal or an agent in certain transactions where another party, along with the entity, is involved in providing a good or service to a customer. The amendments in this update do not change the core principle of the existing implementation guidance in Topic 606 on principal versus agent considerations, but do clarify how an entity should determine whether it is a principal or an agent by providing indicators that assist in the assessment of control. Such indicators may be more or less relevant to the control assessment and one or more indicators may be more or less persuasive to the control assessment, depending on the facts and circumstances.
The amendments in this update affect the guidance in ASU 2014-09, Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which is not yet effective, and therefore follows the same effective date and transition requirements. ASU 2014-09 is effective for Laureate on January 1, 2018 and allows either a full retrospective adoption to all periods presented or a modified retrospective adoption approach with the cumulative effect of initial application of the revised guidance recognized at the date of the initial application. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-08 on our consolidated financial statements.
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Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02 ("ASU 2016-02"), Leases (Topic 842)
On February 25, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02. Lessees will need to recognize on their balance sheet a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all of their leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease). The liability will be equal to the present value of lease payments. The asset will be based on the liability, subject to adjustment, such as for initial direct costs. For income statement purposes, the FASB retained a dual model, requiring leases to be classified as either operating or finance. Operating leases will result in straight-line expense (similar to current operating leases) while finance leases will result in a front-loaded expense pattern (similar to current capital leases). Classification will be based on criteria that are largely similar to those applied in current lease accounting, but without explicit bright lines. The standard is effective for Laureate beginning January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The new standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition, and provides for certain practical expedients. Transition will require application of the new guidance at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. We are evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-02 on our consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-01 ("ASU 2016-01"), Financial InstrumentsOverall (Subtopic 815-10)
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01 in order to enhance the reporting model for financial instruments to provide users of financial statements with more decision-useful information. The amendments in this ASU require all equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized through net income. In addition, the amendments in this ASU require that entities that have elected to measure financial instruments at fair value must disclose, as a separate item in comprehensive income, the portion of the total change in fair value of a liability resulting from a change in instrument-specific credit risk.
This ASU is effective for Laureate beginning January 1, 2018 and amendments should be applied as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The amendments related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values should be applied prospectively to equity investments that exist as of the date of adoption of the ASU. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-01 on our consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-17 ("ASU 2015-17"), Income Taxes (Topic 740)
In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17 as a part of the Simplification Initiative and in response to concerns that the current requirement that entities separate deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts results in little or no benefit to users of the financial statements. This classification does not generally align with the time period in which the recognized deferred tax amounts are expected to be recovered or settled and there are costs incurred by an entity to separate deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts. The amendments in this ASU aim to simplify this presentation by requiring that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position, which aligns the GAAP presentation of deferred income tax assets and liabilities with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS").
This ASU is effective for Laureate beginning January 1, 2017, and may be applied either prospectively to all deferred tax liabilities and assets or retrospectively to all periods presented. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2015-17 on our consolidated financial statements.
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Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-16 ("ASU 2015-16"), Business Combinations (Topic 805)
On September 25, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-16 as a part of the Simplification Initiative and in response to concerns that the requirement to retrospectively apply adjustments made to provisional amounts recognized in a business combination adds costs and complexity to financial reporting, but does not significantly improve the usefulness of the information provided to users. The amendments in this ASU require that adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified by the acquirer during the measurement period be recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are identified, rather than retrospectively.
The amendments in this ASU also require that the acquirer record, in the same period's financial statements, the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other income effects, if any, as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The acquirer must also present separately on the face of the income statement or disclosure in the notes the portion of the amount recorded in current-period earnings by line item that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date.
The guidance is effective for Laureate beginning January 1, 2016, and should be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not yet been made available for issuance. We do not expect ASU 2015-16 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-07 ("ASU 2015-07"), Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities that Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent)
On May 1, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-07. Under the amendments in this ASU, investments for which fair value is measured at net asset value per share (or its equivalent) using the practical expedient should not be categorized in the fair value hierarchy. Removing those investments from the fair value hierarchy not only eliminates the diversity in practice resulting from the way in which investments measured at net asset value per share (or its equivalent) with future redemption dates are classified, but also ensures that all investments categorized in the fair value hierarchy are classified using a consistent approach.
The amendments in ASU 2015-07 are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. A reporting entity should apply the amendments retrospectively to all periods presented. The retrospective approach requires that an investment for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient be removed from the fair value hierarchy in all periods presented in an entity's financial statements. We plan to adopt ASU 2015-07 on January 1, 2016 and believe this guidance will apply to the deferred compensation plan assets discussed in Note 20, Fair Value Measurement, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-03 ("ASU 2015-03") InterestImputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs
On April 7, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, which simplifies the presentation of debt issuance costs by requiring debt issuance costs to be presented as a deduction from debt. This will make the presentation of debt issuance costs consistent with the presentation of debt discounts or premiums. It also addresses the long-standing conflict with the conceptual framework, since FASB Concepts Statement No. 6, Elements of Financial Statements, requires that assets provide future economic benefit, which debt issuance costs do not. ASU 2015-03 will also align GAAP with IFRS, which requires transaction costs, including third-party costs and creditor fees, to be deducted from the
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carrying value of the financial liability and not recorded as a separate asset. The new guidance is limited to simplifying the presentation of debt issuance costs. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs is not affected. Therefore, these costs will continue to be amortized as interest expense using the effective interest method pursuant to ASC 835-30-35-2 through 35-3.
The guidance is effective beginning January 1, 2016. Upon adoption, an entity must apply the new guidance retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. An entity is also required in the year of adoption (and in interim periods within that year) to provide certain disclosures about the change in accounting principle, including the nature of and reason for the change, the transition method, a description of the prior-period information that has been retrospectively adjusted and the effect of the change on the financial statement line items (that is, debt issuance cost asset and the debt liability).
Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-02 ("ASU 2015-02") Consolidation (Topic 810)
On February 18, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, in response to stakeholders' concerns about the requirement to consolidate certain legal entities where the reporting entity's contractual rights do not give it the ability to act primarily on its own behalf, the reporting entity does not hold a majority of the legal entity's voting rights, or the reporting entity is not exposed to a majority of the legal entity's economic benefits or obligations. Financial statement users asserted that in certain of those situations in which consolidation is ultimately required, deconsolidated financial statements are necessary to better analyze the reporting entity's economic and operational results. ASU 2015-02 affects reporting entities that are required to evaluate whether they should consolidate certain legal entities. This ASU provides a revised consolidation model that requires the following:
ASU 2015-02 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. For all other entities, ASU 2015-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect ASU 2015-02 to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, ("ASU 2014-09"): Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)
On May 28, 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09. This ASU supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, " Revenue Recognition " and most industry-specific guidance. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. On July 9, 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09. The new revenue standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017 (January 1, 2018 for Laureate) and allows either a full retrospective adoption to all periods presented or a modified retrospective adoption approach with the
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cumulative effect of initial application of the revised guidance recognized at the date of initial application. We are beginning to evaluate the adoption alternatives and the impact of ASU 2014-09 on our consolidated financial statements.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to market risk primarily from fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. We may seek to control a portion of these risks through a risk-management program that includes the use of derivatives to reduce earnings and cash flow volatility associated with changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. As a policy, we do not engage in speculative or leveraged transactions, nor do we hold or issue derivatives for trading purposes.
Interest Rate Risk
We are subject to risk from fluctuations in interest rates, primarily relating to our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and certain local credit facilities, which bear interest at variable rates. However, two factors serve to mitigate this risk. First, we enter into floating-to-fixed interest rate swap contracts in order to fix a portion of our floating-rate debt, and our cross currency swap includes an embedded floating-to-fixed rate component. Second, our senior secured credit agreement contains a floor on LIBOR contracts and ABR draws.
Based on our outstanding variable-rate debt as of December 31, 2015 and factoring in the impact of the derivatives, an increase of 100 basis points in our weighted-average interest rate would result in an increase in interest expense of $23.2 million on an annual basis.
Based on our outstanding variable-rate debt as of December 31, 2015 and factoring in the impact of the derivatives and the LIBOR floor, an increase of 100 basis points in interest rates would result in an increase in interest expense of $9.8 million on an annual basis.
See Note 14, Derivative Instruments, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further discussion of our derivatives.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
We use the USD as our reporting currency. We derived approximately 83% of our revenues from students outside of the United States for the year ended December 31, 2015. Our business is transacted through a network of international and domestic subsidiaries, generally in the local currency, considered the functional currency for that subsidiary.
Our foreign currency exchange rate risk is related to the following items:
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losses are recorded in foreign currency exchange gain (loss) on our consolidated statements of operations.
For the year ended December 31, 2015, a hypothetical 10% adverse change in average annual foreign currency exchange rates, excluding the impacts of our derivatives, would have decreased operating income and Adjusted EBITDA by approximately $21.9 million and $71.1 million, respectively.
We monitor the impact of foreign currency movements related to differences between our subsidiaries' local currencies and the USD. Our U.S. debt facilities are primarily denominated in USD. We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to protect the USD value of our assets and future cash flows, as well as to reduce the earnings impact of exchange rate fluctuations on receivables and payables denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies. See Note 14, Derivative Instruments, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for additional discussion regarding our derivatives.
Other Matters
As previously disclosed, during the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an operating expense of $18.0 million (the value of 40.0 million Turkish Liras at the date of donation) for a donation by our network institution in Turkey to a charitable foundation. We believed the donation was encouraged by the Turkish government to further a public project supported by the government and expected that it would enhance the position and ongoing operations of our institution in Turkey. The Company has learned that the charitable foundation which received the donation disbursed the funds at the direction of a former senior executive at our network institution in Turkey and other external individuals to a third party without our knowledge or approval.
In June 2016, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors initiated an internal investigation into this matter with the assistance of external counsel. The investigation concerns the facts surrounding the donation, violations of the Company's policies, and possible violations of the FCPA and other applicable laws in what appears to be a fraud perpetrated by the former senior executive at our network institution in Turkey and other external individuals. This includes an investigation to determine if the diversion was part of a scheme to misappropriate the funds and whether any portion of the funds was paid to government officials. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not identified that any other officers or employees outside of Turkey were involved in the diversion of the intended donation. Although we are pursuing efforts to recover the diverted funds, there is no assurance that we will be successful.
We have been advised by Turkish counsel that, under Turkish law, a Foundation University may not make payments that cause a decrease in the university's wealth or do not otherwise benefit the university. Given the uncertainty of recovery of the diverted donation and to mitigate any potential regulatory issues in Turkey relating to the donation, certain Laureate-owned entities that are members of the foundation that controls our network institution in Turkey have contributed an amount of approximately $13.0 million (the value of 40.0 million Turkish Liras on November 4, 2016, the date of contribution) to our network institution in Turkey to reimburse it for the donation.
As a result of the investigation, which is ongoing, we took steps to remove the former senior executive at our network institution in Turkey. Because of the complex organizational structure in Turkey, this took approximately one month and during that period our access to certain aspects of the business including the financial and other records of the university was interrupted. The former senior executive is now no longer affiliated with our network institution and we again have access to the financial and other records of the university.
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In September 2016, we voluntarily disclosed the investigation to the DOJ and the SEC. The Company intends to fully cooperate with these agencies and any other applicable authorities in any investigation that may be conducted in this matter by them. The Company has internal controls and compliance policies and procedures that are designed to prevent misconduct of this nature and support compliance with laws and best practices throughout its global operations. The Company is taking steps to enhance these internal controls and compliance policies and procedures. The investigation is ongoing, and we cannot predict the outcome at this time, or the impact, if any, to the Company's consolidated financial statements or predict how the resulting consequences, if any, may impact our internal controls and compliance policies and procedures, business, ability or right to operate in Turkey, results of operations or financial position. If we are found to have violated the FCPA or other laws governing the conduct of our operations, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties and other remedial measures, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
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Our Business
We are the largest global network of degree-granting higher education institutions, with more than one million students enrolled at our 71 institutions in 25 countries on more than 200 campuses, which we collectively refer to as the Laureate International Universities network. We participate in the global higher education market, which was estimated to account for revenues of approximately $1.5 trillion in 2015, according to GSV. We believe the global higher education market presents an attractive long-term opportunity, primarily because of the large and growing imbalance between the supply and demand for quality higher education around the world. Advanced education opportunities drive higher earnings potential, and we believe the projected growth in the middle class population worldwide and limited government resources dedicated to higher education create substantial opportunities for high-quality private institutions to meet this growing and unmet demand. Our outcomes-driven strategy is focused on enabling millions of students globally to prosper and thrive in the dynamic and evolving knowledge economy.
In 1999, we made our first investment in higher education and, since that time, we have developed into the global leader in higher education, based on the number of students, institutions and countries making up our network. Our global network of 71 institutions comprises 59 institutions we own or control, and an additional 12 institutions that we manage or with which we have other relationships. Our institutions are recognized for their high-quality academics. For example, we own and operate UVM Mexico, the largest private university in Mexico, which in 2016 was ranked seventh among all public and private higher education institutions in the country by Guía Universitaria . Our track record for delivering high-quality outcomes to our students, while stressing affordability and accessibility, has been a key reason for our long record of success, including 16 consecutive years of enrollment growth. We have generated CAGRs in total enrollment and revenues of 10.4% and 9.0%, respectively, from 2009 through September 30, 2016.
Since being taken private in August 2007, we have undertaken several initiatives to continually improve the quality of our programs and outcomes for our students, while expanding our scale and geographic presence, and strengthening our organization and management team. From 2007 to September 30, 2016, we have expanded into 12 new countries, added over 100 campuses worldwide and grown enrollment from approximately 300,000 to more than one million students with a combination of strong organic revenue growth of 9.3% (average annual revenue growth from 2007 to 2015 excluding acquisitions) and the successful integration of 41 strategic acquisitions. Key to this growth were expansions into Brazil, where we owned 13 institutions with a combined enrollment of approximately 260,000 students, and expansions into Asia, the Middle East and Africa, where we owned or controlled 21 institutions with a combined enrollment of approximately 86,000 students. Further, we have made significant capital investments and continue to make operational improvements in technology and human resources, including key management hires, and are developing scalable back-office operations to support the Laureate International Universities network, including implementing a vertically integrated information technology, finance, accounting and human resources organization that, among other things, are designed to enhance our analytical capabilities. Finally, over the past several years, we have invested heavily in technology-enabled solutions to enhance the student experience, increase penetration of our hybrid offerings and optimize efficiency throughout our network. We believe these investments have created an intellectual property advantage that has further differentiated our offerings from local market competitors.
The Laureate International Universities network enables us to educate our students locally, while connecting them to an international community with a global perspective. Our students can take advantage of shared curricula, optional international programs and services, including English language instruction, dual-degree and study abroad programs and other benefits offered by other institutions in
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our network. We believe that the benefits of the network translate into better career opportunities and higher earnings potential for our graduates.
The institutions in the Laureate International Universities network offer a broad range of undergraduate and graduate degrees through campus-based, online and hybrid programs. Approximately 93% of our students attend traditional, campus-based institutions offering multi-year degrees, similar to leading private and public higher education institutions in the United States and Europe. In addition, approximately two thirds of our students are enrolled in programs of four or more years in duration. Our programs are designed with a distinct emphasis on applied, professional-oriented content for growing career fields and are focused on specific academic disciplines, or verticals, that we believe demonstrate strong employment opportunities and provide high earnings potential for our students, including:
Across these academic disciplines, we continually and proactively adapt our curriculum to the needs of the market, including emphasizing the core STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) and business disciplines. We believe the STEM and business disciplines present attractive areas of study to students, especially in developing countries where there exists a strong and ongoing focus to develop and retain professionally trained individuals. Since 2009, we have more than doubled our enrollment of students pursuing degrees in Business & Management, Medicine & Health Sciences and Engineering & Information Technology, our three largest disciplines. We believe the work of our graduates in these disciplines creates a positive impact on the communities we serve and strengthens our institutions' reputations within their respective markets.
Across the world, we operate institutions that address regional, national and local supply and demand imbalances in higher education. As the global leader in higher education, we believe we are uniquely positioned to effectively deliver high-quality education across different brands and tuition levels in the markets in which we operate. In many developing markets, traditional higher education students (defined as 18-24 year olds) have historically been served by public universities, which have limited capacity and are often underfunded, resulting in an inability to meet growing student demands and employer requirements. Our institutions in these markets offer traditional higher education students a private education alternative, often with multiple brands and price points in each market, with innovative programs and strong career-driven outcomes. In many of these same markets, non-traditional students such as working adults and distance learners have limited options for pursuing higher education. Through targeted programs and multiple teaching modalities, we are able to serve the differentiated needs of this unique demographic. Our flexible approach across geographies allows Laureate to access a broader addressable market of students by efficiently tailoring institutions to meet the needs of a particular geography and student population.
We have four reporting segments, which are summarized in the table below. We group our institutions by geography in Latin America, Europe and Asia, Middle East and Africa for reporting
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purposes. Our GPS segment includes our fully online universities and our campus-based institutions in the United States.
The following information for our operating segments is presented as of September 30, 2016, except where otherwise indicated:
|
LatAm | Europe | AMEA | GPS | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Countries |
8 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 25 | |||||||||||
Institutions |
29 | 14 | 21 | 7 | 71 | |||||||||||
Enrollments (rounded to nearest thousand) |
834,000 | 54,000 | 86,000 | 73,000 | 1,047,000 | |||||||||||
LTM ended September 30, 2016 Revenues ($ in millions) |
$ | 2,378.7 | $ | 496.9 | $ | 419.1 | $ | 939.9 | $ | 4,218.8 | ||||||
% Contribution to LTM ended September 30, 2016 Revenues |
56 | % | 12 | % | 10 | % | 22 | % | 100 | % |
Our Industry
We are the leader in the global market for higher education, which is characterized by a significant imbalance between supply and demand, especially in developing economies. In many countries, demand for higher education is large and growing. GSV estimates that higher education institutions accounted for total revenues of approximately $1.5 trillion globally in 2015, with the higher education market expected to grow by approximately 5% per annum through 2020. Global growth in higher education is being fueled by several demographic and economic factors, including a growing middle class, global growth in services and technology-related industries and recognition of the significant personal and economic benefits gained by graduates of higher education institutions. At the same time, many governments have limited resources to devote to higher education, resulting in a diminished ability by the public sector to meet growing demand, and creating opportunities for private education providers to enter these markets and deliver high-quality education. As a result, the private sector plays a large
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and growing role in higher education globally. While the Laureate International Universities network is the largest global network of degree-granting higher education institutions in the world, our total enrollment of more than one million students represents only 0.5% of worldwide higher education students.
Large, Growing and Underpenetrated Population of Qualified Higher Education Students. According to UNESCO, 198.6 million students worldwide were enrolled in higher education institutions in 2013, nearly double the 99.7 million students enrolled in 2000, and approximately 90% of those students were enrolled at institutions outside of the United States as of 2013. In many countries, including throughout Latin America, Asia and other developing regions, there is growing demand for higher education based on favorable demographics, increasing secondary completion rates and increasing higher education participation rates, resulting in continued growth in higher education enrollments. While global participation rates have increased for traditional higher education students (defined as 18-24 year olds), the market for higher education is still significantly underpenetrated, particularly in developing countries. Given the low penetration rates, many governments in developing countries have a stated goal of increasing the number of students participating in higher education. For example, Mexico's participation rate increased from approximately 16% to approximately 22% from 2003 to 2013, and the Mexican government has set a goal of increasing the number of students enrolled in higher education by 17% over the next three years. Other developing countries with large addressable markets are similarly underpenetrated as evidenced by the following participation rates for 2013: Saudi Arabia (36%), Brazil (32%), China (22%) and India (19%), all of which are well below rates of developed countries such as the United States and Spain, which in 2013 had participation rates of approximately 63% and approximately 60%, respectively.
Strong Economic Incentives for Higher Education. According to the Brookings Institution, approximately 1.8 billion people in the world composed the middle class in 2009, a number that is expected to more than double by 2030 to almost five billion people. We believe that members of this large and growing group seek advanced education opportunities for themselves and their children in recognition of the vast differential in earnings potential with and without higher education. According to data from the OECD, in certain European markets in which we operate, the earnings from employment for an adult completing higher education were approximately 60% higher than those of an adult with just an upper secondary education, while in the United States the differential was approximately 76%. This income gap is even more pronounced in many developing countries around the world, including a differential of approximately 139% in Chile and approximately 152% in Brazil. OECD statistics also show that overall employment rates are greater for individuals completing higher education than for those who have not completed upper secondary education. In addition, we believe as economies around the world are increasingly based on the services sector, they will require significant investment in human capital, advanced education and specialized training to produce knowledgeable professionals. We believe the cumulative impact of favorable demographic and socio-economic trends, coupled with the superior earnings potential of higher education graduates, will continue to expand the market for private higher education.
Increasing Role of the Private Sector in Higher Education. In many of our markets, the private sector plays a meaningful role in higher education, bridging supply and demand imbalances created by a lack of capacity at public universities. In addition to capacity limitations, we believe that limited public resources, and the corresponding policy reforms to make higher education systems less dependent on the financial and operational support of local governments, have resulted in increased enrollments in private institutions relative to public institutions.
According to the OECD, from 2003 to 2013, the number of students enrolled in private institutions grew from approximately 26% to approximately 31% of total enrollments within OECD countries. For example, Brazil and Chile rely heavily upon private institutions to deliver quality higher education to
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students, with approximately 71% (in 2012) and approximately 84% (in 2013), respectively, of higher education students in these countries enrolled in private institutions.
The decrease in government funding to public higher education institutions in recent years has served to spur the growth of private institutions, as tuitions have been increasingly funded by private sources. On average, OECD countries experienced a decrease in public funding from approximately 69% of total funding in 2000 to approximately 65% in 2012. For example, Mexico experienced a decrease in public funding as a percentage of total funding of approximately ten percentage points during the same period. We believe these trends have increased demand for competitive private institutions as public institutions are unable to meet the demand of students and families around the world, especially in developing markets.
Greater Accessibility to Higher Education through Online and Hybrid Offerings. Improving Internet broadband infrastructure and new instruction methodologies designed for the online medium have driven increased acceptance of the online modality globally. According to a survey conducted by the Babson Survey Research Group, approximately 71% of academic leaders rated online learning outcomes as the same or superior to classroom learning in 2014, up from approximately 57% in 2003. GSV estimates that the online higher education market will grow by a CAGR of approximately 25%, from $49 billion in 2012 to $149 billion in 2017. Additionally, new online and hybrid education offerings have enabled the cost-effective delivery of higher education, while improving overall affordability and accessibility for students. We believe that increasing student demand, coupled with growing employer and regulatory acceptance of degrees obtained through online and hybrid modalities, will continue to drive significant growth in the online and hybrid higher education market globally.
Our Strengths and Competitive Advantages
We believe our key competitive strengths that will enable us to execute our growth strategy include the following:
First Mover and Leader in Global Higher Education. In 1999, we made our first investment in global higher education. Since that time, the Laureate International Universities network has grown to include 71 institutions in 25 countries that enroll more than one million students, of which approximately 95% are outside of the United States and over 85% reside in developing countries. Our growth has been the result of numerous organic initiatives, supplemented by successfully completing and integrating 41 acquisitions since August 2007, substantially all of which were completed through private negotiations and not as part of an auction process. Given our size and status as the first mover in many of our markets, we have been able to acquire many marquee assets, which we believe will help us maintain our market-leading position due to the considerable time and expense it would take a competitor to establish an integrated network of international universities of similar scale with the brands, intellectual property and accreditations that we possess.
Long-Standing and Reputable University Brands Delivering High Quality Education. We believe we have established a reputation for providing high-quality higher education around the world, and that our schools are among the most respected higher education brands in their local markets. Many of our institutions have over 40-year histories, with some institutions approaching 100 years. In addition to long-standing presences in their local communities, many of our institutions are ranked among the best in their respective countries. For example, the Barómetro de la Educación Superior has ranked Universidad Andrés Bello as a top university in Chile. Similarly, in Brazil, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi is ranked by Guia do Estudante as one of São Paulo's top universities, and in Europe, Universidad Europea de Madrid is the second largest private university in Spain and received four stars in the prestigious 2015 QS Stars international university rating. Our U.S.-based institutions have been recognized for their quality and value. Walden University, a member of the Laureate International Universities network, was singled out in the U.S. Senate Report on For-Profit Higher Education in 2012
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as "perhaps the best of any company examined." More recently, Walden ranked 19th on the list of the top 100 universities for adult learners in the Washington Monthly 2016 College Rankings .
Our strong brands are perpetuated by our student-centric focus and our mission to provide greater access to cost-effective, high-quality higher education, which allows more students to pursue their academic and career aspirations. We are committed to continually evaluating our institutions to ensure we are providing the highest quality education to our students. Our proprietary management tool, LEAF, is used to evaluate institutional performance based on 44 unique criteria across five different categories: Employability, Learning Experience, Personal Experience, Access & Outreach and Academic Excellence. LEAF, in conjunction with additional external assessment methodologies, such as QS Stars, allows us to identify key areas for improvement in order to drive a culture of quality and continual innovation at our institutions. For example, more than 86% of students attending Laureate institutions in Brazil are enrolled in an institution with an IGC score (an indicator used by the Brazilian Ministry of Education to evaluate the quality of higher education institutions) that has improved since 2010. In addition, our Brazilian institutions' IGC scores have increased by approximately 16% on average from 2010 to 2014, placing three of our institutions in the top quintile, and nine (encompassing approximately 96% of our student enrollment in Brazil) in the top three quintiles of all private higher education institutions in the country.
Many of our institutions and programs have earned the highest accreditation available, which provides us with a strong competitive advantage in local markets. For example, we serve more than 200,000 students in the fields of medicine and health sciences on over 100 campuses throughout the Laureate International Universities network, including 22 medical schools and 19 dental schools. Medical school licenses are often the most difficult to obtain and are only granted to institutions that meet rigorous standards. We believe the existence of medical schools at many of our institutions further validates the quality of our institutions and programs. Similarly, other institutions have received numerous specialized accreditations, including those for Ph.D. programs. For example, UNAB, UDLA Ecuador, and UPC are three of only 11 universities in all of Latin America to receive a U.S. accreditation, which are highly regarded and difficult to attain. Finally, in addition to Universidad Europea de Madrid, 14 institutions in our network were also rated by QS Stars international university rating, which is a prestigious external assessment. In 2015, many Laureate institutions received three and four stars as indicated below:
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Superior Outcomes for Our Students. We offer high-quality undergraduate, graduate and specialized programs in a wide range of disciplines that generate strong interest from students and provide attractive employment prospects. We design our programs to prepare students to contribute productively in their chosen professions upon employment. Our curriculum development process includes employer surveys and ongoing research into business trends to determine the skills and knowledge base that will be required by those employers in the future. This information results in timely curriculum upgrades, which helps ensure that our graduates acquire the skills that will make them marketable to employers. In 2014, we commissioned a study by Millward Brown, a leading third-party market research organization, of graduates at Laureate institutions representing over 60% of total Laureate enrollments. Graduates at 12 of our 13 surveyed international institutions achieved, on average, equal or higher employment rates within 12 months of graduation as compared to graduates of other institutions in the same markets, and in all of our premium institutions surveyed, graduates achieved higher starting salaries as compared to graduates of other institutions in those same markets (salary premium to market benchmarks ranged from approximately 6% to approximately 118%). In addition, a joint study by Laureate and the IFC/World Bank Group in 2014 showed that graduates of Laureate institutions in Mexico experienced higher rates of social mobility, finding jobs and moving up in socioeconomic status than their peers in non-Laureate institutions. In 2016, we conducted a similar study with the IFC in Peru for two of our network institutions, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas ("UPC") and Cibertec, which showed that graduates from the larger programs of both institutions had higher salaries than their control group counterparts. Additionally, graduates from UPC were found to experience a larger positive change in their socioeconomic status than their peers who completed studies at non-Laureate institutions.
In 2016, Walden University commissioned Gallup to conduct a survey of Walden University's graduate-degree alumni using its Gallup-Purdue Index. The survey explored the relationship between Walden University's graduates' experiences and long-term outcomes based on their responses. Gallup administered a custom survey, developed in partnership with Walden University, to Walden University graduate degree holders and a national sample of graduate degree holders to allow comparison of outcomes in the areas of professional success, return on investment and civic engagement. The study included 8,677 adults who received graduate degrees from Walden University between 1990 and 2015 as well as 6,687 graduates from the national sample. Within the national sample, Gallup created an additional comparison group of graduates who completed half or more of their graduate degree online, the "half-plus graduate alumni," more closely resembling the Walden University sample set of online alumni. The Walden University sample is more likely than the half-plus online graduate alumni sample to be female (76% vs. 60%) and from a racial or ethnic minority group (36% vs. 28%), and the Walden University alumni are more likely than half-plus online graduate alumni to be the first generation in their families to attend college (61% vs. 48%). As evidenced by the demographic distinctions, Walden University graduates reflect a more diverse population compared with both national comparison groups. The survey results illustrate how many Walden University graduates went on to advance their careers, including that Walden University graduates were more likely than comparison groups to cite their degree as being important or very important toward getting promoted, achieving a salary raise and changing careers. The Gallup survey states that half-plus online graduate alumni are more likely than Walden University alumni to have degrees in well-compensated professions, including those with degrees in business and management (20% half-plus graduate alumni vs. 12% for Walden University alumni) and engineering (5% half-plus graduate alumni vs. 0% for Walden University alumni). Conversely, Walden University alumni are predominantly in professions that typically earn less: education (23% half-plus graduate alumni vs. 29% for Walden University alumni), teaching (8% half-plus graduate alumni vs. 14% for Walden University alumni) and nursing (6% half-plus graduate alumni vs. 24% for Walden University alumni). According to Gallup's survey, career advancement following receipt of a Walden University graduate degree may be contributing to the vast majority of Walden University graduates (88%) saying they are satisfied with their personal life today, on par with half-plus online graduate alumni (86%) and graduate degree holders nationally (89%). Additionally,
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83% of Walden University graduates agree or strongly agree that they were challenged academically by Walden University, higher than the 75% of half-plus online graduate alumni surveyed but similar to graduate degree holders nationally (83%).
Robust Technology and Intellectual Property Platform. By virtue of our 17 years of experience operating in a global environment, managing campus-based institutions across multiple disciplines and developing and administering online programs and curricula, we have developed an extensive collection of intellectual property. We believe this collection of intellectual property, which includes online capabilities, campus design and management, recruitment of transnational students, faculty training, curriculum design and quality assurance, among other proprietary solutions, provides our students a truly differentiated learning experience and creates a significant competitive advantage for our institutions over competitors.
A critical element of our intellectual property is a suite of proprietary technology solutions. Select examples include OneCampus , which connects students across our network with shared online courses and digital experiences, and Slingshot, an online career orientation tool that enables students to explore career paths through state-of-the-art interest assessment and rich content about hundreds of careers. Our commitment to investing in technology infrastructure, software and human capital ensures a high-quality educational experience for our students and faculty, while also providing us with the infrastructure to manage and scale our business.
Our intellectual property has been a key driver in developing partnerships with prestigious independent institutions and governments globally. For example, we have partnered with other traditional public and private higher education institutions as a provider of online services. We have operated this model for more than ten years with the University of Liverpool in the United Kingdom and, more recently, we have added new partnerships with the University of Roehampton in the United Kingdom and the University of Miami in the United States. Additionally, in 2013, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia launched the College of Excellence program with a long-term goal of opening 100 new technical colleges, and sought private operators to manage the institutions on its behalf under an operating model in which the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia funds the capital requirements to build the institutions, and the private operator runs the academic operations under a contract model. As of September 30, 2016, we have been awarded contracts to operate eight of the 33 colleges for which contracts have been awarded to date, more than any other provider in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Scale and Diversification of Our Global Network. The Laureate International Universities network is diversified across 25 countries, 71 campus-based and online institutions and over 2,500 programs. Additionally, in many markets, we have multiple institutions serving different segments of the population, at different price points and with different academic offerings. Although the majority of our institutions serve the premium segment of the market, we also have expanded our portfolio of offerings in many markets to include high-quality value and technical-vocational institutions. By serving multiple segments of the market, all with high-quality offerings, we are able to continue to expand our enrollments during varying economic cycles. Our top five largest markets, as measured by revenue, represented 69% of our consolidated revenue and 78% of our total enrollments in 2015. Our top five largest markets are home to 17% of the world's higher education students. We believe there is no other public or private organization that commands comparable global reach or scale.
Our global network allows our institutions to bring their distinctive identities together with our proprietary international content, managerial best practices and international programs. Through collaboration across the global network, we can efficiently share academic curricula and resources, create dual degree programs and student exchanges, develop our faculty and incorporate best practices throughout the organization. In addition, our wide-ranging network allows us to continue to scale our business by facilitating the expansion of existing programs and campuses, the launch of new programs, the opening of new campuses in areas of high demand and the strategic acquisition and integration of new institutions into our network. For example, the resources and support of our global network have had a demonstrated impact on our Medicine & Health Sciences expansion effort, which has resulted in
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enrollment growth from approximately 75,000 students in 2009 to more than 200,000 students as of September 30, 2016. Furthermore, the existing breadth of our network allows us to provide a high-quality educational experience to our students, while simultaneously accessing the broadest addressable market for our offerings.
In recognition of the benefits of our international scale, and in order to formalize our organizational focus on the opportunities presented by our established network, we created the LNO in 2015. The LNO is an important resource that allows us, among other things, to better leverage our expertise in the online modality to increase the frequency and effectiveness of online and hybrid learning opportunities across the network.
To further illustrate the breadth and diversity of our global network, the charts below show the mix of our geographic revenues, programs, modality and levels of study:
Attractive Financial Model.
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Proven Management Team. We have an experienced and talented senior management team, with strong international expertise from a wide variety of industry-leading global companies. Our executive officers have been with us an average of 13 years and have led our transformation into the largest global network of degree-granting higher education institutions in the world. Douglas L. Becker, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and founder, has led our Company since its inception in 1989 and has cultivated an entrepreneurial and collaborative management culture. This entrepreneurial leadership style has been complemented by an executive management team with broad global experience, enabling us to institute strong governance practices throughout our network. The strength of the management team has enabled the sharing of best practices, allowing us to capitalize on favorable market dynamics and leading to the successful integration of numerous institutions into the Laureate International Universities network. In addition, we have strong regional and local management teams with a deep understanding of the local markets, that are focused on meeting the needs of our students and communities, and maintaining key relationships with regulators and business leaders. Our management team has a proven track record of gaining the trust and respect of the many regulatory authorities that are critical to our business.
Our Growth Strategy
We intend to continue to focus on growing the Laureate International Universities network through the following key strategies:
Expand Programs, Demographics and Capacity. We will continue to focus on opportunities to expand our programs and the type of students that we serve, as well as our capacity in our markets to meet local demand. We also intend to continue to improve the performance of each of our institutions by adopting best practices that have been successful at other institutions in the Laureate International Universities network. We believe these initiatives will drive organic growth and provide an attractive return on capital. In particular, we intend to:
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and course offerings enable us to consistently provide a high-quality education that is desired by students and prospective employers. As we optimize our offerings to deliver courses in high-demand disciplines, we also believe we will be able to increase enrollment and improve utilization at institutions across our network.
We have successfully implemented these strategies at many of our institutions. For example, at UVM Mexico we grew total enrollments from approximately 37,000 students in 2002 to approximately 128,000 in 2015. This growth was the result of the introduction of new programs, including in the fields of health sciences, engineering and hospitality, the addition of 23 new campus locations (from 13 in 2002 to 36 in 2015), and the ability to serve new market segments such as working adults. While UVM Mexico has grown into the largest private institution in Mexico, our relentless focus on academic quality remains. In fact, UVM Mexico has improved from the 9 th ranked institution in 2004 to the 7 th ranked institution in 2016 according to Guía Universitaria. Further examples of our successes in implementing these strategies include:
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Expand Penetration of Online and Hybrid Offerings. We intend to increase the number of our students who receive their education through fully online or hybrid programs to meet the growing demand of younger generations that continue to embrace technology. Over the past decade, the global population with Internet access has continued to grow, and Forrester estimates a total of 3.5 billion people will have Internet access by 2017, representing nearly half of the world's population. Additionally, in many of our markets, online education is becoming more accepted by regulators and education professionals as an effective means of providing quality higher education. As the quality and acceptance of online education increases globally, we plan to continue investing in both expanding our stand-alone online course offerings and enhancing our traditional campus-based course offerings via complementary online delivery, creating a hybrid delivery model. We believe our history of success with Walden University, a fully online institution in the United States, and our well-developed online program offerings will provide a considerable advantage over local competitors, enabling us to combine our strong local brands with our experience in delivering online education. By the end of 2019, our goal is to increase the number of student credit hours taken online, which was approximately 11% as of the end of 2015, to approximately 25%. Some of our network institutions are already implementing online programs with significant progress being made. For example, at Universidad Europea de Madrid in Spain, approximately 20% of our students took at least one online course as of June 30, 2016. Our online initiative is designed to not only provide our students with access to the technology platforms and innovative programs they expect, but also to increase our enrollment in a more capital efficient manner, leveraging current infrastructure and improving classroom utilization.
Expand Presence in AMEA. AMEA represents the largest higher education market opportunity in the world with more than 120 million students enrolled in higher education institutions in 2013, according to UNESCO. Despite the large number of students enrolled, participation rates in the region suggest significantly underpenetrated enrollment given the strong imbalance between the supply and demand for higher education.
In 2008, we entered the AMEA higher education market with our acquisition of an interest in INTI Education Group in Malaysia. In the last eight years, we have grown our AMEA footprint to include 21 institutions in eight countries, serving approximately 86,000 students, representing an enrollment CAGR of approximately 20% since entering the region in 2008. Recent expansion in the AMEA region includes eight Colleges of Excellence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and our first institution in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2013, Monash South Africa. In anticipation of continued growth, we have made significant investments in the region, including hiring an experienced regional management team and establishing the infrastructure to help facilitate growth and further expand our footprint in the region. We plan to continue to expand our presence in AMEA by prioritizing markets based on demographic, market and regulatory factors, while seeking attractive returns on capital.
Accelerate Partnership and Services Model Globally. As the global leader in higher education, we believe we are well-positioned to capitalize on additional opportunities in the form of partnership and service models that are designed to address the growing needs of traditional institutions and governments around the world.
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Increasingly more complex services and operating capabilities are required by higher education institutions to address the needs of students effectively, and we believe our expertise and knowledge will allow us to leverage our intellectual property and technology to serve this market need. We have partnered with traditional public and private education institutions as a provider of online services and we believe there will be opportunities to expand that platform under similar relationships with other prestigious independent institutions in the future. Additionally, we are continually adding to our suite of solutions, and we believe many of these products and services will provide additional contractual and licensing opportunities for us in the future. For example, in recent years we have significantly advanced our digital teaching and learning efforts through proprietary technology-enabled solutions such as:
Additionally, governments around the world are increasingly focused on increasing participation rates and often do not have an established or scalable public sector platform with the necessary expertise to accomplish that objective, and therefore are willing to fund private sector solutions. We believe our current partnership with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where we were selected as their largest partner for the Colleges of Excellence program, is a demonstration of how our distinct portfolio of solutions differentiates us from other providers who participated in the selection process. We are in active discussion with other governments regarding similar partnerships, as well as other solutions that we can provide to existing and new partners, and we anticipate this could be a source of additional revenue for us in the future.
Increase Operating Efficiencies through Centralization and Standardization. In 2014, we launched EiP as an enterprise-wide initiative to optimize and standardize our processes to enable sustained growth and margin expansion. The program aims to enable vertical integration of procurement, information technology, finance, accounting and human resources, thus enabling us to fully leverage the growing size and scope of our local operations. Specifically, we have developed and begun to deploy regional SSOs around the world, which will process most back-office and non-student facing transactions for the institutions in the Laureate International Universities network, such as accounting, finance and procurement. The implementation of EiP and regional SSOs are expected to generate significant cost savings throughout the network as we eliminate redundant processes and better leverage our global scale. In addition, centralized information technology, product development and content management will allow us to propagate best practices throughout the Laureate International Universities network and capitalize on efficiencies to help improve performance. We anticipate EiP will require an investment of approximately $180 million from 2015 to 2017, with the first significant investments already having been made in 2015. These investments have already begun to generate cost savings and, upon completion of the project, we expect these efficiencies to generate approximately $100 million in annual cost savings in 2019, while also enhancing our internal controls and the speed of integration of new acquisitions. We also believe these initiatives will enhance the student experience by improving the quality of our operations and by enabling additional reinvestment in facilities, faculty and course offerings.
Target Strategic Acquisitions. Since being taken private in August 2007, we have made 41 acquisitions with an aggregate purchase price of approximately $2.0 billion, including assumed debt. Substantially all of these acquisitions were completed through private negotiations and not as part of an auction process, which we believe demonstrates our standing as a partner of choice. We intend to continue to expand through the selective acquisition of institutions in new and existing markets. We employ a highly disciplined approach to acquisitions by focusing on key characteristics that make certain markets particularly attractive for private higher education, such as demographics, economic and
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social factors, the presence of a stable political environment and a regulatory climate that values private higher education. When we enter a new market or industry sector, we target institutions with well-regarded reputations and which are well-respected by regulators. We also invest time and resources to understand the managerial, financial and academic resources of the prospect and the resources we can bring to that institution. After an acquisition, we focus on organic growth and financial returns by applying best practices and integrating, both operationally and financially, the institution into the Laureate International Universities network, and we have a strong track record of success. For all the institutions we acquired between 1999 and December 31, 2010, we achieved average enrollment and revenue CAGRs of approximately 15% and approximately 19%, respectively, in the four full years following the first anniversary of the acquisition. Further, we achieved operating income CAGRs (adjusted for impairment charges) of approximately 40%, translating into a margin expansion of nearly six percentage points for the same period. Additionally, we bring programs and expertise to increase the quality and reputation of institutions after we acquire them, and assist them in earning new forms of licenses and accreditations. We believe our experienced management team, history of strong financial performance rooted in the successful integration of previous acquisitions, local contacts and cultural understanding makes us the leading choice for higher education institutions seeking to join an international educational network.
Our History
We were founded in 1989 as Sylvan Learning Systems, Inc., a provider of a broad array of supplemental and remedial educational services. In 1999, we made our first investment in global higher education with our acquisition of Universidad Europea de Madrid, and in 2001 we entered the market for online delivery of higher education services in the United States with our acquisition of Walden University. In 2003, we sold the principal operations that made up our then K-12 educational services business and certain venture investments deemed not strategic to our higher education business, and in 2004 we changed our name to Laureate Education, Inc. Between the time we sold the K-12 educational services business in 2003 and August 2007, we acquired nine institutions for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $160 million, including assumed debt, and entered seven new countries.
In August 2007, we were acquired in a leveraged buyout by the Wengen Investors for an aggregate total purchase price of $3.8 billion, including $1.7 billion of debt, all of which has been refinanced or replaced. See "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our IndebtednessThe fact that we have substantial debt could materially adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and limit our ability to pursue our growth strategy or to react to changes in the economy or our industry." We believe that these investors have embraced our mission, commitment to academic quality and ongoing focus to provide a social benefit to the communities we serve.
Since being taken private in August 2007, we have undertaken several initiatives to continually improve the quality of our programs and outcomes for our students, while expanding our scale and geographic presence, and strengthening our organization and management team. Since August 2007, we have completed 41 acquisitions with an aggregate purchase price of approximately $2 billion, including assumed debt, and entered 12 new countries, and we now have a total institution count of 71.
In early 2013, the IFC Investors collectively invested $200 million in our common stock. IFC is a global development institution that helps developing countries achieve sustainable growth by financing investment in the private sector and providing advisory services to businesses and governments. The investment in Laureate received the unanimous approval of the Board of Directors of the IFC in 2012. We believe that the IFC made its investment in our common stock to underscore its long-term commitment to supporting education with strategic clients that have the ability to develop much-needed job-market skills, because of our substantial presence in emerging markets and because of its belief that working with us would have a significant impact on human development in the countries where we operate. Two Laureate institutions received IFC investments even before their affiliation with Laureate.
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In December 2013, the boards of directors of Wengen and Laureate authorized the combination of Laureate and Laureate Asia. Laureate Asia was a subsidiary of Wengen that provided higher education programs and services to students through a network of licensed institutions located in Australia, China, India, Malaysia and Thailand. Wengen transferred 100% of the equity of Laureate Asia to Laureate. The transaction is accounted for as a transfer between entities under common control and, accordingly, the accounts of Laureate Asia are retrospectively included in the financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Certified B Corporation
While not required by Delaware law or the terms of our certificate of incorporation, we have elected to have our social and environmental performance, accountability and transparency assessed against the proprietary criteria established by an independent non-profit organization. As a result of this assessment, we have been designated as a "Certified B Corporation TM " under the standards set by an independent organization, which refers to companies that are certified as meeting certain levels of social and environmental performance, accountability and transparency.
The following description of the certification processes and standards was provided to us by the independent organization that designated us as a Certified B Corporation. The first step in becoming a Certified B Corporation is taking and passing a comprehensive and objective assessment of a business's positive impact on society and the environment. The assessment varies depending on the company's size (number of employees), sector and location. The standards in the assessment are created and revised by an independent governing body that determines eligibility to be a Certified B Corporation.
By completing a set of over 200 questions, which are customized for the company being assessed, that reflect impact indicators, best practices and outcomes, a company receives a composite score on a 200-point scale representative of its overall impact on its employees, customers, communities and the environment. Representative indicators in the assessment range from payment above a living wage, employee benefits, charitable giving/community service, use of renewable energy and, in the case of educational institutions like Laureate, student outcomes such as retention, graduation and employment rates.
Certification as a Certified B Corporation requires that a company achieve a reviewed assessment score of at least an 80. The review process includes a phone review, a random selection of indicators for verifying documentation and a random selection of company locations for onsite reviews, including employee interviews and facility tours. In the case of Laureate's assessment, each subsidiary, as well as the corporate office in Baltimore, was required to complete an individual assessment for review that would be aggregated based on size to calculate an overall score. The assessment also includes a disclosure questionnaire, including any sensitive practices, fines and sanctions related to the company or its partners.
For Laureate, certification also required us to adopt the public benefit corporation structure, a step we have already completed. Once certified, every Certified B Corporation must make its assessment score transparent on the independent non-profit organization's website. Acceptance as a Certified B Corporation and continued certification is at the sole discretion of the independent organization.
Social Responsibility
We are serious about making an enduring commitment to the communities we serve. We do this through a range of scholarships and awards, donations to non-profits aligned with our mission and through creating international opportunities for our students.
As part of this commitment, since 2003, we have provided financial support to the International Youth Foundation ("IYF") directly and through our affiliated charitable foundation. The IYF was
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founded in 1990 with a grant from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. IYF is a highly regarded international non-profit, with a mission to build partnerships, initiatives, and curricula that prepare young women and men to succeed as citizens, employees, entrepreneurs, and change-makers around the world.
IYF was started before we made our first investment in higher education and 13 years before we provided it with any financial support. Neither we nor our founder Mr. Becker controls or manages IYF, which is an independent and respected charitable organization. Mr. Becker has served as an unpaid volunteer member of the IYF's 14-member board, and the only IYF board member affiliated with us, since 2003 and as the board's chair since 2006. IYF has a longstanding relationship with the United States Agency for International Development ("USAID"), dating to 1999, and was cited for excellence by USAID during the George W. Bush administration. IYF has worked in partnership with USAID, the U.S. government agency that provides foreign assistance and promotes democracy in over 100 countries, on youth capacity-building, employability and civic engagement programs all across the world. These grants are awarded on a competitive basis, based on an organization's proven track record using funding to accomplish USAID goals.
Since 2003, we and our affiliated foundation have donated approximately $9 million to IYF. We have never received any funds from IYF.
Support of Recognized World Leaders
In 2010, former U.S. President Bill Clinton signed a five-year contract to serve as the Laureate International Universities network's Honorary Chancellor. He advised the network on issues like social responsibility, youth leadership and civic engagement, while also speaking to students, faculty and staff worldwide. During his term, President Clinton visited 19 Laureate campuses in 14 countries. Immediately following the end of his term on its originally scheduled expiration date, the former president of Mexico, Ernesto Zedillo, assumed the similar role of Presidential Counselor for the Laureate International Universities network.
Our Programs
We believe the diversity afforded by our program offerings helps insulate us against an economic downturn in any one area of study. We offer our programs through traditional classroom instruction as well as partially or fully online methods that we believe are attractive to both traditional students and working adults, a fast-growing cohort that we expect to represent an increasing part of our revenue mix in the future. Our fully online programs offer our students a convenient and cost-effective alternative to traditional classroom instruction and currently enroll students from over 175 countries worldwide. Our educational institutions offer a diverse range of academic programs, at the undergraduate and graduate level, including:
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Our educational institutions also offer upper secondary programs in Mexico. Our operational infrastructure and management approach are highly flexible and enable us to adapt quickly to unique situations and evolving international market trends. We continually monitor our programs that have been successful in their native markets and assess the ability to successfully provide a similar offering in other markets. This approach allows us to readily disseminate global best practices across different fields of study, optimize our educational delivery for the benefit of our students and further differentiate us from our locally based competition. We also provide convenient and flexible instructional delivery methods that allow students to attend classes, complete coursework and pursue a degree partially or entirely via distance learning, thereby increasing the convenience, accessibility and flexibility of our campus-based educational programs. We expect to leverage our already strong standing in these program areas through the continued development of rich media content, while bolstering our degree programs in other areas of study. We believe these flexible offerings distinguish us from many traditional universities that currently do not effectively address the flexibility required by students.
Many of our institutions have medical, dental and other health sciences programs that include providing clinical training to their students. As part of our commitment to civic engagement, we provide free or low-cost medical care to local community members. In 2015, approximately 150,000 patients were served by our institutions.
Our Operating Segments
On May 2, 2016, we announced a change to our operating segments in order to align our structure more geographically. Our institution in Italy, NABA, including Domus Academy, moved from our GPS segment into our Europe segment. MDS, located in New Zealand, moved from our GPS segment into our AMEA segment. Our GPS segment now focuses on Laureate's fully online global operations and on its campus-based institutions in the United States. We determine our operating segments based on information utilized by our chief operating decision maker to allocate resources and assess performance.
LatAm
As of the date of this prospectus, our LatAm segment consists of 29 licensed higher education institutions and has operations in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Panama and Peru at which we enrolled approximately 834,000 students as of September 30, 2016. Our LatAm segment includes one institution in Ecuador with which we have contractual arrangements that are managed within the segment. The institutions primarily serve 18- to 24-year-old students and offer an education that emphasizes professional-oriented fields of study with undergraduate and graduate degrees in a wide range of disciplines, including business, education, hospitality management, law, health sciences, information technology and engineering.
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The following table presents information about the institutions in our LatAm segment (unless otherwise noted, we own each of these institutions):
Country
|
Higher Education Institution |
Year Joined
Laureate Network |
Year
Founded |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (UAM Brazil) | 2005 | 1970 | ||||||
Universidade Potiguar (UnP) | 2007 | 1981 | |||||||
Faculdade dos Guararapes (FG) | 2007 | 2002 | |||||||
Faculdade Internacional da Paraíba (FPB) | 2007 | 2005 | |||||||
Business School São Paulo (BSP) | 2008 | 1994 | |||||||
Centro Universitário do Norte (UniNorte) | 2008 | 1994 | |||||||
Faculdade de Desenvolvimento do Rio Grande do Sul (Fadergs) | 2008 | 2004 | |||||||
Instituto Brasileiro de Medicina de Reabilitação (Uni IBMR) | 2009 | 1974 | |||||||
Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS) | 2010 | 1972 | |||||||
Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis (UniRitter) | 2010 | 1971 | |||||||
Faculdade dos Guararapes de Recife (FGR) | 2012 | 1990 | |||||||
FMU Education Group (FMU) | 2014 | 1968 | |||||||
Faculdade Porto-Alegrense (FAPA) | 2014 | 2008 | |||||||
Chile |
|
Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA Chile) |
|
|
2000 |
* |
|
1988 |
|
Instituto Profesional AIEP (AIEP) | 2003 | 1960 | |||||||
Universidad Andrés Bello (UNAB) | 2003 | * | 1989 | ||||||
Instituto Profesional Escuela Moderna de Música (EMM) | 2008 | 1940 | |||||||
Universidad Viña del Mar (UVM Chile) | 2009 | * | 1988 | ||||||
Costa Rica |
|
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica (ULatina) |
|
|
2003 |
|
|
1989 |
|
Universidad Americana (UAM Costa Rica) | 2008 | 1998 | |||||||
Ecuador |
|
Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA Ecuador) |
|
|
2003 |
|
|
1995 |
|
Honduras |
|
Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana (UNITEC Honduras) |
|
|
2005 |
* |
|
1987 |
|
Mexico |
|
Universidad del Valle de México (UVM Mexico) |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
1960 |
|
Universidad Tecnológica de México (UNITEC Mexico) | 2008 | 1966 | |||||||
Panama |
|
Universidad Interamericana de Panamá (UIP) |
|
|
2003 |
|
|
1994 |
|
Peru |
|
Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) |
|
|
2004 |
|
|
1994 |
|
CIBERTEC | 2004 | 1983 | |||||||
Universidad Privada del Norte (UPN) | 2007 | 1994 | |||||||
Instituto Tecnológico del Norte (ITN) | 2007 | 1984 |
Our LatAm institutions consist of:
Brazil
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Chile
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sciences. UDLA Chile has campuses located in Santiago, Concepción (southern Chile) and Viña del Mar (central Chile).
Costa Rica
Ecuador
Honduras
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technology degree programs. UNITEC Honduras has campuses located in Tegucigalpa, La Ceíba and San Pedro Sula.
Mexico
Panama
Peru
Tuition and Fees
Tuition varies at each of the higher education institutions in our LatAm segment depending on the curriculum and type of program. Tuition payment options vary by institution and primarily include monthly installment payment plans and lump sum payments at the beginning of the academic period. Historically, we have increased tuition as educational costs and inflation have risen. Students are generally responsible for transportation and housing expenses and costs related to textbook and supply
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purchases required for their educational programs. At some of the institutions, we offer these services to the student body, which generates incremental revenues.
Students and their families typically self-finance their education or seek third-party financing programs. However, in certain markets in Latin America there are various forms of government-supported student financing programs as discussed below.
Government-Sponsored Student Financing Programs
The CAE Program was enacted by the Chilean government in 2005 and formally implemented in 2006 to promote higher education in Chile for lower socio-economic level students with good academic standing. Chilean institutions in the Laureate International Universities network (universities and technical-vocational schools) participate in this program. The CAE Program involves tuition financing and guarantees that are shared by our institutions and the government. As part of the program, Chilean institutions provide guarantees resulting in contingent liabilities to third-party financing institutions ranging from 90% to 60% of the tuition loans made directly to qualified students enrolled through the CAE Program. The guarantees by the institutions are for the period during which the student is enrolled, and the guarantees are assumed entirely by the government upon the student's graduation. Additionally, when a student leaves one of our institutions and enrolls in another CAE-qualified institution, our institution will remain guarantor of the tuition loans that have been granted to him up to such date, and until the student's graduation from the new CAE-qualified institution. All loans under the CAE Program have an interest rate of 2% per annum, contain repayment terms that would not require a graduate to make combined principal and interest payments of more than 10% of his or her monthly income in any month during the 180-month repayment period and provide that any balance remaining be forgiven at the end of the 180-month repayment period. Institutional accreditation by the National Accreditation Commission is required for new students to participate in the CAE Program. UDLA Chile lost its accreditation for the period from January 2014 to March 2016 so new students at that institution could not participate in the CAE Program during that period. UDLA Chile's accreditation was reinstated in March 2016 for three years, until March 2019. The Nuevo Milenio scholarship program was created by the Chilean government in 2001 to support access to vocational and technical education for students in the lowest two income quintiles who met or exceeded certain academic standards. Originally, it provided eligible students with an annual scholarship grant of up to CLP 360,000. Over the years, eligibility was extended first to students in the three lowest income quintiles and then, in 2015, to the lowest 70% who met or exceeded certain academic standards, and the annual amount of the scholarship was raised incrementally to CLP 600,000. For 2016, the NMS was divided into three parts: (i) NMS I, which grants eligible students scholarships of up to CLP 600,000 per year; (ii) NMS II, which grants students scholarships of up to CLP 850,000 per year, provided the students come from the first five income deciles and the tech/voc institution in which they are enrolled is organized as a not-for-profit legal entity or, if the tech/voc institution is not so organized, the institution has stated in writing its intention to become a not-for-profit entity and to be accredited; and (iii) NMS III, which grants students scholarships of up to CLP 900,000 per year, provided that such students and the institution in which they enroll meet the requirements for NMS II and the tech/voc institution was, on December 31, 2015, accredited for four years or more. The Chilean tech/voc institutions in the Laureate International Universities network do not meet each of these tests, so students at these institutions are only eligible for NMS I scholarships under the current law.
There is no assurance that any legislation that is introduced or passed by the Chilean Congress will conform to the government's proposal. See "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our BusinessOur institutions are subject to uncertain and varying laws and regulations, and any changes to these laws or regulations or their application to us may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations."
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In Brazil, there are two main federal government programs that provide either financing or financial support to students, FIES and PROUNI. Both are used by substantially all of our Brazilian institutions. FIES provides direct financing to students. PROUNI is a government program that provides federal taxes incentives to educational institutions in exchange for providing scholarships to lower income students. In previous years, the Brazilian government made efforts to improve the operation of FIES and to increase overall participation, creating more higher education opportunities for the economically disadvantaged. However, due to a series of recent programmatic changes described below, we experienced a decrease in the enrollment of students participating in FIES in 2015.
FIES targets students from low socio-economic backgrounds enrolled at private post-secondary institutions. Eligible students receive loans with below market interest rates that are required to be repaid after an 18-month grace period upon graduation. FIES pays participating educational institutions tax credits which can be used to pay certain federal taxes and social contributions. FIES repurchases excess credits for cash. As part of the program, our institutions are obligated to pay up to 15% of any student default. The default obligation increases to up to 30% of any student default if the institution is not current with its federal taxes. In the past, FIES withheld between 1% and 3% of tuition paid to the institutions to cover any potential student defaults ("holdback"). If the student pays 100% of his or her loan, the withheld amounts will be paid to the participating education institutions.
Since February 2014, all new students who participate in FIES must also enroll in FGEDUC. FGEDUC is a government-mandated, private guarantee fund administered by the Bank of Brazil that allows participating educational institutions to insure themselves for 90% (or 13.5% of 15%) of their losses related to student defaults under the FIES program. The cost of the program is 6.25% of the amount covered, which represents 5.63% of a student's full tuition. Similar to FIES, the administrator withholds 5.63% of a student's full tuition to fund the guarantee by FGEDUC.
As of December 31, 2015, approximately 21% of our students in Brazil participated in FIES, representing approximately 26% of our Brazil revenues.
In December 2014, the Brazilian Ministry of Education ("MEC") along with the Brazilian Fund for Education Development ("FNDE"), the agency that directly administers FIES, announced several significant rule changes to the FIES program beginning in 2015. These changes limit the number of new participants and the annual budget of the program, and delay payments to post-secondary institutions with more than 20,000 FIES students that would otherwise have been due in 2015. The first change implements a minimum score on the high school achievement exam in order to enroll in the program. The second change alters the schedule for the payment and repurchase of credits as well as limits the opportunities for post-secondary institutions to sell any unused credits such that there is a significant delay between the time the post-secondary institution provides the educational services to the students and the time it receives payment from the government for 2015. In addition to these rule changes, FNDE implemented a policy for current students' loan renewals for 2015, which provides that returning students may not finance an amount that increases by more than 6.41%, which was later increased to 8.5%, from the amount financed in the previous semester, regardless of any increases in tuition or in the number of courses in which the student is enrolled, a policy that we believe violates the applicable law. For 2016, MEC announced that there will be no limitation to the tuition increase. Moreover, in the first and second intakes of 2015, the online enrollment and re-enrollment system that all post-secondary institutions and students must use to access the program has experienced numerous technical and programming faults that have also interfered with the enrollment and re-enrollment process. Numerous challenges to these changes and requests for judicial relief from the system's faults have been filed in the Brazilian courts, most of which are pending. The 2016 enrollment and re-enrollment schedule has been released and, so far, the system has not presented any major issues.
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In October 2015, FNDE initiated negotiations with the Brazilian Association of Post-Secondary Institutions ("ABRAES") aiming at settling the FIES payments that were delayed in 2015. The proposal from MEC, which was accepted by ABRAES, was to divide the total amount due into three annual installments to be paid one fourth in 2016, one fourth in 2017 and half in 2018. The parties also agreed that the yearly installments will be paid in June of each year, and the amounts will be adjusted to reflect an inflation index from the date of the respective maturity until the effective payment. FNDE also agreed not to take any discriminatory measures in the future related to the payment due to the post-secondary institutions, and not to impose any limitation on the issuance of certificates and repurchase of credits due to the post-secondary institutions, which basically means that all certificates will be issued and repurchased in their respective fiscal years, except for those intended to be issued and repurchased in December, which will be paid in January of the following year. The parties executed the settlement agreement on January 28, 2016 and it was approved by the office of the Attorney General of Brazil on February 3, 2016. The Federal Court of Brasilia ratified the settlement agreement on March 17, 2016. Our post-secondary institutions in Brazil are associated with ABRAES and signed the settlement agreement as well; therefore, it will apply to us.
On December 11, 2015, MEC issued new FIES regulations ("Normative Ordinance No. 13"), which supersede in all significant aspects the rules previously in force. Normative Ordinance No. 13 defined and clarified some rules for student eligibility and classification, higher education institution participation and selection of the vacancies that will be offered to the students in the first intake of 2016.
Among other changes, it created a "waiting list" concept for students not selected in the first selection call. It also instituted a rule that allows the remaining vacancies that were not filled in by the waiting list students to be redistributed among other programs of the post-secondary institution.
The rules for student eligibility are to have a gross household income of not more than 2.5 times the minimum wage per capita (which was raised by the MEC to 3.0 times on June 17, 2016) and to have taken the National High School Proficiency Exam at least once since 2010, with a minimum score of 450 points, and to have a score greater than zero in the test of writing.
Regarding the participation of post-secondary institutions in FIES, institutions must sign a participation agreement that contains their proposal of the number of vacancies offered and the following information per shift (morning, evening) and campus location: (i) tuition gross amount for the entire course, including all semesters; (ii) total tuition gross amount per course for the first semester, which must reflect at least a five percent discount to the course list price; and (iii) the number of vacancies that will be offered through the FIES selection process. Also, only courses with scores of 3, 4 or 5 in the National Higher Education Evaluation System ("SINAES") evaluation are eligible to receive FIES students.
On July 14, 2016, Provisional Presidential Decree No. 741/2016 (Medida Provisória No. 741/2016) revising the FIES payments rules was published in the official gazette. According to the new decree, higher education institutions became liable for the administration fees and expenses charged by the government banks that manage FIES loans. The decree became effective immediately and the government will withhold two percent of all FIES payments to cover such administration fees and expenses. Provisional presidential decrees are instruments with the force of law that the President of Brazil can issue in cases of importance and urgency. They have immediate effect and are valid for 60 days, extendable only once for the same period. Effectiveness beyond that period required approval of the National Congress, which took place on November 9, 2016, and it was enacted into law on December 2, 2016 (Law No. 13.366/2016).
In August 2016, the MEC issued additional FIES regulations ("Normative Ordinance No. 17") expanding the guidelines previously defined in Normative Ordinance No. 13. Among other things, Normative Ordinance No. 17 describes in greater detail how to calculate remaining vacancies, sets forth
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procedures and deadlines for the completion of the filling of the remaining vacancies, and provides for dealing with exceptional situations where procedural errors or other obstacles have prevented students from accessing remaining vacancies in a timely manner.
Another change in the new regulation was the number (or percentage) of vacancies that can be offered by the post-secondary institutions in relation to the score obtained in SINAES evaluation, which was reduced:
The criteria for the selection of vacancies by MEC to be offered to students were also modified by Normative Ordinance No. 13 and the regionality provisions of the prior Normative Ordinances (i.e., vacancies offered in the Northeast, North and Central-West regions would have had priority over those offered in the South and Southeast regions) were excluded from the regulation. Normative Ordinance No. 13 replaces the regionality criterion with a new criterion of "social relevance determined by micro-regions," which means that for each micro-region they will take into consideration the demand for higher education for educational financing (calculated by FIES) and the Human Development Index of each micro-region. All of the other criteria provided in the previous regulation were maintained in the new one (i.e., (i) FIES budget and the availability of resources, (ii) course score under SINAES's evaluation and (iii) priority courses, as defined by the government (pedagogy, engineering and health sector courses)). Normative Ordinance No. 13 also contains two annexes, which address in great detail the selection and tiebreaker criteria for the vacancies, as well as the rules for redistribution of remaining vacancies.
Brazil's economy continues to present challenges to growth and create pricing pressures in the education sector. Our new student enrollment in Brazil was negatively affected by these conditions as well as the changes to the FIES program. If economic conditions continue to weaken and the Brazilian government implements additional austerity measures, our ability to grow our student enrollment in Brazil may be further negatively affected. The Brazilian government's changes to the FIES program resulted in a substantial increase in the total number of new FIES contracts in that country in 2014, an election year, and then a reduction in the total number of new FIES contracts, from over 700,000 in 2014 to approximately 300,000 in 2015. As a result, Laureate's new enrollments of students in the FIES program also decreased similarly in 2015; however, this did not have a material impact on our 2015 results of operations since total enrollments for all students increased in 2015. Any potential impact on total enrollment would not occur until the FIES students from the expansion of the program have graduated, and would depend on the Brazilian government's commitment to the FIES program. In addition, the Brazilian government reduced the frequency of payments to participating institutions during 2015.
These programs are more fully described in "Industry RegulationBrazilian Regulation" and "Industry RegulationChilean Regulation" and in Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Europe
Our Europe segment consists of 14 licensed higher education institutions, and has operations in Cyprus, Germany, Morocco, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Turkey at which we enrolled approximately 54,000 students as of September 30, 2016. The institutions primarily serve 18- to 24-year-old students
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and offer an education that emphasizes professional-oriented fields of study with undergraduate and graduate degrees in a wide variety of disciplines, including business, hospitality management, health sciences, architecture, engineering and art and design.
The following table presents information about our institutions in our Europe segment (unless otherwise noted, we own each of these institutions):
Country
|
Higher Education Institution |
Year Joined
Laureate Network |
Year
Founded |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyprus | European University Cyprus (EUC) | 2005 | 1961 | ||||||
Germany |
|
Business and Information Technology School (BiTS) |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
2000 |
|
BTK University of Applied Science (BTK) | 2011 | 2006 | |||||||
HTK Academy of Design (HTK) | 2011 | 1987 | |||||||
Italy |
|
Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano (NABA) |
|
|
2009 |
|
|
1980 |
|
Morocco |
|
Université Internationale de Casablanca (UIC) |
|
|
2010 |
|
|
2010 |
|
Portugal |
|
Universidade Europeia (UE) |
|
|
2011 |
|
|
1962 |
|
IADE-UInstituto de Arte, Design e EmpresaUniversitário (IADE-U) | 2015 | 1969 | |||||||
Instituto Português de Administração de Marketing de Porto (IPAM Porto) | 2015 | 1984 | |||||||
Instituto Português de Administração de Marketing de Lisboa (IPAM Lisboa) | 2015 | 1987 | |||||||
Spain |
|
Universidad Europea de Madrid (UEM) |
|
|
1999 |
|
|
1995 |
|
Universidad Europea de Canarias (UEC) | 2010 | 2010 | |||||||
Universidad Europea de Valencia (UEV) | 2012 | 2012 | |||||||
Turkey |
|
Istanbul Bilgi University |
|
|
2006 |
* |
|
1996 |
|
Our Europe institutions consist of:
Cyprus
Germany
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Italy
Morocco
Portugal
Spain
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activity and sports science. UEM has campuses located in Madrid and Valencia, Spain. Additionally, UEM provides specialized programs through the following institutions:
Turkey
Tuition and Fees
Tuition varies at each of the institutions in our Europe segment depending on the curriculum and type of program. Tuition payment options vary by institution and primarily include monthly installment payment plans and lump sum payments at the beginning of the academic year. Historically, we have increased tuition as educational costs and inflation have risen.
Students and their families are generally responsible for room and board fees, transportation expenses and costs related to textbook and supply purchases required for their educational programs. Several of our institutions in our Europe segment also have revenue-generating room and board fees.
Students typically self-finance their education or seek third-party financing programs.
AMEA
Our AMEA segment consists of 21 licensed higher education institutions, and has operations in Australia, China, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Thailand at which we enrolled approximately 86,000 students as of September 30, 2016 as adjusted for the realignment of MDS into our AMEA segment. The segment includes 9 licensed institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and one institution in China that we manage through joint venture or other arrangements. The institutions primarily serve 18- to 24-year-old students and offer an education that emphasizes professional-oriented fields of study with undergraduate and graduate degrees in a wide range of disciplines, including business, engineering, information technology, law, arts, fashion and design, education, hospitality management and health sciences, as well as vocational diplomas.
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We have historically focused on entering new geographic markets through acquiring institutions with an established name and operational history; however, we also occasionally work with local partners to enter markets through joint ventures to launch new higher education institutions. Through these partnerships, we can apply our programmatic and management expertise to help develop the institutions, while benefiting from our partner's local market knowledge and experience and limiting our financial exposure.
The following table presents information about the institutions in our AMEA segment (unless otherwise noted, we own each of these institutions):
Country
|
Higher Education Institution |
Year Joined
Laureate Network |
Year
Founded |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia |
Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School (BMIHMS) |
2008 | 1991 | ||||||
|
THINK Education Group (THINK) |
2013 | 2006 | ||||||
|
Torrens University Australia (TUA) |
2014 | 2014 | ||||||
China |
Blue Mountains International Hotel Management SchoolSuzhou (Blue Mountains Suzhou) |
2008 |
|
2004 |
|||||
|
Hunan International Economics University (HIEU) |
2009 | * | 1997 | |||||
India |
Pearl Academy (Pearl) |
2011 |
* |
1993 |
|||||
|
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) |
2013 | * | 2003 | |||||
|
University of Technology and Management (UTM) |
2013 | * | 2011 | |||||
Malaysia |
INTI Education Group (INTI Malaysia) |
2008 |
1986 |
||||||
New Zealand |
Media Design School (MDS) |
2011 |
1998 |
||||||
Saudi Arabia |
Riyadh Polytechnic Institute (RPI) |
2010 |
|
2010 |
|||||
|
International Tourism and Hospitality College at Riyadh (ITHCR) |
2013 | # | 2013 | |||||
|
International Technical College at Jeddah (ITCJ) |
2013 | # | 2013 | |||||
|
International Technical Female College at Makkah (ITCM) |
2013 | # | 2013 | |||||
|
International Technical Female College at Al-Kharj (ITCAK) |
2013 | # | 2013 | |||||
|
International Tourism and Hospitality College at Al-Madinah (ITHCAM) |
2014 | # | 2014 | |||||
|
International Technical Female College at Al-Nammas (ITCAN) |
2015 | # | 2015 | |||||
|
International Technical Female College at Buraydah (ITCB) |
2015 | # | 2015 | |||||
|
International Technical Female College at Wadi Al-Dawaser (ITCWAD) |
2014 | # | 2014 | |||||
South Africa |
Monash South Africa (MSA) |
2013 |
2001 |
||||||
Thailand |
Stamford International University (SIU) |
2011 |
* |
1995 |
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Our AMEA institutions consist of:
Australia
Until 2016, THINK also provided specialized higher education programs through the following institutions:
In 2016, these higher education programs transitioned to and are now offered by Torrens University Australia.
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and graphic design, business administration, design, education, global project management and public health. In 2015, TUA acquired Chifley Business School to expand its offerings in business administration and project management. Commencing in 2016, TUA also offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in hospitality management that have been offered by BMIHMS and offers the higher education programs previously offered by APM and BBCD. TUA has campuses in Adelaide, Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, Australia.
China
India
Malaysia
New Zealand
Saudi Arabia
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South Africa
Thailand
Tuition and Fees
Tuition varies at each of the institutions in our AMEA segment depending on the curriculum and type of program. Tuition payment options vary by institution and primarily include monthly installment payment plans and lump sum payments at the beginning of the academic year. Historically, we have increased tuition as educational costs and inflation have risen.
Students and their families are generally responsible for room and board fees, transportation expenses and costs related to textbook and supply purchases required for their educational programs. Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School, our Chinese institutions, Monash South Africa, Stamford International University, the INTI Group and our Indian institutions have revenue-generating room and board fees.
Students typically self-finance their education or seek third-party financing programs. However, in certain markets in the AMEA region there are various forms of government-supported student financing programs, as discussed below.
Government-Sponsored Student Financing Programs
In Australia, the Commonwealth government has established income-contingent loan schemes that assist eligible fee-paying students to pay all or part of their tuition fees (separate schemes exist for higher education and vocational courses). Under the schemes the relevant fees are paid directly to the institutions. A corresponding obligation then exists from the participating student to the Commonwealth government. The Australian institutions have no responsibility in connection with the repayment of these loans by students and, generally, this assistance is not available to international students. In December 2016, the Australian government introduced a new loan scheme for vocational courses. This will replace the previous funding model for loans for vocational studies (which will be phased out during 2017). Under the new arrangements vocational educational providers will be required to reapply for registration for their students to be eligible to receive loans for vocational courses. To be eligible for registration vocational educational providers, among other matters, will be required to demonstrate a minimum of 50% completion rates. Relevant fees will be paid monthly in arrears and caps will be placed on the amount of loans available for particular categories of courses. THINK has made an initial application to be approved for these purposes. BMIHMS and TUA currently provide only higher education programs which are not affected by these changes. The Australia institutions have been deliberately placing emphasis on higher education courses in TUA in anticipation of these changes.
In China, Thailand and Malaysia there are also government programs available to our students, however, they do not represent a material portion of the revenues of our institutions in these countries. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, our students' tuition is fully funded by the government and the
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government pays the tuition for each student either directly to us or, in the case of RPI, to the institution which, in turn, pays us. The government also provides a monthly stipend to each student enrolled at the eight colleges of excellence, while at RPI, the private companies sponsoring the students pay the stipend. The payments are based on our enrollments, with minimum payments set for each institution.
GPS
Institutions in our GPS segment have products and services that span the Laureate International Universities network, with a total enrollment of approximately 73,000 students as of September 30, 2016, as adjusted for the segment change. Institutions in our GPS segment provide fully online degree programs through a U.S.-based accredited institution, Walden University, and internationally, through Laureate Online Education B.V., which is based in Amsterdam and partners with the University of Liverpool and the University of Roehampton in the United Kingdom. We provide professional-oriented fully online undergraduate and graduate degree programs largely to working professionals through distance learning and offer online degree programs in education, psychology, health and human services, management, nursing and information technology. These fully online institutions provide us expertise in online education that we can leverage throughout the campus-based institutions in our LatAm, Europe and AMEA segments. Our fully online institutions enrolled approximately 70,000 students as of September 30, 2016.
In addition, within this segment, we owned three smaller, campus-based institutions in the United States. Our GPS segment also provides support services to SFUAD. These campus-based institutions primarily serve 18- to 24-year-old students and offer an education that emphasizes professional-oriented fields of study. The curriculum in these institutions is leveraged throughout the Laureate International Universities network through student exchange programs, dual degrees and certificate offerings. These campus-based institutions enrolled approximately 3,000 students as of September 30, 2016.
The following table presents information about the institutions in our GPS segment (unless otherwise noted, we own each of these institutions):
Country
|
Higher Education Institution |
Year Joined
Laureate Network |
Year
Founded |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global Online |
|
||||||||
United Kingdom |
Laureate Online Education B.V. (University of Liverpool) |
2004 |
1881 |
||||||
|
Laureate Online Education B.V. (University of Roehampton) |
2012 | 2004 | ||||||
United States |
Walden University |
2001 |
1970 |
||||||
Campus-Based |
|
|
|
||||||
United States |
NewSchool of Architecture and Design |
2008 |
1980 |
||||||
|
Kendall College |
2008 | 1934 | ||||||
|
Santa Fe University of Art and Design (SFUAD) |
2009 | | 1859 | |||||
|
University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences (St. Augustine) |
2013 | 1979 |
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Online Institutions
United States
Tuition and Fees
Tuition varies at each of the institutions in our GPS segment depending on the curriculum and type of program. Tuition payment options vary by institution and primarily include monthly installment payment plans and lump sum payments at the beginning of the academic year. Historically, we have increased tuition as educational costs and inflation have risen.
Students at U.S. campus-based programs are generally responsible for room and board fees, transportation expenses and costs related to textbook and supply purchases required for their educational programs.
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Currently there are no company-sponsored financing arrangements in our GPS segment. However, students in our U.S. Institutions are eligible for the DOE's Title IV program federal financial aid under the HEA.
Marketing
We believe that effective marketing is a key to the success of our business, enabling us to attract prospective students to our institutions and increase enrollment. We focus on marketing as a way to increase awareness of the institutions in each of their respective markets and to highlight the benefits provided by the Laureate International Universities network. We leverage best practices across our entire network to help our institutions develop effective marketing programs.
We recognize that the vast majority of our students reside within the communities where our campuses are located. Because our target market is in close proximity to our institutions, developing and maintaining a powerful local presence is one of the cornerstones of our brand building strategy. We believe a strong brand is one of the key variables for future sustainable growth. We promote activities that encourage direct participation and interaction between the community and our institutions. For example, many of our institutions provide valuable services to the residents in the local communities including access to our veterinary and medical facilities at reduced costs, legal aid support and use of our facilities, including remedial course offerings and gym memberships. Additionally, many of our institutions' sports teams serve as a source of civic pride for the local residents including our students and their families. These informal interactions serve to enhance the trusted nature of our local brands, which in turn facilitates a word-of-mouth referral network that helps to attract quality students beyond the use of traditional student recruitment practices.
During enrollment campaigns, we augment our long-term brand building activities with professional advertising campaigns employing a variety of media, including television, radio, outdoor and print advertising. We also use direct mail, web advertising and one-on-one meetings with students and their families. Each institution is responsible for implementing its own marketing campaigns, although we provide a forum for the network's marketing departments to share best practices. During the last several years, we have increased the amounts spent on marketing and advertising to meet the large demand for our programs, and we anticipate that this trend will continue.
Additionally, we strive to develop strong relationships with local high schools that serve as feeder schools for many of our institutions. We believe we have developed strong relationships with many of these feeder schools and expect that will continue to provide a valuable source of referrals for many of the institutions in our network.
Competition
We face competition in each of our operating segments. We believe competition focuses on price, educational quality, reputation, location and facilities.
LatAm, Europe and AMEA
The market for higher education outside the United States is highly fragmented and marked by large numbers of local competitors. The target demographics are primarily 18- to 24-year-olds in the individual countries in which we compete. We generally compete with both public and private higher education institutions on the basis of price, educational quality, reputation and location. Public institutions tend to be less expensive, if not free, but more selective and less focused on practical programs aligned around career opportunities. We believe we compare favorably with competitors because of our focus on quality, professional-oriented curriculum and the competitive advantages provided by our global network. At present, we believe no other company has a similar network of international institutions. There are a number of other private and public institutions in each of the
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countries in which we operate. Because the concept of private higher education institutions is fairly new in many countries, it is difficult to predict how the markets will evolve and how many competitors there will be in the future. We expect competition to increase as the markets mature.
GPS
The market for fully online higher education is highly fragmented and competitive, with no single institution having any significant market share. The target demographics for our Global Online institutions are adult working professionals who are over 25 years old. Our Global Online institutions compete with traditional public and private nonprofit institutions and for-profit schools. Typically, public institutions charge lower tuitions than our Global Online institutions because they receive state subsidies, government and foundation grants, and tax-deductible contributions and have access to other financial sources not available to our Global Online institutions. However, tuition at private nonprofit institutions is typically higher than the average tuition rates charged by our Global Online institutions. Our Global Online institutions compete with other educational institutions principally based upon price, educational quality, reputation, location, educational programs and student services.
See "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our BusinessThe higher education market is very competitive, and we may not be able to compete effectively."
Intellectual Property
We currently own, or have filed applications for, trademark registrations for the word "Laureate," for "Laureate International Universities" and for the Laureate leaf logo in the trademark offices of all jurisdictions around the world where we operate institutions of higher learning. We have also registered or filed applications in the applicable jurisdictions where we operate for the marks "Laureate Online International" and "Laureate Online Education." In addition, we have the rights to trade names, logos, and other intellectual property specific to most of our higher education institutions, in the countries in which those institutions operate.
Employees
As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately 67,800 employees, of which approximately 19,900 were full-time academic teaching staff and 22,800 were part-time academic teaching staff. In addition, we have approximately 11,800 part-time academic teaching staff who are classified as contractors, principally in Chile and Brazil. Our employees at many of our institutions outside the United States are represented by labor unions under collective bargaining agreements, as is customary or required under local law in those jurisdictions. At various points throughout the year, we negotiate to renew collective bargaining agreements that have expired or that will expire in the near term. We consider ourselves to be in good standing with all of the labor unions of which our employees are members and believe we have good relations with all of our employees.
Effect of Environmental Laws
We believe we are in compliance with all applicable environmental laws, in all material respects. We do not expect future compliance with environmental laws to have a material adverse effect on our business.
Campus Locations and Online Facilities
Laureate is headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland. As of December 31, 2015, there were more than 200 Laureate locations around the world. These locations include buildings and land comprising a total of approximately 127.5 million square feet, of which, approximately 62.8 million square feet were under lease and approximately 64.8 million square feet were owned. The following table summarizes
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the properties leased and owned by segment prior to the segment change, as the effects were not significant:
Segment
|
Square feet
leased space |
Square feet
owned space |
Total
square feet |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LatAm |
53,179,304 | 28,559,436 | 81,738,740 | |||||||
Europe |
3,220,209 | 5,813,363 | 9,034,572 | |||||||
AMEA |
1,829,869 | 30,053,495 | 31,883,364 | |||||||
GPS |
4,332,461 | 361,722 | 4,694,183 | |||||||
Corporate (including headquarters) |
191,300 | | 191,300 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
62,753,143 | 64,788,016 | 127,542,159 | |||||||
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Our LatAm, Europe and AMEA segments lease and own various sites that may include a local headquarters and all or some of the facilities of a campus or location. In many countries, our facilities are subject to mortgages.
Our GPS segment has offices at our headquarters location in Baltimore and leases eight additional facilities in Columbia, Maryland; Los Angeles, California; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Tempe, Arizona; San Antonio, Texas; Gdansk, Poland; Liverpool, England and Amsterdam, Netherlands. Our headquarters consists of two leased facilities in Baltimore, Maryland, which are used primarily for office space.
We monitor the capacity of our higher education institutions on a regular basis and make decisions to expand capacity based on expected enrollment and other factors. Our leased facilities are occupied under leases whose remaining terms range from one month to 22 years. A majority of these leases contain provisions giving us the right to renew the lease for additional periods at various rental rates, although generally at rates higher than we are currently paying.
Legal Proceedings
We are party to various claims and legal proceedings from time to time. Except as described below, we are not aware of any legal proceedings that we believe could have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
On October 5, 2016, a student filed suit against us and Walden University in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio in the matter of Latonya Thornhill v. Walden University, et. al., claiming that her progress in her program was delayed by Walden University and seeking class action status to represent a nationwide class of purportedly similarly situated doctoral students. The claims include fraud in the inducement, breach of contract, consumer fraud under the laws of Maryland and Ohio, and unjust enrichment. We and Walden University were served on October 17, 2016. On December 16, 2016, we and Walden University filed a motion to dismiss the claims and a motion to strike the class action certification request. Walden University and we intend to defend against this case vigorously, including the request to certify a nationwide class.
On October 18, 2016, a former student filed suit against us and Walden University pro se in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland in the matter of Eric D. Streeter v. Walden University, et. al. (Case No. 1CCB6-CV-3460), claiming that his progress in his program was delayed by Walden University and Laureate. The claims include unjust enrichment, breach of contract, violation of the Maryland Consumer Protection Act, violation of the Due Process Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment, libel, and violation of the False Claims Act. While we and Walden University have not yet been served in this matter, Walden University and we intend to defend against this case vigorously. On December 6, 2016, the court ordered that the plaintiff effect service of the summons and complaint on defendants within 90 days of filing, or the court may enter an order asking the party to show cause why
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the claims should not be dismissed. If the party fails to show cause within the time set by the court, the complaint will be dismissed without prejudice.
On December 1, 2016, five students filed suit against us and Walden University in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota in the matter of Jennifer Wright, et al v. Walden University, et. al., claiming that their progress in their programs was delayed by Walden University and seeking class action status to represent a nationwide class of purportedly similarly situated doctoral students. The claims include fraud in the inducement, breach of contract, consumer fraud, and breach of implied covenant of fair dealing under the laws of Minnesota, California, Georgia, Washington and Michigan, and unjust enrichment. Walden University and we were served in this matter on December 8, 2016, Walden University and we intend to defend against this case vigorously, including the request to certify a nationwide class.
On December 20, 2016, a former student filed suit against Walden University, in the Bexar County District Court in Texas in the matter of Dianna Medellin v. Walden University, LLC , (Cause No. 2016C121637), claiming that Walden University intentionally deceived her by praising her and allowing her to successfully complete her coursework in her doctoral program, only to then prolong the dissertation writing process as much as possible. The case alleges causes of action for violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act and fraud and includes certain factual allegations that are identical to the other purported class action lawsuits. Laureate has not been sued in this matter and Walden University has not yet been served. Once served, Walden University will defend against this case vigorously.
On December 29, 2016, a former student filed suit against us and Walden University in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota in the matter of Aaron Bleess, et al v. Walden University, et. al .(Case No. 16-CV-4402), claiming that his progress in his program was delayed by Walden University and seeking class action status to represent a nationwide class of purportedly similarly situated doctoral students. The claims include, under the laws of Minnesota, breach of contract, consumer fraud, breach of implied covenant of fair dealing, fraudulent inducement, unjust enrichment, and violation of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act and Consumer Protection Fraud Act. Process was served in this matter on December 30, 2016. Walden University and we intend to defend against this case vigorously, including the request to certify a nationwide class. This case appears to be nearly identical in allegations, including the same alleged class, as Thornhill and Wright.
On December 23, 2016, counsel for the plaintiffs in Thornhill and Wright filed a motion to consolidate pretrial proceedings in these matters, as well as the Streeter and Medellin matters, to the United States Judicial Panel on Multi-District Litigation (MDL). They have also indicated an intent to include the Bleess matter in this requested process, as well as any other future filings with the same or similar allegations. A substantive response to this filing from Walden University and us is due on January 17, 2017. We and Walden University are assessing this process and our response.
In addition, several groups of current and former students filed five separate law suits in the Seventh Judicial Circuit in and for St. Johns County, Florida against St. Augustine relating to matters arising before we acquired that institution in November 2013. The suits are Hemingway et al. v. University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, Inc. filed on August 12, 2013; Jennings v. University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, LLC et al. filed on March 26, 2015, which was resolved in March 2016 and dismissed; Albritton et al. v. University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, LLC filed on April 9, 2015, which was resolved in October 2015 and dismissed; Stephens v. University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, LLC filed on November 11, 2015 which was resolved in June 2016 and dismissed; and Johnson v. University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, LLC filed on June 16, 2016. The allegations in the remaining cases relate to a program that was launched in May 2011 and, at the time, offered a "Master of Orthopaedic Physician's Assistant Program" degree. The plaintiffs in these matters allege that the university misrepresented their ability to practice as licensed Physician Assistants with a heightened specialty in
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orthopaedics. The plaintiffs in the remaining cases are seeking relief including refund of tuition paid to St. Augustine, as well as loan debt incurred by the plaintiffs while attending St. Augustine, loss of future earnings and litigation costs. The Hemingway matter is awaiting a trial date. The Johnson matter is at a preliminary stage of discovery. We believe the claims in these cases are without merit and intend to defend vigorously against the allegations. With respect to the two pending St. Augustine cases, under the terms of the acquisition agreement for St. Augustine, we expect to be indemnified by the seller for substantially all of the liability with respect to any claims in these cases. We also have a right of set-off against the seller for such amounts.
On November 16, 2016, Michael S. Ryan, the former chief accounting officer of the Company, filed a complaint with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor alleging retaliatory employment practices in violation of the whistleblower provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act ( Michael S. Ryan vs. Laureate Education, Inc., Case No. 3-0050-17-011 ). The complaint also alleges a lack of compliance with U.S. GAAP and violations of certain SEC rules and regulations. The complaint does not seek any specified amount of damages. The Company has investigated the allegations made in the complaint with the assistance of outside legal and accounting advisers and believes that its consolidated financial statements are in compliance with U.S. GAAP and SEC rules and regulations in all material respects and that the allegations are baseless and without merit. The Company intends to assert all appropriate defenses to these allegations and filed a response with the U.S. Department of Labor on December 13, 2016. The Company intends to defend itself vigorously.
During 2010, we were notified by the STA (in this case, by the Regional Inspection Office of the Special Madrid Tax Unit) that an audit of some of our Spanish subsidiaries was being initiated for 2006 and 2007. On June 29, 2012, the STA issued a final assessment to ICE, our Spanish holding company, for approximately EUR 11.1 million ($12.4 million at September 30, 2016), including interest, for those two years based on its rejection of the tax deductibility of financial expenses related to certain intercompany acquisitions and the application of the Spanish ETVE regime. On July 25, 2012 we filed a claim with the Regional Economic-Administrative Court challenging this assessment and, in the same month, we issued a cash-collateralized letter of credit for the assessment amount, in order to suspend the payment of the tax due. Further, in July 2013, we were notified by the STA (in this case, by the Central Inspection Office for Large Taxpayers) that an audit of ICE was also being initiated for 2008 through 2010. On October 19, 2015, the STA issued a final assessment to ICE for approximately EUR 17.2 million ($19.3 million at September 30, 2016), including interest, for those three years. We have appealed this assessment and, in order to suspend the payment of the tax assessment until the court decision, we issued a cash-collateralized letter of credit for the assessment amount plus interest and surcharges. We believe the assessments in this case are without merit and intend to defend vigorously against them. During the second quarter of 2016, we were notified by the STA that tax audits of the Spanish subsidiaries were also being initiated for 2011 and 2012; no assessments have yet been issued for these years.
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Brazilian Regulation
The Brazilian educational system is organized according to a system of cooperation among federal, state and local governments. Higher education (i.e., undergraduate and graduate level education provided by public and private higher education institutions ("HEI")) is regulated primarily at the federal level, particularly in terms of public policy goals, accreditation and academic oversight; however, the state and municipal governments are also involved, principally in relation to taxation, real estate and operational permitting issues.
With respect to the federal role, The National Educational Basis and Guidelines Law ("LDB"), provides the general framework for the provision of educational services in Brazil and establishes the duty of the federal government to:
The responsibility of the Federal Government in regulating, monitoring and evaluating higher education institutions and undergraduate programs is exercised by MEC, along with a number of other federal agencies and offices that are related to MEC.
MEC
MEC is the highest authority of the higher education system in Brazil and has the power to:
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CNENational Board of Education
CNE is a consultative advisory and deliberative body of MEC. It consists of the Board of Basic Education and the Board of Higher Education, each composed of 12 members appointed by the President of Brazil. The Board of Higher Education has the power to:
INEPNational Institute of Educational Studies Anísio Teixeira
INEP is a federal agency linked to MEC that is the primary statistical and information-gathering body for the entire Brazilian education system. The performance data it collects and publishes is used by MEC, the legislature and the rest of the executive branch, as well as the public, to debate and make policy and programmatic decisions about education. INEP has the power to:
CONAESNational Commission on Higher Education Evaluation
CONAES is a committee under MEC supervision composed of 13 members. CONAES has the power to:
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SERESHigher Education Regulation and Supervision Secretariat
In 2011, SERES, which operates as an arm of MEC, became the specific agency directly responsible for regulation and supervision of public and private HEIs, as well as undergraduate courses and lato sensu post-graduate programs, both in-person and distance learning modalities. Its mission is to elevate the quality level of all higher education through the establishment of guidelines for the expansion of HEIs and their courses, in accordance with national curriculum guidelines and proprietary quality parameters, and include:
According to the LDB, higher education can be offered by public or private higher education institutions. A private institution of higher education shall be controlled, managed and maintained by an individual person(s) or legal entity, in either case referred to as the " mantenedora ." The mantenedora is responsible for obtaining resources to meet the needs of the duly authorized HEI, which in regulatory terms is referred to as the " mantida ." A mantenedora may be authorized to operate more than one mantida. In any case, the mantenedora is legally and financially responsible for all of its mantidas. Each of our HEIs in Brazil is maintained by a Laureate-controlled mantenedora.
Private institutions of higher education may be:
According to organizational and academic prerogatives, institutions of undergraduate learning can be:
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entity and have specific administration and management. Colleges may offer programs at the following levels: traditional undergraduate programs, technological undergraduate programs, specialization and graduate programs (master's and Ph.D. degrees). Colleges do not have minimum requirements for the qualifications of professors and their labor practices, and cannot establish new campuses or create programs and new locations without the prior permission of MEC.
Among the HEI in the Laureate International Universities network, there are three faculdades (Faculdade Internacional da Paraíba, located in João Pessoa, PB; Faculdades Porto-Alegrense, located in Porto Alegre, RS; and Faculdade dos Guararapes de Recife, located in Recife, PE), six university centers (Faculdade de Desenvolvimento do Rio Grande do Sul, located in Porto Alegre, RS; Faculdade dos Guararapes, located in Jaboatão dos Guararapes, PE; FMU Education Group, located in São Paulo, SP; Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis, located in Porto Alegre, RS; Centro Universitário do Norte, located in Manaus, AM; and Instituto Brasileiro de Medicina de ReabilitaçãoIBMR, located in Rio de Janeiro, RJ), as well as three universities (Universidade Potiguar, located in Natal, RN; UNIFACSUniversidade Salvador, located in Salvador, BA; and Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, located in São Paulo, SP). In addition, Business School São Paulo, which is a professional degree-granting institution, is owned and operated by Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, and CEDEPE Business School, which is a professional degree-granting institution, is operated as a division of Faculdade dos Guararapes de Recife. As noted below, each form of HEI is entitled to a different level of autonomy within the regulatory framework. In turn, we factor the respective levels of autonomy into the operational strategy for each HEI, as the requirement of prior or post-facto MEC approval can delay or nullify specific new campus expansion projects, new course offerings, and increases in the number of authorized seats per course.
Legislation provides for specific levels of didactic, scientific and administrative autonomy to universities, university centers and colleges in differing degrees with the aim of limiting outside influence by other institutions or persons outside of the HEI's internal governance structure.
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LDB provides that the following powers are guaranteed to universities and university centers in the exercise of their autonomy:
LDB provides that the following powers are guaranteed to colleges in the exercise of their autonomy:
Although colleges have administrative autonomy, they do not enjoy academic autonomy and, therefore, are subject to MEC's prior authorization to create new programs and degree programs.
Accreditation. The first accreditation of an institution of higher education is necessarily as a college. The accreditation as a university or university center is only granted after the institution has operated as a college for at least six years and has demonstrated that it has met satisfactory quality standards, including positive evaluation by the SINAES, as well as met legal requirements applicable to each type of institution of undergraduate learning, including minimum degree attainment and terms of faculty employment.
LDB establishes that higher education shall include the following programs:
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Following accreditation, colleges must obtain MEC permission to offer new undergraduate degree programs. As a consequence of their autonomy, universities and university centers do not require MEC authorization to create programs in the city where the university's or university center's seat is located. They need only inform MEC about the programs they offer for registration, evaluation and subsequent recognition. However, the creation of graduate programs in law, medicine, dentistry and psychology, whether by colleges, universities or university centers, are subject to the opinion of the proper professional associations. These associations are also consulted in the reaccreditation process.
Additionally, and as a consequence of their autonomy, universities also can apply for accreditation of campuses and the authorization and recognition of programs outside the municipality where the university's seat is located. The campuses and programs not located in the city of the university's seat are not entitled to the autonomy of the main university and must be controlled and supervised by the university. Effectively, these campuses are treated like colleges for educational regulatory purposes. Within the network in Brazil, the UnP Mossoró Campus, the UNIFACS Feira de Santana Campus and the UniRitter Canoas Campus fall into this category.
Once a university has obtained the authorization to provide a particular program, the HEI, including university centers and universities, also must obtain the recognition of such course, as a condition for national validation of the diploma. The application for recognition must be made at least one year after the start of the program and no later than half of the time required for its completion. The authorization and the recognition of programs and accreditation of institutions of higher education must be renewed periodically in accordance with the regularly applicable MEC evaluation process.
Evaluation. SINAES was established to evaluate HEI as institutions of higher education, traditional degree and technology degree programs and student academic performance. The main objective of this evaluation system is to improve the quality of higher education in Brazil. In practice, the CONAES conducts the monitoring and coordination efforts of SINAES. The results of the institutional and course evaluations are represented on a scale of five levels and are considered in the process of accreditation, recognition and renewal of accreditation of programs and accreditation and reaccreditation of institutions.
In the case of unsatisfactory results, the HEI will be required to enter into an agreement with MEC that establishes a remediation program that includes among other requirements: (i) diagnosis of the unsatisfactory conditions; (ii) development and implementation of measures to be taken to remedy the unsatisfactory conditions; and (iii) establishment of deadlines and goals for remediation.
Failure to comply, in whole or in part, with the conditions provided in the term of commitment may result in one or more penalties imposed by MEC, including temporary suspension of the opening of the selective process for undergraduate programs and cancellation of accreditation or reaccreditation of the institution and the authorization for operation of its programs.
External evaluations of institutions of higher education are carried out by the INEP in two instances, first, when an institution applies for its first accreditation and second, by the end of each evaluation cycle of SINAES. Institutions of higher education are evaluated based on the following criteria, among others: (i) institutional development plan; (ii) social and institutional responsibility; (iii) infrastructure and financial condition; and (iv) pedagogical monitoring of student academic performance.
The evaluation of undergraduate programs is made at the time of the first accreditation by MEC, and consists of the analysis of academic methodology, faculty, student and technical-administrative bodies and the infrastructure of the institution and is periodically updated at the end of each evaluation cycle of SINAES.
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The evaluation of graduate programs is made by the Coordinating Agency for the Improvement of Highly Educated Persons ("CAPES"), which is responsible for establishing the quality standard required of masters and doctoral programs along with the identification and evaluation of the courses that meet this standard. Its recommendations are subject to the approval of the CNE. Programs are evaluated according to the requirements established for each specific program. CAPES updates its evaluation of graduate programs every three years, which is the validity period of an authorization.
The evaluation of student academic performance is conducted by INEP, which requires each student to sit for the ENADE in order to verify the knowledge and technical skill of the student body. Each ENADE test is developed in accordance with the content and specific curriculum of each educational program. Students enrolled in undergraduate programs take the ENADE every three years. In this system, students are evaluated at the end of the last year of each program.
The overall grade for each class of students is calculated based on the weighted arithmetic average of all students in a specific program selected for the exam. INEP evaluates the standard deviation of the student's evolution in each program in order to compare it with national standards.
Transfer of control of mantenedoras. The change of control of mantenedoras does not require prior approval from MEC. A change of control need only be reported to MEC after the fact. However, the transfer of an HEI (mantida) to another mantenedora must be previously approved by MEC. The new mantenedora must meet the necessary requirements for accreditation of an institution of higher education and provide all appropriate documentation proving economic, financial and academic capacity to do so. Laureate's usual method for the acquisition of control is to acquire an interest in a pre-existing mantenedora. There may be circumstances in the future that warrant a departure from this course of conduct, in which case Laureate will follow the prescribed MEC requirements.
Although changes of control exercised by Laureate do not ordinarily need MEC prior approval or review, due to the level of Laureate's consolidated gross revenues throughout Brazil, current Brazilian law requires that every control transaction, with limited exceptions, that Laureate enters into must be submitted to the Brazilian anti-trust authority, the Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Economico (the "CADE"), for approval. Such request for approval must be granted prior to the definitive closing of such transaction. CADE has the power to reject and/or alter any transaction or any part of a transaction that it deems to unduly restrict competition.
Incentive program. PROUNI is a federal program of tax benefits designed to increase higher education participation rates by making college more affordable. PROUNI provides private HEI with an exemption from certain federal taxes in exchange for granting partial and full scholarships to low-income students enrolled in traditional and technology undergraduate programs. All of our HEI adhere to PROUNI.
HEI may join PROUNI by signing a term of membership valid for ten years and renewable for the same period. This term of membership shall include the number of scholarships to be offered in each program, unit and class, and a percentage of scholarships for degree programs to be given to indigenous and Afro-Brazilians. To join PROUNI, an educational institution must maintain a certain relationship between the number of scholarships granted to regular paying students. The relationship between the number of scholarships and regular paying students is tested annually. If this relationship is not observed during a given academic year due to the departure of students, the institution must adjust the number of scholarships in a proportional manner the following academic year.
An HEI that has joined PROUNI and remains in good standing is exempted, in whole or in part, from the following taxes during the period in which the term of membership is in effect:
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A number of municipal and state governments have sought to replicate PROUNI by creating their own programs that, for example, offer tax incentives through a reduction in, or credits against, the ISS (Municipal Services Tax) in exchange for scholarships to targeted social groups or professions. Laureate owns and operates HEI in several jurisdictions where such local incentive programs are in force.
Student financing program. FIES is a federal program established to provide financing to students enrolled in courses in private institutions of higher education that have maintained a minimum satisfactory evaluation according to SINAES and receive a grade of 3 or higher out of 5 on the ENADE. The primary factor in determining whether a student is eligible to receive full or partial financing is how he or she scores on the program's means testing of household income relative to the cost of tuition.
Under this basic structure, FIES targets both of the government's education policy goals: increased access and improved academic quality outcomes. The HEI receives the benefit of the FIES program through its participation in the intermediation of CFT-E (Certificado Financeiro do Tesouro) bonds, which are public bonds issued to the HEI by the federal government that the HEI may use to pay the national social security tax imposed by the INSS (National Social Security Institute) and certain other federal tax obligations. If the HEI is current with its taxes (i.e., it possesses a tax clearance certificate and is not otherwise involved in any tax-related disputes with the federal government that are not being defended in compliance with applicable security/bond requirements) then the HEI also has the option to sell the bonds for cash in a public auction conducted by one of the government-sponsored banks.
Although the federal government is the direct creditor to the students, federal law stipulates that the HEI bear a portion of the credit risk, which level of risk has been subject to change in recent years. There are two different types of guarantees in FIES contracts:
Since February 2014, all new students who participate in FIES must also enroll in FGEDUC. FGEDUC allows participating educational institutions to insure themselves for 90% (or 13.5% of 15%) of their losses related to student defaults under the FIES program. The cost of the program is 6.25% of the amount covered, which represents 5.63% of a student's full tuition. Similar to FIES, the administrator withholds 5.63% of a student's tuition to fund the guarantee by FGEDUC.
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As of December 31, 2015, approximately 21% of our students in Brazil participated in FIES, representing approximately 26% of our Brazil revenues.
In December 2014, the MEC along with FNDE, the agency that directly administers FIES, announced several significant rule changes to the FIES program beginning in 2015. These changes raise the eligibility requirements, reduce the annual budget of the program and delay payments to post-secondary institutions with more than 20,000 FIES students that would otherwise have been due in 2015. The first change implements a minimum score on the high school achievement exam in order to enroll in the program. The second change alters the schedule for the payment and repurchase of credits as well as limits the opportunities for post-secondary institutions to sell any unused credits such that there is a significant delay between the time the post-secondary institution provides the educational services to the students and the time it receives payment from the government for 2015. In addition to these rule changes, FNDE implemented a policy for current students' loan renewals for 2015, which provides that returning students may not finance an amount that increases by more than 6.41%, which was later increased to 8.5%, from the amount financed in the previous semester, regardless of any increases in tuition or in the number of courses in which the student is enrolled, a policy that we believe violates the applicable law. For 2016, MEC announced that there will be no limitation to the tuition increase. Moreover, in the first and second intakes of 2015, the online enrollment and re-enrollment system that all post-secondary institutions and students must use to access the program has experienced numerous technical and programming faults that have also interfered with the enrollment and re-enrollment process. Numerous challenges to these changes and requests for judicial relief from the system's faults have been filed in the Brazilian courts, most of which are pending. The 2016 enrollment and re-enrollment schedule has been released and, so far, the system has not presented any material issues.
In October 2015, FNDE initiated negotiations with ABRAES aiming at settling the FIES payments that were delayed in 2015. The proposal from MEC, which was accepted by ABRAES, was to divide the total amount due into three annual installments to be paid one fourth in 2016, one fourth in 2017 and half in 2018. The parties also agreed that the yearly installments will be paid in June of each year, and the amounts will be adjusted to reflect an inflation index from the date of the respective maturity until the effective payment. FNDE also agreed not to take any discriminatory measures in the future related to the payment due to the post-secondary institutions, and not to impose any limitation on the issuance of certificates and repurchase of credits due to the post-secondary institutions, which basically means that all certificates will be issued and repurchased in their respective fiscal years, except for those intended to be issued and repurchased in December, which will be paid in January of the following year. The parties executed the settlement agreement on January 28, 2016 and it was approved by the office of the Attorney General of Brazil on February 3, 2016. The Federal Court of Brasilia ratified the settlement agreement on March 17, 2016. Our post-secondary institutions in Brazil are associated with ABRAES and signed the settlement agreement as well; therefore, it will apply to us.
On December 11, 2015, MEC issued new FIES regulations ("Normative Ordinance No. 13"), which supersede in all significant aspects the rules previously in force. Normative Ordinance No. 13 defined and clarified some rules for student eligibility and classification, higher education institution participation and selection of the vacancies that will be offered to the students in the first intake of 2016.
Among other changes, it created a "waiting list" concept for students not selected in the first selection call. It also instituted a rule that allows the remaining vacancies that were not filled in by the waiting list students to be redistributed among other programs of the post-secondary institution.
The rules for student eligibility are to have a gross household income of not more than 2.5 times the minimum wage per capita (which was raised by the MEC to 3.0 times on June 17, 2016) and to
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have taken the National High School Proficiency Exam at least once since 2010, with a minimum score of 450 points, and to have a score greater than zero in the test of writing.
Regarding the participation of post-secondary institutions in FIES, institutions still must sign a participation agreement that contains their proposal of the number of vacancies offered and the following information per shift (morning, evening) and campus location: (i) tuition gross amount for the entire course, including all semesters; (ii) total tuition gross amount per course for the first semester, which must reflect at least a five percent discount to the course list price; and (iii) the number of vacancies that will be offered through the FIES selection process. Also, only courses with scores of 3, 4 or 5 in the SINAES evaluation are eligible to receive FIES students.
On July 14, 2016, Provisional Presidential Decree No. 741/2016 (Medida Provisória No. 741/2016) revising the FIES payments rules was published in the official gazette. According to the new decree, higher education institutions became liable for the administration fees and expenses charged by the government banks that manage FIES loans. The decree became effective immediately and the government will withhold two percent of all FIES payments to cover such administration fees and expenses. Provisional presidential decrees are instruments with the force of law that the President of Brazil can issue in cases of importance and urgency. They have immediate effect and are valid for 60 days, extendable only once for the same period. Effectiveness beyond that period required approval of the National Congress, which took place on November 9, 2016, and it was enacted into law on December 2, 2016 (Law No. 13.366/2016).
In August 2016, the MEC issued additional FIES regulations ("Normative Ordinance No. 17") expanding the guidelines previously defined in Normative Ordinance No. 13. Among other things, Normative Ordinance No. 17 describes in greater detail how to calculate remaining vacancies, sets forth procedures and deadlines for the completion of the filling of the remaining vacancies, and provides for dealing with exceptional situations where procedural errors or other obstacles have prevented students from accessing remaining vacancies in a timely manner.
Another change in the new regulation was the number (or percentage) of vacancies that can be offered by the post-secondary institutions in relation to the score obtained in SINAES evaluation, which was reduced:
The criteria for the selection of vacancies by MEC to be offered to students were also modified by Normative Ordinance No. 13 and the regionality provisions of the prior Normative Ordinances (i.e., vacancies offered in the Northeast, North and Central-West regions would have had priority over those offered in the South and Southeast regions) were excluded from the regulation. Normative Ordinance No. 13 replaces the regionality criterion with a new criterion of "social relevance determined by micro-regions," which means that for each micro-region they will take into consideration the demand for higher education for educational financing (calculated by FIES) and the Human Development Index of each micro-region. All of the other criteria provided in the previous regulation were maintained in the new one (i.e., (i) FIES budget and the availability of resources, (ii) course score under SINAES's evaluation and (iii) priority courses, as defined by the government (pedagogy, engineering and health sector courses)). Normative Ordinance No. 13 also contains two annexes, which address in great detail the selection and tiebreaker criteria for the vacancies, as well as the rules for redistribution of remaining vacancies.
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Brazil's economy continues to present challenges to growth and create pricing pressures in the education sector. Our new student enrollment in Brazil was negatively affected by these conditions as well as the changes to the FIES program. If economic conditions continue to weaken and the Brazilian government implements additional austerity measures, our ability to grow our student enrollment in Brazil may be further negatively affected. The Brazilian government's changes to the FIES program resulted in a substantial increase in the total number of new FIES contracts in that country in 2014, an election year, and then a reduction in the total number of new FIES contracts, from over 700,000 in 2014 to approximately 300,000 in 2015. As a result, Laureate's new enrollments of students in the FIES program also decreased similarly in 2015; however, this did not have a material impact on our 2015 results of operations since total enrollments for all students increased in 2015. Any potential impact on total enrollment would not occur until the FIES students from the expansion of the program have graduated, and would depend on the Brazilian government's commitment to the FIES program. In addition, the Brazilian government reduced the frequency of payments to participating institutions during 2015.
Distance education. Distance Education, or Educação à Distância ("EaD") in Brazil, is regulated by the LDB. The law defines EaD as an educational modality in which the didactic and pedagogical measurement in teaching and learning processes occur with the use of media, information and communication technologies, with students and teachers developing educational activities at different places and/or times.
EaD programs can be offered at different levels and types of higher education, like professional education, including technical, medium and technological level of higher education, higher education, covering continuing education programs, undergraduate, specialization, masters and PhD. EaD programs may only be offered by HEI that are regularly accredited by the MEC. The accreditation request and respective renewal for EaD programs is separate from the accreditation process for the in-person programs delivered by the HEI.
Universities and university centers accredited to offer EaD programs may create, organize and extinguish courses or higher education programs, upon notice to MEC, and the courses or programs created can only be offered within the limits of the scope defined in the HEI's accreditation act. Colleges (faculdades), must request MEC authorization to offer each specific EaD program.
The list of requirements for accreditation in the federal education system comprehends physical infrastructure, academic facilities, and details the characteristics and equipment for the library and laboratory operations, along with the accessibility plan and priority seating. Once issued, the EaD accreditation license issued by MEC defines the scope of the HEI's EaD operations in the country, and any expansion beyond the licensed area may only occur with specific MEC permission. The HEI accreditation for the provision of EaD programs is valid for the evaluation cycle term and is renewable.
EaD programs must be designed with the same duration as their respective in-person course programs. Moreover, the EaD regulatory scheme requires that the HEI perform some aspects in-person as follows: (i) student assessments; (ii) compulsory trainee programs, when provided for in the relevant legislation; (iii) dissertation defense for course completion, when provided for in the relevant legislation; and (iv) activities related to teaching laboratories, where applicable. The in-person events must be performed at the HEI's campus or at a specific, brick and mortar learning center duly accredited for this purpose, referred to as a "polo."
It is also noteworthy that the HEI offering EaD programs, particularly the polos, are subject to inspection by the MEC at any time. Those inspections aim to demonstrate whether those HEI are compliant with legal and regulatory requirements. In the event of any irregularity not corrected within the given deadlines, the HEI may be subject to certain penalties, including disqualification.
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EaD certificates or diplomas issued by accredited HEI have national validity with the same force and effect as those certificates or diplomas issued for the completion of in-person programs.
Chilean Regulation
The Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile guarantees every individual's right to education and sets forth the state's obligation to promote the development of education at all levels. It also provides for liberty in teaching, which includes the right to open, organize and maintain educational institutions, providing that a Constitutional Organic Law, which requires a super-majority vote in the Chilean Congress, must establish the requirements for the official recognition of educational institutions.
The General Law on Education sets forth the requirements and the procedure for the official recognition of educational institutions, providing for an educational system that is mixed in nature, including a form of education owned and managed by the state and its bodies and another one that is privately provided. The principles that inspire the Chilean educational system include those of universality, by virtue of which education should be affordable to all individuals, quality of education, and respect for and promotion of the autonomy of the educational institutions, within the framework of the laws governing them.
In the case of higher education, the law provides a licensing system for new institutions that, once completed, makes it possible for these institutions to achieve full autonomy. This autonomy consists of every higher education institution's right to govern itself, as provided in its bylaws, in all matters regarding the fulfillment of its purpose, and encompasses academic, economic and administrative autonomy. Academic autonomy includes the higher education entities' power to decide by themselves the manner in which their teaching, research and extension functions will be fulfilled and the establishment of their curricula and programs. Economic autonomy makes it possible for those establishments to manage their resources to fulfill their goals pursuant to their bylaws and the laws, while administrative autonomy empowers each higher education establishment to organize its operation in the form deemed most appropriate in accordance with its bylaws and the relevant laws.
The Ministry of Education ("MINEDUC") is the department of state in charge of promoting the development of education at all levels. Its functions include those of proposing and assessing the policies and plans for educational and cultural development, assigning the necessary resources for the conduct of educational and cultural extension activities, evaluating the development of education, discussing and proposing general norms applicable to the sector and overseeing their enforcement, granting official recognition to educational institutions, supervising the activities of its dependent units and fulfilling the other functions assigned by the law.
The MINEDUC's Higher Education Division is the unit in charge of overseeing compliance with the legal and regulatory norms that govern higher education, of providing advice on the proposal of policies at this level of education and of establishing institutional relations with the officially recognized higher education institutions.
The National Education Council ( Consejo Nacional de Educación ) is an autonomous entity composed of ten members who must be academicians, professors or professionals with an outstanding career in teaching and educational management and whose functions, regarding higher education, consist of:
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The National Accreditation Commission ( Comisión Nacional de Acreditación ) is an autonomous entity, the function of which is to verify and promote the quality of the autonomous universities, professional institutes and technical training centers and of the courses of study and programs offered by them. In particular, the National Accreditation Commission is required to deliver an opinion on the institutional accreditation of higher education institutions, authorize the private agencies in charge of accreditation of courses of study and undergraduate programs and bachelor programs and specialty programs in the area of health, and supervise their operation.
The Managing Commission of the Credit System for Higher Education Studies ( Comisión Administradora del Sistema de Créditos para Estudios Superiores ) is an entity whose functions include defining and assessing policies for the development and implementation of financing arrangements for higher education studies, entering into and proposing modifications to any necessary agreements with both domestic and foreign public and private financing entities and implementing those arrangements, and defining and evaluating the policies for higher education loans guaranteed by the state.
Organization and recognition of higher education institutions. The law recognizes state-owned higher education institutions, which may only be created by a law, and private institutions that must be organized in accordance with provisions contained in the law. The Chilean legislation provides that the state will officially recognize the following higher education institutions:
Private universities must be created in accordance with the procedures set forth by law, and must always be not-for-profit entities in order to be officially recognized.
Private professional institutes and technical training centers may be created by any individual or legal entity, they may be organized as for-profit or not-for-profit entities, and their sole purpose must be the creation, organization and maintenance of a professional institute or technical training center.
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In order to be officially recognized, universities, professional institutes and technical training centers must have the necessary teaching, didactic, economic, financial and physical resources to offer the academic degrees, professional certificates or technical certificates, as appropriate, which must be certified by the National Education Council. Additionally, these institutions must have a certification granted by the National Education Council evidencing that the entity has had both its institutional project and its academic programs approved and that it will have the progressive verification of its institutional development performed. Higher education institutions may only start their teaching activities once the official recognition has been granted.
The official recognition of a higher education institution may be revoked and, in the case of universities, their legal existence may be revoked through a supported Statutory Decree of the MINEDUC, after a decision of the National Education Council adopted by the majority of its members in a meeting called for that sole purpose and after hearing the affected party, if that party (i) fails to comply with the objectives set forth in its bylaws, (ii) conducts activities contrary to morals, public order, good customs or national security, (iii) commits gross violations of its bylaws, or (iv) ceases to confer professional certificates to its graduates.
The law provides for a system of license grants to higher education institutions, which includes the approval of institutional project and the evaluation, progress and materialization of its educational project for a period of no less than six years, at the end of which they may become fully autonomous.
National system of quality assurance in higher education. The law provides for a system of quality assurance in higher education that includes a system of institutional accreditation that consists of a process of analysis of existing mechanisms within the autonomous higher education institutions to guarantee their quality, bearing in mind both the existence of those mechanisms and their application and results, and a process of accreditation of courses of study or programs, consisting of a process of verification of the quality of the courses of study or programs offered by the autonomous higher education institutions, on the basis of their declared purposes and the criteria set forth by the respective academic and professional communities.
Both the institutional accreditation and the accreditation of courses of study and undergraduate programs are voluntary, except that the courses of study and academic programs leading to the professional degrees of Surgeon, Elementary Education Teacher, Secondary Education Teacher, Differential Education Teacher and Nursery School Teacher are subject to mandatory accreditation.
The institutional accreditation is filed with the National Accreditation Commission, whereas the accreditation of courses of study and undergraduate programs can be performed by domestic, foreign or international accreditation entities authorized by the National Accreditation Commission.
Tax benefits. Chilean universities recognized by the state, and the associations, corporations, partnerships and foundations that are created, organized or maintained by those universities, are exempted from paying tax on the income arising exclusively from their educational activities. Likewise, educational institutions are exempted from paying value-added tax, an exemption that is limited to the revenues arising from their teaching activities. Additionally, universities are exempted from paying withholding taxes for payments made abroad. There are also specific tax benefits for donations made to universities.
Financing. The Chilean state contributes to the direct financing of universities existing as of December 31, 1980 by means of contributions from the state. In addition, all universities, professional institutes and technical training centers recognized as higher education institutions receive an indirect contribution from the state, which is distributed on the basis of the scores obtained in the university admission test by the students enrolled in each higher education institution.
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Under the CAE Program, the state guarantees up to 90% of the principal plus interest on loans granted by financial institutions to students of higher education at autonomous, accredited institutions officially recognized by the state that select their first-year students on the basis of the score obtained in the university admission test and that use the aforesaid indirect contribution by the state exclusively for institutional development purposes.
The NMS program supports access to vocational and technical education for students in the lowest 70% who met or exceeded certain academic standards by providing annual scholarships (i) under NMS I in amounts up to CLP 600,000; (ii) under NMS II in amounts up to CLP 850,000 per year for students who come from the first five income deciles if the tech/voc institution in which they are enrolled is organized as a not-for-profit legal entity or, if the tech/voc institution is not so organized, the institution has stated in writing its intention to become a not-for-profit entity and to be accredited; and (iii) under NMS III in amounts up to CLP 900,000 per year, provided that such students and the institution in which they enroll meet the requirements for NMS II and the tech/voc institution was, on December 31, 2015, accredited for four years or more.
Recent developments. Because of an ongoing controversy in Chile with respect to the quality of higher education and compliance with the regulations applicable to higher education institutions, since July 2011 several reforms have been promoted by the Chilean government. Some of these reforms were approved during the previous administration, such as amendments to the CAE Program reducing from 6% to 2% per annum the interest rate that CAE debtors must pay, limiting principal and interest payments under that program to 10% of a debtor's monthly income, and providing for the termination of the debt after a 180-month period.
Other legislative reforms were promoted by members of the previous Chilean Congress but were not supported by the previous Chilean government, including proposals to restrict related party transactions between higher education institutions and entities that control them. In November and December 2013, Chile held national elections. The presidential election was won by former president Michelle Bachelet, who assumed office on March 11, 2014, and a political coalition led by Ms. Bachelet won the elections for both houses of the Chilean Congress, in each case for four years beginning on March 11, 2014. Although the election platform of the new government mentioned that stronger regulation of higher education was required, it did not contain specific commitments with respect to the abovementioned reforms, other than the creation of a special agency to oversee higher education institutions' compliance with law and regulations. In the second quarter of 2014, the new government announced the withdrawal of all of the prior administration's higher education proposals and its intent to submit new bills to the Chilean Congress.
In December 2014, the Chilean Congress adopted the Provisional Administrator Law, which provides for the appointment of a provisional administrator or closing administrator to handle the affairs of failing universities or universities found to have breached their bylaws. In addition, the Chilean Congress has approved legislation that would permit, but not require, universities and technical/vocational institutes to include in their bylaws provisions contemplating the participation of students, professors and employees in the governance of the institution.
On November 27, 2015, the Chilean Congress passed the 2016 Budget Law. By means of the 2016 Budget Law, the administration sought to implement a policy to grant free access to higher education to students from the first five income deciles who attend certain universities or tech/voc institutions. For university students, the Budget Law would have required them to be enrolled in universities that either are members of the CRUCh or are private universities that are not members of the CRUCh that, on September 30, 2015, met the following requirements: (a) being accredited for four years or more; (b) not being related to for-profit legal entities; and (c) having a representative of the students or non-academic personnel as a member of their governing body. For tech/voc students, the 2016 Budget Law would have required them to be enrolled in institutions organized as not-for-profit legal entities that were accredited for four or more years.
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On December 21, 2015, the CT declared portions of the 2016 Budget Law dealing with higher education institutions to be unconstitutional, in particular those portions that would require students to attend institutions with specific characteristics in order to obtain free tuition as, under the Chilean Constitution, that would constitute arbitrary discrimination affecting students who are in the same economic condition.
Before the CT published the text of its decision, the administration submitted the Short Law to the Chilean Congress. The Short Law was approved by Congress two days after its submission, on December 23, 2015, and published on December 26, 2015. The Short Law is effective only during 2016 and was not subject to a constitutional challenge.
Under the Short Law, for university students to be eligible for free tuition, they had to come from the first five income deciles and enroll either in a State-owned university or in a private university that on December 27, 2015 was accredited for at least four years and controlled by individuals or not-for-profit legal entities. The Short Law excluded tech/voc students from eligibility for free tuition in 2016. However, the Short Law provided that free tuition for tech/voc students would be implemented within three years provided that they attend tech/voc institutions that are accredited for at least four years and are organized as not-for-profit legal entities. The Short Law provided that tech/voc institutions that were organized as for-profit entities should, not later than December 27, 2015, state their intention to reorganize as not-for-profit entities in order to be eligible to participate in NMS II and NMS III.
For the period between the effective date of the Short Law and such time as students at tech/voc institutions become eligible to participate in the free tuition program, the Short Law modified the allocations of the NMS. The Short Law divided this scholarship program into three parts: (i) NMS I, which grants students who meet certain personal conditions scholarships of up to CLP 600,000 per year; (ii) NMS II, which grants students scholarships of up to CLP 850,000 per year, provided the students come from the first five income deciles and the tech/voc institution in which they are enrolled is organized as a not-for-profit legal entity or, if the tech/voc institution is not so organized, the institution has stated in writing its intention to become a not-for-profit entity and to be accredited; and (iii) NMS III, which grants students scholarships of up to CLP 900,000 per year, provided that such students and the institution in which they enroll meet the requirements for NMS II and the tech/voc institution was, on December 31, 2015, accredited for four years or more.
The Chilean universities and tech/voc institutions in the Laureate International Universities network did not meet each of these tests, so students at these institutions are not eligible for free tuition or NMS II or NMS III scholarships under the Short Law.
On November 11, 2016, the Chilean Congress passed the 2017 Budget Law. The 2017 Budget Law included changes to the policies for granting free access to higher education and scholarships to students from the first five and seven income deciles who attend certain universities or tech/voc institutions.
For university students, the 2017 Budget Law provides for free access to higher education with the same requirements as were in the 2016 Budget Law but adds the requirement that eligible universities have a minimum of 80% of their newly enrolled students with an average result from the national university admissions examination, high school grades and high school rankings above a specified level, and have a transparent admission system that must have been published on the institution's website by December 1, 2016. For tech/voc institutions, the 2017 Budget Law provides for eligibility for free access for students if they are enrolled in institutions (i) organized as not-for-profit legal entities or as for-profit legal entities that have filed for transformation to not-for-profit legal entities under the "Transformation Law" passed by the Chilean Congress on November 16, 2016, before December 15, 2016, (ii) accredited for four years or more as of December 23, 2016, (iii) having as controllers not-for-profit legal entities or natural persons, (iv) having stated their intention to participate in the
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free access system before December 15, 2016, and (v) having a transparent admission system that must have been published on the institution's website by December 1, 2016.
The 2017 Budget Law also modified the allocations of the BS Program. The BS Program supports access to higher education for university students coming from one of the first seven income deciles and covers the full amount of tuition up to an amount authorized by the government. Historically, the BS Program solely benefited students of CRUCh universities. The 2017 Budget Law terminated the differentiation between CRUCh and non-CRUCh universities for eligibility for the BS Program. Thus, for 2017, 3,500 BS Program scholarships will be granted to students at non-CRUCh universities and 3,500 additional BS Program scholarships will be granted to students at non-CRUCh universities in 2018. By 2019, the government promises to have an equal BS Program scholarship policy for all universities, whether CRUCh or non-CRUCh. Students may apply for a BS Program scholarship if their university is accredited for at least four years and if 80% of the university's newly enrolled students have an average result from the national university admissions examination, high school grades and high school rankings above a specified level.
Under the 2017 Budget Law, the NMS II and NMS III are available to all students enrolled in a tech/voc institution, whether for-profit or not-for-profit: (i) NMS II in an amount of CLP 860,000 per year, or up to the effective government-approved tuition fee if it is less than that amount, for students who come from the first five income deciles with an average high school grade of 5.0 and the tech/voc institution in which they are enrolled being accredited for at least three years; and (ii) NMS III, in an amount up to CLP 900,000 per year, or up to the effective government-approved tuition fee if it is less than that amount, provided that such students and the institution in which they enroll meet the requirements for NMS II and the tech/voc institution was, on December 31, 2016, accredited for four years or more. The NMS III scholarship will last until the tax benefit established in the Transformation Law for tech/voc institutions ends.
Finally, under the 2017 Budget Law, the Comptroller General will be in charge of overseeing the use of the public resources in higher education.
In April 2016, the Chilean Congress made reforms to specific career disciplines, including pedagogy. Law 20,903 created the teaching professional development system ( Sistema de Desarrollo Profesional Docente ), which aims to improve the quality of training for those who choose to study pedagogy by setting new program admission requirements and mandatory institutional accreditation standards for pedagogy career programs. As these changes have only taken effect in 2017, their impact cannot yet be determined; however, the Chilean universities in the Laureate International Universities network are preparing to adjust to the new regime and will be monitoring the effects on their pedagogy programs.
On July 4, 2016, the Chilean President submitted to the Chilean Congress a bill (the "Higher Education Bill") that, if approved, would change the entire regulatory landscape of higher education in Chile, as it would amend and/or replace most of the currently applicable legislation, including repealing the current laws governing universities, professional institutes and technical training centers. The changes contemplated in the Higher Education Bill that are most relevant to us are:
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the Common Access System for Higher Education Institutions; (v) to manage the National Higher Education Information System; (vi) to coordinate the various public institutions and services that have authority on higher education matters; (vii) to establish coordination mechanisms for the members of the boards of directors of state-owned universities who are appointed by the President; (viii) to generate and coordinate with regional and local governments instances of participation and dialogue with and among higher education institutions as well as the collaboration and transfer of best practices among them, and between such institutions and secondary schools; (ix) to develop studies on the higher education system; (x) to maintain a registry of higher education institutions with access to public funding; and (xi) to have any other function that the law may assign to it.
The Higher Education Quality Council, whose purpose would be to evaluate, accredit and promote the quality of autonomous higher education institutions and of the careers and study programs they offer, and which would be responsible for executing the institutional accreditation processes and undergraduate and graduate career and study programs accreditation processes, would be composed of 11 directors, nine of which would be appointed by the President of the Republic. The functions of the Higher Education Quality Council would include: (i) managing and resolving the accreditation processes; (ii) proposing the quality criteria and standards for institutional accreditation and accreditation of undergraduate and graduate careers and study programs to the MINEDUC; (iii) maintaining public information systems that contain relevant decisions regarding the different accreditation processes; (iv) executing and promoting actions for continuous improvement of the quality of higher education institutions; (v) keeping a registry of peer reviewers who are part of the accreditation process; (vi) training peer reviewers; and (vii) submitting data to the National Higher Education Information System.
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Under the National System of Quality Assurance of Higher Education, institutional accreditation would be mandatory for all autonomous higher education institutions and would consist of the evaluation and verification of compliance with quality standards, as well as the analysis of internal mechanisms for quality assurance, considering both their existence and their application and results, and their alignment with the mission and purpose of higher education institutions. All institutional accreditations would last for eight years. The accreditation process would include the evaluation, for all campuses and for the undergraduate careers and programs selected by the board of the Higher Education Quality Council, of the management and institutional resources, internal quality assurance, teaching and results of the education process, generation of knowledge, creation and innovation, and association with the environment, of the respective higher educational institutions. Accredited institutions would be classified under one of three different categories. Category C institutions would need to obtain prior approval of the Higher Education Quality Council to open new campuses or programs, while Category B institutions would need to obtain such approval only to open careers or programs in a field of knowledge not regularly offered by the institution or which has not been offered in the last two years, and Category A institutions would not need to obtain any approval to open new campuses, careers or programs.
The bill also provides that certain careers and study programs, i.e., medical and education programs, as well as doctorate-level programs be mandatorily accredited.
Accreditation decisions would not be appealable although reconsideration could be sought before the Higher Education Quality Council not later than 15 days after the notification of decision.
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underway regarding any infraction that comes to its attention; (xiii) apply penalties in accordance with the law; (xiv) apply and provide administrative interpretations of the applicable law, and issue general instructions to the sector subject to its enforcement; (xv) send information brought to its attention in the exercise of its duties and powers to the Higher Education Quality Council when such information indicates violations within the scope of the matters it regulates; (xvi) remit information brought to its attention in the exercise of its duties to the Public Prosecutor when such information indicates that a crime has been committed; (xvii) manage the information it compiles in the exercise of its duties, in a coordinated effort with the Undersecretary of Higher Education, for adequate development of the National Higher Education Information System; (xviii) reach agreements with other public services regarding electronic transfers of information to facilitate execution of their functions; (xix) generate indexes, statistics and studies with the information delivered by the institutions it inspects, and produce publications within the scope of its powers; and (xx) provide technical advisory services to the MINEDUC and other entities within the scope of its powers.
Sanctions imposed by the Superintendence of Higher Education would be appealable to the courts.
Higher education institutions would be required to provide to the Superintendence of Higher Education the following information: (i) their audited consolidated annual financial statements and any information about any fact that may significantly affect its financial condition; (ii) a list of their partners or members, and of any individuals exercising executive functions; (iii) information about related party transactions; (iv) information about tax-exempt donations; and (v) a list of entities in which the institution holds an interest of more than 10% and of not-for-profit entities in which it is entitled to appoint at least one board member.
We are currently evaluating the effect the proposed Higher Education Bill would have on the Chilean institutions in the Laureate International Universities network if it is adopted in the form introduced in the Chilean Congress. We cannot predict whether or not the proposed Higher Education Bill will be adopted in this form, or if any higher education legislation will be adopted that would affect
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the institutions in the Laureate International Universities network. However, if any such legislation is adopted, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
In June 2012, an investigative committee of the Chilean Chamber of Deputies issued a preliminary report on the Chilean higher education system alleging that certain universities, including the three universities that Laureate controls in Chile, have not complied with the requirements of Chilean law that universities be not-for-profit. Among the irregularities cited in the report are high salaries to board members or top executives, outsourcing of services to related parties, and that universities are being bought and sold by foreign and economic groups. The investigative committee referred its report to the MINEDUC and to the Public Prosecutor of Chile to determine whether there has been any violation of the law. The Public Prosecutor appointed a regional prosecutor to investigate whether any criminal charges should be brought for alleged violations of the laws on higher education and, more than three years later, no charges have been brought by the regional prosecutor against any institutions in the Laureate International Universities network. On July 19, 2012, the Chilean Chamber of Deputies rejected the report of the investigative committee. In December 2012, in light of the criminal prosecution of the former president of the National Accreditation Commission for alleged bribery, the Chilean Chamber of Deputies mandated its Education Commission to be an investigative committee regarding the functioning of the National Accreditation Commission, especially with respect to compliance with the National Accreditation Commission's duty to oversee higher education entities. The Education Commission delivered a report, which was approved by the Chamber of Deputies on October 1, 2013, containing several recommendations to improve regulation of the higher education accreditation system. Additionally, the Chilean Chamber of Deputies approved the creation of a special investigative committee to resume the investigation of higher education performed by the investigative committee that issued the June 2012 report that was previously rejected by the Chamber of Deputies. On January 15, 2014, that investigative committee approved a new report recommending, among other things, improvements to the Chilean higher education system regulations, amendments to the higher education financing system, particularly the CAE Program, imposition of criminal penalties for violation of the requirement that universities be not-for-profit, and support of legislation that would prohibit related party transactions, prohibit the transfer of control of universities, and require universities to have independent board members. The report was approved by the full Chamber of Deputies on April 1, 2014.
On February 18, 2014, the MINEDUC disclosed that on November 15, 2013 and February 11, 2014, it had initiated internal investigations into UDLA Chile and UNAB, respectively. The investigations were initiated upon referrals from the National Education Council and the National Accreditation Commission, which had conveyed to the MINEDUC their concerns regarding certain agreements entered into by UDLA Chile and UNAB with their controlling entities, including concerns about the amount and real use made by the universities of the services provided under those agreements. The investigations are an initial step by the MINEDUC to determine whether the Ministry should begin formal sanction proceedings against the universities. The MINEDUC also disclosed that it had delivered relevant documentation on the matter to the Public Prosecutor. In January 2016, the MINEDUC announced that it had closed the investigation into UNAB.
In May 2014, SII instituted an audit of UVM Chile, UNAB and UDLA Chile questioning whether they had regularly paid their taxes as non-profit entities for the period 2011 to 2014, specifically in relation to their financial dealings with Laureate, for-profit entities. Any non-compliance with the non-profit laws would subject them to the payment of additional taxes and penalties. As of August 2015, SII had notified all three institutions that its audit detected "no differences" in the taxes paid and the taxes owed, and provided a written closure letter to each of the institutions. In December 2016, SII notified separately UDLA Chile and UNAB that as part of the general audit program called "Auditoria Integral a Universidades," it was requesting supporting documentation from them for the tax periods between November 2013 and October 2016. Each institution will submit responsive documents that
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support taxes paid related to its revenues and expenses, including to the extent such revenues and expenses involve financial dealings with Laureate for-profit entities.
In June 2016, the MINEDUC notified UNAB that it was opening an investigation into possible violations of the not-for-profit nature of UNAB. In September 2016, the MINEDUC notified UVM Chile that it was opening a similar investigation of UVM Chile. Each of the institutions continues to be responsive to the MINEDUC's requests as part of these investigations. Each investigation will be conducted by an investigator appointed by the MINEDUC under the Provisional Administrator Law, and both UNAB and UVM Chile have been advised that the investigations will last at least six months. Procedural safeguards in the investigation process include notice, the right to present written statements and evidence, and the requirement that the decision be based on the formal record. Under the Provisional Administrator Law, at the end of the investigation the MINEDUC can either close the investigation or issue a report imposing one of the following measures: (i) ordering a recovery plan for the investigated institution, should the MINEDUC verify severe breaches of the institution's financial, administrative, labor or academic commitments; (ii) with the prior consent of the National Education Council, naming a provisional administrator for the institution if the MINEDUC determines that (a) there are serious risks to the administrative or financial viability of the institution that may affect the continuity of its educational programs, (b) there are serious and recurring breaches of the academic commitments of the institution to its students due to a lack of educational or teaching resources available to grant professional or technical degrees, (c) it is impossible for the institution to maintain its academic functions due to sanctions, injunctions or foreclosures affecting the institution, its campuses or its assets, (d) the institution is declared bankrupt or (e) a recovery plan pursuant to (i) above has not been presented, has been rejected or has been breached by the institution; or (iii) initiating a process to revoke the institution's license, in which case it would name a closing administrator. If the MINEDUC were to impose any sanctions, UNAB or UVM Chile, as the case may be, would have several routes to appeal or challenge that decision, both within the MINEDUC and in the courts or other governmental bodies. UNAB and UVM Chile are cooperating with the investigation.
Mexican Regulation
Mexican law provides that private entities are entitled to render education services in accordance with applicable legal provisions. These provisions regulate the education services rendered by the federal government, the states and private entities and contain guidelines for the allocation of the higher education role among the federal government, the states and the municipalities, including their respective economic contributions in order to jointly participate in the development and coordination of higher education.
There are three levels of regulation in Mexico: federal; state; and municipal. The federal authority is the Federal Ministry of Public Education ( Secretaría de Educación Pública ). Each of the 31 states and the Federal District has the right to establish a local Ministry of Education, and each municipality of each state may establish a municipal education authority that only has authority to advertise and promote educational services and/or activities. Additionally, since February 26, 2013, the National Institute for the Evaluation of Educational Services ( Instituto Nacional para la Evaluación de la Educación ) is in charge of, among other things, evaluating the quality of the study plans and programs for Basic and Mid-Superior education services (as further described below).
Some functions are exclusive to the Federal Ministry of Education such as the establishment of study plans and programs for Basic and Mid-Superior education services Other functions are exclusive to the state Ministries of Education such as the coordination and administration of the local registry of students, teachers, education institutions and schools. There are also concurrent functions such as the granting and withdrawal of governmental recognition of validity of studies ( Reconocimiento de Validez Oficial de Estudios ) (" REVOEs, " for its acronym in Spanish).
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The General Law on Education ( Ley General de Educación ) in Mexico classifies studies in the following three categories: (i) Basic Education, which includes pre-school (kindergarten), elementary school and junior high school ( secundaria ); (ii) Mid-Superior Education, which includes high school ( prepataroria ) and equivalent studies, as well as professional education that does not consider preparatoria as a prerequisite; and (iii) Superior Education, which includes the studies taught after prepataroria, including undergraduate school ( licenciatura ), specialties ( especialidades ), masters studies, doctorate studies and studies for teachers ( educación normal ).
The General Law on Education provides that in order for private entities to be able to provide Basic Education Services and studies for teachers ( educación normal ), a prior governmental authorization is required (the " Authorization "). For other studies, including Mid-Superior and Superior Education Services, no prior governmental authorization is required. However, if the private entities desire to provide Mid-Superior and Superior Education Services, and want those studies to be integrated into the federal and/or local public educational system, they must obtain a REVOE by the federal and/or local Ministry of Education, respectively.
The REVOEs are issued by the Federal Ministry of Education under the General Law on Education, or by any of the state Ministries of Education under the applicable state law. REVOEs are granted for each program taught in each campus. If there is a change in the program or in the campus in which it is taught, the entity will need to get a new REVOE.
The Federal Ministry of Education has issued a set of general resolutions ( Acuerdos ) that regulate the general requirements for obtaining REVOEs. The main Acuerdos are (i) Acuerdo 243 issued on May 27, 1998 to set the general guidelines for obtaining an Authorization or REVOE, and (ii) Acuerdo 279 issued on July 10, 2000 to set the procedures related to REVOEs for Superior Education studies. The Federal Ministry of Education recommends to the local Ministries of Education the adoption and inclusion of the provisions contained in Acuerdo 243 and Acuerdo 279 in the local Law on Education and other applicable local laws and regulations.
In general terms, federal and state laws in Mexico provide for three requirements for granting REVOEs:
Depending on each state, other requirements may apply, for example, that private institutions that provide educational services with REVOEs need to be registered with the corresponding local authorities.
Acuerdo 279 regulates in detail the provisions contained under the General Law on Education to grant REVOEs for Superior Education studies, regarding faculty, plans and programs of studies, inspection visits, procedures, etc. Acuerdo 279 provides that the faculty that participate in programs taught by private institutions must be full-time faculty or faculty retained by subject. Acuerdo 279 regulates the qualifications that the faculty members have to meet depending on whether they are full-time or part-time, and provides that a minimum percentage of courses need to be taught by full-time faculty, which percentage depends on the type of program taught.
Acuerdo 279 also provides that private institutions that provide Superior Education services in accordance with presidential decrees or secretarial resolutions ( acuerdos secretariales ) issued specifically to them may maintain the obligations provided to them thereunder and may function under the provisions of Acuerdo 279 to the extent the provisions of this latter Acuerdo benefit them. Currently, Universidad Tecnológica de México, S.C. and Universidad del Valle de México, S.C. have secretarial resolutions that were issued in their favor before the issuance of Acuerdo 279. The obligations
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contained in these secretarial resolutions generally conform to the obligations provided under Acuerdo 279.
The regulatory authorities are entitled to conduct inspection visits to the facilities of educational institutions to verify compliance with applicable legal provisions. Failure to comply with applicable legal provisions may result in the imposition of fines, in the cancellation of the applicable REVOE and in the closure of the education facilities.
Private institutions with REVOEs are required to grant a minimum percentage of scholarships to students. Acuerdo 279 provides that private institutions grant scholarships to at least five percent of the total students registered during each academic term. Scholarships consist, in whole or in part, of payment of the registration and tuition fees established by the educational institution. The granting of scholarships has to be provided for in the internal regulations of the educational institution, which regulations must provide:
Acuerdo 279 provides for the minimum percentage of courses that must be taught by full-time faculty. Private education institutions that do not meet the minimum requirements must submit to the education authority, for approval, a detailed justification in that regard making reference to the area of knowledge of the plan of studies, level thereof, education mode, general purpose of the plan and educational model proposed for the referenced studies. In addition, for masters studies focused in research, the university must have at least one full-time active investigator for every 25 students and for doctorate studies, must have at least one full-time active investigator for every ten students.
Private entities may also obtain the recognition of validity of their programs from the National Autonomous University of Mexico ( Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México or "UNAM"). The General Regulations of Incorporation and Validation of Studies issued by UNAM provide that programs followed in private entities may be "incorporated" to UNAM in order for UNAM to recognize their validity. For the programs to be incorporated the following general requirements must be met:
The UNAM regulations also provide that private entities incorporated to UNAM must grant scholarships to at least five percent of the total students registered in such entity. These scholarships shall consist of the exemption in whole of payment of the registration and tuition fees established by the educational entity. The students entitled to have this benefit will be selected by UNAM. Some of our high school programs and one of our medical programs are incorporated to UVM Mexico.
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Peruvian Regulation
We operate four post-secondary education institutions in Peru, two of which are universities and two of which are technical-vocational institutes. Peruvian law provides that universities and technical-vocational institutes can be operated as public or private entities, and that the private entities may be organized for profit. The Ministry of Education has overall responsibility for the national education system.
In 2014, the Peruvian Congress enacted a new University Law to regulate the establishment, operation, monitoring and closure of universities. The law also promotes continuous improvement of quality at Peruvian universities. The law created a new agency, the Superintendencia de Educación Superior Universitaria ("SUNEDU"), which is responsible for carrying out the governmental role in university regulation, including ensuring quality. While institutional autonomy is still recognized, and universities are permitted to create their own internal governance rules and determine their own academic, management and economic systems, including curriculum design and entrance and graduation requirements, all of these matters are now subject to review and evaluation by SUNEDU through its periodic review of universities as part of a license renewal process.
Under the new law, university licenses are temporary but renewable, and will be granted by SUNEDU for a maximum of six years. On November 24, 2015 the Board of SUNEDU promulgated regulations for the university licensing process. For licenses to be renewed, universities will have to demonstrate to SUNEDU that it comply with, at a minimum, certain Basic Quality Conditions ("BQCs") (i.e., that they have specified academic goals and that the degrees granted and plans of study are aligned with those goals, that their academic offerings are compatible with their planning goals, (e.g., there is sufficient labor demand for careers offered) that there are only two regular semesters of studies per year, that they have appropriate infrastructure and equipment, that they engage in research, that they have a sufficient supply of qualified teachers, at least 25% of whom will need to be full-time, that they supply adequate basic complementary educational services (e.g., medical and psychological services and sports activities), that they provide appropriate placement office services, and that they have transparency of institutional information). The relicensing process started on December 15, 2015 and will end on December 31, 2017 and is divided by groups. UPC and UPN have been included in Group 5, the review process for which will start in early 2017, although universities are permitted to apply earlier than their scheduled time. UPN applied early in July 2016, while UPC has until February 2017 to file. The review committee of SUNEDU will issue a license at the end of the relicensing process or, alternatively, not issue a license and provide for a remediation period if one or more of the BQCs are not, in its opinion, satisfied. Following a one-year period, SUNEDU will make a new verification visit after the university has presented and implemented its remediation plan.
Technical-vocational institutes are regulated by the Ministry of Education, which grants operating licenses for not less than three nor more than six years, after which the Ministry conducts a revalidation process. The approval of new institute licenses is based on the evaluation by the Ministry of the institute's institutional goals, the curricula of its education programs and their link with careers needed in the Peruvian economy, the availability of adequate qualified teachers, the institute's infrastructure, the institute's financial resources, and the favorable opinion of the National System of Assessment, Accreditation and Certification of Education Quality ("SINEACES") regarding the appropriateness of the programs the institute is offering. SINEACES is also responsible for the accreditation of programs and careers at all higher education institutions. On November 2, 2016 a new law regarding technical-vocational institutes (the "Institutes Law") was enacted. Regulations are expected to be issued within 120 days from the date of passage. Under the Institutes Law, technical-vocational institutes are regulated by the Ministry of Education, which grants operating licenses. The Institutes Law has created two types of institutes, Higher Education Institutes ("Institutes") and Higher Education Colleges ("Colleges"). Institutes are dedicated to technical careers and Colleges are devoted to technical careers related to education as well as science and information Technology. Colleges grant Technical Bachelor Degrees and Professional Technical Degrees. The scope of such degrees will be
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defined more completely by the implementing regulations. Institutes and Colleges are subject to a mandatory license granted by the Ministry of Education, based on an evaluation to determine compliance with BQCs. BQCs include: an appropriate institutional management guaranteeing a proper relation with the educational model of the institution; appropriate academic management and proper program studies aligned with the Ministry of Education norms; appropriate infrastructure and equipment to develop educational activities; adequate teachers and staff which, at a minimum, should consist of 20% full-time staff; and appropriate financial and economic provisions. The licensing process of institutes is still to be determined by the regulations. However, the Law provides that the process will last no more than 90 days and will grant a license for a five-year period to be renewed once expired. Unlike licenses, quality accreditation is voluntary except for certain careers for which it might be mandatory as determined by law. Such accreditation will be taken into consideration for access to public grants for scholarships and research among other things. Private Institutes and Colleges may be organized as for-profit or not-for-profit entities under Peruvian law. Not-for-profit Colleges' and Institutes' income is exempt from taxes on their educational activities. For-profit Colleges and Institutes are subject to income taxes, but may qualify for a tax credit on 30% of their reinvested income, subject to a reinvestment program to be filed with the Ministry of Education for a maximum term of five years. The specific requirements of such programs are still to be determined by the regulations.
There was a Presidential election in Peru during the second quarter of 2016, and the new President entered into office at the end of July 2016. The new President reappointed the same Minister of Education, and there have been no changes in policy at the SUNEDU nor are any expected.
Turkish Regulation and Internal Investigation
Through our European segment, we operate Istanbul Bilgi University, a network institution located in Turkey that consolidates under the variable interest entity model. Istanbul Bilgi University is established as a Foundation University under the Turkish higher education law, sponsored by the Bilgi Foundation. As such, it is subject to regulation, supervision and inspection by the Turkish Higher Education Council (the "YÖK"). In 2014, the Turkish parliament amended the higher education law to provide expanded authority to the YÖK with respect to Foundation Universities, including authorizing additional remedies for violations of the higher education law and of regulations adopted by the YÖK. On November 19, 2015, the YÖK promulgated an "Ordinance Concerned with Amendment to Foundation High Education Institutions" (the "Ordinance") the principal effects of which relate to the supervision and inspection of Foundation Universities by the YÖK. Under the Ordinance, the YÖK has expanded authority to inspect accounts, transactions, activities and assets of Foundation Universities, as well as their academic units, programs, projects and subjects. The Ordinance establishes a progressive series of five remedies that the YÖK can take in the event it finds a violation of the Ordinance, ranging from (1) a warning and request for correction to (2) the suspension of the Foundation University's ability to establish new academic units or programs to (3) limiting the number of students the Foundation University can admit, including ceasing new admissions, to (4) provisional suspension of the Foundation University's license to (5) cancellation of the Foundation University's license. Since the promulgation of the Ordinance, the YÖK has cancelled the licenses of 15 Foundation Universities.
The Ordinance specifies that Foundation Universities cannot be established by foundations in order to gain profit for themselves, and prohibits specified types of fund transfers from Foundation Universities to their sponsoring foundation, with certain exceptions for payments made under contractual arrangements for various goods and services that are provided at or below current market rates. Istanbul Bilgi University has entered into contractual arrangements with a subsidiary of Laureate that is a member of the board of trustees of the Bilgi Foundation, and has affiliates that are also members of that board, to provide Istanbul Bilgi University with management, operational and student services and certain intellectual property at fair market rates. If the YÖK were to determine that any of these contracts or the payments made by Istanbul Bilgi University to this Laureate subsidiary, or any other activities of Istanbul Bilgi University, including, as further described below, the donation of
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40.0 million Turkish Liras made by the university to a charitable foundation that was subsequently reimbursed to the university by certain Laureate-owned entities, violate the Ordinance or other applicable law, the YÖK could take actions against Istanbul Bilgi University up to and including cancellation of its license. Further, if the YÖK were to determine that any administrators of Istanbul Bilgi University have directly taken any actions or supported any activities that are intended to harm the integrity of the state, the license of the university could be cancelled. In July 2016, a coup attempt increased political instability in Turkey, and the uncertainties arising from the failed coup in Turkey could lead to changes in laws affecting Istanbul Bilgi University or result in modifications to the current interpretations and enforcement of the Ordinance or other laws and regulations by the YÖK.
As previously disclosed, during the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an operating expense of $18.0 million (the value of 40.0 million Turkish Liras at the date of donation) for a donation by our network institution in Turkey to a charitable foundation. We believed the donation was encouraged by the Turkish government to further a public project supported by the government and expected that it would enhance the position and ongoing operations of our institution in Turkey. The Company has learned that the charitable foundation which received the donation disbursed the funds at the direction of a former senior executive at our network institution in Turkey and other external individuals to a third party without our knowledge or approval.
In June 2016, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors initiated an internal investigation into this matter with the assistance of external counsel. The investigation concerns the facts surrounding the donation, violations of the Company's policies, and possible violations of the FCPA and other applicable laws in what appears to be a fraud perpetrated by the former senior executive at our network institution in Turkey and other external individuals. This includes an investigation to determine if the diversion was part of a scheme to misappropriate the funds and whether any portion of the funds was paid to government officials. We have not identified that any other officers or employees outside of Turkey were involved in the diversion of the intended donation. Although we are pursuing efforts to recover the diverted funds, there is no assurance that we will be successful.
We have been advised by Turkish counsel that, under Turkish law, a Foundation University may not make payments that cause a decrease in the university's wealth or do not otherwise benefit the university. Given the uncertainty of recovery of the diverted donation and to mitigate any potential regulatory issues in Turkey relating to the donation, certain Laureate-owned entities that are members of the foundation that controls our network institution in Turkey have contributed an amount of approximately $13.0 million (the value of 40.0 million Turkish Liras on November 4, 2016, the date of contribution) to our network institution in Turkey to reimburse it for the donation.
As a result of the investigation, which is ongoing, we took steps to remove the former senior executive at our network institution in Turkey. Because of the complex organizational structure in Turkey, this took approximately one month and during that period our access to certain aspects of the business including the financial and other records of the university was interrupted. The former senior executive is now no longer affiliated with our network institution and we again have access to the financial and other records of the university.
In September 2016, we voluntarily disclosed the investigation to the DOJ and the SEC. The Company intends to fully cooperate with these agencies and any other applicable authorities in any investigation that may be conducted in this matter by them. The Company has internal controls and compliance policies and procedures that are designed to prevent misconduct of this nature and support compliance with laws and best practices throughout its global operations. The Company is taking steps to enhance these internal controls and compliance policies and procedures. The investigation is ongoing, and we cannot predict the outcome at this time, or the impact, if any, to the Company's consolidated financial statements or predict how the resulting consequences, if any, may impact our internal controls and compliance policies and procedures, business, ability or right to operate in Turkey, results of operations or financial position. If we are found to have violated the FCPA or other laws
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governing the conduct of our operations, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties and other remedial measures, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
See "We currently have four material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that, if not corrected, could result in material misstatements of our financial statements" and"Our institutions are subject to uncertain and varying laws and regulations, and any changes to these laws or regulations or their application to us may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and result of operations."
U.S. Regulation
Our institutions in the United States are subject to extensive regulation by the DOE, accrediting agencies and state educational agencies. The regulations, standards and policies of these agencies cover substantially all of our U.S. Institutions' operations, including their educational programs, facilities, instructional and administrative staff, administrative procedures, marketing, recruiting, finances, results of operations and financial condition.
As institutions of higher education that grants degrees and diplomas, our U.S. Institutions are required to be authorized by appropriate state educational agencies. In addition, the DOE regulates our U.S. Institutions due to their participation in federal student financial aid programs under Title IV of the HEA, or Title IV programs. Title IV programs currently include grants and educational loans provided directly by the federal government, including loans to students and parents through the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program (the "Direct Loan Program"). The Direct Loan Program offers Federal Stafford Loans, Federal Parent PLUS Loans, Federal Grad PLUS Loans and Federal Consolidation Loans. Prior to July 1, 2010, Title IV programs also included educational loans issued by private banks with below-market interest rates that are guaranteed by the federal government in the event of a student's default on repaying the loan. A significant percentage of students at our U.S. Institutions rely on the availability of Title IV programs to finance their cost of attendance.
To participate in Title IV programs, our U.S. Institutions are required to both maintain authorization by the appropriate state educational agency or agencies and be accredited by an accrediting agency recognized by the DOE. The HEA requires accrediting agencies recognized by the DOE to review and monitor many aspects of an institution's operations and to take appropriate action if the institution fails to meet the accrediting agency's standards.
We plan and implement our business activities to comply with the standards of these regulatory agencies. To monitor compliance with this regulatory environment, institutions participating in Title IV programs undergo periodic reviews to demonstrate, among other things, that they maintain proper accreditation, state authorization, and adequate financial resources. Historically, our U.S. Institutions have maintained eligibility to access Title IV funding.
State Education Licensure and Regulation
Our U.S. Institutions are required by the HEA to be authorized by applicable state educational agencies in the states where we are located to participate in Title IV programs. To maintain requisite state authorizations, our U.S. Institutions are required to continuously meet standards relating to, among other things, educational programs, facilities, instructional and administrative staff, marketing and recruitment, financial operations, addition of new locations and educational programs and various operational and administrative procedures. These standards can be different than and conflict with the requirements of the DOE and other applicable regulatory bodies. State laws and regulations may limit our ability to offer educational programs and offer certain degrees. Some states may also prescribe financial regulations that are different from those of the DOE and many require the posting of surety bonds. Failure to comply with the requirements of applicable state educational agencies could result in us losing our authorization to offer educational programs in those states. If that were to occur, the
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applicable state educational agency could force us to cease operations in their state. Even if the applicable state educational agency does not require an institution to cease operations on an immediate basis, the loss of authorization by that state educational agency would then cause our institution in such state to lose eligibility to participate in Title IV programs, and such loss of Title IV program eligibility could force that institution to cease operations in such state. Alternatively, the state educational licensing agencies could restrict the institution's ability to offer certain degree or diploma programs. We may also be subject to review by applicable state educational agencies or associations.
Each of our U.S. Institutions maintains an authorization from the pertinent state regulatory authority in which such institutions are physically located, or is exempt under current state law from a requirement to be specifically authorized. If any of the authorizations provided to one or more of our U.S. Institutions are determined not to comply with the DOE regulations, or one or more of our U.S. Institutions is unable to obtain or maintain an authorization that satisfies the DOE requirements, students at the pertinent institution may be unable to access Title IV funds, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations in the United States.
DOE regulations effective July 1, 2011 imposed new requirements regarding whether a state's authorization of an educational institution is sufficient for purposes of participation in the Title IV programs. These regulations also included a requirement that an institution meet any state authorization requirements in a state in which it has distance education students, but in which it is not physically located or otherwise subject to state jurisdiction, as a condition of awarding Title IV funds to students in that state. In July 2011, a Federal District Court issued an order vacating the regulation as related to distance education, which was sustained by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. In 2014, the DOE began a new program integrity negotiated rulemaking that included, among other issues, state authorization of distance education. In June 2014, the DOE announced that the rulemaking on state authorization of distance education would be put on hold at that time. On December 19, 2016, the DOE published final regulations regarding state authorization for programs offered through distance education and state authorization for foreign locations of institutions. Among other provisions, these final regulations require that an institution participating in the Title IV federal student aid programs and offering postsecondary education through distance education be authorized by each state in which the institution enrolls students, if such authorization is required by the state. The DOE would recognize authorization through participation in a state authorization reciprocity agreement, if the agreement does not prevent a state from enforcing its own laws. The final regulations also require that foreign additional locations and branch campuses be authorized by the appropriate foreign government agency and, if at least 50% of a program can be completed at the location/branch, be approved by the institution's accrediting agency and be reported to the state where the main campus is located. The final regulations would also require institutions to: document the state process for resolving complaints from students enrolled in programs offered through distance education or correspondence courses; and make certain public and individualized disclosures to enrolled and prospective students about their distance education programs. These final regulations are effective July 1, 2018.
Independent of this matter of federal regulation, several states have asserted jurisdiction over educational institutions offering online degree programs that have no physical location or other presence in the state, but that have some activity in the state, such as enrolling or offering educational services to students who reside in the state, conducting practica or sponsoring internships in the state, employing faculty who reside in the state or advertising to or recruiting prospective students in the state. Thus, our activities in certain states constitute a presence requiring licensure or authorization under requirements of state law, regulation or policy of the state educational agency, even though we do not have a physical facility in such states. Therefore, in addition to the states where we maintain physical facilities, we have obtained, or are in the process of obtaining, approvals or exemptions that we believe are necessary in connection with our activities that may constitute a presence in such states
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requiring licensure or authorization by the state educational agency based on the laws, rules or regulations of that state. Some of our approvals are pending or are in the renewal process. St. Augustine does not have current approvals or exemptions from the state educational agencies of twelve states in which St. Augustine does not maintain physical locations but has enrolled a small number of students. For each such state, St. Augustine is either in the process of applying for such approval/exemption or has plans to submit such applications in 2017. In recent years, several states have voluntarily entered into SARA that establish standards for interstate offering of postsecondary distance education courses and programs. If an institution's home state participates in SARA and authorizes the institution to provide distance education in accordance with SARA standards, then the institution need not obtain additional authorizations for distance education from any other SARA member state. The SARA participation requirements and process are administered by the four regional higher education compacts in the United States (the MHEC, the New England Board of Higher Education, the Southern Regional Education Board and the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education) and is overseen by the National Council for State Authorization Reciprocity Agreements.
Walden University was approved to participate in SARA, effective through June 2, 2016. On April 8, 2016, the MOHE notified Walden University that its renewal application to participate in SARA has been denied because Walden University does not have an institutional federal financial composite score computed by the DOE in connection with Walden University's participation in federal Title IV financing programs of 1.5 or higher, although the institutional financial composite score calculation made by Walden University in accordance with the DOE's published formula and based on Walden University's 2014 audited financial statements is 3.0. In the absence of an institution-level financial composite score calculated by DOE, MOHE viewed Laureate's financial composite score calculated based on its global operations, which does not exceed 1.5 for 2014, as attributable to Walden University.
On May 6, 2016, Walden University appealed the MOHE decision to MHEC. Walden University and MOHE participated in an appeal hearing before MHEC on June 3, 2016. On June 14, 2016, MHEC informed Walden University that it affirmed MOHE's decision. Walden University had until September 30, 2016 to regain its state authorization, exemption or other required status in the SARA states in which it participates in order to seek to enroll new students who reside in those states. As of the date of issuance of these financial statements, Walden University has regained authorization, exemption or other required status in all of the 31 SARA states in which it has been a SARA participant. Laureate believes that the decision by the MOHE and MHEC should not have a material adverse effect on Laureate's business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows.
Notwithstanding our efforts to obtain approvals or exemptions, state regulatory requirements for online education vary among the states, are not well developed in many states, are imprecise or unclear in some states and can change frequently. Because our U.S. Institutions enroll students in online degree programs, we expect that regulatory authorities in other states where we are not currently licensed or authorized may request that we seek additional licenses or authorizations for these institutions in their states in the future. If any of our U.S. Institutions fails to comply with state licensing or authorization requirements for a state, or fails to obtain licenses or authorizations when required, that institution could lose its state licensure or authorization by that state, which could prohibit it from recruiting prospective students or offering services to current students in that state. We could also be subject to other sanctions, including restrictions on activities in that state, fines and penalties. We review the licensure requirements of other states when we believe that it is appropriate to determine whether our activities in those states may constitute a presence or otherwise may require licensure or authorization by the respective state education agencies. In addition, state laws and regulations may limit our ability to offer educational programs and to award degrees and may limit the ability of our students to sit for certification exams in their chosen fields of study. New laws, regulations or interpretations related to offering educational programs online could increase our cost of doing business and affect our ability to recruit students in particular states, which could, in turn, adversely
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affect our U.S. Institutions' enrollments and revenues and have a material adverse effect on our business.
We also are subject to extensive state laws and regulations, including standards for instruction, qualifications of faculty, administrative procedures, marketing, recruiting, financial operations and other operational matters. The proprietary education industry is experiencing broad-based, intensifying scrutiny in the form of increased investigations and enforcement actions. In October 2014, the DOE announced an interagency task force composed of the DOE, the FTC, the U.S. Departments of Justice, Treasury and Veterans Affairs, the CFPB, the SEC, and numerous state attorneys general. Attorneys general in several states have become more active in enforcing consumer protection laws, especially related to recruiting practices and the financing of education at proprietary educational institutions. In addition, several state attorneys general have recently partnered with the CFPB to review industry practices. The FTC has also recently issued civil investigative demands to several other U.S. proprietary educational institutions, which require the institutions to provide documents and information related to the advertising, marketing, or sale of secondary or postsecondary educational products or services, or educational accreditation products or services. If our past or current business practices are found to violate applicable consumer protection laws, or if we are found to have made misrepresentations to our current or prospective students about our educational programs, we could be subject to monetary fines or penalties and possible limitations on the manner in which we conduct our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. To the extent that more states or government agencies commence investigations, act in concert, or direct their focus on our U.S. Institutions, the cost of responding to these inquiries and investigations could increase significantly, and the potential impact on our business would be substantially greater.
In January 2015, two students filed suit against us and Walden University, seeking class action status and alleging claims for breach of contract and unjust enrichment and violations of the Maryland and Illinois consumer protection laws and California unfair competition law related to the students' doctoral dissertation and master's thesis processes. A third student joined as a plaintiff when the complaint was subsequently amended. The claims from all three students were resolved in December 2015 and dismissed with prejudice as of January 5, 2016. The three plaintiffs have re-enrolled at Walden University to complete their Ph.D. programs. In addition, several groups of current and former students have filed five separate lawsuits against St. Augustine relating to matters arising before we acquired the school in November 2013. The allegations pertain to a program that was launched in May 2011 and, at the time, offered a "Master of Orthopaedic Physician's Assistant Program" degree. The plaintiffs in these matters allege that the university misrepresented their ability to practice as licensed Physician Assistants with a heightened specialty in orthopaedics. One of the lawsuits was resolved in October 2015, another was resolved in March 2016, and another was resolved in June 2016 and all three have been dismissed. See "BusinessLegal Proceedings" for more information. We believe the claims in the remaining two cases are without merit and intend to defend vigorously against the allegations. Any adverse outcome in such litigation could result in monetary or injunctive relief, which could adversely affect our U.S. Institutions and their operations. On September 8, 2016, MOHE sent to Walden University an information request regarding its doctoral programs and complaints filed by doctoral students, as part of a program review that MOHE is conducting. We have been informed by MOHE that in an effort to better understand the context, background and issues related to doctoral student complaints in Minnesota, MOHE is initiating a full review of doctoral programs for institutions registered in Minnesota.
State Professional Licensure
Many states have specific licensure requirements that an individual must satisfy to be licensed as a professional in specified fields, including fields such as education and healthcare. These requirements vary by state and by field. A student's success in obtaining licensure following graduation typically depends on several factors, including but not limited to: the background and qualifications of the
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individual graduate; whether the institution and the program were approved by the state in which the graduate seeks licensure; whether the program from which the student graduated meets all requirements for professional licensure in that state; whether the institution and the program are accredited and, if so, by what accrediting agencies; and whether the institution's degrees are recognized by other states in which a student may seek to work. Several states also require that graduates pass a state test or examination as a prerequisite to becoming certified in certain fields, such as teaching and nursing. In several states, an educational program must be approved by a professional association in order for graduates to be licensed in that professional field. In the field of psychology, an increasing number of states require approval by either the American Psychological Association ("APA") or the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards ("ASPPB"). To date, Walden University has been unable to obtain approval of its Ph.D. program in Counseling Psychology from the ASPPB or APA. Additionally, states often require a criminal background clearance before granting certain professional licensures or certifications. The catalogs for our U.S. Institutions inform students that it is incumbent upon the student to verify whether a specific criminal background clearance is required in their field of study prior to beginning course work.
Additionally, under the HEA, proprietary schools generally are eligible to participate in Title IV programs in respect of educational programs that lead to "gainful employment in a recognized occupation." As part of regulations promulgated by the DOE to more specifically define "gainful employment," which became effective on July 1, 2015 and are described in more detail below, the DOE will require each of our U.S. Institutions to certify that its educational programs meet the applicable requirements for graduates to be professionally or occupationally certified in the state in which the institution is located. Failure to provide such certification may result in such programs being ineligible for Title IV program funds. It is possible that several programs offered by our schools may be adversely impacted by this requirement due to lack of specialized program accreditation or certification in the states in which such institutions are based.
Accreditation
Accreditation is a private, non-governmental process for evaluating the quality of educational institutions and their programs in areas, including student performance, governance, integrity, educational quality, faculty, physical resources, administrative capability and resources and financial stability. To be recognized by the DOE, accrediting agencies must comply with DOE regulations, which require, among other things, that accrediting agencies adopt specific standards for their review of educational institutions, conduct peer review evaluations of institutions and publicly designate those institutions that meet their criteria. An accredited institution is subject to periodic review or review when necessary by its accrediting agencies to determine whether it continues to meet the performance, integrity and quality required for accreditation. Kendall College and Walden University are institutionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission, a regional accrediting agency recognized by the DOE. NewSchool of Architecture and Design and St. Augustine are institutionally accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities of the Western Association of Colleges and Schools ("WASC"). Accreditation by these accrediting agencies is important to us for several reasons, one being that it enables eligible students at our U.S. Institutions to receive Title IV financial aid. In addition, other colleges and universities depend, in part, on an institution's accreditation in evaluating transfers of credit and applications to graduate schools. Employers also rely on the accredited status of institutions when evaluating candidates' credentials, and students and corporate and government sponsors under tuition reimbursement programs consider accreditation as assurance that an institution maintains quality educational standards. If any of our U.S. Institutions fails to satisfy the standards of its respective accrediting agency, that institution could lose its accreditation by that accrediting agency, which would cause it to lose its eligibility to participate in Title IV programs.
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The HEA and regulations issued by the DOE require accrediting agencies to monitor the growth of institutions that they accredit. Our U.S. Institutions' respective accrediting agencies require all affiliated institutions, including us, to complete an annual data report. If the non-financial data, particularly enrollment information, and any other information submitted by the institution indicate problems, rapid change or significant growth, the staff of the respective accrediting agency may require that the institution address any concerns arising from the data report in the next self-study and visit process or may recommend additional monitoring. In addition, DOE regulations require the Higher Learning Commission to notify the DOE if an institution it accredits that offers distance learning programs, such as Kendall College and Walden University, experiences an increase in its headcount enrollment of 50% or more in any fiscal year. The DOE may consider that information in connection with its own regulatory oversight activities.
In addition to institution-wide accreditation, there are numerous specialized accrediting agencies that accredit specific programs or schools within their jurisdiction, many of which are in healthcare and professional fields. Accreditation of specific programs by one of these specialized accrediting agencies signifies that those programs have met the additional standards of those agencies. In addition to being accredited by regional and/or national accrediting agencies, our U.S. Institutions also have the following specialized accreditations:
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If we fail to satisfy the standards of any of these specialized accrediting agencies, we could lose the specialized accreditation for the affected programs, which could result in materially reduced student enrollments in those programs.
Congressional Hearings and Related Actions
The U.S. Congress must authorize and appropriate funding for Title IV programs under the HEA and can change the laws governing Title IV programs at any time. The HEA was most recently reauthorized in August 2008 through federal fiscal year 2014, although the U.S. Congress has taken actions required to extend Title IV programs while a HEA reauthorization remains pending and the Title IV programs remain authorized and functioning. Congress continues to engage in HEA reauthorization hearings, with such hearings examining various subjects to be potentially addressed through reauthorization, including, but not limited to, college affordability, the role of consumer information in college choices by students and families, whether Title IV programs should include institutional risk-sharing, and the role of accrediting agencies in ensuring institutional quality, among other items. We cannot predict the timing and terms of any eventual HEA reauthorization, including any potential changes to institutional participation or student eligibility requirements or funding levels for particular Title IV programs.
In addition to comprehensive reauthorizations of the HEA, Congress may periodically revise the law and other statutory requirements governing Title IV programs. In addition to Title IV programs, eligible veterans and military personnel may receive educational benefits under other federal programs. Congress must determine the funding levels for Title IV programs, and programs benefiting eligible veterans and military personnel, on an annual basis through the budget and appropriations process. A reduction in federal funding levels for Title IV programs, or for programs providing educational benefits to veterans and military personnel, could reduce the ability of some students to finance their education. The loss of, or a significant reduction in, Title IV program funds or other federal education benefits available to students at our U.S. Institutions could reduce our enrollments and revenues and have a material adverse effect on our business.
In recent years, the House Education and Workforce Committee and the Senate HELP Committee in the U.S. Congress have increased the focus on the role of the for-profit post-secondary education industry. In the past, hearings by these committees have focused, among other things, on the manner in which accrediting agencies review higher education institutions, student recruiting and admissions and outcomes of students. In July 2012, former Senator Tom Harkin, the then-Chairman of the Senate HELP Committee, and the then-majority staff of the Senate HELP Committee released a report analyzing information from thirty companies operating proprietary institutions, including Walden University. While stating that proprietary educational institutions play an important role in higher education and should be well-equipped to meet the needs of non-traditional students who now constitute the majority of the postsecondary education population, the report was critical of the proprietary sector.
The U.S. Congress and the DoD have increased their focus on DoD tuition assistance that is used for distance education and programs at proprietary institutions. In September 2011, a subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs Committee conducted hearings covering the quality of education provided by proprietary institutions and treatment of educational benefits for military personnel for purposes of the 90/10 Rule on institutional eligibility for Title IV programs. In April 2012, President Obama signed an executive order aimed at providing military personnel, veterans and their family members
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with the resources they need to make an informed decision about their educational prospects and other protections. In August 2013, the DoD began incorporating the principles of excellence outlined in the 2012 Executive Order into their current MOU, which increases oversight of educational programs offered to active duty service members and conveys the commitments and agreements between educational institutions and the DoD prior to accepting funds under the tuition assistance program. Institutions were required to sign the MOU by March 30, 2012. After March 1, 2013, institutions without a signed DoD MOU cannot enroll service members under the tuition assistance program. In May 2014, the DoD released a final version of its revised MOU, which included new provisions applicable to all higher educational institutions providing educational programs through the DoD tuition assistance program. Among other things, the MOU requested that participating institutions provide meaningful information to students about the financial cost and attendance at an institution so military students can make informed decisions on where to attend school, will not use unfair, deceptive, and abusive recruiting practices and will provide academic and student support services to service members and their families. The revised MOU also implemented rules to strengthen existing procedures for access to DoD installations by educational institutions, a DoD Postsecondary Education Complaint System for service members, spouses, and adult family members to register student complaints and established authorization for the military departments to establish service-specific tuition assistance eligibility criteria and management controls. Our U.S. Institutions utilizing tuition assistance have signed DoD's standard MOU. The DoD has begun to increase its enforcement activity in connection with the 2012 Executive Order.
Regulation of Federal Student Financial Aid Programs
To be eligible to participate in Title IV programs, an institution must comply with specific requirements contained in the HEA and the regulations issued thereunder by the DOE. An institution must, among other things, be licensed or authorized to offer its educational programs by the state or states in which it is located and maintain institutional accreditation by an accrediting agency recognized by the DOE. The substantial amount of federal funds disbursed to schools through Title IV programs, the large number of students and institutions participating in these programs and allegations of fraud and abuse by certain for-profit educational institutions have caused Congress to require the DOE to exercise considerable regulatory oversight over for-profit educational institutions. As a result, for-profit educational institutions, including ours, are subject to extensive oversight and review. Because the DOE periodically revises its regulations and changes its interpretations of existing laws and regulations, we cannot predict with certainty how the Title IV program requirements will be applied in all circumstances.
Significant aspects of Title IV programs include the following:
Eligibility and certification procedures. Each of our U.S. Institutions must apply periodically to the DOE for continued certification to participate in Title IV programs. Such recertification generally is required every six years, but may be required earlier, including when an institution undergoes a change in control. An institution may also come under the DOE's review when it expands its activities in certain ways, such as opening an additional location, adding a new educational program or modifying the academic credentials it offers. The DOE may place an institution on provisional certification status if it finds that the institution does not fully satisfy all of the eligibility and certification standards and in certain other circumstances, such as when an institution is certified for the first time or undergoes a change in control. During the period of provisional certification, the institution must comply with any additional conditions included in the institution's program participation agreement with the DOE. In addition, the DOE may more closely review an institution that is provisionally certified if it applies for recertification or approval to open a new location, add an educational program, acquire another institution or make any other significant change. If the DOE determines that a provisionally certified institution is unable to meet its responsibilities under its program participation agreement, it may seek to revoke the institution's certification to participate in Title IV programs without advance notice or
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opportunity for the institution to challenge the action. Students attending provisionally certified institutions remain eligible to receive Title IV program funds. Each of our U.S. Institutions currently is provisionally certified to participate in Title IV programs. They are also subject to a letter of credit for not satisfying the DOE's standards of financial responsibility, as described below. In addition, they are subject to additional cash management requirements with respect to their disbursements of Title IV funds, as well as certain additional reporting and disclosure requirements.
Gainful employment. Under the HEA, proprietary schools generally are eligible to participate in Title IV programs in respect of educational programs that lead to "gainful employment in a recognized occupation." As mentioned above, in 2013, the DOE established a negotiated rulemaking committee to address gainful employment in a recognized employment. On October 30, 2014, the DOE published final regulations to define "gainful employment," which become effective on July 1, 2015. Historically, the concept of "gainful employment" has not been defined in detail. The final regulations require each educational program offered by a proprietary institution to achieve threshold rates in two debt measure categories: an annual debt-to-annual earnings ("DTE") ratio and an annual debt-to-discretionary income ("DTI") ratio.
The ratios are calculated under complex methodologies and definitions outlined in the final regulations and, in some cases, are based on data that may not be readily accessible to us. The DTE ratio is calculated by comparing (i) the annual loan payment required on the median student loan debt incurred by students receiving Title IV program funds who completed a particular program and (ii) the higher of the mean or median of those students' annual earnings approximately two to four years after they graduate. The DTI ratio is calculated by comparing (x) the annual loan payment required on the median student loan debt incurred by students receiving Title IV program funds who completed a particular program and (y) the higher of the mean or median of those students' discretionary income approximately two to four years after they graduate.
An educational program must achieve a DTE ratio at or below 8% or a DTI ratio at or below 20% to be considered "passing." An educational program with a DTE ratio greater than 8% but less than or equal to 12% or a DTI ratio greater than 20% but less than or equal to 30% is considered to be "in the zone." An educational program with a DTE ratio greater than 12% and a DTI ratio greater than 30% is considered "failing." An educational program will cease to be eligible for students to receive Title IV program funds if its DTE and DTI ratios are failing in two out of any three consecutive award years or if both of those rates are failing or in the zone for four consecutive award years.
The final regulations also require an institution to provide warnings to current and prospective students in programs which may lose Title IV eligibility at the end of an award or fiscal year. If an educational program could become ineligible based on its ratios for the next award year, the institution must (1) deliver a warning to current and prospective students in the program and (2) not enroll, register or enter into a financial commitment with a prospective student until three business days after the warning is provided or a subsequent warning is provided, if more than thirty days have passed since the first warning. If a program becomes ineligible for students to receive Title IV program funds, the institution cannot seek to reestablish eligibility of that program, or establish the eligibility of a similar program having the same classification of instructional program ("CIP") code with the same first four digits of the CIP code of the ineligible program for three years.
Additionally, the final regulations require an institution to certify to the DOE that its educational programs subject to the gainful employment requirements, which include all programs offered by our U.S. Institutions, meet the applicable requirements for graduates to be professionally or occupationally licensed or certified in the state in which the institution is located. If we are unable to certify that our programs meet the applicable state requirements for graduates to be professionally or occupationally
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certified in that state, then we may need to cease offering certain programs in certain states or to students who are residents in certain states.
In November 2014, two organizations representing for-profit institutions filed separate lawsuits in federal district courts against the DOE seeking to have the final regulations invalidated. In both cases, the courts upheld the regulations and dismissed the lawsuits.
In January 2017, the DOE issued to institutions final DTE rates. Among the Classification of Instructional Programs reported within NewSchool of Architecture and Design, Kendall College and Walden University, the DOE has indicated that we had one that failed and five in the zone. This represents a total of one educational program that failed and 10 in the zone. St. Augustine had no programs that failed or were in the zone. The percentage of students enrolled in the educational program that failed represents approximately 1% of the students currently enrolled in our U.S. Institutions. The percentage of students enrolled in the educational programs that were in the zone represents approximately 5.3%. We are currently examining and implementing options for each of these programs and their students. The failure of any program or programs offered by any of our U.S. Institutions to satisfy any gainful employment regulations could render that program or programs ineligible for Title IV program funds. If a particular educational program ceased to become eligible for Title IV program funds, either because it fails to prepare students for gainful employment in a recognized occupation or due to other factors, we may choose to cease offering that program. It is possible that several programs offered by our schools may be adversely impacted by the regulations due to lack of specialized program accreditation or certification in the states in which such institutions are based. We also could be required to make changes to certain programs at our U.S. Institutions or to increase student loan repayment efforts in order to comply with the rule or to avoid the uncertainty associated with such compliance.
Administrative capability. DOE regulations specify extensive criteria by which an institution must establish that it has the requisite "administrative capability" to participate in Title IV programs. To meet the administrative capability standards, an institution must, among other things: comply with all applicable Title IV program requirements; have an adequate number of qualified personnel to administer Title IV programs; have acceptable standards for measuring the satisfactory academic progress of its students; not have student loan cohort default rates above specified levels; have various procedures in place for awarding, disbursing and safeguarding Title IV program funds and for maintaining required records; administer Title IV programs with adequate checks and balances in its system of internal controls; not be, and not have any principal or affiliate who is, debarred or suspended from federal contracting or engaging in activity that is cause for debarment or suspension; provide financial aid counseling to its students; refer to the DOE's Office of Inspector General any credible information indicating that any student, parent, employee, third-party servicer or other agent of the institution has engaged in any fraud or other illegal conduct involving Title IV programs; submit all required reports and financial statements in a timely manner; and not otherwise appear to lack administrative capability. If an institution fails to satisfy any of these criteria, the DOE may require the institution to repay Title IV funds its students previously received, change the institution's method of receiving Title IV program funds, which in some cases may result in a significant delay in the institution's receipt of those funds, place the institution on provisional certification status or commence a proceeding to impose a fine or to limit, suspend or terminate the institution's participation in Title IV programs. If the DOE determines that any of our U.S. Institutions failed to satisfy its administrative capability requirements, then the institution's students could lose, or be limited in their access to, Title IV program funding.
Financial responsibility. The HEA and DOE regulations establish extensive standards of financial responsibility that institutions such as ours must satisfy to participate in Title IV programs. The DOE evaluates institutions for compliance with these standards on an annual basis based on the institution's annual audited financial statements as well as when the institution applies to the DOE to have its
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eligibility to participate in Title IV programs recertified. The most significant financial responsibility standard is the institution's composite score, which is derived from a formula established by the DOE based on three financial ratios: (1) equity ratio, which measures the institution's capital resources, financial viability and ability to borrow; (2) primary reserve ratio, which measures the institution's ability to support current operations from expendable resources; and (3) net income ratio, which measures the institution's ability to operate at a profit or within its means. The DOE assigns a strength factor to the results of each of these ratios on a scale from negative 1.0 to positive 3.0, with negative 1.0 reflecting financial weakness and positive 3.0 reflecting financial strength. The DOE then assigns a weighting percentage to each ratio and adds the weighted scores for the three ratios together to produce a composite score for the institution. The composite score must be at least 1.5 for the institution to be deemed financially responsible without the need for further DOE oversight. In addition to having an acceptable composite score, an institution must, among other things, provide the administrative resources necessary to comply with Title IV program requirements, meet all of its financial obligations including required refunds to students and any Title IV liabilities and debts, be current in its debt payments and not receive an adverse, qualified or disclaimed opinion by its accountants in its audited financial statements.
If the DOE determines that an institution does not meet the financial responsibility standards due to a failure to meet the composite score or other factors, the institution is able to establish financial responsibility on an alternative basis permitted by the DOE. This alternative basis could include, in the Department's discretion, posting a letter of credit, accepting provisional certification, complying with additional DOE monitoring requirements, agreeing to receive Title IV program funds under an arrangement other than the DOE's standard advance funding arrangement, such as the reimbursement method of payment or heightened cash monitoring, or complying with or accepting other limitations on the institution's ability to increase the number of programs it offers or the number of students it enrolls.
The DOE measures the financial responsibility of several of our U.S. Institutions on the basis of the Laureate consolidated audited financial statements and not at the individual institution level. In October 2014, upon review of those financial statements, the DOE determined, based on Laureate's composite score for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, that it and, consequently, Walden University, NewSchool of Architecture and Design and Kendall College failed to meet the standards of financial responsibility. As a result, the DOE required us to increase our required letter of credit amount to approximately $85.6 million for Walden University, NewSchool of Architecture and Design and Kendall College, which is equal to approximately 10% of Title IV program funds that these institutions received during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013. In September 2015, the DOE required us to increase our required letter of credit amount to $85.8 million for Walden University, NewSchool of Architecture and Design and Kendall College, which is approximately 10% of Title IV program funds that these institutions received during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014. We renewed our letter of credit for this required amount. In March 2016, in connection with its review of our financial statements following our conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation, the DOE sent us a letter requiring us to increase our existing letter of credit by $4,682,990 to the amount of $90,508,766 for Kendall College, St. Augustine, Walden University and NewSchool of Architecture and Design, which is equal to approximately 10% of the Title IV program funds that these schools received during the most recently completed fiscal year. In the letter, DOE also has required us to continue to comply with additional notification and reporting requirements. We have provided the increased letter of credit and are complying with the additional notification and reporting requirements.
We received a letter dated October 4, 2016 from the DOE (subsequently revised on November 4, 2016) stating that, based on Laureate's failure to meet standards of financial responsibility for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we are required to either: 1) increase our letter of credit to an amount equal to 50% (calculated by the DOE to be $351,995,250) of the Title IV, HEA funds received by
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Laureate in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 and qualify as a financial responsible institution; or 2) increase our letter of credit to an amount equal to 15% (calculated by the DOE to be $105,598,575), of the Title IV, HEA funds received by Laureate in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 and remain provisionally certified for a period of up to three complete award years. In the letter, the DOE also has required us to continue to comply with additional notification and reporting requirements. We have chosen to increase our letter of credit to $105,598,575 and to remain provisionally certified for a period of up to three complete award years and have obtained a replacement letter of credit. St. Augustine, Walden University, NewSchool of Architecture and Design and Kendall College also currently receive Title IV program funds under the least restrictive form of heightened cash monitoring. We have provided the DOE with the increased letter of credit.
Further, the DOE, as a condition to the provisional program participation agreement of the National Hispanic University, requested that we post an additional letter of credit in an amount equal to $1,473,990, representing 25% of the Title IV program funds received by the National Hispanic University during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013. In October 2015, the DOE sent us a letter requiring us to renew our letter of credit in the amount of $772,931 for the National Hispanic University (25% of the total Title IV program funds the institution received during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014). We renewed our letter of credit for this required amount. This requirement was initially due to the fact that the subsidiary corporation used to acquire the institution's assets did not possess two years of audited financial statements at the time of the acquisition in April 2010, and the requirement has been continued based on the DOE's review of the institution's audited financial statements. We received a letter dated September 21, 2016 from the DOE confirming that this letter of credit for National Hispanic University was no longer required and may be cancelled by our bank. We have cancelled this letter of credit and the funds have been released back to us.
In December 2015, the DOE sent us a letter requiring us to post a letter of credit in the amount of $14,967 for St. Augustine (25% of the total Title IV program refunds the institution made or should have made during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014). This requirement was due to the fact that St. Augustine was found to have issued late refunds to more than 5% of the students in its auditor's sample for the 2014 fiscal year. We have obtained this letter of credit. Any requirement to post, maintain or increase a letter of credit or other sanctions that may be imposed by the DOE could increase our cost of regulatory compliance and could affect our cash flows. The DOE has the discretion to increase our letter of credit requirements at any time. If our U.S. Institutions are unable to meet the minimum composite score requirement or comply with the other standards of financial responsibility, and could not post a required letter of credit or comply with the alternative bases for establishing financial responsibility, then students at our U.S. Institutions could lose their access to Title IV program funding.
On November 1, 2016, the DOE issued a final rule to revise its general standards of financial responsibility to include various actions and events that would require institutions to provide the DOE with irrevocable letters of credit. For additional information regarding this final rule, see "Additional DOE rulemaking activities." If we are required to repay the DOE for any successful DTR claims by students who attended our U.S. Institutions, or we are required to obtain additional letters of credit or increase our current letter of credit, it could materially affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations. We are currently assessing the impact of these final regulations on our U.S. Institutions.
Return of Title IV funds for students who withdraw. When a student who has received Title IV funds withdraws from school, the institution must determine the amount of Title IV program funds the student has "earned." The institution must return any unearned Title IV program funds to the appropriate lender or the DOE in a timely manner, which is generally no later than 45 days after the date the institution determined that the student withdrew. If such payments are not timely made, the institution will be required to submit a letter of credit to the DOE equal to 25% of the Title IV funds
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that the institution should have returned for withdrawn students in its most recently completed fiscal year. Under DOE regulations, late returns of Title IV program funds for 5% or more of the withdrawn students in the audit sample in the institution's annual Title IV compliance audit for either of the institution's two most recent fiscal years or in a DOE program review triggers this letter of credit requirement.
A final program review determination issued by the DOE on March 3, 2015 found that Walden University failed to timely return Title IV program funds for more than 5% of the withdrawn students during its fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. The DOE noted that such a finding would usually require Walden to post a letter of credit to the DOE equal to 25% of the Title IV funds that the institution should have returned for withdrawn students in its most recently completed fiscal year; however, such an additional letter of credit was not required in this instance because of the letter of credit that was previously posted to the DOE based on our consolidated audited financial statements failing to meet the DOE's standards of financial responsibility.
The "90/10 Rule." A requirement of the HEA commonly referred to as the "90/10 Rule" provides that an institution loses its eligibility to participate in Title IV programs, if, under a complex regulatory formula that requires cash basis accounting and other adjustments to the calculation of revenue, the institution derives more than 90% of its revenues for any fiscal year from Title IV program funds. This rule applies only to for-profit post-secondary educational institutions, including our U.S. Institutions. An institution is subject to loss of eligibility to participate in Title IV programs if it exceeds the 90% threshold for two consecutive fiscal years, and an institution whose rate exceeds 90% for any single fiscal year will be placed on provisional certification and may be subject to addition conditions or sanctions imposed by the DOE.
Using the DOE's formula under the "90/10 Rule," Kendall College derived approximately 36%, 35% and 43% of its revenues (calculated on a cash basis) from Title IV program funds in fiscal years 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. NewSchool of Architecture and Design derived approximately 43%, 47% and 56% of its revenues (calculated on a cash basis) from Title IV program funds in fiscal years 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. St. Augustine derived approximately 49%, 46% and 47% of its revenues (calculated on a cash basis) from Title IV program funds in fiscal years 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Walden University derived approximately 73%, 74% and 74% of its revenues (calculated on a cash basis) from Title IV program funds in fiscal years 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
The ability of our U.S. Institutions to maintain 90/10 rates below 90% will depend on our enrollments, any increases in students Title IV funding eligibility in the future, and other factors outside of our control, including any reduction in government assistance for military personnel, including veterans, or changes in the treatment of such funding for the purposes of the 90/10 calculation. In recent years, several members of Congress have introduced proposals and legislation that would modify the 90/10 Rule. One such proposal would revise the 90/10 Rule to an 85/15 rule and would count DoD tuition assistance and GI Bill education benefits toward that limit. We cannot predict whether, or the extent to which, these actions could result in legislation or further rulemaking affecting the 90/10 Rule. To the extent that any such laws or regulations are enacted, our U.S. Institutions' financial condition could be adversely affected.
Student loan defaults. Under the HEA, an educational institution may lose its eligibility to participate in some or all Title IV programs if defaults by its students on the repayment of federal student loans received under Title IV programs exceed certain levels. For each federal fiscal year, the DOE calculates a rate of student defaults on such loans for each institution, known as a "cohort default rate." Under current regulations, an institution will lose its eligibility to participate in Title IV programs if its three-year cohort default rate equals or exceeds 30% for three consecutive cohort years or 40% for any given year.
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Kendall College's official three-year cohort default rates for the 2013, 2012 and 2011 federal fiscal years were 10.0%, 7.9% and 11.3%, respectively. NewSchool of Architecture and Design's official three-year cohort default rates for the 2013, 2012 and 2011 federal fiscal years were 5.1%, 10.2% and 11.2%, respectively. St. Augustine's official three-year cohort default rates for the 2013, 2012 and 2011 federal fiscal years were 0.2%, 0.5%, and 0.0%, respectively. Walden University's official three-year cohort default rates for the 2013, 2012 and 2011 federal fiscal years were 6.7%, 6.8% and 7.8%, respectively. The average national student loan default rates published by the DOE for all institutions that participated in the federal student aid programs for 2013, 2012 and 2011 were 11.3%, 11.8% and 13.7%, respectively, and for all proprietary institutions that participated in the federal student aid programs for 2013, 2012 and 2011 were 15.0%, 15.8% and 19.1%, respectively.
The 2008 reauthorization of the HEA modified the cohort default rate calculation to increase by one year the measuring period for each cohort. Starting in September 2012, the DOE began publishing three-year cohort default rates in addition to the two-year rates. Two-year cohort default rates were no longer calculated following the release of the 2011 two-year rates.
Incentive compensation rule. Under the HEA, an educational institution that participates in Title IV programs may not make any commission, bonus or other incentive payments to any persons or entities involved in recruitment or admissions activities or in the awarding of financial aid pertaining to U.S. citizens, permanent residents and others temporarily residing in the United States with the intention of becoming a citizen or permanent resident. The DOE has taken the position that any commission, bonus or other incentive compensation based in any part, directly or indirectly, or securing enrollment or awarding financial aid is inconsistent with the statutory prohibition against incentive compensation. The DOE has maintained that institutions may make merit-based adjustments to employee compensation, provided that those adjustments are not based, in any part, directly or indirectly, upon securing enrollments or awarding financial aid. In sub-regulatory correspondence to institutions regarding its regulatory changes, the DOE provided additional guidance regarding the scope of the prohibition on incentive compensation and to what employees and types of activities the prohibition applies.
In addition, in recent years, other post-secondary educational institutions have been named as defendants to whistleblower lawsuits, known as " qui tam " cases, brought by current or former employees pursuant to the Federal False Claims Act, alleging that their institutions' compensation practices did not comply with the incentive compensation rule. A qui tam case is a civil lawsuit brought by one or more individuals (a "relator") on behalf of the federal government for an alleged submission to the government of a false claim for payment. The relator, often a current or former employee, is entitled to a share of the government's recovery in the case, including the possibility of treble damages. A qui tam action is always filed under seal and remains under seal until the government decides whether to intervene in the case. If the government intervenes, it takes over primary control of the litigation. If the government declines to intervene in the case, the relator may nonetheless elect to continue to pursue the litigation at his or her own expense on behalf of the government. Any such litigation could be costly and could divert management's time and attention away from the business, regardless of whether a claim has merit.
Substantial misrepresentation. An institution participating in Title IV programs is prohibited from making misrepresentations regarding the nature of its educational programs, the nature of financial charges and availability of financial assistance, or the employability of graduates. A misrepresentation is defined in the regulations as any false, erroneous or misleading statement to any student or prospective student, any member of the public, an accrediting agency, a state agency or the DOE, and, significantly, the regulations as promulgated by the DOE define misleading statements to broadly include any statements that have a likelihood or tendency to deceive. If any of our U.S. Institutionsor any entity, organization, or person with whom the institution has an agreement to provide educational programs or to provide marketing, advertising, recruiting, or admissions servicescommitted a misrepresentation for
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which a person could reasonably be expected to rely, or has reasonably relied, to that person's detriment, the DOE could initiate proceedings to revoke the institution's Title IV eligibility, deny applications made by the institution, impose fines, or initiate a limitation, suspension or termination proceeding against the institution.
Compliance reviews. Our U.S. Institutions are subject to announced and unannounced compliance reviews and audits by various external agencies, including the DOE, its Office of Inspector General, state licensing agencies, various state approving agencies for financial assistance to veterans and accrediting agencies. In general, after the DOE conducts a site visit and reviews data supplied by an institution, the DOE sends the institution a program review report and affords the institution with an opportunity to respond to any findings. The DOE then issues a final program review determination letter, which identifies any liabilities.
On March 3, 2015, the DOE issued a final program review determination letter to Walden University for a September 2012 review of the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 Title IV award years. The letter required Walden University to return $34,281 in Title IV funds, and also found that Walden University failed to timely return Title IV program funds for more than 5% of the withdrawn students during its fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. The DOE noted that such a finding would usually require Walden to post a letter of credit to the DOE equal to 25% of the Title IV funds that the institution should have returned for withdrawn students in its most recently completed fiscal year; however, such an additional letter of credit was not required in this instance because of the letter of credit that was previously posted to the DOE based on our consolidated audited financial statements failing to meet the DOE's standards of financial responsibility. On February 3, 2015, the DOE issued a final program review determination letter to National Hispanic University regarding a December 2013 review covering the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 Title IV award years. The letter determined that National Hispanic University has taken corrective actions necessary to resolve all findings noted in the preliminary report, except for certain findings related to drug and alcohol abuse prevention program requirements. With respect to those findings, the DOE did not require any further action due to the fact that the National Hispanic University closed on August 23, 2015. On September 11, 2015, the DOE issued an expedited final program review determination letter to Kendall College regarding a March-April 2015 program review. The letter determined that Kendall College has taken corrective actions necessary to resolve all findings. In addition, on September 21, 2015, the Higher Learning Commission notified Kendall College that the Higher Learning Commission placed the school on ongoing financial monitoring over the next 24 months. Such action was primarily due to concerns over the school's continued reliance upon Laureate to provide financial support to sustain its operations. In May 2017, Kendall College and Walden University are scheduled to host interim site visits from their institutional accreditor, Higher Learning Commission, as a condition of their ongoing accreditation. On September 8, 2016, MOHE sent to Walden University an information request regarding its doctoral programs and complaints filed by doctoral students, as part of a program review that MOHE is conducting. We have been informed by MOHE that in an effort to better understand the context, background and issues related to doctoral student complaints in Minnesota, MOHE is initiating a full review of doctoral programs for institutions registered in Minnesota.
As part of the DOE's ongoing monitoring of institutions' administration of Title IV programs, the HEA also requires institutions to annually submit to the DOE a Title IV compliance audit conducted by an independent certified public accountant in accordance with applicable federal and DOE audit standards. In addition, to enable the DOE to make a determination of an institution's financial responsibility, each institution must annually submit audited financial statements prepared in accordance with DOE regulations.
Program integrity and improvement. A negotiated rulemaking committee established by the DOE in 2014 to address program integrity and improvement issues for the federal student aid programs met four times between February and May 2014. Topics for discussion included clock-to-credit-hour
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conversion, state authorization of distance education and foreign locations, cash management and the use of debit cards for student refunds, retaking coursework and the definition of adverse credit for Direct PLUS loan eligibility. On October 23, 2014, the DOE published final regulations updating the standard for determining if a potential parent or student borrower under the Federal Direct PLUS Loan Program has an adverse credit history for purposes of Direct PLUS Loan eligibility. These regulations also require parents and students who have an adverse credit history, but who are approved for a Direct PLUS loan on the basis that extenuating circumstances exist or by obtaining an endorser for the loan, to receive loan counseling before receiving the loan. Although these rules went into effect on July 1, 2015, the DOE permitted early implementation of the new criteria by institutions commencing March 29, 2015. The increase in administrative burden under these new regulations is not expected to have a material effect on our business. In addition, on October 30, 2015, the DOE published final regulations on cash management and debit card practices, retaking coursework, and clock-to-credit hour conversion. A majority of the provisions of the regulations took effect on July 1, 2016, and others took effect on later dates in 2016. The final regulations concerning cash management require, among other things, that institutions subject to heightened cash monitoring procedures for disbursements of Title IV funds must, effective July 1, 2016, pay to students any applicable Title IV credit balances before requesting such funds from the DOE. St. Augustine, Walden University, NewSchool of Architecture and Design and Kendall College are currently subject to heightened cash monitoring procedures. We have reviewed the regulations and made appropriate adjustments in our business operations to meet those requirements effective July 1, 2016. On December 19, 2016, the DOE published final regulations regarding state authorization for programs offered through distance education and state authorization for foreign locations of institutions. Among other provisions, these final regulations require that an institution participating in the Title IV federal student aid programs and offering postsecondary education through distance education be authorized by each state in which the institution enrolls students, if such authorization is required by the state. The DOE would recognize authorization through participation in a state authorization reciprocity agreement, if the agreement does not prevent a state from enforcing its own laws. The final regulations also require that foreign additional locations and branch campuses be authorized by the appropriate foreign government agency and, if at least 50% of a program can be completed at the location/branch, be approved by the institution's accrediting agency and be reported to the state where the main campus is located. The final regulations would also require institutions to: document the state process for resolving complaints from students enrolled in programs offered through distance education or correspondence courses; and make certain public and individualized disclosures to enrolled and prospective students about their distance education programs. These final regulations are effective July 1, 2018.
Violence Against Women Act and Clery Act. The DOE established a negotiated rulemaking committee in 2014 to address changes in campus safety and security reporting requirements enacted by Congress in the 2013 reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act ("VAWA"). VAWA included various amendments to the Clery Act, a federal law requiring colleges and universities to disclose information about crimes that occur around and on campus property. On June 24, 2014, the DOE published proposed regulations to implement the changes made to the Clery Act by VAWA, and the final rules were published on October 20, 2014. These new rules contain additional disclosure and campus crime prevention and awareness requirements which we anticipate will increase our administrative costs.
Additional DOE rulemaking activities. On December 3, 2014, the DOE published proposed regulations on the teacher preparation program accountability system under the HEA, and additionally proposed amendments on teacher preparation program eligibility for TEACH Grant participation. In October 2016, the DOE published its final regulations regarding teacher preparation programs and TEACH Grant eligibility. We are currently assessing the eligibility of Walden University to continue to access TEACH Grant funds under the new regulations.
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On October 30, 2015, the DOE published final regulations to establish a Pay as You Earn Repayment Plan and implement changes regarding cohort default rate appeals and the Federal Family Education Loan and Direct Loan Programs. The Pay as You Earn Repayment Plan provisions took effect in December 2015 and a majority of the remaining provisions regulations took effect on July 1, 2016.
On November 1, 2016, the DOE published a final rule that, among other provisions, establishes new standards and processes for determining whether a Direct Loan Program borrower has a defense to repayment ("DTR") on a loan due to acts or omissions by the institution at which the loan was used by the borrower for educational expenses. The final regulations take effect on July 1, 2017. Among other topics, this final rule establishes permissible borrower defense claims for discharge, procedural rules under which claims will be adjudicated, time limits for borrowers' claims, and guidelines for recoupment by the DOE of discharged loan amounts from institutions of higher education. It also prohibits schools from using any pre-dispute arbitration agreements, prohibits schools from prohibiting relief in the form of class actions by student borrowers, and invalidates clauses imposing requirements that students pursue an internal dispute resolution process before contacting authorities regarding concerns about an institution. For proprietary institutions, the final rule describes the threshold for loan repayment rates that will require specific disclosures to current and prospective students and the applicable loan repayment rate methodology. The final rule also establishes important new financial responsibility and administrative capacity requirements for both not-for-profit and for-profit institutions participating in the Title IV programs. For example, certain events would automatically trigger the need for a school to obtain a letter of credit, including for publicly traded institutions, if the SEC warns the school that it may suspend trading on the school's stock, the school failed to timely file a required annual or quarterly report with the SEC, or the exchange on which the stock is traded notifies the school that it is not in compliance with exchange requirements or the stock is delisted. Other events would will require a recalculation of a school's composite score of financial responsibility, including, for a proprietary institution whose score is less than 1.5, any withdrawal of an owner's equity by any means, including by declaring a dividend, unless the equity is transferred within the affiliated entity group on whose basis the composite score was calculated. The final rule also sets forth events that are discretionary triggers for letters of credit, meaning that if any of them occur, the DOE may choose to require a letter of credit, increase an existing letter of credit requirement or demand some other form of surety from the institution. The final rule provides that if an institution fails to meet the composite score requirement for longer than three years under provisional certification, the DOE may mandate additional financial protection from the institution or any party with "substantial control" over the institution. Such parties with "substantial control" must agree to jointly and severally guarantee the Title IV liabilities of the institution at the end of the three-year provisional certification period. Under current regulations, a party may be deemed to have "substantial control" over an institution if, among other factors, the party directly or indirectly holds an ownership interest of 25% or more of an institution, or is a member of the board of directors, a general partner, the chief executive officer or other executive officer of the institution. If we are required to repay the DOE for any successful DTR claims by students who attended our U.S. Institutions, or we are required to obtain additional letters of credit or increase our current letter of credit, it could materially affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations. We are in the process of evaluating the final regulations and cannot predict with certainty what impact the final regulations will have on our business and the educational programs offered by our U.S. Institutions.
Privacy of student records. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 ("FERPA"), and the DOE's FERPA regulations require educational institutions to protect the privacy of students' educational records by limiting an institution's disclosure of a student's personally identifiable information without the student's prior written consent. FERPA also requires institutions to allow students to review and request changes to their educational records maintained by the institution, to notify students at least annually of this inspection right and to maintain records in each student's file
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listing requests for access to and disclosures of personally identifiable information and the interest of such party in that information. If an institution fails to comply with FERPA, the DOE may require corrective actions by the institution or may terminate an institution's receipt of further federal funds. In addition, our U.S. Institutions are obligated to safeguard student information pursuant to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the "GLBA"), a federal law designed to protect consumers' personal financial information held by financial institutions and other entities that provide financial services to consumers. The GLBA and the applicable GLBA regulations require an institution to, among other things, develop and maintain a comprehensive, written information security program designed to protect against the unauthorized disclosure of personally identifiable financial information of students, parents or other individuals with whom such institution has a customer relationship. If an institution fails to comply with the applicable GLBA requirements, it may be required to take corrective actions, be subject to monitoring and oversight by the FTC, and be subject to fines or penalties imposed by the FTC. For-profit educational institutions are also subject to the general deceptive practices jurisdiction of the FTC with respect to their collection, use and disclosure of student information. The institution must also comply with the FTC Red Flags Rule, a section of the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act, that requires the establishment of guidelines and policies regarding identity theft related to student credit accounts.
Potential effect of regulatory violations. If any of our U.S. Institutions fails to comply with the regulatory standards governing Title IV programs, the DOE could impose one or more sanctions, including requiring us to repay Title IV program funds, requiring us to post a letter of credit in favor of the DOE as a condition for continued Title IV certification, taking emergency action against us, initiating proceedings to impose a fine or to limit, suspend or terminate our participation in Title IV programs or referring the matter for civil or criminal prosecution. Because our U.S. Institutions are provisionally certified to participate in Title IV programs, the DOE may revoke the certification of these institutions without advance notice or advance opportunity for us to challenge that action. If such sanctions or proceedings were imposed against us and resulted in a substantial curtailment or termination of our participation in Title IV programs, our enrollments, revenues and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
In addition to the actions that may be brought against us as a result of our participation in Title IV programs, we are also subject to complaints and lawsuits relating to regulatory compliance brought not only by regulatory agencies, but also by other government agencies and third parties, such as current or former students or employees and other members of the public.
Regulatory Standards that May Restrict Institutional Expansion or Other Changes in the United States
Many actions that we may wish to take in connection with expanding our operations or other changes in the United States are subject to review or approval by the applicable regulatory agencies.
Adding teaching locations, implementing new educational programs and increasing enrollment. The requirements and standards of state education agencies, accrediting agencies and the DOE limit our ability in certain instances to establish additional teaching locations, implement new educational programs or increase enrollment in certain programs. Many states require review and approval before institutions can add new locations or programs. Our U.S. Institutions' state educational agencies and institutional and specialized accrediting agencies that authorize or accredit our U.S. Institutions and their programs generally require institutions to notify them in advance of adding new locations or implementing new programs, and upon notification may undertake a review of the quality of the facility or the program and the financial, academic and other qualifications of the institution.
With respect to the DOE, if an institution participating in Title IV programs plans to add a new location or educational program, the institution must generally apply to the DOE to have the
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additional location or educational program designated as within the scope of the institution's Title IV eligibility. As a condition for an institution to participate in Title IV programs on a provisional basis, as in our case, the DOE can require prior approval of such programs or otherwise restrict the number of programs an institution may add or the extent to which an institution can modify existing educational programs. If an institution that is required to obtain the DOE's advance approval for the addition of a new program or new location fails to do so, the institution may be liable for repayment of the Title IV program funds received by the institution or students in connection with that program or enrolled at that location.
Provisional certification. Each institution must apply to the DOE for continued certification to participate in Title IV programs at least every six years and when it undergoes a change in control. An institution may also come under the DOE's review when it expands its activities in certain ways, such as opening an additional location, adding an educational program or modifying the academic credentials that it offers.
The DOE may place an institution on provisional certification status if it finds that the institution does not fully satisfy all of the eligibility and certification standards. In addition, if a company acquires an institution from another entity, the acquired institution will automatically be placed on provisional certification when the DOE approves the transaction. During the period of provisional certification, the institution must comply with any additional conditions or restrictions included in its program participation agreement with the DOE. Students attending provisionally certified institutions remain eligible to receive Title IV program funds, but if the DOE finds that a provisionally certified institution is unable to meet its responsibilities under its program participation agreement, it may seek to revoke the institution's certification to participate in Title IV programs without advance notice or advance opportunity for the institution to challenge that action. In addition, the DOE may more closely review an institution that is provisionally certified if it applies for recertification or approval to open a new location, add an educational program, acquire another institution or make any other significant change. All of our U.S. Institutions currently participate in Title IV programs pursuant to provisional participation agreements due to our conversion to a public benefit corporation and this offering, as well as because we do not meet the DOE's standards of financial responsibility.
Acquiring other institutions. We have acquired other institutions in the past, and we may seek to do so in the future. The DOE and virtually all state education agencies and accrediting agencies require a company to obtain their approval if it wishes to acquire another institution. The level of review varies by individual state and accrediting agency, with some requiring approval of such an acquisition before it occurs while others only consider approval after the acquisition has occurred. The approval of the applicable state education agencies and accrediting agencies is a necessary prerequisite to the DOE certifying the acquired institution to participate in Title IV programs. The restrictions imposed by any of the applicable regulatory agencies could delay or prevent our acquisition of other institutions in some circumstances or could delay the ability of an acquired institution to participate in Title IV programs.
Change in ownership resulting in a change in control. The DOE and many states and accrediting agencies require institutions of higher education to report or obtain approval of certain changes in control and changes in other aspects of institutional organization or control. Under DOE's regulations, an institution that undergoes a change in control loses its eligibility to participate in Title IV programs and must apply to the DOE to reestablish such eligibility. If an institution files the required application and follows other procedures, the DOE may temporarily certify the institution on a provisional basis following the change in control, so that the institution's students retain continued access to Title IV program funds. In addition, the DOE may extend such temporary provisional certification if the institution timely files certain required materials, including the approval of the change in control by its
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state authorizing agency and accrediting agency and certain financial information pertaining to the financial condition of the institution or its parent corporation.
The DOE previously notified us that it considers this offering and our recent conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation to be a change of ownership resulting in changes in control under the DOE's regulations. Accordingly, we applied to the DOE on behalf of Kendall College, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, St. Augustine and Walden University for approval of these institutions' continued participation in Title IV programs in connection with both this offering and the recent conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation. The DOE completed its review of the conversion and issued provisional program participation agreements to the institutions with respect to the conversion. We have also filed pre-acquisition review applications to the DOE on behalf of Kendall College, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, St. Augustine and Walden University in connection with this offering. After this offering is completed, if the applications are deemed materially complete, the DOE will issue temporary program participation agreements to the institutions, which will expire on the last day of the month following the month in which the offering occurred. If certain documents are submitted to DOE before the expiration of the temporary program participation agreements, the eligibility of the institutions to participate in the Title IV programs will be continued. However, the DOE will only formally review and approve this offering after it has occurred. There can be no assurance that the DOE will formally approve this offering and recertify our U.S. Institutions for continued Title IV program eligibility following this offering. If the DOE failed to recertify the institutions following this offering, students at the affected institutions would no longer be able to receive Title IV program funds. The DOE could also recertify our U.S. Institutions following this offering, but restrict or delay students' receipt of Title IV program funds, limit the number of students to whom an institution could disburse such funds, or impose other restrictions.
The types of and thresholds for such reporting and approval vary among the states and accrediting agencies. Certain accrediting agencies may require that an institution must obtain its approval in advance of a change in control, structure or organization for the institution to retain its accredited status. In addition, in the event of a change in control, structure or organization, certain accrediting agencies may require a post-transaction focused visit or other evaluation to review the appropriateness of its approval of the change and whether the institution has met the commitment it made to the accrediting agency prior to the approval. Other specialized accrediting agencies also require an institution to obtain similar approval before or after the event that constitutes a change in control under their standards. Many states include the transfer of a controlling interest of common stock in the definition of a change in control requiring approval. Some state educational agencies that regulate us may require us to obtain approval of the change in control to maintain authorization to operate in that state, and in some cases such states could require us to obtain advance approval of a change in control. We are seeking guidance from the applicable state educational agencies as to whether the initial public offering constitutes a change of control requiring approval.
We are also seeking confirmation from the institutional and programmatic accrediting agencies for Kendall College, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, St. Augustine and Walden University, as well as from the U.S. institutional accrediting agency for Universidad Andrés Bello, whether this offering will constitute a change of control under their respective standards. With respect to the institutional accrediting agencies, the Higher Learning Commission, the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and the Commission on Senior Colleges of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges have informed us that they do not consider this offering to constitute a change of control, but have required certain follow-up information regarding the offering. With respect to the conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation, among our institutional accreditors, the Middle States Commission on Higher Education has stated that it considers the conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation to constitute a substantive change under its standards, and has approved the conversion. The Commission on Senior Colleges of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
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required the NewSchool of Architecture and Design and St. Augustine to submit "Substantive Change: Change in Mission, Ownership, or Form of Control" proposals to the Structural Change committee. This committee reviewed these proposals and determined that neither this offering nor the conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation constituted structural changes requiring approval. Following the conversion, the Florida Commission for Independent Education issued provisional licenses to Walden University and St. Augustine and required additional ongoing financial reporting. In September 2016, it issued a full, non-provisional license to St. Augustine but continued the school on financial reporting.
Many states and programmatic accreditors have informed us that this offering will not constitute a change of control, but some agencies have determined that the offering will need to be reviewed under their respective change of ownership standards. We have notified each agency regarding the offering and some have requested additional information in connection with the offering. To the extent any agency requires approval of this offering, the institutional accrediting agencies and some state educational agencies that authorize our U.S. Institutions also may not act to review or approve this offering on an advance basis. Our failure to obtain any required approval of this offering from the DOE, the institutional accrediting agencies, or the pertinent state educational agencies could result in one or more of our U.S. Institutions losing continued eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs, accreditation or state licensure, which could have a material adverse effect on our U.S. business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, we increased our ownership of St. Augustine from 80% to 100% on June 7, 2016. The 20% noncontrolling interest was previously held by Patris of St. Augustine, Inc. and subject to a put right, which Patris of St. Augustine, Inc. elected to exercise. We have notified St. Augustine's applicable regulators regarding the increase in the percentage of our ownership in St. Augustine.
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Directors and Executive Officers
The following table sets forth information regarding our current directors, director designees and executive officers, including their ages. Our directors are elected in accordance with the provisions of the Wengen Securityholders' Agreement. See "Information Regarding the Laureate Board." Executive officers serve at the request of the board of directors. There are no family relationships among any of our current directors, director designees and executive officers.
Name
|
Age | Position | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Douglas L. Becker | 50 | Director, Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer | ||
Enderson Guimarães | 57 | President and Chief Operating Officer | ||
Eilif Serck-Hanssen | 50 | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer | ||
Ricardo Berckemeyer | 47 | Chief Executive Officer, LatAm | ||
Miguel Carmelo | 60 | Chief Executive Officer, Europe | ||
Timothy F. Daniels | 54 | Chief Executive Officer, Asia, Middle East and Africa | ||
Jonathan A. Kaplan | 52 | President/CEO of Walden University and CEO of Laureate Online | ||
Alfonso Martinez | 58 | Chief Human Resources Officer | ||
Richard J. Patro | 56 | Chief Executive Officer, Global Products and Services | ||
Karl D. Salnoske | 63 | Chief Information Officer | ||
Paula Singer | 62 | Chief Network Officer | ||
Robert W. Zentz | 63 | Senior Vice President, Secretary, General Counsel | ||
Brian F. Carroll | 45 | Director | ||
Andrew B. Cohen | 45 | Director | ||
William L. Cornog | 52 | Director* | ||
Darren M. Friedman | 48 | Director** | ||
John A. Miller | 63 | Director** | ||
George Muñoz | 65 | Director | ||
Dr. Judith Rodin | 72 | Director | ||
Jonathan D. Smidt | 44 | Director** | ||
Ian K. Snow | 47 | Director | ||
Steven M. Taslitz | 57 | Director | ||
Quentin Van Doosselaere | 55 | Director | ||
Robert B. Zoellick | 63 | Director |
Effective March 31, 2017, Mr. Carmelo will retire as Chief Executive Officer, Europe, upon the combination of our Europe operations with our AMEA operations, and will no longer be an executive officer. At that time, Mr. Daniels will become the Chief Executive Officer of the combined Europe and AMEA operations. See "Presentation of Financial Information." Mr. Patro plans to retire from the Company not later than December 31, 2017.
Douglas L. Becker has served as our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer since February 2000. Mr. Becker served as President from June 2011 until September 2015. From April 1993 until February 2000, Mr. Becker served as the Company's President and Co-Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Becker has been a director of the Company since December 1989. Mr. Becker was a director of Constellation Energy Corporation from April 1999 through May 2009. From 2004 to June 2015, Mr. Becker served as a director of Meritas LLC, a privately owned family of college preparatory schools. Mr. Becker also serves on the boards of two nonprofit companies: International Youth Foundation, a nonprofit Global
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NGO focusing on youth employment, education and civic engagement, for which Mr. Becker serves as Chairman and as a member of its audit committee; and Port Discovery Children's Museum, located in Baltimore, Maryland.
Enderson Guimarães was appointed as our President and Chief Operating Officer effective September 2015. From January to August 2015, Mr. Guimarães served as executive vice president, Global Categories and Operations at PepsiCo, Inc. Mr. Guimarães served as chief executive officer, PepsiCo Europe from September 2012 to January 2015 and as President of PepsiCo Global Operations from October 2011 to September 2012. Before joining PepsiCo, Mr. Guimarães served as executive vice president of Electrolux and chief executive officer of its major appliances business in Europe, Africa and the Middle East from 2008 to 2011. He also spent 10 years at Philips Electronics, from 1998 to 2007, first as a regional marketing executive in Brazil and ultimately as senior vice president, head of Global Marketing Management and general manager of the WidiWall LED display business. He also served as chief executive officer of Philips's Lifestyle Incubator group, an innovation engine which created new businesses and developed them over several years. Earlier, Mr. Guimarães worked in various marketing positions at Danone and Johnson & Johnson. Mr. Guimarães currently serves as a director of AutoZone Inc., a retailer and distributor of automotive replacement parts and accessories. Mr. Guimarães received a B.S. from the Aeronautical Institute of Technology in São José dos Campos, Brazil and an M.B.A. from McGill University (Canada).
Eilif Serck-Hanssen joined Laureate in July 2008 as our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. From February 2008 until July 2008, Mr. Serck-Hanssen served as chief financial officer and president of international operations at XOJET, Inc. In January 2005, Mr. Serck-Hanssen was part of the team that founded Eos Airlines, Inc., a premium airline, and until February 2008, Mr. Serck-Hanssen served as its executive vice president and chief financial officer. Prior to starting Eos Airlines, Mr. Serck-Hanssen served in several financial executive positions at US Airways, Inc. (now American Airlines, Inc.) and Northwest Airlines, Inc. (now Delta Airlines, Inc.), including serving as a senior vice president and Treasurer of US Airways, Inc. Prior to joining the airline industry, Mr. Serck-Hanssen spent over five years with PepsiCo, Inc., in various international locations and three years with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (formerly Coopers & Lybrand Deloitte) in London. Mr. Serck-Hanssen earned his M.B.A. in finance at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, a B.A. in management science from the University of Kent at Canterbury (United Kingdom), and a B.S. in civil engineering from the Bergen University College (Norway). He is an Associate Chartered Accountant (ACA) and a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales.
Ricardo Berckemeyer serves as Chief Executive Officer, Latin America, a position he has held since May 2012. From January 2011 through April 2012, Mr. Berckemeyer served as Chief Executive Officer of Laureate's Andean Region. From 2002, when Mr. Berckemeyer joined the Company, through December 2010, he served as Senior Vice PresidentSouth America within Laureate's Latin American operations, where he had responsibility for business development in South America. Mr. Berckemeyer received a bachelor's degree in economics from Universidad del Pacifico (Peru) and an M.B.A. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Miguel Carmelo has served as Chief Executive Officer, Europe since May 2012, and as President of Universidad Europea de Madrid since 1999. From 1999 until May 2012, Mr. Carmelo served as President of the Mediterranean Region of Laureate International Universities. Mr. Carmelo received a Ph.D. in economics from Universidad Autónoma, Madrid.
Timothy F. Daniels serves as Chief Executive Officer, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, a position he has held since August 2013. From 2011 through 2013, Mr. Daniels was the president of Apollo Global, where he focused on developing an international network of postsecondary operations for a joint venture between Apollo Group and The Carlyle Group. From 2003 through 2010, Mr. Daniels was the chairman and chief executive officer of Wall Street Institute International, where he led the
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turnaround of the leading global provider of English language instruction. From 2000 through 2003, Mr. Daniels served as the managing director for Sylvan Ventures, where he was responsible for all aspects of K-12 sector investments. Mr. Daniels received a B.A. in business administration from the University of Wisconsin and an M.B.A. from the University of Chicago.
Jonathan A. Kaplan has served as President/CEO of Walden University and CEO of Laureate Online since January 2017. Mr. Kaplan has served as President and/or CEO of Walden University since 2007 and during that period he has also served as the CEO of various business units within our GPS segment. Mr. Kaplan received an A.B. from Harvard College and a J.D. from Boston University.
Alfonso Martinez serves as our Chief Human Resources Officer. Mr. Martinez joined the Company in 2013 as the head of Human Resources for our GPS segment. From 2008 to 2013, Mr. Martinez was the executive vice president of human resources for NII Holdings, Inc., a provider of wireless communication services. From 2005 to 2008, Mr. Martinez held various management positions with Sodexho, Inc., an integrated food and facilities management service provider, and was most recently the group vice president of global talent. From 2003 to 2005, Mr. Martinez was the chief executive officer of the Hispanic Association on Corporate Responsibility. Prior to 2003, Mr. Martinez held various positions with Marriott International, Inc. Mr. Martinez earned a B.S. from the University of Denver and a M.S. in organizational psychology from Johns Hopkins University.
Richard J. Patro serves as Chief Executive Officer, Global Products and Services, a position he has held since January 2016. From January 2015 to December 2015, he served as President, Global Products and Services, and from January 2008 to December 2015, he served as Chief Operating Officer, Global Products and Services, and its predecessor businesses. Mr. Patro joined the Company as a finance director in 1995 and served in finance positions of increasing importance prior to his appointment as Chief Operating Officer, Global Products and Services. Mr. Patro earned a B.S. in accounting from Loyola University Maryland.
Karl D. Salnoske has served as our Chief Information Officer since March 2014. From 2010 to 2014, Mr. Salnoske was the executive vice president and CIO of GXS, a leading, multinational business-to-business software company where he oversaw all aspects of the company's internal and external IT systems, data center operations, customer support and quality assurance. From 2004 to 2009, Mr. Salnoske was the vice president and CIO at Schering-Plough, where he directed the planning, acquisition, development and operation of computer and IT systems for all facilities globally. Mr. Salnoske also previously served as a general manager for Software Solutions at IBM as well as a senior IT specialist at McKinsey & Company. Mr. Salnoske earned a B.S. in electrical engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
Paula Singer joined Laureate in 1993. Ms. Singer has served as Chief Network Officer since January 2015. From 2011 to December 2015, she served as Chief Executive Officer of Global Products and Services. From July 2001 to January 2011, Ms. Singer served as President of the Laureate Higher Education Group. Ms. Singer earned a B.S. in education from the University of Connecticut.
Robert W. Zentz has served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary of Laureate since joining the Company in 1998. Mr. Zentz oversees all of Laureate's legal affairs worldwide and has been the architect of Laureate's international structure and its expansion into 28 countries. Prior to joining Laureate, Mr. Zentz served as North American general counsel for A.C. Nielsen, Inc., the global marketing and media research company and directed the legal work for the sale of Dun & Bradstreet's Donnelley Marketing yellow pages business. Prior to AC Nielsen, Mr. Zentz was general counsel of A.S. Hansen, Inc., a global compensation and benefits firm headquartered in Chicago and negotiated the sale of that business to Mercer, Inc. Mr. Zentz earned a B.S. in accounting from Indiana University and a J.D. from Valparaiso University Law School.
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Brian F. Carroll is the Managing Partner of Carroll Capital LLC. He was, through 2016, a Member of KKR, a global alternative asset manager. He joined KKR in 1995 and was head of the Consumer and Retail teams in Europe. He was also a member of the European Investment Committee. In addition to serving as a director of Laureate, in the past five years he has served as a member of the board of directors of Pets at Home Group Plc, Cognita, Northgate Information Solutions, SMCP and Afriflora. Prior to joining KKR, Mr. Carroll was with Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette where he worked on a broad range of high yield financing, corporate finance and merchant banking transactions. He has a B.S. and B.A.S. from the University of Pennsylvania, and an M.B.A. from Stanford University Graduate School of Business. Mr. Carroll has been a director and chairman of the compensation committee of our board of directors since July 2007.
Andrew B. Cohen is a Managing Director at Cohen Private Ventures, LLC, which invests long-term capital, primarily in direct private investments and other opportunistic transactions, on behalf of Steven A. Cohen. Prior to his position with Cohen Private Ventures, LLC, Mr. Cohen was a managing director, director and analyst at S.A.C. Capital Advisors, L.P., an investment management firm, and its predecessor from 2002 to 2005 and 2010 to 2014. From 2005 to 2010, Mr. Cohen was a managing director and partner of Dune Capital Management LP, an investment management firm. Mr. Cohen began his career at Morgan Stanley where he was an analyst in the real estate department and principal investing group (MSREF) and then an associate in the mergers and acquisitions group after business school. Mr. Cohen received his B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania and his M.B.A. from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. Cohen is a director of Kadmon Holdings, Inc. He also serves on the boards of several private companies. He also serves on the National Advisory Board of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, and the Painting and Sculpture Committee of The Whitney Museum of American Art. Mr. Cohen has been a director since June 2013.
William L. Cornog has agreed to serve as a member of our board of directors upon completion of this offering. Mr. Cornog joined KKR Capstone, a consulting firm that provides services to KKR portfolio companies, in 2002 and currently serves as Global Head of KKR Capstone. Mr. Cornog serves as a member of KKR's Americas, EMEA and APAC Portfolio Management Committees. Prior to joining KKR Capstone, Mr. Cornog was with Williams Communications Group as the senior vice president and general manager of Network Services. Prior to Williams Communications Group, Mr. Cornog was a partner at The Boston Consulting Group. Mr. Cornog has also worked in direct marketing with Age Wave Communications and in marketing and sales positions with SmithKline Beckman. Mr. Cornog holds a B.A. from Stanford University and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.
Darren M. Friedman will resign as a member of our board of directors upon completion of this offering. Mr. Friedman is a Partner of StepStone Group LLC, a position he has held since October 1, 2010. Prior to his employment with StepStone, from 2001 through 2010, Mr. Friedman was Managing Partner of Citi Private Equity ("CPE"), a business unit of Citigroup managing private equity co-investment funds and mezzanine products. At CPE, Mr. Friedman managed over $10 billion of capital, across three private equity investing activities: direct co-investments, mezzanine debt investments and fund investments. Mr. Friedman received his M.B.A. from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and his B.S. in finance from the University of Illinois. Mr. Friedman has been a director since December 2010.
John A. Miller will resign as a member of our board of directors upon completion of this offering. Mr. Miller has served as President since 1987 and Chief Executive Officer since 2006 of North American Corporation, a multi-divisional provider of specialized business distribution and marketing services. Mr. Miller serves as a director (and a member of the audit committee and the executive committee) of Sally Beauty Holdings, a beauty products distribution company. Mr. Miller is also a director of Atlantic Premium Brands, Ltd. (and a member of the compensation committee), Wirtz Corporation (and a member of the compensation committee), Network Services Company and
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Breakthru Beverage Group (and a member of the compensation and audit committees). Mr. Miller serves on the board of trustees for the University of Denver. Mr. Miller received his B.S.B.A. in Finance from the University of Denver and holds an M.B.A. from the University of Denver where he graduated with honors. Mr. Miller has been a director since January 2009 and was a director of Laureate from 2001 to July 2007.
George Muñoz has been a principal in the Washington, D.C.-based investment banking firm Muñoz Investment Banking Group, LLC since 2001. Mr. Muñoz has also been a partner in the Chicago-based law firm Tobin & Muñoz, LLC since 2002. Mr. Muñoz served as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation from 1997 to January 2001. Mr. Muñoz was Chief Financial Officer and Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Treasury Department from 1993 until 1997. Mr. Muñoz is a certified public accountant and an attorney. Mr. Muñoz is a director of Marriott International, Inc. (and a member of its audit committee), Altria Group, Inc. and Anixter International, Inc., and a trustee of the National Geographic Society. Mr. Muñoz has been a director since March 2013 and chairman of the audit committee of the board of directors since August 2013. Mr. Muñoz served three terms as president of the Chicago Board of Education in the mid-1980s. Mr. Muñoz has taught courses in globalization at Georgetown University in Washington D.C. and is co-author of the book "Renewing the American Dream: A Citizen's Guide for Restoring of Competitive Advantage." Mr. Muñoz has a B.B.A. in Accounting from the University of Texas, a J.D. and a Master of Public Policy from Harvard University, and a LL.M. in Taxation from DePaul University.
Dr. Judith Rodin has served as President of The Rockefeller Foundation since March 2005. The foundation supports efforts to combat global social, economic, health and environmental challenges. From 1994 to 2004, Dr. Rodin served as President of the University of Pennsylvania. Before that, Dr. Rodin chaired the Department of Psychology at Yale University, and also served as Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and Provost, and served as a faculty member at the university for 22 years. Dr. Rodin is also a director of Citigroup Inc. and Comcast Corporation. Dr. Rodin served as a director of AMR Corporation from 1997 to 2013. Dr. Rodin holds a B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania and a Ph.D. from Columbia University. Dr. Rodin has been a director since December 2013.
Jonathan D. Smidt will resign as a member of our board of directors upon completion of this offering. Mr. Smidt joined KKR in July 2000 and is a Partner in KKR's private equity business in Europe where he is responsible for leading KKR's efforts in the Industrial industry sector in the region. Mr. Smidt also serves as a member of KKR's private equity Investment Committee in Europe. Prior to his current role, Mr. Smidt was based in New York with KKR and focused on private equity investing in the energy and consumer products sectors between 2000 and 2015. In addition to serving as a director of Laureate, Mr. Smidt serves on the board of directors of EFH and Samson Resources Corporation. Prior to joining KKR, Mr. Smidt was with Goldman, Sachs & Co. in their investment banking division where he was focused on the energy and power sector and mergers and acquisitions. Mr. Smidt started his career at Ernst & Young in Cape Town, South Africa. He holds a B.B.S. and a Postgraduate Diploma in Accounting from the University of Cape Town (South Africa). Mr. Smidt is a member of the Board of Overseers of the Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health and is a member of the board of Team Rubicon USA. Mr. Smidt is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Mr. Smidt has been a director of Laureate since July 2007.
Ian K. Snow is chief executive officer and a co-founding Partner of Snow Phipps Group, LLC, a private equity firm. Prior to the formation of Snow Phipps in April 2005, Mr. Snow was a Managing Director at Ripplewood Holdings L.L.C., a private equity firm, where he worked from its inception in 1995 until March 2005. Mr. Snow received a B.A., with honors, in history from Georgetown University. He currently serves as a director of the following private companies in which Snow Phipps holds an equity interest: EnviroFinance Group, LLC, a company specializing in financing the acquisition, cleanup
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and redevelopment of contaminated properties; Velocity Commercial Capital, Inc., a small balance commercial real estate lender; ZeroChaos, LLC, a provider of contingent workforce management solutions; Velvet, Inc., a designer, manufacturer and wholesaler of upscale apparel brands; and Service Champ, Inc., a vehicle products distributor. In addition, from 1996 until 2007, Mr. Snow was a director (and, from 2006 until 2007, a member of the audit committee of the board of directors) of Asbury Automotive Group, Inc. Mr. Snow has been a director since July 2007.
Steven M. Taslitz has served since 1983 as a Senior Managing Director of Sterling Partners, a private equity firm he co-founded with Mr. Becker and others. Mr. Taslitz received his B.A., with honors, in accounting from the University of Illinois. Mr. Taslitz currently serves as a director of the following privately held companies in which Sterling Partners holds an equity interest: Conversant Intellectual Property, Inc., an intellectual property management company; Innovation Holdings, LLC, parent to I/O Data Centers, LLC and Baselayer, LLC, data center and data center operating systems companies; Prospect Mortgage, LLC, a retail mortgage origination company; Wengen Investments Limited; Sterling Fund Management, LLC; Secondary Opportunity Book, LLC; Sterling Venture Partners, LLC; Sterling Capital Partners, LLC; Sterling Capital Partners II, LLC; Sterling Capital Partners III, LLC; SC Partners III AIV One GP Corporation; Sterling Partners 2009, LLC; and Sterling Capital Partners IV, LLC. In addition, from April 2005 to October 2012, Mr. Taslitz was a director of Ameritox Ltd., a prescription monitoring solution provider and Ameritox Testing Management, Inc., a laboratory services company; Mr. Taslitz also serves on the compensation committees of the boards of directors of each of these companies other than Conversant Intellectual Property, Inc. and serves as a member of the audit committee of the board of directors of Ameritox, Ltd. Mr. Taslitz has been a director since July 2007.
Quentin Van Doosselaere is Co-Chief Executive Officer of Bregal Investments, Inc., a private equity investment business. Mr. Van Doosselaere joined Bregal in January 2009. Following his business school graduation in 1984, he moved to New York and began his career at Drexel Burnham Lambert. He then joined Bankers Trust Co. as a Managing Director and ran various global capital markets businesses. In the mid-nineties, he held executive positions in a number of non-profit organizations before going into academia. He was affiliated with Columbia University and Oxford University when he joined Bregal. Mr. Van Doosselaere serves as a member on the investment committees of Bregal Capital, Bregal Sagemount, Bregal Partners, Bregal Freshstream, Bregal Energy, Bregal Private Equity Partners, Ranch Capital Investment and Birchill Exploration. Mr. Van Doosselaere holds a degree from the Solvay Brussels School of Economics of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (Belgium) and a Ph.D. from Columbia University. Mr. Van Doosselaere has been a director since January 2015.
Robert B. Zoellick is a Senior Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University. He is a director of Temasek Holdings (Private) Ltd. ("Temasek"), a Singapore corporation, which is principally engaged in the business of investment holding. Mr. Zoellick has been a director of Temasek since August 2013. He is also a member of the international advisory board for Rolls Royce. From 2007 to 2012, Mr. Zoellick was president of the World Bank Group. From 2006 to 2007, Mr. Zoellick was vice chairman, International, of Goldman Sachs and from 2013 to 2016, he chaired Goldman Sachs's International Advisors. He also served as a strategic advisor to the Chairman and CEO of AXA, the global insurance firm headquartered in Paris, from 2013 to 2016. Mr. Zoellick was the deputy secretary of the U.S. Department of State from 2005 to 2006 and the U.S. Trade Representative from 2001 to 2005. From 1993 to 2001, Mr. Zoellick served in various academic and executive posts at the U.S. Naval Academy, Harvard University, Goldman Sachs, Fannie Mae and the Center for Strategic and International Studies. From 1985 to 1993, Mr. Zoellick served in senior posts at the Treasury and State departments, as well as White House deputy chief of staff. Mr. Zoellick received his B.A. (Phi Beta Kappa) from Swarthmore College and a J.D. (magna cum laude) and Master of Public Policy from Harvard University. Mr. Zoellick has been a director since December 2013.
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During the past ten years, none of Laureate, its executive officers, its current directors or its director designees has (i) been convicted in a criminal proceeding (excluding traffic violations and similar misdemeanors) or (ii) been a party to any judicial or administrative proceeding (except for matters that were dismissed without sanction or settlement) that resulted in a judgment, decree or final order enjoining such person from future violations of, or prohibiting activities subject to, federal or state securities laws, or a finding of any violation of federal or state securities laws.
Except as described below, during the past ten years (i) no petition has been filed under federal bankruptcy laws or any state insolvency laws by or against any of our executive officers, current directors or director designees, (ii) no receiver, fiscal agent or similar officer was appointed by a court for the business or property of any of our executive officers, current directors or director designees and (iii) none of our executive officers, current directors or director designees was an executive officer of any business entity or a general partner of any partnership at or within two years before the filing of a petition under the federal bankruptcy laws or any state insolvency laws by or against such entity.
In January 2005, Mr. Serck-Hanssen joined the team that founded Eos Airlines, Inc. Eos Airlines was an all first-class shuttle between New York and London. Mr. Serck-Hanssen left Eos in February 2008, and Eos filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in late April 2008, after the collapse of Bear Stearns & Co., its largest single client, and the start of the U.S. economic downturn, which caused funding commitments from its financial sponsors to be withdrawn. In December 2008, Mr. Martinez joined NII Holdings, Inc. ("NII Holdings") as vice president of human resources. Mr. Martinez left NII Holdings in 2013 and NII Holdings filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in September 2014.
With the exception of Mr. Van Doosselaere, who holds Belgian citizenship, Mr. Guimarães, who holds dual citizenship in Brazil and Canada, Mr. Serck-Hanssen, who is a Norwegian citizen and a permanent resident of the United States, Mr. Berckemeyer, who holds dual citizenship in Peru and the United States, and Mr. Carmelo, who holds Spanish citizenship, all of the current directors, director designees and executive officers listed above are U.S. citizens.
Each current director and director designee brings a strong and unique background and set of skills to the board of directors, giving the board of directors as a whole competence and experience in a wide variety of areas, including corporate governance and board service, executive management, higher education industry experience, accounting and finance, and risk assessment. Set forth below is a brief description of certain experience, qualifications, attributes or skills of each director and director designee that led the board of directors to conclude that such person should serve as one of our directors:
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Information Regarding the Laureate Board
Our board of directors will consist of 11 persons, seven of whom are designated by Wengen. Until Wengen ceases to own at least 40% of the common equity of Laureate, it is entitled to designate a proportion of the Laureate directors commensurate with its relative economic ownership but Wengen has chosen to limit its designees on the initial board. We intend over the course of the next 12 months to add at least two additional independent directors in order to comply with the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq. Pursuant to the Wengen Securityholders' Agreement that we expect will be in place at the time of consummation of this offering, four of Wengen's seven directors shall be selected by KKR, Sterling Capital Partners II, L.P., Bregal and Point72. KKR will be entitled to elect one of Laureate's directors so long as KKR owns at least a number of shares in an amount equal to $75 million divided by the initial public offering price of the Wengen interests it held on the date Wengen acquired Laureate ("Initial Wengen Interest"). Mr. Cornog will be elected to the Laureate board of directors as the KKR-designated director effective upon consummation of this offering, replacing Mr. Smidt, whose resignation as a director will become effective at that time. Sterling Capital Partners II, L.P. will be entitled to elect one of Laureate's directors so long as Sterling Capital Partners II, L.P., Sterling Capital Partners III, L.P., SP-L Affiliate, LLC, Messrs. Becker and Taslitz and each of their respective affiliates (together the "Sterling Parties") collectively own at least a number of shares in an amount equal to $75 million divided by the initial public offering price of their Initial Wengen Interest. Mr. Taslitz will continue to serve as the Sterling-designated director and Mr. Miller, who has been serving as an additional Sterling-designated director, will resign as a director, effective upon consummation of this offering. Bregal will be entitled to elect one of Laureate's directors so long as Bregal owns at least a number of shares in an amount equal to $75 million divided by the initial public offering price of its Initial Wengen Interest. Mr. Van Doosselaere will continue to serve as the Bregal-designated director. Point72 will be entitled to elect one of Laureate's directors so long as Point72 owns at least a number of shares in an amount equal to $75 million divided by the initial public offering price of its Initial Wengen Interest. Mr. Cohen will continue to serve as the Point72-designated director. The remaining three Wengen designees to the Laureate board of directors will be selected by the vote of holders of a majority of interests in Wengen. See "Certain Relationship and Related Party TransactionsAgreements with Wengen." Wengen has agreed that so long as Mr. Becker is our Chief Executive Officer it will vote for Mr. Becker as a director. After completion of this offering Wengen may decide to change the individuals it is entitled to have elected to our board of directors. The Wengen Securityholders' Agreement does not terminate upon the dissolution of Wengen.
Controlled Company Exception
After completion of this offering, Wengen will continue to control a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock. As a result, we are a "controlled company" within the meaning of
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the Nasdaq corporate governance standards. Under the Nasdaq rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a "controlled company" and may elect not to comply with certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards, including:
Following this offering, we intend to utilize these exemptions. As a result, we will not have a majority of independent directors, our nominating/corporate governance committee and compensation committee will not consist entirely of independent directors and such committees will not be subject to annual performance evaluations. Accordingly, for so long as we are a "controlled company" you will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.
Laureate Board Committees
Our board of directors has three standing committees: an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.
The Audit Committee meets with our independent auditors to: (i) review whether satisfactory accounting procedures are being followed by us and whether our internal accounting controls are adequate; (ii) monitor audit and non-audit services performed by the independent auditors; (iii) approve fees charged by the independent auditors; and (iv) perform all other oversight and review of the Company's financial reporting process. The Audit Committee also reviews the performance of the independent auditors and annually selects the firm of independent auditors to audit the Company's financial statements. The Audit Committee currently consists of Messrs. Muñoz, Smidt and Snow and the board of directors has determined that Mr. Muñoz is an "audit committee financial expert" for purposes of Regulation S-K, Item 407(d)(5). Upon completion of this offering, Mr. Smidt will resign, and we intend to appoint Mr. Taslitz to the Audit Committee. Mr. Muñoz will be independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and corporate governance standards. We expect a second independent member to be appointed to the Audit Committee within 90 days of the completion of this offering to replace either Mr. Snow or Mr. Taslitz and a third new independent member to be appointed to the Audit Committee to replace either Mr. Snow or Mr. Taslitz, whoever remains, within one year of the completion of this offering so that all of our Audit Committee members will be independent as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3(b)(i) under the Exchange Act and under the rules of Nasdaq. The board of directors has affirmatively determined that Mr. Muñoz meets the definition of "independent director" for purposes of the Nasdaq rules and the independence requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. There were ten meetings of the Audit Committee during 2016.
The Compensation Committee establishes the compensation for the Chief Executive Officer and the other executive officers of Laureate and generally reviews benefits and compensation for all officers and employees. The Compensation Committee also administers our 2007 Plan and our 2013 Plan. The Compensation Committee currently consists of Messrs. Carroll, Friedman and Taslitz. Upon completion of this offering, Mr. Friedman will resign and the Compensation Committee will consist of
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Messrs. Carroll and Taslitz. There were six meetings of the Compensation Committee during 2016 and one action by written consent.
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee reviews and monitors corporate governance matters. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee currently consists of Mr. Carroll. Upon completion of this offering, we intend to appoint at least one additional member to the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee did not meet during 2016.
Prior to the completion of this offering, each of the above committees will adopt a written charter, which will be approved by our board of directors. Following the completion of this offering, copies of each charter will be posted on our website.
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Compensation Discussion and Analysis
This Compensation Discussion and Analysis provides an overview of our executive compensation philosophy, the overall objectives of our executive compensation program, and each material element of compensation for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 that we provided to each person who served as our principal executive officer or principal financial officer during 2016 and our three most highly compensated executive officers employed at the end of 2016 other than those persons, all of whom we refer to collectively as our Named Executive Officers.
Our Named Executive Officers for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 were as follows:
The Compensation Committee is responsible for establishing, implementing, and evaluating our employee compensation and benefit programs. The Compensation Committee periodically reviews and makes recommendations to the board of directors with respect to the adoption of, or amendments to, all equity-based incentive compensation plans for employees, and cash-based incentive plans for executive officers, and evaluates whether the relationship between the incentives associated with these plans and the level of risk-taking by executive officers in response to such incentives is reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company. The Compensation Committee annually evaluates the performance of our Chief Executive Officer and our other executive officers, establishes the annual salaries and annual cash incentive awards for our Chief Executive Officer and our other executive officers, and approves all equity awards. The Compensation Committee's objective is to ensure that the total compensation paid to the Named Executive Officers as well as our other senior officers is fair, reasonable, and competitive. Generally, the types of compensation and benefits provided to our Named Executive Officers are like those provided to other senior members of our management team.
Executive Compensation Philosophy
The goal of our executive compensation program is to create long-term value for our investors while at the same time rewarding our executives for superior financial and operating performance and encouraging them to remain with us for long, productive careers. We believe the most effective way to achieve this objective is to design an executive compensation program rewarding the achievement of specific annual, long-term and strategic goals and aligning executives' interests with those of our investors by further rewarding performance above established goals. We use this philosophy as the foundation for evaluating and improving the effectiveness of our executive pay program. The following are the core elements of our executive compensation philosophy:
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By incorporating these elements, we believe our executive compensation program is responsive to our investors' objectives and effective in attracting, motivating, and retaining the level of talent necessary to grow and manage our business successfully.
Process for Determining Compensation
Our compensation process for each fiscal year begins in the preceding September, when senior management meets to set the next year's budgets. Using the budgets developed during October and November, each year in December, the board of directors approves our revenue, earnings, and student enrollment goals for the following year. These goals serve as the target metrics in our Annual Incentive Plan ("AIP"), a non-equity short-term incentive plan designed to create a link between executive compensation and company performance, and our cash Long Term Incentive Plans ("LTIP") with certain Named Executive Officers, which are designed to reward superior performance over a longer period and thereby provide an incentive for these executives to remain with us. See "Elements of Laureate's 2016 Compensation ProgramIncentive Opportunity." In March, the Compensation Committee meets to review the Named Executive Officers' prior year's performance, set their base salary levels for the current fiscal year, approve the AIP for the current year, and approve or modify individual goals for the Named Executive Officers that were recommended by management for the discretionary portion of our AIP. In March, the Compensation Committee assesses performance and certifies the extent to which the prior year's performance goals have been achieved and authorizes the payment of any earned incentive compensation.
The Compensation Committee has not yet assessed 2016 performance under any of our performance-based compensation programs. Accordingly, 2016 payouts under our performance-based incentive awards have not been determined at this time. The Company intends to file a Current Report on Form 8-K or otherwise disclose the 2016 performance-based compensation after the Compensation Committee has assessed 2016 performance under our performance-based compensation programs and individual incentive awards are determined.
Prior to the March Compensation Committee meeting, the CEO and the Chief Human Resources Officer ("CHRO") review the prior year's performance of each Named Executive Officer (other than the CEO, whose performance is reviewed only by the Compensation Committee). The conclusions reached and recommendations based on these reviews, including with respect to salary adjustments and AIP cash award amounts, are presented to the Compensation Committee at its March meeting. The Compensation Committee determines salary adjustments and AIP cash awards for our Named Executive Officers, considering the CEO's recommendations. The CEO and CHRO are not members of the Compensation Committee and do not participate in deliberations regarding their own compensation.
Relationship of Compensation Practices to Risk Management
We have reviewed and considered our compensation plans and practices for all our employees and do not believe that our compensation policies and practices create risks that are reasonably likely to
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have a material adverse effect on the Company. We utilize many design features that mitigate the possibility of encouraging excessive risk taking behavior. Among these design features are:
Role of Independent Compensation Consultant
During 2016, the CHRO and members of his staff met several times with Frederic W. Cook & Co., Inc. ("FW Cook"), an independent executive compensation consulting firm retained by the Compensation Committee, for advice and perspective regarding market trends that could affect our decisions about our executive compensation program and practices. During this time, FW Cook assessed our compensation philosophy and the structure of our programs and reviewed our existing equity and variable pay compensation documents. FW Cook then advised management about alternatives it could consider before recommending executive compensation design and amounts to the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee assessed the independence of FW Cook pursuant to SEC rules and concluded that the work performed by FW Cook does not raise any conflicts of interest.
Compensation Peer Group
In its capacity as the Compensation Committee's independent compensation consultant, FW Cook has provided insight to the Compensation Committee on certain regulatory requirements and concerns of our investors, assisting with the development of conceptual designs for future equity and cash incentive compensation programs and providing the Compensation Committee with relevant market data and alternatives to consider when making compensation decisions for the CEO and other Named Executive Officers. Additionally, the Compensation Committee requested FW Cook to identify a framework of comparators that adequately reflects the unique nature of our operations. The Compensation Committee used this Compensation Peer Group, which was updated in 2014, as part of the 2016 compensation process to evaluate the competitiveness of the compensation targets for our executive team. The Compensation Peer Group includes three distinct elements, each representing a key Laureate characteristic. These business characteristics include: (1) industry, (2) size and complexity and (3) growth and profitability. The Compensation Committee has defined these characteristics and selected peer companies for each group as follows:
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Since the peer group was updated in 2014, three companies (one from each sub-category), Corinthian Colleges, LSI Corporation and Life Technologies, Inc., have been removed because they have ceased to be independently operated entities.
The Compensation Committee used data derived from our Compensation Peer Group to inform its decisions about overall compensation, compensation elements, optimum pay mix and the relative competitive landscape of our executive compensation program. The committee used multiple reference points when establishing target compensation levels. Because comparative compensation information is just one of several analytic tools the Compensation Committee uses in setting executive compensation, it has discretion in determining the nature and extent of its use. Moreover, given the limitations associated with comparative pay information for setting individual executive compensation, the Compensation Committee may elect not to use the comparative compensation information at all while making individual compensation decisions.
Considerations in Setting 2016 Compensation
In approving 2016 compensation for the Named Executive Officers, the Compensation Committee took under advisement the recommendation of the CEO and CHRO relating to the total compensation package for the Named Executive Officers and, based on company-wide operating results and the extent to which individual performance objectives were met, the Compensation Committee determined 2016 compensation for each of the Named Executive Officers. In determining whether to approve or modify management-recommended compensation for the Named Executive Officers in 2016, the Compensation Committee reviewed non-financial factors as part of the overall evaluation of performance. Such non-financial factors included judging the extent to which each Named Executive Officer identified business opportunities, maximized network synergies for Laureate, shared best practices and maximized the mix of our geographic revenues, programs, modalities and levels of study. The Compensation Committee believes non-financial measures are often "leading indicators" of financial performance and are especially important to a rapidly growing and geographically dispersed company like Laureate. The Compensation Committee believes that the total 2016 compensation opportunity for our Named Executive Officers was competitive while at the same time being responsible to our investors because a significant percentage of total compensation in 2016 was allocated to variable compensation, paid only upon achievement of both individual and Company performance objectives.
The following is a summary of key considerations that affected the development of 2016 compensation targets and 2016 compensation decisions for our Named Executive Officers (and which the Compensation Committee believes will continue to affect its compensation decisions in future years):
Market Targets . We target base salary for our Named Executive Officers generally near the 50 th percentile of the Compensation Peer Group. Total cash and total direct compensation (base salary, AIP award at target and the value of equity grants) are generally near the 75 th percentile of the Compensation Peer Group. Although historically a specific pay mix for our Named Executive Officers has not been set, it has been and will continue to be our policy to allocate a significantly larger portion of the Named Executive Officers' compensation in the form of variable or "at-risk" compensation than
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is allocated to junior members of management. By targeting our Named Executive Officers' base salaries and total cash and total direct compensation near the 50 th and the 75 th percentiles, respectively, most of our Named Executive Officers' pay is at risk, consistent with strategies followed by other high-growth companies and the Compensation Committee's pay-for-performance philosophy. Market targets are periodically reviewed to ensure competitiveness with other companies' executives with like responsibilities to our Named Executive Officers.
Emphasis on Performance . Laureate's compensation program provides increased pay opportunity correlated with superior performance over the long term. When evaluating base salary, individual performance is the primary driver that determines the Named Executive Officer's annual increase, if any. In our AIP, both organizational and individual performance are key drivers in determining the Named Executive Officer's non-equity incentive award. Of the outstanding unvested options, performance share units, and restricted stock units currently held by our Named Executive Officers, approximately 50% are performance-based.
The Importance of Organizational Results . Laureate's AIP uses the achievement of specific organizational metrics in determining approximately 80% of the Named Executive Officers' target annual cash incentive award. This is because the Compensation Committee believes it is important to hold the Named Executive Officers accountable for both the results of their organization and overall company results. Our 2016 AIP was designed to emphasize and reward the Named Executive Officers for corporate performance. The Compensation Committee believes that individual contributions by the Named Executive Officers significantly affect both regional and overall corporate results. The payment of LTIP awards and the vesting of performance options and performance share units granted under our 2013 Plan are dependent on the Company achieving overall corporate financial goals.
2016 Stock Option Repricing/Retention Equity Grant
Effective June 17, 2016, upon the recommendation of the Compensation Committee, the board of directors approved a modification in the exercise price of all outstanding stock options granted under the 2013 Plan, other than options granted in 2016, to reduce the exercise price per share to $23.20 per share, which was the estimated fair market value of the common stock on the effective date of the repricing. Stock options granted under the 2013 Plan during 2016, as well as stock options granted under the 2007 Plan were excluded from this repricing, and will maintain their original exercise prices. The stock options that were repriced had been granted with an exercise price greater than the estimated fair market value on June 17, 2016 (i.e., exercise prices ranging from $34.52 to $25.76 per share). Because the exercise prices of these stock options exceeded the estimated fair market value of the Company's common stock on the modification date, the Compensation Committee determined that the retentive value of these awards had substantially diminished from the time they had been granted. The Compensation Committee determined that this repricing was in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders to provide a continued incentive for highly qualified employees with substantial experience in the Company's business to remain employed during a critical period for the Company.
Effective October 25, 2016, the Compensation Committee approved incremental equity grants under the 2013 Plan to 45 senior employees, including the Named Executive Officers other than Mr. Guimarães, each of whom had previously received equity awards under the 2007 Plan and 2013 Plan in 2013 and prior years. These retention awards were the only equity awards made to any of the Named Executive Officers during 2016 and were designed to provide an additional incentive for these employees to remain with the Company. Mr. Becker received 114,790 time-based vesting stock options and 47,477 performance-based vesting stock options because the Compensation Committee wanted to provide an incentive to Mr. Becker that was tied an increase in the overall equity value of the Company, and the other 44 senior employees received restricted stock units ("RSUs") and/or performance share units ("PSUs"). The time-based vesting stock options and RSUs granted on October 25, 2016 will become vested on June 17, 2018, if the recipient continuously remains employed
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by the Company through that date. 50% of the performance-based vesting stock options and PSUs granted on October 25, 2016 will become vested if the Company achieves applicable equity value targets ("Equity Value Targets") in 2016 and 50% will become vested if the Company achieves the applicable Equity Value Targets in 2017, in each case, subject to the recipient remaining continuously employed by the Company through June 17, 2018. See "Grants of Plan Based Awards in 2016" for more information on these grants.
Elements of Laureate's 2016 Compensation Program
There are three key components of our executive compensation program for our Named Executive Officers: base salary, AIP awards, and long-term equity incentive awards. Four of our Named Executive Officers, Messrs. Serck-Hanssen, Berckemeyer and Guimarães and Ms. Singer have also participated in our Long-term cash incentive opportunity ("LTIP"). The components of incentive compensation (the AIP awards, equity awards and LTIPs) are significantly "at-risk," as the degree to which the AIP awards and LTIPs are paid and the performance vesting and the intrinsic value of the equity awards all depend on the extent to which certain of our operating and financial goals are achieved. In addition to these key compensation elements, the Named Executive Officers are provided certain other compensation. See "Other Compensation." When reviewing compensation levels, each component of compensation is reviewed independently, and the total pay package is reviewed in the aggregate. However, the Compensation Committee believes that an important component of aligning the interests of investors and executives is to place a strong emphasis on "at risk" compensation linked to overall Company performance.
In 2016, approximately 67% of the compensation for the CEO was "at risk." See "Arrangements with Certain Named Executive OfficersChairman and Chief Executive Officer Compensation" below for a discussion relating to Mr. Becker's long-term incentive compensation.
Base Salary . We pay our Named Executive Officers base salaries to compensate them for services rendered each year. Base salary is a regular, fixed-cash payment, the amount of which is based on position, experience, and performance after considering the following primary factorsinternal review of the executive's compensation, relative to both U.S. national market targets and other executives' salaries, and the Compensation Committee's assessment of the executive's individual prior performance. Salary levels are typically considered annually as part of our performance review process but can be adjusted in connection with a promotion or other change in job responsibility. Merit-based increases to salaries of the Named Executive Officers are determined each March by the Compensation Committee after the Compensation Committee assesses performance by each executive during the preceding fiscal year. Each of the Named Executive Officers received a 2.0% salary increase from 2015 to 2016, except for Mr. Guimarães, who received an increase of 0.7% from 2015 to 2016 because his employment with the Company began on September 1, 2015.
The salary increases for the Named Executive Officers from 2015 to 2016 were:
Executive
|
Salary as of
December 31, 2015 |
Salary Increase
from 2015 to 2016(1) |
2016 Salary | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Douglas L. Becker |
$ | 998,278 | 2.0 | % | $ | 1,018,244 | ||||
Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
$ | 582,329 | 2.0 | % | $ | 593,975 | ||||
Ricardo M. Berckemeyer |
$ | 682,906 | 2.0 | % | $ | 696,564 | ||||
Enderson Guimarães |
$ | 900,000 | 0.7 | % | $ | 906,017 | ||||
Paula Singer |
$ | 682,906 | 2.0 | % | $ | 696,564 |
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Incentive Opportunity . In addition to receiving base salaries, the Named Executive Officers participate in the AIP each year. Messrs. Serck-Hanssen, Berckemeyer and Guimarães also participate in LTIPs in 2016. The Compensation Committee has identified several factors that it believes are critical to the success of our business and these factors, in various combinations, are incorporated into the 2013 Plan, the AIP and the LTIPs:
Certain adjustments in measuring performance. In measuring financial performance for purposes of our incentive compensation programs, the Compensation Committee focuses on the fundamentals of the underlying business performance and adjusts for items that are not indicative of ongoing results. For example, revenue and Adjusted Financing EBITDA measures are expressed in constant currencies (i.e., excluding the effects of foreign currency translation) because we believe that period-to-period changes in foreign exchange rates can cause our reported results to appear more or less favorable than business fundamentals indicate. The Compensation Committee's approach to other types of adjustments is subject to pre-established guidelines, including materiality, to provide clarity and consistency on how it views the business when evaluating performance. Charges/credits that may be excluded from Adjusted Financing EBITDA include: strategic items (such as restructurings, acquisitions and divestitures); regulatory items (changes in law, or tax or accounting rules); and external items (extraordinary, non-recurring events such as natural disasters). For example, among other things, the Compensation Committee expects to adjust 2016 performance to give effect to the divestitures of our French and Swiss hospitality businesses during 2016.
Annual Cash Incentive Opportunity. Our AIP is an annual cash incentive program designed to create a link between executive compensation and performance of the participants and the Company. The AIP provides metrics for the calculation of annual incentive-based cash compensation after assessing the executive's performance against pre-determined quantitative and qualitative measures
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within the context of our overall performance. For purposes of compliance with the Internal Revenue Code ("Code"), awards under the AIP will not be paid to individuals subject to Section 162(m) of the Code unless attainment of performance goals is certified by the Compensation Committee. In the event of attainment of minimum performance goals under the AIP, the Compensation Committee will exercise negative discretion to adjust awards downwards from a potential maximum amount to satisfy requirements under Section 162(m) of the Code, while still providing for awards based on Company and individual performance in accordance with our AIP program. In addition, a significant portion of each Named Executive Officer's 2016 AIP awards will be determined based on individual performance. In evaluating individual performance, the Compensation Committee reviews the annual objectives set for each of the Named Executive Officers at the start of the year (by the Compensation Committee for the CEO and by the CEO for all other Named Executive Officers) and uses its judgment to determine whether the objectives were achieved. Individual performance is weighted at 20% of the overall AIP opportunity at target. Individual results for the year are rated by the Compensation Committee on a scale from 0% to 200% based on the recommendation of the CEO, except with respect to his own performance, which is determined by the Compensation Committee. Considerations affecting evaluation of individual performance may include extraordinary economic or business conditions, the state of the business, deviations from forecasted business targets that are unrelated to the executive's performance and other external factors that, in the CEO's judgment (or the Compensation Committee's judgment in the case of the CEO's individual performance), may have affected our financial and operating results. The Compensation Committee also considers constructive strategic issues that have long-term consequences such as: positive student outcomes like job placement and on-time graduation, achieving the highest academic and operational standards and regulatory compliance. The Named Executive Officers are also rewarded for important strategic contributions like building succession plan pipelines and high-performance cultures. In reviewing the compensation of the Named Executive Officers, the Compensation Committee considers the executive's performance, the importance of his or her position to us and the executive's future leadership potential. For all Named Executive Officers, other than the CEO, the CEO gives guidance to the Compensation Committee as to whether he believes each of the Named Executive Officers has achieved the individual performance goals set at the beginning of the year. After his review, the CEO presents AIP award and salary adjustment recommendations for the Named Executive Officers to the Compensation Committee for approval. The Compensation Committee determines the compensation of the Named Executive Officers, considering the CEO's assessment of each executive's performance. The Compensation Committee determines whether the CEO has achieved the individual performance goals the Compensation Committee set for the CEO, taking into account the CEO's assessment of his own performance.
AIP award levels for the Named Executive Officers are dependent on the extent to which specified levels of the above metrics and certain individual goals have been achieved. The goals specified in the AIP for each of the above metrics derive from management's annual business plan (the "annual plan") and management's plan for the next five fiscal years (the "long-range plan"), both of which are reviewed by the board of directors each December. The CEO and CHRO work with the Compensation Committee to set target metrics for the AIP based on our board-approved annual plan and the financial goals contained therein, which the directors believe should be attainable but only with considerable effort.
In February 2016, the Compensation Committee adopted the 2016 AIP. Weighting under the 2016 AIP consisted of: Adjusted Financing EBITDA, 40%; Revenue, 15%; Operating EBITDA Margin, 10%; New Enrollments, 15%; and Individual Performance, 20%. If at least 95% of the corporate and/or regional Adjusted Financing EBITDA target was not achieved for the year, the maximum AIP payment for Named Executive Officers would be capped at 100% of target. If at least 80% of the corporate Adjusted Financing EBITDA was not achieved for the year, the AIP plan pool for the Company's executive officers, which includes the Named Executive Officers, would not be funded. If at least 85% of the corporate and/or regional Adjusted Financing EBITDA target was not achieved for
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the year, the Compensation Committee could elect not to pay any awards to any participant under the 2016 AIP. As of the date of this prospectus, the Compensation Committee has not yet assessed 2016 performance under any of our performance-based compensation programs. Accordingly, 2016 performance-based incentive awards, including the AIP, has not been determined at this time. The Company intends to file a Current Report on Form 8-K or otherwise disclose the 2016 performance-based compensation after the Compensation Committee has assessed 2016 performance under our performance-based compensation programs and individual incentive awards are determined.
In 2016, AIP target award opportunities ranged from 85% to 130% of the base salary of each Named Executive Officer, depending on the executive's level of responsibility and the effect the Compensation Committee perceived the Named Executive Officer to have on Company operations. The Compensation Committee took into consideration Compensation Peer Group competitiveness and compensation equity across various Company executive positions when setting the range of target 2016 AIP award opportunities for our Named Executive Officers. The Compensation Committee also gave each Named Executive Officer the opportunity to earn a 2016 AIP award above the target opportunity up to a maximum of 200% of his or her AIP target opportunity, if the Company achieved certain levels of performance and the Compensation Committee determined that the individual had achieved certain goals, as well.
AIP awards granted to our Named Executive Officers for 2016 performance will reflect the Compensation Committee's assessment of each Named Executive Officer's individual performance and our overall performance when measured against the Compensation Committee-established goals for 2016 of Adjusted Financing EBITDA, revenue, Operating EBITDA margin, new enrollments, and individual objectives. The 2016 AIP was designed so that a multiplier will be applied to the respective weight of each metric, which proportionally reduces or increases the Named Executive Officer's award depending on the extent to which the goal for each metric is missed or exceeded, as applicable and as set forth in the table below for each Named Executive Officer. Except as described below, for performance percentages between the levels set forth in the table, the resulting payout percentage would be adjusted on a linear basis. Because the Compensation Committee's intent in designing the 2016 AIP was for the Named Executive Officers to stress improved profitability, the 2016 AIP provided that: (i) had we achieved 80% or less of the 2016 corporate and/or regional Adjusted Financing EBITDA goal, as applicable, none of the Named Executive Officers would have received any 2016 AIP Award, and (ii) had the Company achieved less than 95% of the 2016 corporate and/or regional Adjusted Financing EBITDA goal, as applicable, none of the Named Executive Officers would have received more than his or her target award opportunity, regardless of whether the goal for any of the other metrics had been exceeded. Additionally, the 2016 AIP provided that if the Company achieved 85% or less of the established goal for new enrollments, 90% or less of the established goal for revenues or if Operating EBITDA Margin was less than or equal to the applicable 2015 result, then the portion of the Named Executive Officer's AIP award dependent on that metric would be entirely deducted from his or her total 2016 AIP award opportunity.
Percent
Payout |
Performance
Against Plan |
Adjusted
Financing EBITDA |
Revenue |
Operating
EBITDA Margin |
New
Enrollments |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight | 40% | 15% | 10% | 15% | ||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
200% | Percent of Target | 110% | 110% | 2015 result + 80 bps | 115% | |||||||||||
100% | Value for 100% payout | Target | Target | 2015 result + 40 bps | Target | |||||||||||
0% | Percent of Target | 90% | 90% | 2015 Result | 85% |
Although the Compensation Committee has not yet assessed performance under the 2016 AIP, the tables below contain the goal for each metric used in the 2016 AIP. 2016 AIP awards for all Named Executive Officers, apart from Mr. Berckemeyer, will be based on corporate results, which goals and results are shown in the first table below. Mr. Berckemeyer's 2016 AIP goals were based on LatAm
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regional results, which goals are shown in the second table below. Of the four financial metrics used to determine 2016 AIP awards, Adjusted Financing EBITDA was weighted the heaviest because of the Compensation Committee's focus on profitability. While each of Operating EBITDA margin, revenue, and new enrollment are critical to our ability to grow over the long term, the Compensation Committee believes Adjusted Financing EBITDA is the most important measure of sustainable profitability.
Performance Metric
|
Target |
Weighted
Target as % of Award |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted Financing EBITDA(1) |
$ | 781.4 | 40 | % | |||
Revenue(1) |
$ | 4,365.5 | 15 | % | |||
Op EBITDA Margin |
18.7 | % | 10 | % | |||
New Enrollments |
536,353 | 15 | % | ||||
Individual Performance |
20 | % | |||||
| | | | | | | |
|
100 | % |
Performance Metric
|
Target |
Weighted
Target as % of Award |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted Financing EBITDA(1) |
$ | 495.0 | 40 | % | |||
Revenue(1) |
$ | 2,396.1 | 15 | % | |||
Op EBITDA Margin |
21.9 | % | 10 | % | |||
New Enrollments |
416,348 | 15 | % | ||||
Individual Performance |
20 | % | |||||
| | | | | | | |
|
100 | % |
The table below provides information relating to the 2016 AIP target for each of the Named Executive Officers, both in dollar amounts and as a percentage of year-end base salary.
Executive
|
Year-End 2016
Base Salary Amount ($) |
AIP Target
Award as % of 2016 Year-End Salary |
Target 2016
AIP Award ($) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Douglas L. Becker |
1,018,243 | 120 | % | 1,221,891 | ||||||
Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
593,975 | 85 | % | 504,879 | ||||||
Ricardo M. Berckemeyer |
696,564 | 120 | % | 835,877 | ||||||
Enderson Guimarães |
906,017 | 130 | % | 1,177,821 | ||||||
Paula Singer |
696,564 | 100 | % | 696,564 |
Long-Term Cash Incentive Opportunity. Messrs. Serck-Hanssen, Berckemeyer and Guimarães each participated in a LTIP in 2016, and Ms. Singer also participated in a LTIP in 2015. The LTIPs are multi-year cash incentive plans designed to motivate and reward participants for the achievement of performance goals over a multi-year period by offering them the opportunity to receive cash payments based on the achievement of such goals. The multi-year performance period is designed to provide an additional incentive for the Named Executive Officers to remain with Laureate through the
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performance period and beyond. The LTIP awards are conditioned on the achievement of Company financial performance goals and are earned over separate one-year periods subject to continued employment. LTIP payouts for 2015 appear in the Summary Compensation Table. As of the date of this prospectus, the Compensation Committee has not yet assessed 2016 performance under any of our performance-based compensation programs. Accordingly, 2016 performance-based incentive awards, including the LTIPs, have not been determined at this time. The Company intends to file a Form 8-K or otherwise disclose the 2016 performance-based compensation after the Compensation Committee has assessed 2016 performance under our performance-based compensation programs and individual incentive awards are determined.
The LTIPs initially had two separate one-year performance periods commencing January 1, 2014 and continuing through December 31, 2015, with the payouts for each year under the plan payable as soon as practicable after the Compensation Committee assessed whether the applicable target had been achieved based on the audited financial statements for that year. Payouts under the LTIPs are based on the achievement of Corporate Adjusted Financing EBITDA targets, and in the case of Mr. Berckemeyer only, LatAm Adjusted Financing EBITDA targets.
In September 2014, the Compensation Committee approved a change to Mr. Berckemeyer's LTIP arrangement to add an additional $1,000,000 award opportunity for 2016. Payments of awards to Mr. Berckemeyer in 2016 are subject (a) 50% to continued employment on the applicable annual payment date, and (b) 50% to achievement of the annual performance targets set by the Compensation Committee. Payment of the performance-based component will be based on achievement of at least 98% of the Adjusted Financing EBITDA target for 2016. For Mr. Berckemeyer, the performance targets for 2016 are based on the goals contained in the Company's 2014 long range plan on a foreign currency exchange neutral basis at 2015 budget exchange rates, based 75% on LatAm Adjusted Financing EBITDA, which is $723,859,021, and 25% on Corporate Adjusted Financing EBITDA, which is $1,033,673,322. Payment, if earned, will be made as soon as administratively practicable after the end of the performance period.
In May 2015, the Compensation Committee approved an additional year for Mr. Serck-Hanssen's LTIP. If at least 98% of the applicable 2016 Corporate Adjusted Financing EBITDA target is achieved, Mr. Serck-Hanssen will be eligible to receive a $500,000 payment. For Mr. Serck-Hanssen, the 2016 performance target is based on the goals contained in the Company's 2015 long range plan, on a foreign currency exchange neutral basis at 2015 budget exchange rates, which is $942,449,981. Payment, if earned, will be made as soon as administratively practicable after the end of the performance period.
Pursuant to his offer letter, Mr. Guimarães is eligible to participate in a cash LTIP plan valued at $1,000,000 in 2016 and $1,500,000 in 2017, subject to the terms of the plan as amended from time to time. LTIP goals are tied to achievement of Adjusted Financing EBITDA goals in the Company's 2016 budget and 2017 long range plan. Payment will be based on achievement of at least 98% of the Adjusted Financing EBITDA target for each year. For Mr. Guimarães, the 2016 performance target is based on the goals contained in the Company's 2016 budget on a foreign currency neutral basis at 2016 budget exchange rates, which was $781,355,195. Payment, if earned, will be made as soon as administratively practicable after the end of the performance period.
Executive
|
2016
Payment Target |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
$ | 500,000 | ||
Ricardo M. Berckemeyer |
$ | 1,000,000 | ||
Enderson Guimarães |
$ | 1,000,000 |
Long-Term Equity Incentive Opportunity. The use of long-term equity incentives creates a link between executive compensation and Laureate's long-term performance, thereby creating alignment
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between executive and investor interests. In 2013, our board of directors and the stockholders of the Company approved the 2013 Plan, which is an omnibus plan providing the flexibility to grant a variety of long-term equity incentive awards, including stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights. In September 2015 and December 2016, our board of directors and the stockholders of the Company approved amendments to the 2013 Plan to increase the aggregate number of shares of common stock issuable pursuant to awards that may be granted under the 2013 Plan. As of December 31, 2016, only stock options, RSUs and PSUs had been granted to any of the Named Executive Officers under the 2013 Plan. In connection with the adoption of the 2013 Plan, the Compensation Committee made long-term equity incentive awards to the Named Executive Officers that were intended to provide five years of long term incentive on an up-front basis. The Compensation Committee did not make any equity grants to any Named Executive Officer during 2016 other than the October, 2016 retention awards described above in "2016 Stock Option Repricing/Retention Equity Grant" and included in "Grants of Plan Based Awards in 2016".
Equity awards granted to the Named Executive Officers under the 2013 Plan were determined based on market competitiveness, criticality of position and individual performance (both historical and expected future performance) and, in the case of Mr. Guimarães, recruitment. There is no set weight given to these factors. Performance awards granted to our Named Executive Officers under the 2013 Plan can vest subject to an annual corporate Equity Value Target. The Equity Value Target was based on 15% cumulative annual growth over 2012 results. Equity Value is generally defined as Adjusted EBITDA, minus noncontrolling interests equity value, multiplied by 10, minus net debt all calculated on a foreign currency neutral basis. The targets also contain a catch-up provision. If the performance-vesting target is missed for a year, that performance tranche can vest in any subsequent year after which the targeted result is achieved for the current year. The Compensation Committee uses its discretion in determining appropriate equity award levels for the Named Executive Officers.
Commencing with the annual equity grants made in 2016, the Compensation Committee refined the Company's long term incentive award program to make it more consistent with market practice, appropriately aligning pay with performance, and maximizing share usage under our 2013 Plan. Because the Named Executive Officers each received front loaded awards in 2013, or in the case of Mr. Guimarães in 2015 upon his recruitment, none of the Named Executive Officers received an annual equity award in 2016 with these new features. Certain of the Named Executive Officers did, however, receive the October 2016 retention grant described above in "2016 Stock Option Repricing/Retention Equity Grant", which did not incorporate the new annual refinements. It is anticipated Named Executive Officers may receive grants with the new features in future periods.
The principal long-term equity incentive design features adopted in 2016 included:
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The following is a description of equity awards granted to our Named Executive Officers since 2013:
Stock Options : Historically, stock options have been, and we expect they will continue to be, a core element of long-term incentive opportunity for our Named Executive Officers. The Compensation Committee believes that the best way to align compensation of our Named Executive Officers with long-term growth and profitability is to design long-term incentive compensation that is, to a great degree, dependent on Company performance. Time-based stock options granted to our Named Executive Officers (other than those granted to Mr. Becker in October 2016) vest in equal annual installments over a five-year period, subject to continued employment on each applicable vesting date. Performance-based stock options granted to our Named Executive Officers (other than those granted to Mr. Becker in October 2016) under our 2013 Plan vest in equal annual installments over a five-year period based on satisfaction of the annual Equity Value Target described above, subject to continued employment on each applicable vesting date. See "2016 Stock Option Repricing/Retention Equity Grant" and "2016 Grants of Plan Based Awards" for more information on the stock options granted to Mr. Becker in October 2016. See "Outstanding Equity Awards" for information about the vesting terms of our outstanding stock options.
See "Arrangements with Certain Named Executive OfficersChairman and Chief Executive Officer Compensation" for more information concerning (x)(1) options the Company will grant to Mr. Becker and (2) shares of our Class B common stock Wengen will transfer to Mr. Becker in exchange for the liquidation of certain of Mr. Becker's Executive Profits Interests and (y) shares Wengen will transfer to an entity affiliated with Mr. Becker and Steven Taslitz and two other founding partners of Sterling Partners (collectively, the "Sterling Founders") in exchange for the liquidation of certain equity interests the Sterling Founders hold in Wengen, all effective upon the consummation of this offering.
Performance Share Units : Each of the Named Executive Officers (other than Mr. Guimarães) received a grant of PSUs in 2013. The PSUs vest in equal annual installments over a five-year period subject to satisfaction of the Equity Value Target described above. The portion of the initial grant of PSUs subject to achievement of each of the 2013 and 2014 Equity Value Targets was first eligible to vest after the publication of audited financial statements for 2014. The remaining portion of the PSUs is, or was, as applicable, eligible to vest based on achievement of the applicable 2015, 2016, and 2017 Equity Value Targets. The grant agreements contain the catch-up provision discussed above. Mr. Guimarães received grants of 174,392 PSUs in September 2015 and 30,518 PSUs in December 2015, which will be, or was, as applicable, eligible to vest based on achievement of the applicable 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 Equity Value Targets. The Named Executive Officers (other than Messrs. Becker and Guimarães) also received PSUs in October 2016. See "2016 Stock Option Repricing/Retention Equity Grant" and "2016 Grants of Plan Based Awards" for more information on these grants. See "Outstanding Equity Awards" for information about the vesting terms of our outstanding PSUs.
In March 2015, the Compensation Committee determined, based on the Company's audited consolidated financial statements for 2013 and 2014, that the Equity Value Targets for 2013 and 2014 had been achieved, and the PSUs subject to those Equity Value Targets vested and were settled in shares of common stock in April 2015. In March 2016, the Compensation Committee determined, based on the Company's audited consolidated financial statements for 2015, that the Equity Value Target for 2015 had been achieved and the PSUs subject to that Equity Value Target vested and were settled in shares of common stock in April 2016. PSUs are impacted by all changes in the fair market value of our common stock and, therefore, the value to the Named Executive Officers is affected by both increases and decreases in the fair market value. Except as provided in an individual agreement, all unvested PSUs are forfeitable upon termination of employment prior to vesting. PSUs do not provide voting or dividend rights until the units are vested and settled in shares of common stock.
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Restricted Stock Units : On May 14, 2015, Mr. Serck-Hanssen received a grant 20,380 RSUs under the 2013 Plan, all of which will vest on May 14, 2018, subject to continued employment through such date. On September 17, 2015, Mr. Guimarães received a grant of 62,500 RSUs and on December 16, 2015, Mr. Guimarães received an additional grant of 10,937 RSUs, all of which will vest on December 31, 2017, subject to continued employment. If Mr. Guimarães's employment is terminated without cause (other than due to death or disability) prior to December 31, 2017, the 73,437 RSUs granted to Mr. Guimarães in 2015 will vest immediately, provided Mr. Guimarães signs a required separation and release agreement within the time period specified in the agreements. The Named Executive Officers (other than Messrs. Becker and Guimarães) also received RSUs in October 2016. See "2016 Stock Option Repricing/Retention Equity Grant" and "2016 Grants of Plan Based Awards" for more information on these grants. See "Outstanding Equity Awards" for information about the vesting terms of our outstanding RSUs.
Except as provided in an individual agreement, all unvested RSUs are forfeitable upon termination of employment prior to vesting. RSUs do not provide voting or dividend rights until the units are vested and settled in shares of common stock.
Other Compensation
Deferred Compensation. The Post-2004 DCP is intended to promote executive retention by providing a long-term savings opportunity on a tax-efficient basis to approximately 82 eligible Company employees for the 2016 Plan year, including certain of the Named Executive Officers. The Post-2004 DCP allows participants to defer up to 85% of their base salaries and 100% of any AIP awards, with interest earned at market rates on deferred amounts and payout following termination of employment or another selected payout schedule. Payouts of Post-2004 DCP balances are made in a lump sum or in installments, at the election of the participants. Each year, we have the ability, but not the obligation, to make matching employer contributions to each participant's Post-2004 DCP account if the participant made salary reduction contributions to the 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan, received less than the full match under the 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan on the salary reduction contribution because of the limit in Section 401(a)(17) of the Code on compensation and made at least a $5,000 minimum contribution to his or her 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan account. To date, we have not made any matching contributions to any participant Post-2004 DCP account, nor have we chosen to make any other discretionary employer contributions permitted to be made to participants pursuant to the Post-2004 DCP. See "2016 Nonqualified Deferred Compensation" below for information relating to the 2014 Post-2004 DCP accounts of certain of our Named Executive Officers. All amounts deferred under the Post-2004 DCP are unfunded and unsecured obligations of Laureate, receive no preferential creditors' standing and are subject to the same risks as any of our other general obligations.
Benefits. We provide various employee benefit programs to our Named Executive Officers, including medical, dental, life/accidental death and dismemberment disability insurance benefits and our 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan. These benefit programs are generally available to all of our U.S.-based employees. Executive Officers, including the Named Executive Officers other than Mr. Guimarães, also were provided access to a Medical Expense Reimbursement Program until December 31, 2014. Through this program they could receive reimbursement for health care charges not covered by our health care plan. This program only covered eligible health expenses as defined by Section 213 of the Code. Some runout expense reimbursement claims were paid in 2015. Executive Officers are also provided with individual supplemental executive long-term disability coverage and may participate in the Pinnacle Care Health Consulting Service, a medical concierge service that provides advice and other assistance with health care decisions and gives them access to medical services around the world. In connection with his recruitment we agreed to provide Mr. Guimarães with relocation benefits. These benefits are provided to the Named Executive Officers to eliminate potential distractions from
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performing their regular job duties. We believe the cost of these programs is counterbalanced by an increase in productivity by the executives receiving access to them.
Clawback Policy
In October 2013, the Compensation Committee adopted an Executive Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy, also known as a "clawback." Under these clawback provisions, executives that violate confidentiality, non-competition, and non-solicitation agreements forfeit any outstanding awards under the 2013 Plan and return any gains realized from awards prior to the violation. These provisions serve to protect our intellectual property and human capital, and help ensure that executives act in the best interests of Laureate and its stockholders. We plan to revise the Executive Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy to be consistent with the final rules implementing the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act.
Tax and Accounting Implications
As part of its role, the Compensation Committee considers the tax and accounting impacts reflected in our financial statements when establishing our compensation plans. The forms of compensation it selects are intended to be cost-efficient. Under GAAP, the cash AIP awards, LTIP awards, and performance-based equity awards result in "accrual" accounting, which means that the estimated payout of the award, along with any changes in that estimate, are recognized over the performance period. Our ultimate expense will equal the value earned by and paid to the executives. Therefore, the ultimate expense is not determinable until the end of the performance period.
Section 162(m) of the Code generally provides that publicly held corporations may not deduct in any taxable year specified compensation of more than $1,000,000 paid to the CEO and the next three most highly compensated executive officers, excluding the chief financial officer. However, performance-based compensation more than $1,000,000 is deductible if specified criteria are met, including shareholder approval of the material terms of applicable plans.
As we have not been subject to Section 162(m) of the Code since the leveraged buyout, the Compensation Committee did not consider the impact of this rule when developing and implementing our executive compensation programs through 2015. Section 162(m) of the Code provides for a transition period for IPO companies. However, beginning in 2016, the Compensation Committee's intention is to comply with the requirements for deductibility under Section 162(m) of the Code, unless the Committee concludes that adherence to the limitations imposed by these provisions would not be in the best interest of the Company or its shareholders. While base salaries of more than $1,000,000 are not deductible, payments made under our AIP and LTIP programs, and the grants of PSUs and stock options are intended to qualify for deductibility under Section 162(m) of the Code as qualified performance-based compensation.
For purposes of compliance with the Code, awards under applicable programs will not be made to individuals subject to Section 162(m) of the Code unless attainment of performance goals is certified by the Compensation Committee. In the event of attainment of minimum performance goals under these programs, the Compensation Committee will exercise negative discretion to adjust awards downward from a potential maximum amount in order to satisfy requirements under Section 162(m) of the Code, while still providing for awards based on Company and individual performance in accordance with our AIP, LTIP and equity compensation programs.
Summary Compensation Table
The following table summarizes the total compensation earned in 2014 (except for Mr. Guimarães, who was not a Named Executive Officer in that year), in 2015 and in 2016 by the CEO and Chief Financial Officer during the fiscal year and the three other persons serving as executive officers at the end of fiscal 2016 who were the most highly compensated executive officers of the Company in fiscal 2016.
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The Compensation Committee has not yet assessed 2016 performance under any of our performance-based compensation programs. Accordingly, 2016 awards have not been determined at this time. The Company intends to file a Current Report on Form 8-K or otherwise disclose the 2016 performance-based compensation after the Compensation Committee has assessed 2016 performance under our performance-based compensation programs and individual incentive awards are determined.
We have omitted from this table the columns for Change in Pension Value and Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Earnings, because no Named Executive Officer received such types of compensation during 2016.
Name and Principal Position
|
Year |
Salary
($) |
Bonus
($) |
Stock
Awards |
Option
Awards |
Non-Equity
Incentive Plan Compensation ($)(1) |
All Other
Compensation ($)(2) |
Total
($)(3) |
|||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Douglas L. Becker |
2016 | 1,014,916 | 4,071,544 | (4) | 43,815 | (5) | 5,130,275 | ||||||||||||||||||
Founder, Chairman & CEO |
2015 | 994,220 | 1,420,461 | 45,477 | (5) | 2,460,158 | |||||||||||||||||||
|
2014 | 969,970 | 1,756,813 | 41,105 | (5) | 2,767,888 | |||||||||||||||||||
Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
2016 |
592,034 |
706,640 |
(6) |
672,613 |
(7) |
11,559 |
(8) |
1,982,846 |
||||||||||||||||
Executive Vice President & CFO |
2015 | 579,962 | 524,989 | (9) | 1,161,174 | 12,272 | (8) | 2,278,397 | |||||||||||||||||
|
2014 | 565,816 | 1,140,505 | 11,806 | (8) | 1,718,127 | |||||||||||||||||||
Ricardo M. Berckemeyer |
2016 |
694,288 |
706,640 |
(6) |
676,500 |
(7) |
40,903 |
(10) |
2,118,331 |
||||||||||||||||
CEO of LatAm |
2015 | 680,130 | 2,117,978 | 50,012 | (10) | 2,848,120 | |||||||||||||||||||
|
2014 | 663,542 | 2,201,808 | 35,682 | (10) | 2,901,032 | |||||||||||||||||||
Enderson Guimarães |
2016 |
905,014 |
746,890 |
(7) |
12,093 |
(11) |
1,663,997 |
||||||||||||||||||
President & Chief Operating Officer |
2015 | 300,000 | 1,800,000 | (12) | 5,054,170 | (9) | 11,284,109 | (13) | 963,718 | 98,427 | (11) | 19,500,424 | |||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Paula Singer |
2016 |
694,288 |
350,400 |
(6) |
676,500 |
(7) |
15,252 |
(14) |
1,736,440 |
||||||||||||||||
Chief Network Officer |
2015 | 680,130 | 1,309,763 | 16,322 | (14) | 2,006,215 | |||||||||||||||||||
|
2014 | 663,542 | 1,368,257 | 31,649 | (14) | 2,063,448 |
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employment through June 17, 2018. For Mr. Berckemeyer, this amount represents $504,740 for RSUs, which vest over time, subject to continued employment and $201,900 for PSUs which vest based on achievement of certain corporate performance targets and continued employment through June 17, 2018. For Ms. Singer this amount represents $250,285 for RSUs, which vest over time, subject to continued employment and $100,115 for PSUs which vest based on achievement of certain corporate performance targets and continued employment through June 17, 2018. Please refer to Note 13, Share-based Compensation, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for a discussion of the assumptions related to the calculation of such value.
Arrangements with Certain Named Executive Officers
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Compensation . While our CEO plays an important role in advising the Compensation Committee with respect to compensation decisions for the other Named Executive Officers, the Compensation Committee evaluates the performance of our CEO using its sole discretion. The Compensation Committee believes that our CEO's compensation package is market-based and performance-aligned and that it facilitates Mr. Becker's retention and motivation, which the Compensation Committee believes to be critical to our continued success. In March 2016, the Compensation Committee evaluated our and our CEO's 2015 financial and non-financial performance. Overall, the Compensation Committee believes that the performance of our CEO during 2015 was exceptional and that, with his continued leadership, the Company is well positioned for continued growth and investor value creation. Because of its assessment of Mr. Becker's overall performance during 2015, in March 2016, the Compensation Committee awarded Mr. Becker a cash award under the AIP as described above under "Annual Incentive Compensation Opportunity" and awarded Mr. Becker a merit-based salary increase for 2016.
Executive DCP. Prior to the leveraged buyout in 2007, Mr. Becker had options to purchase shares of our common stock and PSUs, and another founder of Sterling Partners had options to purchase shares of our common stock, which, based on a value of $60.50 per share, would have entitled
293
Mr. Becker to $78,116,588 and such other founder of Sterling Partners to $48,622,060 if such options, and in Mr. Becker's case, PSUs, were cashed out in connection with the leveraged buyout. Pursuant to Mr. Becker's letter agreement with L Curve Sub Inc., Wengen and us, dated August 16, 2007, and an Amended and Restated Commitment Letter, dated June 3, 2007, among another founder of Sterling Partners, Wengen and the other parties thereto, Mr. Becker and one of the other founders of Sterling Partners agreed to cancel such options and, in Mr. Becker's case, PSUs, in exchange for us establishing a deferred compensation plan for each of them, under which plans these two individuals had rights to receive cash payments in subsequent years. We established a deferred compensation account balance plan (each an "Executive DCP") with an account value of $78,116,588 for the benefit of Mr. Becker and an Executive DCP with an account value of $48,622,060 for the benefit of one of the other founders of Sterling Partners. Since 2007 each Executive DCP has been administered as described below. On the closing date of the leveraged buyout, each Executive DCP was credited with a number of phantom shares of our common stock equal to the number of shares that Mr. Becker or such other founder of Sterling Partners, as applicable, could have acquired in the leveraged buyout if all of the options and PSUs, as applicable, had been cancelled in exchange for a number of shares (the "Phantom Shares"), equal to the quotient of (x) the aggregate cash payment that Mr. Becker and such other founder of Sterling Partners, as the case may be, would have received (based on a per share value of $60.50) on a pre-tax basis, in respect of such cancelled options and PSUs, as applicable, on the closing date of leveraged buyout divided by (y) the value of one share of Laureate common stock as it existed immediately after giving effect to the leveraged buyout.
Each of Mr. Becker and one of the other founders of Sterling Partners have been fully vested at all times since the leveraged buyout in his respective Executive DCP. Pursuant to the Executive DCP, the value of Mr. Becker's Executive DCP was based on the underlying value of our common stock, subject to a maximum 5% compound annual return until the earliest of an initial public offering of our shares of common stock, September 17, 2014 or a change in control of the Company. On December 30, 2016, the Company's obligations under the Executive DCP were satisfied in full.
On September 17, 2014 (the "Distribution Date"), we made a cash payment to Mr. Becker in the amount of $50 million and the number of Phantom Shares in his Executive DCP was reduced accordingly. The remaining Phantom Shares in Mr. Becker's Executive DCP had an imputed value of $61.4 million as of December 31, 2014. Under the terms of the arrangement, $53.0 million was payable on September 17, 2015, and the remainder was payable on September 17, 2016. The participants agreed to extend the payment due on September 17, 2015 (the "2015 Executive DCP Obligation"), the first anniversary of the Distribution Date, until December 31, 2015. The participants also agreed to extend the payment due on September 17, 2016 (the "2016 Executive DCP Obligation") until December 31, 2016, in order to agree with us on a form of payment that we believe more closely aligns with our long-term interests and the long-term interests of our securityholders.
In accordance with an agreement we entered into with Mr. Becker on December 24, 2015, on December 29, 2015 (the "2015 Executive DCP Closing Date"), we satisfied the 2015 Executive DCP Obligation to Mr. Becker by paying him $53.8 million, including $3.8 million in interest from the Distribution Date to the 2015 Executive DCP Closing Date. The payment consisted of $22.6 million in cash and $31.2 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes. Any remaining Phantom Shares in Mr. Becker's Executive DCP were to have been distributed to Mr. Becker on September 17, 2016. The remaining Phantom Shares in Mr. Becker's Executive DCP had an imputed value of $10.6 million as of December 31, 2015.
In accordance with an agreement we entered into with Mr. Becker on December 30, 2016, on December 30, 2016 (the "2016 Executive DCP Closing Date"), we satisfied the 2016 Executive DCP Obligation to Mr. Becker by paying him $11.1 million, including $0.5 million in interest from September 17, 2015 to the 2016 Executive DCP Closing Date. The payment consisted of $4.6 million in cash and $6.4 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes. See "2016 Nonqualified Deferred
294
Compensation." Following the satisfaction of the 2016 Executive DCP Obligation, the Company's obligations under the Executive DCPs were satisfied in full.
Incentive Profits Interests. Additionally, in connection with the leveraged buyout and in connection with Mr. Becker's service as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Laureate, Wengen granted Mr. Becker a profits interest in Wengen ("Executive Profits Interests" or "EPI"), allowing Mr. Becker the potential to share in a portion of Wengen's profits. As of December 31, 2014, all the Executive Profits Interests were vested. Upon the consummation of this offering, all of Mr. Becker's Executive Profits Interests will be liquidated and exchanged for a number of shares of our Class B common stock currently held by Wengen having an aggregate fair market value equal to that portion of Wengen's share in us to which Mr. Becker would have been entitled on account of the liquidated Executive Profits Interests (the "EPI Shares"). Assuming an initial public offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, Mr. Becker will receive zero EPI Shares. In addition, the Company will grant to Mr. Becker options to purchase shares (representing that number of shares of our Class B common stock necessary, when added to the shares transferred by Wengen pursuant to the previous sentence above, for Mr. Becker to have the same ownership percentage of us that the Executive Profits Interests represented in the profits of Wengen) of the Company's Class B common stock at a per share exercise price equal to the initial public offering price of a share of our Class A common stock, all of which options will be fully vested on the grant date (the "EPI Options").
In connection with the leveraged buyout, an entity affiliated with the Sterling Founders, of which Mr. Becker owns approximately 24%, received profits interests in Wengen as compensation for services provided in connection with the leveraged buyout. Effective upon completion of this offering, all of these profits interests will be liquidated in exchange for the transfer to this affiliated entity by Wengen of zero shares of our Class B common stock held by Wengen, assuming an offering price of $ per share, the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.
Pursuant to an agreement the Sterling Founders entered into on January 20, 1999 in connection with a partnership formed by them (the "Founders' Agreement"), the Sterling Founders share equally, on a net after-tax basis, in certain equity-based compensation they receive, in the aggregate, in connection with services rendered by any of them to certain entities, including Laureate. The Founders' Agreement provides, in certain circumstances, and subject to contractual restrictions, that securities received by a Sterling Founder as compensation for services rendered by him to certain entities shall be assigned or transferred to the Sterling Founders pro-rata, or a partnership they form, as soon as practicable after such assignment or transfer is permitted by contract and applicable law. The Founders' Agreement further provides that if such securities or other property are not transferable or assignable, the rights to receive the net proceeds of such property upon disposition shall be so transferred or assigned. Prior to any such transfer or assignment, each Sterling Founder controls the voting and disposition of any such securities received by such Sterling Founder.
As a result, each Sterling Founder has an economic interest in any share-based compensation received by Mr. Becker in connection with his employment by the Company or any holdings he has in the Company, including any dividends on, or the proceeds from the sale of the shares of Class B common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options that are to be issued to Mr. Becker in connection with the liquidation of all of his Executive Profits Interests once such options are exercised by Mr. Becker.
President and Chief Operating Officer Compensation . On July 6, 2015, the Company entered into an offer letter with Enderson Guimarães pursuant to which Mr. Guimarães agreed to serve as the Company's President and Chief Operating Officer, effective as of September 1, 2015. The following description of the offer letter is qualified in its entirety by the full terms and conditions of the offer
295
letter. The offer letter is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and is incorporated herein by reference.
Salary and Incentive Compensation. Pursuant to the offer letter, Mr. Guimarães's base salary was $900,000 annually and his target AIP award is 130% of annual base salary. Effective March 1, 2016, the Compensation Committee increased Mr. Guimarães's annual base salary to $906,017.
LTIP. Mr. Guimarães is also eligible to participate in a cash LTIP plan valued at $1,000,000 in 2016 and $1,500,000 in 2017, subject to the terms of the plan as amended from time to time. Goals are tied to achievement of Adjusted Financing EBITDA goals in the Laureate long range plans for 2016 and 2017. Payment will be based on achievement of at least 98% of the Adjusted Financing EBITDA target for each year. Payment, if earned, will be made as soon as administratively practicable after the end of the performance period.
Equity Grant. Mr. Guimarães is eligible to participate in the 2013 Plan, as amended from time to time. Pursuant to the offer letter, his annual long term equity incentive target is equal to 408% of annual base salary. Mr. Guimarães's offer letter provided, subject to approval by the Compensation Committee, for an equity award to be valued at $18.36 million on the date of grant, representing the first five years of annual long-term equity incentive awards delivered on a "front-loaded" basis, in a mixture of time and performance vesting stock options and PSUs, each with respect to our common stock (with the value for the stock options to be determined using the Company's standard Black-Scholes assumptions applied as of the date of grant and the value for the PSUs to be determined by dividing the target value for the PSUs by the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date as determined by the Compensation Committee in accordance with its equity grant policy). These equity awards vest ratably over a five-year period, subject to continued employment. In addition to the forgoing, Mr. Guimarães's offer letter also provided for a grant of 62,500 time-based vesting RSUs under the 2013 Plan that will vest in full on December 31, 2017.
On September 17, 2015, the Compensation Committee approved the grant of 650,141 time-based stock options, 332,608 performance-based stock options, 174,392 PSUs, and 62,500 RSUs to Mr. Guimarães. The time-based stock options granted to Mr. Guimarães vest in equal annual installments over a five year period beginning on December 31, 2015, subject to continued employment on each applicable vesting date. Performance based stock options granted to Mr. Guimarães vest in equal annual installments over a five-year period based on satisfaction of the annual Equity Value Target described above, subject to continued employment on each applicable vesting date. See "Outstanding Equity Awards" for information about the vesting terms of our outstanding options. The PSUs granted to Mr. Guimarães vest in equal annual installments over a five-year period subject to satisfaction of the Equity Value Target described above, subject to continued employment. The portion of the initial grant of PSUs subject to achievement of each of the 2015 and 2016 Equity Value Targets will first be eligible to vest after the publication of audited financial statements for 2016. The remaining portion of the PSUs is eligible to vest based on achievement of the applicable 2017, 2018, and 2019 Equity Value Targets. All the RSUs granted to Mr. Guimarães will vest on December 31, 2017, subject to continued employment. In consideration of a decrease in the estimated fair market value of the Company's common stock after the September 2015 equity grant, on December 16, 2015 the Compensation Committee approved an additional grant of 10,937 RSUs and 30,518 PSUs to Mr. Guimarães. The terms of the December 2015 grants are substantially the same as the terms of the September 2015 grants. If Mr. Guimarães's employment is terminated without cause (other than due to death or disability) prior to December 31, 2017, the 73,437 RSUs granted to Mr. Guimarães in 2015 will vest immediately, provided Mr. Guimarães signs a required separation and release agreement within the time period specified in the agreements.
Severance. Mr. Guimarães will receive severance equal to one year of base salary and target bonus if his employment is terminated without cause within 24 months of the beginning of his
296
employment, provided he signs a required separation and release agreement within the time period specified in the offer letter.
Benefits. Mr. Guimarães was eligible for our standard U.S. employee benefits package on the first day of the month following one full calendar month of employment. We provided provisional housing for up to six months and reasonable relocation expenses.
Eilif Serck-Hanssen Offer Letter . At the time Mr. Serck-Hanssen was hired as our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer in July 2008, our other executive officers were parties to retention agreements entered into in connection with the leveraged buyout, which have since expired, that provided, among other things, for a lump sum severance benefit in the event we terminated the executive's employment without cause. Because Mr. Serck-Hanssen was being hired as an executive officer at a time when these retention agreements were still in effect, the Compensation Committee thought it appropriate to authorize Mr. Serck-Hanssen's written offer of employment to include a provision entitling Mr. Serck-Hanssen to the same lump sum severance benefit in the event we terminate his employment without cause. See "Potential Payouts Upon Termination or Change in ControlInvoluntary Termination Without Cause" for a discussion of the severance benefits available to Mr. Serck-Hanssen.
Grants of Plan-Based Awards in 2016
The table below sets forth information regarding grants of plan-based awards to our Named Executive Officers in 2016. The grants include award opportunities for our Named Executive Officers under our AIP for performance during 2016, equity awards made in October to the Named Executive Officers other than Mr. Guimarães and Berckemeyer, and the incremental fair value on the modification date of June 17 of repricing certain stock options granted under the 2013 Plan. See "Compensation Discussion and AnalysisElements of Laureate's Compensation ProgramIncentive Opportunity" and "2016 Stock Option Repricing/Retention Equity Grant" above for further discussion of these grants.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All Other
Stock Awards: Number of Shares of Stock or Units (#) |
All Other
Option Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Options (#) |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
Estimated Future Payouts
Under Non-Equity Incentive Plan Awards |
Estimated Future Payouts
Under Equity Incentive Plan Awards |
|
Grant Date
Fair Value of Stock and Option Awards ($) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
Exercise or
Base Price of Option Awards ($/share) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name
|
Grant
Date |
Award
Type |
Threshold
($) |
Target
($) |
Maximum
($) |
Threshold
(#) |
Target
(#) |
Maximum
(#) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Douglas L. Becker |
2/10/16 | AIP(1)(2) | 1 | 1,221,892 | 2,443,784 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/2/13 | Options(3) | 802,212 | 23.20 | 2,117,841 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/25/16 | Time Options(4) | 114,790 | 23.36 | 1,382,072 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/25/16 | Performance Options(5) | 23,739 | 47,477 | 47,477 | 23.36 | 571,632 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
2/10/16 |
AIP(1)(2) |
1 |
504,879 |
1,009,758 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/2/13 | Options(3) | 254,777 | 23.20 | 672,613 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/25/16 | RSUs(6) | 21,607 | 504,739 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/25/16 | PSUs(7) | 4,321 | 8,643 | 8,643 | 201,900 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ricardo M. Berckemeyer |
2/10/16 |
AIP(1)(2) |
1 |
835,877 |
1,671,755 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/2/13 | Options(3) | 256,250 | 23.20 | 676,500 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/25/16 | RSUs(6) | 21,607 | 504,745 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/25/16 | PSUs(7) | 4,321 | 8,643 | 8,643 | 8,642 | 201,895 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Enderson Guimarães |
2/10/16 |
AIP(1)(2) |
1 |
1,177,821 |
2,355,643 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
9/17/15 | Options(3) | 982,750 | 23.20 | 746,890 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Paula Singer |
2/10/16 |
AIP(1)(2) |
1 |
696,564 |
1,393,129 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/2/13 | Options(3) | 256,250 | 23.20 | 676,500 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/25/16 | RSUs(6) | 10,714 | 250,285 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/25/16 | PSUs(7) | 2,143 | 4,285 | 4,285 | 100,115 |
297
Mr. Berckemeyer 120%; Mr. Guimarães 130%; and Ms. Singer 100%. The maximum 2016 AIP opportunity for each Named Executive Officer was equal to 200% of his or her 2016 AIP target award. See "Annual Cash Incentive Opportunity" above for more information regarding the AIP.
Outstanding Equity Awards at 2016 Year End
The following table provides information concerning unexercised options, PSUs, RSUs and restricted shares that have not vested as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year for each Named Executive Officer. Each outstanding award is represented by a separate row, which indicates the number of securities underlying the award, including awards that have been transferred other than for value (if any).
For option awards, the table discloses the number of shares underlying both exercisable and unexercisable options, as well as the exercise price and the expiration date. For stock unit awards, the table provides the total number of units that have not vested and the aggregate market value of shares of stock issuable upon vesting of these units that have not vested.
We computed the market value of stock unit awards by multiplying the Compensation Committee's estimate of the fair market value of our common stock at the end of the most recently completed fiscal year ($22.64) by the number of shares of stock or units.
Stock options granted under the 2013 Plan have a ten-year term and must have an exercise price of no less than fair market value on the date of grant. The Compensation Committee has adopted an equity grant policy that requires the Compensation Committee to have received an independent appraisal of our common stock from a nationally recognized investment banking firm that is based on our financial results within one calendar quarter of the option grant date ("current appraisal") before granting options under the 2013 Plan. When granting options, the Compensation Committee reviews the current appraisal and, if the Compensation Committee determines that no facts have arisen since the delivery of the current appraisal that would make the current appraisal unreasonable, sets a fair market value for our shares it believes to be reasonable and supportable considering the data included in the current appraisal. Pursuant to its equity grant policy, the exercise price for all options is equal to the fair market value set by the Compensation Committee in accordance with its equity grant policy. The value of our stock options to each grantee is entirely dependent on stock price appreciation beyond the date of grant and the ability to sell the shares acquired upon exercise of options. See "Certain Relationships and Related Party TransactionsManagement Stockholder's Agreements" for a discussion of the voting and transfer restrictions applicable to shares acquired upon exercise of vested options. On June 17, 2016, the board of directors approved a repricing of certain stock options issued under the 2013 Plan. See "2016 Stock Option Repricing/Retention Equity Grant."
The following table sets forth information regarding outstanding equity awards held by our Named Executive Officers as of the end of 2016, including equity awards granted under our 2007 Plan and 2013 Plan to the Named Executive Officers.
298
OUTSTANDING EQUITY AWARDS AT FISCAL YEAR END
|
|
Option Awards | Stock Awards | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name
|
Original
Grant Date |
Number of
Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable(1) |
Number of
Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable(2) |
Equity
Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options (#)(3) |
Option
Exercise Price($) |
Option
Expiration Date |
Number
of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (#)(4) |
Market
Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested ($) |
Equity
Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested (#)(5) |
Equity
Incentive Plan Awards: Market or Payout Value of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested ($) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Douglas L. Becker |
10/2/13 | 595,929 | 114,601 | 91,681 | $ | 23.20 | (6) | 10/2/23 | 72,506 | 1,641,536 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/25/16 | | 114,790 | 47,477 | $ | 23.36 | 10/25/26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
8/5/08 |
281,250 |
$ |
21.28 |
8/5/18 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/2/13 | 189,263 | 36,396 | 29,117 | $ | 23.20 | (6) | 10/2/23 | 23,027 | 521,343 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
5/14/15 | 20,380 | 461,403 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/25/16 | 21,607 | 489,182 | 8,643 | 195,678 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ricardo Berckemeyer |
10/2/07 |
402,500 |
$ |
18.36 |
10/2/17 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/2/13 | 190,357 | 36,607 | 29,285 | $ | 23.20 | (6) | 10/2/23 | 23,160 | 524,354 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/25/16 | 21,607 | 489,188 | 8,642 | 195,672 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Enderson Guimarães |
9/17/15 |
326,578 |
390,085 |
266,087 |
$ |
23.20 |
(6) |
9/17/25 |
62,500 |
1,415,000 |
174,392 |
3,948,235 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
12/16/15 | 10,937 | 247,625 | 30,518 | 690,945 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Paula Singer |
10/2/07 |
445,000 |
$ |
18.36 |
10/2/17 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/2/13 | 190,357 | 36,607 | 29,285 | $ | 23.20 | (6) | 10/2/23 | 23,160 | 524,354 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
10/25/16 | 10,714 | 242,571 | 4,285 | 97,029 |
299
Option Exercises and Restricted Stock Vested During Fiscal 2016
The following table includes certain information with respect to vesting of restricted shares during fiscal 2016. We have omitted the columns pertaining to Option Awards as they are inapplicable, because no Named Executive Officer exercised any options during fiscal 2016.
OPTION EXERCISES AND STOCK VESTED
|
Stock Awards | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Number
of Shares Acquired on Vesting(#) |
Value
Realized on Vesting($) |
|||||
Douglas L. Becker |
36,253 | (1) | $ | 842,520 | |||
Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
16,513 | (2) | $ | 374,108 | |||
Ricardo Berckemeyer |
11,580 | (3) | $ | 269,125 | |||
Enderson Guimarães |
| | |||||
Paula Singer |
19,080 | (4) | $ | 433,698 |
2016 Pension Benefits
No Named Executive Officer participates in any defined benefit pension plan or arrangement provided by Laureate.
2016 Nonqualified Deferred Compensation
Our Post-2004 DCP permits eligible employees the opportunity to defer up to 85% of their base salaries and 100% of any bonus, or annual cash and/or long-term incentive awards, which may be allocated to notional investments selected by the participants that are similar to investment alternatives available in our 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan and pay out following termination of employment or other selected payout schedule, which payouts will be made in a lump sum or in installments, at the election of the participants. The minimum annual deferral amount under the Post-2004 DCP is $5,000. Each year, a participant may elect to receive that year's deferral balance in a future year while the participant is still employed (a scheduled in-service withdrawal) or after employment terminates (a retirement payment). Each year, we have the ability, but not the obligation, to make matching
300
employer contributions to each participant's Post-2004 DCP account if the participant made salary reduction contributions to the 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan, received less than the full match under the 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan on the salary reduction contribution because of the limit in Section 401(a)(17) of the Code on compensation and made at least a $5,000 minimum contribution to his or her 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan account. To date, we have not chosen to make a matching contribution to any participant's Post-2004 DCP account, nor have we chosen to make any other discretionary employer contributions permitted under the Post-2004 DCP. In the event of death or disability prior to terminating employment, the participant's Post-2004 DCP balance will be distributed (to the participant's beneficiaries, in the case of death), in a lump sum the February following the year in which death or disability occurs. In the event of termination of employment, Post-2004 DCP balances will be distributed in a lump sum or in up to ten annual installments (based on the termination payment election the participant had previously made for each Post-2004 DCP annual year contribution), beginning in February following the year in which the participant's employment was terminated. If there is a separation of service without an effective termination payment election for a Plan year, that Plan year's deferral balance will be paid in a lump sum in the February following the year of separation of service. Mr. Becker also participates in a deferred compensation plan that was frozen and closed to new participants in December 2004 (the "Pre-2005 DCP"). No contributions were made to the Pre-2005 DCP in 2016. The payout terms of the Pre-2005 DCP are like those of the Post-2004 DCP. No other Named Executive Officer participates in the Pre-2005 DCP.
Prior to the leveraged buyout in 2007, Mr. Becker had options to purchase shares of our common stock and PSUs, which, based on a value of $60.50 per share, would have entitled Mr. Becker to $78.1 million if such options and PSUs were cashed out in connection with the leveraged buyout. In connection with the leveraged buyout, Mr. Becker agreed to cancel his options and PSUs in exchange for us establishing a deferred compensation plan for him, under which Mr. Becker had rights to receive cash payments in subsequent years. We established Mr. Becker's Executive DCP with an account value of $78.1 million. On the closing date of the leveraged buyout, Mr. Becker's Executive DCP was credited with a number of phantom shares of our common stock equal to the number of shares that Mr. Becker could have acquired in the leveraged buyout if all of the options and PSUs had been cancelled in exchange for Phantom Shares equal to the quotient of (x) the aggregate cash payment that Mr. Becker would have received (based on a per share value of $60.50) on a pre-tax basis, in respect of such cancelled options and PSUs on the closing date of the leveraged buyout divided by (y) the value of one share of Laureate common stock as it existed immediately after giving effect to the leveraged buyout.
Mr. Becker has been fully vested at all times since the leveraged buyout in his Executive DCP. Pursuant to the Executive DCP, the value of Mr. Becker's Executive DCP was based on the underlying value of our common stock, subject to a maximum 5% compound annual return until the earliest of an initial public offering of our shares of common stock, September 17, 2014 or a change in control of the Company. As of December 31, 2016 the Company's obligations under the Executive DCP have been satisfied in full. See "Compensation Discussion and AnalysisArrangements with Certain Named Executive OfficersChairman and Chief Executive Officer Compensation" above for further discussion of the Executive DCP and the payments made in 2016.
Information regarding Mr. Becker's and Ms. Singer's participation in the Post-2004 DCP and Mr. Becker's participation in the Pre-2005 DCP and the Executive DCP is included in the following table.
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NONQUALIFIED DEFERRED COMPENSATION
Name
|
Executive
Contributions in Last FY ($)(1) |
Registrant
Contributions in Last FY ($) |
Aggregate
Earnings (Loss) in Last FY($)(2) |
Aggregate
Withdrawals/ Distributions ($) |
Aggregate
Balance at Last FYE($) |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Douglas L. Becker(1) |
| | $ | 1,231,301 | $ | 11,059,241 | $ | 8,410,008 | ||||||||
Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
| | | | | |||||||||||
Ricardo M. Berckemeyer |
| | | | | |||||||||||
Enderson Guimarães |
| | | | | |||||||||||
Paula Singer |
$ | 121,464 | | $ | 54,853 | | $ | 1,198,469 |
Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control
The table below reflects potential payments to each of our Named Executive Officers in various termination and change in control scenarios based on compensation, benefits and equity levels in effect on December 30, 2016, which was the last business day of fiscal 2016. The amounts shown assume that the termination or change in control event was effective as of December 30, 2016. For stock valuations, we have assumed that the price per share is the fair market value of our stock at December 30, 2016, as determined by the Compensation Committee in accordance with its equity grant policy, which was $22.64. The table below excludes any amounts payable to the Named Executive Officer to the extent that these amounts are available generally to all salaried employees and do not discriminate in favor of our executive officers.
Potential Payments upon Termination
Payments Regardless of Manner of Termination . Regardless of the termination scenario, the Named Executive Officers will receive earned but unpaid base salary through the employment termination date, along with any other accrued or vested payments or benefits owed under any of our plans or agreements covering the Named Executive Officer as governed by the terms of those plans or agreements.
Payments Upon Termination Due to Death or Disability . In the event of a termination due to death or disability, with respect to each Named Executive Officer, all unvested RSUs, PSUs or options will be forfeited, except that: (i) any such unvested RSUs or time options that would have vested subsequent to, but during the same calendar year as, the death or disability will become vested; and (ii) any unvested performance options or PSUs that would, but for the termination of employment due to death or disability, have vested had the applicable performance goal for the calendar year during which the death or disability occurred been achieved will remain outstanding until the Compensation Committee determines whether the applicable performance goal has been achieved and will become vested if and when the Compensation Committee determines that the applicable performance goal has
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been achieved or will terminate on the date the Compensation Committee determines that the applicable performance goal has not been achieved, and the balance of the unvested portion of the performance option or PSU will terminate as of the date of termination of employment due to death or disability. In the event of a termination due to death or disability, vested options may (by the employee's beneficiary in the case of death) be exercised only for a period of two years from the termination due to death or disability of the Named Executive Officer.
In the event of termination due to death or disability, Mr. Becker's or Ms. Singer's Post-2004 DCP balance or Mr. Becker's Pre-2005 DCP balance will be distributed (to his or her beneficiaries, in the case of death), in a lump sum the February following the year in which his or her death or disability occurs.
Involuntary Termination and Resignation for Good Reason . If a Named Executive Officer's employment is terminated by us without cause or he or she resigns for good reason all unvested RSUs, PSUs and options will be forfeited; provided, however, that if the termination occurs subsequent to the end of a fiscal year but prior to the publication of our audited financial statements for such year and the Compensation Committee determines, upon publication of such financial statements, that one or more tranches of performance-vested stock options or PSUs would have vested and become nonforfeitable based upon the audited financial statements for such year, that portion of the performance-vested stock options or PSUs that would otherwise have become vested and nonforfeitable had the termination occurred after the date of the Compensation Committee's determination will become vested and nonforfeitable upon such determination, and he or she will have 90 days from the termination date to exercise any vested options held on the termination date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon the termination of Mr. Guimarães's employment as a result of: (x) termination by the Company without cause prior to December 31, 2017, provided he executes and allows to become effective a customary release agreement, (y) his death during 2017; or (z) his termination due to permanent disability during 2017, all of the RSUs granted to him in September and December of 2015 will become vested and nonforfeitable on the effective date of such qualifying termination.
For each Named Executive Officer other than Mr. Becker, "good reason" is defined as (i) a reduction in base salary (other than a general reduction in base salary that affects all similarly situated employees), (ii) a substantial diminution in the Named Executive Officer's title, duties and responsibilities, other than any isolated, insubstantial and inadvertent failure by the Company or its subsidiaries that is not in bad faith, or (iii) a transfer of the Named Executive Officer's primary workplace by more than 50 miles from his or her current workplace; provided, however, that in any event, such conduct is not cured within ten business days after the Named Executive Officer gives the Company notice of such event.
For Mr. Becker, "good reason" is defined as (i) demotion from the position of CEO, or his duties and responsibilities are materially and substantially diminished as a whole; (ii) a reduction in his base salary; (iii) the removal of or failure to reelect him as a member of the board of directors other than as a result of his voluntary resignation or choice not to stand for reelection or reappointment or as required by applicable law; (iv) requiring him to be based (excluding travel responsibilities in the ordinary course of business) at any office or location more than 25 miles from our Baltimore office; (v) the failure by any successor to expressly assume all of our obligations under his employment agreement, if any; or (vi) after a change in control, his duties are inconsistent in any material respect with his position (including, without limitation, his status, office, title, or reporting relationship), authority, control, duties or responsibilities immediately prior to the change in control.
If Mr. Serck-Hanssen's employment is terminated by us without cause, he will receive a lump sum cash payment equal to 18 months' base salary and 150% of the target cash award under the AIP for the fiscal year in which the termination occurs, if Mr. Serck-Hanssen executes and allows to become effective a customary release agreement, which includes a two-year covenant not to compete or disclose confidential information, as required in his offer letter.
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If, on or prior to September 1, 2017, the Company terminates Mr. Guimarães's or Mr. Berckemeyer's employment without cause, provided the executive executes and allows to become effective a customary release agreement, the Company will pay to the executive a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to the sum of (i) a full year of the executive's annual base salary at the rate in effect at the time of his termination, and (ii) 100% of the target cash bonus award under the AIP in effect at the time of such termination, less applicable taxes and withholdings, as required in their Executive Retention Agreements.
For each Named Executive Officer, other than Mr. Becker, "cause" means (i) gross negligence or willful malfeasance in connection with the performance of his or her duties; (ii) conviction of, or pleading guilty or nolo contendere to, any felony; (iii) theft, embezzlement, fraud or other similar conduct by the executive in connection with the performance of his or her duties; or (iv) a willful and material breach of any other applicable agreements including, without limitation, engaging in any action in breach of any applicable restrictive covenants.
In Mr. Becker's case, "cause" means (i) gross negligence or willful malfeasance in connection with the performance of his duties (other than in the event he had a reasonable good faith belief that the act, omission or failure to act in question was not a violation of law), in each case, that would be reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our business; (ii) the abuse of drugs or alcohol or conduct involving moral turpitude that would be reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our business; (iii) his misappropriation of any material business opportunity; provided, however, that, solely for this purpose, he shall not be deemed to have misappropriated a material business opportunity by virtue of any action taken by Sterling Capital (an affiliate of Sterling) or any of its affiliates, unless he knows of such action before the date it occurs (or, if earlier, before the date of a binding commitment to complete such action) and he fails to disclose such action to our directors; (iv) his being barred or prohibited by the SEC or any other governmental authority from holding the position of CEO; or (v) the willful and material breach of any other applicable agreements with Laureate or Wengen including, without limitation, engaging in any action in breach of any applicable restrictive covenants.
Payments Upon Voluntary Resignation or Termination for Cause . If any Named Executive Officer resigns without good reason or is terminated by the Company for cause, he or she will forfeit all unvested equity grants and, if he or she resigns without good reason, all vested but unexercised options held at the time of termination will be exercisable for a period of 90 days post-termination. If employment is terminated by the Company for cause, all vested awards also will be forfeited. Vested stock options will remain exercisable for a period of two years post-termination of employment for any participant, including any Named Executive Officer, who (a) has a minimum of five continuous years of service with us and (b) provides at least six months' prior written notice of his or her resignation.
Potential Payments Upon a Change in Control
Immediately prior to a change in control all unvested restricted shares will vest.
If a Named Executive Officer ceases to be an eligible individual under the 2013 Plan coincident with or within 18 months after a change in control as a result of an involuntary termination without cause or the Named Executive Officer's resignation with good reason (a "Qualifying Termination"), to the extent not already vested or previously forfeited, (1) that portion of time vested options and that portion of the RSUs that would otherwise have become vested and exercisable on or before the third anniversary of the effective date of the Qualifying Termination will become vested and exercisable immediately prior to the effective date of the Qualifying Termination and the balance of the unvested portion of the time vested options will terminate without becoming vested, and (2) that portion of performance options and PSUs that would otherwise have become vested and exercisable had we achieved the applicable performance goal in the three fiscal years (or, if shorter, the remaining initial
304
target years) ending coincident with or immediately subsequent to the effective date of the Qualifying Termination will become vested and exercisable immediately prior to the effective date of the Qualifying Termination and the balance of the unvested portion of the performance options or PSUs will terminate without becoming vested.
Name
|
Benefit |
Without
Cause/Good Reason Termination |
Termination
due to Death or Disability(1) |
Change in
Control plus Qualifying Termination(1) |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Douglas L. Becker |
Pre-2005 DCP and Post-2004 DCP | $ | 8,079,447 | |||||||||
|
Acceleration of PSU vesting(2) | $ | 1,641,536 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Total | $ | 8,079,447 | $ | 1,641,536 | |||||||
Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
Cash Severance(3) |
$ |
1,648,282 |
$ |
1,648,282 |
|||||||
|
Acceleration of RSU vesting | $ | 950,586 | (4) | ||||||||
|
Acceleration of PSU vesting(2) | $ | 717,020 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Total | $ | 1,648,282 | $ | 3,315,888 | |||||||
Ricardo M. Berckemeyer |
Cash Severance(5) |
$ |
1,532,442 |
$ |
1,532,442 |
|||||||
|
Acceleration of RSU vesting | $ | 489,188 | (4) | ||||||||
|
Acceleration of PSU vesting(2) | $ | 720,026 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Total | $ | 1,532,442 | $ | 2,741,655 | |||||||
Enderson Guimarães |
Cash Severance(5) |
$ |
2,083,838 |
$ |
2,083,838 |
|||||||
|
Acceleration of RSU vesting | $ | 1,662,625 | (6) | $ | 1,662,625 | (4) | |||||
|
Acceleration of PSU vesting(2) | $ | 4,639,179 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Total | $ | 3,746,463 | $ | 8,385,642 | |||||||
Paula Singer |
Post-2004 DCP |
$ |
1,173,684 |
|||||||||
|
Acceleration of RSU vesting | $ | 242,571 | (4) | ||||||||
|
Acceleration of PSU vesting(2) | $ | 621,383 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Total | $ | 1,173,684 | $ | 863,954 |
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information in this table assumes such termination due to death or disability occurred as of December 30, 2016, there is no acceleration of PSU vesting.
Director Compensation
The following table summarizes the compensation paid to or earned by our directors in 2016. We have omitted from this table the columns for Options Awards, Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation and Change in Pension Value and Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Earnings, as no amounts are required to be reported in any of those columns for any director during 2016.
Each non-employee director is entitled to receive an annual retainer of $50,000. This retainer may be paid in the form of cash, common stock or RSUs, at the election of the director. The number of shares of common stock or RSUs is determined based on the fair market value of our common stock on the date of board approval, with vesting quarterly in arrears. Newly elected, non-employee, independent directors may elect to receive shares equal to up to three additional years of annual retainers at the time of their initial election to our board of directors and may elect to defer vesting of these shares. Each director who is subject to U.S. federal income taxes and is not contractually obligated to remit his director compensation to the Wengen Investor on whose behalf he serves is eligible to participate in our Post-2004 DCP and defer receipt of his annual compensation in accordance with the terms of the Post-2004 DCP. No Wengen-affiliated director deferred any portion of his 2016 compensation.
In addition, our compensation program for non-employee independent directors provided for the following annual cash retainers in 2016, which were paid quarterly in arrears.
|
Member | Chair | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Audit Committee |
$ | 15,000 | $ | 25,000 | |||
Compensation Committee |
$ | 10,000 | $ | 20,000 | |||
Nominating Committee |
$ | 7,500 | $ | 15,000 | |||
Committee on Education |
$ | 10,000 | $ | 50,000 |
Newly elected, non-employee, independent directors are also eligible to receive an annual stock retainer worth $120,000, in the form of restricted shares or RSUs, with the number of shares determined based on the fair market value of our common stock as determined by the Compensation Committee in accordance with its equity grant policy on the initial issuance date. Newly elected, non-employee, independent directors may elect to receive restricted shares or RSUs equal to up to
306
three additional years of annual stock retainers at the time of their initial election to our board of directors and may elect to defer vesting of these shares.
In April 2016, the Compensation Committee approved additional cash compensation for the Company's non-employee, independent directors. For non-employee, independent directors first receiving a stock retainer in 2013, the Compensation Committee approved a one-time additional cash payment of $165,000, payable in 2016. For non-employee, independent directors first receiving a stock retainer in 2014, the Compensation Committee approved a one-time additional cash payment of $165,000, payable in January 2017, in each case provided the director continues to serve on the payment date. Beginning in 2017, non-employee, independent directors will be eligible to receive an annual retainer in an aggregate amount equal to $225,000 per year. The annual retainer will be payable 50% in cash and 50% in shares of restricted stock, with the number of shares of restricted stock determined based on the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date. The shares of restricted stock will vest quarterly in arrears.
None of our directors received separate compensation for attending meetings of our board of directors or any committees thereof. Our CEO, Mr. Becker, is the only director who is also an employee of Laureate. Mr. Becker is not entitled to separate compensation for his service on our board of directors. Non-employee directors are reimbursed for travel and other expenses directly related to director activities and responsibilities.
Name
|
Fees Earned or Paid in
Cash ($) |
Stock Awards ($) |
All Other
Compensation ($) |
Total ($) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Douglas L. Becker(1) |
| | | | |||||||||
Brian F. Carroll(2) |
27,500 | 49,915 | (3) | | 77,415 | ||||||||
Andrew B. Cohen(4) |
| 49,915 | (3) | | 49,915 | ||||||||
Darren M. Friedman(5) |
60,000 | | | 60,000 | |||||||||
John A. Miller(6) |
| 49,915 | (3) | | 49,915 | ||||||||
George Muñoz(7) |
190,000 | | | 190,000 | |||||||||
Judith Rodin(8) |
215,000 | | | 215,000 | |||||||||
Jonathan D. Smidt(9) |
15,000 | 49,915 | (3) | | 64,915 | ||||||||
Ian K. Snow(10) |
65,000 | | | 65,000 | |||||||||
Steven M. Taslitz(11) |
60,000 | | | 60,000 | |||||||||
Quentin Van Doosselaere(12) |
10,000 | 49,915 | (3) | | 59,915 | ||||||||
Robert B. Zoellick(13) |
| | | |
307
308
issued to Bregal. Therefore, we issued to Bregal 2,151 shares of our common stock as compensation for Mr. Van Doosselaere's services as a director during 2016.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation in Compensation Decisions
Steven Taslitz, a member of the Compensation Committee, is the Senior Managing Director of Sterling Partners, and Douglas Becker, our Chairman and CEO, is a director of Sterling Fund Management, LLC, the management affiliate of Sterling Partners. During 2016 no other members of the Compensation Committee (i) had a relationship with us other than as a director and, in certain cases, a stockholder nor (ii) was (A) an officer or employee or a former officer, (B) a participant in a "related person" transaction or (C) an executive officer of another entity where one of our executive officers served on the board of directors. See "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions" for a discussion of certain transactions to which affiliates of the members of the Compensation Committee were party.
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SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common stock at December 1, 2016, and as adjusted to reflect the sale of Class A common stock in this offering, for:
The address of each beneficial owner listed in the table unless otherwise noted is c/o Laureate Education, Inc., 650 South Exeter Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202.
We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC. Except as indicated by the footnotes below, we believe, based on the information furnished to us, that the persons and entities named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock that they beneficially own, subject to applicable community property laws.
Applicable percentage ownership is based on 133,333,558 shares of Class B common stock outstanding at December 1, 2016, including 31,905 shares subject to forfeiture and substantial restriction on transfer, and assuming the reclassification of our existing common stock into an equivalent number of shares of our Class B common stock. The table below does not include any shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of our Series A Preferred Stock. In computing the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we deemed outstanding shares of common stock subject to options held by that person that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of December 1, 2016. We did not deem these shares outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. No shares of Class A common stock will be outstanding prior to the offering.
|
|
|
|
Shares Beneficially Owned After the Offering | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Shares Beneficially Owned
Prior to the Offering |
Assuming No Exercise of
the Underwriters' Option |
Assuming Full Exercise
of the Underwriters' Option |
||||||||||||||||
Name of Beneficial Owner(1)
|
Number of
Shares |
Percentage
of Total Common Stock |
Percentage
of Voting Power(1) |
Percentage
of Total Common Stock |
Percentage
of Voting Power(1) |
Percentage
of Total Common Stock |
Percentage
of Voting Power(1) |
||||||||||||
Wengen Alberta, Limited Partnership(2) |
126,189,616 | 94.6 | % | 94.6 | % | ||||||||||||||
Douglas L. Becker(3)(4) |
676,847 | * | * | ||||||||||||||||
Brian F. Carroll(3)(5) |
16,844 | * | * | ||||||||||||||||
Andrew B. Cohen(3) |
| | | ||||||||||||||||
William L. Cornog(3) |
| | | ||||||||||||||||
Darren M. Friedman(3) |
| | | ||||||||||||||||
John A. Miller(3)(6) |
12,221 | * | * | ||||||||||||||||
George Muñoz(7) |
19,698 | * | * | ||||||||||||||||
Dr. Judith Rodin(8) |
19,698 | * | * | ||||||||||||||||
Jonathan D. Smidt(3)(9) |
16,844 | * | * | ||||||||||||||||
Ian K. Snow(3)(10) |
6,656 | | | ||||||||||||||||
Steven M. Taslitz(3)(11) |
13,889 | | | ||||||||||||||||
Quentin Van Doosselaere(3) |
| | | ||||||||||||||||
Robert B. Zoellick(12) |
18,558 | * | * |
310
|
|
|
|
Shares Beneficially Owned After the Offering | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Shares Beneficially Owned
Prior to the Offering |
Assuming No Exercise of
the Underwriters' Option |
Assuming Full Exercise
of the Underwriters' Option |
||||||||||||||||
Name of Beneficial Owner(1)
|
Number of
Shares |
Percentage
of Total Common Stock |
Percentage
of Voting Power(1) |
Percentage
of Total Common Stock |
Percentage
of Voting Power(1) |
Percentage
of Total Common Stock |
Percentage
of Voting Power(1) |
||||||||||||
Eilif Serck-Hanssen(13) |
517,136 | * | * | ||||||||||||||||
Ricardo Berckemeyer(14) |
634,929 | * | * | ||||||||||||||||
Enderson Guimarães(15) |
326,578 | * | * | ||||||||||||||||
Paula Singer(13)(16) |
704,941 | * | * | ||||||||||||||||
All Current Directors, Director Designees and Executive Officers as a Group (24 persons)(3) |
4,161,062 | 3.1 | % | 3.1 | % |
The following persons hold, through their interests in Wengen, over 5% of our common stock: KKR 2006 Fund (Overseas), Limited Partnership and KKR Partners II (International), L.P.; the Sterling Parties; Point72; Bregal; Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec; and affiliates of Moore Capital Management, LP.
KKR 2006 Fund (Overseas), Limited Partnership and KKR Partners II (International), L.P. hold limited partnership interests in Wengen, and may also be deemed to have voting and investment power over their pro rata portion of the securities owned by Wengen as a result of their ability to direct Wengen with respect to certain voting and disposition of such securities. KKR PI-II GP
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Limited is the general partner of KKR Partners II (International), L.P. KKR Associates 2006 (Overseas), Limited Partnership is the general partner of KKR 2006 Fund (Overseas), Limited Partnership. KKR 2006 Limited is the general partner of KKR Associates 2006 (Overseas), Limited Partnership. KKR Fund Holdings L.P. is the sole shareholder of KKR 2006 Limited. KKR Fund Holdings GP Limited is a general partner of KKR Fund Holdings L.P. KKR Group Holdings L.P. is the sole shareholder of KKR Fund Holdings GP Limited and a general partner of KKR Fund Holdings L.P. KKR Group Limited is the general partner of KKR Group Holdings L.P. KKR & Co. L.P. is the sole shareholder of KKR Group Limited. KKR Management LLC is the general partner of KKR & Co. L.P. Messrs. Henry R. Kravis and George R. Roberts are the designated members of KKR Management LLC. In such capacities, each of the entities and individuals referenced in this paragraph may also be deemed to be the beneficial owners having shared voting power and shared investment power with respect to the securities as described above. The address of each of the persons and entities listed in this paragraph, except Mr. Roberts, is c/o Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. L.P., 9 West 57th Street, New York, New York 10019. The principal business address for Mr. Roberts is c/o Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. L.P., 2800 Sand Hill Road, Suite 200, Menlo Park, California 94025.
Sterling Capital Partners II, L.P., Sterling Capital Partners III, L.P., SP-L Affiliate, LLC, Douglas L. Becker, Steven M. Taslitz and certain of their respective affiliates hold limited partnership interests in Wengen, and may also be deemed to have voting and investment power over their respective pro rata shares of their pro rata portion of the securities owned by Wengen as a result of their respective abilities to direct Wengen with respect to certain voting and disposition of such securities. SC Partners II, L.P. is the sole general partner of Sterling Capital Partners II, L.P., and Sterling Capital Partners II, LLC is the sole general partner of SC Partners II, L.P. SC Partners III, L.P. is the sole general partner of Sterling Capital Partners III, L.P., and Sterling Capital Partners III, LLC is the sole general partner of SC Partners III, L.P. Sterling Capital Partners II, L.P., Sterling Capital Partners III, L.P. and SP-L Affiliate, LLC are ultimately controlled by Messrs. Taslitz and Becker and other principals of Sterling Partners. Each of the aforementioned entities and individuals may also be deemed to be the beneficial owners having voting power and/or investment power with respect to securities of the Company owned directly by Wengen as described above. The business address of each of the persons and entities listed in this footnote, except Mr. Becker, is c/o Sterling Partners, 401 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611. The business address of Mr. Becker is c/o Laureate Education, Inc., 650 S. Exeter Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202.
CPV Holdings, LLC, Point72 Capital International, Ltd., Point72 Capital, L.P. and Point72 GDF, Ltd. hold, directly and indirectly, limited partnership interests in Wengen, and may also be deemed to have voting and investment power over their pro rata portion of the securities owned by Wengen as a result of their ability to direct Wengen with respect to certain voting and disposition of such securities. Pursuant to certain investment management agreements, Point72 Asset Management, L.P. maintains voting and investment power with respect to the securities held by Point72 Capital International, Ltd., Point72 Capital, L.P. and Point72 GDF, Ltd. Point72 Capital Advisors, Inc. is the general partner of Point72 Asset Management, L.P. Steven A. Cohen is the sole shareholder of Point72 Capital Advisors, Inc. and the managing member of CPV Holdings, LLC. In such capacities, each of the entities and individuals referenced in this paragraph may also be deemed to be the beneficial owners having shared voting power and shared investment power with respect to the securities as described above. The address of each of the persons and entities listed in this paragraph, except CPV Holdings, LLC, is c/o Point72, L.P., 72 Cummings Point Road, Stamford, Connecticut 06902. The address of CPV Holdings, LLC is c/o Cohen Private Ventures, LLC, 510 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10022.
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Bregal Europe Co-Investment Limited Partnership holds, directly and indirectly, limited partnership interests in Wengen, and may also be deemed to have voting and investment power over its pro rata portion of the securities owned by Wengen as a result of its ability to direct Wengen with respect to certain voting and disposition of such securities. The General Partner of Bregal Europe Co-Investment Limited Partnership is Bregal General Partner Jersey Limited. The directors of Bregal General Partner Jersey Limited are: Paul Andrew Bradshaw, John Hammill, John David Drury, Andrew Crawford, Wolter Rudolf Brenninkmeijer and Edwin Theo Niers. In such capacities, each of the entities and individuals referenced in this paragraph may also be deemed to be the beneficial owners having shared voting power and shared investment power with respect to the securities as described above. The address of Bregal Europe Co-Investment Limited Partnership is Quartermile One, 15 Lauriston Place, Edinburgh, EH3 9EP, United Kingdom. The address of Bregal General Partner Jersey Limited and the principal business address of each of Messrs. Paul Andrew Bradshaw, John Hammill, and Andrew Crawford is 2nd Floor, Windward House, La Route de la Liberation, St. Helier, JE2 3BQ, Jersey, Channel Islands. The principal business address of each of Messrs. John David Drury and Wolter Rudolf Brenninkmeijer is 81 Fulham Road, 3rd Floor, London SW3 6RD, United Kingdom. The principal business address of Mr. Ewin Niers is Grafenauweg 10, CH-6300, Zug, Switzerland.
Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec holds, directly and indirectly, limited partnership interests in Wengen, and may be deemed to have voting and investment power over its pro rata portion of the securities owned by Wengen as a result of its ability to direct Wengen with respect to certain voting and disposition of such securities. The principal business address for Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec is 1000, place Jean-Paul-Riopelle, Montreal (Québec) H2Z 2B3, Canada.
Kendall Family Investments, LLC, MMF Moore ET Investments, LP and MEM Moore ET Investments, LP hold, directly and indirectly, limited partnership interests in Wengen, and may be deemed to have voting and investment power over their respective pro rata shares of their pro rata portion of the securities owned by Wengen as a result of their respective abilities to direct Wengen with respect to certain voting and disposition of such securities. Louis M. Bacon is the chief executive officer and director of Moore Capital Management, LP, which serves as discretionary investment manager to MMF Moore ET Investments, LP and MEM Moore ET Investments, LP, and the majority equity holder of Kendall Family Investments, LLC. The principal business address of Moore Capital Management, LP is 11 Times Square, New York, New York 10036.
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on certain shares of the Company or proceeds therefrom, upon the distribution or sale of such shares by certain direct owners of Wengen.
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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Management Stockholder's Agreements
Each of the stockholders of the Company who are employees or directors or former employees or directors of the Company has entered into a stockholder's agreement (each, a "Management Stockholder's Agreement") with the Company and Wengen that gives Wengen a proxy to vote such holder's shares of the Company's Class B common stock. In addition to the voting proxy on shares held by current and former employees and directors of the Company, the Management Stockholder's Agreement executed by each current and former employee who owns stock or has been granted options to purchase stock of the Company contains provisions that prohibit the employee or former employee (i) at any time during or after employment with the Company or its subsidiaries, from disclosing or using any confidential information pertaining to the business of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or the Wengen Investors or any of their respective affiliates, except when required to perform his or her duties to the Company or one of its subsidiaries, by law or judicial process; (ii) at any time during employment with the Company or its subsidiaries and for a period of two years thereafter, from directly or indirectly acting as a proprietor, investor, director, officer, employee, substantial stockholder, consultant, or partner in any business that directly competes, at the relevant determination date, with the post-secondary business of the Company or any of their respective affiliates in any geographic area where the Company or its affiliates manufactures, produces, sells, leases, rents, licenses or otherwise provides products or services; and (iii) at any time during employment with the Company or its subsidiaries and for a period of two years thereafter, from directly or indirectly (a) soliciting customers or clients of the Company, any of its subsidiaries, the Wengen Investors or any of their respective affiliates to terminate their relationship with the Company, any of its subsidiaries, the Wengen Investors or any of their respective affiliates or otherwise soliciting such customers or clients to compete with any business of the Company, any of its subsidiaries, the Wengen Investors or any of their respective affiliates or (b) soliciting or offering employment to any person who is, or has been at any time during the 12 months immediately preceding the termination of the employee's employment, employed by the Company or any of its affiliates.
Subsequent to the initial public offering of the Company's common stock, the Management Stockholder's Agreements permit each of the stockholders of the Company who are employees or directors or former employees or directors of the Company to participate in any sale of the Company's common stock by Wengen or any of the Wengen Investors that is registered under the Securities Act (the "piggyback registration rights"), subject to customary underwriters' restrictions including pro rata reduction and execution of customary custody and lockup agreements. The piggyback registration rights provided in the Management Stockholder's Agreements expire upon a change in control of the Company. The registration rights also provide for our indemnification of the stockholders and their affiliates in connection with the "piggyback" registration of their securities.
Agreements with Wengen
Wengen Securityholders' Agreement. The Wengen Investors are subject to the Wengen Securityholders' Agreement, pursuant to which the general partner of Wengen is permitted to develop and implement an initial public offering of our securities and certain of the Wengen Investors have the right to appoint members to the board of directors of Wengen's general partner and Laureate. The Company and Wengen have agreed that, effective upon the closing of this offering, the Wengen Securityholders' Agreement will be amended and restated to make the Company a party thereto and to provide that certain of the Wengen Investors will continue to have the right to elect a majority of our board of directors and coordinate the sale of all shares of our Class B common currently held by Wengen which may be distributed to the Wengen Investors from time to time. The right of Wengen to designate directors shall survive the dissolution of Wengen and shall become rights of the Wengen Investors until they hold less than 40% of the outstanding common stock of Laureate. In addition, the
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right of KKR, Sterling Capital Partners II, L.P., Bregal and Point72 to designate directors shall survive the dissolution of Wengen.
Registration Rights Agreement. Wengen and the Wengen Investors are parties to a registration rights agreement (the "Registration Rights Agreement"), pursuant to which the Wengen Investors have been granted certain registration rights in connection with this offering. Pursuant to the existing Registration Rights Agreement, the Wengen Investors were granted the right, beginning 180 days following the completion of this offering to cause us, at our expense, to use our reasonable best efforts to register certain shares of common stock held by the Wengen Investors and any securities issued in replacement of or in exchange for such shares of common stock for public resale, subject to certain limitations as set forth in the Registration Rights Agreement. The exercise of this "demand" right is limited to ten requests in the aggregate. In the event that we register any of our common stock following completion of this offering, the Wengen Investors and management (pursuant to a provision in the Management Stockholder's Agreements) have a "piggyback right" which allows them to require us to use our reasonable best efforts to include shares of our common stock held by them in such registration, subject to certain limitations. The existing Registration Rights Agreement also provides for our indemnification of the Wengen Investors and management in connection with the registration of their securities. The Company has agreed, effective upon the consummation of this offering, to become a party to the Registration Rights Agreement. A copy of this agreement has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
SFUAD Shared Services Agreement. In June 2008, Laureate entered into an agreement with the College of the Christian Brothers of New Mexico to provide a line of credit of $2.8 million that was to mature on the earlier of six months from the date of the loan or upon Laureate's acquisition of assets from the Christian Brothers relative to College of Santa Fe (now known as the Santa Fe University of Arts and Design, or SFUAD). The agreement was subsequently amended to increase the line of credit to $3.8 million. The interest on the line of credit was 10% per annum payable in arrears on the line of credit termination date. The amounts outstanding under the agreement were secured by land adjacent to the SFUAD campus. During 2009, Laureate transferred the SFUAD line of credit to a newly formed subsidiary. This subsidiary was sold to Wengen for cash of $2.7 million, equal to the outstanding principal and interest on the line of credit. No gain or loss was recognized on the transfer. In connection with the sale of the newly formed subsidiary to Wengen in 2009, Laureate entered into a shared services agreement with SFUAD. During 2014, Laureate entered into a new shared services agreement with SFUAD that replaced the shared services agreement previously entered into in 2009. Laureate provides SFUAD with certain management consulting, legal, tax, finance, accounting, treasury, human resources, and network entry services. The new shared services agreement has a term of five years and automatically renews for two year periods thereafter, unless terminated by either party. As of December 31, 2015, Laureate had recorded a receivable from SFUAD of $0.7 million related to the shared services agreement, substantially all of which was collected subsequent to year-end. As of September 30, 2016, Laureate recorded a related party receivable from SFUAD of $0.2 million. A copy of this agreement has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
During 2013, 14 Laureate institutions entered into global partnership agreements with SFUAD, which have an initial term of five years and provide Laureate students with educational opportunities to study certain academic programs at SFUAD. Under the terms of these agreements, the partnering Laureate institutions commit to pay SFUAD an annual amount each calendar year, which SFUAD then bills to the Laureate institutions on a quarterly basis. The global partnership agreements can be unilaterally canceled by either SFUAD or the Laureate institutions with at least six months prior written notice. Any remaining unpaid commitment amount for that calendar year is contractually owed to SFUAD. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, Laureate recorded a related party payable to SFUAD of $0.5 million and $0.2 million, respectively, for unpaid commitments that we are obligated to pay to SFUAD under the global partnership agreements.
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Agreements with Holders of Series A Preferred Stock
Subscription Agreement
On December 4, 2016, we signed the Subscription Agreement with six investors, including KKR and Snow Phipps, pursuant to which we agreed to issue an aggregate of 400,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock in a private offering for total gross proceeds of $400 million and total net proceeds of approximately $383 million. Closing of the first tranche of funding for this transaction occurred on December 20, 2016 and we received net proceeds, after issuance costs, of approximately $328 million. One investor will fund a portion of its purchase price equal to $57 million (approximately $55 million net of issuance costs) prior to January 23, 2017. The proceeds from the Series A Preferred Stock offering have and will be used to pay transaction expenses, including structuring fees to certain of the purchasers of the Series A Preferred Stock (including a fee of $1.8 million to KKR), to repay any portion of our outstanding debt (other than any debt held by our stockholders, employees, officers or directors, including their affiliates), and for working capital and general corporate purposes. The Subscription Agreement requires us to repay any portion of our outstanding debt (other than any debt held by our stockholders, employees, officers, or directors, including their affiliates) in an amount equal to at least the total proceeds received by the Company under the Subscription Agreement less the amount used to pay our transaction expenses and other fees by not later than the 18 month anniversary of the closing date. However, to the extent the outstanding debt repaid pursuant to the Subscription Agreement repaid consists of revolving loans, we may subsequently redraw such revolving loans. We are not permitted to use any funds paid received pursuant to the Subscription Agreement to acquire the assets or securities of another entity or to purchase, redeem, retire or otherwise acquire, or make any payment in respect of, directly or indirectly, any of our equity securities.
The Company agreed to indemnify each purchaser of Series A Preferred Stock from and against any and all losses incurred by or asserted against any of them by virtue of, among other things, any breach of representations or warranties made by the Company in the Subscription Agreement, any breach, non-compliance or non-fulfillment in any material respect of any covenant or agreement of the Company, or any fraud by the Company. In addition, each purchaser of Series A Preferred Stock, severally (and not jointly and severally), agreed to indemnify and hold harmless the Company from and against all losses incurred by or asserted against the Company by virtue of any breach of any representation or warranty made by such purchaser of Series A Preferred Stock or any fraud of such purchaser of Series A Preferred Stock. We will not be liable to any purchaser of Series A Preferred Stock for any amounts in excess of the purchase price paid by such purchaser.
In connection with the transactions contemplated by the Subscription Agreement, on the Closing Date, the Company will execute both a stockholders agreement (the "Stockholders Agreement") and a registration rights agreement (the "Series A Registration Rights Agreement"). The following summary of the Subscription Agreement, Stockholders Agreement and Series A Registration Rights Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the provisions of the Subscription Agreement, Stockholders Agreement and Series A Registration Rights Agreement, each of which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
Stockholders Agreement
The Stockholders Agreement provides that the shares of Series A Preferred Stock are (i) subject to certain restrictions on transfer, including in advance of a QPO, to our competitors and certain other third parties, (ii) have customary preemptive rights with respect to proposed issuances of our debt and equity securities, and (iii) have tag along rights with respect to any proposed transfer of shares of our capital stock by Wengen. In addition, subject to maintaining certain ownership thresholds and until the closing of this offering, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock have the right to designate one person to be a non-voting observer to attend meetings of the Board of the Directors. As long as a
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Series A Investor holds shares of the Company's capital stock and until the consummation of this offering, the Series A Investors are entitled to certain information from the Company. All of the foregoing rights, other than the tag along rights, will terminate upon consummation of this offering. The tag along rights terminate upon the earlier to occur of (x) the redemption of all of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock in accordance with the terms of the Certificate of Designations and (y) the earlier of (A) the date on which the closing of our first follow-on public offering following this offering in which the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock receive net proceeds not less than the Priority Amount is consummated pursuant to the Certificate of Designations and the Series A Registration Rights Agreement and (B) if then converted, the date which is 120 days (or if a registration is suspended, postponed or otherwise not available pursuant to the terms of the Series A Registration Rights Agreement, then an additional number of days equal to the length of such suspension, postponement or lack of availability) after the date on which an amount of Conversion Stock (as defined in the Stockholders Agreement) equal to or more than the Priority Amount has been registered pursuant to an effective registration statement in accordance with the terms of the Series A Registration Rights Agreement, or if earlier, the date on which at least the Priority Amount under such registration statement has been sold.
Following Closing, and so long as the shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, the Company will be subject to financial covenants relating to total net leverage and trailing 12 months revenue and Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Stockholders Agreement). Failure by the Company to satisfy these covenants would result in the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock obtaining certain remedies, including (i) the ability to appoint an individual to advise the Board of Directors on improving the Company's growth and profitability and (ii) consent to (A) the incurrence of capital expenditures in excess of agreed upon thresholds as set forth in the Stockholders Agreement, (B) additional indebtedness and (C) acquisitions of assets and the establishment of new schools by the Company. In addition, we would be required to implement a one-time cost reduction program.
Series A Registration Rights Agreement
Pursuant to the Series A Registration Rights Agreement, the holders of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to certain demand registration rights following conversion of the shares or within 45 days of the shares becoming required or entitled to be converted. The holders of two-thirds of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to make up to two demands, excluding short form demands, that we register the resale of such shares, subject to the right of the Company to convert a demand registration made by the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock into a follow-on public offering in which the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock receive net proceeds not less than the Priority Amount. The holders of Series A Preferred Stock also have certain piggyback registration rights with respect to registration statements and rights to require us to register for resale such securities pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act.
For underwritten offerings, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock have priority to participate in any demand or piggyback registration up to the Priority Amount or until the Priority Amount is satisfied. Once the Priority Amount is registered or satisfied, the shares of the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock, Wengen and certain other stockholders with registration rights will then be included in the registration on a pro rata basis based upon the number of shares requested to be included in the offering, followed by the shares of the Company requested to be included in the offering; provided, however, that the shares of the Company will have priority over the shares of the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock, Wengen and certain other stockholders with registration rights for underwritten piggyback registrations initiated by the Company.
The Company will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any such registration statements in connection with the exercise of demand and piggyback registration rights by the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock.
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Payments for Airplane Usage Costs
In 2015, 2014 and 2013, we incurred costs of $0.3 million, $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, for the business use of a private airplane that is owned in part by our Chief Executive Officer.
Relationship with KKR Capital Markets
In 2013, we made payments to KKR Capital Markets LLC, an affiliate of KKR, of $0.7 million for services rendered in connection with the refinancing of our debt and new debt issuances.
Since 2013, KKR Corporate Lending LLC, an affiliate of KKR Capital Markets LLC, has been a participating lender under the Company's existing revolving credit facilities and as of September 30, 2016 had received interest payments and amendment consent fees of approximately $2.6 million.
In addition, KKR Capital Markets LLC has acted as a financial adviser in connection with this offering and we have agreed to pay KKR Capital Markets LLC a one-time fee of $1.5 million for its services.
Relationship with KKR Credit
Since 2013, investment funds or accounts managed or advised by KKR Credit Advisors (US) LLC ("KKR Credit") were participating lenders under the Company's existing credit agreements and as of September 30, 2016 had received aggregate principal payments of $14.8 million and interest and amendment fee payments of $30.4 million. Since 2013, investment funds or accounts managed or advised by KKR Credit were also holders of notes issued by the Company and as of September 30, 2016 had received principal payments of approximately $32.5 million and interest payments, consent fees and early redemption premiums of approximately $14.7 million.
As of September 30, 2016, investment funds or accounts managed or advised by KKR Credit held a portion of the Company's first lien term loan.
Relationship to KKR Capstone Americas LLC
We have historically utilized KKR Capstone, a consulting company that works exclusively with KKR's portfolio companies, for consulting services, and paid to KKR Capstone related fees and expenses. References to "KKR Capstone" are to KKR Capstone Americas LLC and their affiliates, which are owned and controlled by their senior management team. KKR Capstone is not a subsidiary or affiliate of KKR. KKR Capstone operates under several consulting agreements with KKR and uses the "KKR" name under license from KKR.
Agreement with Sterling Affiliate
We have agreements with I/O Data Centers, LLC ("I/O") pursuant to which I/O will provide modular data center solutions to the Company. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and the nine months ended September 30, 2015, we incurred costs of $0.7 million and $0.4 million, respectively, for these agreements. In 2015, 2014 and 2013, we incurred costs for these agreements of $0.5 million, $0.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Mr. Taslitz, one of our directors and a Senior Managing Director of Sterling Partners, is a director of I/O. Messrs. Becker and Taslitz, Sterling Partners and certain of its affiliates own, directly or through investment vehicles, an aggregate of approximately 65% of the outstanding equity in I/O.
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Conflicts of Interest Policy
The Audit Committee reviews all relationships and transactions in which the Company and our directors and executive officers or their immediate family members are participants to determine whether such persons have a direct or indirect material interest in any particular transaction. The Company's legal staff is primarily responsible for the development and implementation of processes and controls to obtain information from the directors and executive officers with respect to related person transactions and for then determining, based on the facts and circumstances, whether the Company or a related person has a direct or indirect material interest in the transaction. The Audit Committee of the board of directors reviews and approves or ratifies any related person transaction that meets this standard. In the course of the Audit Committee's review and approval or ratification of a disclosable related person transaction, the committee considers:
Any member of the Audit Committee who is a related person with respect to a transaction under review may not participate in the deliberations or vote respecting approval or ratification of the transaction, provided that such director may be counted in determining the presence of a quorum at a meeting of the committee that considers the transaction. The current Wengen Securityholders' Agreement requires approval of six directors for related party transactions having a value of at least $25 million.
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General
The following descriptions of our capital stock and certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws are summaries and are qualified by reference to the amended and restated certificate of incorporation and the amended and restated bylaws that will be in effect upon completion of this offering. Copies of these documents will be filed with the SEC as exhibits to our registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part. The descriptions of the common stock and preferred stock reflect changes to our capital structure that will occur upon the completion of this offering.
Upon the completion of this offering, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will provide for three classes of common stock: Class A common stock, Class B common stock and common stock. No shares of common stock will be issued or outstanding until the date on which the number of outstanding shares of Class B common stock represents less than 15% of the aggregate number of shares of then outstanding Class A common stock and Class B common stock, at which time all outstanding shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock will automatically convert into shares of common stock. Each share of common stock outstanding prior to this offering will be reclassified as a share of Class B common stock. We intend to effect a 4 to 1 reverse stock split of our common stock prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
Prior to the closing of this offering, the total amount of our authorized capital stock will consist of 1,625,000,000 shares, of which 700,000,000 shares will be designated as Class A common stock, 175,000,000 shares will be designated as Class B common stock, 700,000,000 shares will be undesignated common stock, all with a par value of $0.004 per share, and 50,000,000 shares will be designated as preferred stock, with a par value of $0.001 per share.
As of September 30, 2016, we had outstanding 133,300,971 shares of Class B common stock, which excludes 31,905 shares of Class B common stock subject to forfeiture and substantial restrictions on transfer and assumes the reclassification of all outstanding shares of our existing common stock into shares of Class B common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering. Our outstanding capital stock was held by approximately 195 stockholders of record as of September 30, 2016. As of September 30, 2016, we also had outstanding options to acquire 10,860,526 shares of common stock held by employees, directors and consultants, all of which will become options to acquire an equivalent number of shares of Class B common stock, immediately prior to the completion of this offering. Upon completion of this offering there will be 400,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding.
Class A and Class B Common Stock
Voting Rights
Holders of our Class A and Class B common stock have identical rights, except that holders of our Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share and holders of our Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share. Holders of shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock will vote together as a single class on all matters (including the election of directors) submitted to a vote of stockholders, except that there will be separate votes of holders of shares of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock in the following circumstances:
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Upon the completion of this offering, under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, we may not increase or decrease the authorized number of shares of Class A common stock or Class B common stock without the affirmative vote of the holders of the majority of the combined voting power of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, voting together as a single class. In addition, under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, we may not issue any shares of Class B common stock, other than (1) upon exercise of options, warrants, or similar rights to acquire common stock outstanding, (2) in connection with deferred compensation and executive profit interest arrangements in existence immediately prior to the completion of this offering and (3) in connection with stock dividends, stock splits and similar transactions.
We have not provided for cumulative voting for the election of directors in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation.
Economic Rights
Except as otherwise expressly provided in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or as required by applicable law, shares of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock will have the same rights and privileges and rank equally, share ratably and be identical in all respects as to all matters, including, without limitation, those described below.
Dividends. Subject to preferences that may apply to any shares of preferred stock outstanding at the time, the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock will be entitled to share equally, identically and ratably, on a per share basis, with respect to any dividends that our board of directors may determine to issue from time to time, unless different treatment of the shares of such class is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of the majority of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, each voting separately as a class. In the event a dividend is paid in the form of shares of common stock or rights to acquire shares of common stock, the holders of Class A common stock shall receive shares of Class A common stock, or rights to acquire shares of Class A common stock, as the case may be, and the holders of Class B common stock shall receive shares of Class B common stock, or rights to acquire shares of Class B common stock, as the case may be.
Liquidation Rights. Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock will be entitled to share equally, identically and ratably in all assets remaining after the payment of any liabilities and the liquidation preferences on any outstanding preferred stock, unless different treatment of the shares of such class is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of the majority of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, each voting separately as a class.
Change of Control Transactions. Upon (1) the closing of the sale, exchange, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, (2) the consummation of a merger, consolidation, business combination or other similar transaction which results in our voting securities outstanding immediately prior to the transaction (or the voting securities issued with respect to our voting securities outstanding immediately prior to the transaction) representing less than a majority of the combined voting power and outstanding capital stock of the voting securities of the Company or the surviving or acquiring entity, or (3) the recapitalization, liquidation, dissolution or other similar transaction which
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results in the voting securities outstanding immediately prior to the transaction representing less than a majority of the of the combined voting power and outstanding capital stock of the Company or the surviving entity or parent entity, the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock will be treated equally and identically with respect to shares of Class A common stock or Class B common stock owned by them, unless different treatment of the shares of each class is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, each voting separately as a class.
Subdivisions and Combinations. If we subdivide or combine in any manner outstanding shares of Class A common stock or Class B common stock, the outstanding shares of the other class will be subdivided or combined in the same proportion and manner, unless different treatment of the shares of each class is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, each voting separately as a class.
Conversion
Each share of Class B common stock is convertible at any time at the option of the holder into one share of Class A common stock. In addition, each share of Class B common stock will convert automatically into one share of Class A common stock upon any transfer, whether or not for value, except for certain transfers described in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, including transfers for tax and estate planning purposes, including to trusts, corporations and partnerships controlled by a holder of Class B common stock.
Upon the death or permanent incapacity of a holder of Class B common stock who is a natural person, the Class B common stock held by that person or his or her permitted estate planning entities will convert automatically into Class A common stock.
Once converted into Class A common stock, the Class B common stock will not be reissued.
Our Class A common stock and Class B common stock will each convert automatically into a single class of common stock on the date on which the number of outstanding shares of Class B common stock represents less than 15% of the aggregate combined number of outstanding shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Following the conversion, no additional shares of Class A common stock or Class B common stock will be issued and each share of common stock will have one vote per share and the rights of the holders of all outstanding common stock will be identical. This provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation may be amended only by the affirmative vote of the outstanding shares of the Class A common stock and the outstanding shares of the Class B common stock, each voting as a separate class.
Preferred Stock
Our board of directors is authorized, without further stockholder action, to classify or reclassify any unissued portion of our authorized shares of common stock to provide for the issuance of shares of other classes or series, including preferred stock in one or more series. We may issue preferred stock from time to time in one or more classes or series, with the exact terms of each class or series established by our board. The powers and relative, participating, optional and other special rights, if any, and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions of the shares of such series will be fixed by the certificate of designation relating to each series. Certificates of designation relating to each series will specify the terms of the preferred stock, including, but not limited to:
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The issuance of preferred stock may delay, deter or prevent a change in control.
Series A Preferred Stock
On December 4, 2016, we signed the Subscription Agreement, pursuant to which we agreed to issue an aggregate of 400,000 shares of the Series A Preferred Stock in a private offering for total gross proceeds of $400 million and total net proceeds of approximately $383 million. Closing occurred on December 20, 2016 and we received net proceeds, after issuance costs, of approximately $328 million. One investor will fund a portion of its purchase price equal to $57 million (approximately $55 million net of issuance costs) prior to January 23, 2017. To accomplish the designation and issuance of the Series A Preferred Stock, we filed a Certificate of Designations with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The following summary of the Series A Preferred Stock and Certificate of Designations of the Company does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the provisions of applicable law and to the Certificate of Designations, which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
See "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions" for a detailed description of each of the Subscription Agreement, the Stockholders Agreement and the Series A Registration Rights Agreement.
Dividends
Dividends compound quarterly and, if not paid in shares of Series A Preferred Stock on a quarterly basis or in cash, accrue when, as and if declared by the board of directors of the Company, on each share of Series A Preferred Stock as follows: (i) from the issue date and continuing through and including the second anniversary of the issue date, 10.0% per year; (ii) from the second anniversary of the issue date and continuing through and including the third anniversary of the issue date, 13.0% per year; and (iii) from the third anniversary of the issue date and thereafter, 16.0% per year. Unless we elect to pay the dividend in cash, dividends are automatically paid to the holder thereof in shares of Series A Preferred Stock or accrue. For any period in which dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock are paid in cash, the dividend rate is reduced by 75 basis points.
Liquidation Rights
The Series A Preferred Stock will, with respect to its special and relative rights and preferences, including conversion, redemption, payment of dividends and distributions of assets, rank senior to all Junior Securities. The holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to the payment of their liquidation preference in cash in certain circumstances, including upon the sale of the Company or the sale of all or substantially all of the Company's assets, and upon a change in control of Wengen. If, upon a sale of the Company, the consideration received by the holders of our common stock consists of or includes equity securities in a publicly traded company with (i) a market capitalization of at least $5,000,000,000 and (ii) a public float of at least $2,000,000,000, in each case on a pro forma , post-transaction basis, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock have agreed that receipt of their pro rata portion of such equity securities (plus any related cash payments) will satisfy in full the Company's liquidation preference payment obligation.
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Conversion
Except as set forth in the Certificate of Designations, the shares of Series A Preferred Stock may not be convertible into any other class or series of our capital stock. Each holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock may elect to convert all of its shares of Series A Preferred Stock into shares of our common stock upon the closing of a sale of the Company or Wengen and in the event Wengen no longer exclusively controls us, in each case at a 15% discount to the implied equity value of the Company at the closing of the applicable transaction. In addition, both the Company and each holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock may elect to convert all of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock into shares of our Class A common stock at any time after our initial public offering commencing on the earlier to occur of one day following the first anniversary of the closing of our initial public offering and the Follow-on Conversion Date (as defined in the Certificate of Designations). The shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall generally convert at a 15% discount to the lesser of the price per share at which the Company's shares of common stock are sold to the public or the 30 day trailing price per share of our Class A common stock, but in no case shall the conversion price be less than 75% of the price at which the shares of our Class A common stock are sold to the public. In certain circumstances after a QPO that closes after August 15, 2017, the holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock may convert their shares sooner if certain conditions are satisfied. In the event of a QPO, any shares of Series A Preferred Stock that remain outstanding on the date that is one day following the first anniversary of the closing of the QPO are automatically converted into shares of our Class A common stock. In certain circumstances, the Company and the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock have the right to delay a conversion for a period of 90 days following a proposed conversion date. We are not permitted to convert any shares of Series A Preferred Stock until there is an effective registration statement available to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock which provide the holders the opportunity to register at least an amount of shares of our Class A common stock equal to the Priority Amount.
Redemption
We, at our option, may redeem in whole at any time or in part from time to time, and after the fifth anniversary of the issue date, each holder may request that we redeem all (but not less than all), of such holder's shares of Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding, at a redemption price per share equal to 115% of the sum of the issue amount per share plus any accrued and unpaid dividends. After a QPO, we may only redeem shares of Series A Preferred Stock if on the date when notice of redemption is given, shares of our Class A common stock are trading at or below a specified threshold. If we fail to redeem the shares of Series A Preferred Stock when required after the fifth anniversary of the issue date, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to appoint two additional members to our board of directors and the dividend rate generally increases to 18.0% per annum. For a period of 120 days following the appointment of such directors, we must work in good faith with the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock to structure a mutually agreeable capital fundraising transaction to redeem the then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock. If, after such 120 day period, any shares of Series A Preferred Stock remain outstanding, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock may request that the directors increase the size of our board of directors by two seats and nominate and appoint to those two additional seats the individuals nominated by the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock. If the directors fail to nominate and appoint the individuals as requested by the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock within five business days after the request is made, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock may nominate a number of individuals to our board of directors such that after such nomination the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock control a majority of our board of directors and, after which, the holders of Series A Preferred Stock may cause a sale of the Company and/or cause the Company to raise debt or equity capital in an amount sufficient to redeem the remaining outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock. In the event of such a sale or capital raise, Wengen has, among other things, agreed to vote its shares of our capital stock in favor of
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the transaction and granted a proxy to an individual designated by the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock to vote its shares of our common stock in favor of such a transaction. A "QPO" means (a) on or prior to August 15, 2017, an initial underwritten public offering of common stock by the Company with net cash proceeds to the Company of not less than $450,000,000 and (b) after August 15, 2017, an initial underwritten public offering of common stock by the Company with net cash proceeds to the Company of not less than $250,000,000.
Educational Approvals
To the extent that any Educational Law (as defined in the Certificate of Designations) requires that the parties obtain an Educational Approval (as defined in the Certificate of Designations) in order to consummate certain transactions or actions described in the Certificate of Designations, we will obtain such Educational Approval and the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock agreed to cooperate in good faith with us to obtain them. The process of determining which Educational Approvals may be required will be initiated at least nine months before the fifth anniversary of the first date on which a share of Series A Preferred Stock is issued, including applying for and seeking to obtain any such Education Approvals at least six months prior to any contemplated change in the composition of our board of directors, any Forced Liquidation Event (as defined in the Certificate of Designations), exercise of any proxy, or any certain other events or series of transactions set forth in the Certificate of Designations. To the extent that any Educational Law requires us to obtain Educational Approvals prior to consummating any of certain transactions set forth in the Certificate of Designations, we will obtain such Educational Approvals and the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock will cooperate in good faith with us to obtain them prior to such transaction effective date. The Company will incur any costs, fees and expenses reasonably required in connection with obtaining such Educational Approvals.
Voting Rights; Protective Provisions
The holders of Series A Preferred Stock do not have any voting rights except as required by law and with respect to certain extraordinary actions, including, among others, to (i) enter into certain transactions with affiliates, (ii) pay any dividend or other distribution on shares of our Class A common stock, (iii) amend or repeal any provision of our Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws so as to adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers of the Series A Preferred Stock, including any amendment that would increase or decrease the authorized number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, (iv) if it is not a follow-on public offering after this offering in which the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock receive net proceeds not less than the Priority Amount, the first public offering of our common stock following this offering, and (v) any proposed initial public offering that is not a QPO.
Public Benefit Corporation Status
In October 2015, we redomiciled in Delaware as a public benefit corporation as a demonstration of our long-term commitment to our mission to benefit our students and society. Public benefit corporations are a relatively new class of corporations that are intended to produce a public benefit and to operate in a responsible and sustainable manner. Under Delaware law, public benefit corporations are required to identify in their certificate of incorporation the public benefit or benefits they will promote and their directors have a duty to manage the affairs of the corporation in a manner that balances the pecuniary interests of the stockholders, the best interests of those materially affected by the corporation's conduct, and the specific public benefit or public benefits identified in the public benefit corporation's certificate of incorporation. Public benefit corporations organized in Delaware are also required to publicly disclose at least biennially a report that assesses their benefit performance. In connection with this report, our Board of Directors is required to set objectives and standards to assess our benefit performance and to assess our performance based on those standards. While a Delaware
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public benefit corporation may provide in its certificate of incorporation that it will measure the corporation's benefit performance against an objective third-party standard, our certificate of incorporation does not contain that requirement and we expect that our Board of Directors will measure our benefit performance against the objectives and standards it sets.
We do not believe that an investment in the stock of a public benefit corporation differs materially from an investment in a corporation that is not designated as a public benefit corporation. We believe that our ongoing efforts to achieve our public benefit goals will not materially affect the financial interests of our stockholders. Holders of our Class A common stock will have voting, dividend and other economic rights that are the same as the rights of stockholders of a corporation that is not designated as a public benefit corporation.
Our public benefit, as provided in our certificate of incorporation, is: to produce a positive effect (or a reduction of negative effects) for society and persons by offering diverse education programs delivered online and on premises operated in the communities that we serve. By doing so, we believe that we provide greater access to cost-effective, high-quality higher education that enables more students to achieve their academic and career aspirations. Most of our operations are outside the United States, where there is a large and growing imbalance between the supply and demand for quality higher education. Our stated public benefit is firmly rooted in our company mission and our belief that when our students succeed, countries prosper and societies benefit. Becoming a public benefit corporation underscores our commitment to our purpose and our stakeholders, including students, regulators, employers, local communities and stockholders.
Exclusive Venue
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as it will be in effect upon the closing of this offering, will require, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or the bylaws or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine will have to be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware unless we otherwise consent in writing to an alternative form. Although we believe this provision benefits us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law in the types of lawsuits to which it applies, the provision may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.
Anti-takeover Effects of Provisions of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, our Certificate of Designations, our Bylaws and Delaware Law
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, Certificate of Designations and bylaws, as they will be in effect upon completion of this offering, also contain provisions that may delay, defer or discourage another party from acquiring control of us. We expect that these provisions, which are summarized below, will discourage coercive takeover practices or inadequate takeover bids. These provisions are also designed to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with our board of directors, which we believe may result in an improvement of the terms of any such acquisition in favor of our stockholders. However, they also give our board of directors the power to discourage acquisitions that some stockholders may favor.
Authorized but Unissued Shares. The authorized but unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock are available for future issuance without stockholder approval, subject to any limitations imposed by Nasdaq listing standards. These additional shares may be used for a variety of corporate finance transactions, acquisitions and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued
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and unreserved common stock and preferred stock could make more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.
Requirements for Advance Notification of Stockholder Meetings, Nominations and Proposals. Except as provided in the Wengen Securityholders' Agreement, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws will provide that stockholders at an annual meeting may only consider proposals or nominations specified in the notice of meeting or brought before the meeting by or at the direction of our board of directors or by a qualified stockholder of record on the record date for the meeting and who has delivered timely written notice in proper form to our secretary of the stockholder's intention to bring such business before the meeting. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will provide that, subject to applicable law, special meetings of the stockholders may be called only by a resolution adopted by the affirmative vote of the majority of the directors then in office provided, however, at any time Wengen or any affiliate beneficially owns, in the aggregate, at least 40% of the total number of outstanding shares of stock of the Company, special meetings of our stockholders shall also be called at the request of Wengen or such affiliate pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of board of directors or the chairman of the board of directors. Our bylaws will prohibit the conduct of any business at a special meeting other than as specified in the notice for such meeting. In addition, any stockholder who wishes to bring business before an annual meeting or nominate directors must comply with the advance notice and duration of ownership requirements set forth in our bylaws and provide us with certain information. These provisions may have the effect of deferring, delaying or discouraging hostile takeovers or changes in control of us or our management.
Business Combinations. We have opted out of Section 203 of the DGCL; however, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation contains similar provisions providing that we may not engage in certain "business combinations" with any "interested stockholder" for a three-year period following the time that the stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless:
Generally, a "business combination" includes a merger, asset or stock sale or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. Subject to certain exceptions, an "interested stockholder" is a person who, together with that person's affiliates and associates, owns, or within the previous three years owned, 15% or more of our voting stock. For purposes of this section only, "voting stock" has the meaning given to it in Section 203 of the DGCL.
Under certain circumstances, this provision will make it more difficult for a person who would be an "interested stockholder" to effect various business combinations with a corporation for a three-year period. This provision may encourage companies interested in acquiring our Company to negotiate in advance with our board of directors because the stockholder approval requirement would be avoided if our board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which results in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder. These provisions also may have the effect of preventing changes in our board of directors and may make it more difficult to accomplish transactions which stockholders may otherwise deem to be in their best interests.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that Wengen and the parties to the Wengen Securityholders' Agreement and their affiliates and any of their respective direct or indirect
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transferees and any group as to which such persons are a party do not constitute "interested stockholders" for purposes of this provision.
Our election to opt out of Section 203 of the DGCL will be effective one year after the date of filing our amended and restated certificate of incorporation.
No Cumulative Voting. The DGCL provides that stockholders are not entitled to the right to cumulate votes in the election of directors unless our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will not expressly provide for cumulative voting.
Stockholder Action by Written Consent. Pursuant to Section 228 of the DGCL, any action required to be taken at any annual or special meeting of the stockholders may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote if a consent or consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken, is signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares of our stock entitled to vote thereon were present and voted, unless our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will provide that stockholder action by written consent will be permitted only if the action to be effected by such written consent and the taking of such action by such written consent have been previously approved by the board of directors. Following the conversion of all of our Class B common stock into Class A common stock, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will provide that our stockholders may not act by written consent, which may lengthen the amount of time required to take stockholder actions. As a result, a holder controlling a majority of our capital stock would not be able to amend our certificate of incorporation or bylaws or remove directors without holding a meeting of our stockholders called in accordance with our bylaws.
Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws. The DGCL provides generally that the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares entitled to vote on any matter is required to amend a corporation's certificate of incorporation or bylaws, unless a corporation's certificate of incorporation or bylaws, as the case may be, requires a greater percentage. Upon completion of this offering, our bylaws may be amended or repealed by a majority vote of our board of directors or by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 2 / 3 % of the votes which all our stockholders would be entitled to cast in any annual election of directors. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 2 / 3 % of the votes which all our stockholders would be entitled to cast in any election of directors will be required to amend or repeal or to adopt any provisions inconsistent with the provisions of our certificate.
Series A Preferred Stock. The Certificate of Designations provides that, among other things and in certain circumstances, the shares of Series A Preferred Stock are convertible into shares of our Class A common stock and redeemable by the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock.
Public Benefit Corporation. As a public benefit corporation, an affirmative vote of 66 2 / 3 % of the outstanding stock is required to effect a non-cash merger with an entity that is not a public benefit corporation with an identical public benefit.
The foregoing provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, Certificate of Designations and bylaws could discourage potential acquisition proposals and could delay or prevent a change in control. These provisions are intended to enhance the likelihood of continuity and stability in the composition of our board of directors and in the policies formulated by our board of directors and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual or threatened change of control. These provisions are designed to reduce our vulnerability to an unsolicited acquisition proposal. The provisions also are intended to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy fights. However, such provisions could have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our shares and, as a consequence, they also may inhibit fluctuations in the market price of our shares of Class A
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common stock that could result from actual or rumored takeover attempts. Such provisions also may have the effect of preventing changes in our management or delaying or preventing a transaction that might benefit you or other minority stockholders. See "Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Investing in Our Class A Common StockProvisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and the Delaware General Corporation Law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us and could discourage a takeover and adversely affect the holders of our Class A common stock."
Limitations on Liability and Indemnification of Officers and Directors
The DGCL authorizes corporations to limit or eliminate the personal liability of directors to corporations and their stockholders for monetary damages for breaches of directors' fiduciary duties, subject to certain exceptions. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation includes a provision that eliminates the personal liability of directors for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except to the extent such exemption from liability or limitation thereof is not permitted under the DGCL. The effect of these provisions is to eliminate the rights of us and our stockholders, through stockholders' derivative suits on our behalf, to recover monetary damages from a director for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, including breaches resulting from grossly negligent behavior.
Our amended and restated bylaws provide that we must generally indemnify, and advance expenses to, our directors and officers to the fullest extent authorized by the DGCL. We also are expressly authorized to carry directors' and officers' liability insurance providing indemnification for our directors, officers and certain employees for some liabilities. We believe that these indemnification and advancement provisions and insurance are useful to attract and retain qualified directors and executive officers.
The limitation of liability, indemnification and advancement provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duty. These provisions also may have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit us and our stockholders. In addition, your investment may be adversely affected to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.
Dissenters' Rights of Appraisal and Payment
Under the DGCL, with certain exceptions, our stockholders will have appraisal rights in connection with a merger or consolidation of Laureate. Pursuant to the DGCL, stockholders who properly request and perfect appraisal rights in connection with such merger or consolidation will have the right to receive payment of the fair value of their shares as determined by the Delaware Court of Chancery.
Stockholders' Derivative Actions
Under the DGCL, any of our stockholders may bring an action in our name to procure a judgment in our favor, also known as a derivative action, provided that the stockholder bringing the action is a holder of our shares at the time of the transaction to which the action relates or such stockholder's stock thereafter devolved by operation of law and such suit is brought in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware. See "Exclusive Venue" above.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
Upon the completion of this offering, the transfer agent and registrar for our Class A common stock will be American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC.
Stock Exchange Listing
We have applied for a listing of our Class A common stock on Nasdaq under the symbol "LAUR."
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DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN INDEBTEDNESS
The following descriptions of indebtedness are only summaries of material provisions of the respective terms of such indebtedness, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the provisions of the credit agreements, indenture and other instruments evidencing such indebtedness. See "Where You Can Find More Information."
Senior Secured Credit Facilities
Overview
On June 16, 2011, we amended and restated our credit agreement dated as of August 17, 2007, in order to, among other things, extend maturity dates. Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, certain lenders in the syndicate: (1) extended the maturity dates applicable to $155.0 million of our then-existing $400.0 million revolving line of credit facility from August 2013 to June 2016, (2) converted $245.0 million of then-existing revolving loans and revolving credit commitments into term loans with a maturity date in June 2018, and (3) extended the maturity dates applicable to three series of our term loans, totaling $858.9 million of aggregate principal, from August 2014 to June 2018. In addition, some existing lenders increased the amount of their senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility commitments and new lenders became lenders with respect to the senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility with a maturity date in June 2016. The maturity date for the senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility was further extended to June 7, 2019, subject to a springing maturity date as further described below pursuant to the Sixth Amendment entered into on July 7, 2016, as described below. As a result of this amendment and restatement, the credit facilities under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement on June 16, 2011 were composed of the following:
The term loan lenders holding a majority of the term loans agreed to extend the maturity date of such term loans to March 17, 2021, subject to a springing maturity date as further described below, pursuant to that certain Fifth Amendment entered into on June 3, 2016, as described below.
$25.0 Million Series A-2018 New Term Loan; Increase in Revolving Line of Credit Facility
On December 22, 2011, we entered into a joinder agreement to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to borrow an additional $25.0 million on the same terms as the 2018 Extended Term Loans (the "Series A-2018 New Term Loan"), including interest rates and quarterly principal payment dates. We also entered into a joinder agreement to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to increase the borrowing capacity under our revolving line of credit facility to $350.0 million.
$250.0 Million Series B New Term Loans
On January 18, 2013, we entered into a joinder agreement and the First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to borrow an additional $250.0 million on the same terms as the 2018 Extended Term Loans with the issuance of the Series B New Term Loans, including interest rates and quarterly principal payment dates. This additional loan was issued at an original issue
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discount of $1.25 million, and we paid debt issuance costs of $2.9 million in connection with the borrowing, both of which will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the loan.
$310.0 Million Series B Additional Term Loans
On April 23, 2013, we entered into a joinder agreement and the Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to borrow an additional $310.0 million on the same terms as the 2018 Extended Term Loans with the issuance of the Series B Additional Term Loans, including interest rates and quarterly principal payment dates. This additional loan was issued at an original debt premium of $1.55 million, and we paid debt issuance costs of $3.9 million in connection with the borrowing, both of which will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the loan. In addition, third-party costs of $0.4 million were charged to general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2013. The proceeds from this borrowing were used to repay all of the outstanding Senior Subordinated Notes.
Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement; New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans
On October 3, 2013, we entered into a Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Third Amendment"), pursuant to which the outstanding 2018 Extended Term Loans, Series A-2018 New Term Loan, Series B New Term Loans and Series B Additional Term Loans were refinanced with New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans effectively reducing the margin applicable to our 2018 Extended Term Loans, Series A-2018 New Term Loan, Series B New Term Loans and Series B Additional Term Loans from 4.00% to 3.75% for LIBOR loans and from 3.00% to 2.75% for ABR loans. In addition to lowering the margin on these term loans, the amendment provided additional flexibility for mortgage financings.
$200.0 Million Additional New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans
On December 16, 2013, we entered into a joinder agreement to borrow an additional $200.0 million on the same terms as the New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans. This additional loan was issued at an original debt discount of $0.5 million, and we paid debt issuance costs of $2.2 million in connection with the borrowing, both of which will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the loan.
Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and Amendment to the U.S. Obligations Security Agreement and the U.S. Pledge Agreement
On July 7, 2015, we entered into the Fourth Amendment, pursuant to which the maturity date of the senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility was extended from June 2016 to March 2018 and the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement was amended to (a) provide for compliance with the Consolidated Senior Secured Debt to Consolidated EBITDA Ratio, as defined in the senior secured credit agreement, solely with respect to the revolving line of credit facility, which financial covenant is to be tested quarterly provided that following a Qualifying IPO (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) or certain private offerings of common stock or preferred stock, if the consolidated total debt to consolidated EBITDA ratio is less than or equal to 4.75 to 1.0 on the last day of the respective test period, the maintenance financial covenant shall only apply if 25% or more of the revolving line of credit facility is utilized and (b) revise certain covenants relating to restricted payments, investments and other matters such that such covenants are more restrictive. The U.S. Obligations Security Agreement and U.S. Pledge Agreement were amended to extend the secured obligations to include cash management programs and to increase the secured amount of obligations relating to cash management programs from $2 million to $20 million.
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Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement
On June 3, 2016, we entered into the Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Fifth Amendment"), pursuant to which certain lenders (the "Extending Lenders") holding approximately $1.526 billion of the Company's approximately $1.810 billion of term loans then outstanding agreed to extend the maturity date from June 2018 to March 2021 (the "2021 Extended Term Loan").
The amendment and extension set forth in the Fifth Amendment became effective on July 29, 2016 upon the satisfaction of the following conditions, among others:
On the effective date of the Fifth Amendment, the outstanding principal amount of the 2021 Extended Term Loan, after giving effect to the $300.0 million voluntary prepayment and the principal amortization payments made on or about June 30, 2016 pursuant to the terms of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, was approximately $1.222 billion and the outstanding principal amount of the non-extending term loans was approximately $283.3 million.
The stated maturity date of the 2021 Extended Term Loan is March 17, 2021; provided that the maturity date will be subject to a customary "springing maturity" 91 days prior to September 1, 2019 in the event that the Senior Notes (other than not more than $250 million thereof) are not repaid or sufficiently extended.
The 2021 Extended Term Loan have an interest rate equal to LIBOR + 7.50%, or if borrowed as ABR loans, ABR + 6.50%. The margins shall be increased by 0.50% each quarter, commencing with the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2016; provided that in no event shall the LIBOR margin exceed 8.50% or the ABR margin exceed 7.50%. Upon the consummation of certain equity offerings, the LIBOR margin will be immediately reduced to 7.50% and the ABR margin will be immediately reduced to 6.50%. There is no "floor" on LIBOR or ABR (other than the Federal Funds Rate may not be less than zero) for the 2021 Extended Term Loan.
The Fifth Amendment also provides that if the Company prepays all or part of the 2021 Extended Term Loan on or prior to the first anniversary of the effective date of the Fifth Amendment, (other than schedule amortization payments, the voluntary prepayment of $300.0 million, which is contemporaneous with the effectiveness of the Fifth Amendment, or the additional payment described below), the Company will be obligated to pay a prepayment premium of 1.0% of the amount of 2021 Extended Term Loan that are prepaid.
With respect to our 2021 Extended Term Loan, we are required to make fixed quarterly principal payments in an aggregate amount equal to approximately $3.06 million per quarter. The Fifth Amendment also provides that if certain equity offerings of the Company do not occur on or before August 15, 2017, the Company will be required to make, on August 16, 2017, an additional scheduled payment of principal on the 2021 Extended Term Loan in the amount of $62.5 million.
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Revolving Line of Credit Facility
Borrowings under our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility bear interest at a rate per annum which, at our option, can be either a LIBOR or an ABR plus, in each case, a margin. LIBOR loans under our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility accrue interest at the applicable LIBOR rate plus a 3.75% margin, subject to adjustment as described below. The LIBOR rate with respect to our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility is subject to a "floor" equal to 1.25%. Interest on ABR revolving borrowings accrues at the ABR (which is the higher of the Federal Funds rate plus 0.50% or the prime rate for the agent bank) plus a 2.75% margin, subject to adjustment as described below. The ABR with respect to our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility is subject to a "floor" equal to 2.25%. For LIBOR revolving borrowings, the interest period is set at our option for a period of one, two, three, six or (if such a period is available to all lenders under the applicable LIBOR borrowing) nine or 12 months, and the cost of funds component of any LIBOR revolving borrowing is subject to change when the underlying indices change. Once the interest period is set, the interest rate is fixed until the selected interest period ends, subject to customary "break" cost provisions. ABR revolving borrowings and interest thereon are payable quarterly in arrears and the interest rate on any ABR revolving borrowing is subject to change when the underlying indices change. In addition, our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement provides for the payment of a commitment fee based on the daily unused portion of our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility. The commitment fee rate of 0.625% per annum is payable quarterly in arrears.
On July 7, 2016 we entered into a Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Sixth Amendment") to extend the maturity date of the revolving credit facility to June 7, 2019, subject to the closing of the Fifth Amendment and other conditions needing to be satisfied. The Sixth Amendment also reduced the borrowing capacity of the revolving line of credit facility from $350.0 million to $325.0 million. The conditions for the effectiveness of the Sixth Amendment were satisfied and the Sixth Amendment became effective on July 29, 2016. If on the date that is 91 days prior to September 1, 2019 more than $250.0 million of the principal amount of the Senior Notes due 2019 is outstanding, then the maturity date of the revolving line of credit facility shall be the date that is 91 days prior to September 1, 2019. Further, if on the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date of the 2018 Extended Term Loan more than $250.0 million of the principal amount of the 2018 Extended Term Loan is outstanding, then the maturity date of the revolving line of credit facility shall be the date that is 91 days prior to the 2018 Extended Term Loan maturity date.
Pursuant to the Sixth Amendment, the margins on the LIBOR loans and ABR loan under our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility shall be increased by 0.50% per quarter, commencing with the quarter ending September 30, 2016, provided in not event shall such LIBOR loan margin exceed 4.75% and ABR loan margin exceed 3.75%. Upon the consummation of certain equity offerings, such LIBOR loan margin and ABR loan margin shall be immediately reduced to 3.75% and 2.75%, respectively.
At September 30, 2016, the total amount outstanding under our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility was $160.0 million, which consisted of $160.0 million in LIBOR loans at an interest rate of 6.25%. At December 31, 2015, the total amount outstanding under our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility was $269.3 million, which consisted of $269.3 million in LIBOR loans at an interest rate of 5.00%.
2021 Extended Term Loan
As described above, of the $1,810.1 million term loans that were outstanding as of June 3, 2016 when the Fifth Amendment was executed, the term loan lenders holding $1.526 million of such term loans agreed to extend the maturity date of their term loans to March 17, 2021 (such extended term
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loans being referred to herein as the 2021 Extended Term Loan). The terms of the 2021 Extended Term Loan are described above.
New Series 2018 Extended Term Loan
Following the amendment and restatement on June 16, 2011, the aggregate amount of the 2018 Extended Term Loans was $1,103.9 million. Pursuant to the Third Amendment, the 2018 Extended Term Loans, Series A-2018 New Term Loan, Series B New Term Loans and Series B Additional Term Loans were refinanced with New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans. The interest rate for our New Series 2018 Extended Term Loan is set at a rate per annum which, at our option, can be either the LIBOR rate or the ABR rate, plus in each case, a margin. The New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans have the same terms as the 2018 Extended Term Loans, other than the interest rate as described below.
Following the Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement in October 2013, the margin for LIBOR loans is 3.75% and the margin for ABR loans is 2.75%. The LIBOR rate is subject to a "floor" equal to 1.25% and the ABR is subject to a "floor" equal to 2.25%. For LIBOR loans, the interest period is set at our option for a period of one, two, three, six or (if such a period is available to all lenders under the applicable LIBOR borrowing) nine or 12 months. Once the interest period is set, the interest rate is fixed until the selected interest period ends. ABR loans and interest thereon are payable quarterly in arrears and the interest rate on any ABR loan is subject to change when the underlying indices change.
With respect to our New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans, we are required to make fixed quarterly principal payments. All unpaid principal and interest on these loans (to the extent not extended as the 2021 Extended Term Loan on the Fifth Amendment Effective Date) shall be paid in full in June 2018. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, these loans had an aggregate outstanding balance of $282.6 million (net of original issue discount of $0.1 million) and $1,814.8 million (net of original issue discount of $0.1 million) respectively, and an interest rate of 5.00% at each date.
The portions of our New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans that were not extended as the 2021 Extended Term Loan pursuant to the Fifth Amendment continue to have a maturity date of June 2018.
Closing Date Term Loan
Of the $675.0 million Closing Date Term Loan made to us upon the closing of the original credit agreement, $651.4 million was outstanding immediately prior to the June 16, 2011 effective date of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. Of that amount, approximately $522.3 million was converted into the 2018 Extended Term Loans, and approximately $129.1 million remained outstanding and was not converted into the 2018 Extended Term Loans. We were required to make fixed quarterly principal payments on the Closing Date Term Loan of approximately $334,000. The Closing Date Term Loan was paid in full on November 16, 2012 with proceeds from the issuance of the Senior Notes.
Delayed Draw Term Loan
Of the $100.0 million Delayed Draw Term Loan made to us under the terms of the original credit agreement, approximately $97.5 million was outstanding immediately prior to the June 16, 2011 effective date of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. Of that amount, approximately $78.4 million was converted into the 2018 Extended Term Loans, and approximately $19.1 million remained outstanding and was not converted into the 2018 Extended Term Loans. We were required to make quarterly principal payments equal to 0.25% of the principal balance outstanding on the Delayed Draw Term Loan. The Delayed Draw Term Loan was paid in full on November 16, 2012 with proceeds from the issuance of the Senior Notes.
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Series A New Term Loan
Of the $280.0 million Series A New Term Loan made pursuant to the terms of a joinder to the original credit agreement, $275.8 million was outstanding immediately prior to the June 16, 2011 effective date of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. Of that amount, approximately $258.2 million was converted into the 2018 Extended Term Loans, and approximately $17.6 million remained outstanding and was not converted into the 2018 Extended Term Loans. We were required to make fixed quarterly principal payments on the Series A New Term Loan of approximately $45,000. The Series A New Term Loan was paid in full on November 16, 2012 with proceeds from the issuance of the Senior Notes.
Default Interest
In the event that we fail to pay all or a portion of the principal and interest amounts when due, the interest rates under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities will be increased by 2.00% from the date of such non-payment to the date on which the payment is paid in full.
Senior Secured Credit Facilities Outstanding
As of September 30, 2016, the $1,661.7 million balance of the Senior Secured Credit Facilities consists of $1,219.1 million in the 2021 Extended Term Loan, $282.6 million in the New Series 2018 Extended Term Loan and the Additional New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans, and the senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility of $160.0 million. As of December 31, 2015, the $2,084.1 million balance of the Senior Secured Credit Facilities consists of $1,814.8 million in the New Series 2018 Extended Term Loan and the Additional New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans, and the senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility of $269.3 million.
Senior Secured Credit Facilities Borrowers and Guarantors
The senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility, the New Series 2018 Extended Term Loan and the Additional New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans are collectively referred to as the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. Laureate Education, Inc. (the "U.S. Borrower") is the borrower under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities. Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L. (the "Foreign Borrower") is a borrower only under the senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility of our Senior Secured Credit Facilities, which is $100.0 million of the $325.0 million total senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility.
All of Laureate's required U.S. legal entities, excluding Walden University, Kendall College, NewSchool of Architecture and Design, The National Hispanic University and St. Augustine, are guarantors of the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, and all of the guarantors' assets, both real and intangible, are pledged as collateral. Certain Walden assets are also pledged as collateral, including all of Walden's U.S. receivables other than Title IV student loans, and all of its copyrights, patents, and trademarks. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the carrying value of the Walden receivables and intangibles pledged as collateral was $420.8 million and $404.3 million, respectively. Additionally, not more than 65% of the shares held by U.S. guarantors in nondomestic subsidiaries are pledged as collateral. There is also a separate guarantee and pledge agreement for the Foreign Borrower sub-facility of the senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility (the "Spanish Tranche"). The Spanish Tranche is secured by certain of the Foreign Borrower's assets, including intercompany loans and shares owned in other non-domestic subsidiaries, to secure the foreign obligations and guaranteed by certain non-domestic subsidiaries. Of the $325.0 million revolving line of credit facility noted above, we can borrow up to $100.0 million under the Spanish Tranche.
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Certain Covenants
Our senior long-term debt contains certain negative covenants including, among others: (1) limitations on additional indebtedness; (2) limitations on dividends; (3) limitations on asset sales, including the sale of ownership interests in subsidiaries and sale-leaseback transactions; and (4) limitations on liens, guarantees, loans or investments. On July 7, 2015, pursuant to the Fourth Amendment, the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement was amended to provide for a consolidated senior secured debt to consolidated EBITDA maintenance financial covenant, solely with respect to the revolving line of credit facility, which financial covenant is to be tested quarterly provided that from and after a Qualifying IPO (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) or certain private offerings of common stock or preferred stock and, if that the consolidated total debt to consolidated EBITDA ratio is thereafter less than or equal to 4.75 to 1.0 on the last day of the respective test period, the maintenance financial covenant shall only apply if 25% or more of the revolving line of credit facility is utilized.
On April 4, 2014, we notified our lenders of the 2013 Audited Financial Statement Delivery Default. The reason for the 2013 Audited Financial Statement Delivery Default is the additional time needed to completely and accurately reflect several items in the 2013 Consolidated Financial Statements. We cured the 2013 Audited Financial Statement Delivery Default by delivering the 2013 consolidated financial statements to the administrative agent on April 14, 2014, the date that the 2013 consolidated financial statements were issued, which was within the 30-day grace period provided for in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. There are no events causing noncompliance with these covenants as of the issuance date of this prospectus.
Senior Notes
On July 25, 2012, we completed an offering of $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019. We used the net proceeds received from the debt offering to repay a portion of our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility. On November 13, 2012, we completed an offering of $1,050.0 million aggregate principal amount of additional Senior Notes. The notes are treated as a single series with the $350.0 million of Senior Notes that were issued in July 2012. We used the net proceeds from the sale of the additional Senior Notes to purchase certain outstanding notes, and to fully repay certain debt instruments under our senior secured term loan facility. Of the total $1,400.0 million of Senior Notes, $350.0 million were issued in July 2012 at par, while the remaining $1,050.0 million were issued in November 2012 at a price of 97.750% of face amount, resulting in an original debt discount of $23.6 million, which is amortized to interest expense over the maturity of the notes.
On December 29, 2015, we issued $50.1 million aggregate principal amount of additional Senior Notes to the participants in the Executive DCP in partial settlement of the 2015 Executive DCP Obligation. The notes are treated as a single series with the $1,400.0 million of Senior Notes that were issued in July and November 2012. See Note 13, Share-based Compensation in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further information on our deferred compensation obligations.
As of September 30, 2016, the outstanding balance on the Senior Notes was $1,376.7 million, net of the remaining debt discount of $9.6 million.
On April 15, 2016, we entered into Note Exchange Agreements with certain Existing Holders of the Senior Notes pursuant to which we will exchange $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes for shares of our Class A common stock. We expect the exchange to be completed within one year and one day after the consummation of this offering. The number of shares of Class A common stock issuable will equal 104.625% of the aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes to be
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exchanged, or $261.6 million, divided by the initial public offering price per share of Class A common stock in this offering.
Pursuant to the Note Exchange Agreements, on June 15, 2016, we also repurchased from the Existing Holders $62.5 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes at par value, plus accrued and unpaid interest and special interest. Within 60 days after the consummation of this offering, at the option of the Existing Holders or their transferees, we will repurchase up to an additional $62.5 million aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes at the redemption price set forth in the indenture governing the Senior Notes that is applicable as of the date of pricing of this offering, plus accrued and unpaid interest and special interest.
The Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on an unsecured senior basis, by each of our wholly owned domestic subsidiaries that guarantee Laureate's obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. The Senior Notes rank junior to the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such facility.
The Senior Notes have a stated maturity of September 1, 2019. From and after September 1, 2015, we may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes at redemption prices starting at 106.938% of the principal amount thereof and decreasing from there ratably each year thereafter until September 1, 2018, plus accrued and unpaid interest. From and after September 1, 2018, we may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes at a redemption price of 100%, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
Laureate and its guarantors agreed to (1) file a registration statement with the SEC with respect to a registered offer to exchange the Senior Notes for new notes having terms substantially identical in all material respects to the outstanding notes (except that the new notes will not contain transfer restrictions or provide for special interest); or (2) file a shelf registration for the resale of the notes. We were required to use all commercially reasonable efforts to cause the registration statement to be declared effective on or before July 25, 2014. Since the registration statement was not declared effective by July 25, 2014, we have incurred additional interest at a rate equal to 0.25% per annum for the first 90-day period of the outstanding indenture indebtedness on the outstanding notes, 0.50% per annum for the next 90-day period, and 0.75% thereafter, as liquidated damages until the registration statement is declared effective and the exchange offer is completed. Accordingly, we have recorded a liability for the amount of special interest on the Senior Notes that we have determined to be probable and estimable based on our expected timing of registration as of each balance sheet date. As of September 30, 2016, we had a total contingent liability for additional interest on the Senior Notes of $7.0 million.
As described under "Use of Proceeds," we intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to repay, redeem or repurchase our outstanding Senior Notes, our term loans under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and/or the seller notes used to partially finance the acquisition of FMU Group.
Other Debt
Lines of Credit
Individual Laureate subsidiaries have the ability to borrow pursuant to unsecured lines of credit and similar short-term borrowing arrangements (collectively, "lines of credit"). The lines of credit are available for working capital purposes and enable us to borrow for and repay until those lines mature.
Interest rates on our lines of credit ranged from 1.75% to 20.00% at September 30, 2016 and our weighted-average short-term borrowing rate was 7.59% at September 30, 2016.
Laureate's aggregate lines of credit (outstanding balances plus available borrowing capacity) were $119.6 million as of September 30, 2016. At September 30, 2016, the aggregate outstanding balances on our lines of credit were $64.7 million, which are included in the current portion of long-term debt.
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Accordingly, the available borrowing capacity under our lines of credit was $54.9 million at September 30, 2016.
Notes Payable
Notes payable include mortgages payable that are secured by certain fixed assets. The notes payable have varying maturity dates and repayment terms through 2030. These loans contain certain financial maintenance covenants and as of September 30, 2016, Laureate is in compliance with these covenants. Interest rates on notes payable ranged from 3.00% to 19.03% at September 30, 2016.
On December 21, 2007, UVM Mexico entered into an agreement with a bank for a loan of MXN 2,750.0 million (approximately $250.0 million at that time). Under the terms of the loan, UVM Mexico could borrow the total amount of the loan through one or more draws, provided that each draw of the loan was evidenced by a promissory note. On July 1, 2008, Laureate made a draw in the amount of MXN 2,575.6 million ($250.0 million at July 1, 2008) to acquire UNITEC Mexico. The loan was originally scheduled to mature on July 1, 2015. UVM Mexico began semi-annual repayments of MXN 257.6 million on July 15, 2010. In order to align the payments with the new loan described below, in May 2014 the loan maturity date was extended to May 15, 2021, and the repayments were suspended until May 16, 2016, when UVM Mexico was scheduled to resume semiannual repayments of MXN 120.4 million. These payments will continue through maturity in 2021. Interest is payable monthly and accrued at the 28-day Mexican Interbanking Offer Rate ("TIIE"), plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin for the interest calculation is established based on the ratio of debt to EBITDA, as defined in the agreement. In May 2016, this loan was combined with the loan from May 2012, as further described below.
In May 2012, UVM Mexico entered into an agreement with a bank for a loan of MXN 900.0 million, in order to fund payment of the amounts owed to the former noncontrolling interest holders of Plansi under the terms of the agreement to purchase their remaining 10% interest in Plansi. The loan carried a variable interest rate and was originally scheduled to mature on May 15, 2019. In May 2014, the loan maturity date was extended to May 15, 2021, and the repayments were suspended until May 16, 2016. In May 2016, this loan was combined with the loan from 2007, as further described below.
On May 12, 2016, the outstanding loans from 2007 and 2012 were refinanced and combined into one loan. The maturity date of the combined loan was extended to May 15, 2023. The repayments of the principal, which were originally suspended until May 16, 2016, were further suspended until May 15, 2018. The new refinanced loan carries a variable interest rate based on the 28-day Mexican Interbanking Offer Rate ("TIIE"), plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin for the interest calculation is established based on the ratio of debt to EBITDA, as defined in the agreement. Interest is paid monthly commencing on May 15, 2016. As of September 30, 2016, the interest rate on the loan was 7.71%, and the outstanding balance on the loan was $114.1 million.
In addition to the loans above, in August 2015, UVM Mexico entered into an agreement with a bank for a loan of MXN 1,300 million (approximately $79.0 million at the time of the loan). The loan carries a variable interest rate (6.86% at September 30, 2016) and matures in August 2020.
Laureate has also obtained financing to fund the construction of two new campuses at one of our institutions in Peru, UPC. As of September 30, 2016, the outstanding balance on the loans was $51.9 million, and had a weighted average interest rate of 7.97%. These loans have varying maturity dates with the final payment due in October 2022. As of September 30, 2016, $24.6 million of the outstanding balances on the loans were payable to one of the institutional investors referred to in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
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In May 2014, Laureate obtained $7.5 million of financing to fund the construction of a new campus at one of our institutions in Panama. In December 2014, we borrowed an additional $5.0 million. In June 2015, we borrowed an additional $12.5 million. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the outstanding balance of this loan was $25.0 million and $25.0 million, respectively. This loan is payable to one of the institutional investors referred to in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. It has a fixed interest rate of 8.11% and matures in 2024.
Laureate has outstanding notes payable at HIEU in China. As of September 30, 2016, the outstanding balance on the loans was $83.9 million. The interest rates on these loans range from 4.75% to 7.84% per annum as of September 30, 2016. These notes are repayable in installments with the final installment due in November 2019.
Laureate has outstanding notes payable at a real estate subsidiary in Chile. As of September 30, 2016, the outstanding balance on the loans was $65.2 million. The interest rates on these loans range from 5.04% to 9.58% per annum as of September 30, 2016. These notes are repayable in installments with the final installment due in August 2028.
In December 2013, Laureate acquired THINK and financed a portion of the purchase price for THINK by borrowing AUD 45.0 million ($34.5 million at September 30, 2016) under a syndicated facility agreement in the form of two term loans of AUD 22.5 million each. The syndicated facility agreement also provides for additional borrowings of up to AUD 20.0 million ($15.3 million at September 30, 2016) under a capital expenditure facility and a working capital facility. The first term loan ("Facility A") has a term of five years and principal is payable in quarterly installments of AUD 1.1 million ($0.9 million at September 30, 2016) beginning on March 31, 2014. The second term loan ("Facility B") has a term of five years and the total principal balance of AUD 22.5 million is payable at its maturity date of December 20, 2018. The two term loans bear interest at a variable rate plus a margin of up to 3.2% for Facility A and 3.5% for Facility B that is determined based on THINK's leverage ratio, and interest is payable periodically. As of September 30, 2016, the interest rates on Facility A and Facility B were 4.60% and 4.63%, respectively. The terms of the syndicated facility agreement required THINK to enter into an interest rate swap within 45 days from the agreement's December 20, 2013 effective date, in order to convert at least 50% of the AUD 45.0 million of term loan debt from a variable interest rate to a fixed interest rate. Accordingly, on January 31, 2014 THINK executed an interest rate swap agreement to satisfy this requirement and converted AUD 22.5 million ($17.3 million at September 30, 2016) of the variable rate component of the term loan debt to a fixed interest rate of 3.86%. This interest rate swap was not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes. As of September 30, 2016, $14.7 million was outstanding under these loan facilities.
In June 2016, these loan facilities were amended and restated. As a result of this amendment and a repayment of AUD 11.0 million ($8.1 million at the date of payment):
The above-described interest rate swap agreement related to these facilities remains not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes.
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In September 2014, Laureate acquired FMU and financed a portion of the purchase price by borrowing amounts under two loans that totaled BRL 259.1 million ($110.3 million at the borrowing date). The loans require semi-annual principal payments beginning at BRL 6.5 million in October 2014 and increasing to a maximum of BRL 22.0 million beginning in October 2017 and continuing through their maturity dates in April 2021. As of September 30, 2016, the outstanding balance of these loans was $66.5 million. Both loans mature on April 15, 2021 and bear interest at an annual variable rate of CDI plus 3.7% (approximately 18% at September 30, 2016).
On November 18, 2015, the Company entered into an agreement with two banks to borrow a total of EUR 100 million ($106.5 million at the borrowing date) as described in Note 9, Debt, in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
Capital Lease Obligations and Sale-Leaseback Financings
Capital leases and sale-leaseback financings, primarily relating to real estate obligations, are included in debt and have been recorded using interest rates ranging from 1.00% to 42.87%. During 2015 and 2014, we had additions to assets and liabilities recorded as sale-leaseback financings and build-to-suit arrangements of $8.1 million and $67.8 million, respectively, including additions through acquisition. We had assets under capital leases and sale-leaseback financings of $203.0 million at September 30, 2016, net of accumulated amortization. The amortization expense for capital lease assets is recorded in depreciation and amortization expense.
The aggregate maturities of our total future value and present value of the minimum capital lease payments and payments related to sale-leaseback financings at September 30, 2016 were as follows:
|
Future Value of
Minimum Lease Payments |
Interest |
Present Value of
Minimum Lease Payments |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(amounts in thousands)
|
|||||||||
October 1, 2016 - September 30, 2017 |
$ | 43,407 | $ | 30,770 | $ | 12,637 | ||||
October 1, 2017 - September 30, 2018 |
56,462 | 30,326 | 26,136 | |||||||
October 1, 2018 - September 30, 2019 |
42,766 | 28,655 | 14,111 | |||||||
October 1, 2019 - September 30, 2020 |
37,594 | 27,395 | 10,199 | |||||||
October 1, 2020 - September 30, 2021 |
44,184 | 25,900 | 18,284 | |||||||
Thereafter |
281,776 | 103,474 | 178,302 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total capital lease debt |
$ | 506,189 | $ | 246,520 | $ | 259,669 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
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MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL TAX CONSEQUENCES
FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS OF CLASS A COMMON STOCK
The following is a general discussion of the material U.S. federal income and estate tax consequences to Non-U.S. Holders with respect to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our Class A common stock. In general, a "Non-U.S. Holder" is any holder of our Class A common stock other than the following:
Under the "substantial presence test", an individual holder of our Class A common stock may, in many cases, be deemed to be a resident alien, as opposed to a nonresident alien, by virtue of being present in the United States for at least 31 days in the calendar year and for an aggregate of at least 183 days during a three-year period ending in the current calendar year. For these purposes, all the days present in the current year, one-third of the days present in the immediately preceding year, and one-sixth of the days present in the second preceding year are counted. Resident aliens are subject to U.S. federal income tax as if they were U.S. citizens. Such an individual is urged to consult his or her own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership or disposition of our Class A common stock. If a business entity that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes (a "partnership") is a beneficial owner of our Class A common stock, the treatment of a member of the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Members of partnerships holding our Class A common stock are particularly urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of acquiring, holding, and disposing of shares of Class A common stock .
This discussion is based on current provisions of the Code, Treasury Regulations promulgated under the Code, judicial opinions, published positions of the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, and all other applicable authorities, all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income and estate taxation or any aspects of state, local, or non-U.S. taxation, nor does it consider any specific facts or circumstances that may apply to particular Non-U.S. Holders that may be subject to special treatment under the U.S. federal income tax laws, such as controlled foreign corporations, passive foreign investment companies, insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations, qualified foreign pension funds, financial institutions, brokers, dealers in securities, U.S. expatriates, persons holding our Class A common stock as part of a hedging, integrated, conversion or constructive sale transaction or a straddle, traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting, persons liable for the alternative minimum tax or persons who acquired our Class A common stock as compensation for services. This discussion assumes that the Non-U.S. Holder will hold our Class A common stock as a capital asset, generally property held for investment.
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PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, AND NON-U.S. INCOME AND OTHER TAX CONSIDERATIONS OF ACQUIRING, HOLDING, AND DISPOSING OF SHARES OF CLASS A COMMON STOCK.
Dividends
Distributions on our Class A common stock will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. To the extent those distributions exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, they will constitute a return of capital and will first reduce the recipient's basis in our Class A common stock, but not below zero, and then will be treated as gain from the sale of stock as described below under "Gain on Sale or Other Disposition of Class A Common Stock."
In general, dividends paid to a Non-U.S. Holder will be subject to U.S. withholding tax at a rate equal to 30% of the gross amount of the dividend, unless (i) the dividends are taxed at a lower rate prescribed by an income tax treaty between the United States and the Non-U.S. Holder's country of residence or (ii) the dividends are effectively connected with a trade or business carried on by the Non-U.S. Holder within the United States. Under applicable Treasury Regulations, a Non-U.S. Holder will be required to satisfy certain certification requirements, generally by providing to the applicable withholding agent an IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E, or any successor form, directly or through an intermediary, in order to claim a reduced rate of withholding under an applicable income tax treaty. If tax is withheld in an amount in excess of the amount prescribed by an applicable income tax treaty, a refund of the excess amount may generally be obtained by filing an appropriate claim for refund with the IRS.
Dividends that are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business (and, if required by an applicable tax treaty, are attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment (or, in certain cases involving individual holders, a U.S. fixed base) maintained by the recipient) generally will not be subject to U.S. withholding tax if the Non-U.S. Holder files an IRS Form W-8ECI, or any successor form, with the applicable withholding agent, but instead such dividends generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis in the same manner as if the Non-U.S. Holder were a resident of the United States. A corporate Non-U.S. Holder that receives effectively connected dividends may be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a rate of 30%, or a lower rate prescribed by an applicable income tax treaty, with respect to effectively connected dividends (subject to adjustment).
Gain on Sale or Other Disposition of Class A Common Stock
In general, a Non-U.S. Holder will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any gain realized upon the sale or other taxable disposition of the Non-U.S. Holder's shares of Class A common stock unless:
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purposes at any time within the shorter of the five-year period preceding the disposition or the Non-U.S. Holder's holding period for our Class A common stock.
If the Non-U.S. Holder is described in the first bullet above, it will be required to pay tax on the net gain derived from the sale under regular graduated U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to U.S. persons, and a corporate Non-U.S. Holder described in the first bullet above may be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty. If the Non-U.S. Holder is an individual described in the second bullet above, he or she will be required to pay a flat 30% (or such lower rate as may be prescribed by an applicable income tax treaty) tax on the gain derived from the sale, which gain may be offset by United States source capital losses.
We believe that we are not currently and will not become a USRPHC. However, because the determination of whether we are a USRPHC depends on the fair market value of our U.S. real property relative to the fair market value of our other business assets, there can be no assurance that we will not become a USRPHC in the future. Even if we become a USRPHC, however, as long as our Class A common stock is regularly traded on an established securities market, such Class A common stock will be treated as a U.S. real property interest only if the Non-U.S. Holder actually or constructively held more than 5% of our Class A common stock at any time within the shorter of the five-year period preceding the disposition or the Non-U.S. Holder's holding period for our Class A common stock.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
Generally, the applicable withholding agent must report annually to the IRS the amount of dividends paid to a Non-U.S. Holder, the name and address of the recipient, and the amount, if any, of tax withheld. A similar report is sent to the recipient. These information reporting requirements apply even if withholding was not required because the dividends were effectively connected dividends or withholding was reduced by an applicable income tax treaty. Under tax treaties or other agreements, the IRS may make its reports available to tax authorities in the recipient's country of residence.
Payments made to a Non-U.S. Holder that is not an exempt recipient generally will be subject to backup withholding, currently at a rate of 28%, unless a Non-U.S. Holder certifies as to its foreign status, which certification may be made on IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E (and the applicable withholding agent does not have actual knowledge or reason to know the holder is a U.S. person), or the Non-U.S. Holder otherwise establishes an exemption from backup withholding.
Proceeds from the disposition of Class A common stock by a Non-U.S. Holder effected by or through a United States office of a broker will be subject to information reporting and backup withholding, currently at a rate of 28% of the gross proceeds, unless the Non-U.S. Holder certifies to the payor under penalties of perjury as to, among other things, its address and status as a Non-U.S. Holder (and the broker does not have actual knowledge or reason to know the holder is a U.S. person) or otherwise establishes an exemption. Generally, United States information reporting and backup withholding will not apply to a payment of disposition proceeds if the transaction is effected outside the United States by or through a non-U.S. office of a broker. However, if the broker is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. person (including a foreign branch or office of such person), a controlled foreign corporation, a foreign person who derives 50% or more of its gross income for specified periods from the conduct of a U.S. trade or business, specified U.S. branches of foreign banks or insurance companies or a foreign partnership with certain connections to the United States, information reporting but not backup withholding will apply unless:
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Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, the amount of tax withheld is applied to the U.S. federal income tax liability of persons subject to backup withholding. If backup withholding results in an overpayment of U.S. federal income taxes, a refund may be obtained, provided the required documents are filed with the IRS.
Additional Withholding Requirements
Under Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code, such Sections being commonly referred to as FATCA, a 30% U.S. federal withholding tax may apply to any dividends paid on Class A common stock, and, for a disposition of Class A common stock occurring after December 31, 2018, the gross proceeds from such disposition, in each case paid to (i) a "foreign financial institution" (as specifically defined in the Code) which does not provide sufficient documentation, typically on IRS Form W-8BEN-E, evidencing either (x) an exemption from FATCA, or (y) its compliance (or deemed compliance) with FATCA (which may alternatively be in the form of compliance with an intergovernmental agreement with the United States) in a manner that avoids withholding, or (ii) a "non-financial foreign entity" (as specifically defined in the Code) which does not provide sufficient documentation, typically on IRS Form W-8BEN-E, evidencing either (x) an exemption from FATCA, or (y) adequate information regarding certain substantial United States beneficial owners of such entity (if any). If a dividend payment is both subject to withholding under FATCA and subject to the withholding tax discussed above under "Dividends," the withholding under FATCA may be credited against, and therefore reduce, such other withholding tax. Investors should consult their own tax advisor regarding these requirements and whether they may be relevant to the ownership and disposition of our Class A common stock.
Estate Tax
Our Class A common stock owned or treated as owned by an individual who is not a citizen or resident of the United States (as specifically defined for U.S. federal estate tax purposes) at the time of death will be includible in the individual's gross estate for U.S. federal estate tax purposes, unless an estate tax treaty between the United States and the decedent's country of residence provides otherwise.
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SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE
Since the completion of our leveraged buyout in August 2007, there has not been any public market for our capital stock, and we cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of shares of Class A common stock or the availability of shares of Class A common stock for sale will have on the market price of our Class A common stock. Nevertheless, sales of substantial amounts of shares of Class A common stock, including shares issued upon the exercise of outstanding options, in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could materially adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock and could impair our future ability to raise capital through the sale of our equity or equity-related securities at a time and price that we deem appropriate.
Upon the completion of this offering, we will have outstanding an aggregate of shares of Class A common stock and 133,300,971 shares of Class B common stock, assuming no exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares and no exercise of outstanding options. Of these outstanding shares, the shares of Class A common stock to be sold in this offering will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, except that any shares purchased in this offering by our "affiliates," as that term is defined under Rule 144 of the Securities Act, may be sold only in compliance with the limitations described below.
The shares of Class B common stock outstanding after this offering will be restricted as a result of securities laws or lock-up agreements as described below. Following the expiration of the lock-up period, all shares will be eligible for resale in compliance with Rule 144 or Rule 701. "Restricted securities" as defined under Rule 144 were issued and sold by us in reliance on exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. These shares may be sold in the public market only if registered or pursuant to an exemption from registration, such as Rule 144 or Rule 701 under the Securities Act.
Pursuant to the Note Exchange Agreements, we will exchange $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes for shares of our Class A common stock. We expect the exchange to be completed within one year and one day after the consummation of this offering, subject to certain exceptions that could result in the exchange being completed prior to that time. The number of shares of Class A common stock issuable will equal 104.625% of the aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes to be exchanged, or $261.6 million, divided by , the initial public offering price per share of Class A common stock. Assuming an initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and assuming the completion of the exchange transaction on the one-year anniversary of this offering, we expect to issue an aggregate of shares of Class A common stock. The shares of Class A common stock issued upon completion of the exchange will not be subject to any lock up agreements and may be sold pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, depending on their holding period and subject to restrictions in the case of shares held by persons deemed to be our affiliates.
In addition, the holders of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock may convert their shares of Series A Preferred Stock into shares of our Class A common stock within one year and one day after the consummation of this offering, subject to certain exceptions that could result in the holders being able to convert their shares of Series A Preferred Stock prior to that time. The number of shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion will depend upon, among other things, the number of shares of Class A common stock sold and the initial public offering price per share of Class A common stock in this offering. Assuming an initial public offering price of $ per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and assuming all interest is paid in cash through the conversion date and the completion of the exchange transaction on the one-year anniversary of this offering, we expect to issue an aggregate of shares of Class A common stock. Depending on when and in what manner the shares of Series A Preferred Stock are converted, the shares of Class A common stock issued upon conversion may or may not be subject to any lock up agreements and may be sold pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, depending on their holding
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period and subject to restrictions in the case of shares held by persons deemed to be our affiliates. As restrictions on resale end, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline if the holders of restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. For more information on our Series A Preferred Stock, see "Description of Capital StockPreferred StockSeries A Preferred Stock."
Rule 144
In general, under Rule 144 as in effect on the date of this prospectus, once we have been subject to public company reporting requirements for at least 90 days, a person who is not deemed to have been one of our affiliates for purposes of the Securities Act at any time during the 90 days preceding a sale and who has beneficially owned the shares of our Class A common stock proposed to be sold for at least six months, including the holding period of any prior owner other than our affiliates, is entitled to sell those shares of our Class A common stock without complying with the manner of sale, volume limitation or notice provisions of Rule 144, subject to compliance with the public information requirements of Rule 144. If such a person has beneficially owned the shares of our Class A common stock proposed to be sold for at least one year, including the holding period of any prior owner other than our affiliates, then that person is entitled to sell those shares of our Class A common stock without complying with any of the requirements of Rule 144.
In general, under Rule 144, as currently in effect, our affiliates or persons selling shares of our Class A common stock on behalf of our affiliates are entitled to sell upon the expiration of the lock-up agreements described below, within any three-month period beginning 90 days after the date of this prospectus, a number of shares of our Class A common stock that does not exceed the greater of:
Sales under Rule 144 by our affiliates or persons selling shares on behalf of our affiliates are also subject to certain manner of sale provisions and notice requirements and to the availability of current public information about us.
Rule 701
Rule 701 under the Securities Act, as in effect on the date of this prospectus, permits resales of shares in reliance upon Rule 144 but without compliance with certain restrictions of Rule 144, including the holding period requirement. Most of our employees, executive officers or directors who acquired shares under a written compensatory plan or contract may be entitled to rely on the resale provisions of Rule 701, but all holders of Rule 701 shares are required to wait until 90 days after the date of this prospectus before selling their shares. However, substantially all Rule 701 shares are subject to lock-up agreements as described below and under "Underwriting" and will become eligible for sale upon the expiration of the restrictions set forth in those agreements.
Stock Option and Incentive Plans
We intend to file one or more registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act following this offering to register the Class A common stock that is issuable upon exercise of stock options outstanding or under our stock option and incentive plans or issuable upon conversion of the Class B common stock that is issuable upon exercise of existing options. These registration statements are expected to become effective upon filing. Shares covered by these registration statements will then be eligible for sale in the public markets, subject to any applicable lock-up agreements and to Rule 144 limitations applicable to affiliates.
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Lock-up Agreements
In connection with this offering, we, our directors and executive officers and holders of substantially all of our outstanding common stock (including Wengen and the IFC Investors (other than the Korean Investment Corporation, which holds 1,390,902 shares of our common stock)) have agreed not to (i) offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of Class A common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of Class A common stock; (ii) file any registration statement with the SEC relating to the offering of any shares of Class A common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Class A common stock or (iii) enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of Class A common stock, without the consent of the representatives of the underwriters for a period of 180 days from the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions. For additional information, see "Underwriting."
The restrictions in the immediately preceding paragraph do not apply to certain transfers including, but not limited to, transfers of shares of our Class A common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our Class A common stock (i) acquired in open market transactions after completion of this offering, subject to certain conditions, (ii) to satisfy tax withholding requirements, subject to certain conditions, (iii) pursuant to our equity incentive plans described elsewhere in this prospectus, (iv) pursuant to an establishment of a Rule 10b5-1 plan, subject to certain conditions and (v) in certain other transactions.
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Under the terms and subject to the conditions contained in an underwriting agreement dated , 2017, we have agreed to sell to the underwriters named below, for whom Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Barclays Capital Inc. are acting as representatives, the following respective numbers of shares of Class A common stock:
Underwriter
|
Number
of Shares |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC |
||||
Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC |
||||
Barclays Capital Inc. |
||||
Macquarie Capital (USA) Inc. |
||||
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC |
||||
BMO Capital Markets Corp. |
||||
Citigroup Global Markets Inc. |
||||
Goldman, Sachs & Co. |
||||
Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated |
||||
Barrington Research Associates, Inc. |
||||
Piper Jaffray & Co. |
||||
Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated |
||||
William Blair & Company, L.L.C. |
||||
Banco Bradesco BBI S.A. |
||||
BTG Pactual US Capital, LLC. |
||||
| | | | |
Total |
||||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
The underwriting agreement provides that the underwriters are obligated to purchase all the shares of Class A common stock in the offering if any are purchased, other than those shares covered by the option to purchase additional shares described below. The underwriting agreement also provides that if an underwriter defaults, the purchase commitments of non-defaulting underwriters may be increased or the offering may be terminated.
We have granted to the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase on a pro rata basis up to additional shares from us at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions.
The underwriters propose to offer the shares of Class A common stock initially at the public offering price on the cover page of this prospectus and to selling group members at that price less a selling concession of up to $ per share. After the initial public offering the representatives may change the public offering price and selling concession and discount to broker/dealers.
The following table summarizes the compensation and estimated expenses we will pay:
|
Per Share | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Without
Option |
With
Option |
Without
Option |
With
Option |
|||||||||
Underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us |
$ | $ | $ | $ |
Macquarie Capital (USA) Inc., which is a FINRA member, has acted as a financial adviser in connection with our preparation for this offering. We have agreed to pay Macquarie Capital (USA) Inc. a one-time fee of $2.2 million for its services.
On December 20, 2016, we issued and sold 23,000 shares of our Series A Preferred Stock to an affiliate of Macquarie Capital (USA) Inc., an underwriter in this offering, in a private placement at a
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purchase price of $1,000.00 per share for aggregate proceeds of $23.0 million. The 23,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock are deemed to be underwriting compensation pursuant to FINRA Rule 5110. Such securities may not be sold during this offering or sold, transferred, assigned, pledged or hypothecated, or be the subject of any hedging, short sale, derivative, put or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of the shares for a period of 180 days immediately following the date of effectiveness of this offering or commencement of sales of this offering.
Macquarie Capital (USA) Inc. has been granted the right to participate in future financings by the Company; this right is deemed to constitute 1% in underwriting compensation for this offering pursuant to FINRA Rule 5110.
We estimate that our out-of-pocket expenses for this offering will be approximately $9 million.
We have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for expenses of approximately $20,000 related to clearance of this offering with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.
The underwriters have informed us that they do not intend sales to discretionary accounts to exceed 5% of the total number of shares of Class A common stock offered by them.
We have agreed that we will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, or file with the Securities and Exchange Commission a registration statement under the Securities Act relating to, any shares of our Class A common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of our Class A common stock, or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge, disposition or filing, without the prior written consent of the representatives for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus.
Our directors and executive officers and holders of substantially all of our outstanding common stock (including Wengen and the IFC Investors (other than the Korean Investment Corporation, which holds 1,390,902 shares of our common stock)), have agreed that they will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of our Class A common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any shares of our Class A common stock, enter into a transaction that would have the same effect, or enter into any swap, hedge or other arrangement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of our Class A common stock, whether any of these transactions are to be settled by delivery of our Class A common stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise, or publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge or disposition, or to enter into any transaction, swap, hedge or other arrangement, without, in each case, the prior written consent of the representatives for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions.
The restrictions in the immediately preceding paragraph do not apply to certain transfers including, but not limited to, transfers of shares of our Class A common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our Class A common stock (i) acquired in open market transactions after completion of this offering, subject to certain conditions, (ii) to satisfy tax withholding requirements, subject to certain conditions, (iii) pursuant to our equity incentive plans described elsewhere in this prospectus, (iv) pursuant to an establishment of a Rule 10b5-1 plan, subject to certain conditions and (v) in certain other transactions.
We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribute to payments that the underwriters may be required to make in that respect.
We have applied to list the shares of Class A common stock on Nasdaq under the symbol "LAUR".
Prior to the offering, there has been no public market for our Class A common stock. The initial public offering price will be determined through negotiations between us and the representatives. In
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determining the initial public offering price, we and the representatives expect to consider a number of factors including:
Neither we nor the underwriters can assure investors that an active trading market will develop for our Class A common stock, or that shares of our Class A common stock will trade in the public market at or above the initial public offering price.
In connection with the offering the underwriters may engage in stabilizing transactions, over-allotment transactions, syndicate covering transactions, penalty bids and passive market making in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act.
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These stabilizing transactions, over-allotment transactions, syndicate covering transactions, penalty bids and passive market making may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our Class A common stock or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the Class A common stock. As a result the price of our Class A common stock may be higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the open market. These transactions may be effected on Nasdaq or otherwise and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.
A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the web sites maintained by one or more of the underwriters, or selling group members, if any, participating in this offering and one or more of the underwriters participating in this offering may distribute prospectuses electronically. The representatives may agree to allocate a number of shares to underwriters and selling group members for sale to their online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the underwriters and selling group members that will make internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations.
Other Relationships
The underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. Certain of the underwriters and their respective affiliates have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future perform, various financial advisory and investment banking services for us or our affiliates, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses. Certain of the underwriters or their affiliates are lenders under our senior secured multi-currency credit facility. For example, Citibank, N.A., an affiliate of Citigroup Global Markets Inc., acts as an administrative agent under our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility. Affiliates of certain of the underwriters hold a portion of the Senior Notes and/or the term loans under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities, and as a result, may receive a portion of the proceeds from this offering. See "Use of Proceeds."
In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and their respective affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers and may at any time hold long and short positions in such securities and instruments. Such investment and securities activities may involve our securities and instruments. The underwriters and their respective affiliates may also make investment recommendations or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, loan or short positions in such securities and instrument.
Selling Restrictions
Notice to Prospective Investors in Canada
The shares may be sold only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the shares must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.
Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damage if this prospectus (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser's province or territory. The
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purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser's province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.
Pursuant to section 3A.3 of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (NI 33-105), the underwriters are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.
Notice to Prospective Investors in the European Economic Area
In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area (each, a "Relevant Member State"), no offer of shares may be made to the public in that Relevant Member State other than:
provided that no such offer of shares shall require us or the representatives to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive.
Each person in a Relevant Member State who initially acquires any shares or to whom any offer is made will be deemed to have represented, acknowledged and agreed that it is a "qualified investor" within the meaning of the law in that Relevant Member State. In the case of any shares being offered to a financial intermediary as that term is used in Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive, each such financial intermediary will be deemed to have represented, acknowledged and agreed that the shares acquired by it in the offer have not been acquired on a non-discretionary basis on behalf of, nor have they been acquired with a view to their offer or resale to, persons in circumstances which may give rise to an offer of any shares to the public other than their offer or resale in a Relevant Member State to qualified investors as so defined or in circumstances in which the prior consent of the representatives has been obtained to each such proposed offer or resale.
We, the representatives and their affiliates will rely upon the truth and accuracy of the foregoing representations, acknowledgements and agreements.
This prospectus has been prepared on the basis that any offer of shares in any Relevant Member State will be made pursuant to an exemption under the Prospectus Directive from the requirement to publish a prospectus for offers of shares. Accordingly any person making or intending to make an offer in that Relevant Member State of shares which are the subject of the offering contemplated in this prospectus may only do so in circumstances in which no obligation arises for us or any of the underwriters to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive in relation to such offer. Neither we nor the underwriters have authorized, nor do they authorize, the making of any offer of shares in circumstances in which an obligation arises for us or the underwriters to publish a prospectus for such offer.
For the purposes of the above provisions, the expression an "offer to the public" in relation to any shares in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the shares to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe the shares, as the same may be varied in that Member State by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in the Relevant Member State and the expression "Prospectus Directive" means Directive 2003/71/EC (as amended, including the Directive 2010/73/EU), and includes any relevant implementing measure in the Relevant Member State.
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Notice to Prospective Investors in the United Kingdom
In addition, in the United Kingdom, this document is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer subsequently made may only be directed at persons who are "qualified investors" (as defined in the Prospectus Directive) (i) who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19 (5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005, as amended (the "Order") and/or (ii) who are high net worth companies (or persons to whom it may otherwise be lawfully communicated) falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) of the Order (all such persons together being referred to as "relevant persons").
Any person in the United Kingdom that is not a relevant person should not act or rely on the information included in this document or use it as basis for taking any action. In the United Kingdom, any investment or investment activity that this document relates to may be made or taken exclusively by relevant persons. Any person in the United Kingdom that is not a relevant person should not act or rely on this document or any of its contents.
Notice to Prospective Investors in Switzerland
The shares may not be publicly offered in Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange ("SIX"), or on any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. This document does not constitute a prospectus within the meaning of, and has been prepared without regard to the disclosure standards for issuance prospectuses under art. 652a or art. 1156 of the Swiss Code of Obligations or the disclosure standards for listing prospectuses under art. 27 ff. of the SIX Listing Rules or the listing rules of any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. Neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the shares or the offering may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.
Neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the offering, us or the shares have been or will be filed with or approved by any Swiss regulatory authority. In particular this document will not be filed with, and the offer of shares will not be supervised by, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA, and the offer of the shares has not been and will not be authorized under the Swiss Federal Act on Collective Investment Schemes ("CISA"). The investor protection afforded to acquirers of interests in collective investment schemes under the CISA does not extend to acquirers of the shares.
Notice to Prospective Investors in Hong Kong
The shares have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold in Hong Kong, by means of any document, other than (a) to "professional investors" as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong and any rules made under that Ordinance; or (b) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a "prospectus" as defined in the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong or which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of that Ordinance. No advertisement, invitation or document relating to the shares has been or may be issued or has been or may be in the possession of any person for the purposes of issue, whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere, which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to shares which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to "professional investors" as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) and any rules made under that Ordinance.
Notice to Prospective Investors in Singapore
This prospectus has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale,
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or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the shares may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the shares be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore (the "SFA"), (ii) to a relevant person pursuant to Section 275(1), or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275, of the SFA or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA.
Where the shares are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is:
securities (as defined in Section 239(1) of the SFA) of that corporation or the beneficiaries' rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the shares pursuant to an offer made under Section 275 of the SFA except:
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The validity of the shares of Class A common stock offered hereby will be passed upon for us by DLA Piper LLP (US), Baltimore, Maryland, and the validity of the shares of Class A common stock offered hereby will be passed upon for the underwriters by Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, New York, New York.
The financial statements of Laureate Education, Inc., as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 included elsewhere in this Prospectus have been so included in reliance on the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
The financial statements of FMU Group as of September 12, 2014 and for the period from January 1, 2014 through September 12, 2014 included elsewhere in this Prospectus have been so included in reliance of the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes, São Paulo, Brazil, independent accountants, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
The financial statements of Sociedade Educacional Sul-Rio-Grandense Ltda. as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2013 included elsewhere in this Prospectus have been so included in reliance of the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, independent accountants, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the shares of Class A common stock offered hereby. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement or the exhibits and schedules filed therewith. For further information about us and the Class A common stock offered hereby, we refer you to the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules filed thereto. Statements contained in this prospectus regarding the contents of any contract or any other document that is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement are not necessarily complete, and each such statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the full text of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. Following this offering, we will be required to file periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act. You may read and copy this information at the Public Reference Room of the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is www.sec.gov.
You may obtain a copy of any of our filings, at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at:
Laureate
Education, Inc.
650 S. Exeter Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
(410) 843-6100
Attn: Corporate Secretary
Our website is accessible through www.laureate.net. Information on, or accessible through, our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into, this prospectus.
357
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The reverse stock split described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements has not been consummated at January 10, 2017. When it has been consummated, we will be in a position to furnish the following report.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Baltimore, Maryland
January 10, 2017
"Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To
the Board of Directors and Stockholders
of Laureate Education Inc.
In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Laureate Education, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it classifies deferred financing costs in 2016.
Baltimore, Maryland
March 25, 2016, except for the change in the manner in which the Company classifies deferred financing costs as discussed in Note 2, as to which the date is May 20, 2016, and
except for the change in composition of reportable segments as discussed in Note 6, as to which the date is December 14, 2016, and except for the effects of the reverse stock split as
discussed in Note 1, as to which the date is [ ]"
F-2
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Operations
IN THOUSANDS
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-3
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
IN THOUSANDS
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Net loss |
$ | (315,845 | ) | $ | (162,453 | ) | $ | (85,076 | ) | |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |
||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax of $0 for all years |
(386,310 | ) | (307,101 | ) | (193,589 | ) | ||||
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net of tax of $0 for all years |
5,629 | (733 | ) | 2,667 | ||||||
Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $982, $715 and $1,235, respectively |
2,966 | (6,994 | ) | 2,585 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total other comprehensive loss |
(377,715 | ) | (314,828 | ) | (188,337 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive loss |
(693,560 | ) | (477,281 | ) | (273,413 | ) | ||||
Net comprehensive loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests |
3,234 | (8,759 | ) | 16,936 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive loss attributable to Laureate Education, Inc . |
$ | (690,326 | ) | $ | (486,040 | ) | $ | (256,477 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-4
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets
IN THOUSANDS, except per share amounts
December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assets |
|||||||
Current assets: |
|||||||
Cash and cash equivalents (includes VIE amounts of $120,944 and $122,712, see Note 2) |
$ | 458,673 | $ | 461,584 | |||
Restricted cash and investments |
160,585 | 149,438 | |||||
Receivables: |
|||||||
Accounts and notes receivable |
441,051 | 452,509 | |||||
Other receivables |
35,788 | 40,239 | |||||
Related party receivables |
7,336 | 13,743 | |||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts |
(158,006 | ) | (164,764 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Receivables, net |
326,169 | 341,727 | |||||
Deferred income taxes |
87,895 | 95,835 | |||||
Income tax receivable |
17,048 | 10,595 | |||||
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |
85,314 | 94,259 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total current assets (includes VIE amounts of $307,043 and $315,579, see Note 2) |
1,135,684 | 1,153,438 | |||||
Notes receivable, net |
59,272 | 13,728 | |||||
Property and equipment: |
|||||||
Land |
419,977 | 470,993 | |||||
Buildings |
1,294,263 | 1,340,333 | |||||
Furniture, equipment and software |
1,142,176 | 1,161,892 | |||||
Leasehold improvements |
384,655 | 391,435 | |||||
Construction in-progress |
93,260 | 121,978 | |||||
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |
(1,043,431 | ) | (972,312 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Property and equipment, net |
2,290,900 | 2,514,319 | |||||
Land use rights, net |
50,336 | 53,992 | |||||
Goodwill |
2,115,897 | 2,469,795 | |||||
Other intangible assets: |
|||||||
Tradenames |
1,361,125 | 1,461,762 | |||||
Other intangible assets, net |
52,197 | 93,064 | |||||
Deferred costs, net |
58,169 | 59,494 | |||||
Deferred income taxes |
80,754 | 87,741 | |||||
Other assets |
234,782 | 308,935 | |||||
Long-term assets held for sale |
| 141,856 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total assets (includes VIE amounts of $1,346,908 and $1,449,560, see Note 2) |
$ | 7,439,116 | $ | 8,358,124 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-5
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Continued)
IN THOUSANDS, except per share amounts
December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liabilities and stockholders' equity |
|||||||
Current liabilities: |
|||||||
Accounts payable |
$ | 111,749 | $ | 107,385 | |||
Accrued expenses |
371,621 | 392,088 | |||||
Accrued compensation and benefits |
237,659 | 252,133 | |||||
Deferred revenue and student deposits |
482,723 | 471,755 | |||||
Current portion of long-term debt |
192,354 | 233,286 | |||||
Current portion of due to shareholders of acquired companies |
21,050 | 26,048 | |||||
Deferred compensation |
17,463 | 82,165 | |||||
Income taxes payable |
48,369 | 41,998 | |||||
Deferred income taxes |
9,310 | 21,968 | |||||
Derivative instruments |
688 | | |||||
Other current liabilities |
55,197 | 40,489 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total current liabilities (includes VIE amounts of $305,067 and $388,588, see Note 2) |
1,548,183 | 1,669,315 | |||||
Long-term debt, less current portion |
4,318,934 | 4,253,487 | |||||
Due to shareholders of acquired companies, less current portion |
165,669 | 222,013 | |||||
Deferred compensation |
14,880 | 33,410 | |||||
Income taxes payable |
169,951 | 155,728 | |||||
Deferred income taxes |
507,477 | 570,364 | |||||
Derivative instruments |
19,326 | 24,255 | |||||
Other long-term liabilities |
287,524 | 329,128 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total liabilities (includes VIE amounts of $455,373 and $505,330, see Note 2) |
7,031,944 | 7,257,700 | |||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
51,746 | 43,876 | |||||
Stockholders' equity: |
|||||||
Preferred stock, par value $0.001 per shareauthorized 50,000 shares, no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 |
| | |||||
Common stock, par value $0.004 per shareauthorized 175,000 shares, issued and outstanding shares of 133,255 and 132,973 as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively |
533 | 532 | |||||
Additional paid-in capital |
2,686,451 | 2,688,877 | |||||
Accumulated deficit |
(1,409,548 | ) | (1,093,300 | ) | |||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |
(952,677 | ) | (579,041 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Total Laureate Education, Inc. stockholders' equity |
324,759 | 1,017,068 | |||||
Noncontrolling interests |
30,667 | 39,480 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity |
355,426 | 1,056,548 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |
$ | 7,439,116 | $ | 8,358,124 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-6
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
IN THOUSANDS
|
Laureate Education, Inc. Stockholders |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Shares of
common stock outstanding |
Common
stock |
Additional
paid-in capital |
(Accumulated
deficit) retained earnings |
Accumulated
other comprehensive (loss) income |
Noncontrolling
interests |
Total
stockholders' equity |
|||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2012 |
126,577 | $ | 506 | $ | 2,537,054 | $ | (865,331 | ) | $ | (76,132 | ) | $ | 36,579 | $ | 1,632,676 | |||||||
Capital contribution from parent |
| | 13,568 | | | | 13,568 | |||||||||||||||
Non-cash stock compensation |
9 | | 41,140 | | | | 41,140 | |||||||||||||||
Cash dividends to stockholders |
| | (22,872 | ) | | | | (22,872 | ) | |||||||||||||
Common stock issued net of stock issuance cost |
5,791 | 23 | 199,697 | | | | 199,720 | |||||||||||||||
Exercise of put, vesting of restricted stock and exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld to satisfy minimum employee tax withholding |
93 | 1 | (1,971 | ) | | | | (1,970 | ) | |||||||||||||
Changes in noncontrolling interests |
| | (87,970 | ) | | (5,879 | ) | (23 | ) | (93,872 | ) | |||||||||||
Dividends to noncontrolling interests |
| | 195 | | | (1,304 | ) | (1,109 | ) | |||||||||||||
Capital contributions from noncontrolling interest holders |
| | | | | 11,823 | 11,823 | |||||||||||||||
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
| | (9,797 | ) | | | | (9,797 | ) | |||||||||||||
Reclassification of comprehensive income to redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
| | | | | 9,672 | 9,672 | |||||||||||||||
Reclassification of redeemable noncontrolling interests |
| | | | | 3,571 | 3,571 | |||||||||||||||
Net loss |
| | | (69,678 | ) | | (15,398 | ) | (85,076 | ) | ||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax of $0 |
| | | | (192,051 | ) | (1,538 | ) | (193,589 | ) | ||||||||||||
Unrealized gain on derivatives, net of tax of $0 |
| | | | 2,667 | | 2,667 | |||||||||||||||
Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $1,235 |
| | | | 2,585 | | 2,585 | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2013 |
132,470 | $ | 530 | $ | 2,669,044 | $ | (935,009 | ) | $ | (268,810 | ) | $ | 43,382 | $ | 1,509,137 | |||||||
Non-cash stock compensation |
11 | | 40,693 | | | | 40,693 | |||||||||||||||
Cash distributions to stockholders |
| | (5,271 | ) | | | | (5,271 | ) | |||||||||||||
Equity to liability award modification |
(25 | ) | | (2,986 | ) | | | | (2,986 | ) | ||||||||||||
Exercise of stock options |
52 | | 964 | | | | 964 | |||||||||||||||
Vesting of restricted stock and exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld to satisfy minimum employee tax withholding |
465 | 2 | (2,242 | ) | | | | (2,240 | ) | |||||||||||||
Changes in noncontrolling interests |
| | (4,498 | ) | | | 3,769 | (729 | ) | |||||||||||||
Dividends to noncontrolling interests |
| | (2,461 | ) | | | 1,050 | (1,411 | ) | |||||||||||||
Capital contributions from noncontrolling interest holders |
| | 4,821 | | | 166 | 4,987 | |||||||||||||||
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
| | (9,187 | ) | | | | (9,187 | ) | |||||||||||||
Reclassification of comprehensive income to redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
| | | | | (119 | ) | (119 | ) | |||||||||||||
Other, net |
| | | | | (9 | ) | (9 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net loss |
| | | (158,291 | ) | | (4,162 | ) | (162,453 | ) | ||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax of $0 |
| | | | (302,504 | ) | (4,597 | ) | (307,101 | ) | ||||||||||||
Unrealized loss on derivatives, net of tax of $0 |
| | | | (733 | ) | | (733 | ) | |||||||||||||
Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $715 |
| | | | (6,994 | ) | | (6,994 | ) | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2014 |
132,973 | $ | 532 | $ | 2,688,877 | $ | (1,093,300 | ) | $ | (579,041 | ) | $ | 39,480 | $ | 1,056,548 | |||||||
Non-cash stock compensation |
8 | | 34,120 | | | | 34,120 | |||||||||||||||
Cash distributions to stockholders |
| | (18,975 | ) | | | | (18,975 | ) | |||||||||||||
Exercise of stock options |
111 | | 2,040 | | | | 2,040 | |||||||||||||||
Vesting of restricted stock and exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld to satisfy minimum employee tax withholding |
163 | 1 | (3,869 | ) | | | | (3,868 | ) | |||||||||||||
Changes in noncontrolling interests |
| | (1,554 | ) | | 442 | (2,253 | ) | (3,365 | ) | ||||||||||||
Dividends to noncontrolling interests |
| | (1,147 | ) | | | (95 | ) | (1,242 | ) | ||||||||||||
Capital contributions from noncontrolling interest holders |
| | | | | 1,382 | 1,382 | |||||||||||||||
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
| | (13,041 | ) | | | | (13,041 | ) | |||||||||||||
Reclassification of comprehensive income to redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
| | | | | (4,613 | ) | (4,613 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net (loss) income |
| | | (316,248 | ) | | 403 | (315,845 | ) | |||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax of $0 |
| | | | (382,673 | ) | (3,637 | ) | (386,310 | ) | ||||||||||||
Unrealized gain on derivatives, net of tax of $0 |
| | | | 5,629 | | 5,629 | |||||||||||||||
Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $982 |
| | | | 2,966 | | 2,966 | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2015 |
133,255 | $ | 533 | $ | 2,686,451 | $ | (1,409,548 | ) | $ | (952,677 | ) | $ | 30,667 | $ | 355,426 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-7
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
IN THOUSANDS
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cash flows from operating activities |
||||||||||
Net loss |
$ | (315,845 | ) | $ | (162,453 | ) | $ | (85,076 | ) | |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |
||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
282,946 | 288,331 | 242,725 | |||||||
Loss on impairment of assets |
| 125,788 | 33,582 | |||||||
(Gain) loss on sale of subsidiary and disposal of property and equipment |
(5,141 | ) | 8,006 | (7,181 | ) | |||||
Loss (gain) on derivative instruments |
1,988 | (29,801 | ) | (44,208 | ) | |||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
331 | 22,984 | 1,361 | |||||||
Non-cash interest expense |
55,786 | 52,908 | 46,650 | |||||||
Non-cash share-based compensation expense |
39,021 | 49,190 | 49,512 | |||||||
Bad debt expense |
107,162 | 110,302 | 102,661 | |||||||
Deferred income taxes |
(15,563 | ) | (163,257 | ) | (16,207 | ) | ||||
Unrealized foreign currency exchange loss |
124,487 | 98,767 | 790 | |||||||
Non-cash loss (gain) from non-income tax contingencies |
182 | (3,355 | ) | 9,336 | ||||||
Non-cash expense (income) from profit-sharing legislation |
937 | (22,755 | ) | 8,389 | ||||||
Other, net |
1,646 | 2,410 | 3,501 | |||||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |
||||||||||
Restricted cash |
(932 | ) | (12,778 | ) | (3,016 | ) | ||||
Receivables |
(225,027 | ) | (166,008 | ) | (95,295 | ) | ||||
Inventory, prepaid expenses and other assets |
(15,533 | ) | (28,517 | ) | (35,452 | ) | ||||
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |
15,237 | 13,034 | 26,574 | |||||||
Income tax receivable/payable, net |
13,673 | 63,564 | (11,871 | ) | ||||||
Deferred revenue and other liabilities |
105,131 | 22,796 | 50,427 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations |
170,486 | 269,156 | 277,202 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from investing activities |
||||||||||
Purchase of property and equipment and land use rights |
(344,056 | ) | (416,746 | ) | (500,886 | ) | ||||
Expenditures for deferred costs |
(22,802 | ) | (19,672 | ) | (18,645 | ) | ||||
Receipts from sale of property and equipment and subsidiary |
204,076 | 4,565 | 66,960 | |||||||
Property insurance recoveries |
2,198 | | | |||||||
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired |
(6,705 | ) | (287,945 | ) | (177,550 | ) | ||||
Payments of contingent consideration for acquisitions |
(1,275 | ) | | (5,674 | ) | |||||
Proceeds from (investments in) affiliates |
5,047 | | (8,789 | ) | ||||||
Payments from (to) related parties |
3,849 | 2,745 | (8,724 | ) | ||||||
Change in restricted cash and investments |
(15,452 | ) | 224,424 | (235,775 | ) | |||||
Proceeds from sale or maturity of available-for-sale securities, net |
1,478 | 3,448 | | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations |
(173,642 | ) | (489,181 | ) | (889,083 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from financing activities |
||||||||||
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |
628,512 | 589,476 | 1,304,527 | |||||||
Payments on long-term debt |
(528,025 | ) | (358,086 | ) | (644,125 | ) | ||||
Payments of deferred purchase price for acquisitions |
(25,582 | ) | (41,052 | ) | (30,544 | ) | ||||
Payments to purchase noncontrolling interests |
(5,351 | ) | (9,567 | ) | (15,950 | ) | ||||
Capital contributions from parent |
| | 13,568 | |||||||
Payments of dividends |
(20,472 | ) | (6,526 | ) | (22,872 | ) | ||||
Sale of common stock, net of issuance costs |
| | 199,720 | |||||||
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |
2,040 | 964 | | |||||||
Withholding of shares to satisfy minimum employee tax withholding for vested stock awards and exercised stock options |
(3,868 | ) | (2,240 | ) | (1,970 | ) | ||||
Payments of debt issuance costs and modification fees |
(13,020 | ) | (3,282 | ) | (30,618 | ) | ||||
Interest paid to lenders on issuance of the Senior Notes due 2019 |
| | (29,138 | ) | ||||||
Noncontrolling interest holder's loan to subsidiaries |
2,772 | 4,754 | 2,393 | |||||||
(Distributions to) and capital contributions from noncontrolling interest holders |
(2,582 | ) | (1,855 | ) | 11,672 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by financing activities of continuing operations |
34,424 | 172,586 | 756,663 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from discontinued operations |
||||||||||
Net cash provided by operating activities of discontinued operations |
| | 344 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by discontinued operations |
| | 344 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash |
(34,179 | ) | (50,877 | ) | (12,531 | ) | ||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |
(2,911 | ) | (98,316 | ) | 132,595 | |||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |
461,584 | 559,900 | 427,305 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |
$ | 458,673 | $ | 461,584 | $ | 559,900 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-8
Note 1. Description of Business
Laureate Education, Inc. and subsidiaries (hereinafter Laureate, we, us, our, or the Company) provide higher education programs and services to students through an international network of licensed universities and higher education institutions (institutions). We are a subsidiary of Wengen Alberta, Limited Partnership (Wengen), an Alberta limited partnership, which acquired Laureate on August 17, 2007 through a merger using leveraged buyout financing (the LBO).
On August 5, 2008, Wengen formed LEI Holdings Cooperatie U.A. and subsidiaries (Cooperatie) through an equity infusion. Cooperatie's subsidiary LEI International Holdings, B.V. (LIHBV) and LIHBV's subsidiaries including Laureate Education Asia Limited (Laureate Asia), provided higher education programs and services to students through a network of licensed institutions located in the following countries: Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Laureate Asia was a sister company to Laureate, since both entities were subsidiaries of Wengen. On December 18, 2013, the boards of directors of Wengen and Laureate unanimously authorized a transaction to combine Laureate and Laureate Asia. Accordingly, effective December 20, 2013, LIHBV transferred to Wengen 100% of the issued and outstanding equity of LEI Combination Holdings Limited, LIHBV's newly formed subsidiary and indirect parent of Laureate Asia. Effective December 23, 2013, Wengen transferred 100% of the issued and outstanding equity of LEI Combination Holdings Limited to Laureate in exchange for a payment of one United States Dollar (USD). We accounted for this transaction under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 805-50-15-5, "Transactions Between Entities Under Common Control." Accordingly, the accounts of Laureate Asia are retrospectively included in the Laureate Consolidated Financial Statements. On October 1, 2015, we redomiciled in Delaware as a public benefit corporation as a demonstration of our long-term commitment to our mission to benefit our students and society.
Laureate's programs are provided through institutions that are campus-based and internet-based, or through electronically distributed educational programs (online). Our educational offerings are delivered through four operating segments: Latin America (LatAm), Europe (Europe), Asia, Middle East & Africa (AMEA), and Global Products and Services (GPS). LatAm has locations in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Panama and Peru and has contractual relationships with a licensed institution in Ecuador. Europe has locations in Cyprus, France, Germany, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain and Turkey. The AMEA segment consists of campus-based institutions with operations in Australia, China, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Africa and Thailand. AMEA also manages 11 licensed institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and manages one additional institution in China through a joint venture arrangement. The GPS segment includes fully online degree programs in the United States offered through Walden University, LLC, which is a U.S.-based accredited institution, and through the University of Liverpool and the University of Roehampton in the United Kingdom. GPS also includes campus-based institutions located in Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The GPS segment also manages one hospitality and culinary institution in China and one hospitality and culinary institution in Jordan through joint venture and other contractual arrangements.
These financial statements reflect a 4 to 1 reverse stock split of our common stock that we intend to effect prior to the effectiveness of our registration statement on Form S-1.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies
The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Principles of Consolidation and Investments in Affiliates
General
Our Consolidated Financial Statements include all accounts of Laureate, our majority-owned subsidiaries, and educational institutions that are part of our network and, although not owned by Laureate, are VIEs pursuant to ASC Topic 810-10, "Consolidation." As of December 31, 2015, the Laureate network includes 16 VIE institutions in nine countries. Laureate has determined it is the "primary beneficiary" of these VIEs, as such term is defined in ASC 810-10-20, and has consolidated the financial results of operations, assets and liabilities, and cash flows of these VIEs in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Noncontrolling Interests
A noncontrolling interest is the portion of a subsidiary that is not attributable to us either directly or indirectly. A noncontrolling interest can also be referred to as a minority interest. We recognize noncontrolling interest holders' share of equity and net income or loss separately in Noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the VIEs in our network, we generally do not recognize a noncontrolling interest. A noncontrolling interest is only recognized when a VIE's economics are shared with a third party (e.g., when the transferor of the control of the VIE retained a portion of the economics associated with it).
The VIE Arrangements
Laureate consolidates in its financial statements certain internationally based educational organizations that do not have shares or other equity ownership interests. Although these educational organizations may be considered not-for-profit entities in their home countries and they are operated in compliance with their respective not-for-profit legal regimes, we believe they do not meet the definition of a not-for-profit entity under GAAP, and we treat them as "for-profit" entities for accounting purposes. These entities generally cannot declare dividends or distribute their net assets to the entities that control them. We believe that we fully comply with all local laws and regulations.
Under ASC Topic 810-10, "Consolidation," we have determined that these institutions are VIEs and that Laureate is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because we have, as further described herein: (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly affect their educational and economic performance, and (2) the right to receive economic benefits from contractual and other arrangements with the VIEs that could potentially be significant to the VIEs. We account for the acquisition of the right to control a VIE in accordance with ASC 805.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
As with all of our educational institutions, the VIE institutions' primary source of income is tuition fees paid by students, for which the students receive educational services and goods that are proportionate to the prices charged. Laureate maintains control of these VIEs through its rights to designate a majority of the governing entities' board members, through which we have the legal ability to direct the activities of the entities. Laureate maintains a variable interest in these VIEs through mutual contractual arrangements at market rates and terms that provide them with necessary products and services, and/or intellectual property, and has the ability to enter into additional such contractual arrangements at market rates and terms. We also have the ability to transfer our rights to govern these VIEs, or the entities that possess those rights, to other parties, which could yield a return if and when these rights are transferred.
We generally do not have legal entitlement to distribute the net assets of the VIEs. Generally, in the event of liquidation or the sale of the net assets of the VIEs, the net proceeds can only be transferred either to another VIE institution with similar purposes or to the state. In the unlikely case of liquidation or a sale of the net assets of the VIE, we may be able to retain the residual value by naming another Laureate-controlled VIE resident in the same jurisdiction as the recipient, if one exists; however we generally cannot name a for-profit entity as the recipient. Moreover, because the institution generally would be required to provide for the continued education of its students, liquidation would not be a likely course of action and would be unlikely to result in significant residual assets available for distribution. However, we operate our VIEs as going concern enterprises, maintain control in perpetuity, and have the ability to provide additional contractual arrangements for educational and other services priced at up to market rates with Laureate-controlled service companies. Typically, we are not legally obligated to make additional investments in the VIE institutions.
Laureate for-profit entities provide necessary products and services, and/or intellectual property, to all institutions in the Laureate International Universities network, including the VIE institutions, through contractual arrangements at market rates and terms, which are accretive to Laureate. We periodically modify the rates we charge under these arrangements to ensure that they are priced at or below fair market value and to add additional services. If it is determined that contractual arrangements with any institution are not on market terms, it could have an adverse regulatory impact on such institution. We believe these arrangements improve the quality of the academic curriculum and the students' educational experience. There are currently four types of contractual arrangements: (i) intellectual property (IP) royalty arrangements; (ii) network fee arrangements; (iii) management service arrangements; and (iv) lease arrangements.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Revenues recognized by Laureate's for-profit entities from these contractual arrangements with our consolidated VIEs were approximately $106,005, $113,500 and $111,580 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. These revenues are eliminated in consolidation.
Under our accounting policy, we allocate all of the income or losses of these VIEs to Laureate unless there is a noncontrolling interest where the economics of the VIE are shared with a third party. The income or losses of these VIEs allocated to Laureate represent the earnings after deducting charges related to contractual arrangements with our for-profit entities as described above. We believe that the income remaining at the VIEs after these charges accretes value to our rights to control these entities.
Laureate's VIEs are generally exempt from income taxes. As a result, the VIEs generally do not record deferred tax assets or liabilities or recognize any income tax expense in the Consolidated Financial Statements. No deferred taxes are recognized by the for-profit service companies for the remaining income in these VIEs as the legal status of these entities generally prevents them from declaring dividends or making distributions to their sponsors. However, these for-profit service companies record income taxes related to revenues from their contractual arrangements with these VIEs.
Risks in relation to the VIEs
We believe that all of the VIE institutions in the Laureate network are operated in full compliance with local law and that the contractual arrangements with the VIEs are legally enforceable; however, these VIEs are subject to regulation by various agencies based on the requirements of local jurisdictions. These agencies, as well as local legislative bodies, review and update laws and regulations as they deem necessary or appropriate. We cannot predict the form of any laws that may be enacted, or regulations that ultimately may be adopted in the future, or what effects they might have on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. If local laws or regulations were to change, if the VIEs were found to be in violation of existing local laws or regulations, or if the regulators were to question the financial sustainability of the VIEs and/or whether the contractual arrangements were at fair value, local government agencies could, among other actions:
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Laureate's ability to conduct our business would be negatively affected if local governments were to carry out any of the aforementioned or other similar actions. In any such case, Laureate may no longer be able to consolidate the VIEs.
Selected Consolidated Statements of Operations information for these VIEs was as follows, net of the charges related to the above-described contractual arrangements:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Statements of Operations information: |
||||||||||
Revenues, by segment: |
||||||||||
LatAm |
$ | 417,711 | $ | 458,080 | $ | 566,154 | ||||
Europe |
128,605 | 130,353 | 115,800 | |||||||
AMEA |
136,051 | 139,146 | 93,690 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Revenues |
682,367 | 727,579 | 775,644 | |||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
53,019 | 54,821 | 50,159 | |||||||
Operating income (loss), by segment: |
|
|
|
|||||||
LatAm |
(14,778 | ) | (50,028 | ) | 21,728 | |||||
Europe |
13,591 | (11,243 | ) | 8,660 | ||||||
AMEA |
9,249 | 4,386 | 2,756 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income (loss) |
8,062 | (56,885 | ) | 33,144 | ||||||
Net income (loss) |
11,760 | (51,471 | ) | 41,111 | ||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
11,538 | (50,941 | ) | 41,061 |
Included in Net income (loss) for the VIEs in the table above is non-operating investment income that was recorded by three of the Chilean institutions relating to investments that these institutions have in a for-profit, education-related real estate subsidiary of Laureate in Chile. This non-operating investment income, which eliminated in consolidation, totaled $10,297, $11,981 and $11,021 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Also, of Laureate's impairment charges of $125,788 and $33,582 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, $47,965 and $1,987 related to the VIEs. In 2014, the impairment charges related to VIE institutions were all within the LatAm segment. In 2013, the impairment charges all related to VIE institutions within the AMEA segment. See Note 7, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for further discussion of the impairment charges recorded.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
The following table reconciles the Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. as presented in the table above, to the amounts in our Consolidated Statements of Operations:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc.: |
||||||||||
Variable interest entities |
$ | 11,538 | $ | (50,941 | ) | $ | 41,061 | |||
Other operations |
118,001 | 291,212 | 211,742 | |||||||
Corporate and eliminations |
(445,787 | ) | (398,562 | ) | (322,481 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net loss attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
$ | (316,248 | ) | $ | (158,291 | ) | $ | (69,678 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
The following table presents selected assets and liabilities of the consolidated VIEs. Except for Goodwill, the assets in the table below include the assets that can be used only to settle the obligations for the VIEs. The liabilities in the table are liabilities for which the creditors of the VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of Laureate.
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet amounts for these VIEs were as follows:
|
December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
VIE | Consolidated | VIE | Consolidated | |||||||||
Balance Sheets data: |
|||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 120,944 | $ | 458,673 | $ | 122,712 | $ | 461,584 | |||||
Other current assets |
186,099 | 677,011 | 192,867 | 691,854 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total current assets |
307,043 | 1,135,684 | 315,579 | 1,153,438 | |||||||||
Goodwill |
196,869 | 2,115,897 | 256,668 | 2,469,795 | |||||||||
Tradenames |
104,952 | 1,361,125 | 118,652 | 1,461,762 | |||||||||
Other intangible assets, net |
25 | 52,197 | 284 | 93,064 | |||||||||
Other long-term assets |
738,019 | 2,774,213 | 758,377 | 3,180,065 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets |
1,346,908 | 7,439,116 | 1,449,560 | 8,358,124 | |||||||||
Total current liabilities |
305,067 | 1,548,183 | 388,588 | 1,669,315 | |||||||||
Long-term debt and other long-term liabilities |
150,306 | 5,483,761 | 116,742 | 5,588,385 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities |
455,373 | 7,031,944 | 505,330 | 7,257,700 | |||||||||
Total stockholders' equity |
891,535 | 355,426 | 944,230 | 1,056,548 | |||||||||
Total stockholders' equity attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
874,610 | 324,759 | 920,073 | 1,017,068 |
The VIEs' Cash and cash equivalents balances are generally required to be used only for the benefit of the operations of these VIEs. These balances are included in Cash and cash equivalents in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
As a consequence of student protests and political disturbances during 2011 and 2012, the former Chilean government announced several proposed reforms to the higher education system. The reforms, if adopted, could have included changing the current accreditation system to make it more demanding, revising the student financing system to provide a single financing system for students in all higher education institutions (replacing the government-sponsored student financing program known as the
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Crédito con Aval del Estado, the CAE Program), establishing a system of information transparency for higher education, creating an agency to promote accountability by higher education institutions, changing certain corporate governance rules for universities (such as the need for a minimum number of independent directors), and establishing procedures for the approval of transactions between higher education institutions and related parties. Other legislative reforms were promoted by members of the Chilean Congress but were not supported by the previous Chilean government, including proposals to restrict related party transactions between higher education institutions and entities that control them. In November and December 2013, Chile held national elections. The presidential election was won by former president Michelle Bachelet, who assumed office on March 11, 2014, and a political coalition led by Ms. Bachelet won the elections for both houses of the Chilean Congress, in each case for the four years starting March 11, 2014. Although the election platform of the new government mentioned that stronger regulation of higher education was required, it did not contain specific commitments with respect to the abovementioned reforms, other than the creation of a special agency to oversee higher education institutions' compliance with law and regulations. In the second quarter of 2014, the new government announced the withdrawal of all of the prior administration's higher education proposals and its intent to submit new bills to the Chilean Congress.
On July 14, 2015, the Ministry of Education published on its website a "working document" (Documento de Trabajo) entitled "Bases for Reform to the National System of Higher Education", in which it set out a proposed framework for the higher education legislation that it is considering introducing and requested public comment on the proposals not later than August 20, 2015. The principal elements of the proposal include a new regulatory framework for higher education (including a Superintendency of Higher Education), a mandatory common admissions process for all higher education institutions, a mandatory unified accreditation system for all institutions and programs, a new public financing system with the ultimate goal of providing free tuition for all undergraduate students at qualifying higher education institutions that choose to participate, and a prohibition on related party transactions. In order for a higher education institution to be eligible for its undergraduate students to receive free tuition, among other things, the institution would have to be organized as a not-for-profit entity, not have any for-profit entities as members or sponsors of the institution, and own a specified percentage of its fixed assets (which percentage has not yet been specified). The proposals described in the Documento de Trabajo have not been transformed into a legislative proposal and we cannot predict whether any legislative proposal that the Ministry of Education introduces would contain any or all of these terms, or that the Chilean Congress would enact any such legislative proposal. However, if these proposals, or other reform proposals that may be made, were to be enacted, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
On November 27, 2015, the Chilean Congress passed the 2016 budget law (the Budget Law). By means of the Budget Law, the administration sought to implement a policy to grant free access to higher education to students from the first five income deciles who attend certain universities or technical vocational (tech/voc) institutions. For university students, the Budget Law would have required them to be enrolled in universities that either are members of the Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas (the CRUCh) or are private universities that are not members of the CRUCh that, on September 30, 2015, met the following requirements: (a) being accredited for four years or more; (b) not being related to for-profit legal entities; and (c) having a representative of the students or non-academic personnel as a member of their governing body. For tech/voc students, the Budget
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Law would have required them to be enrolled in institutions organized as not-for-profit legal entities that were accredited for four or more years.
On December 21, 2015, the Constitutional Tribunal (CT) declared portions of the Budget Law dealing with higher education institutions to be unconstitutional, in particular those portions that would require students to attend institutions with specific characteristics in order to obtain free tuition as, under the Chilean Constitution, that would constitute arbitrary discrimination affecting students who are in the same economic condition.
However, a few hours before the CT published the text of its decision, the administration submitted to the Chilean Congress a bill modifying the Budget Law that establishes different conditions to access free higher education (the ley corta or Short Law). The Short Law was approved by Congress two days after its submission, on December 23, 2015, and published on December 26, 2015. The Short Law is effective only during 2016 and was not subject to a constitutional challenge.
Under the Short Law, for university students to be eligible for free tuition, they must come from the first five income deciles and enroll either in a State-owned university or in a private university that on December 27, 2015 was accredited for at least four years and controlled by individuals or not-for-profit legal entities. The Short Law excludes tech/voc students from eligibility for free tuition in 2016. However, the Short Law provides that free tuition for tech/voc students will be implemented within three years provided that they attend tech/voc institutions that are accredited for at least four years and are organized as not-for-profit legal entities. The Short Law provided that tech/voc institutions that are currently organized as for-profit entities should, not later than December 27, 2015, state their intention to reorganize as not-for-profit entities in order to be eligible to participate in the free tuition program when it is implemented.
For the period between the effective date of the Short Law and such time as students at tech/voc institutions become eligible to participate in the free tuition program, the Short Law modified the allocations of the Nuevo Milenio Scholarship (NMS). The Short Law divided this scholarship program into three parts: (i) NMS I, which grants students who met certain personal conditions scholarships of up to Chilean Peso (CLP) 600 per year; (ii) NMS II, which grants students scholarships of up to CLP 850 per year, provided the students come from the first five income deciles and the tech/voc institution in which they are enrolled is organized as a not-for-profit legal entity or, if the tech/voc institution is not so organized, the institution has stated in writing its intention to become a not-for-profit entity and to be accredited; and (iii) NMS III, which grants students scholarships of up to CLP 900 per year, provided that such students and the institution in which they enroll meet the requirements for NMS II and the tech/voc institution is, on December 31, 2015, accredited for four years or more.
The Chilean universities and tech/voc institutions in the Laureate International Universities network do not meet each of these tests, so students at these institutions will not be eligible for free tuition or NMS II or NMS III scholarships under the Short Law. It is possible that the provisions of the Short Law could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
The Chilean government has also announced that it intends to submit higher education reform legislation during the first half of 2016, which may include making permanent the provisions of the Short Law as well as other provisions, such as the creation of a Superintendency of Higher Education. We anticipate that any such proposed legislation would, if adopted, introduce significant changes to the
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
regulatory environment for higher education in Chile and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
The Chilean Congress also recently approved legislation that provides for the appointment of a provisional administrator or closing administrator to handle the affairs of failing universities or universities found to have breached their bylaws. In addition, the Chilean Congress has recently approved legislation that would permit, but not require, universities and technical/vocational institutes to include in their bylaws provisions contemplating the participation of students, professors and employees in the governance of the institution.
In June 2012, an investigative committee of the Chilean Chamber of Deputies issued a preliminary report on the Chilean higher education system alleging that certain universities, including the three universities that Laureate controls in Chile, have not complied with the requirements of Chilean law that universities be not-for-profit. Among the irregularities cited in the report are high salaries to board members or top executives, outsourcing of services to related parties, and that universities are being bought and sold by foreign and economic groups. The investigative committee referred its report to the Ministry of Education and to the Public Prosecutor of Chile to determine whether there has been any violation of the law. The Public Prosecutor appointed a regional prosecutor to investigate whether any criminal charges should be brought for alleged violations of the laws on higher education and, more than three years later, no charges have been brought by the regional prosecutor against any institutions in the Laureate International Universities network. On July 19, 2012, the Chilean Chamber of Deputies rejected the report of the investigative committee. In December 2012, in light of the criminal prosecution of the former president of the National Accreditation Commission for alleged bribery, the Chilean Chamber of Deputies mandated its Education Commission to be an investigative committee regarding the functioning of the National Accreditation Commission, especially with respect to compliance with the National Accreditation Commission's duty to oversee higher education entities. The Education Commission delivered a report, which was approved by the Chamber of Deputies on October 1, 2013, containing several recommendations to improve regulation of the higher education accreditation system. Additionally, the Chilean Chamber of Deputies approved the creation of a special investigative committee to resume the investigation of higher education performed by the investigative committee that issued the June 2012 report that was previously rejected by the Chamber of Deputies. On January 15, 2014, that investigative committee approved a new report recommending, among other things, improvements to the Chilean higher education system regulations, amendments to the higher education financing system, particularly the CAE Program, imposition of criminal penalties for violation of the requirement that universities be not-for-profit, and support of legislation that would prohibit related party transactions, prohibit the transfer of control of universities, and require universities to have independent board members. The report was approved by the full Chamber of Deputies on April 1, 2014.
On February 18, 2014, the Ministry of Education disclosed that on November 15, 2013 and February 11, 2014, it had initiated internal investigations into Universidad de Las Américas Chile (UDLA Chile) and Universidad Andrés Bello (UNAB Chile), respectively. The investigations were initiated upon referrals from the National Education Council and the National Accreditation Commission, which had conveyed to the Ministry of Education their concerns regarding certain agreements entered into by UDLA Chile and UNAB Chile with their controlling entities, including
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
concerns about the amount and real use made by the universities of the services provided under those agreements. The investigations are an initial step by the Ministry of Education to determine whether the Ministry should begin formal sanction proceedings against the universities. The Ministry of Education also disclosed that it had delivered relevant documentation on the matter to the Public Prosecutor. In January 2016, the Ministry of Education announced that it had closed the investigation into UNAB.
While we believe that all of our institutions in Chile are operating in full compliance with Chilean law, we cannot predict the extent or outcome of any educational reforms that may be implemented in Chile, whether the Ministry of Education or the Public Prosecutor will take any action in response to the reports of the Chamber of Deputies investigative committees, or what outcome may result from any investigations undertaken by the Ministry of Education or Public Prosecutor in response to the referrals from the National Education Council and National Accreditation Commission.
The National System of Quality Assurance in Higher Education is a law that establishes a system of institutional accreditation and a process of accreditation of courses of study or programs. The National Accreditation Commission is an autonomous entity that delivers opinions on the institutional accreditation of higher education institutions and authorizes the private agencies in charge of accreditation. Institutional accreditation is required for new students to be eligible to participate in the CAE Program. On October 17, 2013, UDLA Chile was notified by the National Accreditation Commission that its institutional accreditation would not be renewed. UDLA Chile appealed this decision but received a final determination that the appeal was denied on January 22, 2014. UDLA Chile began a new accreditation process during the last quarter of 2015. See also Note 25, Subsequent Events.
Affiliates
When Laureate exercises significant influence over an affiliated entity, but does not control the entity, we account for our investments using the equity method of accounting. Significant influence occurs generally through ownership, directly or indirectly, of at least 20% and up to 50% of the voting interests. Under the equity method of accounting, Laureate records the proportionate share of these investments in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our proportionate share of income or loss related to these investments is recorded in Equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, net of tax, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Equity investments in which we do not exercise significant influence, generally through ownership of less than 20% of the voting rights, are accounted for using the cost method of accounting. Under the cost method of accounting, the investment is carried at cost on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in Other assets and income is recognized when dividends are received.
Impairments are recognized for an equity or cost method investment when and if the investment suffers an other-than-temporary decline in value. At that time, the investment is adjusted to its new fair value, and the difference is recognized as a loss in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. For equity method investments, this impairment loss is included in Equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, net of tax.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Business Combinations
Effective January 1, 2009, Laureate adopted the accounting guidance for business combinations as prescribed by ASC 805, "Business Combinations." When we complete a business combination, all tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and all liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value. Any excess purchase price is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred. If Laureate acquires less than 100% of an entity (a partial acquisition) and consolidates the entity upon acquisition, all assets and liabilities, including noncontrolling interests, are recorded at their estimated fair value. When a partial acquisition results in Laureate obtaining control of an entity, Laureate remeasures any previously existing investment in the entity at fair value and records a gain or loss. Partial acquisitions in which Laureate's control does not change are accounted for as equity transactions. Revenues and the results of operations of the acquired business are included in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements commencing on the date of acquisition.
During each of the years presented, Laureate acquired businesses that were accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Certain acquisitions require the payment of contingent amounts of purchase consideration if specified operating results are achieved in periods subsequent to the acquisition date. For acquisitions consummated on or after January 1, 2009, we record such contingent consideration at fair value on the acquisition date, with subsequent adjustments recognized in Direct costs in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We classify the subsequent cash payments of contingencies that are recorded at the acquisition date within financing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Contingent consideration arrangements related to acquisitions consummated prior to January 1, 2009 result in additional goodwill being recorded upon settlement of the underlying contingencies, with the settlement of these contingencies by transfer of cash classified within investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Laureate generally obtains indemnification from the sellers of the higher education institutions upon acquisition for various contingent liabilities that may arise and are related to pre-acquisition events in order to protect itself from economic losses arising from such exposures. Prior to January 1, 2009, we did not record indemnification assets related to any liabilities recorded as part of the purchase price allocation. Instead, an indemnification asset was recorded when the seller was obligated to make a payment under the indemnification and the amount was determined to be reasonably assured of collection. In cases in which the contingent liability was extinguished for an amount less than originally established or the related statute of limitations lapses such that the contingent amount was no longer required to be paid, the remaining liability was reversed, and any difference between the liability's carrying value and settlement amount was recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
For acquisitions consummated on or after January 1, 2009, we recognize an indemnification asset at the same time and on the same basis as the related indemnified item, subject to any contractual limitations and to the extent that collection is reasonably assured, in accordance with ASC 805. In subsequent periods, changes in the indemnified item are offset by changes in the indemnification asset. We assess the realizability of the indemnification assets each reporting period. However, changes in uncertain income tax positions are recorded as a component of Income tax (expense) benefit, while related changes to the indemnification asset are included in Operating income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
F-19
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Equity
In certain cases, Laureate initially purchases a majority ownership interest in a company and uses various put and call arrangements with the noncontrolling interest holders that require or enable us to purchase all or a portion of the remaining minority ownership at a later date. The nature of these Minority Put Arrangements and our accounting for the redeemable noncontrolling interests are discussed below.
Minority Put Arrangements
Minority Put Arrangements give noncontrolling interest holders the right to require Laureate to purchase their shares (i.e., Put option). The Put option price is generally established by multiplying an agreed-upon earnings measurement of the acquired company by a negotiated factor within a specified time frame. The future earnings measurement is based on an agreed-upon set of rules that are not necessarily consistent with GAAP, which we refer to as "non-GAAP earnings."
Laureate accounts for all of these Minority Put Arrangements as temporary equity in an account presented between liabilities and equity called Redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. This classification is appropriate because the instruments are contingently redeemable based on events outside Laureate's control. This accounting treatment is in accordance with ASC 480-10-S99, "Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity."
Redeemable noncontrolling interests are accreted to their redemption value (Put value) over the period from the date of issuance to the first date on which the Put option is exercisable. The change in Put value is recorded against Additional paid-in capital since Laureate has an Accumulated deficit. If Laureate had retained earnings, then the change in Put value would be recorded against retained earnings. In a computation of earnings per share, the accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interests to their redemption value would be a reduction of earnings available to common stockholders.
Foreign Currency Translation and Transaction Gains and Losses
The USD is the functional currency of Laureate and our subsidiaries operating in the United States. Our subsidiaries' financial statements are maintained in their functional currencies. The functional currency of each of our foreign subsidiaries is the currency of the economic environment in which the subsidiary primarily does business. Our foreign subsidiaries' financial statements are translated into USD using the exchange rates applicable to the dates of the financial statements. Assets and liabilities are translated into USD using the period-end spot foreign exchange rates. Income and expenses are translated at the weighted-average exchange rates in effect during the period. Equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates. The effects of these translation adjustments are reported as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) included in the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity.
Laureate has certain intercompany loans that are deemed to have the characteristics of a long-term investment. That is, the settlement of the intercompany loan is not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future. Transaction gains and losses related to these types of loans are recorded as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) included in the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity. Transaction gains and losses related to all other intercompany loans
F-20
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
are included in Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
For any transaction that is in a currency different from the entity's functional currency, Laureate records a gain or loss based on the difference between the exchange rate at the transaction date and the exchange rate at the transaction settlement date (or rate at period end, if unsettled) as Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Laureate considers all highly liquid investments that are purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
The Department of Education of the Hunan Province in China considers it prudent for universities in Hunan to demonstrate that they have adequate cash to meet operational needs for the remainder of the academic year. Although there is no formal rule or law, it is customary to retain on the university's year-end balance sheet approximately 25% of the cash received from the September enrollment cycle. It is the Company's position that this is not a restricted cash requirement and therefore this cash has been classified as Cash and cash equivalents on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Restricted Cash and Investments
Laureate's United States institutions participate in the United States Department of Education (DOE) Title IV student financing assistance lending programs (Title IV programs). Restricted cash and investments includes cash equivalents and short-term investments held to collateralize standby letters of credit in favor of the DOE. Letters of credit are required by the DOE in order to allow our United States institutions to participate in the Title IV program. In addition, Laureate may have restricted cash in escrow pending potential acquisition transactions, hold a United States deposit for a letter of credit in lieu of a surety bond, or otherwise have cash that is not immediately available for use in current operations.
Financial Instruments
Laureate's financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts and notes receivable, other receivables, accounts payable, amounts due to shareholders of acquired companies, derivative instruments, debt, capital lease obligations, and redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity. Except for debt, as discussed in Note 9, Debt, the fair value of these financial instruments approximates their carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Additional information about fair value is provided in Note 20, Fair Value Measurement.
Our cash accounts are maintained with high-quality financial institutions with no significant concentration in any one institution. Our accounts receivable are not concentrated with any one significant customer. Our United States institutions participate in the DOE Title IV program and certain Chilean institutions in the Laureate network participate in a government-sponsored student financing program known as the CAE Program. During the course of the year, Laureate could have material receivables related to Title IV and the CAE Program.
F-21
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Accounts and Notes Receivable
We recognize student receivables when an academic session begins, although students generally enroll in courses prior to the start of the academic session. Receivables are recognized only to the extent that amounts are due and collection is reasonably assured.
Laureate offers long-term financing through note receivable agreements with students at certain of our institutions. These notes receivable generally are not collateralized. Non-interest bearing, long-term student receivables are recorded at present value using a discount rate approximating the unsecured borrowing rate for an individual. Differences between the present value and the principal amount of long-term student receivables are accreted through Interest income over their terms. Certain of our institutions have sold certain long-term student receivables to local financial institutions. These transactions were deemed sales of receivables and the receivables were derecognized from our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Certain Chilean institutions in the Laureate network also participate in the CAE Program. In this program, these institutions provide guarantees to third-party financing institutions for tuition loans made to qualifying students. Refer to Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies, for further discussion of this program.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Receivables are deemed to be uncollectible when they have been outstanding for two years, or earlier when collection efforts have ceased, at which time they are written off. Prior to that, Laureate records an allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce our receivables to their net realizable value. Our allowance estimation methodology is based on the age of the receivables, the status of past-due amounts, historical collection trends, current economic conditions, and student enrollment status. In the event that current collection trends differ from historical trends, an adjustment is made to the allowance account and bad debt expense.
Property and Equipment, and Leased Assets
Property and equipment includes land, buildings, furniture, equipment, software, library books, leasehold improvements, and construction in-progress. We record property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Software that is developed for internal use is classified within the line item titled Furniture, equipment and software in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Assets under construction are recorded in Construction in-progress until they are available for use. Interest is capitalized as a component of the cost of projects during the construction period.
We conduct a significant portion of our operations at leased facilities. Laureate analyzes each lease agreement to determine whether it should be classified as a capital or an operating lease. We recognize operating lease rent expense on a straight-line basis over the expected term of each lease. In some instances, we enter into arrangements in which the landlord will construct real estate assets to be used for our business operations. In some cases, we are responsible for construction cost overruns or nonstandard tenant improvements. Laureate reviews these leases to determine whether we bear substantially all of the construction period risks and, therefore, should be considered for accounting
F-22
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
purposes to be the "owner" of the real estate project. If we are deemed to be the owner we are required to capitalize the construction costs on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Upon completion of the project, we perform a sale-leaseback analysis pursuant to guidance on accounting for leases to determine if we can remove the assets from our Consolidated Balance Sheet. For some of these leases, we are considered to have "continuing involvement," which precludes us from derecognizing the assets from our Consolidated Balance Sheet when construction is complete (a failed sale-leaseback). In conjunction with these leases, we capitalize the construction costs on our Consolidated Balance Sheet and also record financing obligations representing payments owed to the landlord. We do not report rent expense for the properties which are owned for accounting purposes. For capital leases, we initially record the assets at the lower of fair value or the present value of the future minimum lease payments, excluding executory costs. If the lease agreement includes a legal obligation that requires the leased premises to be returned in a predetermined condition, we recognize an asset retirement obligation and a corresponding depreciating asset, when such an asset exists.
Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements, including structural improvements, are amortized using the straight-line method over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or the lease term, including reasonably-assured renewals or purchase options that are considered likely to be exercised. Laureate includes the amortization of assets recorded under capital leases within depreciation expense. Assets under capital leases are typically amortized over the related lease term using the straight-line method.
Depreciation and amortization periods are as follows:
Buildings |
3 - 50 years | |
Furniture, equipment and software |
2 - 15 years | |
Leasehold improvements |
2 - 25 years |
Land Use Rights
Certain of our institutions in China, Malaysia, Mexico and Turkey have obtained land use rights for certain time periods from government authorities. Land use rights allow us to use the land to build our campus facilities. Upon expiry of a land use right, it will either be renewed or the land will be returned to the government authority. Land use rights are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and any recognized impairment loss. Amortization is provided on a straight-line basis over the respective term of the land use right agreement, and is recorded as rent expense within Direct costs in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Direct and Deferred Costs
Direct costs reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations represent the cost of operations, including selling and administrative expenses, which are directly attributable to specific business units.
Deferred costs on the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist primarily of direct costs associated with online course development and accreditation. Deferred costs associated with the development of online educational programs are capitalized after technological feasibility has been established. Deferred
F-23
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
online course development costs are amortized to Direct costs on a straight-line basis over the estimated period that the associated products are expected to generate revenues. Deferred online course development costs are evaluated on a quarterly basis through review of the corresponding course catalog. If a course is no longer listed or offered in the current course catalog, then the costs associated with its development are written off. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the unamortized balances of online course development costs were $54,461 and $56,292, respectively. Laureate defers direct and incremental third-party costs incurred for obtaining initial accreditation and for the renewal of accreditations. These accreditation costs are amortized to Direct costs over the life of the accreditation on a straight-line basis. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the unamortized balances of accreditation costs were $3,708 and $3,202, respectively.
At December 31, 2015 and 2014, Laureate's total Deferred costs were $156,033 and $140,322, respectively, with accumulated amortization of $(97,864) and $(80,828), respectively.
Debt Issuance Costs
On January 1, 2016, Laureate adopted ASU 2015-03, which simplified the presentation of debt issuance costs by requiring debt issuance costs to be presented as a deduction from debt. This makes the presentation of debt issuance costs consistent with the presentation of debt discounts or premiums. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs is not affected, therefore these costs will continue to be amortized as interest expense. At adoption, the new guidance was applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented.
Debt issuance costs were paid as a result of certain debt transactions and are presented as a deduction from debt. These debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the associated debt instruments. The amortization expense is recognized as a component of Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the unamortized balances of debt issuance costs were $69,294 and $80,094, respectively.
Goodwill, Other Intangible Assets and Long-lived Assets
Goodwill
Goodwill primarily represents the amounts paid by Wengen in excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired in the merger transaction (see Note 7, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets), plus the excess purchase price over fair value of net assets for businesses acquired after the merger transaction.
Goodwill is evaluated annually as of October 1st each year for impairment at the reporting unit level, in accordance with ASC 350, "IntangiblesGoodwill and Other." We also evaluate goodwill for impairment on an interim basis if events or changes in circumstances between annual tests indicate that the asset may be impaired. Goodwill is impaired when the carrying amount of a reporting unit's goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. A reporting unit is defined as a component of an operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by management of the segment. We have not made material changes to the methodology used to assess impairment loss during the past three fiscal years.
We have the option of first performing a qualitative assessment (i.e., step zero) before calculating the fair value of the reporting unit (i.e., step one of the two-step fair value-based impairment test). If
F-24
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
we determine on the basis of qualitative factors that the fair value of the reporting unit is more likely than not less than the carrying amount, the two-step impairment test is required.
If we do not perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit or determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative two-step fair value-based test is performed. In the first step, we estimate the fair value of each reporting unit, utilizing a weighted combination of a discounted cash flow analysis and a market multiples analysis. If the recorded net assets of the reporting unit are less than the reporting unit's estimated fair value, then there is no goodwill deemed to be impaired. If the recorded net assets of the reporting unit exceed its estimated fair value, then goodwill is potentially impaired and Laureate calculates the implied fair value of goodwill, by deducting the estimated fair value of all tangible and identifiable intangible net assets of the reporting unit from the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. If the recorded amount of goodwill exceeds this implied fair value, the difference is recognized as a Loss on impairment of assets in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Our valuation approach utilizes a weighted combination of a discounted cash flow analysis and a market multiples analysis, where available. The discounted cash flow analysis relies on historical data and internal estimates, which are developed as a part of our long-range plan process, and includes an estimate of terminal value based on these expected cash flows using the generally accepted Gordon Dividend Growth formula, which derives a valuation using an assumed perpetual annuity based on the reporting unit's residual cash flows. The discount rate is based on the generally accepted Weighted Average Cost of Capital methodology, and is derived using a cost of equity based on the generally accepted Capital Asset Pricing Model and a cost of debt based on the typical rate paid by market participants. The market multiples analysis utilizes multiples of business enterprise value to revenues, operating income and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization of comparable publicly traded companies and multiples based on fair value transactions where public information is available. Significant assumptions used in estimating the fair value include: (1) discount and growth rates, and (2) our long-range plan which includes enrollment, pricing, planned capital expenditures and operating margins. Management reviews the sum of the estimated fair value of all Laureate's reporting units to Laureate's enterprise value to corroborate the results of its weighted combination approach to determining fair value.
Other Intangible Assets
Other intangible assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets include acquired indefinite-lived Tradenames, which are valued using the relief-from-royalty method. This method estimates the amount of royalty expense that we would expect to incur if the assets were licensed from a third party. We use publicly available information and proprietary third-party arm's length agreements that Laureate has entered into with various licensors in determining certain assumptions to assist us in estimating fair value using market participant assumptions. Any costs incurred to internally develop new tradenames are expensed as incurred. Accreditations are not considered a separate unit of account and their values are embedded in the cash flows generated by the institution, which are used to value its tradename. The Company does not believe accreditations have significant value on their own due to the fact that they are neither exclusive nor scarce, and the direct costs associated with obtaining accreditations are not material.
F-25
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Indefinite-lived intangibles are evaluated annually as of October 1st of each year for impairment as well as on an interim basis if events or changes in circumstances between annual tests indicate that the asset may be impaired. The impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets generally requires a new determination of the fair value of the intangible asset using the relief-from-royalty method. If the fair value of the intangible asset is less than its carrying value, the intangible asset is adjusted to its new estimated fair value, and an impairment loss is recognized.
Other intangible assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets also include intangible assets with finite useful lives such as acquired student rosters and non-compete agreements. We use the income approach to establish the asset values of these intangible assets. The cost of finite-lived intangible assets is amortized on a straight-line basis over the intangible assets' estimated useful lives.
Long-lived Assets
Long-lived assets, including finite-lived intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be fully recoverable. These events or changes in circumstances may include, but are not limited to, a significant deterioration of operating results, a change in regulatory environment, changes in business plans, or adverse changes in anticipated future cash flows. If an impairment indicator is present, we evaluate recoverability by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets. If the assets are determined to be impaired, the impairment recognized is the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the assets. Fair value is generally determined by the discounted cash flow method. The discount rate used in any estimate of discounted cash flows is the rate commensurate with a similar investment of similar risk.
Derivative Instruments
In the normal course of business, our operations have significant exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency values and interest rate changes. Accordingly, Laureate mitigates a portion of these risks through a risk-management program that includes the use of derivative financial instruments (derivatives). Laureate selectively enters into foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the earnings impact related to receivables and payables that are denominated in foreign currencies. In addition, Laureate uses interest rate swaps to mitigate certain risks associated with floating-rate debt arrangements. We do not engage in speculative or leveraged transactions, nor do we hold or issue derivatives for trading purposes. Laureate reports all derivatives on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. Realized and unrealized gains and/or losses resulting from derivatives are recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, unless designated and effective as a hedge.
For derivatives that are both designated and effective as cash flow hedges, gains or losses associated with the change in fair value of the derivatives are recognized on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized over the term of the related hedged items.
Revenue Recognition
Laureate's revenues primarily consist of tuition and educational service revenues. We also generate revenues from student fees, dormitory/residency fees, and education-related activities. Revenues are
F-26
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
reported net of scholarships and other discounts, refunds, waivers and the fair value of any guarantees made by Laureate related to student financing programs. Laureate's institutions have various billing and academic cycles. Collectibility is determined on a student-by-student basis at the time of enrollment. Generally, students cannot re-enroll for the next academic session without satisfactory resolution of any past-due amounts. Tuition revenues are recognized ratably on a weekly straight-line basis over each academic session. Deferred revenue and student deposits on our Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of tuition paid prior to the start of academic sessions and unearned tuition amounts recorded as accounts receivable after an academic session begins. If a student withdraws from an institution, Laureate's obligation to issue a refund depends on the refund policy at that institution and the timing of the student's withdrawal. Generally, our refund obligations are reduced over the course of the academic term. We record refunds as a reduction of Deferred revenue and student deposits, as applicable. Once a student withdraws, the Company recognizes revenue on a cash basis as collectability is not reasonably assured. Dormitory revenues are recognized over the occupancy period. Revenues from the sale of educational products are generally recognized upon delivery and when collectibility is reasonably assured. Student fees and other revenues, which include revenues from contractual arrangements with unconsolidated institutions, are recognized as earned over the appropriate service period.
The following table shows the components of Revenues as a percentage of total net revenue for the periods presented:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuition and educational services |
$ | 4,562,704 | 106 | % | $ | 4,651,178 | 105 | % | $ | 4,064,537 | 104 | % | |||||||
Student fees |
129,521 | 3 | % | 129,267 | 3 | % | 120,090 | 3 | % | ||||||||||
Dormitory / residency |
75,759 | 2 | % | 76,664 | 2 | % | 70,898 | 2 | % | ||||||||||
Other |
225,785 | 5 | % | 254,189 | 6 | % | 212,957 | 5 | % | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Gross revenue |
4,993,769 | 116 | % | 5,111,298 | 116 | % | 4,468,482 | 114 | % | ||||||||||
Less: Discounts / waivers / scholarships |
(702,110 | ) | (16 | )% | (696,616 | ) | (16 | )% | (554,601 | ) | (14 | )% | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 4,291,659 | 100 | % | $ | 4,414,682 | 100 | % | $ | 3,913,881 | 100 | % | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Advertising
Laureate expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expenses were $278,296, $290,830 and $265,383 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and are recorded in Direct costs in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Share-based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense is based on the grant-date fair value estimated in accordance with the provisions of ASC 718, "CompensationStock Compensation." Laureate recognizes share-based compensation expense, less estimated forfeitures, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for time based awards and graded vesting basis for performance based awards. Laureate estimates forfeitures based on historical activity, expected employee turnover, and other qualitative factors which are adjusted for changes in estimates and award vesting. All expenses for an award will be recognized by the time it becomes fully vested.
F-27
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock options. This option valuation model requires the use of subjective assumptions, including the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock, the expected stock price volatility, and the expected term of the option. The estimated fair value of the underlying common stock is based on third-party valuations. Our volatility estimates are based on a peer group of companies. We estimate the expected term of awards to be the weighted average mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. We use this method to estimate the expected term since we do not have sufficient historical exercise data.
Laureate has granted restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options, and performance awards for which the vesting is based on annual performance metrics of the Company. For interim periods, we use our year-to-date actual results, financial forecasts, and other available information to estimate the probability of the award vesting based on the performance metrics.
Income Taxes
Laureate records the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recorded with respect to temporary differences in the accounting treatment of items for GAAP financial reporting purposes and for income tax purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period in which the new rate is enacted. Where, based on the weight of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established for the amount that, in management's judgment, is sufficient to reduce the deferred tax asset to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
A tax position must meet a minimum probability threshold before a financial statement benefit is recognized. The minimum threshold is defined as a tax position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position and having full knowledge of all relevant information.
We earn a significant portion of our income from subsidiaries located in countries outside the United States. Deferred tax liabilities have not been recognized for undistributed foreign earnings because management believes that the earnings will be indefinitely reinvested outside the United States under the Company's planned tax neutral methods. Our assertion that earnings from our foreign operations will be indefinitely reinvested is supported by projected working capital and long-term capital plans in each foreign subsidiary location in which the earnings are generated. Additionally, we believe that we have the ability to indefinitely reinvest foreign earnings based on our domestic operation's cash repatriation strategies, projected cash flows, projected working capital and liquidity, and the expected availability of capital within the debt or equity markets. If our expectations change based on future developments such that some or all of the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries may be remitted to the United States in the foreseeable future, we will be required to recognize deferred tax expense and liabilities on those amounts.
F-28
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
For additional information regarding income taxes and deferred tax assets and liabilities, see Note 15, Income Taxes.
Contingencies
Laureate accrues for contingent obligations when it is probable that a liability is incurred and the amount or range of amounts is reasonably estimable. As new facts become known to management, the assumptions related to a contingency are reviewed and adjustments are made, as necessary. Any legal costs incurred related to contingencies are expensed as incurred.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02 (ASU 2016-02), Leases (Topic 842)
On February 25, 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2016-02. Lessees will need to recognize on their balance sheet a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all of their leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease). The liability will be equal to the present value of lease payments. The asset will be based on the liability, subject to adjustment, such as for initial direct costs. For income statement purposes, the FASB retained a dual model, requiring leases to be classified as either operating or finance. Operating leases will result in straight-line expense (similar to current operating leases) while finance leases will result in a front-loaded expense pattern (similar to current capital leases). Classification will be based on criteria that are largely similar to those applied in current lease accounting, but without explicit bright lines. The standard is effective for Laureate beginning January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The new standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition, and provides for certain practical expedients. Transition will require application of the new guidance at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. Laureate is evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-02 on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU No. 2016-01 (ASU 2016-01), Financial InstrumentsOverall (Subtopic 815-10)
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01 in order to enhance the reporting model for financial instruments to provide users of financial statements with more decision-useful information. The amendments in this ASU require all equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized through net income. In addition, the amendments in this ASU require that entities that have elected to measure financial instruments at fair value must disclose, as a separate item in comprehensive income, the portion of the total change in fair value of a liability resulting from a change in instrument-specific credit risk.
This ASU is effective for Laureate beginning January 1, 2018 and amendments should be applied as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The amendments related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values should be applied prospectively to equity investments that exist as of the date of adoption of the ASU. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-01 on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
ASU No. 2015-17 (ASU 2015-17), Income Taxes (Topic 740)
In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17 as a part of the Simplification Initiative and in response to concerns that the current requirement that entities separate deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts results in little or no benefit to users of the financial statements. This classification does not generally align with the time period in which the recognized deferred tax amounts are expected to be recovered or settled and there are costs incurred by an entity to separate deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts. The amendments in this ASU aim to simplify this presentation by requiring that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position, which aligns the GAAP presentation of deferred income tax assets and liabilities with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
This ASU is effective for Laureate beginning January 1, 2017, and may be applied either prospectively to all deferred tax liabilities and assets or retrospectively to all periods presented. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2015-17 on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU No. 2015-16 (ASU 2015-16), Business Combinations (Topic 805)
On September 25, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-16 as a part of the Simplification Initiative and in response to concerns that the requirement to retrospectively apply adjustments made to provisional amounts recognized in a business combination adds costs and complexity to financial reporting, but does not significantly improve the usefulness of the information provided to users. The amendments in this ASU require that adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified by the acquirer during the measurement period be recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are identified, rather than retrospectively.
The amendments in this ASU also require that the acquirer record, in the same period's financial statements, the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other income effects, if any, as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The acquirer must also present separately on the face of the income statement or disclosure in the notes the portion of the amount recorded in current-period earnings by line item that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date.
The guidance is effective for Laureate beginning January 1, 2016, and should be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not yet been made available for issuance. We do not expect ASU 2015-16 to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU No. 2015-07 (ASU 2015-07), Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities that Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent)
On May 1, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-07. Under the amendments in this ASU, investments for which fair value is measured at net asset value per share (or its equivalent) using the practical expedient should not be categorized in the fair value hierarchy. Removing those investments from the fair value hierarchy not only eliminates the diversity in practice resulting from the way in which
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
investments measured at net asset value per share (or its equivalent) with future redemption dates are classified, but also ensures that all investments categorized in the fair value hierarchy are classified using a consistent approach.
The amendments in ASU 2015-07 are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. A reporting entity should apply the amendments retrospectively to all periods presented. The retrospective approach requires that an investment for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient be removed from the fair value hierarchy in all periods presented in an entity's financial statements. Laureate plans to adopt ASU 2015-07 on January 1, 2016 and believes this guidance will apply to the deferred compensation plan assets discussed in Note 20, Fair Value Measurement.
ASU No. 2015-03 (ASU 2015-03), InterestImputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs
On April 7, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, which simplifies the presentation of debt issuance costs by requiring debt issuance costs to be presented as a deduction from debt. This will make the presentation of debt issuance costs consistent with the presentation of debt discounts or premiums. It also addresses the long-standing conflict with the conceptual framework, since FASB Concepts Statement No. 6, "Elements of Financial Statements", requires that assets provide future economic benefit, which debt issuance costs do not. ASU 2015-03 will also align GAAP with IFRS, which requires transaction costs, including third-party costs and creditor fees, to be deducted from the carrying value of the financial liability and not recorded as a separate asset. The new guidance is limited to simplifying the presentation of debt issuance costs. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs is not affected. Therefore, these costs will continue to be amortized as interest expense using the effective interest method pursuant to ASC 835-30-35-2 through 35-3.
The guidance is effective for Laureate beginning January 1, 2016. Upon adoption, an entity must apply the new guidance retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The impact on our December 31, 2015 Consolidated Balance Sheet is stated in the 'Direct and Deferred Costs' section above. An entity is also required in the year of adoption (and in interim periods within that year) to provide certain disclosures about the change in accounting principle, including the nature of and reason for the change, the transition method, a description of the prior-period information that has been retrospectively adjusted and the effect of the change on the financial statement line items (that is, debt issuance cost asset and the debt liability).
ASU No. 2015-02 (ASU 2015-02) Consolidation (Topic 810)
On February 18, 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, in response to stakeholders' concerns about the requirement to consolidate certain legal entities where the reporting entity's contractual rights do not give it the ability to act primarily on its own behalf, the reporting entity does not hold a majority of the legal entity's voting rights, or the reporting entity is not exposed to a majority of the legal entity's economic benefits or obligations. Financial statement users asserted that in certain of those situations in which consolidation is ultimately required, deconsolidated financial statements are necessary to better analyze the reporting entity's economic and operational results. ASU 2015-02 affects reporting
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
entities that are required to evaluate whether they should consolidate certain legal entities. This ASU provides a revised consolidation model that requires the following:
ASU 2015-02 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. For all other entities, ASU 2015-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect ASU 2015-02 to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU No. 2014-09, (ASU 2014-09): Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)
On May 28, 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, "Revenue Recognition" and most industry-specific guidance. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. On July 9, 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09. The new revenue standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017 (January 1, 2018 for Laureate) and allows either a full retrospective adoption to all periods presented or a modified retrospective adoption approach with the cumulative effect of initial application of the revised guidance recognized at the date of initial application. We are beginning to evaluate the adoption alternatives and the impact of ASU 2014-09 on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Note 3. Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale
Discontinued Operations
In December 2012, Laureate approved a plan to sell Universidad Del Desarrollo Professional, SC (UNIDEP), an institution in Mexico that was included in the LatAm segment. This subsidiary met the conditions to be reported as discontinued operations in our financial statements, based on the guidance in ASC 205-20, "Presentation of Financial Statements-Discontinued Operations" (ASC 205-20). The sale of UNIDEP was completed on January 23, 2013 for a sale price of approximately $40,600, or 516,300 Mexican Pesos (MXN), resulting in a gain on sale of $4,350, net of income tax expense of $1,864.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 3. Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale (Continued)
UNIDEP was sold since it no longer met Laureate's strategic objectives. It will not generate any continuing cash flows for the Company. Summarized operating results of the discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2013 are presented in the following table:
Revenues |
$ | 691 | ||
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax of $0 |
796 | |||
Gain on sale of discontinued operations, net of tax of $1,864 |
4,350 |
Assets Held for Sale
Les Roches and Glion
During the fourth quarter of 2014, our GPS segment entered into a sale-leaseback agreement for a portion of the campuses of two of our institutions in Switzerland, Glion Institute of Higher Education (Glion), and Les Roches International School of Hotel Management (Les Roches). The asset group did not meet the conditions required in ASC 205-20 to be reported as discontinued operations in our Consolidated Financial Statements as it did not have discrete cash flow information; however the asset group did meet the criteria for classification as held for sale under ASC 360-10-45-9, "Long-Lived Assets Classified as Held for Sale." Accordingly, as of December 31, 2014, the assets were classified as held for sale and recorded at their carrying value, which was lower than 'fair value less cost to sell'. Of the total $141,856 of Long-term assets held for sale recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2014, $137,878 relates to this Swiss sale-leaseback transaction, including Land of $33,695 and Buildings of $104,183.
In the first quarter of 2015, the sale of the assets was completed and Laureate received net proceeds of approximately $182,000, resulting in a gain on sale of approximately $36,000, which was deferred and will be recognized into income over the lease term of 20 years. A portion of the net proceeds was used to repay mortgage debt related to the asset group. During the year ended December 31, 2015, Laureate recorded a Loss on debt extinguishment of $932 as a result of mortgage breakage fees that were paid in connection with the repayment of the mortgage debt.
INTI Education Holdings Sdn Bhd (INTI)
As of December 31, 2014, INTI, in our AMEA segment, had recorded $3,978 of assets held for sale related to our Sarawak campus in Malaysia. During the first quarter of 2015 the conditions precedent for the transaction were met and the sale was completed, with title to the assets transferred to the buyer. The total purchase price was Malaysian Ringgit (MYR) 21,850 (approximately US $5,400). INTI recognized a gain on sale of the Sarawak assets of approximately $2,200, which was recorded as a reduction of Direct costs in our Consolidated Statement of Operations.
Note 4. Acquisitions
2015 Acquisitions
During the year ended December 31, 2015, Laureate consummated the business acquisitions outlined below, which are included in our Consolidated Financial Statements commencing from the dates of acquisition.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Acquisitions (Continued)
Australia
In July 2015, our AMEA segment acquired the assets and the business of Chifley Business School (CBS) in Australia for a cash purchase price of Australian Dollar (AUD) 600 (US $464 at the acquisition date), plus debt assumed of AUD 1,000 (US $772 at the acquisition date). We accounted for this as a business combination. Payment of the debt is to be made in two installments of AUD 500 (US $386 at the acquisition date), in January 2016 and January 2017, and the first installment was paid in January 2016. For this acquisition, Revenues, Operating income and Net income attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. were immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2015.
Portugal
On March 27, 2015, we acquired IADE-Instituto de Artes Visuais Design e Marketing, S.A. (IADE), Ensigest-Gestão de Estabelecimentos de Ensino, S.A. (Ensigest), Ensicorporate-Educação Corporativa, Lda. (Ensicorporate), and Gemeo-Gabinete de Estudos de Mercado e Opinião do IPAM, Lda. (Gemeo). IADE, Ensigest, and Ensicorporate operate a total of four higher education institutions in Portugal. Gemeo was a for-profit services company that conducted market research. In addition, IADE and Ensigest control Europeia ID, a not-for-profit association that we have determined is a VIE and that is consolidated by Laureate since we are the VIE's primary beneficiary. Hereafter, we collectively refer to all of the entities that were consolidated as a result of this acquisition as IADE Group.
The total purchase price of IADE Group was $10,403, which includes an initial cash payment of $6,476, a seller note of $3,238 and a deferred payment of $689 related to a working capital settlement. The seller note is discussed further in Note 5, Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies. The purchase of IADE Group allows Laureate to expand its existing presence in Portugal. The goodwill recorded for IADE Group is related to the incremental value this acquisition brings to the Laureate International Universities network and Laureate's existing operations in Portugal by expanding our presence and adding synergies to Laureate's operations. For this acquisition, Revenues of $8,194, Operating income of $971 and Net income of $806 are included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2015.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Acquisitions (Continued)
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the operating results of IADE Group and CBS from the dates of acquisition. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of all assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the dates of acquisition:
|
IADE
Group Portugal |
CBS
Australia |
Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current assets |
$ | 1,476 | $ | 4 | $ | 1,480 | ||||
Property and equipment |
335 | 33 | 368 | |||||||
Goodwill |
5,980 | 989 | 6,969 | |||||||
Tradenames |
6,071 | 342 | 6,413 | |||||||
Other intangible assets |
1,616 | | 1,616 | |||||||
Long-term indemnification assets |
2,084 | | 2,084 | |||||||
Other long-term assets |
518 | | 518 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets acquired |
18,080 | 1,368 | 19,448 | |||||||
Current portion of long-term debt |
| 386 | 386 | |||||||
Other current liabilities |
3,124 | 132 | 3,256 | |||||||
Long-term debt, less current portion |
| 386 | 386 | |||||||
Other long-term liabilities |
4,553 | | 4,553 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities |
7,677 | 904 | 8,581 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets acquired attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
10,403 | 464 | 10,867 | |||||||
Debt assumed |
| 772 | 772 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets acquired attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. plus debt assumed |
$ | 10,403 | $ | 1,236 | $ | 11,639 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets acquired |
$ | 10,403 | $ | 464 | $ | 10,867 | ||||
Cash acquired |
(235 | ) | | (235 | ) | |||||
Seller notes and deferred payments |
(3,927 | ) | | (3,927 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash paid at acquisition |
$ | 6,241 | $ | 464 | $ | 6,705 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
2015 Summary
The amounts recorded in the 2015 acquisitions are provisional as Laureate is in the process of finalizing the amounts recorded for the assets and liabilities primarily related to intangible assets, goodwill, deferred taxes and tax contingencies. None of the goodwill related to the 2015 acquisitions is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. As part of the purchase price allocations for the 2015 acquisitions, Laureate recorded liabilities for taxes other-than-income tax related contingencies of $571 and labor contingencies of $1,466. In addition, we recorded total long-term indemnification assets of $2,084. Pro forma results of operations for the acquisitions completed during 2015 have not been presented because the effects of those acquisitions were not material to the Company's financial results.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Acquisitions (Continued)
Other 2015 Transactions
India
In April 2015, the Company acquired the remaining 5% noncontrolling interest in M-Power for a purchase price of $2,852. This payment was included in Payments to purchase noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
Malaysia
During the year ended December 31, 2015, we acquired an additional 2.7% noncontrolling interest in INTI Malaysia for $2,499. This payment was included in Payments to purchase noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. This transaction increased Laureate's ownership interest in INTI to approximately 90%.
2014 Acquisitions
During the year ended December 31, 2014, Laureate consummated the business acquisitions outlined below, which are included in our Consolidated Financial Statements commencing from the dates of acquisition.
South Africa
In August 2013, we made an investment of $2,237 for a 25% ownership interest in a for-profit entity that controls Monash South Africa (MSA), a not-for-profit institution in South Africa. In February 2014, Laureate assumed control of MSA and acquired real estate for a total purchase price of $44,386, for a total ownership interest in the for-profit entity of 75%. The purchase price consisted of the initial investment of $2,237 made in 2013, a cash payment of $6,712, and deferred payments totaling $35,437 (Australian Dollar (AUD) 42,500). Refer to Note 5, Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies for a description of the deferred payments. The goodwill recorded for MSA relates primarily to the incremental value provided by introducing a new market to our students and adding potential synergies to our network. MSA was converted to a for-profit institution during the first quarter of 2015. For this acquisition, Revenues of $22,701, Operating income of $1,925 and Net loss of $(397) are included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2014.
Brazil
On August 12, 2014, the Company acquired Faculdade Porto-Alegrense (FAPA), an institution in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The total purchase price was $4,148, and was paid in the form of two seller notes with a total discounted present value of approximately $3,003, plus an additional deferred payment of approximately $1,145. The deferred payment of $1,145 was paid in September 2014. Refer to Note 5, Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies, for further description of the two seller notes. The acquisition of FAPA increases Laureate's presence in Brazil, one of our fastest growing markets, by accelerating campus expansion that was planned at Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis (UniRitter), another Laureate institution operating in Porto Alegre. The goodwill recorded for this acquisition relates to the incremental value that FAPA brings to the Laureate International Universities network and
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Acquisitions (Continued)
the existing Laureate operations in Brazil. For this acquisition, Revenues of $4,078, Operating loss of $(56) and Net loss of $(290) are included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2014.
On September 12, 2014, Laureate acquired an affiliated group of higher educational institutions in Brazil, collectively referred to as FMU. The total purchase price was $387,603, which was paid with seller notes totaling $96,829 and cash paid at closing of $290,641, net of cash acquired of $133. Refer to Note 5, Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies, for further description of the seller notes. The cash paid at acquisition included approximately $231,000 of cash, including accrued interest, that had been held by Laureate in an escrow bank account prior to the acquisition date and was recorded as Restricted cash and investments. The remainder of the cash paid at closing was financed through borrowings from third-party lenders, as described in Note 9, Debt. The original purchase price of FMU was approximately Brazilian Reais (BRL) 1,000,000 (approximately US $427,000 at the acquisition date). The agreement also required all interest earned on the escrow bank account deposit, which totaled approximately BRL 35,000, to be included in the purchase price paid to the sellers at closing. This total purchase price of BRL 1,035,000 was reduced to approximately BRL 930,000 as a result of Laureate assuming additional obligations from the sellers of approximately BRL 105,000.
After the discount of approximately BRL 23,000 to record the seller notes at their net present value, the purchase price recorded for FMU was approximately BRL 907,000 (US $387,603 at the date of acquisition). FMU is Laureate's largest acquisition to date, and the goodwill recorded for the FMU acquisition relates to the incremental value that FMU provides to the Laureate International Universities network by significantly expanding our presence into the high-quality value institution market in Brazil. For this acquisition, Revenues of $73,083, Operating income of $8,644 and Net loss of $(4,030) are included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2014.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Acquisitions (Continued)
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the operating results of MSA, FAPA and FMU from the dates of acquisition. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of all assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the dates of acquisition:
|
MSA South
Africa |
FAPA
Brazil |
FMU
Brazil |
Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current assets |
$ | 9,845 | $ | 5,675 | $ | 37,156 | $ | 52,676 | |||||
Property and equipment |
30,360 | 985 | 34,435 | 65,780 | |||||||||
Goodwill |
25,197 | 5,435 | 395,804 | 426,436 | |||||||||
Tradenames |
| | 95,291 | 95,291 | |||||||||
Other intangible assets |
| 2,664 | 72,911 | 75,575 | |||||||||
Long-term indemnification assets |
| 3,811 | 132,279 | 136,090 | |||||||||
Other long-term assets |
| 1,296 | 41,857 | 43,153 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets acquired |
65,402 | 19,866 | 809,733 | 895,001 | |||||||||
Current portion of long-term debt |
1,350 | | 19,871 | 21,221 | |||||||||
Other current liabilities |
13,756 | 9,706 | 63,473 | 86,935 | |||||||||
Long-term debt, less current portion |
838 | | 11,343 | 12,181 | |||||||||
Other long-term liabilities |
| 6,012 | 327,443 | 333,455 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities |
15,944 | 15,718 | 422,130 | 453,792 | |||||||||
Noncontrolling interests |
5,072 | | | 5,072 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets acquired attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
44,386 | 4,148 | 387,603 | 436,137 | |||||||||
Debt assumed |
2,188 | | 31,214 | 33,402 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets acquired attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. plus debt assumed |
$ | 46,574 | $ | 4,148 | $ | 418,817 | $ | 469,539 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets acquired |
$ | 44,386 | $ | 4,148 | $ | 387,603 | $ | 436,137 | |||||
Cash acquired |
(7,043 | ) | (3,153 | ) | (133 | ) | (10,329 | ) | |||||
Seller notes and deferred payments |
(35,437 | ) | (4,148 | ) | (96,829 | ) | (136,414 | ) | |||||
Fair value of existing investment |
(2,237 | ) | | | (2,237 | ) | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash (received) paid at acquisition |
$ | (331 | ) | $ | (3,153 | ) | $ | 290,641 | $ | 287,157 | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2014 Summary
During 2014, we paid $788 of additional purchase price for a working capital settlement related to THINK: Education Group Pty. Ltd. (THINK), which we acquired on December 20, 2013. This payment, in addition to the $287,157 of total net cash paid for the acquisitions of MSA, FAPA and FMU, resulted in $287,945 of total cash used for Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired, during the year ended December 31, 2014, as shown in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. For all of the 2014 acquisitions, the allocations of purchase price consideration are no longer subject to revision, as the measurement period has closed. No material adjustments were made during 2015 to complete the allocations of purchase price consideration. Except for FMU, the goodwill related to the 2014 acquisitions is not deductible for income tax purposes. As part of the purchase price allocations for the
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Acquisitions (Continued)
2014 acquisitions, Laureate recorded liabilities of $41,222 for uncertain income tax positions and liabilities of $89,172 for contingencies related to taxes other-than-income tax.
Unaudited Proforma Results
The unaudited proforma combined historical results of Laureate, as if MSA, FAPA and FMU had been acquired as of January 1, 2013, are:
|
2014 | 2013 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Revenues |
$ | 4,555,876 | $ | 4,153,505 | |||
Net loss |
(179,920 | ) | (50,589 | ) |
These amounts have been calculated after applying Laureate's accounting policies and adjusting the results to reflect additional depreciation and amortization that would have been charged assuming the fair value adjustments to property, plant, and equipment, and amortizable intangible assets had been recorded as of January 1, 2013. In addition, pro forma adjustments have been made to reflect the impact of certain indemnifications that the sellers agreed to provide us for certain contingent liabilities. These unaudited pro forma combined results of operations have been prepared for comparative purposes only, and they do not purport to be indicative of the results of operations that actually would have resulted had the acquisitions occurred on the date indicated, or that may result in the future.
Other 2014 Transactions
Malaysia
During the third quarter of 2014, Laureate acquired an additional 2.9% ownership interest in INTI Education Holdings Sdn Bhd (INTI) for cash consideration of $3,055. This payment was included in Payments to purchase noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2014.
During the fourth quarter of 2014, Laureate acquired an additional 6.4% ownership interest in INTI for total purchase consideration of approximately $6,783, of which approximately $6,200 was paid in 2014 and $583 was a deferred payment that was paid in 2015. See Note 5, Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies, for further discussion of the deferred payment. The consideration paid in 2014 was paid with cash of approximately $1,000 and settlement of the approximately $5,200 of related party note receivable and interest that was owed to Laureate by the noncontrolling interest holder.
Thailand
During the year ended December 31, 2014, we acquired additional ownership interest in Fareast Stamford International Co., Ltd. (FES), increasing Laureate's ownership interest in FES from approximately 92% to approximately 99%. FES has the license to operate Stamford International University (Stamford, together with FES, "STIU"). The purchase price for the additional ownership interest was $312, and is included in Payments to purchase noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2014.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Acquisitions (Continued)
2013 Acquisitions
During the year ended December 31, 2013, Laureate consummated the acquisitions outlined below, which are included in our Consolidated Financial Statements commencing from the dates of acquisition.
India
On April 8, 2013, we acquired an equity interest of approximately 95% in M-Power Energy India Pvt. Limited (M-Power), a for-profit services company. The total purchase price was $53,940 and included $44,067 in cash paid at closing and a seller note of $9,873. In April 2015, the Company acquired the remaining 5% noncontrolling interest in M-Power for a purchase price of $2,852. On the April 8, 2013 acquisition date of M-Power, we also gained a controlling membership interest of a not-for-profit society, a VIE, which in turn controls two educational institutions that are also not-for-profit entities which are VIEs: the University of Technology & Management (UTM) and the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES). The not-for-profit entities cannot declare dividends. Hereafter we refer to M-Power, the not-for-profit society, UTM and UPES collectively as the "M-Power Group." As discussed in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, Laureate has determined that it is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs and has consolidated these VIEs. The goodwill recorded for the M-Power Group relates primarily to the incremental value this acquisition brings to the Laureate International Universities network, by introducing a new market for Laureate in India at the time of the acquisition. For this acquisition, Revenues of $18,007, Operating income of $1,309 and Net income of $1,422 are included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2013.
France
On July 11, 2013, Laureate assumed control of the European Business School Group (EBS Group) in France by accepting the designation of Laureate-controlled entities as members with majority voting rights over the governing bodies of the EBS Group. The EBS Group is a VIE that consists of four entities, two of which are institutions that are legally organized as not-for-profit entities, and two of which are for-profit service companies. Laureate was not required to pay any purchase consideration and is not committed to make any future payments in connection with this transaction. We believe that the legal control mechanisms give Laureate control over the EBS Group, our contractual arrangements with the EBS Group represent a variable interest, and that Laureate is the primary beneficiary of this VIE. Accordingly, the liabilities, earnings and losses of the EBS Group were consolidated effective July 11, 2013. For this acquisition, Revenues of $8,538, Operating loss of $(748) and Net loss of $(410) are included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2013.
United States
On November 21, 2013, Laureate acquired 80% of the ownership and voting rights of the University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, LLC (St. Augustine). St. Augustine operates an educational institution with several locations in the United States that provide graduate degree programs in physical and occupational therapy. The purchase price for the 80% equity interest was
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Acquisitions (Continued)
$76,800, which decreased to $75,026 as a result of working capital adjustments required by the purchase agreement. The purchase price included a cash payment at closing of $57,997, a five-year promissory note for $14,000, and a deferred payment for a final working capital adjustment of $3,029, as discussed below. Details of the promissory note are further discussed in Note 5, Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies. The remaining 20% noncontrolling interest held by the sellers is subject to a put/call option with an exercise price based on a fixed multiple of Adjusted EBITDA, as defined in the agreement. The put/call option is discussed further in Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies. The goodwill recorded for St. Augustine can be primarily attributed to the incremental value this acquisition brings to the Laureate International Universities network by being the first Laureate institution in the United States to offer physical and occupational therapy degree programs. During the first quarter of 2014, Laureate and the seller completed a working capital adjustment that was required by the purchase agreement, which required Laureate to pay the seller an additional $3,029 in March 2014. For this acquisition, Revenues of $4,068, Operating income of $1,055 and Net income of $131 are included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2013.
Australia
On December 20, 2013, Laureate acquired the remaining 80% ownership interest of THINK for a purchase price of $114,255, which includes the fair value of our 20% equity-method investment in THINK. At the date we acquired the remaining 80% ownership interest of THINK, we remeasured our 20% equity-method investment to fair value and recorded a gain of approximately $5,860, which is classified as Other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The investment was remeasured to fair value using a discounted cash flow approach, factoring in the control premium that was included in the purchase price for the remaining 80% ownership interest. THINK is a portfolio of eight private post-secondary education providers in Australia that deliver degrees through both campus-based and online institutions, with programs in business, hospitality, design, and health sciences. The investment in THINK allows Laureate to expand its existing presence in Australia. The goodwill recorded for THINK is related to the incremental value this acquisition brings to the Laureate International Universities network and Laureate's existing operations in Australia, by expanding our presence and adding potential synergies to Laureate's operations. For this acquisition, Revenues of $1,363, Operating loss of $(665) and Net loss of $(727) are included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2013.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Acquisitions (Continued)
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the operating results of M-Power Group, EBS Group, St. Augustine and THINK from the dates of acquisition. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of all assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the dates of acquisition:
|
M-Power
Group India |
EBS Group
France |
St. Augustine
USA |
THINK
Australia |
Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current assets |
$ | 11,820 | $ | 4,988 | $ | 6,707 | $ | 16,837 | $ | 40,352 | ||||||
Property and equipment |
33,594 | 6,037 | 52,424 | 34,719 | 126,774 | |||||||||||
Goodwill |
21,272 | | 49,198 | 88,785 | 159,255 | |||||||||||
Tradenames |
11,526 | 918 | 29,367 | 15,650 | 57,461 | |||||||||||
Other intangible assets |
| | 7,287 | 11,885 | 19,172 | |||||||||||
Other long-term assets |
127 | 945 | 317 | 247 | 1,636 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets acquired |
78,339 | 12,888 | 145,300 | 168,123 | 404,650 | |||||||||||
Current portion of long-term debt |
1,833 | 794 | 345 | 2,620 | 5,592 | |||||||||||
Other current liabilities |
12,235 | 7,130 | 5,782 | 22,330 | 47,477 | |||||||||||
Long-term debt, less current portion |
2,219 | 4,205 | 47,735 | 18,734 | 72,893 | |||||||||||
Other long-term liabilities |
5,273 | 759 | | 10,184 | 16,216 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities |
21,560 | 12,888 | 53,862 | 53,868 | 142,178 | |||||||||||
Noncontrolling interests |
2,839 | | 16,412 | | 19,251 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets acquired attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
53,940 | | 75,026 | 114,255 | 243,221 | |||||||||||
Debt assumed |
4,052 | 4,999 | 48,080 | 21,354 | 78,485 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets acquired attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. plus debt assumed |
$ | 57,992 | $ | 4,999 | $ | 123,106 | $ | 135,609 | $ | 321,706 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net assets acquired |
$ | 53,940 | $ | | $ | 75,026 | $ | 114,255 | $ | 243,221 | ||||||
Cash acquired |
(8,066 | ) | (1,137 | ) | (5,797 | ) | (5,296 | ) | (20,296 | ) | ||||||
Seller notes and deferred payments |
(9,873 | ) | | (17,029 | ) | | (26,902 | ) | ||||||||
Fair value of existing investment |
| | | (18,473 | ) | (18,473 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash paid (received) at acquisition |
$ | 36,001 | $ | (1,137 | ) | $ | 52,200 | $ | 90,486 | $ | 177,550 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2013 Summary
For all of the 2013 acquisitions, the allocations of the purchase price consideration are no longer subject to revision, as the measurement period has closed. No material adjustments were made during 2014 to complete the allocations of purchase price consideration. Except for St. Augustine, none of the goodwill related to the 2013 acquisitions is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. As part of the purchase price allocations for the 2013 acquisitions, Laureate recorded liabilities of $2,019 for uncertain income tax positions and liabilities of $746 for contingencies related to taxes other-than-income tax.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Acquisitions (Continued)
Unaudited Proforma Results
The unaudited proforma combined historical results of Laureate for 2013, as if St. Augustine and THINK had been acquired as of January 1, 2012, are:
|
2013 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Revenues |
$ | 4,046,955 | ||
Net loss |
(81,245 | ) |
Pro forma results of operations for the M-Power Group and EBS Group acquisitions completed during 2013 have not been presented because the effects of those acquisitions were not material to the Company's financial results. These amounts have been calculated after applying Laureate's accounting policies and adjusting the results to reflect additional depreciation and amortization that would have been charged assuming the fair value adjustments to property, plant, and equipment, and amortizable intangible assets had been applied. In addition, pro forma adjustments have been made for the interest incurred for financing the acquisitions. Taxes have also been adjusted for the effect of the items discussed. These unaudited pro forma combined results of operations have been prepared for comparative purposes only, and they do not purport to be indicative of the results of operations that actually would have resulted had the acquisitions occurred on the date indicated, or that may result in the future.
Other 2013 Transactions
Turkey
In January 2013, the Company acquired the remaining 25% noncontrolling interest in CH Holding Netherlands BV (CH Holding). The total purchase price of $29,000 includes an initial cash payment of $5,000, which was made on January 24, 2013, and an additional $24,000 of deferred purchase price payable over the next five years, as further disclosed in Note 5, Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies. As a result of this transaction, Laureate now owns 100% of CH Holding.
Brazil
In April 2013, Laureate closed a transaction to acquire the remaining 49% ownership interest in Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (UAM Brazil) for BRL 225,621 (approximately US $95,456 at the transaction date), after receiving approval from the Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE). The purchase price was paid as a deposit in two installments totaling $11,138. The first installment of $1,122 was paid in December 2012. The second installment of $10,016 was paid in the first quarter of 2013. The remaining balance will be paid in nine equal installments, as further discussed in Note 5, Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies. The payments made in 2013 are classified in Payments to purchase noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2013. As a result of this transaction, Laureate now owns 100% of UAM Brazil. In addition to acquiring the remaining 49% equity interest from the minority shareholders, Laureate also reduced its future lease obligations over a six-year period since a portion of the consideration was allocated to prepaid rent.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Acquisitions (Continued)
United States
In July 2013, we invested $5,000 in Coursera, a private education company headquartered in Mountain View, California that operates a leading massive open online course (MOOC) platform. Laureate's $5,000 investment is recorded in Proceeds from (investments in) affiliates in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2013, and was part of a series B round of funding totaling $43,000 made by an investor group. As a social entrepreneurship company and leader in the rapidly accelerating MOOC movement, Coursera partners with top-tier universities and institutions to provide free online courses across a broad range of disciplines, while also acknowledging the important role traditional institutions play in the future of education. We are accounting for the Coursera investment as a cost-method investment.
South Africa
In August 2013, we made an investment of $2,237 in Monash South Africa (MSA), an institution in South Africa, which is recorded in Proceeds from (investments in) affiliates in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2013. In addition to this investment, we also committed to fund additional amounts of approximately $2,200 in the first quarter of 2014 and approximately $4,500 on December 31, 2014, in return for a controlling financial interest in MSA beginning in the first quarter of 2014. A final payment is due in 2018, the amount of which will be determined based on 7.0 times MSA's 2017 EBITDA, less debt and prior payments, as defined in the agreement. The maximum amount of the final payment due in 2018 is approximately $11,500. Further, we committed to acquire certain real estate in 2014 for a cash payment of approximately $4,600 and a note payable of approximately $23,000 that matures in January 2019 and carries an annual interest rate of 6.75%. In February 2014, we completed the planned transactions to obtain a controlling financial interest in MSA and acquired the real estate we had committed to purchase. Accordingly, under our accounting policy we began consolidating MSA in February 2014.
Spain
In January 2013, Laureate invested an additional $1,549 in HSM Group Management Focus Europe Global S. L. (HSM), an equity-method investment, which is recorded in Proceeds from (investments in) affiliates in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2013. During the third quarter of 2013, this additional investment was written down to a carrying value of zero. On March 5, 2015, Laureate and HSM's other owners completed the sale of HSM. See Note 17, Related Party Transactions for further discussion.
Note 5. Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies
The amounts due to shareholders of acquired companies generally arise in connection with Laureate's acquisition of a majority or all of the ownership interest of certain subsidiaries. Promissory notes payable to the sellers of acquired companies, referred to as "seller notes," are commonly used as a means of payment for business acquisitions. Seller note payments are generally classified as Payments of deferred purchase price for acquisitions within financing activities in our Consolidated Statement of
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 5. Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies (Continued)
Cash Flows. The amounts due to shareholders of acquired companies, currencies, and interest rates applied were as follows:
December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 |
Nominal
Currency |
Interest Rate % | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas Educacionais (FMU) |
$ | 70,512 | $ | 89,348 | BRL | CDI | ||||
Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (UAM Brazil) |
48,172 | 70,894 | BRL | CDI + 2% | ||||||
Monash South Africa (MSA) |
26,662 | 28,828 | AUD | n/a, 6.75% | ||||||
CH Holding Netherlands B.V. (CH Holding) |
12,745 | 16,421 | USD | n/a | ||||||
University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, LLC (St. Augustine) |
11,550 | 14,000 | USD | 7% | ||||||
Universidad Tecnologica Centroamericana (UNITEC Honduras) |
6,764 | 8,242 | HNL | IIBC | ||||||
IADE Group |
3,994 | | EUR | 3% | ||||||
Universidad Autonoma de Veracruz, S.C. (Veracruz) |
2,225 | 2,607 | MXN | CETES | ||||||
Faculdade-Porto-Alegrense (FAPA) |
2,090 | 2,769 | BRL | IGP-M | ||||||
Universidade Europeia (UE) |
1,541 | 3,316 | EUR | 3% | ||||||
Centro de Desenvolvimento Pessoal e Empresarial Ltda. (CEDEPE) |
464 | 865 | BRL | CDI | ||||||
Instituto Brasileiro de Medicina de Reabilitação (Uni IBMR) |
| 4,428 | BRL | IPCA | ||||||
Think: Education Group Pty. Ltd. (THINK) |
| 3,273 | AUD | n/a | ||||||
Universidad Privada del Norte S.A.C. (UPN) |
| 1,275 | PEN | n/a | ||||||
M-Power Group |
| 1,212 | INR | 10% | ||||||
INTI Education Holdings Sdn Bhd (INTI) |
| 583 | MYR | n/a | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total due to shareholders of acquired companies |
186,719 | 248,061 | ||||||||
Less: Current portion of due to shareholders of acquired companies |
21,050 | 26,048 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Due to shareholders of acquired companies, less current portion |
$ | 165,669 | $ | 222,013 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
AUD: Australian Dollar | CDI: Certificados de Depósitos Interbancários (Brazil) | |
BRL: Brazilian Real | CETES: 28 day Certificados de la Tesoreria de la Federación (Mexico) | |
EUR: European Euro | IIBC: Índice de Inflación del Banco Central (Honduras) | |
HNL: Honduran Lempira | IPCA: Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (Brazil) | |
INR: Indian Rupee | IGP-M: General Index of Market Prices (Brazil) | |
MXN: Mexican Peso | ||
MYR: Malaysian Ringgit | ||
PEN: Peruvian Nuevo Sol | ||
USD: United States Dollar |
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 5. Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies (Continued)
The aggregate annual maturities of Due to shareholders of acquired companies as of December 31, 2015 were as follows:
2016 |
$ | 21,452 | ||
2017 |
89,199 | |||
2018 |
36,169 | |||
2019 |
29,162 | |||
2020 |
10,160 | |||
Thereafter |
8,159 | |||
| | | | |
Aggregate maturities |
194,301 | |||
Less: imputed interest discount |
(7,582 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Total |
$ | 186,719 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
FMU
As described in Note 4, Acquisitions, the acquisition of FMU was partially financed with seller notes having an aggregate principal amount of BRL 250,000 (US $63,808 at December 31, 2015). The maturity date of the notes is September 12, 2017, the third anniversary of the acquisition closing date, and the aggregate principal balance will be adjusted from the closing date until the date of payment based on 100% of the CDI rate. These notes were recorded on the acquisition date at their discounted present values, which will all be accreted over the term of the notes. As of December 31, 2015, the aggregate carrying value of the notes was $70,512.
UAM Brazil
As described in Note 4, Acquisitions, in April 2013 Laureate closed a transaction to acquire the remaining 49% ownership interest in UAM Brazil. A portion of the acquisition was financed with a seller note in the amount of BRL 200,808 (US $51,253 at December 31, 2015), which is scheduled to be paid in nine equal installments of BRL 22,312 (US $5,695 at December 31, 2015), adjusted for inflation based on CDI plus 200 basis points. The initial three installments were paid during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014, and 2015. The remaining six installments are due annually on August 31st of each year. The eighth and ninth installments are subject to acceleration and will be paid on August 31, 2019, along with the seventh installment, if a certain financial performance target is achieved in 2018, as described in the purchase agreement. On the closing date we recorded the note payable at its discounted present value, which will be accreted over the term of the note. As of December 31, 2015, the carrying value of the note was $48,172.
MSA
As described in Note 4, Acquisitions, Laureate financed a portion of the acquisition of MSA with two seller notes and a final earn-out payment. The first seller note of AUD 5,000 (US $4,072 at payment date) was paid in December 2014.
The second seller note of AUD 25,000 is payable in five installments. The first four installments of AUD 1,000 (US $727 at December 31, 2015) are due annually beginning on January 1, 2015, and the
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 5. Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies (Continued)
fifth installment of AUD 21,000 (US $15,261 at December 31, 2015) is due on January 1, 2019. Laureate paid the first and second installments of AUD 1,000 each during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015. The note carries an annual interest rate of 6.75%, which was deemed to be at market. As of December 31, 2015, the carrying value of the second seller note was US $18,794.
The final earn-out payment is due in 2018, the amount of which will be determined based on 7.0 times MSA's 2017 EBITDA, less debt and prior payments, as defined in the agreement. The maximum amount of the final installment is AUD 12,500 (US $9,084 at December 31, 2015). Since the final earn-out payment bears interest at a lower-than-market rate, we imputed the interest and recorded the amount on the acquisition date at the total discounted present value, which will be accreted over the remaining term and had an aggregate carrying value of $7,868 at December 31, 2015.
CH Holding
As described in Note 4, Acquisitions, in January 2013, Laureate financed a portion of the acquisition of the remaining minority interest in CH Holding with a seller note. The principal amount of the seller note is $24,000 and repayment is due in five annual installments. The first four installments of $5,000 are due on each of the first four anniversary dates of closing and the fifth installment of $4,000 is due on the fifth anniversary date of closing. The first three installments of $5,000 were paid in January 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively. The seller note is non-interest bearing. Accordingly, at the acquisition date, we imputed the interest and recorded the note payable at its discounted present value of approximately $17,500, which will be accreted over the term of the note. During the year ended December 31, 2015, Laureate recorded accretion on the note, resulting in a carrying value of $12,745 as of December 31, 2015.
St. Augustine
As described in Note 4, Acquisitions, on November 21, 2013, Laureate acquired 80% of the ownership and voting rights of the University of St. Augustine. A portion of the purchase price was financed with a five-year seller note in the amount of $14,000. The promissory note incurs interest at an annual rate of 7%, which is payable quarterly beginning on January 1, 2014, and the entire principal balance is payable on November 21, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2015, this note payable and a receivable from the former owner were reduced by $2,450 following the resolution of certain pre-acquisition matters.
UNITEC Honduras
In July 2005, Laureate assumed control of UNITEC Honduras and agreed to cause UNITEC Honduras to honor its severance and retirement payment obligations with the founders. Pursuant to this agreement, UNITEC Honduras is required until 2020 to make monthly payments, which are adjusted annually for inflation based on the IIBC. The monthly payment as of December 31, 2015 was HNL 2,876 (US $129). We originally recorded the obligation at its present value based on an incremental borrowing rate of 5%.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 5. Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies (Continued)
IADE Group
As discussed in Note 4, Acquisitions, the acquisition of IADE Group was partially financed with a seller note in the amount of EUR 3,000 (US $3,293 at December 31, 2015). The seller note carries an annual interest rate of 3% and is payable in three equal installments of EUR 1,000 (US $1,098 at December 31, 2015) at 18 months after the acquisition date, 36 months after the acquisition date, and 60 months after the acquisition date. Additionally, during 2015 a working capital adjustment of EUR 639 (US $701 at December 31, 2015) was recorded in accordance with the purchase agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the total carrying value of the liability was $3,994.
Veracruz
On January 14, 2011, Laureate financed a portion of the acquisition of Veracruz with a promissory note payable to the sellers and deferred payments for then-unresolved tax matters. The principal amount of the promissory note is MXN 38,437 (US $2,225 as of December 31, 2015), and the obligation was fully paid at maturity in January 2016.
FAPA
As described in Note 4, Acquisitions, the acquisition of FAPA was financed in part with two seller notes having an aggregate principal amount of BRL 9,164 (US $2,339 at December 31, 2015). The first seller note of BRL 3,055 (US $780 at December 31, 2015) is due on August 12, 2018, the fourth anniversary of the acquisition closing date, and the second seller note of BRL 6,109 (US $1,559 at December 31, 2015) is due on August 12, 2019, the fifth anniversary of the acquisition closing date. The principal amount of each seller note shall be adjusted according to the variation of the IGP-M until the notes' maturities. Laureate recorded these seller notes at their discounted present values at the acquisition date, which will be accreted over the terms of the notes. During the fourth quarter of 2014, an additional working capital adjustment was accrued and then subsequently paid on February 3, 2015 in the amount of BRL 699 ($263 at date of payment). As of December 31, 2015, the total carrying value of the notes was $2,090.
UE, formerly ISLA
On April 1, 2011, Laureate financed a portion of the acquisition of UE with two seller notes. The principal amount of the first seller note was EUR 1,485 (US $1,630 at December 31, 2015), and repayment was made in three equal annual installments of EUR 495 (US $543 at December 31, 2015) with the final installment paid in 2014. The first seller note was non-interest bearing. The principal amount of the second seller note is EUR 4,650 (US $5,103 at December 31, 2015) and is payable in five installments. The first three annual installments of EUR 550 (US $604) were paid on December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014. The fourth annual installment of EUR 1,500 (US $1,646) was paid on December 31, 2015 and the final annual installment of EUR 1,500 (US $1,646) is payable on December 31, 2016. The annual interest rate on the second seller note is 3%. Since the notes bear interest at lower than market rates, at the acquisition date Laureate recorded the seller notes at the present value of EUR 4,870 (US $6,866 at the date of acquisition), which is being accreted over the terms of the notes. As of December 31, 2015, the carrying value of the remaining note payable was $1,541.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 5. Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies (Continued)
CEDEPE
Laureate financed a portion of the acquisition of CEDEPE with a seller note. The principal amount of the seller note is BRL 4,400 (US $1,123 at December 31, 2015), and repayment is due in five installments. The seller note incurs interest based on the CDI. The first installment of BRL 700 (US $179 at December 31, 2015) was due on January 4, 2013. The remaining four installments of BRL 925 (US $236 at December 31, 2015) are due annually on the anniversary of the acquisition closing date, of which two installments remain to be paid. Since the note bears interest at lower-than-market rates, Laureate recorded the seller note as of the acquisition date at the present value of BRL 3,872 (US $988), which will be accreted over the term of the note. As of December 31, 2015, the remaining carrying value of the note was $464.
Uni IBMR
On December 21, 2009, Laureate acquired a majority interest in Uni IBMR, financing part of the purchase with a seller note. During the year ended December 31, 2015, Uni IBMR settled its due to shareholder liability through the non-cash transfer of a certain building to the former owners of Uni IBMR, in accordance with the terms of the original purchase agreement.
THINK
At December 31, 2014, Laureate has recorded a current liability of $3,273 payable to the former owners of THINK, representing a contingent consideration payable under the terms of the 2013 purchase agreement. The liability was recorded through a charge to Direct costs since it was not a measurement period adjustment. This liability was paid in full in January 2015.
UPN
As part of the 2007 purchase agreement for UPN, one of Laureate's institutions in Peru, an additional amount of consideration (an earn-out payment) was payable to the sellers of UPN. On September 16, 2013, Laureate made a payment of $11,399 to the sellers. Of the $11,399, $5,725 related to compensation paid to the sellers and was therefore classified as an operating cash flow on the 2013 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The remaining $5,674 was recorded within Payments of contingent consideration for acquisitions in the investing activities section of the 2013 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The remaining liability balance of $1,275 as of December 31, 2014 related to contingent consideration due to one of the sellers. Full payment was made during the year ended December 31, 2015 and was included in Payments of contingent consideration for acquisitions in the investing activities section of the 2015 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
M-Power Group
As described in Note 4, Acquisitions, on April 8, 2013, Laureate financed a portion of the acquisition of M-Power with a seller note that carried an annual interest rate of 10%. The principal amount of the seller note was approximately INR 535,000 and repayment was due in four installments. These installments of approximately INR 153,000 were due and paid in six-month increments starting October 8, 2013 with the final installment paid on April 8, 2015 (US $1,326 at date of payment).
F-49
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 5. Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies (Continued)
INTI
As described in Note 4, Acquisitions, Laureate acquired an additional 6.4% equity interest in INTI during the fourth quarter of 2014. The total purchase price was approximately $6,783, which included approximately $6,200 of purchase consideration paid in 2014 and estimated additional purchase price of $583. Payment of this amount was made during the year ended December 31, 2015.
Note 6. Business and Geographic Segment Information
Laureate's educational services are offered through four operating segments: LatAm, Europe, AMEA, and GPS. Laureate determines its operating segments based on information utilized by the chief operating decision maker to allocate resources and assess performance.
On May 2, 2016, we announced a change to our operating segments in order to align our structure more geographically. Our institution in Italy, Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano (NABA), including Domus Academy, moved from our GPS segment into our Europe segment. Media Design School (MDS), located in New Zealand, moved from our GPS segment into our AMEA segment. Following the change, the GPS segment will focus on Laureate's fully online institutions operating globally and its campus-based institutions in the United States. This change was reflected in the segment information beginning in the second quarter of 2016, the period in which the change occurred. In addition, all segment information that is presented for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 in these Consolidated Financial Statements has also been revised to reflect this segment change.
The LatAm segment consists of campus-based institutions and has operations in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Panama and Peru and has contractual relationships with a licensed institution in Ecuador. The institutions provide an education that emphasizes applied, professional-oriented fields of study with undergraduate and graduate degree programs. The programs at these institutions are mainly campus-based and are primarily focused on local students. In addition, the institutions in our LatAm segment have begun introducing online and hybrid (a combination of online and in-classroom) courses and programs to their curriculum. Brazil and Chile have government-supported financing programs for higher education, while in other countries students generally finance their own education.
The Europe segment consists of campus-based institutions with operations in Cyprus, France, Germany, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain and Turkey. The institutions generate revenues by providing professional-oriented undergraduate and graduate degree programs. Several institutions have begun to introduce online and hybrid programs. Students in the Europe segment generally finance their own education.
The AMEA segment consists of campus-based institutions with operations in Australia, China, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Africa and Thailand. AMEA also manages 11 licensed institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and manages one additional institution in China through a joint venture arrangement. The institutions generate revenues by providing professional-oriented undergraduate and graduate degree programs. Students in the AMEA segment generally finance their own education.
F-50
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 6. Business and Geographic Segment Information (Continued)
The GPS segment consists of accredited online institutions, which serve students globally, and campus-based institutions serving students in Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The GPS segment also manages one hospitality and culinary institution in China and one hospitality and culinary institution in Jordan through joint venture and other contractual arrangements. The online institutions primarily serve working adults with undergraduate and graduate degree programs. The campus-based institutions primarily serve traditional students seeking undergraduate and graduate degrees, particularly in the fields of hospitality, art and design, culinary, and health sciences. In the United States, students have access to government-supported financing programs.
Intersegment transactions are accounted for in a similar manner as third party transactions and are eliminated in consolidation. The "Corporate" amounts presented in the following tables includes corporate charges that were not allocated to our reportable segments and adjustments to eliminate intersegment items.
We evaluate segment performance based on Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP profit measure defined as (Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, adding back the following items: Foreign currency exchange loss, net, Other income (expense), net, (Loss) gain on derivatives, Loss on debt extinguishment, Interest expense, Interest income, Depreciation and amortization expense, Impairment charges on long-lived assets, Share-based compensation expense and, beginning in 2014, expenses related to our Excellence-in-Process (EiP) initiative. EiP is an enterprise-wide initiative to optimize and standardize Laureate's processes, creating vertical integration of procurement, information technology, finance, accounting and human resources. It includes the establishment of regional shared services organizations around the world, as well as improvements to the Company's system of internal controls over financial reporting.
When we review Adjusted EBITDA on a segment basis, we exclude intercompany revenues and expenses, related to network fees and royalties between our segments, that eliminate in consolidation. We use total assets as the measure of assets for reportable segments. Expenditures for long-lived assets include purchases of property and equipment, purchases of land use rights and expenditures for deferred costs, which are classified as investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
The following tables provide financial information for our reportable segments, including a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to (Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes
F-51
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 6. Business and Geographic Segment Information (Continued)
and equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, as reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
LatAm | Europe | AMEA | GPS | Corporate | Total | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015: |
|||||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
$ | 2,415,641 | $ | 486,235 | $ | 422,134 | $ | 979,920 | $ | (12,271 | ) | $ | 4,291,659 | ||||||
Adjusted EBITDA |
463,691 | 78,439 | 49,869 | 226,804 | (115,395 | ) | 703,408 | ||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense |
147,975 | 32,407 | 39,260 | 55,497 | 7,807 | 282,946 | |||||||||||||
Total assets |
3,823,859 | 690,514 | 782,613 | 1,768,009 | 374,121 | 7,439,116 | |||||||||||||
Expenditures for long-lived assets |
230,146 | 27,239 | 40,716 | 46,877 | 21,880 | 366,858 | |||||||||||||
2014: |
|||||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
$ | 2,532,451 | $ | 533,862 | $ | 405,555 | $ | 954,494 | $ | (11,680 | ) | $ | 4,414,682 | ||||||
Adjusted EBITDA |
541,975 | 72,777 | 30,130 | 222,998 | (94,355 | ) | 773,525 | ||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense |
152,142 | 34,131 | 38,035 | 59,071 | 4,952 | 288,331 | |||||||||||||
Loss on impairment of assets |
125,449 | 273 | | 66 | | 125,788 | |||||||||||||
Total assets |
4,506,531 | 720,211 | 839,651 | 1,909,293 | 382,438 | 8,358,124 | |||||||||||||
Expenditures for long-lived assets |
269,186 | 47,694 | 61,834 | 50,126 | 7,578 | 436,418 | |||||||||||||
2013: |
|||||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
$ | 2,340,867 | $ | 501,398 | $ | 202,251 | $ | 872,426 | $ | (3,061 | ) | $ | 3,913,881 | ||||||
Adjusted EBITDA |
466,664 | 72,745 | (4,843 | ) | 205,581 | (93,675 | ) | 646,472 | |||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense |
136,758 | 30,786 | 18,083 | 52,535 | 4,563 | 242,725 | |||||||||||||
Loss on impairment of assets |
21,967 | 1,095 | 1,987 | 8,533 | | 33,582 | |||||||||||||
Expenditures for long-lived assets |
367,167 | 42,008 | 54,384 | 45,094 | 10,878 | 519,531 |
F-52
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 6. Business and Geographic Segment Information (Continued)
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted EBITDA of reportable segments: |
||||||||||
LatAm |
$ | 463,691 | $ | 541,975 | $ | 466,664 | ||||
Europe |
78,439 | 72,777 | 72,745 | |||||||
AMEA |
49,869 | 30,130 | (4,843 | ) | ||||||
GPS |
226,804 | 222,998 | 205,581 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total Adjusted EBITDA of reportable segments |
818,803 | 867,880 | 740,147 | |||||||
Reconciling items: |
||||||||||
Corporate |
(115,395 | ) | (94,355 | ) | (93,675 | ) | ||||
Depreciation and amortization expense |
(282,946 | ) | (288,331 | ) | (242,725 | ) | ||||
Loss on impairment of assets |
| (125,788 | ) | (33,582 | ) | |||||
Share-based compensation expense |
(39,021 | ) | (49,190 | ) | (49,512 | ) | ||||
EiP expenses |
(44,484 | ) | (10,716 | ) | | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income |
336,957 | 299,500 | 320,653 | |||||||
Interest income |
13,328 | 21,822 | 21,805 | |||||||
Interest expense |
(398,042 | ) | (385,754 | ) | (350,196 | ) | ||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
(1,263 | ) | (22,984 | ) | (1,361 | ) | ||||
(Loss) gain on derivatives |
(2,607 | ) | (3,101 | ) | 6,631 | |||||
Other income (expense), net |
195 | (1,184 | ) | 7,499 | ||||||
Foreign currency exchange loss, net |
(149,178 | ) | (109,970 | ) | (3,102 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net income (loss) of affiliates |
$ | (200,610 | ) | $ | (201,671 | ) | $ | 1,929 | ||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Geographic Information
No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of Laureate's consolidated revenues. Revenues from customers by geographic area, primarily generated by students enrolled at institutions in those areas, were as follows:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
External revenue |
||||||||||
United States |
$ | 731,979 | $ | 718,641 | $ | 647,046 | ||||
Mexico |
678,030 | 741,649 | 701,830 | |||||||
Brazil |
672,372 | 712,921 | 568,443 | |||||||
Chile |
536,530 | 585,645 | 629,185 | |||||||
Peru |
356,684 | 322,938 | 270,519 | |||||||
Spain |
200,284 | 234,781 | 230,822 | |||||||
Other foreign countries |
1,115,780 | 1,098,107 | 866,036 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Consolidated total |
$ | 4,291,659 | $ | 4,414,682 | $ | 3,913,881 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
F-53
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 6. Business and Geographic Segment Information (Continued)
Long-lived assets are composed of Property and equipment, net. Laureate's long-lived assets of continuing operations by geographic area were as follows:
December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Long-lived assets |
|||||||
Chile |
$ | 374,101 | $ | 421,904 | |||
Peru |
278,501 | 258,352 | |||||
Mexico |
253,459 | 293,331 | |||||
Brazil |
211,675 | 300,405 | |||||
United States |
197,067 | 176,958 | |||||
Spain |
179,957 | 205,510 | |||||
China |
139,922 | 148,865 | |||||
Switzerland |
79,893 | 79,185 | |||||
Other foreign countries |
576,325 | 629,809 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Consolidated total |
$ | 2,290,900 | $ | 2,514,319 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Note 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The change in the net carrying amount of Goodwill from December 31, 2013 through December 31, 2015 was composed of the following items:
|
LatAm | Europe | AMEA | GPS | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balance at December 31, 2013 |
$ | 1,465,704 | $ | 142,230 | $ | 137,340 | $ | 631,404 | $ | 2,376,678 | ||||||
Acquisitions |
398,587 | | 25,197 | | 423,784 | |||||||||||
Dispositions |
| | | | | |||||||||||
Impairments |
(77,094 | ) | | | | (77,094 | ) | |||||||||
Currency translation adjustments |
(212,472 | ) | (38,244 | ) | (18,853 | ) | 15,996 | (253,573 | ) | |||||||
Adjustments to prior acquisitions |
| | | | | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2014 |
1,574,725 | 103,986 | 143,684 | 647,400 | 2,469,795 | |||||||||||
Acquisitions |
| 5,980 | 989 | | 6,969 | |||||||||||
Dispositions |
| | | | | |||||||||||
Impairments |
| | | | | |||||||||||
Currency translation adjustments |
(334,714 | ) | (10,570 | ) | (17,439 | ) | (796 | ) | (363,519 | ) | ||||||
Adjustments to prior acquisitions |
2,652 | | | | 2,652 | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2015 |
$ | 1,242,663 | $ | 99,396 | $ | 127,234 | $ | 646,604 | $ | 2,115,897 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As of both December 31, 2015 and 2014, accumulated goodwill impairment losses were $136,430, with $77,094, $19,660 and $39,676 relating to our LatAm, GPS and AMEA segments, respectively.
F-54
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Continued)
Other Intangible Assets
Amortization expense for intangible assets subject to amortization was $20,430, $17,697 and $6,527 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets for the years ending December 31, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and beyond is $11,225, $7,219, $6,006, $4,357, $3,077 and $20,313, respectively.
The following table summarizes our identifiable intangible assets as of December 31, 2015:
|
Gross
Carrying Amount |
Accumulated
Amortization |
Net
Carrying Amount |
Weighted
Average Amortization Period (Yrs) |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject to amortization: |
|||||||||||||
Student rosters |
$ | 94,833 | $ | (85,794 | ) | $ | 9,039 | 3.1 | |||||
Non-compete agreements |
6,085 | (6,085 | ) | | | ||||||||
Other |
69,822 | (26,664 | ) | 43,158 | 12.0 | ||||||||
Not subject to amortization: |
|||||||||||||
Tradenames |
1,361,125 | | 1,361,125 | | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 1,531,865 | $ | (118,543 | ) | $ | 1,413,322 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The following table summarizes our identifiable intangible assets as of December 31, 2014:
|
Gross
Carrying Amount |
Accumulated
Amortization |
Net Carrying
Amount |
Weighted
Average Amortization Period (Yrs) |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject to amortization: |
|||||||||||||
Student rosters |
$ | 114,909 | $ | (89,612 | ) | $ | 25,297 | 3.1 | |||||
Non-compete agreements |
6,935 | (6,935 | ) | | | ||||||||
Other |
89,016 | (21,249 | ) | 67,767 | 12.8 | ||||||||
Not subject to amortization: |
|||||||||||||
Tradenames |
1,461,762 | | 1,461,762 | | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 1,672,622 | $ | (117,796 | ) | $ | 1,554,826 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
F-55
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Continued)
Impairment Tests
The following table summarizes the Loss on impairment of assets:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Impairments of Tradenames, by segment: |
||||||||||
LatAm |
$ | | $ | 47,650 | $ | 21,967 | ||||
Europe |
| | 1,094 | |||||||
AMEA |
| | | |||||||
GPS |
| | 2,632 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total Impairments of Tradenames |
| 47,650 | 25,693 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Impairments of GoodwillLatAm segment |
| 77,094 | | |||||||
Impairments of Deferred costs and Other intangible assets, net |
| 273 | 4,478 | |||||||
Impairments of long-lived assets |
| 771 | 3,411 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | | $ | 125,788 | $ | 33,582 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
We perform annual impairment tests of our non-amortizable intangible assets, which consist of Goodwill and Tradenames, in the fourth quarter of each year. The impairment charges discussed below were recorded to reduce the assets' carrying values to fair value.
For the purposes of our annual impairment testing of the Company's goodwill, fair value measurements were determined primarily using the income approach, based largely on inputs that are not observable to active markets, which would be deemed "Level 3" fair value measurements as defined in Note 20, Fair Value Measurement. These inputs include our expectations about future revenue growth and profitability, marginal income tax rates by jurisdiction, and the rate at which the cash flows should be discounted in order to determine this fair value estimate. Where a market approach is used, the inputs also include publicly available data about our competitors' financial ratios and transactions.
For purposes of our annual impairment testing of the Company's indefinite-lived tradename assets, fair value measurements were determined using the income approach, based largely on inputs that are not observable to active markets, which would be deemed "Level 3" fair value measurements as defined in Note 20, Fair Value Measurement. These inputs include our expectations about future revenue growth and profitability, marginal income tax rates by jurisdiction, and the rate at which the cash flows should be discounted in order to determine the fair value estimate for indefinite-lived tradenames using a relief-from-royalty method. We use publicly available information and proprietary third-party arm's length agreements that Laureate has entered into with various licensors in determining certain assumptions to assist us in estimating fair value using market participant assumptions.
2014 Loss on Impairment of Assets
In 2014, we recorded a total impairment loss of $125,788. Tradenames were impaired in the aggregate amount $47,650 related to two Chilean institutions in our LatAm segment. Also in our LatAm segment, Goodwill was impaired in the amount of $77,094, which related to our institutions in
F-56
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Continued)
Costa Rica, Honduras and Panama. Our Europe segment recorded impairments of deferred costs of $273. Our LatAm and GPS segments recorded impairments of long-lived assets of $705 and $66, respectively.
Of the total impairment of Tradenames in LatAm, approximately $16,400 related to UDLA Chile. This is an additional impairment to the charge taken in 2013. The primary driver for this additional charge was the secondary intake of enrollment that occurred during the third quarter of 2014, which provided us with additional information regarding the projected financial performance of UDLA Chile and that indicated that the financial impact of the loss of accreditation was larger than initially estimated. The Company also revised its estimates around the timing of enrollments following reaccreditation. As a result, management performed an impairment test and determined that the estimated fair value of the intangible asset was less than its carrying value. Accordingly, the Company recorded an impairment charge in order to adjust the carrying value of the intangible asset to its new estimated fair value of approximately $24,000.
The remaining impairment of Tradenames in LatAm of approximately $31,250 related to UNAB in Chile, in order to adjust the intangible asset to its new estimated fair value of approximately $76,000. The impairment at UNAB resulted from our expectation of reduced margins and lower pricing, as compared to the assumptions contained in the models previously used to value the intangible assets. The lower projections reflect weaker operating performance compared to the prior long-range plan, combined with reduced expectations as a result of a regulatory environment that favors public rather than private supply in higher education. In addition, due to the uncertainty that currently exists in Chile, the Company has decided to reduce its expected capital expenditures for growth in that market for the foreseeable future. As a result, the long-range plan used to calculate the fair value of the UNAB Tradename asset contains lower growth and profitability assumptions than the plan used in prior years for such purposes.
The Goodwill impairment of $77,094 in LatAm at our institutions in Costa Rica, Honduras and Panama can be attributed to a weaker long-range outlook as compared to the assumptions contained in the models previously used to value the intangible assets. The primary driver of this weaker outlook is a shortfall in 2014 enrollments which has caused us to decrease our long-term enrollment projections. The softened enrollment outlook has also resulted in pricing pressure on revenue. Cost cutting measures have been taken by management to mitigate margin erosion. The softer long-term outlook resulted in a lower valuation for the reporting unit. As a result of the 2014 impairment test, the Goodwill balances at these institutions were entirely written off.
2013 Loss on Impairment of Assets
In 2013, we recorded a total impairment loss of $33,582. Tradenames were impaired in the aggregate amount of $25,693 related to institutions in our LatAm, Europe and GPS segments, which recorded impairments of $21,967, $1,094 and $2,632, respectively. Our AMEA segment recorded impairments of long-lived assets of $1,987 for certain buildings that were impaired in 2013. Our GPS segment also recorded impairments of long-lived assets of $1,424 and impairments of Deferred costs and Other intangible assets, net of $4,478.
F-57
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Continued)
The impairment of Tradenames in LatAm related to UDLA Chile. The primary driver for this charge was a reduction in this institution's projected revenue and income following UDLA Chile's loss of accreditation, as discussed in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies. The current impairment charge is based on management's best estimates using current available and knowable information about the short and long term implications to the UDLA Chile financial forecast. The current projections assume reaccreditation in 2016. We will continue to monitor the situation and additional impairment losses may result from greater than expected attrition and failure to obtain reaccreditation in 2016.
The Tradenames impairment of $1,094 in our Europe segment related to one institution in Italy, and the Tradenames impairment of $2,632 in our GPS segment related to two institutions in the U.S. The impairment at the Italian institution of $1,094 resulted from our expectation of reduced margins, as compared to the assumptions contained in the models previously used to value the intangible assets. The reduced margin expectations result primarily from the ongoing weakness in the European economies, which has caused pricing decreases at certain of the institutions included in this segment, as well as enrollment declines as compared to the projections used to value the intangible assets.
In the U.S., one of the institutions recorded a Tradenames impairment of $1,300, which primarily resulted from our expectation of further reduced margins and cash flows at one institution as compared to our initial projections contained in the previous model used to value the intangible assets at this institution during our 2012 impairment testing. These expectations of further reduced margins and cash flows are largely due to the continuing poor economic conditions in the U.S., continued media focus on the cost of education as compared to earnings potential, as well as the regulatory environment, which are discussed in Note 19, Legal and Regulatory Matters. All of these factors have caused the Company to reduce its expectation of future performance for this institution. In the first quarter of 2014, one of our U.S. institutions, NHU, decided to stop enrolling new students and teach out the existing cohort of students. This decision was driven in part by recent regulatory changes. As a result, the Company has written off the entire Tradenames value of $1,332 related to this institution. In addition, NHU LLC, also wrote down capitalized curriculum, which is recorded in Deferred costs, net by $4,478 and software, which is recorded in Property and equipment, by $1,338, as it was determined that the curriculum and software cannot be redeployed. There was also an impairment of other long-lived assets in the GPS segment of $86.
Note 8. Land Use Rights
The Company has acquired rights to use certain properties for periods ranging from 20 to 899 years. The land use rights recorded for AMEA had a combined net carrying value of $46,544 and $50,290 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The land use rights recorded for Europe have a net carrying value of $1,983 and $1,572 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The land use rights recorded for the LatAm region have a net carrying value of $1,809 and $2,130 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
F-58
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 8. Land Use Rights (Continued)
The land use rights recorded at net carrying value on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets are summarized as follows:
December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cost |
$ | 52,617 | $ | 54,904 | |||
Less: Accumulated amortization |
(2,281 | ) | (912 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Land use rights, net |
$ | 50,336 | $ | 53,992 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Amortization expense of land use rights was $1,496, $1,547 and $1,737 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As discussed in Note 17, Related Party Transactions, during the year ended December 31, 2014, HIEU wrote off land use rights with a net carrying value of approximately $4,350 related to several parcels of land for which it no longer has land use rights.
As of December 31, 2015, amortization expense related to land use rights for the next five years and thereafter is as follows:
2016 |
$ | 1,495 | ||
2017 |
1,495 | |||
2018 |
1,495 | |||
2019 |
1,495 | |||
2020 |
1,495 | |||
Thereafter |
42,861 | |||
| | | | |
Total |
$ | 50,336 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Note 9. Debt
Outstanding long-term debt was as follows:
December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senior long-term debt: |
|||||||
Senior Secured Credit Facility (stated maturity dates March 2018 and June 2018), net of discount |
$ | 2,084,093 | $ | 2,180,406 | |||
Senior Notes due 2019 (stated maturity date September 2019), net of discount |
1,436,214 | 1,382,711 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total senior long-term debt |
3,520,307 | 3,563,117 | |||||
Other debt: |
|||||||
Lines of credit |
74,335 | 106,046 | |||||
Notes payable and other debt |
738,684 | 593,605 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total senior and other debt |
4,333,326 | 4,262,768 | |||||
Capital lease obligations and sale-leaseback financings |
247,256 | 304,099 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total long-term debt |
4,580,582 | 4,566,867 | |||||
Less: total unamortized debt issuance costs |
69,294 | 80,094 | |||||
Less: current portion of long-term debt |
192,354 | 233,286 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Long-term debt, less current portion |
$ | 4,318,934 | $ | 4,253,487 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
F-59
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
As of December 31, 2015, aggregate annual maturities of the senior and other debt, excluding capital lease obligations and sale-leaseback financings, were as follows:
December 31, 2015
|
Senior and
Other Debt |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
2016 |
$ | 180,851 | ||
2017 |
156,248 | |||
2018 |
2,155,339 | |||
2019 |
1,541,692 | |||
2020 |
126,477 | |||
Thereafter |
186,656 | |||
| | | | |
Total |
4,347,263 | |||
Less: discount, net |
(13,937 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Total senior and other debt |
$ | 4,333,326 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
The estimated fair value of our debt was determined using observable market prices, as the majority of our securities, including the Senior Secured Credit Facility and the Senior Notes due 2019, are traded in a brokered market. The fair value of our remaining debt instruments approximates carrying value based on their terms. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, our long-term debt was classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy, based on the frequency and volume of trading in the brokered market. The lower estimated fair value at December 31, 2015, as compared to the carrying amount, is primarily due to an approximately $550,000 trading discount related to the $1,436,214 Senior Notes due 2019 and an approximately $300,000 trading discount related to the $2,084,093 Senior Secured Credit Facility. The estimated fair value of our debt was as follows:
|
December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Carrying
amount |
Estimated
fair value |
Carrying
amount |
Estimated
fair value |
|||||||||
Total senior and other debt |
$ | 4,333,326 | $ | 3,482,417 | $ | 4,262,768 | $ | 4,222,334 |
Senior Notes
Overview
On May 13, 2008, Laureate incurred certain indebtedness with an aggregate principal amount of $1,005,822, consisting of:
The proceeds from the issuance of the Senior Cash Pay Notes, the Senior Toggle Notes and the Senior Subordinated Notes were used to repay the outstanding balances of certain loans, plus accrued interest and associated fees and expenses, originated as part of the 2007 LBO.
F-60
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
On July 25, 2012, we completed an offering of $350,000 aggregate principal amount of 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019 (the Senior Notes due 2019). The net proceeds received from the debt offering were $343,000, after payment of underwriter fees of $7,000, and were used to repay a portion of our senior secured multi-currency revolving credit facility.
On November 13, 2012, we completed an offering of $1,050,000 aggregate principal amount of additional 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019. The notes are treated as a single series with the $350,000 of 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019 that were issued in July 2012. The Company used the net proceeds from the sale of the additional Senior Notes due 2019 to purchase all of the outstanding Senior Toggle Notes and the Senior Cash Pay Notes, and to fully repay certain debt instruments under the Company's senior secured term loan facility, including the Closing Date Term Loan, the Delayed Draw Term Loan, and the Series A New Term Loan.
As discussed further in Note 13, Share-based Compensation, and Note 17, Related Party Transactions, on December 29, 2015 we issued $50,046 aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes due 2019 to the participants of the nonqualified share-based deferred compensation arrangement.
The Senior Notes due 2019 are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on an unsecured senior basis, by each of Laureate's wholly owned domestic subsidiaries that guarantee Laureate's obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facility. The Senior Notes due 2019 rank junior to the Senior Secured Credit Facility.
Senior Notes due 2019
The $1,450,046 Senior Notes due 2019 have a stated maturity of September 1, 2019. Laureate could redeem some or all of the Senior Notes due 2019 at any time prior to September 1, 2015, in each case at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed plus the applicable "make-whole" premium, and accrued and unpaid interest and special interest, as discussed in 'Registration of Senior Notes due 2019' below. The make-whole premium is defined as the greater of: (1) 1.00% of the notes' principal amount; and (2) any amount by which the present value of the redemption price of such redeemed notes, plus all required interest payments through September 1, 2015, computed using a discount rate equal to the United States Treasury Rate plus 50 basis points, exceeds the principal amount of such redeemed notes. Prior to September 1, 2015, Laureate could redeem up to 40% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes due 2019 at a redemption price equal to 109.250% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings. From and after September 1, 2015, we may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes due 2019 at redemption prices starting at 106.938% of the principal amount thereof and decreasing from there each year thereafter until September 1, 2018, plus accrued and unpaid interest. From and after September 1, 2018, we may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes due 2019 at a redemption price of 100%, plus accrued and unpaid interest.
The interest rate for the Senior Notes due 2019 is fixed at 9.25%, excluding the special interest discussed below, and is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 each year, beginning March 1, 2013. Of the total $1,450,046 of Senior Notes due 2019, $350,000 were issued in July 2012 at par, and $1,050,000 were issued in November 2012 at a price of 97.750% of face amount, resulting in an original debt discount of $23,625, which is being amortized to interest expense over the
F-61
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
term of the notes. The remaining $50,046 of Senior Notes due 2019 were issued on December 29, 2015 as discussed above. As of December 31, 2015, the outstanding balance on the Senior Notes due 2019 was $1,436,214, net of the remaining debt discount of $13,832. As of December 31, 2014, the outstanding balance on the Senior Notes due 2019 was $1,382,711, net of the remaining debt discount of $17,289.
Registration of Senior Notes due 2019Laureate and its guarantors agreed to (1) file a registration statement with the SEC with respect to a registered offer to exchange the Senior Notes due 2019 for new notes having terms substantially identical in all material respects to the outstanding notes (except that the new notes will not contain transfer restrictions or provide for special interest); or (2) file a shelf registration for the resale of the notes. We were required to use all commercially reasonable efforts to cause the registration statement to be declared effective on or before July 25, 2014. Since the registration statement was not declared effective by July 25, 2014, we have incurred special interest at a rate equal to 0.25% per annum for the first 90-day period of the outstanding indenture indebtedness on the outstanding notes, 0.50% per annum for the next 90-day period, and 0.75% thereafter, as liquidated damages until the registration statement is declared effective and the exchange offer is completed. In December 2015, the Company filed a registration statement with the SEC with respect to a registered offer to exchange the Senior Notes due 2019.
The requirement to register the Senior Notes due 2019 qualifies as a "registration payment arrangement" under ASC 825-20, "Financial InstrumentsRegistration Payment Arrangements." ASC 825-20 requires us to record a liability if we determine that it is probable that consideration, such as special interest, will be paid to the counterparty under the registration payment arrangement, and if that consideration can be reasonably estimated. Accordingly, we have recorded a liability for the amount of special interest on the Senior Notes due 2019 that we have determined to be probable and estimable based on our expected timing of registration as of each balance sheet date. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had a total contingent liability for special interest on the Senior Notes due 2019 of $8,100 and $12,200, respectively, recorded in Accrued expenses and Other long-term liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, through a corresponding adjustment to Interest expense in our Consolidated Statement of Operations.
Senior Cash Pay Notes and Senior Toggle Notes
The $260,000 Senior Cash Pay Notes and the $435,822 Senior Toggle Notes had a stated maturity of August 15, 2015. The redemption prices of these notes started at 105% of the principal amount for the Senior Cash Pay Notes and 105.125% of the principal amount for the Senior Toggle Notes and decreased from there if redeemed after August 15, 2012, plus accrued and unpaid interest. As discussed above, the Senior Cash Pay Notes and Senior Toggle Notes were paid in full during the fourth quarter of 2012 with proceeds from the issuance of the additional Senior Notes due 2019.
Senior Subordinated Notes
The $310,000 Senior Subordinated Notes had a stated maturity of August 15, 2017. From and after August 15, 2012, we could redeem all or part of the Senior Subordinated Notes at redemption prices starting at 105.875% of the principal amount thereof and decreasing from there each year thereafter, plus accrued and unpaid interest. The interest rate for the Senior Subordinated Notes was fixed at
F-62
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
11.75%, excluding the special interest discussed below, and was payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 each year. On April 9, 2013, we commenced a tender offer to purchase for cash any and all of our outstanding 11.75% Senior Subordinated Notes, which had an outstanding balance of $285,944 at that date. Senior Subordinated Notes with a principal amount of $67,328 were tendered on or before 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on April 22, 2013 (the Early Tender Date), and the holders of those notes received the full tender offer consideration of $1.06375 for each $1 principal amount of notes accepted for purchase. Also in April 2013, Laureate called for redemption all remaining Senior Subordinated Notes not purchased in the tender offer. Accordingly, $218,616 principal amount of Senior Subordinated Notes were repaid on May 23, 2013. Holders of all purchased notes also received any accrued and unpaid interest and special interest on the notes from the last interest payment date to, but not including, the date of payment for purchased notes. As described below, Laureate obtained the proceeds required to repay the notes by borrowing an additional $310,000 on the same terms as its existing 2018 Extended Term Loan in April 2013. We paid a total of $17,136 of tender premiums and fees and call premiums which were capitalized as debt issuance costs.
Registration of Senior Cash Pay Notes, Senior Toggle Notes, and Senior Subordinated Notes Laureate and its guarantors agreed to (1) file a registration statement with the SEC for a registered offer to exchange the Senior Cash Pay Notes, the Senior Toggle Notes, and the Senior Subordinated Notes, for new notes having terms substantially identical in all material respects to these outstanding notes (except that the new notes will not contain transfer restrictions or provide for special interest); or (2) file a shelf registration for the resale of the notes. We were required to use all commercially reasonable efforts to cause the registration statement to be declared effective and to complete the exchange offer on or before January 1, 2011.
We did not comply with this SEC filing requirement on or before January 1, 2011, and were therefore subject to a "Registration Default" until these notes were repaid. During the period in which the Registration Default existed, special interest accrued on the outstanding indebtedness under the Senior Cash Pay Notes, the Senior Toggle Notes and the Senior Subordinated Notes at a rate equal to 0.25% per annum during the first 90-day period, 0.50% for the second 90-day period, 0.75% for the third 90-day period, and 1.0% thereafter, beginning October 1, 2011. Accordingly, we incurred approximately $950 of special interest under this registration payment arrangement during the year ended December 31, 2013. Accrual and payment of special interest was the only remedy available for the Registration Default. We fully repaid the Senior Cash Pay Notes and the Senior Toggle Notes during the fourth quarter of 2012, and fully repaid the Senior Subordinated Notes during the second quarter of 2013, and therefore no longer incur special interest on these notes.
Senior Secured Credit Facility
Overview
On June 16, 2011, we amended and restated our Credit Agreement dated as of August 17, 2007 (as amended and restated, our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement), in order to, among other things, extend maturity dates. Pursuant to this amendment and restatement, certain lenders in the syndicate: (1) extended the maturity dates applicable to $155,000 of our then-existing $400,000 revolving line of credit facility from August 2013 to June 2016, (2) converted $245,000 of then-existing revolving loans and revolving credit commitments into term loans that will mature in June 2018, and
F-63
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
(3) extended the maturity dates applicable to three series term loans, totaling $858,896 of aggregate principal, from August 2014 to June 2018. In addition, some existing lenders increased the amount of their revolver commitments and new lenders became lenders with respect to the revolving credit facility that originally was scheduled to mature in June 2016 but was extended to March 2018. As a result of this amendment and restatement, the credit facilities under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement on June 16, 2011 were composed of:
$25,000 Series A-2018 New Term Loan
On December 22, 2011, we entered into a joinder agreement to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to borrow an additional $25,000 on the same terms as the 2018 Extended Term Loan (the Series A-2018 New Term Loan), including interest rates and quarterly principal payment dates. The borrowing capacity under our revolving line of credit facility was also increased to $350,000.
$250,000 Series B New Term Loans
On January 18, 2013, we entered into the Series B New Term Loan Joinder Agreement and the First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to borrow an additional $250,000 on the same terms as the 2018 Extended Term Loan (the Series B New Term Loans), including interest rates and quarterly principal payment dates. This additional loan was issued at an original issue discount of $1,250, and we paid debt issuance costs of $2,860 in connection with the borrowing, both of which will be amortized to Interest expense over the term of the loan.
$310,000 Series B Additional Term Loans
On April 23, 2013, we entered into the Series B Additional Term Loan Joinder Agreement and the Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to borrow an additional $310,000 on the same terms as the 2018 Extended Term Loan (the Series B Additional Term Loans), including interest rates and quarterly principal payment dates. This additional loan was issued at an original debt premium of $1,550, and we paid debt issuance costs of $3,872 in connection with the borrowing, both of which are being amortized to Interest expense over the term of the loan. In addition, third-party costs of $374 were charged to General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2013. The proceeds from this borrowing were used to repay all of the outstanding Senior Subordinated Notes, as described above.
F-64
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement
On October 3, 2013, we entered into a Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the Third Amendment), pursuant to which we reduced the margin applicable to our 2018 Extended Term Loan, Series A-2018 New Term Loan, Series B New Term Loans and Series B Additional Term Loans from 4.00% to 3.75% for LIBOR loans and from 3.00% to 2.75% for ABR loans. In addition to lowering the margin on these term loans, the amendment provided additional flexibility for mortgage financings.
$200,000 Additional New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans
On December 16, 2013, we entered into the Additional New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans Joinder Agreement to borrow an additional $200,000 on the same terms as the 2018 Extended Term Loans as stated in the Third Amendment. This additional loan was issued at an original debt discount of $500, and we paid debt issuance costs of $2,242 in connection with the borrowing. The original debt discount and the debt issuance costs are being amortized to Interest expense over the term of the loan.
Revolving Line of Credit Facility
Borrowings under our revolver bear interest at a rate per annum which, at our option, can be either a London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or an Alternate Base Rate (ABR) plus, in each case, a margin. LIBOR loans under our revolver accrue interest at the applicable LIBOR rate plus a 3.75% margin. The LIBOR rate with respect to our revolver is subject to a floor of 1.25%. Interest on ABR revolving borrowings accrues at the ABR (which is the higher of the Federal Funds rate plus 0.50% or the prime rate for the agent bank) plus a 2.75% margin. The ABR with respect to our revolver is subject to a floor of 2.25%. For LIBOR revolving borrowings, the interest period is set at our option for a period of one, two, three, six, nine or 12 months. ABR revolving borrowings have no interest period and the interest rate on any ABR revolving borrowing is subject to change when the underlying indices change. In addition, our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement provides for the payment of a commitment fee based on the daily unused portion of our revolver. The commitment fee rate of 0.625% per annum is payable quarterly in arrears.
On July 7, 2015, we amended our Senior Secured Credit Facility, in order to extend the maturity date of our $350,000 revolving line of credit facility from June 2016 to March 2018. As a result of this amendment, during the third quarter of 2015 we wrote off $331 of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the old revolver as Loss on debt extinguishment, as several of the original creditors did not participate in the new revolver. In addition, in July 2015 we paid approximately $11,300 in debt issuance costs related to the modification. The debt issuance costs that were paid in connection with the modification were capitalized and will be amortized through interest expense over the extended term of the revolver.
At December 31, 2015, the total amount outstanding under our revolver was $269,261, which consisted entirely of LIBOR loans at an interest rate of 5.00%. At December 31, 2014, the total amount outstanding under our revolver was $346,727, which consisted of $301,385 in LIBOR loans at an interest rate of 5.00% and $45,342 in ABR loans at an interest rate of 6.00%.
F-65
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
2018 Extended Term Loan, Series A-2018 New Term Loan, Series B New Term Loans, Series B Additional Term Loans and Additional New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans
The portions of our term loans under the original Credit Agreement that did not remain outstanding as the Closing Date Term Loan, Delayed Draw Term Loan or Series A New Term Loan (see below) were extended to a maturity date of June 2018. In addition, some existing lenders increased the amount of term loans and new lenders became lenders with respect to the 2018 Extended Term Loan, which matures in June 2018. Following the amendment and restatement on June 16, 2011, the aggregate amount of the 2018 Extended Term Loan was $1,103,896. The interest rate for our 2018 Extended Term Loan is set at a rate per annum which, at our option, can be either the LIBOR rate or the ABR rate, plus in each case, a margin. As stated above, the Series A-2018 New Term Loan, Series B New Term Loans, Series B Additional Term Loans and Additional New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans all have the same terms as the 2018 Extended Term Loan.
Following the October 2013 amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement discussed above, the margin for LIBOR loans is 3.75% and the margin for ABR loans is 2.75%. Prior to the amendment, the margin for LIBOR loans was 4.00% and the margin for ABR loans was 3.00%. The LIBOR rate is subject to a floor equal to 1.25% and the ABR is subject to a floor equal to 2.25%. For LIBOR loans, the interest period is set at our option for a period of one, two, three, six, nine, or 12 months. Once the interest period is set, the interest rate is fixed until the selected interest period ends. ABR loans have no interest period and the interest rate on any ABR loan is subject to change when the underlying indices change.
With respect to our 2018 Extended Term Loan, Series A-2018 New Term Loan, Series B New Term Loans, the Series B Additional Term Loans and the Additional New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans, we are required to make fixed quarterly principal payments in an aggregate amount equal to $4,722 per quarter. All unpaid principal and interest on these loans shall be paid in full in June 2018. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, these loans had an aggregate outstanding balance of $1,814,832 (net of debt discount of $105) and $1,833,679 (net of debt discount of $147), respectively, and an interest rate of 5.00% at each date.
Default Interest
In the event that we fail to pay all or a portion of the principal and interest amounts when due, the interest rates under our Senior Secured Credit Facility will be increased by 2.00% from the date of such non-payment to the date on which the payment is paid in full.
Guarantee
As of the effective date of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, all obligations under our Senior Secured Credit Facility are unconditionally guaranteed by the same subsidiaries that were guarantors under the original Credit Agreement. Pursuant to Supplement No. 2 to the Guarantee dated as of July 15, 2011, Exeter Street Holdings LLC, a Maryland limited liability company subsidiary, became an additional guarantor of the obligations under our Senior Secured Credit Facility.
F-66
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
Senior Secured Credit Facility Outstanding
As of December 31, 2015, the $2,084,093 balance of the Senior Secured Credit Facility consists of $1,814,832 in the 2018 Extended Term Loan, the Series A-2018 New Term Loan, the Series B New Term Loans, and the Series B Additional Term Loans, and the revolver of $269,261. As of December 31, 2014, the $2,180,406 balance of the Senior Secured Credit Facility consists of $1,833,679 in the 2018 Extended Term Loan and the Series A-2018 New Term Loan, and the revolver of $346,727.
Senior Secured Credit Facility Borrowers and Guarantors
The multi-currency revolving line of credit facility (the revolver), the 2018 Extended Term Loan, the Series A-2018 New Term Loan, the Series B New Term Loans, the Series B Additional New Term Loans, and the Additional New Series 2018 Extended Term Loans, are collectively referred to as the "Senior Secured Credit Facility." Laureate Education, Inc. (the U.S. Borrower) is the borrower under our Senior Secured Credit Facility. Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L. (the Foreign Borrower) is a borrower only under the revolver of our Senior Secured Credit Facility.
All of Laureate's required United States legal entities, excluding Walden University, LLC (Walden), Kendall College (Kendall), NewSchool of Architecture and Design (NewSchool), NHU and St. Augustine, are guarantors of the Senior Secured Credit Facility, and all of the guarantors' assets, both real and intangible, are pledged as collateral. Certain Walden assets are also pledged as collateral, including all of Walden's United States receivables other than Title IV student loans, all of its copyrights, patents, and trademarks. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the carrying value of the Walden receivables and intangibles pledged as collateral was $404,331 and $390,827, respectively. Additionally, not more than 65% of the shares held by United States guarantors in non-domestic subsidiaries are pledged as collateral. There is also a separate guarantee and pledge agreement for the Foreign Borrower sub-facility of the revolver (the Spanish Tranche). The Spanish Tranche is secured by certain of the Foreign Borrower's assets, including intercompany loans and shares owned in other non-domestic subsidiaries, to secure the foreign obligations. Of the $350,000 revolving line of credit facility noted above, we can borrow up to $100,000 under the Spanish Tranche.
Certain Covenants
Our senior long-term debt contains certain negative covenants including, among others: (1) limitations on additional indebtedness; (2) limitations on dividends; (3) limitations on asset sales, including the sale of ownership interests in subsidiaries and sale-leaseback transactions; and (4) limitations on liens, guarantees, loans or investments. In connection with the extension of our revolving line of credit facility in July 2015, we are now subject to a Consolidated Senior Secured Debt to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the bank agreement, financial maintenance covenant beginning in the third quarter of 2015. The maximum ratio, as defined, is 5.3x, 4.5x and 3.5x at December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The ratio as of December 31, 2015 was 3.9x. In addition, notes payable at some of our locations contain financial maintenance covenants. We are in compliance with our debt covenants.
F-67
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
On April 4, 2014, we notified our lenders of the occurrence of a default under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, due to our failure to deliver our audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2013 within 95 days after the fiscal year end (the 2013 Audited Financial Statement Delivery Default). The reason for the 2013 Audited Financial Statement Delivery Default is the additional time needed to completely and accurately reflect several items in the 2013 Consolidated Financial Statements. We cured the 2013 Audited Financial Statement Delivery Default by delivering the 2013 Consolidated Financial Statements to the administrative agent on April 14, 2014, the date that the 2013 Consolidated Financial Statements were issued, which was within the 30-day grace period provided for in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
Loss on Debt Extinguishment
During the year ended December 31, 2015, Laureate recorded a Loss on debt extinguishment of $1,263, of which $932 was related to mortgage breakage fees paid as a part of the Swiss sale leaseback transaction discussed in Note 3, Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale, and $331 which was related to the extension of the maturity date for the $350,000 revolving line of credit facility under the Senior Secured Credit Facility from June 2016 to March 2018, as discussed above.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, Laureate recorded a Loss on debt extinguishment of $22,984 that was almost entirely related to the purchase of previously leased property in Brazil and settlement of the related lease obligation. In connection with the 2010 acquisition of Universidade Potiguar (UNP), Laureate entered into a lease agreement for certain property, which was accounted for as a failed sale-leaseback and recorded as a lease asset and liability. The sellers had a right to put the property to Laureate, which they exercised in December 2014. Laureate recorded the excess of the approximately $29,300 purchase price over the capital lease liability as Loss on debt extinguishment in accordance with ASC 470-50, "Modifications and Extinguishments."
During the year ended December 31, 2013, we recorded a Loss on debt extinguishment of $1,361 in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations in connection with the Third Amendment discussed above. This loss relates to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs associated with facilities that were deemed to be extinguished. We also paid third-party costs of $1,510 in connection with the amendment, which were recorded as General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2013.
Debt Issuance Costs
On January 1, 2016, Laureate adopted ASU 2015-03, which simplified the presentation of debt issuance costs by requiring debt issuance costs to be presented as a deduction from debt. This makes the presentation of debt issuance costs consistent with the presentation of debt discounts or premiums. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs is not affected, therefore these costs will continue to be amortized as interest expense. At adoption, the new guidance was applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented.
Amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of debt discounts that are recorded in Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations totaled $26,100, $24,400 and $22,861 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. During the years ended December 31,
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
2015, 2014 and 2013, we paid and capitalized a total of $13,020, $3,282 and $30,618, respectively, in debt issuance costs. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, our unamortized debt issuance costs were $69,294 and $80,094, respectively.
Currency and Interest Rate Swaps
The interest and principal payments for Laureate's senior long-term debt arrangements are to be paid primarily in USD. Our ability to make debt service payments is subject to fluctuations in the value of the USD relative to foreign currencies, because a majority of our operating cash used to make these payments is generated by subsidiaries with functional currencies other than USD. As part of our overall risk management policies, Laureate has entered into a foreign currency swap contract and floating-to-fixed interest rate swap contracts. See Note 14, Derivative Instruments, for further disclosures.
Other Debt
Lines of Credit
Individual Laureate subsidiaries have the ability to borrow pursuant to unsecured lines of credit and similar short-term borrowing arrangements (collectively, lines of credit). The lines of credit are available for working capital purposes and enable us to borrow for and repay until those lines mature.
Interest rates on our lines of credit ranged from 5.08% to 20.00% at December 31, 2015, and 4.82% to 20.00% at December 31, 2014. Our weighted-average short-term borrowing rate was 7.98% and 6.75% at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Laureate's aggregate lines of credit (outstanding balances plus available borrowing capacity) were $114,706 and $155,777 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the aggregate outstanding balances on our lines of credit were $74,335 and $106,046, respectively, which are included in the current portion of long-term debt. Accordingly, the available borrowing capacity under our lines of credit was $40,371 and $49,731 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Notes Payable
Notes payable include mortgages payable that are secured by certain fixed assets. The notes payable have varying maturity dates and repayment terms through 2030. These loans contain certain financial maintenance covenants and Laureate is in compliance with these covenants. Interest rates on notes payable ranged from 2.30% to 19.04% and 2.23% to 22.16% at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
On December 21, 2007, UVM Mexico entered into an agreement with a bank for a loan of MXN 2,750,000 (approximately US $250,000 at that time). Under the terms of the loan, UVM Mexico could borrow the total amount of the loan through one or more draws, provided that each draw of the loan was evidenced by a promissory note. On July 1, 2008, Laureate made a draw in the amount of MXN 2,575,600 (US $250,000 at July 1, 2008) to acquire Universidad Tecnológica de México (UNITEC Mexico). The loan was originally scheduled to mature on July 1, 2015. UVM Mexico began semi-annual
F-69
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
repayments of MXN 257,560 (US $19,685) on July 15, 2010. In order to align the payments with the new loan described below, in May 2014 the loan maturity date was extended to May 15, 2021, and the repayments were suspended until May 16, 2016, when UVM Mexico will resume semi-annual repayments of MXN 120,418 (US $6,972 at December 31, 2015). These payments will continue through maturity in 2021. Interest is payable monthly and accrued at the 28-day Mexican Interbanking Offer Rate (TIIE), plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin for the interest calculation is established based on the ratio of debt to EBITDA, as defined in the agreement. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the interest rate on the loan was 5.82% and 5.30%, respectively, and the outstanding balance on the loan was $76,695 and $89,855, respectively.
In May 2012, the Company entered into an agreement with a bank for a loan of MXN 900,000 (approximately US $52,111 at December 31, 2015), in order to fund payment of the amounts owed to the former noncontrolling interest holders of Planeación de Sistemas, S.A. de C.V. (Plansi) under the terms of the agreement to purchase their remaining 10% interest in Plansi. The loan carries a variable interest rate (5.82% and 5.30% at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively) and was originally scheduled to mature on May 15, 2019. In May 2014, the loan maturity date was extended to May 15, 2021, and the repayments were suspended until May 16, 2016. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, this loan had an outstanding balance of $52,111 and $61,052, respectively.
In addition to the loans above, in August 2015, UVM Mexico entered into an agreement with a bank for a loan of MXN 1,300,000 (approximately US $79,000 at the time of the loan). The loan carries a variable interest rate (5.87% at December 31, 2015) and matures in August 2020. As of December 31, 2015, the outstanding balance of this loan was $75,271.
The Company has also obtained financing to fund the construction of two new campuses at one of our institutions in Peru, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC Peru). During 2012, we made an initial borrowing of approximately $19,500 in order to begin the construction. Additional borrowings for this construction project of approximately $33,000, $25,000 and $23,000 occurred during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and during 2015 and 2014 Laureate made repayments of approximately $17,000 and $10,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the outstanding balance on the loans was $60,553 and $52,073, respectively, and had a weighted average interest rate of 7.74% and 7.25%, respectively. These loans have varying maturity dates with the final payment due in October 2022. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $26,371 and $28,085, respectively, of the outstanding balances on the loans were payable to one of the institutional investors referred to in Note 13, Share-based Compensation.
In May 2014, the Company obtained financing to fund the construction of a new campus at one of our institutions in Panama. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the outstanding balance on this loan was $25,000 and $12,500, respectively. This loan is payable to one of the institutional investors referred to in Note 13, Share-based Compensation. It has a fixed interest rate of 8.11% and matures in 2024.
Laureate has outstanding notes payable at HIEU in China. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the outstanding balance on the loans was $90,426 and $91,022, respectively. The interest rates on these loans range from 4.75% to 7.84% per annum as of December 31, 2015 and from 6.30% to 7.20% per annum as of December 31, 2014. These notes are repayable in installments with the final installment due in November 2019.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
Laureate has outstanding notes payable at a real estate subsidiary in Chile. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the outstanding balance on the loans was $55,047 and $65,839, respectively. The interest rates on these loans range from 5.64% to 9.58% per annum as of December 31, 2015 and from 4.79% to 8.31% per annum as of December 31, 2014. These notes are repayable in installments with the final installment due in August 2028.
As discussed in Note 4, Acquisitions, Laureate acquired THINK on December 20, 2013. Laureate financed a portion of the purchase price for THINK by borrowing AUD 45,000 (US $32,702 at December 31, 2015) under a syndicated facility agreement in the form of two term loans of AUD 22,500 each. The syndicated facility agreement also provides for additional borrowings of up to AUD 20,000 (US $14,534 at December 31, 2015) under a capital expenditure facility and a working capital facility. The first term loan (Facility A) has a term of five years and principal is payable in quarterly installments of AUD 1,125 (US $818 at December 31, 2015) beginning on March 31, 2014. The second term loan (Facility B) has a term of five years and the total principal balance of AUD 22,500 is payable at its maturity date of December 20, 2018. The two term loans bear interest at a variable rate plus a margin of up to 3.2% for Facility A and 3.5% for Facility B that is determined based on THINK's leverage ratio, and interest is payable periodically. As of December 31, 2015, the interest rates on Facility A and Facility B were 4.68% and 4.98%, respectively, and as of December 31, 2014, the interest rates on Facility A and Facility B were 5.19% and 5.49%, respectively. The terms of the syndicated facility agreement required THINK to enter into an interest rate swap within 45 days from the agreement's December 20, 2013 effective date, in order to convert at least 50% of the AUD 45,000 of term loan debt from a variable interest rate to a fixed interest rate. Accordingly, on January 31, 2014 THINK executed an interest rate swap agreement to satisfy this requirement and converted AUD 22,500 (US $16,351 at December 31, 2015) of the variable rate component of the term loan debt to a fixed interest rate of 3.86%. This interest rate swap was not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $25,696 and $33,137, respectively, was outstanding under these loan facilities.
As discussed in Note 4, Acquisitions, Laureate acquired FMU on September 12, 2014 and financed a portion of the purchase price by borrowing amounts under two loans that totaled BRL 259,139 (approximately US $110,310 at the borrowing date). The loans require semi-annual principal payments beginning at BRL 6,478 in October 2014 and increasing to a maximum of BRL 22,027 beginning in October 2017 and continuing through their maturity dates in April 2021. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the outstanding balance of these loans was $58,865 and $95,071, respectively. Both loans mature on April 15, 2021 and bear interest at an annual variable rate of CDI plus 3.7% (approximately 18% and 15% at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively).
On November 18, 2015, the Company entered into an agreement with two banks to borrow a total of EUR 100,000 (approximately US $106,500 at the agreement date) for a term of 10 years at a fixed annual interest rate of 3%. The loan is collateralized by real estate at one of our campuses in Spain and requires 40 quarterly principal payments of EUR 1,875 beginning in February 2016, and a final principal payment of EUR 25,000 upon maturity of the loan, in November 2025. As of December 31, 2015, the outstanding balance on this loan was $107,100.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Debt (Continued)
Capital Lease Obligations and Sale-Leaseback Financings
Capital leases and sale-leaseback financings, primarily relating to real estate obligations, are included in debt and have been recorded using interest rates ranging from 1.00% to 42.87%. During 2015 and 2014, we had additions to assets and liabilities recorded as sale-leaseback financings and build-to-suit arrangements of $8,147 and $67,846, respectively, including additions through acquisition. We had assets under capital leases and sale-leaseback financings of $210,840 and $271,878 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, net of accumulated amortization. The amortization expense for capital lease assets is recorded in Depreciation and amortization expense.
The aggregate maturities of our total future value and present value of the minimum capital lease payments and payments related to sale-leaseback financings at December 31, 2015 were as follows:
|
Future Value of
Payments |
Interest |
Present Value of
Payments |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 |
$ | 40,263 | $ | 28,760 | $ | 11,503 | ||||
2017 |
46,965 | 28,187 | 18,778 | |||||||
2018 |
47,172 | 27,034 | 20,138 | |||||||
2019 |
38,940 | 25,473 | 13,467 | |||||||
2020 |
33,130 | 24,367 | 8,763 | |||||||
Thereafter |
284,021 | 109,414 | 174,607 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 490,491 | $ | 243,235 | $ | 247,256 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Note 10. Leases
Laureate conducts a significant portion of its operations from leased facilities. These facilities include our corporate headquarters, other office locations, and many of Laureate's higher education facilities. The terms of these operating leases vary and generally contain renewal options. Some of the operating leases provide for increasing rents over the terms of the leases. Laureate also leases certain equipment under noncancelable operating leases, which are typically for terms of 60 months or less. Total rent expense under these leases is recognized ratably over the initial term of each lease. Any difference between the rent payment and the straight-line expense is recorded as an adjustment to the liability or as a prepaid asset.
Laureate has entered into sublease agreements for certain leased office space. These agreements allow us to annually adjust rental income to be received for increases in gross operating rent and related expenses. The sublease agreements have various expiration dates through 2026.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 10. Leases (Continued)
Future minimum lease payments and sublease income at December 31, 2015, by year and in the aggregate, under all noncancelable operating leases and subleases are as follows:
|
Lease Payments | Sublease Income | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 |
$ | 206,646 | $ | 5,306 | |||
2017 |
192,721 | 5,044 | |||||
2018 |
177,549 | 5,078 | |||||
2019 |
163,818 | 4,168 | |||||
2020 |
154,139 | 1,103 | |||||
Thereafter |
1,126,906 | 6,703 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 2,021,779 | $ | 27,402 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Rent expense, net of sublease income, for all cancelable and noncancelable leases was $234,003, $230,941 and $207,841 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies
Noncontrolling Interest Holder Put Arrangements and Company Call Arrangements
The following section provides a summary table and description of the various noncontrolling interest holder put arrangements that Laureate had outstanding as of December 31, 2015. As further described in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, Laureate has elected to accrete changes in the arrangements' redemption values over the period from the date of issuance to the earliest redemption date. The redeemable noncontrolling interests are recorded at the greater of the accreted redemption value or the traditional noncontrolling interest. Until the first exercise date, the put instruments' reported values may be lower than the final amounts that will be required to settle the minority put arrangements. As of December 31, 2015, the carrying value of all noncontrolling interest holder put arrangements was $43,149, which includes accreted incremental value of $26,016 in excess of traditional noncontrolling interests.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
If the minority put arrangements were all exercisable at December 31, 2015, Laureate would be obligated to pay the noncontrolling interest holders an estimated amount of $43,149, as summarized in the following table:
December 31, 2015
|
Nominal
Currency |
First
Exercisable Date |
Estimated Value as
of December 31, 2015 redeemable within 12-months: |
Reported
Value |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Noncontrolling interest holder put arrangements |
|||||||||||
INTI Education Holdings Sdn Bhd (INTI)10% |
MYR | Current | $ | 9,061 | $ | 9,061 | |||||
Pearl Retail Solutions Private Limited and Creative Arts Education Society (Pearl)45% |
INR | Current | 6,666 | 6,666 | |||||||
University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, LLC (St. Augustine)20% |
USD | Current | 27,367 | 27,367 | |||||||
National Hispanic University (NHU LLC)20% |
USD | Current | | | |||||||
Stamford International University (STIU)Puttable preferred stock of TEDCO |
THB | Current | 55 | 55 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total noncontrolling interest holder put arrangements |
43,149 | 43,149 | |||||||||
Puttable common stockcurrently redeemable |
USD | Current | 6 | 6 | |||||||
Puttable common stocknot currently redeemable |
USD | * | | 8,591 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
$ | 43,155 | $ | 51,746 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
THB: Thai Baht
Laureate's noncontrolling interest put arrangements are specified in agreements with each noncontrolling interest holder. The terms of these agreements determine the measurement of the redemption value of the put options based on a non-GAAP measure of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA, or recurring EBITDA), the definition of which varies for each particular contract.
Commitments and contingencies are generally denominated in foreign currencies.
INTI
As part of the acquisition of INTI, formerly known as Future Perspective, Sdn Bhd, the noncontrolling interest holders of INTI had put options denominated in MYR to require the Company to purchase the remaining noncontrolling interest. As of December 31, 2015, there is one put option remaining for the holder of the approximately 10% minority interest. The put option for the approximately 10% noncontrolling interest holder is exercisable for the 30-day period commencing after issuance of the audited financial statements for each of the years ending December 31, 2012 through December 31, 2025. The holder may exercise his option to sell all of his equity interest to the Company for a purchase price that is equal to defined multiples of recurring EBITDA. Purchase price multiples have been defined as eight times up to approximately the first $12,200 of EBITDA plus six times
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
EBITDA above this amount. This put option expires after the 30-day period related to delivery of the 2025 audited financial statements. As of December 31, 2015, the Company recorded $9,061 for this arrangement in Redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity on its Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The Company has call options to purchase any or all of the remaining 10% noncontrolling interest. The call option for the noncontrolling interest can be exercised during the 30-day period commencing after the issuance of the audited financial statements for each of the years ending December 31, 2012 through December 31, 2025. The call option price is eight times recurring EBITDA, as defined in the agreement. This call option had no impact on the Company's financial statements as of December 31, 2015.
Pearl
As part of the acquisition of Pearl, the minority owners have a put option to require Laureate to purchase the remaining 45% noncontrolling interest. The put option became exercisable in 2015, and expires fifteen days after Pearl's audited statutory financial statements for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017 are presented to Pearl's board. During this period, the minority owners may exercise their option to sell any or all of their equity interest to Laureate for a purchase price equal to 6.0 times EBITDA for the immediately preceding fiscal year, less long-term liabilities and plus net current assets as of the immediately preceding March 31; multiplied by the noncontrolling interest percentage being acquired.
The put option also contains a formulaic floor and ceiling. As of December 31, 2015, the amount recorded in Redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheet is $6,666.
Laureate has a call option to require the minority owners to sell to Laureate up to 35% of the total equity of Pearl that is still owned by the noncontrolling interest holders (i.e. approximately 78% of the remaining 45% noncontrolling interest). The call option is exercisable beginning fifteen days after Pearl's audited statutory financial statements for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2016 are presented to Pearl's board, and expires fifteen days after Pearl's audited statutory financial statements for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2018 are presented to Pearl's board. The purchase price for the call option is defined as 6.5 times EBITDA for the immediately preceding fiscal year, less long-term liabilities and plus net current assets as of the immediately preceding March 31; multiplied by the noncontrolling interest percentage being acquired. The call option also contains a formulaic floor and ceiling. This call option had no impact on the Company's financial statements as of December 31, 2015.
St. Augustine
Beginning on November 21, 2015 and continuing until November 21, 2018, the noncontrolling interest holders have a put option to require Laureate to purchase all, but not less than all, of the remaining noncontrolling interest of 20%. Beginning on November 21, 2017 and continuing until November 21, 2023, Laureate also has a call option to acquire the remaining noncontrolling interest. The put option purchase price and the call option purchase price are based on 7.0 times Adjusted EBITDA of St. Augustine, as defined in the agreement, for the twelve months ended as of the last day of the fiscal quarter most recently ended prior to the date on which notice of exercise is given;
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
multiplied by the percentage interest being acquired. As of December 31, 2015, we recorded $27,367 for the put option in Redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The call option had no impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2015.
NHU LLC
Effective April 16, 2014, NHU NFP, the noncontrolling interest holder of NHU LLC, has two put options to require Laureate to purchase all or a portion of its 20% ownership interest in NHU LLC. The first put option gives the noncontrolling interest holder the right to require us to purchase a minimum of 50% of the NHU LLC equity interest. The second put option gives the noncontrolling interest holder the right to require us to purchase all of its remaining equity interest in NHU LLC. There is no expiration date on either of these two put options. The purchase price of these put options would be equal to 6.5 times adjusted EBITDA for certain defined periods, multiplied by the percentage interest to be purchased. As of December 31, 2015, we recorded $0 for these arrangements in Redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, as the adjusted EBITDA measure specified in the agreement was negative.
Effective April 16, 2020, we have a call option that will allow us to purchase any remaining noncontrolling interests in NHU LLC. The call price would be equal to 6.5 times adjusted EBITDA multiplied by the percentage interest that Laureate purchases, subject to a minimum call price. The minimum call price would be (a) $5,000 if the noncontrolling interest holder's percentage ownership is equal to or exceeds its initial 20% interest on the exercise date, or (b) if its ownership is less than its initial 20% interest, $5,000 times the quotient of the noncontrolling interest holder's percentage ownership on the exercise date divided by 20%. This call option had no impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2015.
Uni IBMR
During 2015, the put and call options for Uni IBMR expired unexercised. In addition, we entered into a commitment to purchase the remaining 10% minority interest in Uni IBMR for a purchase price of BRL 2,500 (US $638 at December 31, 2015). The agreement closed on March 10, 2016 and we paid BRL 2,500. Additional purchase price could be paid post closing if certain contingent sale conditions are met.
Contingently Redeemable Equity Instruments
Puttable Common StockTermination Agreement (Currently Redeemable)
During 2008, in connection with a termination agreement, a Laureate employee who held shares of the Company's common stock was granted a contractual right to put shares back to Laureate at a price equal to the fair market value of our common stock at the time of exercise (the put right). This put right is exercisable annually during the 45-day period subsequent to the stockholder's receipt of Laureate's annual appraisal. The put right terminates at the earliest of a change in control of Laureate, an initial public offering of Laureate's common stock, or such time as Laureate repurchases the employee's shares. We account for the puttable common stock as contingently redeemable securities.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
Since the stock is currently redeemable, we recognize its fair value, the maximum redemption amount, as temporary equity at the end of each reporting period, with the changes in fair value recorded through Additional paid-in capital. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $6 and $7, respectively, of puttable common stock was included in Redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and one thousand shares remained outstanding as of each balance sheet date.
Puttable Common StockDirector Stockholder Put (Not Currently Redeemable)
Each of the individual director stockholders of Laureate has entered into a stockholder's agreement with Laureate and Wengen. The director stockholder's agreement makes all shares of common stock subject to a stockholder put option at the fair market value of the stock. The stockholder put option is only exercisable upon the loss of capacity to serve as a director due to death or disability (as defined in the stockholder's agreement). The director stockholder put option expires only upon a change in control of Laureate.
Since the put option can only be exercised upon death or disability, we account for the common stock as contingently redeemable equity instruments that are not currently redeemable and for which redemption is not probable. Accordingly, the redeemable equity instruments are presented in temporary equity based on their initial measurement amount, as required by ASC 480-10-S99, "Distinguishing Liabilities from EquitySEC Materials." No subsequent adjustment of the initial measurement amounts for these contingently redeemable securities is necessary unless the redemption of these securities becomes probable. Accordingly, the amount presented as temporary equity for the contingently redeemable common stock outstanding is its issuance-date fair value.
As of December 31, 2015, $2,397 of contingently redeemable common stock attributable to director stockholder puts was included in Redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of December 31, 2014, $1,711 was included in Redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheet for director stockholder puts.
Put Right on Share-Based Awards Granted to Executive (Not Currently Redeemable)
During the first quarter of 2015, the Company and an executive entered into an agreement whereby this executive was granted certain put rights on his share-based awards once they become vested. The put right becomes exercisable in 2018 if certain events have not occurred by that time. As a result, we reclassified permanent equity to temporary equity for equity awards relating to approximately 750 shares of common stock that are contingently redeemable. As of December 31, 2015, $6,194 of contingently redeemable common stock attributable to this put right was included in Redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Other Loss Contingencies
Laureate is subject to legal actions arising in the ordinary course of its business. In management's opinion, we have adequate legal defenses, insurance coverage, and/or accrued liabilities with respect to the eventuality of such actions. We do not believe that any settlement would have a material impact on
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
our Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to Note 19, Legal and Regulatory Matters, for a discussion of certain matters.
Contingent Liabilities for Taxes
In May 2012, a Brazilian state supreme court ruling declared that a law passed by one of its municipal governments was unconstitutional. The municipality's federal appeal of the state ruling is pending. This municipal law, passed in the third quarter of 2010, had nullified certain tax assessments against one of our institutions in Brazil. As a result of the May 2012 state supreme court ruling, we recorded a liability for these tax contingencies of approximately $20,100. During 2013, the Company revised its estimate for this Brazil tax contingency and recorded an additional $3,800 of Direct costs. During the fourth quarter of 2013, we settled this tax assessment with the municipality and paid the entire liability. We initiated legal proceedings under the purchase agreement arbitration provisions against the former owners to recover the amounts paid for this tax contingency as the liability stems exclusively from the pre-acquisition period. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we reached a settlement with the former owners and recorded a gain of approximately $6,700 in Operating income.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, Laureate has recorded cumulative liabilities totaling $73,775 and $121,867, respectively, for taxes other-than-income tax, principally payroll-tax-related uncertainties due to acquisitions of companies primarily in Latin America. The changes in this recorded liability are related to new acquisitions, interest and penalty accruals, changes in tax laws, expirations of statutes of limitations, settlements and changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The terms of the statutes of limitations on these contingencies vary but can be up to 10 years. This liability is included in Other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We have also recorded current liabilities for taxes other-than-income tax of $4,217 and $2,362, respectively, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, in Other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We estimate our liabilities for taxes other-than-income tax that have a reasonable possibility of loss to be in the range of $0 to approximately $1,000, as of December 31, 2015, and we have not accrued for such potential losses. The recorded value of contingent liabilities is reduced when they are extinguished or the related statutes of limitations expire. Changes in the recorded values of non-income tax contingencies and the related indemnification assets impact operating income. The (decrease) increase to operating income for adjustments to non-income tax contingencies and indemnification assets were approximately $(5,600), $4,600 and $7,200 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
In addition, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, Laureate has recorded cumulative liabilities for income tax contingencies of $139,160 and $126,466, respectively.
In most cases, Laureate has received indemnifications from the former owners and/or noncontrolling interest holders of the acquired businesses for contingencies, and therefore, we do not believe we will sustain an economic loss even if we are required to pay these additional amounts. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, indemnification assets primarily related to acquisition contingencies were $123,904 and $184,916, respectively. These indemnification assets covered contingencies for income taxes and taxes other-than-income taxes.
Income tax contingencies are disclosed and discussed further in Note 15, Income Taxes.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
Other Loss Contingencies
Laureate has accrued liabilities for certain civil actions against our institutions that existed prior to our acquisition of these entities. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, approximately $14,000 and $13,000, respectively, of pre-acquisition loss contingencies were included in Other long-term liabilities and Other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Laureate intends to vigorously defend against these lawsuits.
UNAB Chile Settlement
The planned March 2013 opening of a new campus building at UNAB Chile in our LatAm segment was delayed, resulting in the need to relocate students to temporary facilities while the building was completed. This also caused a several week delay to the start of the 2013 academic calendar year for these students. As a concession for the inconvenience experienced by the students who were affected, Laureate agreed to a one-time settlement in the form of discounts on those students' tuition. This settlement was recognized in the first quarter of 2013 as a reduction of Revenue, in accordance with ASC 605-50-45-2, "Customer Payments and Incentives." For the year ended December 31, 2013, the total reduction of Revenue for this settlement was approximately $10,100.
Settlement of Insurance Claims
In February 2010 and April 2010, earthquakes struck near Concepción, Chile and in the Baja California region of Mexico, respectively, resulting in damage to a number of our locations in those areas. All significant repair work has since been completed, and we filed claims with our insurance carriers for both property damage and business interruption losses. We negotiated in good faith with our insurance carriers regarding disputed amounts of deductibles applied and losses covered; however we were unable to resolve these matters through negotiations. As a result, on October 12, 2011, we filed suit against the relevant insurance carrier in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York ( Laureate Education, Inc. v. Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania, Case No. 11 CIV 7175), seeking money damages in excess of $11,000, a declaratory judgment that the carrier was obligated to indemnify us for our losses, and our costs, expenses and attorneys' fees. Discovery in this proceeding was completed and the parties both filed motions for summary judgment. On April 3, 2014, the court granted summary judgment for the carrier with respect to the $5,000 in property damage claims, granted summary judgment for us for approximately $900 with respect to one of the business interruption claims, and determined that a trial would be required for the remaining claims, which totaled approximately $4,800, including prejudgment interest. On June 24, 2014, Laureate settled these remaining claims with the insurance carrier for $3,350. The settlement proceeds were received by Laureate on June 30, 2014 and recorded as a reduction of General and administrative expenses during the second quarter of 2014. In December 2014, we reached a final settlement agreement with another party for one of the property damage claims discussed above. The settlement amount was $1,475, and was recorded as a reduction of General and administrative expenses during the fourth quarter of 2014.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
Material GuaranteesStudent Financing
Chile
The accredited Chilean institutions in the Laureate network also participate in a government-sponsored student financing program known as Crédito con Aval del Estado (the CAE Program). The CAE Program was formally implemented by the Chilean government in 2006 to promote higher education in Chile for lower socio-economic level students in good academic standing. The CAE Program involves tuition financing and guarantees that are provided by our institutions and the government. As part of the CAE Program, these institutions provide guarantees which result in contingent liabilities to third-party financing institutions, beginning at 90% of the tuition loans made directly to qualified students enrolled through the CAE Program and declining to 60% over time. The guarantees by these institutions are in effect during the period in which the student is enrolled, and the guarantees are assumed entirely by the government upon the student's graduation. When a student leaves one of Laureate's institutions and enrolls in another CAE-qualified institution, the Laureate institution will remain guarantor of the tuition loans that have been granted up to the date of transfer, and until the student's graduation from a CAE-qualified institution. The maximum potential amount of payments our institutions could be required to make under the CAE Program was approximately $428,000 and $432,000 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. This maximum potential amount assumes that all students in the CAE Program do not graduate, so that our guarantee would not be assigned to the government, and that all students default on the full amount of the CAE-qualified loan balances. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recorded $18,829 and $19,918, respectively, as estimated long-term guarantee liabilities for these obligations.
On October 4, 2012, the Chilean Congress approved Law No. 20.634 which amended Law No. 20.027, introducing an interest rate reduction from 6% to 2% on CAE loans. Current students could benefit from the reduction starting in March 2013 if they were current on their payments. The Law also provides that CAE loans cannot exceed the reference price established by the government for the program in which the student is enrolled, that the student begins to make payments 18 months after graduation, and that monthly payments may not exceed 10% of the participant's income if requested by the student. The prior government in Chile had proposed other changes to the student loan program. However, in the second quarter of 2014 the new government that was inaugurated on March 11, 2014 announced the withdrawal of all of the prior administration's higher education proposals and its intent to submit new bills to the Chilean Congress. We cannot predict the extent or outcome of any changes to the student loan system that may be implemented in Chile or whether any such changes may have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies.
Material GuaranteesOther
In conjunction with the purchase of UNP, Laureate pledged all of the acquired shares as a guarantee of our payments of rents as they become due. In the event that we default on any payment, the pledge agreement provides for a forfeiture of the relevant pledged shares. In the event of forfeiture, Laureate may be required to transfer the books and management of UNP to the former owners.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
As discussed in Note 4, Acquisitions, Laureate acquired the remaining 49% ownership interest in UAM Brazil in April 2013. As part of the agreement to purchase the 49% ownership interest, Laureate pledged 49% of its total shares in UAM Brazil as a guarantee of our payment obligations under the purchase agreement. In the event that we default on any payment, the agreement provides for a forfeiture of the pledged shares.
In connection with the purchase of FMU on September 12, 2014, as described in Note 4, Acquisitions, Laureate pledged 75% of the acquired shares to third-party lenders as a guarantee of our payment obligations under the loans that financed a portion of the purchase price. See Note 9, Debt, for further description of the loans. Laureate pledged the remaining 25% of the acquired shares to the sellers as a guarantee of our payment obligations under the purchase agreement for the seller notes described in Note 5, Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies. In the event that we default on any payment of the loans or seller notes, the purchase agreement provides for a forfeiture of the relevant pledged shares. Upon maturity and payment of the seller notes in September 2017, the shares pledged to the sellers will be pledged to the third-party lenders until full payment of the loans, which mature in April 2021.
Standby Letters of Credit
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, Laureate had outstanding letters of credit (LOCs) of $126,677 and $107,377, respectively, which primarily consisted of the items discussed below.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had $86,599 and $89,322, respectively, posted as LOCs in favor of the DOE. These LOCs were required to allow Walden, Kendall, NewSchool, St. Augustine and NHU LLC to continue participating in the DOE Title IV program. These LOCs are fully collateralized with cash equivalents and certificates of deposit, which are classified as Restricted cash and investments on our December 31, 2015 Consolidated Balance Sheet.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had $36,527 and $14,447, respectively, posted as cash-collateralized LOCs related to the Spain Tax Audits. See Note 15, Income Taxes, for further detail. The cash collateral for these LOCs was classified as Restricted cash and investments on our December 31, 2015 and 2014 Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Surety Bonds and Other Commitments
As part of our normal operations, our insurers issue surety bonds on our behalf, as required by various state education authorities in the United States. We are obligated to reimburse our insurers for any payments made by the insurers under the surety bonds. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the total face amount of these surety bonds was $3,366 and $7,314, respectively. These bonds are fully collateralized with cash, which is classified as Restricted cash and investments on our December 31, 2015 Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Note 12. Financing Receivables
Laureate's financing receivables consist primarily of trade receivables related to student tuition financing programs with an initial term in excess of one year. We have offered long-term financing through execution of note receivable agreements with students at some of our institutions. The
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 12. Financing Receivables (Continued)
repayment terms on these tuition financing programs vary and range from three to 18 years. Our disclosures include financing receivables that are classified in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as both current and long-term, reported in accordance with ASC 310, "Receivables."
Laureate's financing receivables balances were as follows:
December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financing receivables |
$ | 32,802 | $ | 41,404 | |||
Allowance for doubtful accounts |
(10,576 | ) | (15,240 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Financing receivables, net of allowances |
$ | 22,226 | $ | 26,164 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
We do not purchase financing receivables in the ordinary course of our business. We may sell certain receivables that are significantly past due. No material amounts of financing receivables were sold during the periods reported herein.
Delinquency is the primary indicator of credit quality for our financing receivables. Receivable balances are considered delinquent when contractual payments on the loan become past due. Delinquent financing receivables are placed on non-accrual status for interest income. The accrual of interest is resumed when the financing receivable becomes contractually current and when collection of all remaining amounts due is reasonably assured. We record an Allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce our financing receivables to their net realizable value. The Allowance for doubtful accounts is based on the age of the receivables, the status of past-due amounts, historical collection trends, current economic conditions, and student enrollment status. Each of our institutions evaluates its balances for potential impairment. We consider impaired loans to be those that are past due one year or greater, and those that are modified as a troubled debt restructuring (TDR). The aging of financing receivables grouped by country portfolio was as follows:
|
Chile | Other | Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As of December 31, 2015 |
||||||||||
Amounts past due less than one year |
$ | 10,404 | $ | 1,166 | $ | 11,570 | ||||
Amounts past due one year or greater |
4,048 | 606 | 4,654 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total past due (on non-accrual status) |
14,452 | 1,772 | 16,224 | |||||||
Not past due |
11,159 | 5,419 | 16,578 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total financing receivables |
$ | 25,611 | $ | 7,191 | $ | 32,802 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
As of December 31, 2014 |
||||||||||
Amounts past due less than one year |
$ | 12,390 | $ | 2,217 | $ | 14,607 | ||||
Amounts past due one year or greater |
5,254 | 542 | 5,796 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total past due (on non-accrual status) |
17,644 | 2,759 | 20,403 | |||||||
Not past due |
13,520 | 7,481 | 21,001 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total financing receivables |
$ | 31,164 | $ | 10,240 | $ | 41,404 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 12. Financing Receivables (Continued)
The following is a rollforward of the Allowance for doubtful accounts related to financing receivables from December 31, 2012 through December 31, 2015, grouped by country portfolio:
|
Chile | Other | Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balance at December 31, 2012 |
$ | (28,385 | ) | $ | (2,977 | ) | $ | (31,362 | ) | |
Charge-offs |
8,718 | 582 | 9,300 | |||||||
Recoveries |
149 | 21 | 170 | |||||||
Reclassifications |
| (471 | ) | (471 | ) | |||||
Provision |
(407 | ) | (2,039 | ) | (2,446 | ) | ||||
Currency adjustments |
2,090 | 435 | 2,525 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2013 |
(17,835 | ) | (4,449 | ) | (22,284 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Charge-offs |
6,800 | 782 | 7,582 | |||||||
Recoveries |
| | | |||||||
Reclassifications |
| (274 | ) | (274 | ) | |||||
Provision |
(2,345 | ) | (586 | ) | (2,931 | ) | ||||
Currency adjustments |
2,317 | 350 | 2,667 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2014 |
(11,063 | ) | (4,177 | ) | (15,240 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Charge-offs |
3,648 | 232 | 3,880 | |||||||
Recoveries |
| 4 | 4 | |||||||
Reclassifications |
| (16 | ) | (16 | ) | |||||
Provision |
(1,105 | ) | (46 | ) | (1,151 | ) | ||||
Currency adjustments |
1,280 | 667 | 1,947 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2015 |
$ | (7,240 | ) | $ | (3,336 | ) | $ | (10,576 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Restructured Receivables
A TDR is a financing receivable in which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and Laureate has granted an economic concession to the student debtor that we would not otherwise consider. When we modify financing receivables in a TDR, Laureate typically offers the student debtor an extension of the loan maturity and/or a reduction in the accrued interest balance. In certain situations, we may offer to restructure a financing receivable in a manner that ultimately results in the forgiveness of contractually specified principal balances. Our only TDRs are in Chile.
The number of financing receivable accounts and the pre- and post-modification account balances modified under the terms of a TDR during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
|
Number of Financing
Receivable Accounts |
Pre-Modification
Balance Outstanding |
Post-Modification
Balance Outstanding |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 |
1,044 | $ | 5,251 | $ | 4,796 | |||||
2014 |
1,070 | $ | 7,002 | $ | 6,452 | |||||
2013 |
1,167 | $ | 9,604 | $ | 9,210 |
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 12. Financing Receivables (Continued)
The preceding table represents accounts modified under the terms of a TDR during the year ended December 31, 2015, whereas the following table represents accounts modified as a TDR between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2015 that subsequently defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2015:
|
Number of Financing
Receivable Accounts |
Balance at Default | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total |
705 | $ | 2,864 |
The following table represents accounts modified as a TDR between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2014 that subsequently defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2014:
|
Number of Financing
Receivable Accounts |
Balance at Default | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total |
726 | $ | 4,376 |
The following table represents accounts modified as a TDR between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2013 that subsequently defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2013:
|
Number of Financing
Receivable Accounts |
Balance at Default | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total |
533 | $ | 4,652 |
Note 13. Share-based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense was as follows:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stock compensation for directors' fees |
$ | 827 | $ | 825 | $ | 300 | ||||
Stock options, net of estimated forfeitures |
23,120 | 25,772 | 36,284 | |||||||
Restricted stock awards |
10,173 | 13,981 | 3,821 | |||||||
Executive profits interest plan |
| 115 | 735 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total non-cash stock compensation |
34,120 | 40,693 | 41,140 | |||||||
Deferred compensation arrangement |
4,901 | 7,653 | 8,372 | |||||||
Stock options liability |
| 844 | | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 39,021 | $ | 49,190 | $ | 49,512 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Share-based Deferred Compensation Arrangement
Immediately prior to August 17, 2007 (the Merger Date), Laureate's Chief Executive Officer and another then-member of the Board of Directors held vested equity-based awards which they exchanged on the Merger Date for unfunded, nonqualified share-based deferred compensation arrangements having an aggregate fair value at that time of $126,739. Prior to the occurrence of an initial public offering, each deferred compensation arrangement allows the participant the potential to earn an amount (at any time, a Plan Balance) equal to the product of (A) the number of "phantom shares"
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 13. Share-based Compensation (Continued)
credited to the participant's account, and (B) the lesser of (i) the fair market value per "phantom share" on the Merger Date plus a 5% compounded annual return thereon, and (ii) the fair market value per "phantom share" on the earlier of September 17, 2014 (the Distribution Date) or a change of control. On and after the occurrence of an initial public offering, each deferred compensation arrangement allows the participant the potential to earn a Plan Balance equal to the product of (A) the number of "phantom shares" credited to the participant's account as of the initial public offering and (B) the fair market value per "phantom share" on the Distribution Date or a change of control, as applicable. Under these deferred compensation arrangements $81,000 was paid out on the Distribution Date. This payment was included in Accounts payable and accrued expenses within the operating activities section of the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2014. The Plan Balances remaining after the Distribution Date accrue interest at a compound annual interest rate of 5%. Under the terms of the plan, the next $81,000 plus accrued interest on the Plan Balances remaining after the Distribution Date would be paid out on the first anniversary of the Distribution Date. The remaining Plan Balance after the first anniversary distribution would be paid out on the second anniversary from the Distribution Date.
If Laureate has not consummated an initial public offering prior to the first or second anniversary of the Distribution Date, as applicable, the scheduled distribution will be made in cash. Distributions made after Laureate has consummated an initial public offering would generally be made in shares of Laureate common stock, the number of which will depend on the value of the shares on the date of distribution. Notwithstanding the foregoing, immediately upon a change of control, the arrangements will be terminated and liquidated and the Plan Balances will be distributed in a lump sum. A change of control would generally occur if all or substantially all of the assets of Laureate or more than 50% of our equity interests are sold. Prior to the Distribution Date, we recognize the deferred compensation arrangement expense ratably based on the 5% compounded annual rate of return, which can be reduced based on the estimated fair value of Laureate's common stock if the compounded annual rate of return of Laureate's common stock is less than a 5% compounded annual growth rate. After the Distribution Date, we recognize the deferred compensation arrangement expense ratably based on the 5% compounded annual interest rate.
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, Laureate recorded share-based compensation expense for this deferred compensation arrangement of $4,901, $7,653 and $8,372, respectively. As of December 31, 2014, the total liability recorded for the deferred compensation arrangement was $99,679, of which $82,165 was payable on September 17, 2015, the first anniversary of the Distribution Date, and was therefore recorded as a current liability in Deferred compensation on the 2014 Consolidated Balance Sheet. The remaining noncurrent portion of the liability of $17,514 was recorded in Deferred compensation as a noncurrent liability. The participants agreed to extend the payment due on September 17, 2015 (the 2015 Obligation), the first anniversary of the Distribution Date, until December 31, 2015, in order to agree with the Company on a form of payment that we believe more closely aligns with the long-term interests of the Company and our securityholders.
On December 29, 2015 (the 2015 Executive DCP Closing Date), we satisfied the 2015 Obligation by paying the participants a total amount of $87,117, including $6,117 in interest from the Distribution Date to the 2015 Executive DCP Closing Date. The payment consisted of $37,071 in cash and $50,046 in aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes due 2019. The participants agreed not to offer or sell
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 13. Share-based Compensation (Continued)
their Senior Notes due 2019, other than to the Company, until 12 months after the 2015 Executive DCP Closing Date. See also Note 9, Debt and Note 17, Related Party Transactions.
As of December 31, 2015, the total liability recorded for the deferred compensation arrangement was $17,463, which is payable on September 17, 2016, the second anniversary of the Distribution Date, and was therefore recorded as a current liability in Deferred compensation on the 2015 Consolidated Balance Sheet.
2007 Stock Incentive Plan
In August 2007, the Board of Directors approved the Laureate Education, Inc. 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (2007 Plan). The total shares authorized under the 2007 Plan were 9,232. Shares that are forfeited, terminated, canceled, allowed to expire unexercised, withheld to satisfy tax withholding, or repurchased are available for re-issuance. Any awards that have not vested upon termination of employment for any reason are forfeited. Following the October 2, 2013 modification discussed further below, upon voluntary or involuntary termination without cause (including death or disability), the grantee (or the estate) has a period of time after termination to exercise options vested prior to termination. The 2007 Plan's restricted stock awards have a claw-back feature whereby all vested shares, or the gross proceeds from the sale of those shares, must be returned to Laureate for no consideration if the employee does not abide by the agreed-upon restrictive covenants such as covenants not to compete and covenants not to solicit.
Stock Options Under 2007 Plan
Stock option awards under the 2007 Plan have a contractual life of 10 years and were granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of Laureate's stock at the date of grant. Our option agreements generally divide each option grant equally into options that are subject to time-based vesting (Time Options) and options that are eligible for vesting based on achieving pre-determined performance targets (Performance Options). Prior to the October 2013 modification, discussed below, under the 2007 Plan these performance targets were Pro-rata EBITDA earnings targets. The Time Options generally vest ratably on the first through fifth grant date anniversary. The Performance Options are divided into tranches. Each tranche is eligible to vest annually upon the Board of Directors' determination that Laureate has attained fiscal year earnings (Pro-rata EBITDA, as defined in the agreement) that equal the performance targets (Pro-rata EBITDA targets). These performance targets are set at the time of the award's issuance and, for options outstanding at the time, were amended in August 2010 and October 2013. Our option agreements provide that if our fiscal year earnings are at least 95%, at least 90%, or below 90%, of the applicable earnings target then 75%, 50%, or 0%, respectively, of the applicable Performance Option tranche will vest. The Plan includes a "catch-up" provision such that, in the event that we do not achieve 100% of the performance target in a particular fiscal year, the Performance Option Tranche may vest in any subsequent year, within eight years from the date of the grant, if and to the extent a greater percentage of a subsequent year's earnings target is achieved. Certain Performance Option awards granted prior to February 2, 2008 also included a separate tranche, equal to 30% of the total performance award, that vested upon the Board of Directors' determination that Laureate had attained a higher earnings target prior to August 17, 2017 (Special 30% Performance Vesting). During 2013, we believed it was probable that we would
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 13. Share-based Compensation (Continued)
attain the predetermined higher earnings target for the Special 30% Performance Vesting tranche in 2014; accordingly, we accrued $4,499 additional performance option expense related to this special tranche in 2013. This Special 30% Performance Vesting tranche was fully vested as of December 31, 2014.
Stock options and restricted stock awards granted under the 2007 Plan have provisions for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control of Laureate. As defined in the 2007 Plan, a change in control would occur if substantially all of the assets of Laureate or more than 50% of our equity interests are sold. If a change in control should occur, all of the outstanding Time Options and unvested restricted stock held by the employees would become fully vested and immediately exercisable. The Performance Options will become immediately exercisable in the event of a change in control only if, and to the extent, the Board of Directors, in its discretion, elects to vest them.
Compensation expense is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which is usually the vesting period. For Time Options, expense is recognized ratably over the five-year vesting period. For Performance Options, expense is recognized under a graded expense attribution method, to the extent that it is probable that the stated annual performance target will be achieved and options will vest for any year. We assess the probability of each option tranche vesting throughout the life of each grant.
2007 Plan Stock Option Modifications
On October 2, 2013, the Compensation Committee of Laureate's Board of Directors modified the 2007 Plan. The modification i) changed the performance metrics and targets for all unvested Performance Options to match the targets of the 2013 Plan beginning with the 2013 target; ii) modified the post termination exercise provisions for resignation, good leaving, death and disability, and retirement to match the termination provision under the 2013 Plan, which is a post termination exercise period of: 90 days for resignation, two years for termination due to death or disability or, after an initial public offering of our common stock, good leaving, and five years for retirement; iii) reallocated the outstanding unvested 2012 performance tranche to vest in the remaining performance years of the grant on a pro-rata basis for only those employees who received stock options awards for first time in 2012; and iv) forfeit all other outstanding unvested 2012 performance options, disallowing the ability to catch up on the vesting, as the performance target was not met. As a result of this modification, we recognized $5,547 of additional Performance Option expense in 2013.
2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan
On June 13, 2013, Laureate's Board of Directors approved the Laureate Education, Inc. 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (2013 Plan), as a successor plan to Laureate's 2007 Plan. The 2013 Plan became effective in June 2013, following approval by the stockholders of Laureate. No further awards will be made under the 2007 Plan now that the 2013 Plan is effective. Under the 2013 Plan, the Company may grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, unrestricted common stock or restricted stock (collectively, "stock awards"), unrestricted stock units or restricted stock units, and other stock-based awards, to eligible individuals on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the 2013 Plan. As of the effective date, the total number of shares of common stock issuable under the 2013 Plan were 7,521, which is equal to the sum of (i) 7,074 shares plus (ii) 447 shares of common stock that
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 13. Share-based Compensation (Continued)
were still available for issuance under Laureate's 2007 Plan. In September 2015, the Board of Directors approved an amendment to increase the total number of shares of common stock issuable under the 2013 Plan by 1,219. Shares that are forfeited, terminated, canceled, allowed to expire unexercised, withheld to satisfy tax withholding, or repurchased are available for re-issuance. Any awards that have not vested upon termination of employment for any reason are forfeited. Holders of restricted stock shall have all of the rights of a stockholder of common stock including, without limitation, the right to vote and the right to receive dividends. However, dividends declared payable on performance-based restricted stock shall be subjected to forfeiture at least until achievement of the applicable performance target related to such shares of restricted stock. Any accrued but unpaid dividends on unvested restricted stock shall be forfeited upon termination of employment. Holders of stock units do not have any rights of a stockholder of common stock and are not entitled to receive dividends. All awards outstanding under the 2013 Plan terminate upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of Laureate. The 2013 Plan will remain in effect until the earlier of (a) the earliest date as of which all awards granted under the Plan have been satisfied in full or terminated and no shares of common stock are available to be granted or (b) June 12, 2023.
Stock options, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock units granted under the 2013 Plan have provisions for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control of Laureate. As defined in the 2013 Plan, a change in control means the first of the following to occur: i) a change in ownership of Laureate or Wengen or ii) a change in the ownership of assets of Laureate. A change in ownership of Laureate or Wengen shall occur on the date that more than 50% of the total voting power of the capital stock of Laureate is sold or more than 50% of the partnership interests of Wengen is sold in a single or a series of related transactions. A change in the ownership of assets of Laureate would occur if 80% or more of the total gross fair market value of all of the assets of Laureate are sold during a 12-month period. The gross fair market value of Laureate is determined without regard to any liabilities associated with such assets. Upon consummation of the change in control and an employee's "qualifying termination" (as defined in the employee's award agreement): a) those time-based stock options and stock appreciation rights that would have vested and become exercisable on or prior to the third anniversary of the effective time of change in control would become fully vested and immediately exercisable; b) those performance-based stock options and stock appreciation rights that would have vested and become exercisable had Laureate achieved the performance targets in the three fiscal years ending coincident with or immediately subsequent to the effective time of such change in control, excluding the portion of awards that would have vested only pursuant to any catch-up provisions, would become fully vested and immediately exercisable; c) those time-based restricted stock awards that would have become vested and free of forfeiture risk and lapse restriction on or prior to the third anniversary of the effective time of such change in control would become fully vested and immediately exercisable; d) those performance-based restricted stock awards that would have vested and become free of forfeiture risk and lapse restrictions had Laureate achieved the target performance in the three fiscal years ending coincident with or immediately subsequent to the effective time of such change in control would become fully vested and immediately exercisable; e) those time-based restricted stock units that would have become vested or earned on or prior to the third anniversary of the effective time of such change in control would become vested and earned and be settled in cash or shares of common stock as promptly as practicable; and f) those performance-based restricted stock units, performance shares and performance units that would have become vested or earned had Laureate achieved the target
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 13. Share-based Compensation (Continued)
performance in the three fiscal years ending coincident with or immediately subsequent to the effective time of such change in control would become vested and earned and be settled in cash or shares of common stock as promptly as practicable. After giving effect to the foregoing change in control acceleration, any remaining unvested time-based and performance-based stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares and performance share units shall be forfeited for no consideration.
Stock Options Under 2013 Plan
Stock option awards under the 2013 Plan have a contractual term of 10 years and are granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of Laureate's stock at the date of grant. During 2015, 2014 and 2013, we granted various employees stock options for 1,447, 386 and 4,344 shares respectively. These options vest over a period of five years. Of the options granted in 2015, 2014 and 2013, 1,073, 353 and 3,369, respectively, are Time Options and the remainder are Performance Options. The Performance Options granted under the 2013 Plan are eligible for vesting based on achieving annual pre-determined Equity Value performance targets, as defined in the plan, and the continued service of the employee. The performance based awards include a catch-up provision, allowing the grantee to vest in any year in which a target is missed if a following year's target is achieved as long as the following year is within eight years from the grant date.
Compensation expense is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which is usually the vesting period. For Time Options, expense is recognized ratably over the five-year vesting period. For Performance Options, expense is recognized under a graded expense attribution method, to the extent that it is probable that the stated annual earnings target will be achieved and options will vest for any year. We assess the probability of each option tranche vesting throughout the life of each grant.
Equity Award Modifications
Equity Restructuring Modification
In December 2013, the combination of entities under common control caused an equity restructuring and therefore resulted in a modification of share-based awards granted to employees under ASC 718-10-35-6 "Stock Compensation." The amount of the stock compensation charge resulting from this modification was determined based on the estimated fair value of Laureate Asia at the date it was transferred to Laureate.
In connection with the combination of Laureate Asia into Laureate, Wengen and another institutional investor group that is a minority shareholder of Laureate entered into a share transfer agreement, pursuant to which the minority shareholder agreed to transfer to Wengen a portion of its Laureate shares based upon the outcome of certain events. Under the terms of the share transfer agreement, the minority shareholder will be required to transfer a portion of its Laureate shares to Wengen. This share transfer will have the effect of reducing the institutional investor group's ownership in Laureate, but will not reduce the Company's employee shareholders' ownership in Laureate. Therefore, Wengen's recapitalization of Laureate through a contribution of Laureate Asia resulted in a modification of all share-based awards granted to employees. As a result of this modification, we
F-89
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 13. Share-based Compensation (Continued)
recognized $6,455 of additional expense in 2013 for vested Performance Options, vested Time Options and shares held by current and former employees.
Modification of a Former Executive's Award
In 2014, the Company issued a note payable to a former executive for $3,771 in exchange for vested share-based compensation. We accounted for this as an equity-to-liability award modification. The note has an interest rate of 5% and is payable upon the earlier of: 1) the occurrence of certain contingent events or 2) July 31, 2019.
Stock Option Activity for 2007 and 2013 Plans
The following tables summarize the stock option activity and the assumptions used to record the related share-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Options |
Weighted
Average Exercise Price |
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value |
Options |
Weighted
Average Exercise Price |
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value |
Options |
Weighted
Average Exercise Price |
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value |
|||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding at January 1 |
10,919 | $ | 25.84 | $ | 48,851 | 12,102 | $ | 25.40 | $ | 57,094 | 8,459 | $ | 20.40 | $ | 119,604 | |||||||||||||
Granted |
1,447 | $ | 26.72 | 386 | $ | 27.76 | 4,344 | $ | 34.52 | |||||||||||||||||||
Exercised |
(460 | ) | $ | 18.76 | 3,365 | (841 | ) | $ | 19.36 | 11,046 | (226 | ) | $ | 19.08 | 3,503 | |||||||||||||
Forfeited or expired |
(479 | ) | $ | 28.52 | (728 | ) | $ | 27.04 | (475 | ) | $ | 22.36 | ||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Outstanding at December 31 |
11,427 | $ | 26.12 | $ | 20,339 | 10,919 | $ | 25.84 | $ | 48,851 | 12,102 | $ | 25.40 | $ | 57,094 | |||||||||||||
Exercisable at December 31 |
8,293 | $ | 24.32 | $ | 20,328 | 7,600 | $ | 22.88 | $ | 47,812 | 6,839 | $ | 21.32 | $ | 48,159 | |||||||||||||
Vested and expected to vest |
11,110 | $ | 26.08 | $ | 20,339 | 10,499 | $ | 25.56 | $ | 48,833 | 10,666 | $ | 24.60 | $ | 55,289 |
F-90
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 13. Share-based Compensation (Continued)
|
Options Outstanding | Options Exercisable |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Weighted
Average Remaining Contractual Terms (Years) |
|
Weighted
Average Remaining Contractual Terms (Years) |
Assumption Range* | |||||||||||||
Exercise Prices |
Number
of Shares |
Number
of Shares |
Risk-Free
Interest Rate |
Expected
Terms in Years |
Expected
Volatility |
|||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||
$18.36 - $19.56 | 3,790 | 1.8 | 3,790 | 1.8 | 0.32% - 4.20% | 1.90 - 6.95 | 26.85% - 52.47% | |||||||||||
$20.16 - $21.28 | 353 | 2.7 | 353 | 2.7 | 0.42% - 3.60% | 2.11 - 6.52 | 33.24% - 52.47% | |||||||||||
$21.48 - $21.52 | 516 | 4.8 | 512 | 4.8 | 0.68% - 2.63% | 3.38 - 6.58 | 38.16% - 52.47% | |||||||||||
$21.68 - $22.32 | 344 | 4.1 | 344 | 4.1 | 0.57% - 3.03% | 2.18 - 6.52 | 36.78% - 52.47% | |||||||||||
$22.88 - $31.92 | 2,634 | 8.2 | 1,108 | 7.1 | 0.73% - 2.86% | 4.00 - 6.52 | 39.03% - 58.84% | |||||||||||
$34.52 | 3,788 | 7.8 | 2,184 | 7.8 | 1.76% - 2.07% | 6.02 - 7.12 | 51.51% - 53.51% | |||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||
$18.36 - $19.56 | 4,308 | 2.8 | 4,308 | 2.8 | 0.32% - 4.20% | 1.90 - 6.95 | 26.85% - 52.47% | |||||||||||
$20.16 - $21.28 | 376 | 3.7 | 376 | 3.7 | 0.42% - 3.60% | 2.11 - 6.52 | 33.24% - 52.47% | |||||||||||
$21.48 - $21.52 | 550 | 5.8 | 470 | 5.8 | 0.68% - 2.63% | 3.38 - 6.58 | 38.16% - 52.47% | |||||||||||
$21.68 - $22.32 | 354 | 5.1 | 317 | 5.1 | 0.57% - 3.03% | 2.18 - 6.52 | 36.78% - 52.47% | |||||||||||
$22.88 - $31.92 | 1,322 | 7.7 | 590 | 7.2 | 0.73% - 2.86% | 4.00 - 6.52 | 39.03% - 58.84% | |||||||||||
$34.52 | 4,008 | 8.8 | 1,537 | 8.8 | 1.76% - 2.07% | 6.02 - 7.12 | 51.51% - 53.51% | |||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||
$18.36 - $19.56 | 5,178 | 3.7 | 4,459 | 3.7 | 0.32% - 4.20% | 1.90 - 6.55 | 26.85% - 52.47% | |||||||||||
$20.16 - $21.28 | 563 | 3.5 | 560 | 3.1 | 0.42% - 3.60% | 2.11 - 6.52 | 33.24% - 52.47% | |||||||||||
$21.48 - $21.52 | 608 | 6.8 | 399 | 6.8 | 0.68% - 2.63% | 3.38 - 6.58 | 38.16% - 52.47% | |||||||||||
$21.68 - $22.32 | 401 | 6.1 | 273 | 6.1 | 0.57% - 3.03% | 2.18 - 6.52 | 36.78% - 52.47% | |||||||||||
$22.88 - $31.92 | 1,005 | 8.0 | 325 | 7.8 | 0.73% - 2.86% | 4.00 - 6.52 | 39.03% - 53.80% | |||||||||||
$34.52 | 4,344 | 9.8 | 821 | 9.8 | 1.76% - 2.07% | 6.02 - 7.12 | 51.51% - 53.51% |
The weighted-average estimated fair value of stock options granted was $13.80, $15.68 and $17.96 per share for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
As of December 31, 2015, Laureate had $44,148 of unrecognized share-based compensation costs related to stock options outstanding. Of the total unrecognized cost, $37,316 relates to Time Options and $6,832 relates to Performance Options. The unrecognized Time Options expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average expense period of 2.7 years.
F-91
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 13. Share-based Compensation (Continued)
Non-Vested Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
The following table summarizes the non-vested restricted stock and restricted stock units activity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Shares |
Weighted
Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Shares |
Weighted
Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Shares |
Weighted
Average Grant Date Fair Value |
|||||||||||||
Non-vested at January 1 |
694 | $ | 32.48 | 931 | $ | 33.76 | 148 | $ | 23.52 | ||||||||||
Granted |
449 | $ | 26.28 | 159 | $ | 28.00 | 869 | $ | 34.52 | ||||||||||
Vested |
(215 | ) | $ | 31.48 | (337 | ) | $ | 33.56 | (66 | ) | $ | 24.52 | |||||||
Forfeited |
(63 | ) | $ | 31.08 | (59 | ) | $ | 34.24 | (20 | ) | $ | 21.52 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Non-vested at December 31 |
865 | $ | 29.60 | 694 | $ | 32.48 | 931 | $ | 33.76 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Restricted stock units granted under the 2013 Plan consist of time-based restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units with various vesting periods over the next five years. Performance-based restricted stock units are eligible to vest annually upon the Board of Directors' determination that the annual performance targets are met. The performance targets are the same as for Performance Options, as defined in the 2013 Plan. The performance-based restricted stock units include a catch-up provision, allowing the grantee to vest in any year in which a target is missed if a following year's target is obtained as long as the following year is within eight years from the grant date.
Restricted stock granted under the 2007 Plan consists of time-based restricted stock with vesting periods of five years.
The fair value of the non-vested restricted stock awards in the table above is measured using the fair value of Laureate's common stock on the date of grant or the most recent modification date whichever is later.
As of December 31, 2015, unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock and restricted stock units awards was $15,543. Of the total unrecognized cost, $5,843 relates to time-based restricted stock and restricted stock units and $9,700 relates to performance-based restricted stock units. This unrecognized expense for time-based restricted stock and restricted stock units will be recognized over a weighted-average expense period of 2.3 years.
Common Shares Issued or Deferred for Directors' Fees
In 2015, 2014 and 2013, certain directors elected to receive their annual Board of Directors compensation in shares of common stock. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, Board compensation paid in shares was $209, $275 and $300, and we issued 8, 10 and 8 shares of common stock at per share fair values of $25.76, $27.48 and $34.52. In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we recognized additional compensation expense of $618 and $550, respectively, for restricted stock granted to directors. Certain directors have elected to defer their annual compensation in accordance with the provisions of our directors' Deferred Compensation Plan.
F-92
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 13. Share-based Compensation (Continued)
In 2013 and again in 2014, a member of our Board of Directors elected to receive 1 shares that had been previously deferred. Accordingly, the shares were issued and distributed. As of both December 31, 2015 and 2014, the number of shares of common stock that remained reserved for future issuance to directors was 7.
Executive Profits Interests
On behalf of Laureate, Wengen granted to our CEO the Executive Profits Interests award (EPI). The EPI contained a time-based portion that vested over a five-year schedule and a performance-based portion that vested to the extent that the Company achieved predetermined earnings targets similar to performance options over a five-year period. This award was fully vested by December 31, 2014.
Note 14. Derivative Instruments
In the normal course of business, our operations are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency values and interest rate changes. We may seek to control a portion of these risks through a risk management program that includes the use of derivative instruments.
The interest and principal payments for Laureate's senior long-term debt arrangements are to be paid primarily in USD. Our ability to make debt payments is subject to fluctuations in the value of the USD against foreign currencies, since a majority of our operating cash used to make these payments is generated by subsidiaries with functional currencies other than USD. As part of our overall risk management policies, Laureate has entered into a foreign currency swap contract and floating-to-fixed interest rate swap contracts. In addition, we occasionally enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the earnings impact of other non-functional currency-denominated receivables and payables.
We do not enter into speculative or leveraged transactions, nor do we hold or issue derivatives for trading purposes. We generally intend to hold our derivatives until maturity.
Laureate reports all derivatives at fair value. These contracts are recognized as either assets or liabilities, depending upon the derivative's fair value. Gains or losses associated with the change in the fair value of these swaps are recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Operations on a current basis over the term of the contracts, unless designated and effective as a hedge. For swaps that are designated and effective as cash flow hedges, gains or losses associated with the change in fair value of the swaps are recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) and amortized into earnings as a component of Interest expense over the term of the related hedged items.
F-93
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 14. Derivative Instruments (Continued)
The reported fair value of our derivatives, which are primarily classified in Derivative instruments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, were as follows:
December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |
|||||||
Long-term liabilities: |
|||||||
Interest rate swaps |
$ | 13,250 | $ | 18,879 | |||
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |
|||||||
Current assets: |
|||||||
Cross currency and interest rate swaps |
238 | | |||||
Current liabilities: |
|||||||
Cross currency and interest rate swaps |
688 | | |||||
Long-term liabilities: |
|||||||
Cross currency and interest rate swaps |
5,662 | 4,755 | |||||
Interest rate swaps |
414 | 621 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total derivative instrument assets |
$ | 238 | $ | | |||
| | | | | | | |
Total derivative instrument liabilities |
$ | 20,014 | $ | 24,255 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Interest Rate Swaps
In September 2011, Laureate entered into two forward interest rate swap agreements with notional amounts of $450,000 and $300,000, respectively. We have designated these derivatives as cash flow hedges. The swaps were associated with existing debt, and effectively fix interest rates on existing variable-rate borrowings in order to manage our exposure to future interest rate volatility. Both swaps have an effective date of June 30, 2014 and mature on June 30, 2017. The terms of the swaps require Laureate to pay interest on the basis of fixed rates of 2.61% on the $450,000 notional amount swap and 2.71% on the $300,000 notional amount swap, and receive interest for both swaps on the basis of three-month LIBOR, with a floor of 1.25%. The gain or loss on these swaps is deferred in AOCI and will be reclassified into earnings as a component of Interest expense in the same period during which the hedged forecasted transactions will affect earnings. Laureate determines the effectiveness of these swaps using the hypothetical derivative method. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the amount of gain or loss recognized in income on the ineffective portion of derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments was $0, as the swaps were 100% effective. During the next 12 months, approximately $9,900 is expected to be reclassified from AOCI into income. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, these interest rate swaps had an estimated fair value of $13,250 and $18,879, respectively.
The table below shows the total recorded unrealized gain (loss) of these swaps in Comprehensive income (loss). The impact of derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments on
F-94
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 14. Derivative Instruments (Continued)
Comprehensive income (loss), Interest expense and AOCI for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:
|
Gain (Loss)
Recognized in Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Effective Portion) |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Loss Reclassified
from AOCI to Income (Effective Portion) |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Income
Statement Location |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||
Interest rate swaps |
$ | 5,629 | $ | (733 | ) | $ | 2,667 | Interest expense | $ | (10,660 | ) | $ | (5,374 | ) | $ | |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
USD to Swiss Franc (CHF) Foreign Currency Forward Swaps
In November 2015, Laureate entered into a USD to CHF foreign exchange forward swap agreement. We executed an initial conversion of CHF 14,000 to US $14,113. The swap had an original maturity of March 9, 2016 that was extended to June 8, 2016, at a fixed exchange rate of $0.9920. For accounting purposes, the swap was not designated as a hedging instrument. As of December 31, 2015, the swap had an estimated fair value of $238, and was included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
In May 2015, Laureate entered into two USD to CHF foreign exchange forward swap agreements. These swaps were intended to hedge the currency effects of the strengthening USD for anticipated cash outlays in CHF over the seven months subsequent to the execution date for a tax payment, along with expected working capital requirements. We executed an initial conversion of CHF 18,700 to US $19,840 using two swaps. The first swap had a notional amount of CHF 9,000 and matured on September 1, 2015 at a fixed exchange rate of $0.9459. The second swap had a notional amount of CHF 9,700 and matured on January 5, 2016 at a fixed exchange rate of $0.9394. For accounting purposes, the swaps were not designated as hedging instruments. As of December 31, 2015, the remaining swap had an estimated fair value of $624, and was included in Derivative instruments as a current liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
In December 2015, Laureate entered into two USD to CHF foreign exchange forward swap agreements. We executed an initial conversion of CHF 16,000 to US $16,470 using two swaps. The first swap had a notional amount of CHF 9,000 and had an original maturity of March 14, 2016 that was extended to June 10, 2016, at a fixed exchange rate of $0.9796. The second swap has a notional amount of CHF 7,000 with an original maturity of February 5, 2016 that was extended to November 10, 2016 at a fixed exchange rate of $0.9612. For accounting purposes, the swaps were not designated as hedging instruments. As of December 31, 2015, these swaps had an estimated fair value of $64, and were included in Derivative instruments as a current liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
CLP to Unidad de Fomento (UF) Cross Currency and Interest Rate Swaps
The cross currency and interest rate swap agreements are intended to provide a better correlation between our debt obligations and operating currencies. In 2010, one of our subsidiaries in Chile entered into four cross currency and interest rate swap agreements. One of the swaps matures on
F-95
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 14. Derivative Instruments (Continued)
December 1, 2024, and the remaining three mature on July 1, 2025 (the CLP to UF cross currency and interest rate swaps). The UF is a Chilean inflation-adjusted unit of account. The four swaps have an aggregate notional amount of approximately $31,000, and convert CLP-denominated, floating-rate debt to fixed-rate UF-denominated debt. The CLP to UF cross currency and interest rate swaps were not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, these swaps had an estimated fair value of $5,662 and $4,755, respectively.
THINK Interest Rate Swaps
Laureate acquired THINK on December 20, 2013, and financed a portion of the purchase price by borrowing AUD 45,000 (US $32,702 at December 31, 2015) under a syndicated facility agreement in the form of two term loans of AUD 22,500 each. The terms of the syndicated facility agreement required THINK to enter into an interest rate swap within 45 days from the agreement's December 20, 2013 effective date, in order to convert at least 50% of the AUD 45,000 of term loan debt from a variable interest rate based on the BBSY bid rate, an Australia bank rate, to a fixed interest rate. Accordingly, on January 31, 2014, THINK executed an interest rate swap agreement with an original notional amount of AUD 22,500 to satisfy this requirement and converted AUD 22,500 (US $16,351 at December 31, 2015) of the variable rate component of the term loan debt to a fixed interest rate of 3.86%. The notional amount of the swap decreases quarterly based on the terms of the agreement, and the swap matures on December 20, 2018. This interest rate swap was not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes, and had an estimated fair value of $414 and $621 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which was recorded in Derivative instruments as a long-term liability.
Components of the reported (Loss) gain on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unrealized (Loss) Gain |
||||||||||
Cross currency and interest rate swaps |
$ | (2,133 | ) | $ | 25,725 | $ | 38,008 | |||
Interest rate swaps |
145 | 4,076 | 6,200 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
(1,988 | ) | 29,801 | 44,208 | ||||||
Realized (Loss) Gain |
||||||||||
Cross currency and interest rate swaps |
(407 | ) | (27,788 | ) | (30,519 | ) | ||||
Interest rate swaps |
(212 | ) | (5,114 | ) | (7,058 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
|
(619 | ) | (32,902 | ) | (37,577 | ) | ||||
Total (Loss) Gain |
||||||||||
Cross currency and interest rate swaps |
(2,540 | ) | (2,063 | ) | 7,489 | |||||
Interest rate swaps |
(67 | ) | (1,038 | ) | (858 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
(Loss) gain on derivatives, net |
$ | (2,607 | ) | $ | (3,101 | ) | $ | 6,631 | ||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Credit Risk and Credit-Risk-Related Contingent Features
Laureate's derivatives expose us to credit risk to the extent that the counterparty may possibly fail to perform its contractual obligation. The amount of our credit risk exposure is equal to the fair value
F-96
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 14. Derivative Instruments (Continued)
of the derivative when any of the derivatives are in a net gain position. As of December 31, 2015, the fair value of derivatives in a gain position were immaterial. As of December 31, 2014, none of our derivatives were in a gain position.
At December 31, 2015 and 2014, one institution, which was rated A1, one institution which was rated A2, two institutions which were rated Aa2, and one institution which was rated Baa3 by the global rating agency of Moody's Investors Service, accounted for all of Laureate's derivative credit risk exposure.
Laureate's agreements with its derivative counterparties contain a provision under which we could be declared in default on our derivative obligations if repayment of the underlying indebtedness is accelerated by the lender due to a default on the indebtedness. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had not breached any default provisions and had not posted any collateral related to these agreements. If we had breached any of these provisions, we could have been required to settle the obligations under the derivative agreements for an amount that we believe would approximate their estimated fair value of $20,014 as of December 31, 2015 and $24,255 as of December 31, 2014.
Note 15. Income Taxes
Significant components of the Income tax (expense) benefit on earnings from continuing operations were as follows:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current: |
||||||||||
United States |
$ | (6,304 | ) | $ | (4,749 | ) | $ | (6,328 | ) | |
Foreign |
(126,597 | ) | (119,190 | ) | (101,068 | ) | ||||
State |
(392 | ) | (258 | ) | (57 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total current |
(133,293 | ) | (124,197 | ) | (107,453 | ) | ||||
Deferred: |
||||||||||
United States |
(4,629 | ) | (99 | ) | 8 | |||||
Foreign |
19,319 | 164,426 | 15,701 | |||||||
State |
873 | (1,070 | ) | 498 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total deferred |
15,563 | 163,257 | 16,207 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total income tax (expense) benefit |
$ | (117,730 | ) | $ | 39,060 | $ | (91,246 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, foreign income from continuing operations before income taxes was $105,919, $83,760 and $154,391, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, domestic loss from continuing operations before income taxes was $306,528, $285,431 and $152,462, respectively.
F-97
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 15. Income Taxes (Continued)
Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities arising from continuing operations were as follows:
December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deferred tax assets: |
|||||||
Net operating loss carryforwards |
$ | 900,778 | $ | 817,380 | |||
Depreciation |
54,083 | 31,097 | |||||
Deferred revenue |
48,669 | 46,259 | |||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts |
24,005 | 30,016 | |||||
Deferred compensation |
66,971 | 95,562 | |||||
Unrealized loss |
83,368 | 54,581 | |||||
Nondeductible reserves |
30,486 | 33,085 | |||||
Interest |
26,195 | 13,678 | |||||
Other |
| 850 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total deferred tax assets |
1,234,555 | 1,122,508 | |||||
Deferred tax liabilities: |
|||||||
Investment in subsidiaries |
111,761 | 112,457 | |||||
Amortization of intangible assets |
376,639 | 424,373 | |||||
Other |
1,342 | | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total deferred tax liabilities |
489,742 | 536,830 | |||||
Net deferred tax assets |
744,813 | 585,678 | |||||
Valuation allowance for net deferred tax assets |
(1,092,951 | ) | (994,434 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Net deferred tax liabilities |
$ | (348,138 | ) | $ | (408,756 | ) | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
At December 31, 2015 and 2014, undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries totaled $1,153,953 and $1,152,824, respectively. We have not recognized deferred tax liabilities for these undistributed earnings because we believe that they will be indefinitely reinvested outside of the United States. These earnings could become subject to additional taxes if they are remitted as dividends, loaned to us or to one of our United States affiliates, or if we sold our interests in the subsidiaries. It is not practicable for us to determine the amount of additional taxes that might be payable on the unremitted earnings.
Approximately 76% (66% federal and 10% states) of our worldwide net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs) as of December 31, 2015 originated in the United States, derived from both federal and various state jurisdictions. The U.S. federal NOLs will begin to expire in 2025.
The valuation allowance relates to the uncertainty surrounding the realization of tax benefits primarily attributable to NOLs of the parent company and of certain foreign subsidiaries, and future deductible temporary differences that are available only to offset future taxable income of subsidiaries in certain jurisdictions.
The Company assesses the realizability of deferred tax assets by examining all available evidence, both positive and negative. A valuation allowance is recorded if negative evidence outweighs positive evidence. A company's three-year cumulative loss position is significant negative evidence in
F-98
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 15. Income Taxes (Continued)
considering whether deferred tax assets are realizable. Accounting guidance restricts the amount of reliance the Company can place on projected taxable income to support the recovery of the deferred tax assets. In 2014, valuation allowances were released at entities in Chile and Mexico of approximately $22,000 and $66,000, respectively, due to the change from a three-year cumulative loss position to a three-year cumulative income position, as well as other positive factors including projections of future profitability.
During 2015, objective and verifiable negative evidence, such as continued U.S. operating losses, continued to outweigh positive evidence. The Company recorded a Federal and State Net Operating Loss deferred tax asset of approximately $112,619 and a corresponding increase in the valuation allowance of the same amount, as a result of the negative evidence cited above. Recording the valuation allowance does not restrict the Company's ability to utilize the future deductions and net operating losses associated with the deferred tax assets if taxable income is generated in future periods. The most significant U.S. deferred tax assets are federal net operating losses, totaling $588,126, that begin to expire in 2025.
The reconciliations of the reported Income tax expense to the amount that would result by applying the United States federal statutory tax rate of 35% to income from continuing operations before income taxes were as follows:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tax benefit at the United States statutory rate |
$ | 70,213 | $ | 70,585 | $ | (675 | ) | |||
Permanent differences |
(24,970 | ) | (16,560 | ) | (47,475 | ) | ||||
State income tax benefit (expense), net of federal tax effect |
312 | (1,238 | ) | 461 | ||||||
Tax effect of foreign income taxed at lower rate |
31,856 | 37,370 | 73,534 | |||||||
Change in valuation allowance |
(151,501 | ) | (31,502 | ) | (55,908 | ) | ||||
Settlements with taxing authorities |
| (3,456 | ) | (319 | ) | |||||
Investment in subsidiaries |
| (538 | ) | (25,216 | ) | |||||
Effect of tax contingencies |
(34,572 | ) | (5,704 | ) | (9,048 | ) | ||||
Tax credits |
25,557 | 25,968 | 16,000 | |||||||
Withholding taxes |
(35,332 | ) | (35,865 | ) | (42,600 | ) | ||||
Other |
707 | | | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total income tax (expense) benefit |
$ | (117,730 | ) | $ | 39,060 | $ | (91,246 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
F-99
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 15. Income Taxes (Continued)
The reconciliations of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits were as follows:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beginning of the period |
$ | 67,804 | $ | 57,404 | $ | 66,972 | ||||
Additions for tax positions related to prior years |
32,388 | 28,613 | 126 | |||||||
Decreases for tax positions related to prior years |
(12,640 | ) | (17,131 | ) | (7,251 | ) | ||||
Additions for tax positions related to current year |
233 | 4,732 | 6,073 | |||||||
Decreases for unrecognized tax benefits as a result of a lapse in the statute of limitations |
(4,919 | ) | (4,245 | ) | (8,049 | ) | ||||
Settlements for tax positions related to prior years |
(344 | ) | (1,569 | ) | (467 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
End of the period |
$ | 82,522 | $ | 67,804 | $ | 57,404 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Laureate records interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of Income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, Laureate recognized interest and penalties related to income taxes of $16,270, $11,225 and $11,029, respectively. Laureate had $60,186 and $62,210 of accrued interest and penalties at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, Laureate derecognized $8,090, $5,116 and $8,795, respectively, of previously accrued interest and penalties. Approximately $79,000 of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, will affect the effective income tax rate. It is reasonably possible that Laureate's unrecognized tax benefits may decrease within the next 12 months by up to approximately $21,000 as a result of the lapse of statutes of limitations and as a result of the final settlement and resolution of outstanding tax matters in various jurisdictions.
Laureate and various subsidiaries file income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction, and in various states and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, Laureate is no longer subject to United States federal, state and local, or foreign income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2009. United States federal and state statutes are generally open back to 2012; however, the Internal Revenue Service (the IRS) has the ability to challenge 2005 through 2011 net operating loss carryforwards. Statutes of other major jurisdictions, such as Brazil, Chile and Spain are open back to 2011, and Mexico is open back to 2006.
During 2010 and 2013, Laureate was notified by the Spain Tax Authorities (STA) that two tax audits of our Spanish subsidiaries were being initiated for 2006 through 2007, and for 2008 through 2010, respectively. On June 29, 2012, the STA issued a final assessment to Iniciativas Culturales de España, S.L. (ICE), our Spanish holding company, for EUR 11,051 (US $12,128 at December 31, 2015), including interest, for the 2006 through 2007 period. Laureate has appealed this final assessment related to the 2006 through 2007 period, and issued a cash-collateralized letter of credit in July 2012, in order to continue the appeal process. In October 2015, the STA issued a final assessment to ICE for the 2008 through 2010 period for approximately EUR 17,187 (approximately US $18,862 at December 31, 2015), including interest, for those three years. In order to continue the appeals process, we have issued cash-collateralized letters of credit for the 2008 to 2010 period assessment amount, plus interest and surcharges. In total, as of December 31, 2015 we have issued cash-collateralized letters of credit for the ICE tax audit matters of EUR 33,282 (US $36,527 at December 31, 2015), as also described in Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies.
F-100
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 15. Income Taxes (Continued)
During the quarter ended June 30, 2015, the Company reassessed its position regarding the ICE tax audit matters as a result of recent adverse decisions from the Spanish Supreme Court and the Spanish National Court on cases for taxpayers with similar facts, and determined that it could no longer support a more-likely-than-not position. As a result, during 2015, the Company has recorded a provision totaling EUR 37,610 (approximately US $42,100) for the period January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2015. The Company plans to continue the appeals process for the periods already audited and assessed.
Chile Tax Reform
On September 29, 2014, Chile enacted major income tax law changes. The significant change impacting the Company is the increase in income tax rates, which are retroactive to January 2014. The tax rates are increasing from 21% to 22.5% in 2015, 24% in 2016, 25.5% in 2017 and 27% in 2018 and beyond. Deferred taxes were revalued and a benefit of approximately $2,700 and $6,100 was recorded in 2015 and 2014, respectively. Prior to 2015, the law also included two alternative methods for computing shareholder-level income taxation. During 2015, the law changed to include one method for computing shareholder-level income taxation.
Spanish Tax Reform
During 2014, Spain enacted major income tax law changes. One change decreased the corporate income tax rate from 30% to 28% in 2015 and to 25% beginning in 2016. The impact of the rate changes was a benefit to income tax expense of approximately $600 and $6,700 in 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Mexican Fiscal Reform
In December 2013, Mexico enacted the 2014 Fiscal Reform (Fiscal Reform). The changes in the Fiscal Reform, which are generally effective for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2014, include the elimination of the flat tax regime that previously applied to most of Laureate's Mexico entities. These entities will now be subject to the corporate income tax. Other changes resulting from the Fiscal Reform include adjustments to the Value-Added Tax (VAT) rate in certain locations and limitations on the deductibility of certain tax-exempt payments made to employees. Since this law was enacted in 2013, we have recalculated our deferred tax assets and liabilities that are subject to the Tax Reform using the new tax rates in the Fiscal Reform. As described further in Note 18, Benefit Plans, because Laureate's Mexico entities are now subject to corporate income tax, the Company is required to comply with profit-sharing legislation, whereby 10% of the taxable income at Laureate's Mexican operations will be set aside as employee compensation.
Note 16. Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Laureate computes basic earnings per share (EPS) by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the reporting period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that would occur if share-based compensation awards/arrangements or contingently issuable shares were exercised or converted into common stock. To calculate the diluted EPS, the basic weighted average number of shares is increased by the dilutive
F-101
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 16. Earnings (Loss) Per Share (Continued)
effect of stock options, restricted stock, and other share-based compensation arrangements determined using the treasury stock method.
The following table summarizes the computations of basic and diluted earnings per share:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Numerator used in basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share: |
||||||||||
Loss from continuing operations attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
$ | (316,248 | ) | $ | (158,291 | ) | $ | (74,824 | ) | |
Accretion of redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
(13,041 | ) | (9,187 | ) | (9,797 | ) | ||||
Adjusted for: accretion related to noncontrolling interests and equity redeemable at fair value |
6,879 | 743 | 286 | |||||||
Distributed and undistributed earnings to participating securities |
(11 | ) | (3 | ) | (22 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Loss from continuing operations available to common stockholders |
(322,421 | ) | (166,738 | ) | (84,357 | ) | ||||
Income from discontinued operations |
| | 5,146 | |||||||
Allocation of discontinued operations to participating securities |
| | (5 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net loss available to common stockholders |
$ | (322,421 | ) | $ | (166,738 | ) | $ | (79,216 | ) | |
Denominator used in basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share: |
|
|
|
|||||||
Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding |
132,950 | 132,616 | 131,983 | |||||||
Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share: |
|
|
|
|||||||
Loss from continuing operations attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
$ | (2.44 | ) | $ | (1.24 | ) | $ | (0.64 | ) | |
Income from discontinued operations attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
| | 0.04 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders |
$ | (2.44 | ) | $ | (1.24 | ) | $ | (0.60 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
The following table summarizes the number of stock options and shares of restricted stock outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, which were excluded from the diluted EPS calculations because the effect would have been antidilutive, due to net losses for the periods presented:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stock options |
10,743 | 10,263 | 7,881 | |||||||
Restricted stock |
430 | 464 | 141 |
F-102
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 17. Related Party Transactions
Corporate
Transactions between Laureate and Santa Fe University of Arts and Design (SFUAD)
During 2014, Laureate entered into a new shared services agreement with SFUAD that replaced the shared services agreement previously entered into in 2009. Laureate provides SFUAD with certain management consulting, legal, tax, finance, accounting, treasury, human resources, and network entry services. The shared services agreement has a term of five years and automatically renews for two year periods thereafter, unless terminated by either party. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, total costs and expenses charged to SFUAD were $14,205, $13,477 and $12,174, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, Laureate recorded a Related party receivable from SFUAD of $658 and $4,186, respectively. Substantially all of the December 31, 2015 receivable balance was collected subsequent to year end.
During the third quarter of 2013, fourteen Laureate institutions entered into partnership agreements with SFUAD (the Global Partnership agreements). These Global Partnership agreements have an initial term of five years and provide Laureate students with educational opportunities to study certain academic programs at SFUAD. Under the terms of these agreements, the partnering Laureate institutions commit to pay SFUAD an annual amount each calendar year, which SFUAD then bills to the Laureate institutions on a quarterly basis. The Global Partnership agreements can be unilaterally canceled by either SFUAD or the Laureate institutions with at least six months' prior written notice; however any remaining unpaid commitment amount for that calendar year is still contractually owed to SFUAD. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the total amounts paid under the Global Partnership agreements were $3,556, $4,571 and $2,974, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, Laureate recorded a related party payable to SFUAD of $193 and $359, respectively.
Transactions between Laureate and HSM
As discussed in Note 4, Acquisitions, on March 5, 2015, Laureate completed the sale of its interest in HSM. The total purchase price was approximately $9,500, less HSM's bank debt and other adjustments. Upon closing of the sale on March 5, 2015, Laureate received cash proceeds of approximately $5,000, which are included in Proceeds from (investments in) affiliates on the 2015 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. As required by the agreement, Laureate's loans receivable from HSM, along with all unpaid interest, took first priority in the allocation of the sale proceeds. After collection of the loans receivable and accrued interest, which totaled approximately $2,300, and payment of certain costs related to the sale, Laureate recognized a net gain of approximately $2,000 in Equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, net of tax, on the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2015.
Transactions between Laureate and Entities Affiliated with Executive Officers, Directors and Wengen
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we incurred costs of $313, $184 and $409, respectively, for the business use of a private airplane that is owned in part by our CEO.
We have agreements in place with I/O Data Centers, LLC (I/O) pursuant to which I/O provides modular data center solutions to the Company. One of our directors is also a director of I/O. Additionally, this director, our CEO, and Sterling Partners (a private equity firm co-founded by the
F-103
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 17. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
director, our CEO, and others) maintain an ownership interest in I/O. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we incurred costs for these agreements of approximately $500, $500 and $400, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we made payments of approximately $700, $0 and $700, respectively, to an entity affiliated with one of the Wengen investors for services rendered in connection with the Company's refinancing of its debt and new debt issuances.
During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we made payments of approximately $196 and $400 to a consulting firm that works with one of the Wengen investors and its portfolio companies, for consulting services provided in connection with our EiP initiative.
As discussed in Note 9, Debt, and Note 13, Share-based Compensation, on December 29, 2015 we issued $50,046 aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes due 2019 to the participants of the nonqualified share-based deferred compensation arrangement, who are Laureate's Chief Executive Officer and a former member of our Board of Directors. The issuance of the Senior Notes due 2019, along with a cash payment of $37,071, satisfied the 2015 Obligation to the participants.
On December 16, 2015, Laureate entered into a term loan agreement with its parent, Wengen, for approximately $11,000. The note payable accrues interest at an annual rate of LIBOR plus 4.25%, with a 1.25% floor on the LIBOR, and interest is payable quarterly. The term of the loan is three years, with maturity on December 31, 2018. Principal payments in 2016 are scheduled for June and December, in the amounts of $3,500 and $2,500, respectively. Accordingly, $6,000 of this $11,000 related party loan was classified as Current portion of long-term debt, and the remainder was classified as Long-term debt, less current portion on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
LatAm
Transactions between Laureate and Entities Affiliated with a Former Executive
For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, Laureate made payments of $158, $11 and $120, respectively, for consulting and market research and $497, $545 and $820, respectively, for clinical studies to companies that are affiliated with an individual who served as one of our executives until the third quarter of 2014.
Ecuador
Transactions between Laureate and a VIE formerly consolidated
In the second half of 2010, Ecuador adopted a new Higher Education Law (the New Law) that, if implemented, would require Laureate to modify the governance structure of our institution in that country, UDLA Ecuador, to implement a system of co-governance that would cause us to lose the ability to control that institution. In the fourth quarter of 2012, the Consejo de Educación Superior (CES), the relevant regulatory body, commenced reviewing and issuing comments on bylaws submitted by other Ecuadorian higher education institutions, implementing and enforcing the co-governance provisions of the New Law. In accordance with ASC 810-10-15-10, the Company believed that control no longer resided with Laureate given the governmentally imposed uncertainties. As a result, UDLA Ecuador was deconsolidated in the fourth quarter of 2012.
F-104
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 17. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
Certain for-profit entities of Laureate continue to provide services and/or intellectual property to UDLA Ecuador through contractual arrangements at market rates. However, only earnings that are realized through these various contractual arrangements are being recognized by the Company. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the total amounts recognized through these contractual arrangements, primarily as other revenues, were $13,879, $18,132 and $15,623, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had payables to UDLA Ecuador of $11,119 and $7,263, respectively, and receivables from UDLA Ecuador of $4,141 and $2,066, respectively. Also, during the year ended December 31, 2013, UDLA Ecuador made capital contributions of $9,106, respectively, to an education-related real estate subsidiary of Laureate in Chile. These capital contributions are recorded in (Distributions to) and capital contributions from noncontrolling interest holders in the 2013 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, UDLA Ecuador's investment in this Chilean real estate subsidiary was approximately $21,000 and $25,000, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Chilean real estate subsidiary made dividend payments to UDLA Ecuador of $1,047 and $811, respectively, related to this investment.
Europe
Morocco
Transactions between Laureate and Noncontrolling Interest Holder of Laureate Somed Education Holding SA (LSEH)
During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the noncontrolling interest holder made loans to LSEH totaling MAD 27,200 (US $2,772), MAD 28,000 (US $4,754) and MAD 20,000 (US $2,393), respectively. These loans each bear interest at 4.5% per annum and have varying maturity dates through April 2017. The proceeds from these loans have been included in the financing activities section of the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as Noncontrolling interest holder's loan to subsidiaries. As the 60% majority owner, Laureate has also made loans to LSEH for 60% of the total amount borrowed, which eliminates in consolidation.
During 2014, the maturity date of a loan made by the noncontrolling interest holder in 2012 was extended from June 2014 to June 2016. The outstanding balance of this loan at the time of the extension was MAD 36,377 (US $3,677 at December 31, 2015). This loan also bears interest at a rate of 4.5% per annum.
During 2013, the noncontrolling interest holder converted a total of MAD 17,934 (approximately US $2,151 at conversion) of their loans and accrued interest to capital. Laureate also converted to capital a pro rata portion of the loans that it had made as the 60% majority owner of LSEH, resulting in no change in our ownership percentage.
At December 31, 2015, we had total related party payables of $13,354 to the noncontrolling interest holder for the outstanding balance of and accrued interest on the loans described above, of which $9,305 and $4,049 were recorded as current and noncurrent, respectively. At December 31, 2014, we had total related party payables of $10,881 to the noncontrolling interest holder, of which $5,281 and $5,600 were recorded as current and noncurrent, respectively.
F-105
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 17. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
AMEA
China
Transactions between China businesses and Noncontrolling Interest Holders
HIEU has entered into various cost-sharing agreements and other related party transactions with entities owned by a noncontrolling interest holder of HIEU. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the amounts payable to this related party were $2,501 and $2,113, respectively, and the amounts receivable from this related party were $1,490 and $1,428, respectively.
In June 2010, HIEU entered into an entrustment loan agreement with Hunan New Lieying Education Technologies Ltd. (HNLET), which had a balance of $3,059 and $3,196 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Chairman of the Board of Directors of HIEU is an owner of HNLET. The loan had an interest rate of 7.5% and its original maturity date of June 2012 was extended several times until June 2014. The entrustment loan receivable was fully secured by the amount due to the noncontrolling interest holders of HIEU; however Laureate was contractually released from that seller note payable during 2014 and removed the liability, as discussed in Note 5, Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies. During 2014, Laureate concluded that collection of the entrustment loan was not reasonably assured and placed a full allowance on this related party receivable. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2015, the balance of this loan receivable from HNLET was fully offset by a reserve recorded in Allowance for doubtful accounts, resulting in a net carrying value of $0.
A portion of real property that HIEU has paid for, including land and buildings, is mortgaged as collateral for corporate loans that the entity controlled by certain noncontrolling interest holders of HIEU has entered into with third-party banks. The balances owed by such entity on these corporate loans totaled approximately $20,000. In December 2013, the noncontrolling interest holders of HIEU signed an agreement with Laureate and committed to: (1) remove all encumbrances on HIEU's real property no later than September 30, 2014 and (2) cause the entity to complete the transfer of title relating to the encumbered real property to HIEU no later than December 31, 2014. Under the terms of this agreement, the noncontrolling interest holders also agreed to pay any and all transfer taxes, fees and other costs that are required in connection with the removal of the encumbrances and the transfer of titles, which are estimated to be approximately $2,000. As collateral for their performance under the agreement, the noncontrolling interest holders pledged to Laureate their 30% equity interest in the sponsoring entity of HIEU. The noncontrolling interest holders of HIEU have not completed their commitment to remove the encumbrances over the real property or completed the transfer of the real property. Under the terms of the agreement, Laureate has the right to receive the sale proceeds of the noncontrolling interest holders' 30% equity interest, up to the amount owing to it under the equity pledge, in priority to other creditors of the noncontrolling interest holders. On February 22, 2016, one of the creditors of the noncontrolling interest holders initiated an enforcement process against the noncontrolling interest holders. If the noncontrolling interest holders fail to repay the debts owed to such creditor in 75 days, the creditor may further request the court to auction a portion of the equity interest of the noncontrolling interest holders; a court auction may take place within approximately three months. As the registered pledgee, Laureate has the right to receive the sale proceeds of the noncontrolling interest holders' 30% equity interest, up to the amount owing to it under the equity pledge, in priority to other creditors of the noncontrolling interest holders. Management is currently
F-106
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 17. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
evaluating its options in this matter. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, Laureate's net carrying value of the encumbered real property was approximately $13,700 and $14,300, respectively.
In addition to the performance obligations in the December 2013 agreement for the encumbered property as described above, the noncontrolling interest holders are required under the 2009 HIEU purchase agreement (PA) to obtain the titles of certain other buildings for HIEU. The noncontrolling interest holders are also obligated to pay any and all government fees and other costs, which are estimated to be approximately $4,200, required in connection with obtaining the titles for these buildings. These buildings are not encumbered and HIEU has title to the land. The noncontrolling interest holders also occupy and conduct other non-HIEU business in five buildings that we have title to, and do not pay rent to HIEU for the use of these facilities.
Additionally, during 2014, HIEU recorded an approximately $4,350 loss to write off the carrying value of several parcels of land for which it no longer has land use rights. The loss of land use rights was a breach of the PA and we determined our claim to be uncollectible in 2014.
Effective January 1, 2008, we entered into a consulting arrangement with an individual related to the Company's operations in China. Under the agreement, we committed to annual payments for the higher of $500 or 1% of annual pro rata revenue of the Company's entities in China, in return for business consulting services. We recognized total expense of $607 under this contract for the year ended December 31, 2013. As permitted under the terms of the agreement, we terminated this agreement effective December 31, 2013.
Dubai
Transactions between Laureate and Laureate-Obeikan Ltd.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had recorded a related party receivables of $93 and $1,034, respectively, from the noncontrolling interest holder of Laureate-Obeikan Ltd., a joint venture in Dubai that is 50% owned by Laureate and consolidated. During 2015, the receivable amount outstanding as of December 31, 2014 was settled.
Also, during the year ended December 31, 2013, Laureate and the noncontrolling interest holder of Laureate-Obeikan Ltd. made capital contributions to Laureate-Obeikan Ltd. totaling $940 in connection with a share capital increase. The noncontrolling interest holder's 50% share of the total capital contribution, which equaled $470, has been included within (Distributions to) and capital contributions from noncontrolling interest holders in the financing activities section of the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2013.
Malaysia
Transactions between Malaysian Businesses and Noncontrolling Interest Holders
Exeter Street Holdings Sdn Bhd (Exeter Malaysia), one of Laureate's subsidiaries, extended a loan to one of its noncontrolling interest holders to assist in the financing of their approximately 16.5% initial investment in INTI. The original maturity date of this loan was December 31, 2013, but it was not paid by December 31, 2013 and remains outstanding. The loan is collateralized by a pledge of the noncontrolling interest holder's INTI shares having a value of 150% of the outstanding amount of the
F-107
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 17. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
loan, or at the Company's option, other forms of collateral acceptable to it, equal to 100% of the outstanding amount of the loan. Dividends or option proceeds shall be applied first to any unpaid interest and then to reduce all principal amounts under the loan facility. The loan is denominated in MYR and accrues interest at a rate of 7% per annum. As of December 31, 2013, the outstanding principal balance was $3,966, and the outstanding interest receivable related to this loan was $1,190, respectively. As discussed in Note 4, Acquisitions, in the fourth quarter of 2014 Laureate settled this note receivable and the accrued interest receivable in connection with the purchase of 6.4% of this minority owner's noncontrolling interest. As a result, the loan is no longer outstanding as of December 31, 2014.
Dividends to Noncontrolling Interest Holders
During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, INTI made contractual dividend payments to its noncontrolling holders of $450, $444 and $132, respectively, which were included within Payments of dividends in the financing activities section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Singapore
Loan from Affiliate
On February 8, 2013, Laureate's wholly owned subsidiary, LEI Singapore Holdings Private Limited, which is the Singapore-based parent entity of several of our AMEA subsidiaries, borrowed EUR 3,254 (US $4,478 at December 31, 2013) from LEI International Holdings B.V., a Wengen subsidiary that is an affiliate of Laureate. The loan has a maturity date of February 7, 2022, and carries an annual interest rate of 7%. As of December 31, 2013, the total principal and interest payable for the loan was $4,758, which was recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in Long-term debt, less current portion. Effective March 31, 2014, the board of LIHBV forgave this loan to LEI Singapore Holdings Pte Ltd, which was recognized as a capital contribution of $4,821 during the year ended December 31, 2014.
South Africa
Transactions between Laureate and Noncontrolling Interest Holders of MSA
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, Laureate had a related party payable recorded of $1,897 and $2,240, respectively, that was owed to the noncontrolling interest holder of MSA.
GPS
United States
Transactions between Laureate and Noncontrolling Interest Holder of St. Augustine
In December 2013, subsequent to the acquisition of St. Augustine discussed in Note 4, Acquisitions, a $10,000 capital contribution was made to St. Augustine, 80% of which was contributed by Laureate and 20% by the noncontrolling interest holder. Laureate loaned $2,000 to the noncontrolling interest holder in the form of a non-interest bearing promissory note for its portion of the capital contribution, which was recorded at its discounted present value of $1,739 in Notes receivable, net on the December 31, 2013 Consolidated Balance Sheet. The note had a maturity date of
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Note 17. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
November 21, 2018, and Laureate had the right to offset against this receivable the noncontrolling interest holder's 20% share of any future distributions that are made by St. Augustine. During the fourth quarter of 2014, St. Augustine declared and paid a distribution to its owners of $10,000, of which $2,000 was paid to the 20% noncontrolling interest holder. The noncontrolling interest holder then repaid the related party promissory note to Laureate.
In the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, Laureate's loan to the minority partner in 2013 and the loan repayment in 2014 were included in Payments from (to) related parties in the investing activities section, and the noncontrolling interest holder's $2,000 capital contribution in 2013 and distribution in 2014 were included in (Distributions to) and capital contributions from noncontrolling interest holders in the financing activities section. During the year ended December 31, 2015, St. Augustine made tax distributions to its 20% noncontrolling interest holder of $3,952, as provided for in St. Augustine's operating agreement.
Transactions between Laureate and NHU NFP
In connection with the acquisition of NHU LLC in 2010, Laureate entered into a lease for the San Jose campus owned by NHU NFP. Laureate also subleases a portion of the premises to NHU NFP for its charter school. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, Laureate incurred rent expense of $1,702 and $1,666, respectively, and received sublease income of $652 and $374, respectively. At June 30, 2015, Laureate ceased using its leased property at NHU and recorded a liability for the present value of the remaining lease costs, less estimated sublease rentals, of approximately $3,100. During the six months ended June 30, 2015, Laureate incurred rent expense of $1,384 and received sublease income of $437.
Switzerland
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we have recorded royalty receivables of $1,023 and $925, respectively, from Les Roches Jin Jiang, a 50% equity-method investee that operates a hospitality and culinary institution in China. In addition, we have recorded exchange student payables of $319 to Les Roches Jin Jiang as of December 31, 2015.
Note 18. Benefit Plans
Domestic Defined Contribution Retirement Plan
Laureate sponsors a defined contribution retirement plan in the United States under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The plan offers employees a traditional "pre-tax" 401(k) option and an "after-tax" Roth 401(k) option, providing the employees with choices and flexibility for their retirement savings. All employees are eligible to participate in the plan after meeting certain service requirements. Participants may contribute up to a maximum of 80% of their annual compensation and 100% of their annual cash bonus, as defined and subject to certain annual limitations. Laureate may, at its discretion, make matching contributions that are allocated to eligible participants. The matching on the "after-tax" Roth contributions is the same as the matching on the traditional "pre-tax" contributions. Laureate made discretionary contributions in cash to this plan of $4,501, $4,174 and $3,823 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
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Note 18. Benefit Plans (Continued)
Non-United States Pension Benefit Plans
Laureate has defined benefit pension (pension) plans at several non-United States institutions. The projected benefit obligation (PBO) is determined as the actuarial present value as of the measurement date of all benefits calculated by the pension benefit formula for employee service rendered. The amount of benefits to be paid depends on a number of future events incorporated into the pension benefit formula, including estimates of the average life expectancy of employees/survivors and average years of service rendered. The PBO is measured based on assumptions concerning future interest rates and future employee compensation levels. The expected net periodic benefit cost for Laureate in each year can vary from the subsequent year's actual net periodic benefit cost due to the acquisition of entities with plans, plan amendments, and the impacts of foreign currency translation. The combined unfunded status of these plans is reported as a component of Other long-term liabilities.
The fair value of plan assets relates to insurance contracts for our Switzerland institutions' plans. The fair value measurements were based on inputs that are not observable to active markets and, as such, would be deemed a "Level 3" fair value measurement as defined in Note 20, Fair Value Measurement.
The net periodic benefit cost for those entities with pension plans was as follows:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Service cost |
$ | 6,021 | $ | 5,229 | $ | 5,658 | ||||
Interest |
1,387 | 1,805 | 1,585 | |||||||
Expected return on assets |
(400 | ) | (765 | ) | (546 | ) | ||||
Amortization of prior service costs |
903 | 278 | 428 | |||||||
Recognition of actuarial items |
(27 | ) | 173 | 239 | ||||||
Curtailment gain |
| | (551 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Net periodic benefit cost |
$ | 7,884 | $ | 6,720 | $ | 6,813 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
The estimated net periodic benefit cost for the year ending December 31, 2016 is approximately $7,492.
The weighted average assumptions were as follows:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Discount rate for obligations |
0.75 - 10.10% | 1.00 - 9.75% | 2.25 - 10.50% | |||
Discount rate for net periodic benefit costs |
1.00 - 9.75% | 2.25 - 10.50% | 1.75 - 9.75% | |||
Rate of compensation increases |
2.00 - 13.00% | 2.00 - 14.00% | 2.25 - 11.75% | |||
Expected return in plan assets |
0.75% | 1.00% | 2.25% |
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Note 18. Benefit Plans (Continued)
The change in PBO, change in plan assets and funded (unfunded) status for those entities with pension plans were as follows:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Change in PBO: |
|||||||
PBO at beginning of year |
$ | 67,149 | $ | 56,836 | |||
Service cost |
6,021 | 5,229 | |||||
Interest |
1,387 | 1,805 | |||||
Actuarial loss (gain) |
(173 | ) | 9,132 | ||||
Benefits paid by plan |
(3,200 | ) | (1,648 | ) | |||
Participant contributions |
2,712 | 2,361 | |||||
Administrative expenses |
(917 | ) | (806 | ) | |||
Foreign exchange |
(2,562 | ) | (5,760 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
PBO at end of year |
$ | 70,417 | $ | 67,149 | |||
Change in plan assets: |
|||||||
Fair value of assets at beginning of year |
$ | 37,462 | $ | 35,848 | |||
Actual return on assets |
1,208 | 710 | |||||
Employer contributions |
3,465 | 2,995 | |||||
Participant contributions |
2,712 | 2,361 | |||||
Benefits paid by plan |
(2,025 | ) | 87 | ||||
Administrative expenses |
(917 | ) | (806 | ) | |||
Foreign exchange |
95 | (3,733 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | |
Fair value of assets at end of year |
$ | 42,000 | $ | 37,462 | |||
| | | | | | | |
Unfunded status |
$ | 28,417 | $ | 29,687 | |||
Actuarial loss |
$ | 11,011 | $ | 12,562 | |||
Prior service cost |
164 | 1,628 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Amount recognized in AOCI, pre-tax |
$ | 11,175 | $ | 14,190 | |||
Accumulated benefit obligation |
$ | 58,465 | $ | 57,385 |
The Company estimates that employer contributions to plan assets during 2016 will be approximately the same as during the year ended December 31, 2015. The estimated future benefit payments for the next 10 fiscal years are as follows:
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Note 18. Benefit Plans (Continued)
Laureate Education, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan
Laureate maintains a deferred compensation plan to provide certain executive employees and members of our Board of Directors with the opportunity to defer their salaries, bonuses, and Board of Directors retainers and fees in order to accumulate funds for retirement on a pre-tax basis. Participants are 100% vested in their respective deferrals and the earnings thereon. Laureate does not make contributions to the plan or guarantee returns on the investments. Although plan investments and participant deferrals are kept in a separate trust account, the assets remain Laureate's property and are subject to claims of general creditors.
The plan assets are recorded at fair value with the earnings (losses) on those assets recorded in Other income (expense). The plan liabilities are recorded at the contractual value, with the changes in value recorded in operating expenses. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, plan assets included in Other assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets were $10,139 and $10,561, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the plan liabilities reported in our Consolidated Balance Sheets were $14,995 and $15,316, respectively, which are almost entirely noncurrent and recorded in Other long-term liabilities.
Supplemental Employment Retention Agreement
In November 2007, Laureate established a Supplemental Employment Retention Agreement (SERA) for one of its executive officers. Since Laureate achieved certain Pro-rata EBITDA targets, as defined in the SERA, from 2007 to 2011 and this officer remained employed through December 31, 2012, this individual receives an annual SERA payment of $1,500. The SERA provides annuity payments to the executive over the course of his lifetime, and annuity payments would be made to his spouse for the course of her life in the event of the executive's death on or prior to December 31, 2026. The SERA is administered through a Rabbi Trust, and its assets are subject to the claims of creditors. Laureate purchases annuities to provide funds for our future SERA obligations.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the total SERA assets were $10,336 and $12,010, respectively, which were recorded in Other assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the total SERA liability recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets was $16,380 and $17,396, respectively, of which $1,500 and $1,500, respectively, was recorded in Accrued compensation and benefits, and $14,880 and $15,896, respectively, was recorded in Deferred compensation.
Mexico Profit-Sharing
As explained in Note 15, Income Taxes, the Fiscal Reform that was enacted in Mexico in December 2013 subjects Laureate's Mexico entities to corporate income tax and also requires them to comply with profit-sharing legislation, whereby 10% of the taxable income of Laureate's Mexican entities will be set aside as employee compensation. As a result of the Fiscal Reform, the Company recorded a net increase in operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2013 of $8,389. Also in 2013, the Company had established an asset for a deferred benefit related to this matter. During 2014, the Company revised its estimate regarding the realizability of this asset and, accordingly, recorded a net decrease in operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2014 of $22,755. During 2015, the Company revised its estimate regarding the realizability of this asset and, accordingly, recorded a net increase in operating expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 of $937.
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Note 18. Benefit Plans (Continued)
Labor Unions
Certain Laureate employees at Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain (UEM), UVM Mexico, Institut Français de Gestion (IFG) and all of the Brazilian institutions are covered by labor agreements.
The UEM agreement was negotiated between a national union and an employer association committee representing all of the private, for-profit institutions in the country. That agreement remained legally applicable until February 2010, when negotiations for the renewal of the UEM agreement were completed. We are currently operating under the February 2010 agreement.
Substantially all of the faculty members at UVM Mexico are represented by a union. The labor agreement governs salaries, benefits and working conditions for all union members at UVM Mexico.
The IFG agreement governs certain labor conditions, such as vacation and salary levels. The agreement has no defined expiration date, but can be nullified by either party.
As required by Brazilian Labor Law, all of Brazil's employees are represented by a union and the institutions are part of an employers' union. These two groups negotiate standard city or regional contracts and it is the responsibility of our Brazil institutions to comply with these agreements. In some cases where, for example, there is no city-wide or regional labor union to conduct the negotiation, the institutions and labor union have agreed to permit the local institution to negotiate directly with the respective union. Such union agreements typically have a duration of one year.
Laureate considers itself to be in good standing with these unions and with all of its employees.
Note 19. Legal and Regulatory Matters
Laureate is subject to legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. In management's opinion, we have adequate legal defenses, insurance coverage, and/or accrued liabilities with respect to the eventuality of these actions. Management believes that any settlement would not have a material impact on Laureate's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
United States Postsecondary Education Regulation
The Company, through its GPS segment, operates five postsecondary educational institutions in the United States (U.S. Institutions). The U.S. Institutions are subject to extensive regulation by federal and state governmental entities as well as accrediting bodies. The Higher Education Act (HEA), and the regulations promulgated thereunder by the DOE, subject the U.S. Institutions to ongoing regulatory review and scrutiny. The U.S. Institutions must also comply with a myriad of requirements in order to participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs under the HEA (Title IV programs).
In particular, to participate in the Title IV programs under currently effective DOE regulations, an institution must be authorized to offer its educational programs by the relevant state agencies in the states in which it is located, accredited by an accrediting agency that is recognized by the DOE, and also certified by the DOE. In determining whether to certify an institution, the DOE closely examines an institution's administrative and financial capability to administer Title IV program funds.
Pursuant to DOE requirements, the U.S. Institutions conduct periodic reviews and audits of their compliance with the Title IV program requirements. None of the U.S. Institutions have been notified
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Note 19. Legal and Regulatory Matters (Continued)
of any significant noncompliance that might result in loss of its certification to participate in the Title IV programs. Management believes that there are no matters of regulatory noncompliance that could have a material effect on the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.
Changes in or new interpretations of applicable laws, DOE rules, or regulations could have a material adverse effect on the U.S. Institutions' eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs. On October 29, 2010, the DOE published a Final Rule amending its regulations in a number of areas related to an institution's eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs. Most of these regulatory changes became effective July 1, 2011, with others becoming effective as of July 1, 2012. On October 30, 2014, the DOE issued a final rule establishing specific standards for purposes of the HEA requirement that, to be eligible for Title IV program funds, certain programs of study prepare students for "gainful employment in a recognized occupation," which became effective July 1, 2015. The Company is currently evaluating this rule and determining its impact on our operations.
Between February and May 2014, the DOE convened a negotiated rulemaking committee to prepare proposed regulations to address program integrity and improvement issues for the Title IV programs ("Program Integrity Rulemaking") including but not limited to updating eligibility standards for student and parent borrowers under the federal Direct PLUS loan program, cash management of Title IV funds, state authorization for programs offered through distance education and state authorization for foreign locations of institutions. As this negotiated rulemaking committee did not reach consensus on all of the issues before it, on August 8, 2014, the DOE published a proposed rule for public comment regarding federal Direct PLUS loan program eligibility, following which a final rule was issued on October 23, 2014 and that took effect July 1, 2015. On October 30, 2015, the DOE published final program integrity regulations regarding cash management of Title IV funds, the eligibility of repeated coursework for purposes of a student's enrollment status and receipt of Title IV funds, and the measurement of programs in credit hours versus clock hours for Title IV purposes. A majority of the provisions of the regulations will take effect on July 1, 2016, and others will take effect on later dates in 2016 and 2017. The final regulations concerning cash management require, among other things, that institutions subject to heightened cash monitoring procedures for disbursements of Title IV funds must, effective July 1, 2016, pay to students any applicable Title IV credit balances before requesting such funds from the DOE.
During a separate negotiated rulemaking committee process that occurred between January and April 2014, the DOE proposed draft regulatory language to implement changes to the Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act ("Clery Act") required by March 2013 amendments to the Violence Against Women Act. At the final meeting of the negotiated rulemaking committee on April 1, 2014, the committee reached consensus on the Department's proposed regulations, which were subsequently published for a 30-day public comment period on June 20, 2014. On October 20, 2014, the DOE published the final rule amending its Clery Act regulations, which is effective July 1, 2015. Between February and April 2015, the DOE convened another negotiated rulemaking committee to prepare regulations to establish a new Pay as You Earn repayment plan for those not covered by the existing Pay as You Earn Repayment Plan in the Federal Direct Loan Program, and also to establish procedures for Federal Family Education Loan Program loan holders to use to identify U.S. military servicemembers who may be eligible for a lower interest rate on their federal student loans under the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act. The committee reached
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Note 19. Legal and Regulatory Matters (Continued)
consensus during its final session on a set of proposed regulations. The DOE published proposed regulations for comment on July 9, 2015, and on October 30, 2015, issued final regulations. The Pay as You Earn Repayment Plan provisions will take effect in December 2015 and a majority of the remaining provisions of the regulations will take effect on July 1, 2016. Also, on August 20, 2015, the DOE published notice of a new negotiated rulemaking process to clarify how direct loan borrowers who believe they were defrauded by their institutions can seek relief and to strengthen provisions to hold institutions accountable for their wrongdoing that results in loan discharges. This negotiated rulemaking committee held its first session January 12-14, 2016, with additional negotiating sessions scheduled to occur February 17-19, 2016 and March 16-18, 2016. In September 2015, President Obama announced the DOE's launch of a revised "College Scorecard" website that provides access to national data on college costs, graduation rates, debt and post-college earnings, including data regarding our U.S. Institutions. In addition, in November 2015, the DOE issued comparative data regarding DOE-recognized accreditation agencies and the institutions they accredit, which include median debt, repayment rates, completion rates and median earnings. To the extent such data gives rise to negative perceptions of our U.S. Institutions or of proprietary educational institutions generally, our reputation and business could be materially adversely affected.
We are unable to predict what additional actions the DOE may take, or the effect of its rulemaking processes on our business. Additionally, the United States Congress has initiated a series of hearings regarding its prospective reauthorization of the HEA and potential changes to the Title IV programs. Any new or changed regulations from the DOE, or changes to the HEA and Title IV programs, could reduce enrollments, impact tuition prices, increase the cost of doing business and otherwise have additional material adverse effects on the financial condition, cash flows and operations of some or all of the U.S. Institutions.
The proprietary education industry is experiencing broad-based, intensifying scrutiny in the form of increased investigations and enforcement actions. In October 2014, the DOE announced that it will be leading an interagency task force composed of the DOE, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (the FTC), the U.S. Departments of Justice, Treasury and Veterans Affairs, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and numerous state attorneys general. The FTC has also recently issued civil investigative demands to several other U.S. proprietary educational institutions, which require the institutions to provide documents and information related to the advertising, marketing, or sale of secondary or postsecondary educational products or services, or educational accreditation products or services. The CFPB has also initiated a series of investigations against other U.S. proprietary educational institutions alleging that certain institutions' lending practices violate various consumer finance laws. In addition, attorneys general in several states have become more active in enforcing consumer protection laws, especially related to recruiting practices and the financing of education at proprietary educational institutions. In addition, several state attorneys general have recently partnered with the CFPB to review industry practices. If our past or current business practices are found to violate applicable consumer protection laws, or if we are found to have made misrepresentations to our current or prospective students about our educational programs, we could be subject to monetary fines or penalties and possible limitations on the manner in which we conduct our business.
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Note 19. Legal and Regulatory Matters (Continued)
Brazilian Regulation
Through our LatAm segment, we operate 13 post-secondary education institutions in Brazil. The responsibility of the federal government in regulating, monitoring and evaluating higher education institutions and undergraduate programs is exercised by the Brazilian Ministry of Education (the MEC), along with a number of related federal agencies and offices. The MEC is the highest authority of the higher education system in Brazil and has the power to: regulate and monitor the federal system of higher education in terms of its quality and standards, confirm decisions regarding the accreditation and reaccreditation of institutions of higher education; confirm evaluation criteria; confirm regulatory proposals; and issue and implement rules that govern the delivery of higher education services, including aspects like adherence by higher education institutions to the rules for federal education subsidy programs like Pronatec, Prouni and the FIES program, through one or more of which all of our institutions enroll students. Additionally, Brazilian law requires that almost all change-of-control transactions by Laureate receive the prior approval of the Brazilian antitrust authority, the CADE.
As noted above, Laureate's institutions in Brazil participate in the FIES program, which targets students from low socio-economic backgrounds enrolled at private post-secondary institutions. Eligible students receive loans with below-market interest rates that are required to be repaid after an 18-month grace period upon graduation. FIES pays participating educational institutions tax credits which can be used to pay certain federal taxes and social contributions. FIES also repurchases excess credits for cash. As part of the FIES program, our institutions are obligated to pay up to 15% of any student default. The default obligation increases to up to 30% of any student default if the institution is not current with its federal taxes. FIES withholds between 1% and 3% of tuition paid to the institutions to cover any potential student defaults ("holdback"). If the student pays 100% of their loan, the withheld amounts will be paid to the participating education institutions.
Since February 2014, all new students who participate in FIES must also enroll in the Fundo de Garantia de Operações de Crédito Educativo (FGEDUC). FGEDUC is a government-mandated, private guarantee fund administered by the Bank of Brazil that allows participating educational institutions to insure themselves for 90% (or 13.5% of 15%) of their losses related to student defaults under the FIES program. The cost of the program is 5.63% of a student's full tuition. Similar to FIES, the administrator withholds 5.63% of a student's full tuition to fund the guarantee by FGEDUC.
As of December 31, 2015, approximately 21% of our total students in Brazil participate in FIES, representing approximately 26% of our 2015 Brazil revenues.
In December 2014, the MEC along with FNDE, the agency that directly administers FIES, announced several significant rule changes to the FIES program beginning in 2015. These changes limit the number of new participants and the annual budget of the program, and delay payments to post-secondary institutions with more than twenty thousand FIES students that would otherwise have been due in 2015. The first change implements a minimum score on the high school achievement exam in order to enroll in the program. The second change alters the schedule for the payment and repurchase of credits as well as limits the opportunities for post-secondary institutions to sell any unused credits such that there is a significant delay between the time the post-secondary institution provides the educational services to the students and the time it receives payment from the government for 2015. In addition to these rule changes, FNDE implemented a policy for current students' loan
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Note 19. Legal and Regulatory Matters (Continued)
renewals for 2015, which provides that returning students may not finance an amount that increases by more than 6.41%, which was later increased to 8.5%, from the amount financed in the previous semester, regardless of any increases in tuition or in the number of courses in which the student is enrolled, a policy that we believe violates the applicable law. For 2016, MEC announced that there will be no limitation to the tuition increase. Moreover, in the first and second intakes of 2015, the online enrollment and re-enrollment system that all post-secondary institutions and students must use to access the program has experienced numerous technical and programming faults that have also interfered with the enrollment and re-enrollment process. Numerous challenges to these changes and requests for judicial relief from the system's faults have been filed in the Brazilian courts, most of which are pending. The 2016 enrollment and re-enrollment schedule has been released and, so far, the system has not presented any major issues.
In October 2015, FNDE initiated negotiations with the Brazilian Association of Post-Secondary Institutions (ABRAES) aiming at settling the FIES payments that were delayed in 2015. The proposal from MEC, which was accepted by ABRAES, was to divide the total amount due in three annual installments to be paid one fourth in 2016, one fourth in 2017 and half in 2018. The parties also agreed that the yearly installments will be paid in June of each year, and the amounts will be adjusted to reflect an inflation index (the IPCA) from the date of the respective maturity until the effective payment. FNDE also agreed not to take any discriminatory measures in the future related to the payment due to the post-secondary institutions, and not to impose any limitation on the issuance of certificates and repurchase of credits due to the post-secondary institutions, which basically means that all certificates will be issued and repurchased in their respective fiscal years, except for those intended to be issued and repurchased in December, which will be paid in January of the following year. The parties executed the settlement agreement on January 28, 2016 and it was approved by the office of the Attorney General of Brazil on February 3, 2016. Our post-secondary institutions in Brazil are associated with ABRAES and signed the settlement agreement; therefore, it will apply to us. The long-term portion of the FIES receivables are recorded in Notes receivable, net as of December 31, 2015.
MEC released new FIES regulations in July 2015, which supplement and amend rules that were previously released. Among other changes, these regulations revised the rules for student eligibility and classification, higher education institution participation and selection of the vacancies that will be offered to the students.
On December 11, 2015, MEC issued new FIES regulations (Normative Ordinance No. 13), which supersede in all significant aspects the rules released in July 2015. Normative Ordinance No. 13 defined and clarified some rules for student eligibility and classification, higher education institution participation and selection of the vacancies that will be offered to the students in the first intake of 2016.
Among other changes, it created a "waiting list" concept for students not selected in the first selection call. It also instituted a rule that allows the remaining vacancies that were not filled in by the waiting list students to be redistributed among other programs of the post-secondary institution.
The rules for student eligibility are to have a gross household income of not more than 2.5 times the minimum wage per capita and to have taken the National High School Proficiency Exam at least
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(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 19. Legal and Regulatory Matters (Continued)
once since 2010, with a minimum score of 450 points, and have a score greater than zero in the test of writing.
Regarding the participation of post-secondary institutions in FIES, institutions must sign a participation agreement that contains their proposal of the number of vacancies offered and the following information per shift (morning, evening) and campus location: (i) tuition gross amount for the entire course, including all semesters; (ii) total tuition gross amount per course for the first semester, which must reflect at least a five percent discount to the course list price; and (iii) the number of vacancies that will be offered through the FIES selection process. Also, only courses with scores of 3, 4 or 5 in the National Higher Education Evaluation System (SINAES) evaluation are eligible to receive FIES students.
All of our Brazil Higher Education Institutions (HEI) adhere to Prouni. Prouni is a federal program of tax benefits designed to increase higher education participation rates by making college more affordable.
HEI may join Prouni by signing a term of membership valid for ten years and renewable for the same period. This term of membership shall include the number of scholarships to be offered in each program, unit and class, and a percentage of scholarships for degree programs to be given to indigenous and Afro-Brazilians. To join Prouni, an educational institution must maintain a certain relationship between the number of scholarships granted to regular paying students. The relationship between the number of scholarships and regular paying students is tested annually. If this relationship is not observed during a given academic year due to the departure of students, the institution must adjust the number of scholarships in a proportional manner the following academic year.
Prouni provides private HEI with an exemption from certain federal taxes in exchange for granting partial and full scholarships to low-income students enrolled in traditional and technology undergraduate programs. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, our HEI granted Prouni scholarships that resulted in tax credits of approximately $55,000, $49,400 and $34,300, respectively.
Note 20. Fair Value Measurement
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to settle a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Accounting standards utilize a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels, which are described below:
These levels are not necessarily an indication of the risk of liquidity associated with the financial assets or liabilities disclosed. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement, as required under ASC 820-10.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 20. Fair Value Measurement (Continued)
Laureate's deferred compensation plan assets, contingent consideration and derivative instruments are its only assets and liabilities that are adjusted to fair value each reporting period.
Deferred compensation plan assets Laureate has a deferred compensation plan that is offered to certain executive employees and members of our Board of Directors. The plan assets primarily consist of variable universal life insurance contracts. These insurance contracts are recorded at their estimated fair value based on the trust administrator's determination of the insurance contracts' total unit value, which is based on unadjusted third-party Net Asset Value (NAV) pricing information from the underlying funds in which the insurance premiums are invested. Laureate has concluded that the fair values of these assets are based on unobservable inputs, or Level 3 assumptions.
Contingent consideration Certain acquisitions require the payment of contingent purchase consideration depending on whether specified future events occur or conditions are met in periods subsequent to the acquisition date. Laureate records such contingent consideration at fair value on the acquisition date with subsequent adjustments recognized in operations. The contingent consideration liability recorded at December 31, 2013 is related to the 2010 acquisition of NHU LLC. As part of that acquisition, Laureate agreed that the noncontrolling interest holder's 20% interest in NHU LLC will not be diluted as a result of any additional equity capital we invest in NHU LLC, up to a limit of $5,000. We recorded a liability for this contingent arrangement as we deemed it probable that we would make an additional capital contribution. During the year ended December 31, 2014, Laureate settled this liability as a capital contribution.
Derivative instruments Laureate uses derivative instruments as economic hedges for bank debt and interest rate risk. Their values are derived using valuation models commonly used for derivatives. These valuation models require a variety of inputs, including contractual terms, market prices, forward-price yield curves, notional quantities, measures of volatility and correlations of such inputs. Our valuation models also reflect measurements for credit risk. Laureate concluded that the fair values of our derivatives are based on unobservable inputs, or Level 3 assumptions. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the Company's derivative instruments is our own credit risk. Holding other inputs constant, a significant increase (decrease) in our own credit risk would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement for the Company's derivative instruments.
Laureate's financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 were as follows:
|
Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assets |
|||||||||||||
Deferred compensation plan assets |
$ | 10,139 | $ | | $ | | $ | 10,139 | |||||
Derivative instruments |
238 | | | 238 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets |
$ | 10,377 | $ | | $ | | $ | 10,377 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liabilities |
|||||||||||||
Derivative instruments |
$ | 20,014 | $ | | $ | | $ | 20,014 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
F-119
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 20. Fair Value Measurement (Continued)
Laureate's financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2014 were as follows:
|
Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assets |
|||||||||||||
Deferred compensation plan assets |
$ | 10,561 | $ | | $ | | $ | 10,561 | |||||
Liabilities |
|||||||||||||
Derivative instruments |
$ | 24,255 | $ | | $ | | $ | 24,255 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The changes in our Level 3 instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the year ended December 31, 2015 were as follows:
|
Deferred
Compensation Plan Assets |
Derivative
Instruments |
Total Level 3
Assets (Liabilities) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balance December 31, 2014 |
$ | 10,561 | $ | (24,255 | ) | $ | (13,694 | ) | ||
Losses included in earnings: |
||||||||||
Unrealized losses, net |
(91 | ) | (1,988 | ) | (2,079 | ) | ||||
Realized losses, net |
| (619 | ) | (619 | ) | |||||
Included in other comprehensive income |
| 5,629 | 5,629 | |||||||
Purchases and settlements: |
||||||||||
Purchases |
104 | | 104 | |||||||
Settlements |
(435 | ) | 619 | 184 | ||||||
Currency translation adjustment |
| 838 | 838 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance December 31, 2015 |
$ | 10,139 | $ | (19,776 | ) | $ | (9,637 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Unrealized losses, net relating to assets and liabilities held at December 31, 2015 |
$ | (91 | ) | $ | (1,988 | ) | $ | (2,079 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
F-120
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 20. Fair Value Measurement (Continued)
The changes in our Level 3 instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the year ended December 31, 2014 were as follows:
|
Deferred
Compensation Plan Assets |
Contingent
Consideration |
Derivative
Instruments |
Total Level 3
Assets (Liabilities) |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balance December 31, 2013 |
$ | 10,227 | $ | (1,000 | ) | $ | (53,845 | ) | $ | (44,618 | ) | ||
Gains (losses) included in earnings: |
|||||||||||||
Unrealized gains, net |
570 | | 29,801 | 30,371 | |||||||||
Realized losses, net |
| | (32,902 | ) | (32,902 | ) | |||||||
Included in other comprehensive income |
| | (733 | ) | (733 | ) | |||||||
Purchases and settlements: |
|||||||||||||
Purchases |
170 | | | 170 | |||||||||
Settlements |
(406 | ) | 1,000 | 32,902 | 33,496 | ||||||||
Currency translation adjustment |
| | 522 | 522 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance December 31, 2014 |
$ | 10,561 | $ | | $ | (24,255 | ) | $ | (13,694 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Unrealized gains, net relating to assets and liabilities held at December 31, 2014 |
$ | 570 | $ | | $ | 29,801 | $ | 30,371 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The following table presents quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs utilized in the fair value measurements of the Company's assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2015:
|
Fair Value at
December 31, 2015 |
Valuation
Technique |
Unobservable
Input |
Range/Input
Value |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Derivative instrumentscross currency and interest rate swaps |
$ | 19,776 | Discounted Cash Flow | Own credit risk | 12.56 | % |
Note 21. Restructuring Costs
During the fourth quarter of 2015, Laureate approved a plan of restructuring, which primarily included workforce reductions in order to reduce operating costs in response to overcapacity at certain locations. The Company recorded the estimated cost of the restructuring of $15,476, which consisted of employee severance, in Direct costs in the 2015 Consolidated Statement of Operations. Of the total restructuring liability recorded during 2015, $10,912 represented one-time employee termination benefits recognized in accordance with ASC 420, "Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations" and $4,564 represented contractual employee termination costs recognized in accordance with ASC 712, "Compensation-Nonretirement Postemployment Benefits." We paid $5,810 during the fourth quarter of 2015, and we expect that the remaining liability of $10,233 at December 31, 2015, after currency adjustments of $567, will be paid during the first half of 2016. the restructuring liability is included in Accrued expenses in our December 31, 2015 Consolidated Balance Sheet.
F-121
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 21. Restructuring Costs (Continued)
The following is a summary of the restructuring costs by reportable segment for the year ended December 31, 2015:
|
LatAm | Europe | GPS | AMEA | Corporate | Total | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Employee severanceone-time termination |
$ | 3,170 | $ | 1,944 | $ | 3,154 | $ | 2,360 | $ | 284 | $ | 10,912 | |||||||
Employee severancecontractual termination |
2,273 | 2,190 | | 101 | | 4,564 | |||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total severance costs |
$ | 5,443 | $ | 4,134 | $ | 3,154 | $ | 2,461 | $ | 284 | $ | 15,476 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The following is a rollforward of the restructuring liability from December 31, 2014 through December 31, 2015:
|
Balance at
December 31, 2014 |
Expense
Recognized |
Cash
Payments |
Currency
Adjustments |
Balance at
December 31, 2015 |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Employee severanceone time termination |
$ | | $ | 10,912 | $ | (5,049 | ) | $ | 396 | $ | 6,259 | |||||
Employee severancecontractual termination |
| 4,564 | (761 | ) | 171 | 3,974 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | | $ | 15,476 | $ | (5,810 | ) | $ | 567 | $ | 10,233 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Note 22. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
The following quarterly financial information reflects all normal recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the results of the interim periods. Earnings per share are computed independently for each of the quarters presented. Per share amounts may not sum due to rounding. Summarized quarterly operating data were as follows:
|
2015 Quarters Ended | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Per share amounts in whole dollars
|
December 31 | September 30 | June 30 | March 31 | |||||||||
Revenues |
$ | 1,150,503 | $ | 985,395 | $ | 1,270,177 | $ | 885,584 | |||||
Operating costs and expenses |
1,025,572 | 952,076 | 1,037,537 | 939,517 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income (loss) |
124,931 | 33,319 | 232,640 | (53,933 | ) | ||||||||
(Loss) income from continuing operations |
(16,140 | ) | (130,397 | ) | 56,932 | (226,240 | ) | ||||||
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |
(527 | ) | 1,785 | (1,871 | ) | 210 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net (loss) income attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
(16,667 | ) | (128,612 | ) | 55,061 | (226,030 | ) | ||||||
Earnings (loss) per share: |
|||||||||||||
Basic and diluted net (loss) income per share attributable to common stockholders |
$ | (0.16 | ) | $ | (0.96 | ) | $ | 0.40 | $ | (1.72 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
F-122
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 22. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) (Continued)
|
2014 Quarters Ended | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Per share amounts in whole dollars
|
December 31 | September 30 | June 30 | March 31 | |||||||||
Revenues |
$ | 1,329,209 | $ | 968,859 | $ | 1,238,530 | $ | 878,084 | |||||
Operating costs and expenses |
1,208,313 | 1,004,490 | 1,001,014 | 901,365 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income (loss) |
120,896 | (35,631 | ) | 237,516 | (23,281 | ) | |||||||
Income (loss) from continuing operations |
47,632 | (195,700 | ) | 109,049 | (123,434 | ) | |||||||
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |
(670 | ) | 2,270 | (840 | ) | 3,402 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
46,962 | (193,430 | ) | 108,209 | (120,032 | ) | |||||||
Earnings (loss) per share: |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders |
$ | 0.36 | $ | (1.48 | ) | $ | 0.80 | $ | (0.92 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Note 23. Other Financial Information
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
AOCI in our Consolidated Balance Sheets includes the accumulated translation adjustments arising from translation of foreign subsidiaries' financial statements, the unrealized losses on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, and the accumulated net gains or losses that are not recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost for our minimum pension liability. The components of these balances were as follows:
|
2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
December 31,
|
Laureate
Education, Inc. |
Noncontrolling
Interests |
Total |
Laureate
Education, Inc. |
Noncontrolling
Interests |
Total | |||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation (loss) gain |
$ | (928,421 | ) | $ | (2,420 | ) | $ | (930,841 | ) | $ | (546,190 | ) | $ | 1,659 | $ | (544,531 | ) | ||
Unrealized losses on derivatives |
(13,251 | ) | | (13,251 | ) | (18,880 | ) | | (18,880 | ) | |||||||||
Minimum pension liability adjustment |
(11,005 | ) | | (11,005 | ) | (13,971 | ) | | (13,971 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |
$ | (952,677 | ) | $ | (2,420 | ) | $ | (955,097 | ) | $ | (579,041 | ) | $ | 1,659 | $ | (577,382 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Laureate reports changes in AOCI in our Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity. See also Note 14, Derivative Instruments, and Note 18, Benefit Plans, for the effects of reclassifications out of AOCI into net income.
F-123
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 23. Other Financial Information (Continued)
Foreign Currency Exchange of Certain Intercompany Loans
Laureate periodically reviews its investment and cash repatriation strategies to ensure that we meet our liquidity requirements in the United States. In September 2009, we made a significant change to our cash repatriation strategy involving the use of certain intercompany loans to repatriate cash. As a result, we could no longer designate as indefinitely invested $1,728,710 and $1,562,111 of intercompany loans as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Following the change in designation, Laureate recognized currency exchange adjustments attributable to these intercompany loans as Foreign currency exchange loss, net, of $(119,473), $(96,617) and $(8,417) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Supplemental Schedule for Transactions with Noncontrolling Interest Holders
Transactions with noncontrolling interest holders had the following effects on the equity attributable to Laureate:
For the years ended December 31,
|
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Net loss attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
$ | (316,248 | ) | $ | (158,291 | ) | $ | (69,678 | ) | |
Decrease in equity for purchases of noncontrolling interests |
(1,554 | ) | (4,498 | ) | (87,970 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Change from net loss attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. and net transfers to the noncontrolling interests |
$ | (317,802 | ) | $ | (162,789 | ) | $ | (157,648 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Write Off of Accounts and Notes Receivable
During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, Laureate wrote off approximately $83,000, $94,000 and $85,000, respectively, of fully reserved accounts and notes receivable that were deemed uncollectible.
TurkeyDonation
During the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an operating expense of $18,000 for a donation to a foundation for an initiative supported by the Turkish government. This donation was made by our network institution in Turkey to support our ongoing operations.
Note 24. Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Cash interest payments were $351,430, $321,015 and $292,766 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Net income tax cash payments were $108,295, $68,676 and $95,767 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
On November 6, 2015, Laureate's Board of Directors declared a cash distribution totaling $18,975, which represented approximately $0.14264 per share of common stock. The cash distribution was paid from capital in excess of par value, following shareholders' approval.
On December 12, 2014, Laureate's Board of Directors authorized the declaration and payment of a cash distribution totaling $5,271, which represented approximately $0.04 per share of common stock,
F-124
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 24. Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Continued)
subject to shareholder approval as required by our bylaws. The cash distribution was paid from capital in excess of par value on December 31, 2014, following shareholders' approval.
Total cash dividends paid during the year ended December 31, 2013 were $22,872. In February 2013, Laureate's Board of Directors authorized the declaration and payment of a cash distribution totaling $12,133, which represented approximately $0.092 per share of common stock, subject to shareholder approval as required by our bylaws. The cash distribution was paid from capital in excess of par value on February 27, 2013, following shareholders' approval. In August 2013, Laureate's Board of Directors authorized the declaration and payment of a cash distribution totaling $5,265, which represented approximately $0.04 per share of common stock, subject to shareholder approval as required by our bylaws. The cash distribution was paid from capital in excess of par value on August 29, 2013, following shareholders' approval. In December 2013, Laureate's Board of Directors authorized the declaration and payment of a cash distribution totaling $5,474, which represented approximately $0.04 per share of common stock, subject to shareholder approval as required by our bylaws. The cash distribution was paid from capital in excess of par value on December 30, 2013, following shareholders' approval.
In November 2012, we received $29,138 of interest paid by the lenders on issuance of the Senior Notes due 2019, in order to match the timing of the semi-annual interest payment dates of the Senior Notes due 2019. This amount was disbursed to the lenders at the interest payment date of March 1, 2013.
Note 25. Subsequent Events
We have evaluated events occurring subsequent to our balance sheet date through March 25, 2016, which is the date that these Consolidated Financial Statements were issued. Certain subsequent events are discussed elsewhere in the Consolidated Financial Statements where relevant.
Sale of Glion and Les Roches Hospitality Management Schools
On March 15, 2016, we signed an agreement with Eurazeo, a publicly traded French investment company, under which Eurazeo acquired Glion and Les Roches from the Company for a total transaction value of CHF 380,000 (approximately $385,000 at the signing date), subject to certain adjustments. The sale will include the operations of Glion in Switzerland and the United Kingdom, and the operations of Les Roches in Switzerland and the United States, as well as LRG in Switzerland, Les Roches Jin Jiang in China, RACA in Jordan and Les Roches Marbella in Spain. Closing of the transaction is subject to regulatory approvals, including by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, and other customary conditions and provisions. Following the closing, Laureate will continue to provide certain back-office services to Glion and Les Roches, and programs of those schools will continue on various campuses of Laureate throughout the world.
In connection with the transaction described above, on March 15, 2016 we also entered into a CHF to USD deal-contingent foreign exchange forward contract, in order to lock in the amount of USD proceeds that we will receive upon closing of the transaction. The notional amount of the forward contract was CHF 320,000. The contract matures on November 30, 2016 and allows for settlement at
F-125
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 25. Subsequent Events (Continued)
any point until that date at the exchange rates stated in the contract. For accounting purposes, this derivative was not designated as a hedging instrument.
UDLA Chile Reaccreditation
On March 16, 2016, UDLA Chile was notified that it had been reaccredited for three years, from March 2016 to March 2019.
Exercise of Put Option
On March 24, 2016, the noncontrolling interest holders of St. Augustine notified Laureate of their election to exercise their put option, which will require Laureate to purchase the remaining noncontrolling interest of 20%. The exercise of this put option is not expected to have a material net impact on our financial statements or our liquidity. See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies, for further description of the put option.
F-126
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Operations
IN THOUSANDS
For the nine months ended September 30,
|
2016 | 2015 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(Unaudited)
|
(Unaudited)
|
|||||
Revenues |
$ | 3,068,299 | $ | 3,141,156 | |||
Costs and expenses: |
|||||||
Direct costs |
2,697,820 | 2,795,027 | |||||
General and administrative expenses |
158,566 | 134,103 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Operating income |
211,913 | 212,026 | |||||
Interest income |
13,305 | 9,924 | |||||
Interest expense |
(314,383 | ) | (300,145 | ) | |||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
(17,363 | ) | (1,263 | ) | |||
Loss on derivatives |
(8,235 | ) | (2,618 | ) | |||
Other (expense) income, net |
(964 | ) | 1,268 | ||||
Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net |
80,263 | (139,416 | ) | ||||
Gain on sales of subsidiaries, net |
398,412 | | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net income of affiliates |
362,948 | (220,224 | ) | ||||
Income tax expense |
(35,246 | ) | (81,587 | ) | |||
Equity in net income of affiliates, net of tax |
20 | 2,106 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Net income (loss) |
327,722 | (299,705 | ) | ||||
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |
2,817 | 124 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc . |
$ | 330,539 | $ | (299,581 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | |
Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share: |
|||||||
Basic earnings (loss) per share |
$ | 2.52 | $ | (2.28 | ) | ||
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |
$ | 2.48 | $ | (2.28 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-127
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
IN THOUSANDS
For the nine months ended September 30,
|
2016 | 2015 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(Unaudited)
|
(Unaudited)
|
|||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | 327,722 | $ | (299,705 | ) | ||
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |
|||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax of $0 for both periods |
(45,005 | ) | (363,250 | ) | |||
Unrealized gain on derivative instruments, net of tax of $0 for both periods |
5,509 | 2,850 | |||||
Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $1,900 and $0, respectively |
8,948 | 198 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total other comprehensive loss |
(30,548 | ) | (360,202 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income (loss) |
297,174 | (659,907 | ) | ||||
Net comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |
1,817 | 3,428 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc . |
$ | 298,991 | $ | (656,479 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-128
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets
IN THOUSANDS, except per share amounts
|
September 30,
2016 |
December 31,
2015 |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(Unaudited)
|
|
|||||
Assets |
|||||||
Current assets: |
|||||||
Cash and cash equivalents (includes VIE amounts of $164,922 and $120,944, see Note 2) |
$ | 481,471 | $ | 458,673 | |||
Restricted cash and investments |
176,235 | 160,585 | |||||
Receivables: |
|||||||
Accounts and notes receivable |
769,495 | 441,051 | |||||
Other receivables |
24,298 | 35,788 | |||||
Related party receivables |
8,134 | 7,336 | |||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts |
(192,301 | ) | (158,006 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Receivables, net |
609,626 | 326,169 | |||||
Deferred income taxes |
92,291 | 87,895 | |||||
Income tax receivable |
22,892 | 17,048 | |||||
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |
112,011 | 85,314 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total current assets (includes VIE amounts of $455,857 and $307,043, see Note 2) |
1,494,526 | 1,135,684 | |||||
Notes receivable, net |
63,239 |
59,272 |
|||||
Property and equipment: |
|||||||
Land |
409,601 | 419,977 | |||||
Buildings |
1,257,077 | 1,294,263 | |||||
Furniture, equipment and software |
1,163,650 | 1,142,176 | |||||
Leasehold improvements |
402,938 | 384,655 | |||||
Construction in-progress |
82,254 | 93,260 | |||||
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |
(1,137,924 | ) | (1,043,431 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Property and equipment, net |
2,177,596 | 2,290,900 | |||||
Land use rights, net |
47,831 | 50,336 | |||||
Goodwill |
2,009,278 | 2,115,897 | |||||
Other intangible assets: |
|||||||
Tradenames |
1,325,613 | 1,361,125 | |||||
Other intangible assets, net |
51,084 | 52,197 | |||||
Deferred costs, net |
56,522 | 58,169 | |||||
Deferred income taxes |
63,653 | 80,754 | |||||
Other assets |
219,115 | 234,782 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total assets (includes VIE amounts of $1,469,249 and $1,346,908, see Note 2) |
$ | 7,508,457 | $ | 7,439,116 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-129
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Continued)
IN THOUSANDS, except per share amounts
|
September 30,
2016 |
December 31,
2015 |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(Unaudited)
|
|
|||||
Liabilities and stockholders' equity |
|||||||
Current liabilities: |
|||||||
Accounts payable |
$ | 86,866 | $ | 111,749 | |||
Accrued expenses |
363,327 | 371,621 | |||||
Accrued compensation and benefits |
249,589 | 237,659 | |||||
Deferred revenue and student deposits |
813,322 | 482,723 | |||||
Current portion of long-term debt |
168,689 | 192,354 | |||||
Current portion of due to shareholders of acquired companies |
127,591 | 21,050 | |||||
Deferred compensation |
17,978 | 17,463 | |||||
Income taxes payable |
24,120 | 48,369 | |||||
Deferred income taxes |
5,055 | 9,310 | |||||
Derivative instruments |
7,740 | 688 | |||||
Other current liabilities |
52,379 | 55,197 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total current liabilities (includes VIE amounts of $478,620 and $305,067, see Note 2) |
1,916,656 | 1,548,183 | |||||
Long-term debt, less current portion |
3,852,824 | 4,318,934 | |||||
Due to shareholders of acquired companies, less current portion |
93,151 | 165,669 | |||||
Deferred compensation |
13,826 | 14,880 | |||||
Income taxes payable |
154,620 | 169,951 | |||||
Deferred income taxes |
486,319 | 507,477 | |||||
Derivative instruments |
8,486 | 19,326 | |||||
Other long-term liabilities |
280,986 | 287,524 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total liabilities (includes VIE amounts of $620,512 and $455,373, see Note 2) |
6,806,868 | 7,031,944 | |||||
Redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
21,365 | 51,746 | |||||
Stockholders' equity: |
|||||||
Preferred stock, par value $0.001 per shareauthorized 50,000 shares, no shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 |
| | |||||
Common stock, par value $0.004 per shareauthorized 175,000 shares, issued and outstanding shares of 133,301 and 133,255 as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively |
533 | 533 | |||||
Additional paid-in capital |
2,714,231 | 2,686,451 | |||||
Accumulated deficit |
(1,079,009 | ) | (1,409,548 | ) | |||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |
(984,225 | ) | (952,677 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Total Laureate Education, Inc. stockholders' equity |
651,530 | 324,759 | |||||
Noncontrolling interests |
28,694 | 30,667 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total stockholders' equity |
680,224 | 355,426 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |
$ | 7,508,457 | $ | 7,439,116 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-130
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
IN THOUSANDS
For the nine months ended September 30,
|
2016 | 2015 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(Unaudited)
|
(Unaudited)
|
|||||
Cash flows from operating activities |
|||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | 327,722 | $ | (299,705 | ) | ||
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |
|||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
202,735 | 209,390 | |||||
Gain on sale of subsidiary and disposal of property and equipment |
(398,499 | ) | (2,771 | ) | |||
Loss on derivative instruments |
7,211 | 2,125 | |||||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
17,363 | 331 | |||||
Non-cash interest expense |
36,892 | 45,427 | |||||
Non-cash share-based compensation expense |
28,939 | 27,222 | |||||
Bad debt expense |
76,141 | 78,552 | |||||
Deferred income taxes |
(12,309 | ) | (45,198 | ) | |||
Unrealized foreign currency exchange (gain) loss |
(73,641 | ) | 120,991 | ||||
Non-cash loss (gain) from non-income tax contingencies |
6,016 | (192 | ) | ||||
Other, net |
1,574 | (2,895 | ) | ||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |
|||||||
Restricted cash |
(6,826 | ) | (4,153 | ) | |||
Receivables |
(350,078 | ) | (360,572 | ) | |||
Prepaid expenses and other assets |
(28,236 | ) | (25,015 | ) | |||
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |
(10,655 | ) | 7,205 | ||||
Income tax receivable/payable, net |
(23,550 | ) | 39,273 | ||||
Deferred revenue and other liabilities |
395,171 | 430,280 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by operating activities |
195,970 | 220,295 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Cash flows from investing activities |
|||||||
Purchase of property and equipment and land use rights |
(132,904 | ) | (217,796 | ) | |||
Expenditures for deferred costs |
(13,996 | ) | (14,530 | ) | |||
Receipts from sale of subsidiaries and property and equipment, net of cash sold |
553,860 | 188,944 | |||||
Settlement of derivatives related to sale of subsidiaries |
(5,663 | ) | | ||||
Property insurance recoveries |
1,431 | 2,198 | |||||
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired |
| (6,705 | ) | ||||
Proceeds from affiliates |
| 5,003 | |||||
Payments from (to) related parties |
1,634 | (1,139 | ) | ||||
Change in restricted cash and investments |
(12,032 | ) | 1,315 | ||||
Proceeds from sale or maturity of available-for-sale securities, net |
| 1,386 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |
392,330 | (41,324 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | |
Cash flows from financing activities |
|||||||
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |
513,014 | 336,431 | |||||
Payments on long-term debt |
(1,037,591 | ) | (283,016 | ) | |||
Payments of deferred purchase price for acquisitions |
(9,574 | ) | (20,439 | ) | |||
Payments to purchase noncontrolling interests |
(25,665 | ) | (5,351 | ) | |||
Payment of dividends to noncontrolling interest holders |
(550 | ) | (450 | ) | |||
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |
252 | 204 | |||||
Withholding of shares to satisfy minimum employee tax withholding for vested stock awards and exercised stock options |
(1,346 | ) | (3,367 | ) | |||
Payments of debt issuance costs and modification fees |
(10,593 | ) | (12,139 | ) | |||
Noncontrolling interest holder's loan to subsidiaries |
816 | 1,730 | |||||
Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders |
(1,447 | ) | (2,016 | ) | |||
Capital contribution from noncontrolling interest |
| 469 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |
(572,684 | ) | 12,056 | ||||
| | | | | | | |
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash |
7,182 | (34,221 | ) | ||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |
22,798 | 156,806 | |||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |
458,673 | 461,584 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |
$ | 481,471 | $ | 618,390 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-131
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 1. Description of Business
Laureate Education, Inc. and subsidiaries (hereinafter Laureate, we, us, our, or the Company) provide higher education programs and services to students through an international network of licensed universities and higher education institutions (institutions). We are a subsidiary of Wengen Alberta, Limited Partnership (Wengen), an Alberta limited partnership, which acquired Laureate on August 17, 2007 through a merger using leveraged buyout financing (the LBO). On October 1, 2015, we redomiciled in Delaware as a public benefit corporation as a demonstration of our long-term commitment to our mission to benefit our students and society.
Laureate's programs are provided through institutions that are campus-based and internet-based, or through electronically distributed educational programs (online). Our educational offerings are delivered through four operating segments: Latin America (LatAm), Europe (Europe), Asia, Middle East & Africa (AMEA), and Global Products and Services (GPS). LatAm has locations in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Panama and Peru and has contractual relationships with a licensed institution in Ecuador. Europe has locations in Cyprus, Germany, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain and Turkey. The AMEA segment consists of campus-based institutions with operations in Australia, China, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Africa and Thailand. AMEA also manages nine licensed institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and manages one additional institution in China through a joint venture arrangement. The GPS segment includes fully online degree programs in the United States offered through Walden University, LLC, which is a U.S.-based accredited institution, and through the University of Liverpool and the University of Roehampton in the United Kingdom. GPS also includes campus-based institutions located in the United States. As discussed further in Note 3, Dispositions, during the second quarter of 2016 we sold certain operations in our GPS segment and during the third quarter of 2016 we sold our French operations in the Europe segment.
The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) for interim financial information. In our opinion, these financial statements include all adjustments considered necessary to present a fair statement of our consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows. Operating results for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year. Preparation of the Company's financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and footnotes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with Laureate's audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.
These financial statements reflect a 4 to 1 reverse stock split of our common stock that we intend to effect prior to the effectiveness of our registration statement on Form S-1.
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies
The Variable Interest Entity (VIE) Arrangements
Laureate consolidates in its financial statements certain internationally based educational organizations that do not have shares or other equity ownership interests. Although these educational organizations may be considered not-for-profit entities in their home countries and they are operated in
F-132
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
compliance with their respective not-for-profit legal regimes, we believe they do not meet the definition of a not-for-profit entity under GAAP, and we treat them as "for-profit" entities for accounting purposes. These entities generally cannot declare dividends or distribute their net assets to the entities that control them. We believe that we fully comply with all local laws and regulations.
Under ASC Topic 810-10, "Consolidation," we have determined that these institutions are VIEs and that Laureate is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because we have, as further described herein: (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly affect their educational and economic performance, and (2) the right to receive economic benefits from contractual and other arrangements with the VIEs that could potentially be significant to the VIEs. We account for the acquisition of the right to control a VIE in accordance with ASC 805, "Business Combinations."
Selected Consolidated Statements of Operations information for these VIEs was as follows:
|
For the nine months
ended September 30, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2016 | 2015 | |||||
Selected Statements of Operations information: |
|||||||
Revenues, by segment: |
|||||||
LatAm |
$ | 301,382 | $ | 307,250 | |||
Europe |
85,166 | 81,064 | |||||
AMEA |
102,321 | 96,191 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Revenues |
488,869 | 484,505 | |||||
Depreciation and amortization |
39,190 | 40,190 | |||||
Operating income (loss), by segment: |
|
|
|||||
LatAm |
(29,936 | ) | (20,487 | ) | |||
Europe |
(833 | ) | (2,270 | ) | |||
AMEA |
5,879 | 4,966 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Operating loss |
(24,890 | ) | (17,791 | ) | |||
Net income (loss) |
(18,517 | ) | (16,999 | ) | |||
Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
(18,474 | ) | (16,611 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The following table reconciles the Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. as presented in the table above, to the amounts in our Consolidated Statements of Operations:
|
For the nine months
ended September 30, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2016 | 2015 | |||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc.: |
|||||||
Variable interest entities |
$ | (18,474 | ) | $ | (16,611 | ) | |
Other operations |
386,177 | 24,140 | |||||
Corporate and eliminations |
(37,164 | ) | (307,110 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Net income (loss) attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
$ | 330,539 | $ | (299,581 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
F-133
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
The following table presents selected assets and liabilities of the consolidated VIEs. Except for Goodwill, the assets in the table below include the assets that can be used only to settle the obligations for the VIEs. The liabilities in the table are liabilities for which the creditors of the VIEs do not have recourse to the general credit of Laureate.
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet amounts for these VIEs were as follows:
|
September 30, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
VIE | Consolidated | VIE | Consolidated | |||||||||
Balance Sheets data: |
|||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 164,922 | $ | 481,471 | $ | 120,944 | $ | 458,673 | |||||
Other current assets |
290,935 | 1,013,055 | 186,099 | 677,011 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total current assets |
455,857 | 1,494,526 | 307,043 | 1,135,684 | |||||||||
Goodwill |
187,067 | 2,009,278 | 196,869 | 2,115,897 | |||||||||
Tradenames |
107,351 | 1,325,613 | 104,952 | 1,361,125 | |||||||||
Other intangible assets, net |
| 51,084 | 25 | 52,197 | |||||||||
Other long-term assets |
718,974 | 2,627,956 | 738,019 | 2,774,213 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets |
1,469,249 | 7,508,457 | 1,346,908 | 7,439,116 | |||||||||
Other current liabilities |
478,620 | 1,808,625 | 305,067 | 1,548,183 | |||||||||
Long-term debt and other long-term liabilities |
141,892 | 4,998,243 | 150,306 | 5,483,761 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities |
620,512 | 6,806,868 | 455,373 | 7,031,944 | |||||||||
Total stockholders' equity |
848,737 | 680,224 | 891,535 | 355,426 | |||||||||
Total stockholders' equity attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
832,325 | 651,530 | 874,610 | 324,759 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As discussed further in Note 3, Dispositions, we completed the sale of our French operations in July 2016. Those operations included two institutions that were VIE's.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-16 (ASU 2016-16), Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory
In October 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2016-16 in order to improve the accounting for income tax consequences for intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. Under current GAAP, the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity transfer is prohibited until the asset has been sold to a third party. The amendments in this ASU state that an entity should recognize income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer when the transfer occurs. This aligns the recognition of income tax consequences for intra-entity transfers of assets with International Financing Reporting Standards (IFRS). This ASU is effective for Laureate beginning on January 1, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this ASU should be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-16 on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-134
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-15 (ASU 2016-15), Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15 in order to reduce diversity around how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified on the Statement of Cash Flows. This ASU provides guidance on the following areas, for which current GAAP is either unclear or does not include specific guidance:
This ASU is effective for Laureate beginning on January 1, 2018 and early adoption is permitted; however, if early adoption is elected, all of the amendments to the areas above must be adopted at the same time. The amendments in this ASU should be applied retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-15 on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU No. 2016-12 (ASU 2016-12), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-scope improvements and practical expedients
In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12 to address certain areas of improvement around Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The amendments in this Update do not change the core principles of Topic 606, but do address clarification around the following areas:
The amendments in this update affect the guidance in ASU 2014-09, Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which is not yet effective, and therefore follow the same effective date and transition requirements. ASU 2014-09 is effective for Laureate on January 1, 2018 and allows either a full retrospective adoption to all periods presented or a modified retrospective adoption approach with the
F-135
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
cumulative effect of initial application of the revised guidance recognized at the date of the initial application. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-12 and ASU 2014-09 on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU No. 2016-10 (ASU 2016-10), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing
In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10 in response to an issue communicated by the Transition Resource Group for Revenue Recognition (the TRG), a group which was formed by the FASB and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), (collectively, the Boards), whose objective is to inform the Boards of any issues that could arise with the implementation of a converged standard on recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. ASU 2016-10 does not change the core principal of the guidance in Topic 606, but adds clarification around identifying performance obligations and licensing.
The amendments in this update affect the guidance in ASU 2014-09, Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which is not yet effective, and therefore follow the same effective date and transition requirements. ASU 2014-09 is effective for Laureate on January 1, 2018 and allows either a full retrospective adoption to all periods presented or a modified retrospective adoption approach with the cumulative effect of initial application of the revised guidance recognized at the date of the initial application. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-10 and ASU 2014-09 on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU No. 2016-09 (ASU 2016-09), CompensationStock compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-based Payment Accounting
On March 30, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09 as part of its initiative to reduce complexity in accounting standards. The areas for simplification in this ASU involve several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for Laureate beginning January 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted in any annual or interim period for which financial statements have not been issued or made available for issuance, but all of the guidance must be adopted in the same period. If an entity early adopts the guidance in an interim period, any adjustments must be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. We are evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-09 on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU No. 2016-08 (ASU 2016-08), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08 in response to an issue communicated by the TRG regarding the determination of whether the entity acts as the principal or an agent in certain transactions where another party, along with the entity, is involved in providing a good or service to a customer. The amendments in this update do not change the core principle of the existing implementation guidance in Topic 606 on principal versus agent considerations, but do clarify how an entity should determine whether it is a principal or an agent by providing indicators that assist in the
F-136
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
assessment of control. Such indicators may be more or less relevant to the control assessment and one or more indicators may be more or less persuasive to the control assessment, depending on the facts and circumstances.
The amendments in this update affect the guidance in ASU 2014-09, Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which is not yet effective, and therefore follows the same effective date and transition requirements. ASU 2014-09 is effective for Laureate on January 1, 2018 and allows either a full retrospective adoption to all periods presented or a modified retrospective adoption approach with the cumulative effect of initial application of the revised guidance recognized at the date of the initial application. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-08 and ASU 2014-09 on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Note 3. Dispositions
Sale of Glion and Les Roches Hospitality Management Schools
On March 15, 2016, we signed an agreement with Eurazeo, a publicly traded French investment company, to sell Glion Institute of Higher Education (Glion) and Les Roches International School of Hotel Management (Les Roches) for a total transaction value of approximately CHF 380,000 (approximately $385,000 at the signing date), subject to certain adjustments. The sale included the operations of Glion in Switzerland and the United Kingdom, the operations of Les Roches in Switzerland and the United States, Haute école spécialisée Les Roches-Gruyère SA (LRG) in Switzerland, Les Roches Jin Jiang in China, Royal Academy of Culinary Arts (RACA) in Jordan and Les Roches Marbella in Spain. Closing of the transaction was subject to regulatory approvals, including by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, and other customary conditions and provisions. The transaction closed on June 14, 2016 and we received total net proceeds of approximately $332,800, net of cash sold of $14,500, and after adjustments for liabilities assumed by the buyer and transaction-related costs. In September 2016, Laureate received additional proceeds from the buyer of approximately $5,800 after finalization of the working capital adjustment required by the purchase agreement, resulting in a total non-taxable gain on sale of approximately $249,000. In addition, on the June 14, 2016 closing date, we settled the deal-contingent forward exchange swap agreement for a payment of $10,297; see Note 12, Derivative Instruments, for further description of this swap. We are continuing to provide certain back-office services to Glion and Les Roches for a period of time, and programs of those institutions will continue on various campuses in the Laureate International Universities network throughout the world.
Sale of Institutions in France
On April 19, 2016, Laureate announced that it had signed an agreement for the transfer of control of LIUF SAS (LIUF), the French holding entity, to Apax Partners, a leading private equity firm in French-speaking European countries. Bpifrance, the investment vehicle of the French state, will co-invest alongside Apax Partners and hold around 10% of the entity. Management obtained approval for this transaction on April 6, 2016. The French anti-trust authority also approved the transaction, and
F-137
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 3. Dispositions (Continued)
closing took place on July 20, 2016. LIUF comprised five institutions with a total student population of approximately 7,500:
The value of the transaction was EUR 201,000 (approximately $228,000 at the signing date), subject to certain adjustments. At closing on July 20, 2016, we received total net proceeds of approximately $207,000, net of cash sold of $3,400, and after adjustments for liabilities assumed by the buyer and transaction-related costs, resulting in a non-taxable gain on sale of approximately $149,000. In addition, in July we settled the forward exchange swap agreements related to this sale, resulting in total proceeds of $4,634. See Note 12, Derivative Instruments, for further description of these swap agreements.
Note 4. Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies
The amounts due to shareholders of acquired companies generally arise in connection with Laureate's acquisition of a majority or all of the ownership interest of certain subsidiaries. Promissory notes payable to the sellers of acquired companies, referred to as "seller notes," are commonly used as a means of payment for business acquisitions. Seller note payments are generally classified as Payments of deferred purchase price for acquisitions within financing activities in our Consolidated Statement of
F-138
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies (Continued)
Cash Flows. The amounts due to shareholders of acquired companies, currencies, and interest rates applied were as follows:
|
September 30,
2016 |
December 31,
2015 |
Nominal
Currency |
Interest Rate
% |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas Educacionais (FMU) |
$ | 97,609 | $ | 70,512 | BRL | CDI | ||||
Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (UAM Brazil) |
60,549 | 48,172 | BRL | CDI + 2% | ||||||
Monash South Africa (MSA) |
29,606 | 26,662 | AUD | n/a, 6.75% | ||||||
University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, LLC (St. Augustine) |
11,550 | 11,550 | USD | 7% | ||||||
CH Holding Netherlands B.V. (CH Holding) |
8,387 | 12,745 | USD | n/a | ||||||
Universidad Tecnologica Centroamericana (UNITEC Honduras) |
5,621 | 6,764 | HNL | IIBC | ||||||
IADE Group |
2,958 | 3,994 | EUR | 3% | ||||||
Faculdade-Porto-Alegrense (FAPA) |
2,807 | 2,090 | BRL | IGP-M | ||||||
Universidade Europeia (UE) |
1,655 | 1,541 | EUR | 3% | ||||||
Centro de Desenvolvimento Pessoal e Empresarial Ltda. (CEDEPE) |
| 464 | BRL | CDI | ||||||
Universidad Autonoma de Veracruz, S.C. (Veracruz) |
| 2,225 | MXN | CETES | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total due to shareholders of acquired companies |
220,742 | 186,719 | ||||||||
Less: Current portion of due to shareholders of acquired companies |
127,591 | 21,050 | ||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Due to shareholders of acquired companies, less current portion |
$ | 93,151 | $ | 165,669 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
AUD: Australian Dollar | CDI: Certificados de Depósitos Interbancários (Brazil) | |
BRL: Brazilian Real | CETES: 28 day Certificados de la Tesoreria de la Federación (Mexico) | |
EUR: European Euro | IIBC: Índice de Inflación del Banco Central (Honduras) | |
HNL: Honduran Lempira | IGP-M: General Index of Market Prices (Brazil) | |
MXN: Mexican Peso | ||
USD: United States Dollar |
Veracruz
During the first quarter of 2016, Laureate settled the notes payable with the former owners of Veracruz in the amount of MXN 38,437 (US $2,054 at date of payment).
F-139
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 4. Due to Shareholders of Acquired Companies (Continued)
CEDEPE
During the quarter ended September 30, 2016, Laureate settled the remaining liability with the former owners of CEDEPE in the amount of BRL 1,387 (US $417 at payment date).
IADE Group
During the quarter ended September 30, 2016, Laureate made the first payment of EUR 975 (US $1,095 at date of payment). There are two EUR 1,000 tranches remaining to be paid 36 months and 60 months from the date of acquisition. The remaining balance outstanding relates to a working capital settlement accrued in the year ended December 31, 2015.
Note 5. Business and Geographic Segment Information
Laureate's educational services are offered through four operating segments: LatAm, Europe, AMEA, and GPS. Laureate determines its operating segments based on information utilized by the chief operating decision maker to allocate resources and assess performance.
On May 2, 2016, we announced a change to our operating segments in order to align our structure more geographically. Our institution in Italy, Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano (NABA), including Domus Academy, moved from our GPS segment into our Europe segment. Media Design School (MDS), located in New Zealand, moved from our GPS segment into our AMEA segment. Our GPS segment will now focus on its campus-based institutions in the United States and on Laureate's fully online institutions operating globally. This change has been reflected in the quarterly and year-to-date segment information beginning in the second quarter of 2016, the period in which the change occurred. As required, the 2015 segment information that is presented for comparative purposes has also been revised to reflect this segment change.
The LatAm segment consists of campus-based institutions and has operations in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Panama and Peru and has contractual relationships with a licensed institution in Ecuador. The institutions provide an education that emphasizes professional-oriented fields of study with undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. The programs at these institutions are mainly campus-based and are primarily focused on local students. In addition, the institutions in our LatAm segment have begun introducing online and hybrid (a combination of online and in-classroom) courses and programs to their curriculum. Brazil and Chile have government-sponsored student financing programs, while in other countries students generally finance their own education.
The Europe segment consists of campus-based institutions with operations in Cyprus, Germany, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain and Turkey. The institutions generate revenues by providing professional-oriented undergraduate and graduate degree programs. Several institutions have begun to introduce online and hybrid programs. Students in the Europe segment generally finance their own education. As discussed in Note 3, Dispositions, in July 2016 we completed the sale of our institutions in France.
The AMEA segment consists of campus-based institutions with operations in Australia, China, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Africa and Thailand. AMEA also manages nine licensed
F-140
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 5. Business and Geographic Segment Information (Continued)
institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and manages one additional institution in China through a joint venture arrangement. The institutions generate revenues by providing professional-oriented undergraduate and graduate degree programs. Students in the AMEA segment generally finance their own education.
The GPS segment consists of accredited online institutions, which serve students globally, and campus-based institutions serving students in the United States. The online institutions primarily serve working adults with undergraduate and graduate degree programs. The campus-based institutions primarily serve traditional students seeking undergraduate and graduate degrees. In the United States, students have access to government-supported financing programs. As discussed in Note 3, Dispositions, in June 2016, we completed the sale of several operations in the GPS segment.
Intersegment transactions are accounted for in a similar manner as third party transactions and are eliminated in consolidation. The "Corporate" amounts presented in the following tables includes corporate charges that were not allocated to our reportable segments and adjustments to eliminate intersegment items.
We evaluate segment performance based on Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP profit measure defined as Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net income of affiliates, adding back the following items: Gain on sales of subsidiaries, net, Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net, Other income, net, Gain (loss) on derivatives, Loss on debt extinguishment, Interest expense, Interest income, Depreciation and amortization expense, Impairment charges on long-lived assets, Share-based compensation expense and, beginning in 2014, expenses related to our Excellence-in-Process (EiP) initiative. EiP is an enterprise-wide initiative to optimize and standardize Laureate's processes, creating vertical integration of procurement, information technology, finance, accounting and human resources. It includes the establishment of regional shared services organizations around the world, as well as improvements to the Company's system of internal controls over financial reporting.
When we review Adjusted EBITDA on a segment basis, we exclude intercompany revenues and expenses, related to network fees and royalties between our segments, that eliminate in consolidation. We use total assets as the measure of assets for reportable segments.
F-141
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 5. Business and Geographic Segment Information (Continued)
The following tables provide financial information for our reportable segments, including a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net income of affiliates, as reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations:
|
For the nine months ended
September 30, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2016 | 2015 | |||||
Revenues |
|||||||
LatAm |
$ | 1,738,315 | $ | 1,775,287 | |||
Europe |
331,754 | 321,081 | |||||
AMEA |
309,874 | 312,928 | |||||
GPS |
697,872 | 737,914 | |||||
Corporate |
(9,516 | ) | (6,054 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Revenues |
$ | 3,068,299 | $ | 3,141,156 | |||
| | | | | | | |
Adjusted EBITDA of reportable segments |
|||||||
LatAm |
$ | 329,440 | $ | 323,143 | |||
Europe |
25,735 | 23,630 | |||||
AMEA |
36,346 | 37,823 | |||||
GPS |
189,496 | 175,150 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total Adjusted EBITDA of reportable segments |
581,017 | 559,746 | |||||
Reconciling items: |
|||||||
Corporate |
(100,255 | ) | (83,881 | ) | |||
Depreciation and amortization expense |
(202,735 | ) | (209,390 | ) | |||
Loss on impairment of assets |
| | |||||
Share-based compensation expense |
(28,939 | ) | (27,222 | ) | |||
EiP expenses |
(37,175 | ) | (27,227 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Operating income |
211,913 | 212,026 | |||||
Interest income |
13,305 | 9,924 | |||||
Interest expense |
(314,383 | ) | (300,145 | ) | |||
Loss on debt extinguishment |
(17,363 | ) | (1,263 | ) | |||
Gain (loss) on derivatives |
(8,235 | ) | (2,618 | ) | |||
Other income (loss), net |
(964 | ) | 1,268 | ||||
Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net |
80,263 | (139,416 | ) | ||||
Gain on sales of subsidiaries, net |
398,412 | | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in net income of affiliates |
$ | 362,948 | $ | (220,224 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
F-142
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 5. Business and Geographic Segment Information (Continued)
|
September 30,
2016 |
December 31,
2015 |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assets |
|||||||
LatAm |
$ | 4,239,442 | $ | 3,823,859 | |||
Europe |
626,836 | 690,514 | |||||
AMEA |
861,963 | 782,613 | |||||
GPS |
1,405,166 | 1,768,009 | |||||
Corporate |
375,050 | 374,121 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total assets |
$ | 7,508,457 | $ | 7,439,116 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Note 6. Goodwill
The change in the net carrying amount of Goodwill from December 31, 2015 through September 30, 2016 was composed of the following items:
|
LatAm | Europe | AMEA | GPS | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Goodwill |
$ | 1,319,757 | $ | 99,396 | $ | 166,910 | $ | 666,264 | $ | 2,252,327 | ||||||
Accumulated impairment loss |
(77,094 | ) | | (39,676 | ) | (19,660 | ) | (136,430 | ) | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2015 |
1,242,663 | 99,396 | 127,234 | 646,604 | 2,115,897 | |||||||||||
Acquisitions |
| | | | | |||||||||||
Dispositions |
| (26,312 | ) | | (121,952 | ) | (148,264 | ) | ||||||||
Re-allocation of goodwill for segment change |
| 5,517 | 2,715 | (8,232 | ) | | ||||||||||
Impairments |
| | | | | |||||||||||
Currency translation adjustments |
31,205 | 1,335 | 7,219 | 1,886 | 41,645 | |||||||||||
Adjustments to prior acquisitions |
| | | | | |||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at September 30, 2016 |
$ | 1,273,868 | $ | 79,936 | $ | 137,168 | $ | 518,306 | $ | 2,009,278 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As discussed in Note 5, Business and Geographic Segment Information, the Company announced a change in its operating segments in the second quarter of 2016. Accordingly, goodwill was re-allocated among the operating segments based on the relative fair value of the affected reporting units at the time of the segment change.
F-143
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 7. Debt
Outstanding long-term debt was as follows:
|
September 30,
2016 |
December 31,
2015 |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senior long-term debt: |
|||||||
Senior Secured Credit Facility (stated maturity dates June 2018, June 2019 and March 2021), net of discount |
$ | 1,661,673 | $ | 2,084,093 | |||
Senior Notes due 2019 (stated maturity date September 2019), net of discount |
1,376,757 | 1,436,214 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total senior long-term debt |
3,038,430 | 3,520,307 | |||||
Other debt: |
|||||||
Lines of credit |
64,724 | 74,335 | |||||
Notes payable and other debt |
706,584 | 738,684 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total senior and other debt |
3,809,738 | 4,333,326 | |||||
Capital lease obligations and sale-leaseback financings |
259,669 | 247,256 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total long-term debt |
4,069,407 | 4,580,582 | |||||
Less: total unamortized deferred financing costs |
47,894 | 69,294 | |||||
Less: current portion of long-term debt |
168,689 | 192,354 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Long-term debt, less current portion |
$ | 3,852,824 | $ | 4,318,934 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
On January 1, 2016, Laureate adopted ASU 2015-03, which simplified the presentation of debt issuance costs by requiring debt issuance costs to be presented as a deduction from the corresponding debt liability. This makes the presentation of debt issuance costs consistent with the presentation of debt discounts or premiums. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs is not affected, therefore these costs will continue to be amortized as interest expense. At adoption, the new guidance was applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented. The impact to our December 31, 2015 Consolidated Balance Sheet was a reduction to Deferred costs, net and Long-term debt of $69,294.
As described further in Note 19, Subsequent Events, on December 4, 2016, we signed a subscription agreement with investors under which we agreed to issue and sell an aggregate of 400 shares of a new series of our convertible redeemable preferred stock in a private offering for total net proceeds of approximately $383,000.
Estimated Fair Value of Debt
The estimated fair value of our debt was determined using observable market prices, as the majority of our securities, including the Senior Secured Credit Facility and the Senior Notes due 2019, are traded in a brokered market. The fair value of our remaining debt instruments approximates carrying value based on their terms. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, our long-term
F-144
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 7. Debt (Continued)
debt was classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy, based on the frequency and volume of trading in the brokered market. The estimated fair value of our debt was as follows:
|
September 30, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Carrying
amount |
Estimated
fair value |
Carrying
amount |
Estimated
fair value |
|||||||||
Total senior and other debt |
$ | 3,809,738 | $ | 3,727,216 | $ | 4,333,326 | $ | 3,482,417 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Senior Notes due 2019Note Exchange Transaction
On April 15, 2016, Laureate entered into separate, privately negotiated note exchange agreements (the Note Exchange Agreements) with certain existing holders (the Existing Holders) of our outstanding 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019 (the Senior Notes) pursuant to which we will exchange $250,000 in aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes for shares of Company common stock. We expect the exchange to be completed within one year after the consummation of an initial public offering of our common stock that generates gross proceeds of at least $400,000 or 10% of the equity value of the Company (a Qualified Public Offering). The number of shares of common stock issuable will equal 104.625% of the aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes to be exchanged, or $261,600, divided by the initial public offering price per share of common stock in the Qualified Public Offering, and the shares shall be identical to the shares issued to unaffiliated investors in the Qualified Public Offering. Following the Qualified Public Offering, but prior to the exchange, the Senior Notes subject to the exchange will continue to receive interest at the same rate as the Senior Notes that are not subject to the exchange.
Pursuant to the Note Exchange Agreements, on June 15, 2016, Laureate also repurchased from the Existing Holders $62,500 aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes at par value, plus accrued and unpaid interest and special interest. In connection with this repayment we recorded a Loss on debt extinguishment of $1,681 during the second quarter related to the write off of unamortized deferred financing costs and discount. Within 60 days after the consummation of a Qualified Public Offering, at the option of the Existing Holders or their transferees, we will repurchase up to an additional $62,500 aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes at the redemption price set forth in Section 3.07 of the indenture governing the Senior Notes that is applicable as of the date of pricing of the Qualified Public Offering, plus accrued and unpaid interest and special interest (the Subsequent Repurchase).
The Note Exchange Agreements will terminate if a Qualified Public Offering is not consummated on or before August 15, 2017, and the exchange of $250,000 in aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes for shares of common stock and the Subsequent Repurchase will not occur. Upon consummation of all of the transactions described above, we will retire up to $375,000 in aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes. The Note Exchange Agreements were accounted for as a debt modification.
Senior Secured Credit FacilityAmendments to Credit Agreement
On June 3, 2016, we entered into an amendment (the Fifth Amendment) to our amended and restated Senior Secured Credit Facility agreement (the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) in order to, among other things, extend maturity dates on approximately $1,526,000 of the approximately
F-145
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 7. Debt (Continued)
$1,810,100 of outstanding term loans from June 2018 to March 17, 2021. Effectiveness of the Fifth Amendment was subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions including, (i) the closing of the sale of the Glion and Les Roches hospitality management schools and our operations in France, (ii) the prepayment of $300,000 to the holders of the term loans who have agreed to extend their maturity, and (iii) the further amendment of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement pursuant to which certain of the lenders thereunder holding revolving credit commitments would have agreed to extend the maturity date of the revolving line of credit facility to a date on or after March 8, 2019. These conditions have been satisfied and the Fifth Amendment became effective on July 29, 2016. In connection with this amendment we recorded a Loss on debt extinguishment of $15,682 during the third quarter related to the write off of unamortized deferred financing costs.
The approximately $1,226,000 of remaining term loans with a maturity date of March 17, 2021 will be referred to as the 2021 Extended Term Loan, and the approximately $284,100 of term loans with a maturity date of June 2018 will continue to be referred to as the 2018 Extended Term Loan. The 2021 Extended Term Loan has an initial interest rate equal to LIBOR + 7.50%, or if borrowed as ABR loans, ABR + 6.50%. The margins shall be increased by 0.50% each quarter, commencing with the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2016; provided that in no event shall the LIBOR margin exceed 8.50% or the ABR margin exceed 7.50%. Upon the consummation of a qualified equity offering or a qualified public offering or a combination thereof, the LIBOR margin will be immediately reduced to 7.50% and the ABR margin will be immediately reduced to 6.50%. There will be no floor on LIBOR or ABR (other than the Federal Funds Rate may not be less than zero) for the 2021 Extended Term Loan. As of September 30, 2016, for the 2021 Extended Term Loan, the margin for LIBOR loans was 8.00% and the margin for ABR loans was 7.00%.
The Fifth Amendment also provides that if a qualified equity offering or a qualified public offering or combination thereof, of the Company does not occur on or before August 15, 2017, the Company will be required to make, on August 16, 2017, an additional scheduled payment of principal on the 2021 Extended Term Loan in the amount of $62,500.
On July 7, 2016, we executed an amendment (the Sixth Amendment) to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with our revolving credit lenders to, among other things, extend the maturity date of the revolving line of credit facility to June 7, 2019, subject to the closing of the Fifth Amendment and other conditions needing to be satisfied. The Sixth Amendment also reduced the borrowing capacity of the revolving line of credit facility from $350,000 to $325,000. The conditions for the effectiveness of the Sixth Amendment were satisfied and the Sixth Amendment became effective on July 29, 2016. The revolving line of credit facility has an initial interest rate equal the same rate that was in effect at June 30, 2016, LIBOR + 3.75%, or if borrowed as ABR loans, ABR + 2.75%. The margins shall be increased by 0.50% each quarter, commencing with the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2016; provided that in no event shall the LIBOR margin exceed 4.75% or the ABR margin exceed 3.75%. Upon the consummation of a qualified equity offering or a qualified public offering or combination thereof, the LIBOR margin will be immediately reduced to 3.75% and the ABR margin will be immediately reduced to 2.75%. As of September 30, 2016, the LIBOR margin is 4.25% and the ABR margin is 3.25%.
F-146
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 7. Debt (Continued)
Conditions for Accelerated Maturity of 2021 Extended Term Loan
If on the date that is 91 days prior to September 1, 2019 more than $250,000 of the principal amount of the Senior Notes is outstanding, then the 2021 Extended Term Loan maturity date shall be the date that is 91 days prior to September 1, 2019.
Conditions for Accelerated Maturity of Revolving Line of Credit Facility
As described above, the lenders have agreed to extend the maturity date of the revolving line of credit facility to June 7, 2019; provided, however, that if on the date that is 91 days prior to September 1, 2019 more than $250,000 of the principal amount of the Senior Notes is outstanding, then the maturity date of the revolving line of credit facility shall be the date that is 91 days prior to September 1, 2019. Further, if on the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date of the 2018 Extended Term Loan more than $250,000 of the principal amount of the 2018 Extended Term Loan is outstanding, then the maturity date of the revolving line of credit facility shall be the date that is 91 days prior to the 2018 Extended Term Loan maturity date.
Registration of Senior Notes
Laureate and its guarantors agreed to (1) file a registration statement with the SEC with respect to a registered offer to exchange the Senior Notes for new notes having terms substantially identical in all material respects to the outstanding notes (except that the new notes will not contain transfer restrictions or provide for special interest); or (2) file a shelf registration for the resale of the notes. We were required to use all commercially reasonable efforts to cause the registration statement to be declared effective on or before July 25, 2014. Since the registration statement was not declared effective by July 25, 2014, we have incurred special interest at a rate equal to 0.25% per annum for the first 90-day period of the outstanding indenture indebtedness on the outstanding notes, 0.50% per annum for the next 90-day period, and 0.75% thereafter, as liquidated damages until the registration statement is declared effective and the exchange offer is completed.
The requirement to register the Senior Notes qualifies as a "registration payment arrangement" under ASC 825-20, "Financial InstrumentsRegistration Payment Arrangements." ASC 825-20 requires us to record a liability if we determine that it is probable that consideration, such as special interest, will be paid to the counterparty under the registration payment arrangement, and if that consideration can be reasonably estimated. Accordingly, we have recorded a liability for the amount of special interest on the Senior Notes that we have determined to be probable and estimable based on our expected timing of registration as of each balance sheet date. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had a total contingent liability for special interest on the Senior Notes of approximately $7,000 and $8,100, respectively, recorded in Accrued expenses in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, through a corresponding adjustment to Interest expense in our Consolidated Statement of Operations.
Certain Covenants
Our senior long-term debt contains certain negative covenants including, among others: (1) limitations on additional indebtedness; (2) limitations on dividends; (3) limitations on asset sales,
F-147
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 7. Debt (Continued)
including the sale of ownership interests in subsidiaries and sale-leaseback transactions; and (4) limitations on liens, guarantees, loans or investments. In connection with the extension of our revolving line of credit facility in July 2015, we are now subject to a Consolidated Senior Secured Debt to Consolidated EBITDA financial maintenance covenant, as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, beginning in the third quarter of 2015. The maximum ratio, as defined, is 5.30x, 4.50x and 3.50x at December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The ratios as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were 3.44x and 3.91x, respectively. In addition, notes payable at some of our locations contain financial maintenance covenants. We are in compliance with our debt covenants and expect to be in compliance for the next 12 months.
Other Debt
Notes Payable
On May 12, 2016, two of UVM Mexico's outstanding loans that originated in 2007 and 2012 and were both scheduled to mature in May 2021 were refinanced and combined into one loan. The maturity date of the combined loan was extended to May 15, 2023. Principal repayments were suspended until May 15, 2018. The new refinanced loan carries a variable interest rate based on the 28-day Mexican Interbanking Offer Rate (TIIE), plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin for the interest calculation is established based on the ratio of debt to EBITDA, as defined in the agreement. Interest is paid monthly commencing on May 15, 2016. The outstanding balance of the loan on May 12, 2016 was MXN 2,224,600 (US $120,527 at that date). As of September 30, 2016, the interest rate on the loan was 7.71% and the outstanding balance on the loan was $114,081. As of December 31, 2015, the combined outstanding balance on these loans was approximately $128,800.
On December 20, 2013, Laureate acquired THINK and financed a portion of the purchase price by borrowing AUD 45,000 (US $34,524 at September 30, 2016) under a syndicated facility agreement in the form of two term loans of AUD 22,500 each. The syndicated facility agreement also provided for additional borrowings of up to AUD 20,000 (US $15,344 at September 30, 2016) under a capital expenditure facility and a working capital facility. The first term loan (Facility A) had a term of five years and principal was payable in quarterly installments of AUD 1,125 (US $863 at September 30, 2016) beginning on March 31, 2014. The second term loan (Facility B) had a term of five years and the total principal balance of AUD 22,500 was payable at its maturity date of December 20, 2018. In June 2016, these loan facilities were amended and restated. As a result of this amendment and a repayment of AUD 11,000 (approximately $8,100 at the date of payment), Facility A has been amended to be a term loan of AUD 10,000 ($7,672 at September 30, 2016), and principal is repayable in quarterly installments of AUD 833 ($639 at September 30, 2016) beginning on September 30, 2016. Facility A bears interest at a variable rate plus a margin of 2.50%, and the final balance is payable at its maturity date of December 20, 2018. Facility B has been amended to be a revolving facility of up to AUD 15,000 ($11,508 at September 30, 2016) and any balance outstanding is repayable at its maturity date of December 20, 2018. Facility B bears interest at a variable rate plus a margin of 2.75%. The capital expenditure facility and working capital facility now provide for total additional borrowings of up to AUD 15,000 (US $11,508 at September 30, 2016). As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, $14,705 and $25,696, respectively, of total borrowings were outstanding under these loan facilities.
In the second quarter of 2016, the Company borrowed Peruvian Nuevo Sols (PEN) 54,000 (approximately US $16,000 at that time) to finance the construction of a new campus at one of our institutions in Peru, Universidad Privada del Norte (UPN). This loan has a fixed interest rate of 8.70% and matures in 2024. As of September 30, 2016, this loan has a balance of $15,989.
F-148
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies
Noncontrolling Interest Holder Put Arrangements and Company Call Arrangements
The following section provides a summary table and description of the various noncontrolling interest holder put arrangements that Laureate had outstanding as of September 30, 2016. Laureate has elected to accrete changes in the arrangements' redemption values over the period from the date of issuance to the earliest redemption date. The redeemable noncontrolling interests are recorded at the greater of the accreted redemption value or the traditional noncontrolling interest. Until the first exercise date, the put instruments' reported values may be lower than the final amounts that will be required to settle the minority put arrangements. As of September 30, 2016, the carrying value of all noncontrolling interest holder put arrangements was $12,969, which includes accreted incremental value of $8,668 in excess of traditional noncontrolling interests.
If the minority put arrangements were all exercisable at September 30, 2016, Laureate would be obligated to pay the noncontrolling interest holders an estimated amount of $13,572, as summarized in the following table:
|
Nominal
Currency |
First
Exercisable Date |
Estimated Value as of
September 30, 2016 redeemable within 12-months: |
Reported
Value |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Noncontrolling interest holder put arrangements |
|||||||||||
INTI Education Holdings Sdn Bhd (INTI)10% |
MYR | Current | $ | 6,856 | $ | 6,856 | |||||
Pearl Retail Solutions Private Limited and Creative Arts Education Society (Pearl)45% |
INR | 6/30/2017 | 6,658 | 6,055 | |||||||
Stamford International University (STIU)Puttable preferred stock of TEDCO |
THB | Current | 58 | 58 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total noncontrolling interest holder put arrangements |
13,572 | 12,969 | |||||||||
Puttable common stockcurrently redeemable |
USD | Current | 6 | 6 | |||||||
Puttable common stocknot currently redeemable |
USD | * | | 8,390 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
$ | 13,578 | $ | 21,365 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
MYR: Malaysian Ringgit
INR: Indian Rupee
THB: Thai Baht
Laureate's noncontrolling interest put arrangements are specified in agreements with each noncontrolling interest holder. The terms of these agreements determine the measurement of the redemption value of the put options based on a non-GAAP measure of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA, or recurring EBITDA), the definition of which varies for each particular contract.
Commitments and contingencies are generally denominated in foreign currencies.
F-149
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
Pearl
As part of the acquisition of Pearl, the minority owners have a put option to require Laureate to purchase the remaining 45% noncontrolling interest, and Laureate has a call option to require the minority owners to sell to Laureate up to 35% of the total equity of Pearl that is still owned by the noncontrolling interest holders (i.e. approximately 78% of the remaining 45% noncontrolling interest). The put option was previously exercisable beginning in 2015 and the call option was previously exercisable beginning in 2016. However, on March 29, 2016, Laureate and the minority owners amended the put and call option agreements.
As part of this amendment, Laureate and the minority owners agreed to not exercise their put or call options anytime prior to the date that Pearl's audited statutory financial statements for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017 are presented to Pearl's board, which is estimated to be approximately June 30, 2017. The put option is then initially exercisable for a period of 15 days.
The amended put option allows the minority owners to sell a portion or all of their 45% equity interest. If the minority owners sell more than a 35% equity interest during this initial exercise period, the put option price is equal to 6.5 times EBITDA for the first 35%, and 6.0 times EBITDA for the remaining percentage up to 10%, less long-term liabilities and plus net current assets for the immediately preceding fiscal year ending on March 31, multiplied by the minority interest percentage being acquired. Prior to this change, the EBITDA multiple was 6.0 times EBITDA for the entire 45% equity interest.
The amended call option allows the Company to acquire up to 35% of the equity interest from the minority owners at the same purchase price as that of the minority owners' put option for the first 35% equity interest. The exercise period of the call option starts from the date on which Pearl's audited statutory financial statements for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2017 are presented to Pearl's board, and ends 15 days from the date on which Pearl's audited statutory financial statements for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2018 are presented to Pearl's board.
In the event any equity shares continue to be held by the minority owners after the exercise of above put and call options, the minority owners have a second put option to sell to Laureate their remaining equity interest, up to 10%, at a price of 6.5 times EBITDA less long-term liabilities and plus net current assets for the calendar year ending December 31, 2020, multiplied by the minority interest percentage being acquired. The exercise period for the second put option starts from the date on which Pearl's audited statutory financial statements for the calendar year ending December 31, 2020 are presented to Pearl's board, and ends 15 days from the date on which Pearl's audited statutory financial statements for the calendar year ending December 31, 2021 are presented to Pearl's board.
After all of the above, in the event any equity shares continue to be held by the minority owners, Laureate then has a call option to purchase all of the remaining shares held by the minority owners at a price of 6.5 times EBITDA, less long-term liabilities and plus net current assets for the immediately preceding calendar year ending on December 31, 2022, multiplied by the noncontrolling interest percentage being sold. The call option exercise period is 15 days from the date Pearl's audited statutory financial statements for the calendar year ending on December 31, 2022 are presented to Pearl's board.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
In any event, the put option and call option prices are subject to a floor and a ceiling, as prescribed in the agreement. The put floor and ceiling are applicable through 2017, and the call floor and ceiling are applicable through 2018.
St. Augustine
On March 24, 2016, the noncontrolling interest holders of St. Augustine notified Laureate of their election to exercise their put option, which required Laureate to purchase the remaining noncontrolling interest of 20%. Accordingly, this noncontrolling interest became a mandatorily redeemable financial instrument on the put option exercise date and was recognized as a liability at its estimated redemption value in accordance with ASC 480, "Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity." Under the terms of the agreement, the put option purchase price is based on 7.0 times Adjusted EBITDA of St. Augustine, as defined in the agreement, for the twelve months ended as of the last day of the fiscal quarter most recently ended prior to the date on which notice of exercise is given; multiplied by the percentage interest being acquired. In June 2016, we acquired the remaining 20% noncontrolling interest in St. Augustine for a purchase price of $24,997. This payment was included in Payments to purchase noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
Uni IBMR
In 2015, we entered into a commitment to purchase the remaining 10% minority interest in Uni IBMR for a purchase price of BRL 2,500. The agreement closed on March 10, 2016 and we paid BRL 2,500 (US $668 at the payment date), which was included in Payments to purchase noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Additional purchase price could be paid post closing if certain contingent sale conditions are met.
Other Loss Contingencies
Laureate is subject to legal actions arising in the ordinary course of its business. In management's opinion, we have adequate legal defenses, insurance coverage and/or accrued liabilities with respect to the eventuality of such actions. We do not believe that any settlement would have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to Note 16, Legal and Regulatory Matters, for a discussion of certain matters.
Contingent Liabilities for Taxes
As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, Laureate has recorded cumulative liabilities totaling $70,303 and $73,775, respectively, for taxes other-than-income tax, principally payroll-tax-related uncertainties due to acquisitions of companies primarily in Latin America. The changes in this recorded liability are related to new acquisitions, interest and penalty accruals, changes in tax laws, expirations of statutes of limitations, settlements and changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The terms of the statutes of limitations on these contingencies vary but can be up to 10 years. This liability is included in Other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We have also recorded current liabilities for taxes other-than-income tax of $1,379 and $4,217, respectively, as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, in Other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
Sheets. The recorded value of contingent liabilities is reduced when they are extinguished or the related statutes of limitations expire.
Other Loss Contingencies
Laureate has accrued liabilities for certain civil actions against our institutions that existed prior to our acquisition of these entities. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, approximately $19,000 and $14,000, respectively, of pre-acquisition loss contingencies were included in Other long-term liabilities and Other current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Laureate intends to vigorously defend against these lawsuits.
Material GuaranteesStudent Financing
Chile
The accredited Chilean institutions in the Laureate network also participate in a government-sponsored student financing program known as Crédito con Aval del Estado (the CAE Program). The CAE Program was formally implemented by the Chilean government in 2006 to promote higher education in Chile for lower socio-economic level students in good academic standing. The CAE Program involves tuition financing and guarantees that are provided by our institutions and the government. As part of the CAE Program, these institutions provide guarantees which result in contingent liabilities to third-party financing institutions, beginning at 90% of the tuition loans made directly to qualified students enrolled through the CAE Program and declining to 60% over time. The guarantees by these institutions are in effect during the period in which the student is enrolled, and the guarantees are assumed entirely by the government upon the student's graduation. When a student leaves one of Laureate's institutions and enrolls in another CAE-qualified institution, the Laureate institution will remain guarantor of the tuition loans that have been granted up to the date of transfer, and until the student's graduation from a CAE-qualified institution. The maximum potential amount of payments our institutions could be required to make under the CAE Program was approximately $484,000 and $428,000 at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. This maximum potential amount assumes that all students in the CAE Program do not graduate, so that our guarantee would not be assigned to the government, and that all students default on the full amount of the CAE-qualified loan balances. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we recorded $23,721 and $18,829, respectively, as estimated long-term guarantee liabilities for these obligations.
On October 4, 2012, the Chilean Congress approved Law No. 20.634 which amended Law No. 20.027, introducing an interest rate reduction from 6% to 2% on CAE loans. Current students could benefit from the reduction starting in March 2013 if they were current on their payments. The Law also provides that CAE loans cannot exceed the reference price established by the government for the program in which the student is enrolled, that the student begins to make payments 18 months after graduation, and that monthly payments may not exceed 10% of the participant's income if requested by the student. The prior government in Chile had proposed other changes to the student loan program; however, in the second quarter of 2014 the new government that was inaugurated on March 11, 2014 announced the withdrawal of all of the prior administration's higher education proposals and its intent to submit new bills to the Chilean Congress. We cannot predict the extent or
F-152
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
outcome of any changes to the student loan system that may be implemented in Chile or whether any such changes may have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Material GuaranteesOther
In conjunction with the purchase of UNP, Laureate pledged all of the acquired shares as a guarantee of our payments of rents as they become due. In the event that we default on any payment, the pledge agreement provides for a forfeiture of the relevant pledged shares. In the event of forfeiture, Laureate may be required to transfer the books and management of UNP to the former owners.
Laureate acquired the remaining 49% ownership interest in UAM Brazil in April 2013. As part of the agreement to purchase the 49% ownership interest, Laureate pledged 49% of its total shares in UAM Brazil as a guarantee of our payment obligations under the purchase agreement. In the event that we default on any payment, the agreement provides for a forfeiture of the pledged shares.
In connection with the purchase of FMU on September 12, 2014, Laureate pledged 75% of the acquired shares to third-party lenders as a guarantee of our payment obligations under the loans that financed a portion of the purchase price. Laureate pledged the remaining 25% of the acquired shares to the sellers as a guarantee of our payment obligations under the purchase agreement for the seller notes. In the event that we default on any payment of the loans or seller notes, the purchase agreement provides for a forfeiture of the relevant pledged shares. Upon maturity and payment of the seller notes in September 2017, the shares pledged to the sellers will be pledged to the third-party lenders until full payment of the loans, which mature in April 2021.
Standby Letters of Credit
As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, Laureate had outstanding letters of credit (LOCs) of $129,696 and $126,677, respectively, which primarily consisted of the items discussed below.
As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had $90,509 and $86,599, respectively, posted as LOCs in favor of the United States Department of Education (DOE). These LOCs were required to allow Walden, Kendall, NewSchool, and St. Augustine to continue participating in the DOE Title IV program. These LOCs are fully collateralized with cash equivalents and certificates of deposit, which are classified as Restricted cash and investments on our September 30, 2016 Consolidated Balance Sheet.
As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had $37,309 and $36,527, respectively, posted as cash-collateralized LOCs related to the Spain Tax Audits. The cash collateral for these LOCs was classified as Restricted cash and investments on our September 30, 2016 Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Surety Bonds and Other Commitments
As part of our normal operations, our insurers issue surety bonds on our behalf, as required by various state education authorities in the United States. We are obligated to reimburse our insurers for any payments made by the insurers under the surety bonds. As of September 30, 2016 and
F-153
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)
December 31, 2015, the total face amount of these surety bonds was $12,569 and $3,366, respectively. These bonds are fully collateralized with cash, which is classified as Restricted cash and investments on our September 30, 2016 Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Note 9. Financing Receivables
Laureate's financing receivables consist primarily of trade receivables related to student tuition financing programs with an initial term in excess of one year. We have offered long-term financing through the execution of note receivable agreements with students at some of our institutions. Our disclosures include financing receivables that are classified in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as both current and long-term, reported in accordance with ASC 310, "Receivables."
Laureate's financing receivables balances were as follows:
|
September 30,
2016 |
December 31,
2015 |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financing receivables |
$ | 37,667 | $ | 32,802 | |||
Allowance for doubtful accounts |
(9,254 | ) | (10,576 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Financing receivables, net of allowances |
$ | 28,413 | $ | 22,226 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
We do not purchase financing receivables in the ordinary course of our business. We may sell certain receivables that are significantly past due. No material amounts of financing receivables were sold during the periods reported herein.
Delinquency is the primary indicator of credit quality for our financing receivables. Receivable balances are considered delinquent when contractual payments on the loan become past due. Delinquent financing receivables are placed on non-accrual status for interest income. The accrual of interest is resumed when the financing receivable becomes contractually current and when collection of all remaining amounts due is reasonably assured. We record an Allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce our financing receivables to their net realizable value. The Allowance for doubtful accounts is based on the age of the receivables, the status of past-due amounts, historical collection trends, current economic conditions, and student enrollment status. Each of our institutions evaluates its balances for potential impairment. We consider impaired loans to be those that are past due one year or greater,
F-154
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Financing Receivables (Continued)
and those that are modified as a troubled debt restructuring (TDR). The aging of financing receivables grouped by country portfolio was as follows:
|
Chile | Other | Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As of September 30, 2016 |
||||||||||
Amounts past due less than one year |
$ | 10,489 | $ | 1,031 | $ | 11,520 | ||||
Amounts past due one year or greater |
4,570 | 642 | 5,212 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total past due (on non-accrual status) |
15,059 | 1,673 | 16,732 | |||||||
Not past due |
16,214 | 4,721 | 20,935 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total financing receivables |
$ | 31,273 | $ | 6,394 | $ | 37,667 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
As of December 31, 2015 |
||||||||||
Amounts past due less than one year |
$ | 10,404 | $ | 1,166 | $ | 11,570 | ||||
Amounts past due one year or greater |
4,048 | 606 | 4,654 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total past due (on non-accrual status) |
14,452 | 1,772 | 16,224 | |||||||
Not past due |
11,159 | 5,419 | 16,578 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total financing receivables |
$ | 25,611 | $ | 7,191 | $ | 32,802 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
The following is a rollforward of the Allowance for doubtful accounts related to financing receivables for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, grouped by country portfolio:
|
Chile | Other | Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balance at December 31, 2015 |
$ | (7,240 | ) | $ | (3,336 | ) | $ | (10,576 | ) | |
Charge-offs |
3,525 | 104 | 3,629 | |||||||
Recoveries |
| (46 | ) | (46 | ) | |||||
Reclassifications |
| | | |||||||
Provision |
(2,152 | ) | 181 | (1,971 | ) | |||||
Currency adjustments |
(387 | ) | 97 | (290 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at September 30, 2016 |
$ | (6,254 | ) | $ | (3,000 | ) | $ | (9,254 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2014 |
$ | (11,063 | ) | $ | (4,177 | ) | $ | (15,240 | ) | |
Charge-offs |
2,977 | 333 | 3,310 | |||||||
Recoveries |
(21 | ) | (25 | ) | (46 | ) | ||||
Reclassifications |
| | | |||||||
Provision |
(714 | ) | 228 | (486 | ) | |||||
Currency adjustments |
1,309 | 234 | 1,543 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at September 30, 2015 |
$ | (7,512 | ) | $ | (3,407 | ) | $ | (10,919 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Restructured Receivables
A TDR is a financing receivable in which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and Laureate has granted an economic concession to the student debtor that we would not otherwise consider. When we modify financing receivables in a TDR, Laureate typically offers the student debtor
F-155
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 9. Financing Receivables (Continued)
an extension of the loan maturity and/or a reduction in the accrued interest balance. In certain situations, we may offer to restructure a financing receivable in a manner that ultimately results in the forgiveness of contractually specified principal balances. Our only TDRs are in Chile.
The number of financing receivable accounts and the pre- and post-modification account balances modified under the terms of a TDR during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
|
Number of Financing
Receivable Accounts |
Pre-Modification
Balance Outstanding |
Post-Modification
Balance Outstanding |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 |
559 | $ | 8,615 | $ | 5,986 | |||||
2015 |
880 | $ | 3,943 | $ | 3,625 |
The preceding table represents accounts modified under the terms of a TDR during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, whereas the following table represents accounts modified as a TDR between January 1, 2015 and September 30, 2016 that subsequently defaulted during the nine months ended September 30, 2016:
|
Number of Financing Receivable Accounts | Balance at Default | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total |
355 | $ | 1,089 |
The following table represents accounts modified as a TDR between January 1, 2014 and September 30, 2015 that subsequently defaulted during the nine months ended September 30, 2015:
|
Number of Financing
Receivable Accounts |
Balance at Default | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total |
535 | $ | 2,346 |
Note 10. Share-based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense was as follows:
|
For the nine months ended September 30, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2016 | 2015 | |||||
Stock options, net of estimated forfeitures |
$ | 21,527 | $ | 16,719 | |||
Restricted stock awards |
6,897 | 6,811 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total non-cash stock compensation |
28,424 | 23,530 | |||||
Deferred compensation arrangement |
515 | 3,692 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 28,939 | $ | 27,222 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Share-based Deferred Compensation Arrangement
For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, Laureate recorded share-based compensation expense for the deferred compensation arrangement of $515 and $3,692, respectively. As
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 10. Share-based Compensation (Continued)
of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the total liability recorded for the deferred compensation arrangement was $17,978 and $17,463, respectively, and was recorded as a current liability in Deferred compensation on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. This liability was originally payable on September 17, 2016; however, the participants agreed to extend the due date of the payment until December 30, 2016, as discussed in Note 19, Subsequent Events.
Annual Equity Award Grant
On May 2, 2016, we granted 174 and 136 time-based restricted stock units and performance share units, respectively, with vesting periods over the next three years. The performance share units vest based on achieving a pre-determined annual performance target. In addition, we also granted 132 Time Options with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of Laureate's stock at the date of grant. These options vest over a three-year period and have a contractual term of 10 years. The total grant date fair value of these awards was approximately $8,800.
Equity Award Modification
In June 2016, we modified all outstanding stock options that were granted under the 2013 Plan, except for stock options that were granted during 2016. The exercise price of the modified options was adjusted to $23.20, the estimated fair market value of our stock at the date of modification. As a result, we modified the exercise price of approximately 5,338 stock options that were granted under the 2013 Plan. This modification resulted in incremental stock compensation expense during the second quarter of approximately $6,000 for options that were vested at the modification date. Additionally, approximately $5,000 of incremental stock compensation expense related to options that were not yet vested at the modification date will be recognized over the remaining vesting period.
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Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 11. Stockholders' Equity
The components of net changes in stockholders' equity were as follows:
|
Laureate Education, Inc. Stockholders |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Shares of
common stock outstanding |
Common
stock |
Additional
paid-in capital |
(Accumulated
deficit) retained earnings |
Accumulated
other comprehensive (loss) income |
Noncontrolling
interests |
Total
stockholders' equity |
|||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2015 |
133,255 | $ | 533 | $ | 2,686,451 | $ | (1,409,548 | ) | $ | (952,677 | ) | $ | 30,667 | $ | 355,426 | |||||||
Non-cash stock compensation |
7 | | 28,424 | | | | 28,424 | |||||||||||||||
Exercise of stock options |
13 | | 253 | | | | 253 | |||||||||||||||
Vesting of restricted stock and exercise of stock options, net of shares withheld to satisfy minimum employee tax withholding |
26 | | (1,346 | ) | | | | (1,346 | ) | |||||||||||||
Changes in noncontrolling interests |
| | (2,221 | ) | | | 2,101 | (120 | ) | |||||||||||||
Dividends to noncontrolling interests |
| | (868 | ) | | | | (868 | ) | |||||||||||||
Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders |
| | | | | (1,447 | ) | (1,447 | ) | |||||||||||||
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
| | 3,538 | | | | 3,538 | |||||||||||||||
Reclassification of comprehensive income to redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
| | | | | (810 | ) | (810 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net income (loss) |
| | | 330,539 | | (2,817 | ) | 327,722 | ||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax of $0 |
| | | | (46,005 | ) | 1,000 | (45,005 | ) | |||||||||||||
Unrealized gain on derivatives, net of tax of $0 |
| | | | 5,509 | | 5,509 | |||||||||||||||
Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $1,900 |
| | | | 8,948 | | 8,948 | |||||||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at September 30, 2016 |
133,301 | $ | 533 | $ | 2,714,231 | $ | (1,079,009 | ) | $ | (984,225 | ) | $ | 28,694 | $ | 680,224 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) in our Consolidated Balance Sheets includes the accumulated translation adjustments arising from translation of foreign subsidiaries' financial statements, the unrealized losses on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, and the accumulated
F-158
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 11. Stockholders' Equity (Continued)
net gains or losses that are not recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost for our minimum pension liability. The components of these balances were as follows:
|
September 30, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Laureate
Education, Inc. |
Noncontrolling
Interests |
Total |
Laureate
Education, Inc. |
Noncontrolling
Interests |
Total | |||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation loss |
$ | (974,426 | ) | $ | (1,420 | ) | $ | (975,846 | ) | $ | (928,421 | ) | $ | (2,420 | ) | $ | (930,841 | ) | |
Unrealized losses on derivatives |
(7,740 | ) | | (7,740 | ) | (13,250 | ) | | (13,250 | ) | |||||||||
Minimum pension liability adjustment |
(2,059 | ) | | (2,059 | ) | (11,006 | ) | | (11,006 | ) | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |
$ | (984,225 | ) | $ | (1,420 | ) | $ | (985,645 | ) | $ | (952,677 | ) | $ | (2,420 | ) | $ | (955,097 | ) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Note 12. Derivative Instruments
In the normal course of business, our operations are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency values and interest rate changes. We may seek to control a portion of these risks through a risk management program that includes the use of derivative instruments.
The interest and principal payments for Laureate's senior long-term debt arrangements are to be paid primarily in USD. Our ability to make debt payments is subject to fluctuations in the value of the USD against foreign currencies, since a majority of our operating cash used to make these payments is generated by subsidiaries with functional currencies other than USD. As part of our overall risk management policies, Laureate has at times entered into foreign currency swap contracts and floating-to-fixed interest rate swap contracts. In addition, we occasionally enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the earnings impact of other non-functional currency-denominated receivables and payables.
We do not enter into speculative or leveraged transactions, nor do we hold or issue derivatives for trading purposes. We generally intend to hold our derivatives until maturity.
Laureate reports all derivatives at fair value. These contracts are recognized as either assets or liabilities, depending upon the derivative's fair value. Gains or losses associated with the change in the fair value of these swaps are recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Operations on a current basis over the term of the contracts, unless designated and effective as a hedge. For swaps that are designated and effective as cash flow hedges, gains or losses associated with the change in fair value of the swaps are recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) and amortized into earnings as a component of Interest expense over the term of the related hedged items.
F-159
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 12. Derivative Instruments (Continued)
The reported fair value of our derivatives, which are classified in Derivative instruments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, were as follows:
|
September 30,
2016 |
December 31,
2015 |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |
|||||||
Current liabilities: |
|||||||
Interest rate swaps |
$ | 7,740 | $ | | |||
Long-term liabilities: |
|||||||
Interest rate swaps |
| 13,250 | |||||
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |
|||||||
Current assets: |
|||||||
Cross currency and interest rate swaps |
| 238 | |||||
Current liabilities: |
|||||||
Cross currency and interest rate swaps |
| 688 | |||||
Long-term liabilities: |
|||||||
Cross currency and interest rate swaps |
8,012 | 5,662 | |||||
Interest rate swaps |
474 | 414 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total derivative instrument assets |
$ | | $ | 238 | |||
| | | | | | | |
Total derivative instrument liabilities |
$ | 16,226 | $ | 20,014 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Interest Rate Swaps
In September 2011, Laureate entered into two forward interest rate swap agreements with notional amounts of $450,000 and $300,000, respectively. We have designated these derivatives as cash flow hedges. The swaps were associated with existing debt, and effectively fix interest rates on existing variable-rate borrowings in order to manage our exposure to future interest rate volatility. Both swaps have an effective date of June 30, 2014 and mature on June 30, 2017. The terms of the swaps require Laureate to pay interest on the basis of fixed rates of 2.61% on the $450,000 notional amount swap and 2.71% on the $300,000 notional amount swap, and receive interest for both swaps on the basis of three-month LIBOR, with a floor of 1.25%. The gain or loss on these swaps is deferred in AOCI and will be reclassified into earnings as a component of Interest expense in the same period during which the hedged forecasted transactions will affect earnings. Laureate determines the effectiveness of these swaps using the hypothetical derivative method. During both the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the amount of gain or loss recognized in income on the ineffective portion of derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments was $0, as the swaps were 100% effective. During the next 12 months, approximately $7,700 is expected to be reclassified from AOCI into income. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, these interest rate swaps had an estimated fair value of $7,740 and $13,250, respectively.
F-160
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 12. Derivative Instruments (Continued)
The table below shows the total recorded unrealized gain (loss) of these swaps in Comprehensive income (loss). The impact of derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments on Comprehensive income (loss), Interest expense and AOCI were as follows:
For the nine months ended September 30:
|
Gain Recognized in
Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Effective Portion) |
|
Loss Reclassified
from AOCI to Income (Loss) (Effective Portion) |
||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Income Statement
Location |
||||||||||||||
|
2016 | 2015 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||
Interest rate swaps |
$ | 5,509 | $ | 2,850 | Interest expense | $ | (8,002 | ) | $ | (7,973 | ) |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
USD to Swiss Franc (CHF) Foreign Currency Forward Swaps
In March 2016, Laureate entered into a CHF to USD deal-contingent forward exchange swap agreement with a notional amount of CHF 320,000. The purpose of the swap was to mitigate risk of foreign currency exposure related to the sale of Glion and Les Roches Hospitality Management Schools, as discussed in Note 3, Dispositions. The forward contract matured on June 14, 2016, the closing date of the sale, resulting in a realized loss of $10,297. The deal contingent forward exchange swap was not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes.
In November 2015, Laureate entered into a USD to CHF foreign exchange forward swap agreement. We executed an initial conversion of CHF 14,000 to US $14,113. In December 2015, Laureate entered into two USD to CHF foreign exchange forward swap agreements. We executed an initial conversion of CHF 16,000 to US $16,470 using two swaps. For accounting purposes, the swaps were not designated as hedging instruments. These swaps were settled during the second quarter of 2016 for a net realized loss of approximately $100.
In May 2015, Laureate entered into a USD to CHF foreign exchange forward swap agreement. The swap was intended to hedge the currency effects of the strengthening USD for anticipated cash outlays in CHF over the seven months subsequent to the execution date for a tax payment, along with expected working capital requirements. We executed an initial conversion of CHF 9,700 to US $10,325. The swap matured during the first quarter of 2016 for a realized loss of $635. For accounting purposes, the swap was not designated as a hedging instrument.
USD to Euro Foreign Currency Forward Swaps
In connection with the sale of the institutions in France that is discussed in Note 3, Dispositions, Laureate entered into EUR to USD foreign exchange forward contracts, in order to lock in the amount of USD proceeds that we will receive upon closing of the transaction. The total forward contracts were EUR 200,000, of which EUR 100,000 was deal contingent and EUR 100,000 was not contingent on the deal closing. The contracts discussed above matured and were settled by July 20, 2016, the closing date of the sale, resulting in a total realized gain on derivatives of $4,634.
F-161
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 12. Derivative Instruments (Continued)
CLP to Unidad de Fomento (UF) Cross Currency and Interest Rate Swaps
The cross currency and interest rate swap agreements are intended to provide a better correlation between our debt obligations and operating currencies. In 2010, one of our subsidiaries in Chile entered into four cross currency and interest rate swap agreements. One of the swaps matures on December 1, 2024, and the remaining three mature on July 1, 2025 (the CLP to UF cross currency and interest rate swaps). The UF is a Chilean inflation-adjusted unit of account. The four swaps have an aggregate notional amount of approximately $31,000, and convert CLP-denominated, floating-rate debt to fixed-rate UF-denominated debt. The CLP to UF cross currency and interest rate swaps were not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, these swaps had an estimated fair value of $8,012 and $5,662, respectively.
THINK Interest Rate Swaps
Laureate acquired THINK on December 20, 2013, and financed a portion of the purchase price by borrowing AUD 45,000 (US $34,524 at September 30, 2016) under a syndicated facility agreement in the form of two term loans of AUD 22,500 each. The terms of the syndicated facility agreement required THINK to enter into an interest rate swap within 45 days from the agreement's December 20, 2013 effective date, in order to convert at least 50% of the AUD 45,000 of term loan debt from a variable interest rate based on the BBSY bid rate, an Australia bank rate, to a fixed interest rate. Accordingly, on January 31, 201 4, THINK executed an interest rate swap agreement with an original notional amount of AUD 22,500 to satisfy this requirement and converted AUD 22,500 (US $17,262 at September 30, 2016) of the variable rate component of the term loan debt to a fixed interest rate of 3.86%. The notional amount of the swap decreases quarterly based on the terms of the agreement, and the swap matures on December 20, 2018. This interest rate swap was not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes, and had an estimated fair value of $474 and $414 at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, which was recorded in Derivative instruments as a long-term liability. As discussed in Note 7, Debt, the THINK loan facilities were amended and restated in June 2016. The interest rate swap agreements discussed above were not changed.
F-162
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 12. Derivative Instruments (Continued)
Components of the reported Gain (loss) on derivatives not designated as hedging instruments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows:
|
For the nine months
ended September 30, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2016 | 2015 | |||||
Unrealized (Loss) Gain |
|||||||
Cross currency and interest rate swaps |
$ | (1,514 | ) | $ | (2,072 | ) | |
Interest rate swaps |
(34 | ) | (53 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
|
(1,548 | ) | (2,125 | ) | |||
Realized Gain (Loss) |
|||||||
Cross currency and interest rate swaps |
(6,530 | ) | (336 | ) | |||
Interest rate swaps |
(157 | ) | (157 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
|
(6,687 | ) | (493 | ) | |||
Total Gain (Loss) |
|||||||
Cross currency and interest rate swaps |
(8,044 | ) | (2,408 | ) | |||
Interest rate swaps |
(191 | ) | (210 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Gain (loss) on derivatives, net |
$ | (8,235 | ) | $ | (2,618 | ) | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Credit Risk and Credit-Risk-Related Contingent Features
Laureate's derivatives expose us to credit risk to the extent that the counterparty may possibly fail to perform its contractual obligation. The amount of our credit risk exposure is equal to the fair value of the derivative when any of the derivatives are in a net gain position. As of September 30, 2016, none of our derivatives were in a gain position.
Laureate has limited its credit risk by only entering into derivative transactions with highly rated major financial institutions. We have not entered into collateral agreements with our derivatives' counterparties. At September 30, 2016, one institution which was rated Aa2, one institution which was rated A1, one institution which was rated A2 and one institution which was rated A3 by the global rating agency of Moody's Investors Service, accounted for all of Laureate's derivative credit risk exposure.
Laureate's agreements with its derivative counterparties contain a provision under which we could be declared in default on our derivative obligations if repayment of the underlying indebtedness is accelerated by the lender due to a default on the indebtedness. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had not breached any default provisions and had not posted any collateral related to these agreements. If we had breached any of these provisions, we could have been required to settle the obligations under the derivative agreements for an amount that we believe would approximate their estimated fair value of $16,226 as of September 30, 2016 and $20,014 as of December 31, 2015.
F-163
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 13. Income Taxes
Laureate uses the liability method to account for income taxes. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. For interim purposes, we also apply ASC 740-270, "Income TaxesInterim Reporting."
Laureate's income tax provisions for all periods consist of federal, state and foreign income taxes. The tax provisions for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were based on estimated full-year effective tax rates, after giving effect to significant items related specifically to the interim periods, including the mix of income for the period between higher-taxed and lower-taxed jurisdictions. Laureate has operations in multiple countries, many of which have statutory tax rates lower than the United States or are tax-exempt entities, and other operations that are loss-making entities for which it is not more likely than not that a tax benefit will be realized on the loss. Generally, lower tax rates in these foreign jurisdictions along with Laureate's intent and ability to indefinitely reinvest foreign earnings outside of the United States results in an effective tax rate significantly lower than the statutory rate in the United States.
Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was $35,246 and $81,587, respectively. Before the impact of discrete items, the income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was $58,717 and $35,134, respectively. A significant driver of the lower tax expense as compared to pre-tax income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is the non-taxable gain on the sale of certain operations in Europe that is included in pre-tax income. Discrete items recorded in the 2016 and 2015 periods also affected the Company's income tax expense. In 2015, the Company recognized a contingent liability of approximately $42,100 related to the Spanish tax audits. In addition, in 2016 the Company recognized a discrete benefit of approximately $7,900 related to the deferred taxes included within the accounting for the sale of the hospitality management schools, and a release of an income tax contingency related to Peru of approximately $21,200.
Note 14. Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Laureate computes basic earnings per share (EPS) by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the reporting period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that would occur if share-based compensation awards/arrangements or contingently issuable shares were exercised or converted into common stock. To calculate the diluted EPS, the basic weighted average number of shares is increased by the dilutive effect of stock options, restricted stock, and other share-based compensation arrangements determined using the treasury stock method.
F-164
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 14. Earnings (Loss) Per Share (Continued)
The following tables summarize the computations of basic and diluted earnings per share:
For the nine months ended September 30,
|
2016 | 2015 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Numerator used in basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share: |
|||||||
Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Laureate Education, Inc. |
$ | 330,539 | $ | (299,581 | ) | ||
Accretion of redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity |
3,538 | (9,602 | ) | ||||
Adjusted for: accretion related to noncontrolling interests and equity redeemable at fair value |
(201 | ) | 6,637 | ||||
Distributed and undistributed earnings to participating securities |
(104 | ) | | ||||
| | | | | | | |
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders |
$ | 333,772 | $ | (302,546 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | |
Denominator used in basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share: |
|||||||
Basic weighted average shares outstanding |
133,291 | 132,941 | |||||
Effect of dilutive stock options |
858 | | |||||
Effect of dilutive restricted stock units |
68 | | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Dilutive weighted average shares outstanding |
134,217 | 132,941 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share: |
|
|
|||||
Basic earnings (loss) per share |
$ | 2.52 | $ | (2.28 | ) | ||
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |
$ | 2.48 | $ | (2.28 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The following table summarizes the number of stock options and shares of restricted stock that were excluded from the diluted EPS calculations because the effect would have been antidilutive:
|
For the nine months
ended September 30, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2016 | 2015 | |||||
Stock options |
2,931 | 10,323 | |||||
Restricted stock |
131 | 229 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Note 15. Related Party Transactions
Corporate
Transactions between Laureate and Santa Fe University of Arts and Design (SFUAD)
During 2014, Laureate entered into a new shared services agreement with SFUAD that replaced the shared services agreement previously entered into in 2009. Laureate provides SFUAD with certain management consulting, legal, tax, finance, accounting, treasury, human resources, and network entry services. The shared services agreement had a term of five years. As of September 30, 2016, Laureate recorded a Related party receivable from SFUAD of $211 pursuant to the shared services agreement. As of December 31, 2015, Laureate had recorded a receivable from SFUAD of $658 related to the shared services agreement, which was subsequently collected.
F-165
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 15. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
During the third quarter of 2013, fourteen Laureate institutions entered into partnership agreements with SFUAD (the Global Partnership agreements). These Global Partnership agreements have an initial term of five years and provide Laureate students with educational opportunities to study certain academic programs at SFUAD. Under the terms of these agreements, the partnering Laureate institutions commit to pay SFUAD an annual amount each calendar year, which SFUAD then bills to the Laureate institutions on a quarterly basis. The Global Partnership agreements can be unilaterally canceled by either SFUAD or the Laureate institutions with at least six months' prior written notice; however any remaining unpaid commitment amount for that calendar year is still contractually owed to SFUAD. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, Laureate recorded a related party payable to SFUAD of $490 and $193, respectively, for unpaid commitments that we are obligated to pay to SFUAD under the Global Partnership agreements. On May 18, 2016, SFUAD announced that it is being acquired by a private education provider with a global network of colleges and universities with a focus on art and design education. The transaction is expected to close at the end of 2016. Until the sale is completed, SFUAD will remain a related party of Laureate since both entities are commonly owned by Wengen.
Transactions between Laureate and Entities Affiliated with Executive Officers, Directors and Wengen
On December 16, 2015, Laureate entered into a term loan agreement with its parent, Wengen, for approximately $11,000. In June 2016, we made a scheduled principal payment of $3,500. In the third quarter of 2016, Laureate made an additional prepayment on this loan of approximately $5,000. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the principal balance outstanding was approximately $2,500 and $11,000, respectively.
We have agreements in place with I/O Data Centers, LLC (I/O) pursuant to which I/O provides modular data center solutions to the Company. One of our directors is also a director of I/O. Additionally, this director, our CEO, and Sterling Partners (a private equity firm co-founded by the director, our CEO, and others) maintain an ownership interest in I/O. During each of the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015, we incurred costs for these agreements of approximately $700 and $400, respectively.
Europe
Morocco
Transactions between Laureate and Noncontrolling Interest Holder of Laureate Somed Education Holding SA (LSEH)
LSEH is 60% owned and consolidated by Laureate and is the entity that operates Université Internationale de Casablanca, our institution in Morocco. The 40% noncontrolling interest holder of LSEH has made loans to LSEH, and as of December 31, 2015, we had a related party payable of $13,354 to the noncontrolling interest holder for the outstanding balance of and accrued interest on these loans, of which $9,305 and $4,049 were recorded as current and noncurrent, respectively.
During 2016, the maturity date of a loan made by the noncontrolling interest holder in 2014 was extended from October 2015 to April 2017. The outstanding balance of this loan, including accrued
F-166
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 15. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
interest, at the time of the extension was Moroccan Dirhams (MAD) 45,028 (US $4,613 at September 30, 2016). This loan bears an interest rate of 4.5% per annum.
During the second quarter of 2016, the noncontrolling interest holder made an additional loan to LSEH for MAD 4,800 (US $492 at the loan date), which matures in December 2017 and bears interest at 4.5% per annum. During the quarter ended September 30, 2016, the noncontrolling interest holder made an additional loan to LSEH for MAD 3,200 (US $324 at the loan date), which also matures in December 2017 and bears interest at 4.5% per annum. The proceeds from these loans have been included in the financing activities section of the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as Noncontrolling interest holder's loan to subsidiaries. As the 60% majority owner, Laureate has also made loans to LSEH for 60% of the total amount borrowed, which eliminate in consolidation.
As of September 30, 2016, we had total related party payables of $14,621 to the noncontrolling interest holder of LSEH for the outstanding balance on these loans plus accrued interest, of which $13,797 and $824 was recorded as current and noncurrent, respectively.
AMEA
China
Transactions between China businesses and Noncontrolling Interest Holders of Hunan International Economics University (HIEU)
A portion of real property that HIEU has paid for, including land and buildings, is mortgaged as collateral for corporate loans that the entity controlled by certain noncontrolling interest holders of HIEU has entered into with third-party banks. In December 2013, the noncontrolling interest holders of HIEU signed an agreement with Laureate and committed to: (1) remove all encumbrances on HIEU's real property no later than September 30, 2014 and (2) cause the entity to complete the transfer of title relating to the encumbered real property to HIEU no later than December 31, 2014. Under the terms of this agreement, the noncontrolling interest holders also agreed to pay any and all transfer taxes, fees and other costs that are required in connection with the removal of the encumbrances and the transfer of titles, which are estimated to be approximately $2,000. As collateral for their performance under the agreement, the noncontrolling interest holders pledged to Laureate their 30% equity interest in the sponsoring entity of HIEU. The noncontrolling interest holders of HIEU have not completed their commitment to remove the encumbrances over the real property or completed the transfer of the real property. Under the terms of the agreement, Laureate has the right to receive the sale proceeds of the noncontrolling interest holders' 30% equity interest, up to the amount owing to it under the equity pledge, in priority to other creditors of the noncontrolling interest holders. On February 22, 2016, certain creditors of the noncontrolling interest holders initiated an enforcement process against the noncontrolling interest holders. The creditors have requested the court to auction a portion of the equity interest of the noncontrolling interest holders. The court has appointed an appraiser to perform a valuation of the equity interest, and a court auction may take place during 2016. As the registered pledgee, Laureate has the right to receive the sale proceeds of the noncontrolling interest holders' equity interest, up to the amount owing to it under the equity pledge, in priority to other creditors of the noncontrolling interest holders. Management is currently evaluating
F-167
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 15. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
its options in this matter. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, Laureate's net carrying value of the encumbered real property was approximately $12,700 and $13,700, respectively.
In addition to the performance obligations in the December 2013 agreement for the encumbered property as described above, the noncontrolling interest holders are required under the 2009 HIEU purchase agreement (PA) to obtain the titles of certain other buildings for HIEU. The noncontrolling interest holders are also obligated to pay any and all government fees and other costs, which are estimated to be approximately $4,200, required in connection with obtaining the titles for these buildings. These buildings are not encumbered and HIEU has title to the land. The noncontrolling interest holders also occupy and conduct other non-HIEU business in five buildings that we have title to, and do not pay rent to HIEU for the use of these facilities.
Dubai
Transactions between Laureate and Laureate-Obeikan Ltd.
Laureate-Obeikan Ltd. is a consolidated joint venture in Dubai that is 50% owned by Laureate. During the first quarter of 2016, we entered into an agreement for the assignment of amounts due to Laureate-Obeikan Ltd. from Higher Institute for Paper and Industrial Technologies (HIPIT), a third party, to Obeikan Paper Industries (OPI), a related-party subsidiary of the noncontrolling interest holder of Laureate-Obeikan Ltd., in the amount of SAR 14,279 (US $3,806 at September 30, 2016) as settlement of amounts owed from OPI to an affiliate of HIPIT. Payment is due in five installments of SAR 2,856 (US $761 at September 30, 2016) beginning in March 2016 through July 2016. As of September 30, 2016, the amount receivable was $3,040. Installments totaling SAR 2,400 (US $640 at September 30, 2016) were paid during 2016. These receivables are fully reserved.
Note 16. Legal and Regulatory Matters
Laureate is subject to legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. In management's opinion, we have adequate legal defenses, insurance coverage, and/or accrued liabilities with respect to the eventuality of these actions. Management believes that any settlement would not have a material impact on Laureate's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
United States Postsecondary Education Regulation
The Company, through its GPS segment, operates four postsecondary educational institutions in the United States and provides contractual services to another (U.S. Institutions). The U.S. Institutions are subject to extensive regulation by federal and state governmental entities as well as accrediting bodies. The Higher Education Act (HEA), and the regulations promulgated thereunder by the DOE, subject the U.S. Institutions to ongoing regulatory review and scrutiny. The U.S. Institutions must also comply with a myriad of requirements in order to participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs under the HEA (Title IV programs).
In particular, to participate in the Title IV programs under currently effective DOE regulations, an institution must be authorized to offer its educational programs by the relevant state agencies in the states in which it is located, accredited by an accrediting agency that is recognized by the DOE, and also certified by the DOE. In determining whether to certify an institution, the DOE closely examines
F-168
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 16. Legal and Regulatory Matters (Continued)
an institution's administrative and financial capability to administer Title IV program funds. In March 2016, in connection with its review of our financial statements following our conversion to a Delaware public benefit corporation, the DOE sent us a letter requiring us to increase our existing letter of credit to the amount of $90,509 for Kendall College, St. Augustine, Walden University and NewSchool of Architecture and Design, which is equal to approximately 10% of the Title IV program funds that these schools received during the most recently completed fiscal year. In the letter, the DOE also has required us to continue to comply with additional notification and reporting requirements. We have provided the increased letter of credit and are complying with the additional notification and reporting requirements.
We received a letter dated October 4, 2016 from the DOE (subsequently revised on November 4, 2016) stating that, based on Laureate's failure to meet standards of financial responsibility for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we are required to either: (1) increase our letter of credit to an amount equal to 50% of the Title IV, HEA funds received by Laureate in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 (calculated by the DOE to be $351,995) and qualify as a financially responsible institution; or (2) increase our letter of credit to an amount equal to 15% (calculated by the DOE to be $105,599) of the Title IV, HEA funds received by Laureate in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 and remain provisionally certified for a period of up to three complete award years. In the letter, the DOE also has required us to continue to comply with additional notification and reporting requirements. We have chosen to increase our letter of credit to $105,599 and to remain provisionally certified for a period of up to three complete award years and have obtained replacement letters of credit for such amount. See Note 8, Commitments and Contingencies, for further description of the outstanding DOE letters of credit as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
Pursuant to DOE requirements, the U.S. Institutions conduct periodic reviews and audits of their compliance with the Title IV program requirements. None of the U.S. Institutions have been notified of any significant noncompliance that might result in loss of its certification to participate in the Title IV programs. Management believes that there are no matters of regulatory noncompliance that could have a material effect on the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.
Changes in or new interpretations of applicable laws, DOE rules, or regulations could have a material adverse effect on the U.S. Institutions' eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs. On October 29, 2010, the DOE published a Final Rule amending its regulations in a number of areas related to an institution's eligibility to participate in the Title IV programs. Most of these regulatory changes became effective July 1, 2011, with others becoming effective as of July 1, 2012. On October 30, 2014, the DOE issued a final rule establishing specific standards for purposes of the HEA requirement that, to be eligible for Title IV program funds, certain programs of study prepare students for "gainful employment in a recognized occupation," which became effective July 1, 2015. The final regulations define this concept using two ratios, one based on annual debt-to-annual earnings ("DTE") and another based on annual debt-to-discretionary income ("DTI") ratio. Under the final regulations, an educational program with a DTE ratio at or below 8% or a DTI ratio at or below 20% is considered "passing." An educational program with a DTE ratio greater than 8% but less than or equal to 12% or a DTI ratio greater than 20% but less than or equal to 30% is considered to be "in the zone." An educational program with a DTE ratio greater than 12% and a DTI ratio greater than 30% is considered "failing." An educational program will cease to be eligible for students to receive
F-169
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 16. Legal and Regulatory Matters (Continued)
Title IV program funds if its DTE and DTI ratios are failing in two out of any three consecutive award years or if both of those rates are failing or in the zone for four consecutive award years. In January 2017, the DOE issued to institutions final DTE rates. Among Walden University, Kendall College and NewSchool of Architecture and Design, we had one program fail and five in the zone. St. Augustine had no programs that failed or were in the zone. We are currently examining and implementing options for each of these programs and their students.
Between February and May 2014, the DOE convened a negotiated rulemaking committee to prepare proposed regulations to address program integrity and improvement issues for the Title IV programs ("Program Integrity Rulemaking") including but not limited to updating eligibility standards for student and parent borrowers under the federal Direct PLUS loan program, cash management of Title IV funds, state authorization for programs offered through distance education and state authorization for foreign locations of institutions. As this negotiated rulemaking committee did not reach consensus on all of the issues before it, on August 8, 2014, the DOE published a proposed rule for public comment regarding federal Direct PLUS loan program eligibility, following which a final rule was issued on October 23, 2014 and that took effect July 1, 2015. On October 30, 2015, the DOE published final program integrity regulations regarding cash management of Title IV funds, the eligibility of repeated coursework for purposes of a student's enrollment status and receipt of Title IV funds, and the measurement of programs in credit hours versus clock hours for Title IV purposes. A majority of the provisions of the regulations took effect on July 1, 2016, and others will take effect on later dates in 2016 and 2017. The final regulations concerning cash management require, among other things, that institutions subject to heightened cash monitoring procedures for disbursements of Title IV funds must, effective July 1, 2016, pay to students any applicable Title IV credit balances before requesting such funds from the DOE. On December 19, 2016, the DOE published final regulations regarding state authorization for programs offered through distance education and state authorization for foreign locations of institutions. Among other provisions, these final regulations require that an institution participating in the Title IV federal student aid programs and offering postsecondary education through distance education be authorized by each state in which the institution enrolls students, if such authorization is required by the state. The DOE would recognize authorization through participation in a state authorization reciprocity agreement, if the agreement does not prevent a state from enforcing its own laws. The final regulations also require that foreign additional locations and branch campuses be authorized by the appropriate foreign government agency and if at least 50% of a program can be completed at the location/branch, be approved by the institution's accrediting agency and be reported to the state where the main campus is located. The final regulations would also require institutions to: document the state process for resolving complaints from students enrolled in programs offered through distance education or correspondence courses; and make certain public and individualized disclosures to enrolled and prospective students about their distance education programs. These final regulations are effective July 1, 2018.
During a separate negotiated rulemaking committee process that occurred between January and April 2014, the DOE proposed draft regulatory language to implement changes to the Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act ("Clery Act") required by March 2013 amendments to the Violence Against Women Act. At the final meeting of the negotiated rulemaking committee on April 1, 2014, the committee reached consensus on the Department's proposed regulations, which were subsequently published for a 30-day public comment period on
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June 20, 2014. On October 20, 2014, the DOE published the final rule amending its Clery Act regulations, which was effective July 1, 2015. Between February and April 2015, the DOE convened another negotiated rulemaking committee to prepare regulations to establish a new Pay as You Earn repayment plan for those not covered by the existing Pay as You Earn Repayment Plan in the Federal Direct Loan Program, and also to establish procedures for Federal Family Education Loan Program loan holders to use to identify U.S. military servicemembers who may be eligible for a lower interest rate on their federal student loans under the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act. The committee reached consensus during its final session on a set of proposed regulations. The DOE published proposed regulations for comment on July 9, 2015, and on October 30, 2015, issued final regulations. The Pay as You Earn Repayment Plan provisions took effect in December 2015 and a majority of the remaining provisions of the regulations took effect on July 1, 2016. In September 2015, President Obama announced the DOE's launch of a revised "College Scorecard" website that provides access to national data on college costs, graduation rates, debt and post-college earnings, including data regarding our U.S. Institutions. This data was updated in September 2016. In addition, in November 2015, the DOE issued comparative data regarding DOE-recognized accreditation agencies and the institutions they accredit, which include median debt, repayment rates, completion rates and median earnings. To the extent such data gives rise to negative perceptions of our U.S. Institutions or of proprietary educational institutions generally, our reputation and business could be materially adversely affected.
On June 16, 2016, the DOE published a proposed rule for public comment that, among other provisions, establishes new standards and processes for determining whether a Direct Loan Program borrower has a defense to repayment (DTR) on a loan due to acts or omissions by the institution at which the loan was used by the borrower for educational expenses. The proposed rule, among other topics, addresses (i) the standards for the purpose of determining whether a borrower can establish a DTR based on an act or omission of an institution, (ii) the time periods for availability of DTR claims; (iii) the regulatory framework by which the DOE will receive, review and determine the veracity of DTR claims, and under which the DOE may recover from institutions any losses incurred from successful DTR claims. The proposed rule also would revise the DOE's general standards of financial responsibility to include various actions and events that would require institutions to provide the DOE with irrevocable letters of credit or equivalent cash deposits, in certain cases automatically and others at the discretion of the DOE. Such events and actions include but are not limited to (i) DTR claims, or audits, investigations or claims by governmental authorities exceeding certain financial thresholds; (ii) certain types of lawsuits against an institution; (iii) the institution being placed by its accrediting agency on probation or issued a show cause order, or placed on an accreditation status that poses an equivalent or greater risk to its accreditation; (iv) the institution's violation of a loan agreement or other credit obligations; (v) the institution deriving more than 90% of its revenues for any single fiscal year from Title IV program funds; (vi) a publicly traded institution being warned by the SEC that trading on its stock may be suspended, or the stock is involuntarily delisted; (vii) a publicly traded institution disclosing or being required to disclose in a SEC report certain judicial or administrative proceedings; (viii) a publicly traded institution disclosing or being required to disclose in a report filed with the SEC a judicial or administrative proceeding stemming from a complaint filed by a person or entity that is not part of a State or Federal action (unless the institution satisfactory demonstrates to the DOE why the disclosed matter does not constitute a material event); (ix) a publicly traded institution failing to file timely a required annual or quarterly report with the SEC; (x) the exchange on
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which the stock of a publicly traded institution is traded notifies the institution that it is not in compliance with exchange requirements; (xi) the performance of an institution's educational programs under the DOE's "gainful employment" regulation; (xii) for an institution whose composite score of financial responsibility is less than 1.5, any withdrawal of equity from the institution by any means, including by declaring a dividend; (xiii) subject to limited exceptions, an institution having, as its two most recent official cohort default rates, a rate of 30 percent or higher; (xiv) significant fluctuations in Direct Loan Program or Pell Grant amounts received by the institution; (xv) citations by a State licensing or authorizing agency regarding the institution failing State or agency requirements; (xvi) the institution failing to meet a financial stress test to be developed or adopted by the DOE; (xvii) the institution or its corporate parent has a non-investment grade bond or credit rating; (xviii) as calculated by the DOE, the institution having high annual dropout rates; and (xix) any adverse event reported by the institution on a Form 8-K filed with the SEC. An institution required to post a letter of credit also would be required to disclose that fact to all students and prospective students. The proposed rule also would implement a new loan repayment rate methodology for only proprietary institutions, which if equal to or less than zero percent would require a proprietary institution to disclose such rates along with a warning on its website, in all advertising and promotional materials and to prospective and enrolled students. Comments to the proposed rule were due on or before August 1, 2016. On November 1, 2016, the DOE published the final regulations, which will take effect July 1, 2017. If we are required to repay the DOE for any successful DTR claims by students who attended our U.S. Institutions, or we are required to obtain additional letters of credit or increase our current letter of credit, it could materially affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations. We are currently assessing the impact of these final regulations on our U.S. Institutions.
On December 3, 2014, the DOE published proposed regulations on the teacher preparation program accountability system under the HEA, and additionally proposed amendments on teacher preparation program eligibility for TEACH Grant participation. In October 2016, the DOE published its final regulations regarding teacher preparation programs and TEACH Grant eligibility. We are currently assessing the eligibility of Walden University to continue to access TEACH Grant funds under the new regulations.
We are unable to predict what additional actions the DOE may take, or the effect of its rulemaking processes on our business. Additionally, the United States Congress has initiated a series of hearings regarding its prospective reauthorization of the HEA and potential changes to the Title IV programs. Any new or changed regulations from the DOE, or changes to the HEA and Title IV programs, could reduce enrollments, impact tuition prices, increase the cost of doing business and otherwise have additional material adverse effects on the financial condition, cash flows and operations of some or all of the U.S. Institutions.
The proprietary education industry is experiencing broad-based, intensifying scrutiny in the form of increased investigations and enforcement actions. In October 2014, the DOE announced that it will be leading an interagency task force composed of the DOE, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (the FTC), the U.S. Departments of Justice, Treasury and Veterans Affairs, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and numerous state attorneys general. The FTC has also recently issued civil investigative demands to several other U.S. proprietary educational institutions, which require the institutions to provide documents and
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information related to the advertising, marketing, or sale of secondary or postsecondary educational products or services, or educational accreditation products or services. The CFPB has also initiated a series of investigations against other U.S. proprietary educational institutions alleging that certain institutions' lending practices violate various consumer finance laws. In addition, attorneys general in several states have become more active in enforcing consumer protection laws, especially related to recruiting practices and the financing of education at proprietary educational institutions. In addition, several state attorneys general have recently partnered with the CFPB to review industry practices. If our past or current business practices are found to violate applicable consumer protection laws, or if we are found to have made misrepresentations to our current or prospective students about our educational programs, we could be subject to monetary fines or penalties and possible limitations on the manner in which we conduct our business.
State Higher Education Authorization and Program Review for Walden University
State authorization regulations generally require that post-secondary education institutions that offer online programs to students within their state obtain approval, an exemption or other required status by the appropriate state higher education agency in order to offer those programs. In recent years, more than 30 states have voluntarily entered into State Authorization Reciprocity Agreements (SARA) that establish standards for interstate offering of post-secondary distance education courses and programs. If an institution's home state participates in SARA and authorizes the institution to provide distance education in accordance with SARA standards, then the institution need not obtain additional authorizations for distance education from any other SARA member state. The SARA participation requirements and process are administered by the four regional higher education compacts in the United States, including the Midwestern Higher Education Compact (the MHEC), which administers SARA for the region that includes Minnesota, where Walden University is domiciled. Walden University submitted an application to participate in SARA to the Minnesota Office of Higher Education (MOHE), a member of MHEC. As of June 2015, Walden University was approved to participate in SARA, effective through June 2, 2016.
On April 8, 2016, the MOHE notified Walden University that its renewal application to participate in SARA had been denied because Walden University does not have an institutional federal financial composite score computed by the U.S. Department of Education in connection with Walden University's participation in federal Title IV financing programs of 1.5 or higher, although the institutional financial composite score calculation made by Walden University in accordance with the U.S. Department of Education's published formula and based on Walden University's 2015 audited financial statements is 3.0. In the absence of an institution-level financial composite score calculated by the U.S. Department of Education, MOHE has viewed Laureate's financial composite score calculated based on its global operations, which does not exceed 1.5, as attributable to Walden University.
On May 6, 2016, Walden University appealed the MOHE decision to MHEC. Walden University and MOHE participated in an appeal hearing before MHEC on June 3, 2016. On June 14, 2016, MHEC informed Walden University that it affirmed MOHE's decision. Walden University had until September 30, 2016 to regain its state authorization, exemption or other required status in the SARA states in which it participates in order to seek to enroll new students who reside in those states. As of the date of issuance of these financial statements, Walden University has regained authorization,
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exemption or other required status in all of the 31 SARA states in which it has been a SARA participant.
On September 8, 2016, as part of a program review that MOHE is conducting of Walden University's doctoral programs, MOHE sent to Walden University an information request regarding its doctoral programs and complaints filed by doctoral students. We have been informed by MOHE that in an effort to better understand the context, background and issues related to doctoral student complaints in Minnesota, MOHE is initiating a full review of doctoral programs for institutions registered in Minnesota.
Brazilian Regulation
Through our LatAm segment, we operate 13 post-secondary education institutions in Brazil. The responsibility of the federal government in regulating, monitoring and evaluating higher education institutions and undergraduate programs is exercised by the Brazilian Ministry of Education (the MEC), along with a number of related federal agencies and offices. The MEC is the highest authority of the higher education system in Brazil and has the power to: regulate and monitor the federal system of higher education in terms of its quality and standards, confirm decisions regarding the accreditation and reaccreditation of institutions of higher education; confirm evaluation criteria; confirm regulatory proposals; and issue and implement rules that govern the delivery of higher education services, including aspects like adherence by higher education institutions to the rules for federal education subsidy programs like Pronatec, Prouni and the Fundo de Financiamento ao Estudante do Ensino Superior (the FIES program, or FIES), through one or more of which all of our institutions enroll students. Additionally, Brazilian law requires that almost all change-of-control transactions by Laureate receive the prior approval of the Brazilian antitrust authority, the Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE).
As noted above, Laureate's institutions in Brazil participate in the FIES program, which targets students from low socio-economic backgrounds enrolled at private post-secondary institutions. Eligible students receive loans with below-market interest rates that are required to be repaid after an 18-month grace period upon graduation. FIES pays participating educational institutions tax credits which can be used to pay certain federal taxes and social contributions. FIES also repurchases excess credits for cash. As part of the FIES program, our institutions are obligated to pay up to 15% of any student default. The default obligation increases to up to 30% of any student default if the institution is not current with its federal taxes. FIES withholds between 1% and 3% of tuition paid to the institutions to cover any potential student defaults ("holdback"). If the student pays 100% of their loan, the withheld amounts will be paid to the participating education institutions.
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Since February 2014, all new students who participate in FIES must also enroll in the Fundo de Garantia de Operações de Crédito Educativo (FGEDUC). FGEDUC is a government-mandated, private guarantee fund administered by the Bank of Brazil that allows participating educational institutions to insure themselves for 90% (or 13.5% of 15%) of their losses related to student defaults under the FIES program. The cost of the program is 5.63% of a student's full tuition. Similar to FIES, the administrator withholds 5.63% of a student's full tuition to fund the guarantee by FGEDUC.
As of December 31, 2015, approximately 21% of our total students in Brazil participated in FIES, representing approximately 26% of our 2015 Brazil revenues.
In December 2014, the MEC along with FNDE, the agency that directly administers FIES, announced several significant rule changes to the FIES program beginning in 2015. These changes limit the number of new participants and the annual budget of the program, and delay payments to post-secondary institutions with more than twenty thousand FIES students that would otherwise have been due in 2015. The first change implements a minimum score on the high school achievement exam in order to enroll in the program. The second change alters the schedule for the payment and repurchase of credits as well as limits the opportunities for post-secondary institutions to sell any unused credits such that there is a significant delay between the time the post-secondary institution provides the educational services to the students and the time it receives payment from the government for 2015. In addition to these rule changes, FNDE implemented a policy for current students' loan renewals for 2015, which provides that returning students may not finance an amount that increases by more than 6.41%, which was later increased to 8.5%, from the amount financed in the previous semester, regardless of any increases in tuition or in the number of courses in which the student is enrolled, a policy that we believe violates the applicable law. For 2016, MEC announced that there will be no limitation to the tuition increase. Moreover, in the first and second intakes of 2015, the online enrollment and re-enrollment system that all post-secondary institutions and students must use to access the program has experienced numerous technical and programming faults that have also interfered with the enrollment and re-enrollment process. Numerous challenges to these changes and requests for judicial relief from the system's faults have been filed in the Brazilian courts, most of which are pending. The 2016 enrollment and re-enrollment schedule has been released and, so far, the system has not presented any major issues.
In October 2015, FNDE initiated negotiations with the Brazilian Association of Post-Secondary Institutions (ABRAES) aiming at settling the FIES payments that were delayed in 2015. The proposal from MEC, which was accepted by ABRAES, was to divide the total amount due in three annual installments to be paid one fourth in 2016, one fourth in 2017 and half in 2018. The parties also agreed that the yearly installments will be paid in June of each year, and the amounts will be adjusted to reflect an inflation index (the IPCA) from the date of the respective maturity until the effective payment. FNDE also agreed not to take any discriminatory measures in the future related to the payment due to the post-secondary institutions, and not to impose any limitation on the issuance of certificates and repurchase of credits due to the post-secondary institutions, which basically means that all certificates will be issued and repurchased in their respective fiscal years, except for those intended to be issued and repurchased in December, which will be paid in January of the following year. The parties executed the settlement agreement on January 28, 2016 and it was approved by the office of the Attorney General of Brazil on February 3, 2016. The Federal Court of Brasilia ratified the settlement
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agreement on March 17, 2016. We received the first FIES installment payment in June 2016. Our post-secondary institutions in Brazil are associated with ABRAES and signed the settlement agreement; therefore, it will apply to us. The long-term portion of the FIES receivables are recorded in Notes receivable, net as of September 30, 2016.
MEC released new FIES regulations in July 2015, which supplement and amend rules that were previously released. Among other changes, these regulations revised the rules for student eligibility and classification, higher education institution participation and selection of the vacancies that will be offered to the students.
On December 11, 2015, MEC issued new FIES regulations (Normative Ordinance No. 13), which supersede in all significant aspects the rules released in July 2015. Normative Ordinance No. 13 defined and clarified some rules for student eligibility and classification, higher education institution participation and selection of the vacancies that will be offered to the students in the first intake of 2016.
Among other changes, it created a "waiting list" concept for students not selected in the first selection call. It also instituted a rule that allows the remaining vacancies that were not filled in by the waiting list students to be redistributed among other programs of the post-secondary institution.
The rules for student eligibility are to have a gross household income of not more than 2.5 times the minimum wage per capita (which was raised by the MEC to 3.0 times on June 17, 2016) and to have taken the National High School Proficiency Exam at least once since 2010, with a minimum score of 450 points, and have a score greater than zero in the test of writing.
Regarding the participation of post-secondary institutions in FIES, institutions must sign a participation agreement that contains their proposal of the number of vacancies offered and the following information per shift (morning, evening) and campus location: (i) tuition gross amount for the entire course, including all semesters; (ii) total tuition gross amount per course for the first semester, which must reflect at least a five percent discount to the course list price; and (iii) the number of vacancies that will be offered through the FIES selection process. Also, only courses with scores of 3, 4 or 5 in the National Higher Education Evaluation System (SINAES) evaluation are eligible to receive FIES students.
On July 14, 2016, Provisional Presidential Decree No. 741/2016 (Medida Provisória No. 741/2016) revising the FIES payments rules was published in the official gazette. According to the new decree, higher education institutions became liable for the administration fees and expenses charged by the government banks that manage FIES loans. The decree became effective immediately and the government will withhold two percent of all FIES payments to cover such administration fees and expenses. Provisional presidential decrees are instruments with the force of law that the President of Brazil can issue in cases of importance and urgency. They have immediate effect and are valid for 60 days, extendable only once for the same period. Effectiveness beyond that period required approval of the National Congress, which took place on November 9, 2016, and it was enacted into law on December 2, 2016 (Law No. 13.366/2016).
The Brazilian government's changes to the FIES program resulted in a substantial increase in the total number of new FIES contracts in that country in 2014, an election year, and then a reduction in
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the total number of new FIES contracts, from over 700,000 in 2014 to approximately 300,000 in 2015. As a result, Laureate's new enrollments of students in the FIES program also decreased similarly in 2015; however, this did not have a material impact on our 2015 results of operations since total enrollments for all students increased in 2015. Any potential impact on total enrollment would not occur until the FIES students from the expansion of the program have graduated, and would depend on the Brazilian government's commitment to the FIES program. In addition, as discussed above, the Brazilian government reduced the frequency of payments to participating institutions during 2015.
Proposed Chilean Legislation
On July 4, 2016, the Chilean President submitted to the Chilean Congress a bill (the Higher Education Bill) that, if approved, would change the entire regulatory landscape of higher education in Chile, as it would amend and/or replace most of the currently applicable legislation, including repealing the current laws governing universities, professional institutes and technical training centers. The changes contemplated in the Higher Education Bill that are most relevant to us are:
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their members and individuals that are part of their administrative bodies; about the financial condition and solvency of higher education institutions, including their annual audited financial statements; and information about related party transactions. Both the Superintendent of Higher Education and the Higher Education Quality Council would provide all information they receive from higher education institutions to the Undersecretary of Higher Education to be included in the National Higher Education Information System.
The Higher Education Quality Council, whose purpose would be to evaluate, accredit and promote the quality of autonomous higher education institutions and of the careers and study programs they offer, and which would be responsible for executing the institutional accreditation processes and undergraduate and graduate career and study programs accreditation processes, would be composed of 11 directors, nine of which would be appointed by the President of the Republic. The functions of the Higher Education Quality Council would include: (i) managing and resolving the accreditation processes; (ii) proposing the quality criteria and standards for institutional accreditation and accreditation of undergraduate and graduate careers and study programs to the MINEDUC; (iii) maintaining public information systems that contain relevant decisions regarding the different accreditation processes; (iv) executing and promoting actions for continuous improvement of the quality of higher education institutions; (v) keeping a registry of peer reviewers who are part of the accreditation process; (vi) training peer reviewers; and (vii) submitting data to the National Higher Education Information System.
Under the National System of Quality Assurance of Higher Education, institutional accreditation would be mandatory for all autonomous higher education institutions and would consist of the evaluation and verification of compliance with quality standards, as well as the analysis of internal mechanisms for quality assurance, considering both their existence and their application and results, and their alignment with the mission and purpose of higher education institutions. All institutional accreditations would last for eight years. The accreditation process would include the evaluation, for all campuses and for the undergraduate careers and programs selected by the board of the Higher Education Quality Council, of the management and institutional resources, internal quality assurance, teaching and results of the education process, generation of knowledge, creation and innovation, and association with the environment, of the respective higher educational institutions. Accredited institutions would be classified under one of three different categories. Category C institutions
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would need to obtain prior approval of the Higher Education Quality Council to open new campuses or programs, while Category B institutions would need to obtain such approval only to open careers or programs in a field of knowledge not regularly offered by the institution or which has not been offered in the last two years, and Category A institutions would not need to obtain any approval to open new campuses, careers or programs.
The bill also provides that certain careers and study programs, i.e., medical and education programs, as well as doctorate-level programs be mandatorily accredited.
Accreditation decisions would not be appealable although reconsideration could be sought before the Higher Education Quality Council not later than 15 days after the notification of decision.
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Higher Education Quality Council when such information indicates violations within the scope of the matters it regulates; (xvi) remit information brought to its attention in the exercise of its duties to the Public Prosecutor when such information indicates that a crime has been committed; (xvii) manage the information it compiles in the exercise of its duties, in a coordinated effort with the Undersecretary of Higher Education, for adequate development of the National Higher Education Information System; (xviii) reach agreements with other public services regarding electronic transfers of information to facilitate execution of their functions; (xix) generate indexes, statistics and studies with the information delivered by the institutions it inspects, and produce publications within the scope of its powers; and (xx) provide technical advisory services to the MINEDUC and other entities within the scope of its powers.
Sanctions imposed by the Superintendency of Higher Education would be appealable to the courts.
Higher education institutions would be required to provide to the Superintendency of Higher Education the following information: (i) their audited consolidated annual financial statements and any information about any fact that may significantly affect its financial condition; (ii) a list of their partners or members, and of any individuals exercising executive functions; (iii) information about related party transactions; (iv) information about tax-exempt donations; and (v) a list of entities in which the institution holds an interest of more than 10% and of not-for-profit entities in which it is entitled to appoint at least one board member.
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We are currently evaluating the effect the proposed Higher Education Bill would have on the Chilean institutions in the Laureate International Universities network if it is adopted in the form introduced in the Chilean Congress. We cannot predict whether or not the proposed Higher Education Bill will be adopted in this form, or if any higher education legislation will be adopted that would affect the institutions in the Laureate International Universities network. However, if any such legislation is adopted, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Turkish Regulation and Internal Investigation
Through our European segment, we operate Istanbul Bilgi University, a network institution located in Turkey that consolidates under the variable interest entity model. Istanbul Bilgi University is established as a "Foundation High Education Institution" (a "Foundation University") under the Turkish higher education law, sponsored by an educational foundation (the "Bilgi Foundation"). As such, it is subject to regulation, supervision and inspection by the Turkish Higher Education Council (the "YÖK"). In 2014, the Turkish parliament amended the higher education law to provide expanded authority to the YÖK with respect to Foundation Universities, including authorizing additional remedies for violations of the higher education law and of regulations adopted by the YÖK. On November 19, 2015, the YÖK promulgated an "Ordinance Concerned with Amendment to Foundation High Education Institutions" (the "Ordinance") the principal effects of which relate to the supervision and inspection of Foundation Universities by the YÖK. Under the Ordinance, the YÖK has expanded authority to inspect accounts, transactions, activities and assets of Foundation Universities, as well as their academic units, programs, projects and subjects. The Ordinance establishes a progressive series of five remedies that the YÖK can take in the event it finds a violation of the Ordinance, ranging from (1) a warning and request for correction to (2) the suspension of the Foundation University's ability to establish new academic units or programs to (3) limiting the number of students the Foundation University can admit, including ceasing new admissions, to (4) provisional suspension of the Foundation University's license to (5) cancellation of the Foundation University's license. Since the promulgation of the Ordinance, the YÖK has cancelled the licenses of 15 Foundation Universities.
The Ordinance specifies that Foundation Universities cannot be established by foundations in order to gain profit for themselves, and prohibits specified types of fund transfers from Foundation Universities to their sponsoring foundation, with certain exceptions for payments made under contractual arrangements for various goods and services that are provided at or below current market rates. Istanbul Bilgi University has entered into contractual arrangements with a subsidiary of Laureate that is a member of the board of trustees of the Bilgi Foundation, and has affiliates that are also members of that board, to provide Istanbul Bilgi University with management, operational and student services and certain intellectual property at fair market rates. If the YÖK were to determine that any of these contracts or the payments made by Istanbul Bilgi University to this Laureate subsidiary, or any other activities of Istanbul Bilgi University, including, as further described below, the donation of 40,000 Turkish Liras made by the university to a charitable foundation that was subsequently reimbursed to the university by certain Laureate-owned entities, violate the Ordinance or other applicable law, the YÖK could take actions against Istanbul Bilgi University up to and including cancellation of its license. Further, if the YÖK were to determine that any administrators of Istanbul Bilgi University have directly taken any actions or supported any activities that are intended to harm the integrity of the state, the license of the university could be cancelled. In July 2016, a coup attempt
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increased political instability in Turkey, and the uncertainties arising from the failed coup in Turkey could lead to changes in laws affecting Istanbul Bilgi University or result in modifications to the current interpretations and enforcement of the Ordinance or other laws and regulations by the YÖK.
During the fourth quarter of 2014, we recorded an operating expense of $18,000 (the value of 40,000 Turkish Liras at the date of donation) for a donation by our network institution in Turkey to a charitable foundation. We believed the donation was encouraged by the Turkish government to further a public project supported by the government and expected that it would enhance the position and ongoing operations of our institution in Turkey. The Company has learned that the charitable foundation which received the donation disbursed the funds at the direction of a former senior executive at our network institution in Turkey and other external individuals to a third party without our knowledge or approval.
In June 2016, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors initiated an internal investigation into this matter with the assistance of external counsel. The investigation concerns the facts surrounding the donation, violations of the Company's policies, and possible violations of the FCPA and other applicable laws in what appears to be a fraud perpetrated by the former senior executive at our network institution in Turkey and other external individuals. This includes an investigation to determine if the diversion was part of a scheme to misappropriate the funds and whether any portion of the funds was paid to government officials. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not identified that any other officers or employees outside of Turkey were involved in the diversion of the intended donation. Although we are pursuing efforts to recover the diverted funds, there is no assurance that we will be successful.
We have been advised by Turkish counsel that, under Turkish law, a Foundation University may not make payments that cause a decrease in the university's wealth or do not otherwise benefit the university. Given the uncertainty of recovery of the diverted donation and to mitigate any potential regulatory issues in Turkey relating to the donation, certain Laureate-owned entities that are members of the foundation that controls our network institution in Turkey have contributed an amount of approximately $13,000 (the value of 40,000 Turkish Liras on November 4, 2016, the date of contribution) to our network institution in Turkey to reimburse it for the donation.
As a result of the investigation, which is ongoing, we took steps to remove the former senior executive at our network institution in Turkey. Because of the complex organizational structure in Turkey, this took approximately one month and during that period our access to certain aspects of the business including the financial and other records of the university was interrupted. The former senior executive is now no longer affiliated with our network institution and we again have access to the financial and other records of the university.
In September 2016, we voluntarily disclosed the investigation to the U.S. Department of Justice (the "DOJ") and the SEC. The Company intends to fully cooperate with these agencies and any other applicable authorities in any investigation that may be conducted in this matter. The Company has internal controls and compliance policies and procedures that are designed to prevent misconduct of this nature and support compliance with laws and best practices throughout its global operations. The Company is taking steps to enhance these internal controls and compliance policies and procedures. The investigation is ongoing, and we cannot predict the outcome at this time, or the impact, if any, to
F-182
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 16. Legal and Regulatory Matters (Continued)
the Company's consolidated financial statements or predict how the resulting consequences, if any, may impact our internal controls and compliance policies and procedures, business, ability or right to operate in Turkey, results of operations or financial position. If we are found to have violated the FCPA or other laws governing the conduct of our operations, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties and other remedial measures, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
Note 17. Fair Value Measurement
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to settle a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Accounting standards utilize a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels, which are described below:
These levels are not necessarily an indication of the risk of liquidity associated with the financial assets or liabilities disclosed. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement, as required under ASC 820-10, "Fair Value Measurement". Effective January 1, 2016, we adopted ASU 2015-07. Under ASU 2015-07, assets for which fair value is measured at net asset value per share using the practical expedient, such as the Company's deferred compensation plan assets, should not be categorized in the fair value hierarchy.
Derivative instruments Laureate uses derivative instruments as economic hedges for bank debt and interest rate risk. Their values are derived using valuation models commonly used for derivatives. These valuation models require a variety of inputs, including contractual terms, market prices, forward-price yield curves, notional quantities, measures of volatility and correlations of such inputs. Our valuation models also reflect measurements for credit risk. Laureate concluded that the fair values of our derivatives are based on unobservable inputs, or Level 3 assumptions. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the Company's derivative instruments is our own credit risk. Holding other inputs constant, a significant increase (decrease) in our own credit risk would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement for the Company's derivative instruments.
Laureate's financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2016 were as follows:
|
Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assets |
|||||||||||||
Derivative instruments |
$ | | $ | | $ | | $ | | |||||
Liabilities |
|||||||||||||
Derivative instruments |
$ | 16,226 | $ | | $ | | $ | 16,226 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
F-183
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 17. Fair Value Measurement (Continued)
Laureate's financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 were as follows:
|
Total | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assets |
|||||||||||||
Derivative instruments |
$ | 238 | $ | | $ | | $ | 238 | |||||
Liabilities |
|||||||||||||
Derivative instruments |
$ | 20,014 | $ | | $ | | $ | 20,014 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The changes in our Level 3 Derivative instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 were as follows:
|
Total Assets
(Liabilities) |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Balance December 31, 2015 |
$ | (19,776 | ) | |
Losses included in earnings: |
||||
Unrealized losses, net |
(1,548 | ) | ||
Realized losses, net |
(6,687 | ) | ||
Included in other comprehensive income |
5,509 | |||
Settlements |
6,687 | |||
Currency translation adjustment |
(411 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Balance September 30, 2016 |
$ | (16,226 | ) | |
| | | | |
Unrealized loss, net relating to liabilities held at September 30, 2016 |
$ | (1,548 | ) | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
The following table presents quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs utilized in the fair value measurements of the Company's liabilities classified as Level 3 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016:
|
Fair Value at
September 30, 2016 |
Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input |
Range/Input
Value |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Derivative instrumentscross currency and interest rate swaps |
$ | 16,226 | Discounted Cash Flow | Own credit risk | 4.32 | % |
Note 18. Restructuring Costs
During the fourth quarter of 2015, Laureate approved a plan of restructuring, which primarily included workforce reductions in order to reduce operating costs in response to overcapacity at certain locations. The Company recorded the estimated cost of the restructuring of $15,476, which consisted of employee severance, in Direct costs in the 2015 Consolidated Statement of Operations. Of the total restructuring liability recorded during 2015, $10,912 represented one-time employee termination benefits recognized in accordance with ASC 420, "Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations" and $4,564 represented contractual employee termination costs recognized in accordance with ASC 712, "CompensationNonretirement Postemployment Benefits." We paid $5,810 during the fourth quarter
F-184
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 18. Restructuring Costs (Continued)
of 2015, and had a remaining liability of $10,233 at December 31, 2015, after currency adjustments of $567. The restructuring liability is included in Accrued expenses in our September 30, 2016 Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The following is a rollforward of the restructuring liability from December 31, 2015 through September 30, 2016:
|
Balance at
December 31, 2015 |
Expense
Recognized |
Cash
Payments |
Currency
Adjustments |
Balance at
September 30, 2016 |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Employee severanceone time termination |
$ | 6,259 | $ | (427 | ) | $ | (5,800 | ) | $ | 152 | $ | 184 | ||||
Employee severancecontractual termination |
3,974 | (85 | ) | (3,875 | ) | 101 | 115 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 10,233 | $ | (512 | ) | $ | (9,675 | ) | $ | 253 | $ | 299 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Note 19. Subsequent Events
We have evaluated events occurring subsequent to our balance sheet date through [ ], which is the date that these Consolidated Financial Statements were issued. Certain subsequent events are discussed elsewhere in the Consolidated Financial Statements where relevant.
Deferred Compensation Arrangement Payment Extension
The participants in the deferred compensation arrangement discussed in Note 10, Share-based Compensation, have agreed to extend the payment that was due on September 17, 2016 (the "2016 Executive DCP Obligation"), until December 30, 2016. On December 30, 2016, we satisfied the 2016 Executive DCP Obligation by paying the participants a total amount of approximately $18,200. The payment consisted of approximately $7,700 in cash and $10,500 aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes. Following the satisfaction of the 2016 Executive DCP Obligation, the Company's obligations under the DCPs were satisfied in full.
Special Retention Award to Executives
On October 25, 2016, we granted 221 and 71 time-based restricted stock units and performance share units, respectively, to certain executives as a retention initiative. The time-based restricted stock units vest in June 2018. The performance share units vest in June 2018 upon the achievement of pre-determined performance targets. In addition, we granted 114 Time Options and 47 Performance Options with an exercise price of $23.36, the estimated fair market value of Laureate's stock at the grant date. These options have a contractual term of 10 years. The Time Options vest in June 2018. The Performance Options vest in June 2018 upon the achievement of the same pre-determined performance targets mentioned above. The total grant date fair value of these awards was approximately $8,800.
F-185
Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(Dollars and shares in thousands)
Note 19. Subsequent Events (Continued)
Series A Preferred Stock Offering
On December 4, 2016, we signed a subscription agreement with six investors, including KKR and Snow Phipps, both of which are affiliates of ours, pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell to those investors an aggregate of 400 shares of a new series of our convertible redeemable preferred stock (the "Series A Preferred Stock") in a private offering for total net proceeds of approximately $383,000. Closing of the first tranche of funding for this transaction occurred on December 20, 2016 and we received net proceeds, after issuance costs, of approximately $328,000. One investor will fund a portion of its purchase price equal to $57,000 (approximately $55,000 net of issuance costs) prior to January 23, 2017. The proceeds from the Series A Preferred Stock offering have and will be used to, among other things, repay any portion of our outstanding debt, including our revolving credit facility, which will improve our liquidity. We believe that cash flow from operations and available cash on hand will be sufficient to meet our operating requirements through January 31, 2018.
The shares of Series A Preferred Stock are redeemable at our option at any time and by the holders after the fifth anniversary of the issue date at a redemption price per share equal to 1.15 multiplied by the sum of the issue amount per share plus any accrued and unpaid dividends. If we fail to redeem the shares of Series A Preferred Stock when required after the fifth anniversary of the issue date, the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to certain remedies, including the ability to take control of a majority of our Board of Directors and cause a sale of the Company and/or cause us to raise debt or equity capital in an amount sufficient to redeem the remaining outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock.
Share Increase for 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (2013 Plan)
In December 2016, the Board of Directors and Shareholders approved an amendment to increase the total number of shares of common stock issuable under the 2013 Plan by 3,884.
Combination of Operations
On January 10, 2017, we announced that we plan to combine our Europe and AMEA operations, effective March 31, 2017, in order to reflect our belief that we will be able to operate the institutions in those segments more successfully and efficiently under common management. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this combination on its operating segments.
F-186
FMU GROUP
Combined Financial Statements
for the period from January 1, 2014 through September 12, 2014
F-187
To
the Management of
FMU Group
We have audited the accompanying combined financial statements of FMU Group, which comprise the combined balance sheet as of September 12, 2014 and the related combined statements of comprehensive income, invested equity and cash flows for the period from January 1, 2014 through September 12, 2014.
Management's responsibility for the combined financial statements
Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the combined financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of combined financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
Auditor's responsibility
Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the combined financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the combined financial statements are free from material misstatement.
An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the combined financial statements. The procedures selected depend on our judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the combined financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, we consider internal control relevant to the Company's preparation and fair presentation of the combined financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the combined financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.
Opinion
In our opinion, the combined financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of FMU Group as of September 12, 2014 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the period from January 1, 2014 through September 12, 2014 in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Auditores Independentes
São
Paulo, Brazil
September 23, 2015
F-188
FMU GROUP
COMBINED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the period from January 1, 2014 through September 12, 2014
(amounts in Brazilian Reais)
|
Period from
January 1, 2014 through September 12, 2014 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Revenues |
$ | 308,455,312 | ||
Costs and expenses: |
||||
Direct costs |
(196,994,038 | ) | ||
General & administrative expenses |
(138,401,922 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Operating loss |
(26,940,648 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Interest income |
865,429 | |||
Interest expense |
(37,387,431 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes |
(63,462,650 | ) | ||
Income tax benefit |
27,183,462 | |||
| | | | |
Net loss |
$ | (36,279,188 | ) | |
| | | | |
Other comprehensive (loss) income |
| |||
Total other comprehensive (loss) income |
| |||
| | | | |
Comprehensive loss |
$ | (36,279,188 | ) | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these combined financial statements.
F-189
FMU GROUP
COMBINED BALANCE SHEET
As of September 12, 2014
(amounts in Brazilian Reais)
|
September 12,
2014 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Assets |
||||
Current Assets: |
||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 12,235,833 | ||
Receivables: |
||||
Accounts and notes receivable |
85,736,019 | |||
Allowance for doubtful accounts |
(30,634,297 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Receivables, net |
55,101,722 | |||
Income tax receivable |
2,955,034 | |||
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |
2,915,189 | |||
Deferred income taxes |
25,631,355 | |||
| | | | |
Total current assets |
98,839,133 | |||
Property and equipment: |
|
|||
Furniture, computer equipment and software |
148,346,451 | |||
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |
(115,117,982 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Property and equipment, net |
33,228,469 | |||
Other assets |
2,725,854 | |||
Deferred income taxes |
11,892,718 | |||
Long-term assets held for sale |
5,366,410 | |||
| | | | |
Total Assets |
$ | 152,052,584 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Liabilities and Invested Equity |
||||
Current Liabilities: |
||||
Accounts payable |
$ | 43,416,718 | ||
Accrued compensation and benefits |
46,710,501 | |||
Short-term debt |
48,192,517 | |||
Income taxes payable |
2,388,712 | |||
Taxes payable, other than income |
42,010,584 | |||
Other current liabilities |
321,015 | |||
Rent due to owners |
34,316,106 | |||
Deferred revenue |
31,739,278 | |||
| | | | |
Total current liabilities |
249,095,431 | |||
Long-term debt |
1,224,000 |
|||
Income taxes payable |
79,653,000 | |||
Taxes payable, other than income |
112,973,050 | |||
Other non-current liabilities |
198,720,913 | |||
| | | | |
Total Liabilities |
641,666,394 | |||
Invested equity: |
|
|||
Owner's net investment |
(489,613,810 | ) | ||
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |
| |||
| | | | |
Total Invested equity |
(489,613,810 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Total Liabilities and Invested Equity |
$ | 152,052,584 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these combined financial statements.
F-190
FMU GROUP
COMBINED STATEMENT OF INVESTED EQUITY
For the period from January 1, 2014 through September 12, 2014
(amounts in Brazilian Reais)
|
Owner's net
investment |
Accumulated
other comprehensive income (loss) |
Total invested
Equity |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balance as of December 31, 2013 |
$ | (456,763,622 | ) | | $ | (456,763,622 | ) | |||
Capital contribution |
3,429,000 | | 3,429,000 | |||||||
Net loss for the period |
(36,279,188 | ) | | (36,279,188 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance as of September 12, 2014 |
$ | (489,613,810 | ) | $ | | $ | (489,613,810 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these combined financial statements.
F-191
FMU GROUP
COMBINED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
For the period from January 1, 2014 through September 12, 2014
(amounts in Brazilian Reais)
|
Period from
January 1, 2014 through September 12, 2014 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cash flows from operating activities |
||||
Net loss for the period |
$ | (36,279,188 | ) | |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |
||||
Depreciation and amortization |
3,871,234 | |||
Non-cash interest expense |
19,004,438 | |||
Bad debt expense |
17,587,839 | |||
Deferred income taxes |
(37,524,073 | ) | ||
Non-cash loss from non-income tax contingencies (other non current liabilities) |
23,432,696 | |||
Non-cash loss from income taxes payables, non current |
7,616,905 | |||
Change in operating assets and liabilities: |
||||
Increase in receivables |
(35,607,992 | ) | ||
Increase in prepaid expenses and other assets |
(2,138,030 | ) | ||
Increase in non-current other assets and long-term assets held for sale |
(11,599 | ) | ||
Increase in accounts payable and accrued compensation and benefits |
45,433,553 | |||
Decrease in other non current liabilities |
(562,000 | ) | ||
Decrease in income tax receivable/payable, net |
(566,322 | ) | ||
Decrease in taxes payable, other than income |
(12,359,501 | ) | ||
Increase in deferred revenue and other liabilities |
17,102,688 | |||
| | | | |
Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations |
9,000,648 | |||
| | | | |
Cash flows from investing activities |
||||
Purchase of property and equipment |
(9,872,129 | ) | ||
Sale of property and equipment |
2,000 | |||
| | | | |
Net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations |
(9,870,129 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Cash flows from financing activities |
||||
Proceeds from debt |
153,168,341 | |||
Payments of debt |
(153,864,420 | ) | ||
Capital contribution from shareholders |
3,429,000 | |||
| | | | |
Net cash provided by financing activities of continuing operations |
2,732,921 | |||
| | | | |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |
1,863,440 | |||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |
10,372,393 | |||
| | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |
$ | 12,235,833 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these combined financial statements.
F-192
Notes to Combined Financial Statements
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 1. Description of Business
The FMU Group is the combination of the following entities: Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas Educacionais Ltda. ("FMU"), Sociedade de Cultura e Ensino Ltda. ("ACE"), and União Educacional de São Paulo Ltda. ("UESP"), (collectively, "FMU Group"). The entities are under common control, operate in an integrated manner, and are managed under the same operational and strategic approach.
FMU Group was founded in 1968 as non-profit educational associations to provide higher education courses, graduate and post graduate programs to students in São Paulo, Brazil. The entities have the following primary activities:
FMU, ACE and UESP were not-for-profit entities until 2014 when they were transformed into for-profit entities based on the following events and in the following dates:
The transformation of FMU Group from non-for profit to for-profit entities was agreed to under article 221 of Brazilian Law No. 6.404/76 and was approved unanimously in the listed contract amendments above.
According to Brazilian Law No. 9,532/97 and as amended by Law 9,718/98, the FMU Group was subject to special tax treatments and was required to pay only certain taxes during its not-for-profit period. After the transformation to for-profit entities, the FMU Group was subject to all applicable tax requirements. These combined financial statements are prepared based on standards applicable to for-profit companies.
On May 10, 2013 the Rede International de Universidades Laureate Ltda. and the Business School São Paulo (collectively "Laureate Group") entered into a purchase agreement of all the shares of FMU, ACE and UESP. The completion of the purchase was conditional on:
i) approval of the transaction by the Administrative Council for Economic Defense of Brazil ("CADE");
ii) transformation of the entities to for-profit companies; and
iii) the operational reorganization and the transition of management to the Laureate Group. The acquisition became effective on September 12, 2014.
F-193
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 1. Description of Business (Continued)
The combined financial statements have been prepared for the purpose of complying with Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The combined financial statements may not be indicative of FMU Group's future performance and do not necessarily reflect what its combined balance sheet, results of operations or cash flows would have been had FMU Group operated as independent entities during the periods presented.
The combined financial statements are prepared under the presumption that the FMU Group will continue as a going concern. As of September 12, 2014, the FMU Group presents a negative working capital balance of $150,256,298 which is primarily due to the impact of financial obligations (refer to Note 8Debt and Note 9Taxes payable, other than income). The funds generated by normal operations are expected to be sufficient to meet its financial commitments and FMU Group also has the ability to access lines of credits available, if necessary. In addition, as explained in note 15, FMU Group became a subsidiary of Laureate Educations, Inc. on September 12, 2014 which intends to support FMU Group to continue as going concern.
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (US GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and to disclose contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the combined financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the allowance for doubtful accounts, useful lives of fixed assets, provisions for civil and labor risks, and tax contingencies.
2.1 Basis of Preparation
(a) Combined Financial Statements
FMU Group's combined financial statements comprise the combined financial statements of FMU, ACE, and UESP. These financial statements are presented on a combined basis as the three entities are under common control, and management decisions are taken together as a whole. The net assets of the owners have been presented as Owner's net investment. The combined financial statements have been prepared in order to present the financial information for FMU, ACE, and UESP as a single entity. FMU Group has no involvement with any variable interest entities.
The total net investment of the combined entities as on September 12, 2014 are as follows:
|
Assets | Liabilities |
Net
investment |
Results of
Period |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FMU |
$ | 127,635,201 | $ | 623,097,959 | $ | (495,461,937 | ) | $ | (39,730,645 | ) | |||
ACE |
36,217,770 | 26,451,439 | 9,766,331 | 7,546,147 | |||||||||
UESP |
1,477,613 | 5,394,996 | (3,918,204 | ) | (4,094,690 | ) | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
165,330,584 | 654,944,394 | (489,613,810 | ) | (36,279,188 | ) | |||||||
Total Eliminations |
(13,278,000 | ) | (13,278,000 | ) | | | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted balance |
$ | 152,052,584 | $ | 641,666,394 | $ | (489,613,810 | ) | $ | (36,279,188 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
F-194
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
(b) Eliminations in the Combined Financial Statements
Balances and intra-group transactions, and any unrealized income and expenses arising from intragroup transactions, are eliminated in preparing the combined financial statements.
2.2 Basis of Presentation
(a) Functional Currency
The functional currency is the currency of the economic environment in which a company primarily does business. The Brazilian Real is the functional currency of the combined financial statements are presented in its functional currency.
FMU Group does not have any transactions in currencies different from its functional currency.
Unaudited | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiscal Year Ended
or Ending Dec 31, |
At End of Period
(R$ per US$1.00) |
Average
(of month-end rates) |
High | Low | |||||||||
2009 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.41 | |||||||||
2010 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.53 | |||||||||
2011 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.53 | |||||||||
2012 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.59 | 0.47 | |||||||||
2013 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.51 | 0.41 |
(b) Cash and Cash Equivalents
FMU Group considers all highly liquid investments that are purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
(c) Financial Instruments
FMU Group's financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, accounts payables, debt, and capital lease obligations. The fair value of these financial instruments approximates their carrying amounts reported in the Combined Balance Sheet.
FMU Group's cash accounts are maintained with high-quality financial institutions with a significant concentration in two institutions: Banco Santander (Brasil) S.A. and Banco Safra S.A.
(d) Accounts and Notes Receivable
FMU Group recognizes receivables when an academic session begins, although students generally enroll in courses prior to the start of the academic session. Receivables are recognized only to the extent that amounts are due and collection is reasonably assured.
(e) Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
FMU Group records an allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce its receivables to their net realizable value. FMU Group's allowance methodology is based on the age of the receivables. Receivables deemed to be uncollectible are written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts.
F-195
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
(f) Judicial Deposits
FMU Group is subject to legal actions or lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of business related to civil, labor and tax resulting from potential acts and operations that could be subject to assessment from Authorities. Because of these legal actions, by court order or decision of the Administration itself, cash is deposited into a bank account and we have no access until resolution of the legal proceeding.
Judicial deposits meet the definition of financial asset and are recorded in non-current Other assets. They are measured at amortized cost. Interests are recorded in the Combined Statement of Operations as interest income.
(g) Property and Equipment, and Leased Assets
Property and equipment includes leasehold improvements, furniture, vehicles, computer equipment and software. FMU Group records property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.
FMU Group conducts a significant portion of its operations at leased facilities. FMU Group analyzes each lease agreement entered to determine whether it should be classified as a capital or an operating lease. FMU Group recognize operating lease rent expense on a straight-line basis over the expected term, of each lease and is recorded in general and administrative expenses. For capital leases, FMU Group initially records the assets at the lower of fair value or the present value of the future minimum lease payments, excluding executory costs. If the lease agreement includes a legal obligation that requires the leased premises to be returned in a predetermined condition, FMU Group recognizes an asset retirement obligation and a corresponding depreciating asset when such an asset exists.
Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements, including structural improvements, are amortized using the straight-line method over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or the lease term. Total depreciation and amortization for the period ended September 12, 2014 was $3,871,234, which was entirely recorded in general and administrative expenses.
Depreciation and amortization periods are as follows:
Installations |
10 years | |
Telecommunications equipment |
10 years | |
Machinery, appliances and equipment |
10 years | |
Library books |
10 years | |
Furniture and computer equipment |
10 years | |
Software |
7 years | |
Vehicles |
5 years |
(h) Assets held for sale
Long-term assets that are expected to be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use, are classified as held for sale. Those assets are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less cost to sell.
F-196
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
(i) Direct Costs
Direct costs reported on the Combined Statement of Operations represent the cost of operations, including labor cost, rent expenses and outsourcing services.
(j) Long-lived Assets
Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be fully recoverable. These events or changes in circumstances may include, but are not limited to, a significant deterioration of operating results, a change in regulatory environment, changes in business plans, or adverse changes in anticipated future cash flows. If an impairment indicator is present, FMU Group evaluates recoverability by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets. If the assets are determined to be impaired, the impairment recognized is the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the assets. Fair value is generally determined by the discount cash flows method. The discount rate used in any estimate of discounted cash flows is the rate commensurate with a similar investment of similar risk.
(k) Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized when the amount can be reliably measured and the economic benefits will flow to FMU Group. FMU Group's revenues primarily consist of tuition and educational service revenues. Revenues are reported net of discounts, waivers, grants or scholarships awarded, returns, and related taxes. Revenues will not be recognized if there are significant uncertainties regarding realization. Tuition revenues are recognized ratably on a straight-line basis over each academic session.
Deferred revenue and student deposits on the Combined Balance Sheet consist of tuition paid prior to the start of academic sessions and unearned tuition amounts recorded as accounts receivable after an academic session begins. If a student withdraws from an institution, FMU Group's obligation to issue a refund depends on the refund policy at that institution and the timing of the student's withdrawal. Generally, our refund obligations are reduced over the course of the academic term. FMU Group records refunds as a reduction of deferred revenue and student deposits, as applicable.
The following table shows the components of revenue for the period presented:
|
From January 1 to
September 12, 2014 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Tuition and educational services |
$ | 365,561,704 | ||
Other |
659,345 | |||
| | | | |
Gross revenue |
366,221,049 | |||
Less: Scholarships |
(41,334,934 | ) | ||
Less: Discounts |
(11,159,689 | ) | ||
Less: Taxes on services |
(5,271,114 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Total |
$ | 308,455,312 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
F-197
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
(l) Fair Value Measurements
FMU Group utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. FMU Group determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:
These levels are not necessarily an indication of the risk of liquidity associated with the financial assets or liabilities disclosed. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement, as required under ASC 820-10.
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, accounts payable, debt, and capital leases are a reasonable estimate of their fair values as per the Level 1 and 2 hierarchy due to either their short term nature or the variable interest rate applies to the debt. There are no other fair value levels in the FMU Group's combined financial statements.
(m) Advertising
FMU Group expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expenses were $2,922,022 for the period ended September 12, 2014 and are recorded in general and administrative expenses in the Statements of Operations.
(n) Employee Benefits
FMU Group offers short-term employee benefits that are recognized as an expense as the related service is provided. FMU Group does not have pension plans or other post-retirement obligations and recognizes the cost of termination as an expense.
(o) Income Taxes
As noted above, FMU Group was a not-for-profit entity until 2014, and consequently was subject to special tax treatments and was required to pay only certain taxes during its not-for-profit period. After the transformation to for-profit, FMU Group was subject to all applicable tax requirements as described below.
F-198
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
FMU Group records the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year. Income tax is prepared on a separate return basis. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recorded with respect to temporary differences in the accounting treatment of items for GAAP financial reporting purposes and for income tax purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period in which the new rate is enacted. Where, based on the weight of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established for the amount that, in management's judgment, is sufficient to reduce the deferred tax asset to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
A tax position must meet a minimum probability threshold before a financial statement benefit is recognized. The minimum threshold is defined as a tax position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position and having full knowledge of all relevant information.
For additional information regarding income taxes and tax assets and liabilities, see Note 12Income Taxes.
(p) Contingencies
Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.
Note 3. Significant Risks and Uncertainties Including Business and Credit Concentrations
FMU Group activities expose it to market, credit, and liquidity risks.
Market Risk
Market risk is the risk that changes in market prices, such as interest rates, will affect FMU Group Combined Statements of Comprehensive Income. FMU Group incurs expenses due to fluctuations in interest rates that increase financial expenses related to loans and financing obtained in the market. FMU Group continues to monitor interest rates in order to assess the need to protect against the risk of volatility of these rates.
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the possibility that a loss may occur from the failure of another party to perform according to the terms of a contract. FMU Group is legally prevented from performing a credit analysis of their students. The financial statements at September 12, 2014 include a provision to cover possible losses on the realization of accounts receivable from students.
FMU Group limits its exposure to credit risk associated with banks and financial investments by investing in financial institutions highly recognized solvency.
F-199
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 3. Significant Risks and Uncertainties Including Business and Credit Concentrations (Continued)
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that FMU Group does not have sufficient liquidity to meet its financial commitments due to the mismatch of terms or volume between receipts and payments of net proceeds.
On September 12, 2014, FMU Group had cash and cash equivalents of $12,235,833 which, in conjunction with the funds generated by normal operations of FMU Group, are expected to be sufficient to meet its financial commitments.
Note 4. Accounts and Notes Receivable
For the period ended September 12, 2014 there were no sales of accounts receivable or notes receivable.
FMU Group's accounts receivables consist of receivables related to student tuition program and receivables related to the "Financing for Higher Education Studies" ("FIES"). The FIES is a program of the Ministry of Education in Brazil whose purpose is to finance the postsecondary education of students enrolled in private institutions. In accordance with current legislation, FMU Group receives from the Brazilian Fund for Education Development ("FNDE") the amounts financed by the FIES to the students.
The FIES Program targets students from low socio-economic backgrounds enrolled at private post-secondary institutions. Eligible students receive loans with below market interest rates that are required to be repaid after an 18-month grace period upon graduation. FIES pays the Company tax credits which can be used to pay certain federal taxes and social contributions. FIES repurchases excess credits for cash. As part of the FIES Program, the Company is obligated to pay 15% of any student default. The default obligation increases to 30% of any student default if the Company is not current with its federal taxes. FIES withholds between 1% and 3% of tuition paid to the Company to cover any potential student defaults ("holdback"). If the student pays 100% of their loan, the withheld amounts will be paid to the Company. The Company recognizes revenues net of the amounts withheld by FIES. FIES is 12% of revenues for the period ended September 12, 2014.
Beginning in February 2014, all new students that participate in FIES must also enroll in Fundo de Garantia de Operações de Crédito Educativo ("FGEDUC"). FGEDUC is a government fund that allows the Company to insure themselves for 90% (or 13.5% of 15%) of their losses related to student defaults under the FIES program. The cost of the program is 5.63% of a student's full tuition. Similar to FIES, the administrator withholds 5.63% of a student's full tuition as a guarantee by FGEDUC.
In December 2014, the Brazilian Ministry of Education ("MEC") along with FNDE, the agency that directly administers FIES in Brazil, announced several significant rule changes to the FIES program beginning in 2015. These changes limit the number of new participants and the amount spent on the program, and delay payments due to the post-secondary institutions. The first change implements a minimum score on the high school achievement exam in order to enroll in the program. The second change alters the schedule for the payment and repurchase of credits as well as limits the opportunities for post-secondary institutions to sell any unused credits such that there is a significant delay between the time the post-secondary institution provides the educational services to the students and the time it receives payment from the government for 2015. In addition to these new permanent rule changes, FNDE has implemented a policy for students' loan renewals for 2015, that provides that students may not finance an amount that is greater than 6.41% of the amount financed in the previous semester, regardless of any increases in tuition or in the number of courses in which the student is
F-200
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 4. Accounts and Notes Receivable (Continued)
enrolled. Moreover, the online enrollment and re-enrollment system that all post-secondary institutions and students must use to access the program has experienced numerous technical and programming faults that have also interfered with the enrollment and re-enrollment process. Numerous challenges to these changes and requests for judicial relief from the system faults have been filed in the Brazilian courts. Although there are reasonable grounds for them to be overturned in whole or in part, the program changes and systemic faults are expected to have an impact in 2015.
Delinquency is the primary indicator of credit quality for FMU Group's receivables. For receivables related to tuition programs, FMU Group records an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the aging of the receivable.
The activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts for the period ended September 12, 2014 is as follows:
The combined financial statements for the period ended September 12, 2014 include a provision to cover expected losses on accounts receivable from students. No individual customer accounted for more than 5% of FMU Group's revenues or accounts receivable for the period ended September 12, 2014.
Note 5. Property and Equipment
As of September 12, 2014, the composition of property and equipment is shown below:
|
September 12, 2014 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cost |
Accumulated
Depreciation |
Net Value | |||||||
Leasehold improvements |
$ | 657,600 | $ | | $ | 657,600 | ||||
Computer equipment |
14,185,165 | (11,585,940 | ) | 2,599,225 | ||||||
Vehicles |
656,800 | (496,215 | ) | 160,585 | ||||||
Furniture and equipment |
22,382,693 | (14,037,044 | ) | 8,345,649 | ||||||
Telecommunications equipment |
1,021,174 | (793,864 | ) | 227,310 | ||||||
Machinery, appliances and equipment |
15,199,597 | (11,390,622 | ) | 3,808,975 | ||||||
Installations |
65,698,894 | (53,063,125 | ) | 12,635,769 | ||||||
Library books |
7,885,550 | (5,968,534 | ) | 1,917,016 | ||||||
Software, brands and patents |
20,658,978 | (17,782,638 | ) | 2,876,340 | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 148,346,451 | $ | (115,117,982 | ) | $ | 33,228,469 | |||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
F-201
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 5. Property and Equipment (Continued)
The movement in property and equipment during the period ended September 12, 2014 is shown below:
Cost
|
December 31,
2013 |
Additions | Disposals |
September 12,
2014 |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leasehold improvements |
$ | 657,600 | $ | | $ | | $ | 657,600 | |||||
Computer equipment |
12,572,165 | 1,613,000 | | 14,185,165 | |||||||||
Vehicles |
656,800 | | | 656,800 | |||||||||
Furniture and equipment |
18,774,693 | 3,608,000 | | 22,382,693 | |||||||||
Telecommunications equipment |
1,021,174 | | | 1,021,174 | |||||||||
Machinery, appliances and equipment |
15,199,597 | | | 15,199,597 | |||||||||
Installations |
62,428,894 | 3,272,000 | (2,000 | ) | 65,698,894 | ||||||||
Library books |
7,327,550 | 558,000 | | 7,885,550 | |||||||||
Software, brands and patents |
19,837,848 | 821,130 | | 20,658,978 | |||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 138,476,321 | $ | 9,872,130 | $ | (2,000 | ) | $ | 148,346,451 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Accumulated Depreciation
|
December 31,
2013 |
Additions | Disposals |
September 12,
2014 |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Computer equipment |
$ | (11,413,617 | ) | $ | (172,323 | ) | $ | | $ | (11,585,940 | ) | ||
Vehicles |
(427,761 | ) | (68,454 | ) | | (496,215 | ) | ||||||
Furniture and equipment |
(13,444,667 | ) | (592,377 | ) | | (14,037,044 | ) | ||||||
Telecommunications equipment |
(759,864 | ) | (34,000 | ) | | (793,864 | ) | ||||||
Machinery, appliances and equipment |
(10,566,364 | ) | (824,258 | ) | | (11,390,622 | ) | ||||||
Installations |
(51,723,958 | ) | (1,339,167 | ) | | (53,063,125 | ) | ||||||
Library books |
(5,751,924 | ) | (216,610 | ) | | (5,968,534 | ) | ||||||
Software, brands and patents |
(17,158,592 | ) | (624,046 | ) | | (17,782,638 | ) | ||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | (111,246,747 | ) | $ | (3,871,235 | ) | $ | | $ | (115,117,982 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
As of September 12, 2014, there was no need to record any provision for impairment of fixed assets.
Note 6. Assets Held for Sale
In November 2013 with the approval of owners, FMU Group pledged to sell some buildings located in Sao Paulo. Management expects these buildings will be sold by the end of the 2015 fiscal year. The delay in sale was due to the required legal documentation not having been submitted to the public register. Assets classified as held for sale amount to $5,366,410.
F-202
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 7. Accrued Compensation and Benefits
Accrued compensation and payroll benefits consisted of the following:
|
September 12,
2014 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Salaries payable |
$ | 18,088,960 | ||
Accrued vacation |
15,999,347 | |||
Withholding taxes |
9,965,158 | |||
Bonus |
2,427,000 | |||
Other |
230,036 | |||
| | | | |
Total |
$ | 46,710,501 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Note 8. Debt
Debt consisted of the following:
|
September 12, 2014 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Local currency
|
Interest
Rate |
Outstanding
Balance |
||||
Current liabilities |
||||||
Revolving line of credit(a) |
22.53%p.a. | $ | 28,357,007 | |||
Working capital line of credit(b) |
14.30%p.a. | 16,573,203 | ||||
Credit Agreement(c) |
3.5% to 5% | 2,184,448 | ||||
Bank credit note |
14.72%p.a. | 227,969 | ||||
Capital lease obligations(d) |
17.18%p.a. | 612,000 | ||||
Others |
237,890 | |||||
| | | | | | |
Total Current liabilities |
$ | 48,192,517 | ||||
Non-current liabilities |
||||||
Capital lease obligations(d) |
17.18%p.a. | 1,224,000 | ||||
| | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 49,416,517 | ||||
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Debt is accounted for at amortized cost which approximates its fair value.
F-203
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 8. Debt (Continued)
The movement in the balance of debt is shown below:
|
September 12,
2014 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Beginning balance |
$ | 39,726,331 | ||
Funding |
153,168,341 | |||
Accrued interest |
10,386,265 | |||
Amortization |
(153,864,420 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Total |
$ | 49,416,517 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Note 9. Taxes Payable, other than income
Taxes Payable, other than income includes amounts due from FMU Group to the Brazilian government which includes social security taxes, property taxes and withholding taxes and consist of the following:
|
September 12,
2014 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Tax installmentsFederal tax(a) |
$ | 95,857,973 | ||
Tax installmentsMunicipality tax (IPTU)(b) |
30,333,546 | |||
Tax installmentsSocial contribution (INSS)(c) |
10,169,561 | |||
Withholding taxes |
10,537,072 | |||
Municipality tax (IPTU) |
5,429,104 | |||
Other |
2,656,378 | |||
| | | | |
Total |
$ | 154,983,634 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Current portion |
$ |
42,010,584 |
||
Long-term portion |
112,973,050 | |||
| | | | |
Total |
$ | 154,983,634 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
F-204
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 10. Leases
FMU Group conducts a significant portion of its operations from leased facilities. These facilities include our corporate headquarters, other office locations, and many of FMU Group's higher education facilities. The terms of these operating leases vary and generally contain several renewal options. Some of the operating leases provide for increasing rents over the terms of the leases. FMU Group also leases certain equipment under noncancelable operating leases which are typically for terms of 60 months or less. Total rent expense under these leases is recognized ratably over the initial term of each lease. Any difference between the rent payment and the straight-line expense is recorded as an adjustment to the liability or as a prepaid asset.
Leases in which a significant portion of the risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the lessor are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the lessor) are recognized in the Combined Statement of Operations on a straight line basis over the lease term.
The fixed asset leases in which FMU Group retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as capital leases. Capital leases are recorded as a financed purchase, recognizing at the beginning, a fixed asset and a financing liability (lease). Fixed assets acquired under capital leases are depreciated at the rates defined in Note 2(g).
At September 12, 2014, the gross amount of equipment and related accumulated depreciation recorded under capital leases were as follows:
|
At
September 12, 2014 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Equipment |
$ | 440,267 | ||
Less Accumulated Depreciation |
(256,822 | ) | ||
| | | | |
Total |
$ | 183,445 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
FMU Group has several operating leases for facilities in which it operates its business. The lease term of operating leases held with third parties range from one to ten years. Minimum rent payments under operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease including any periods of free rent. Rental expense for operating leases (except those with lease terms of a month or less that were not renewed) as of September 12, 2014 consisted of the following:
|
At
September 12, 2014 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum Lease Payments |
$ | 45,297,676 |
F-205
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 10. Leases (Continued)
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) as of September 12, 2014 are:
|
September 12,
2014 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Operating
Leases |
|||
Year ending December 31: |
||||
2014 |
$ | 23,887,931 | ||
2015 |
76,776,000 | |||
2016 |
76,548,000 | |||
2017 |
64,748,000 | |||
2018 |
54,883,000 | |||
2019 |
52,548,000 | |||
Later years, through 2025 |
188,116,000 | |||
| | | | |
Total minimum lease payments |
$ | 537,506,931 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
As part of the acquisition of FMU Group (Note 15), existing operating leases with related parties were renegotiated and new lease arrangements were executed. The lease terms commenced on September 12, 2014, with terms of 13 years and renewal options of four years. As a result, $466,176,400 (the portion of lease agreements with related parties) of the above future minimum lease payments will not be made as the lease agreements will be terminated upon acquisition, and the revised future minimum lease payments related to the new lease agreements will be $455,506,332 as of December 31, 2014.
Note 11. Contingencies
FMU Group is subject to legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, and has recognized contingencies related to civil, labor and tax resulting from potential acts and operations that could be subject to assessment from Authorities.
As of September 12, 2014, FMU Group had the following liabilities related to contingencies:
|
Tax |
Labor and
Civil |
Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
December 31, 2013 |
244,902,008 | 2,984,304 | 247,886,312 | |||||||
Additions |
19,805,000 | 290,000 | 20,095,000 | |||||||
Updates |
12,520,342 | | 12,520,342 | |||||||
Reversals |
| (1,565,741 | ) | (1,565,741 | ) | |||||
Payments |
| (562,000 | ) | (562,000 | ) | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
September 12, 2014 |
$ | 277,227,350 | $ | 1,146,563 | $ | 278,373,913 | ||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
As of September 12, 2014, tax contingencies related to uncertain income tax positions in the amount of $79,653,000 are presented in the balance sheet as non-current Income taxes payable. Tax contingencies related to taxes other-than-income tax, and labor and civil claims in the amount of
F-206
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 11. Contingencies (Continued)
$197,574,350, $757,000 and $389,563 respectively, are presented as Other non-current liabilities for September 12, 2014.
FMU Group is party to legal proceedings and is exposed to risks of contingencies in tax, labor and civil categories. The ongoing lawsuits are being discussed at the administrative and judicial levels, which, when applicable, are supported by judicial deposits. The provisions for probable losses arising from these lawsuits and contingencies risks are estimated and updated by management, based on the support of external legal consultants.
Labor contingencies include the questioning of former employees linked to disputes over compensation amounts paid by FMU Group. Civil contingencies are related to lawsuits filed against FMU Group relating to claims for compensation for material and moral damages arising from undue collections, late issuance of diplomas, failure to return registration fees of holiday courses, etc. character problems operational and / or academic.
As of September 12, 2014, FMU Group has lawsuits involving risks of loss classified by management as possible, based on the opinion of its legal advisors, for which no reserve was recorded at the estimated total amount of $12,101,991.
The figures for the corresponding judicial deposits to ongoing claims are recognized as other assets in non-current assets.
Note 12. Income Taxes
FMU Group's statutory tax rate is 34%. Significant components of the income tax (expense) benefit on earnings from continuing operations were as follows:
|
September 12,
2014 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Current |
$ | (2,723,707 | ) | |
Contingencies |
(7,616,904 | ) | ||
Deferred |
37,524,073 | |||
| | | | |
Total income tax expense |
$ | 27,183,462 | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
F-207
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 12. Income Taxes (Continued)
Income tax benefit was $27,183,462 for the period ended September 12, 2014, and differed from the amount computed by applying the Brazilian federal income tax and social contribution combined rate of 34% to pretax income (deemed income tax) as a result of the following:
|
September 12, 2014 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Computed "expected" tax benefit |
$ | 21,577,301 | 34 | % | |||
Increase (reduction) in income taxes resulting from: |
|||||||
Permanent differences |
970,220 | 1 | % | ||||
Tax on not-for-profit period income/loss |
2,133,626 | 3 | % | ||||
Tax incentive PROUNI |
8,649,605 | 14 | % | ||||
Others |
1,187 | 0 | % | ||||
Effect of uncertain income tax contingenciesPrincipal |
(3,298,000 | ) | (5 | %) | |||
Effect of uncertain income tax contingenciesInterest and penalties |
(2,850,477 | ) | (4 | %) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 27,183,462 | 43 | % | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
FMU Group records interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions as a component of income tax expense. During the period ended September 12, 2014, FMU Group recognized interest and penalties related to income taxes of $4,318,905.
PROUNI ("Programa Universidade para Todos" or "University for All" Program) is a government tax program, which encourages institutions to provide students financial assistance in the form of discounts in return for federal tax incentives. Eligibility for PROUNI is based on each student's family monthly earnings. PROUNI is based on tuition discounts, and no funds are received by FMU Group nor the student from the federal government for the tuition discounts granted.
Significant components of deferred tax assets arising from continuing operations were as follows:
As of September 12, 2014, FMU Group's federal and municipal statutes are generally open back to 2009.
F-208
Notes to Combined Financial Statements (Continued)
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 13. Related Party Transactions
Transactions between FMU Group and Owners
Transactions with related parties are as follows:
|
September 12, 2014 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
FMU | ACE | UESP | Total | |||||||||
Non-current assets |
$ | 2,950 | $ | | $ | | $ | 2,950 | |||||
Current liabilities |
|||||||||||||
Rent Payable |
26,044,274 | 7,096,832 | 1,175,000 | 34,316,106 | |||||||||
Capital contribution |
100,000 | 129,000 | 3,200,000 | 3,429,000 |
Rent Payable
FMU Group leases from its owners 18 facilities which are used for administrative and academic purposes. The total rent expense for these facilities for the period ended September 12, 2014 was $31,440,000. As of September 12, 2014, the balance payable for the leases totaled $34,316,106. The amount of the rent payable is lower than the amount that would be offered to third-parties during a normal arm's-length-transaction.
Remuneration to Owners
For the period ended September 12, 2014, the Combined Statement of Operations includes salaries and in kind remunerations paid to owners in the amounts of $6,222,000.
Note 14. Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Cash interest payments were $14,171,395 for the period ended September 12, 2014. Net income tax cash payments were $852,962 for the period ended September 12, 2014.
Note 15. Subsequent Events
FMU Group has evaluated subsequent events from the combined balance sheet date through September 23, 2015, the date at which the combined financial statements were available to be issued, and determined that there are no other items to disclose.
A previously noted, on September 12, 2014 through the purchase of 100% of its capital stock from Rede Internacional de Universidades Laureate Ltda. ("Rede") and Business School Sao Paulo Ltda., FMU Group became a subsidiary of Laureate Educations, Inc.
In relation with the sale of FMU Group, and as of September 12, 2014, accounts payable included $25 millions of accrued expenses related to consultancy expenses incurred in relation with the transaction.
F-209
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
Financial Statements
December 31, 2013 and 2012
F-210
To
the board of directors and quotaholders
Sociedade Educacional Sul-Rio-Grandense Ltda.
We have audited the accompanying financial statements of Sociedade Educacional Sul-Rio-Grandense Ltda., which comprise the balance sheet as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related statements of income, quotaholders' equity and cash flows for each of the two years ended December 31, 2013.
Management's Responsibility for the Financial Statements
Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
Auditor's Responsibility
Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement.
An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on our judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, we consider internal control relevant to the Company's preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.
Opinion
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Sociedade Educacional Sul-Rio-Grandense Ltda. at December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years ended December 31, 2013 in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers
PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes
Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil
September 28, 2015
F-211
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013 AND 2012
(amounts in Brazilian Reais)
|
December 31, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2013 | 2012 | |||||
Revenues |
$ | 22,946,271 | $ | 25,146,552 | |||
Costs and expenses: |
|||||||
Direct costs |
(15,427,519 | ) | (16,851,291 | ) | |||
General & administrative expenses |
(3,361,846 | ) | (3,552,377 | ) | |||
Gain from distribution of assets |
90,357,900 | | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Operating income |
94,514,806 | 4,742,884 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Interest income |
7,545,011 | 13,073,465 | |||||
Interest Expense |
(404,319 | ) | (103,499 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Income from before income taxes |
101,655,498 | 17,712,850 | |||||
Income tax expense |
(4,689,900 | ) | (7,877,165 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Net income |
$ | 96,965,598 | $ | 9,835,685 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-212
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
BALANCE SHEETS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2013 AND 2012
(amounts in Brazilian Reais)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-213
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
STATEMENTS OF QUOTAHOLDER'S EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013 AND 2012
(amounts in Brazilian Reais)
|
Common
Stock |
Retained
Earnings |
Total
quotaholders' equity |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balance as of December 31, 2011 |
$ | | $ | 116,379,187 | $ | 116,379,187 | ||||
Capital Contribution |
100,000 | | 100,000 | |||||||
Net income |
| 9,835,685 | 9,835,685 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance as of December 31, 2012 |
100,000 | 126,214,872 | 126,314,872 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Dividends distribution |
| (75,476,171 | ) | (75,476,171 | ) | |||||
Distribution of assets (spin-off) |
| (165,988,000 | ) | (165,988,000 | ) | |||||
Others |
| 466,641 | 466,641 | |||||||
Net income |
| 96,965,598 | 96,965,598 | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | |
Balance as of December 31, 2013 |
$ | 100,000 | $ | (17,817,060 | ) | $ | (17,717,060 | ) | ||
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-214
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013 AND 2012
(amounts in Brazilian Reais)
|
For the years ended
December 31, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2013 | 2012 | |||||
Net income |
$ | 96,965,598 | $ | 9,835,685 | |||
Other comprehensive (loss) income |
| | |||||
Total other comprehensive (loss) income |
| | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income attributable to Sociedade Educacional Sul-Rio-Grandense LTDA . |
$ | 96,965,598 | $ | 9,835,685 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-215
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE YEARS DECEMBER 31, 2013 AND 2012
(amounts in Brazilian Reais)
|
For the years ended December 31, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2013 | 2012 | |||||
Cash flows from operating activities |
|||||||
Net income |
$ | 96,965,598 | $ | 9,835,685 | |||
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |
|||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
1,577,545 | 1,734,681 | |||||
Rent expense |
466,641 | | |||||
Gain from distribution of assets |
(90,357,900 | ) | | ||||
Bad debt expense |
(241,391 | ) | 1,081,491 | ||||
Deferred income taxes |
(824,811 | ) | (1,862,378 | ) | |||
Non-cash loss from income tax contingencies |
| 8,220,466 | |||||
Non-cash loss from non-income tax contingencies |
870,356 | 2,128,217 | |||||
Change in operating assets and liabilities: |
|||||||
Receivables |
315,460 | 429,903 | |||||
Prepaid expenses and other assets |
(233,593 | ) | 57,745 | ||||
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |
(8,262,197 | ) | 8,389,986 | ||||
Increase in income tax payable |
1,141,241 | (53,518,709 | ) | ||||
Deferred revenue and student deposits |
29,633 | 92,995 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities of continuing operations |
1,446,582 | (23,409,918 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | |
Cash flows from investing activities |
|||||||
Purchase of property and equipment |
(618,295 | ) | | ||||
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment |
| (591,328 | ) | ||||
| | | | | | | |
Net cash used in investing activities of continuing operations |
(618,295 | ) | (591,328 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Cash flows from financing activities |
|||||||
Dividends paid |
(75,476,171 | ) | | ||||
Capital contribution |
| 100,000 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Net cash provided used in (provide by) financing activities of continuing operations |
(75,476,171 | ) | 100,000 | ||||
| | | | | | | |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |
(74,647,884 | ) | 23,901,246 | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |
131,033,482 | 154,934,728 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |
$ | 56,385,598 | $ | 131,033,482 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-216
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
Notes to Financial Statements
December 31, 2013 and 2012
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 1. Description of Business
The SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA. ("FAPA" or "the Company"), a limited company, provides higher education programs and services to students in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
On November 22, 2013, the Company made an asset distribution to two new entities owned by FAPA's quotaholders. The land and buildings in which FAPA provides services were the spun off its balance sheet as of this date (refer to Note 5 Spin-off).
On October 1, 2012, the Secretaria da Receita Federal do Brazil, Brazilian internal revenue services, revoked the Company's "tax immunity" status due to the violation of federal law 9,532/97 requirements. Therefore, from October 2012, the Company was required to pay all taxes. As a result, in October 2012, the Company changed its judicial nature from a non-profit to a for-profit entity. The for-profit entity was formed with capital stock of $100,000. These Financial Statements are prepared based on standards applicable to for-profit companies.These financial statements are prepared under the presumption that the Company will be able to continue as a going concern. As of December 31, 2013 the Company presents an equity deficit amounting to $17,717,060 mainly due to the impact of the accounting of the spin-off of assets (refer to Note 5 Spin-off) at fair value as well as the dividend distribution. As of December 31, 2013, the Company presents a negative working capital balance of $17,615,314 which is primarily due to the impact of accounts payable to quotaholders (refer to Note 5 Spin-off). The Company has a positive operating cash flow, and the negative working capital and equity deficit does not impact the ability of the Company to realize its assets and to meet its obligations in the ordinary course of business.
The financial statements have been prepared for the purpose of complying with Rule 3-05 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (US GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the allowance for doubtful accounts, useful lives of fixed assets, and provisions for civil and labor risks and tax contingencies.
(a) Functional Currency
The functional currency is the currency of the economic environment in which a company primarily does business. The Brazilian Real is the functional currency of the Company and its financial statements are presented in its functional currency.
F-217
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2013 and 2012
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
The Company does not have any transactions in currencies different from its functional currency.
(Unaudited) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiscal Year Ended or
Ending Dec 31, |
At End of Period |
Average
(of month- end rates) |
High | Low | |||||||||
|
(R$ per $1.00)
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
2009 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.41 | |||||||||
2010 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.53 | |||||||||
2011 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.53 | |||||||||
2012 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.59 | 0.47 | |||||||||
2013 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.51 | 0.41 |
(b) Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments that are purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
(c) Financial Instruments
FAPA's financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, other receivables and accounts payables. The fair value of these financial instruments approximates their carrying amounts reported in the Balance Sheet.
The Company's cash accounts are maintained with high-quality financial institutions with a significant concentration in two institutions: Banco Santander and Banco Safra.
The Company accounts receivable are not concentrated with any one significant customer.
(d) Accounts and Notes Receivable
The Company recognizes receivables when an academic session begins, although students generally enroll in courses prior to the start of the academic session. Receivables are recognized only to the extent that amounts are due and collection is reasonably assured.
(e) Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
FAPA records an allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce its receivables to their net realizable value. The Company's allowance estimation methodology is based on the age of the receivables, the status of past-due amounts, historical collection trends, current economic conditions, and student enrollment status. Receivables deemed to be uncollectible are written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts. In the event that current collection trends differ from historical trends, an adjustment is made to the allowance account and bad debt expense.
F-218
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2013 and 2012
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
(f) Property and Equipment, and Leased Assets
Property and equipment includes land, buildings, furniture, computer equipment and software. FAPA records property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.
FAPA analyzes each lease agreement entered to determine whether it should be classified as a capital or an operating lease. The Company recognize operating lease rent expense on a straight-line basis over the expected term of each lease.
Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Total depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 was $1,577,545 and $1,734,681, respectively, which was entirely recorded as direct costs in each year.
Depreciation and amortization periods are as follows:
Buildings |
25 | |||
Furniture, computer equipment and software |
5 - 10 |
(g) Direct Costs
Direct costs reported on the Statement of Operations represent the cost of operations, including labor costs, and depreciation and amortization expense.
(h) Long-lived Assets
Long-lived assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be fully recoverable. These events or changes in circumstances may include, but are not limited to, a significant deterioration of operating results, a change in regulatory environment, changes in business plans, or adverse changes in anticipated future cash flows. If an impairment indicator is present, the Company evaluates recoverability by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets. If the assets are determined to be impaired, the impairment recognized is the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of the assets. Fair value is generally determined by the discounted cash flow method. The discount rate used in any estimate of discounted cash flows is the rate commensurate with a similar investment of similar risk.
(i) Revenue Recognition
Revenues are recognized when the amount can be reliably measured and the economic benefits will flow to the Company. The Company's revenues primarily consist of tuition and educational service revenues. Revenues are reported net of discounts, rebates, taxes, grants or scholarships awarded.
Revenues are not recognized if there are significant uncertainties regarding realization. Revenues from tuition are recognized on a straight-line basis over the academic session.
F-219
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2013 and 2012
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Deferred revenue and student deposits on the Balance Sheet consist of tuition paid prior to the start of academic sessions and unearned tuition amounts recorded as accounts receivable after an academic session begins. If a student withdraws from an institution, the Company's obligation to issue a refund depends on the refund policy and the timing of the student's withdrawal. Generally, the Company's refund obligations are reduced over the course of the academic term. FAPA records refunds as a reduction of deferred revenue and student deposits, as applicable.
The following table shows the components of Revenues of total net revenue for the periods presented:
|
For the years ended
December 31, |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2013 | 2012 | |||||
Tuition and educational services |
$ | 24,184,262 | $ | 25,321,223 | |||
Other |
897,892 | 443,350 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Gross revenue |
25,082,154 | 25,764,573 | |||||
Less: Discounts / waivers / scholarships |
(73,046 | ) | (123,351 | ) | |||
Less: Taxes on sales |
(2,062,837 | ) | (494,670 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Total |
$ | 22,946,271 | $ | 25,146,552 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
(j) Fair Value Measurements
The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:
These levels are not necessarily an indication of the risk of liquidity associated with the financial assets or liabilities disclosed. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement, as required under ASC 820-10.
F-220
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2013 and 2012
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, other assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses are a reasonable estimate of their fair values, as per the level 1 hierarchy, due to their short-term nature. There are no other fair value levels in FAPA's Financial Statements.
(k) Advertising
The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expenses were $228,043 and $249,339 for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, and are recorded in direct costs in the Statements of Operations.
(l) Income Taxes
The Company records the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recorded with respect to temporary differences in the accounting treatment of items for GAAP financial reporting purposes and for income tax purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period in which the new rate is enacted. Where, based on the weight of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion of recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established for the amount that, in management's judgment, is sufficient to reduce the deferred tax asset to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
A tax position must meet a minimum probability threshold before a financial statement benefit is recognized. The minimum threshold is defined as a tax position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position and having full knowledge of all relevant information.
(m) Contingencies
Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.
Note 3. Significant Risks and Uncertainties Including Business and Credit Concentrations
The Company's activities expose it to credit and liquidity risks.
Credit Risk
The financial statements at December 31, 2013 and 2012 include a provision to cover possible losses on accounts receivable from students. No single customer accounted for more than 5% of the Company's revenues in 2013 or 2012, or accounts receivable at December 31, 2013 or 2012.
F-221
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2013 and 2012
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 3. Significant Risks and Uncertainties Including Business and Credit Concentrations (Continued)
The Company limits its exposure to credit risk associated with banks and financial investments by investing in financial institutions highly recognized solvency and prestige.
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company does not have sufficient liquidity to meet its financial commitments, due to the mismatch of terms or volume between receipts and payments net proceeds.
To manage liquidity of cash, assumptions of future disbursements and receipts, which are monitored daily by the Finance Department are established.
On December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Group had cash and cash equivalents of $51,901 and $56,333,697, and $155,463 and $130,878,019, respectively. Cash and cash equivalents along with funds generated by normal operations of the Company are expected to be sufficient to manage liquidity risk.
Note 4. Accounts and Notes Receivable
The recorded amount in notes receivable for which an impairment has been recognized and the related allowance for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2013 and 2012 were $4,652,016 and $4,893,407 respectively. There was no interest income recognized on the impaired notes receivable during 2013 and 2012. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, there were no sales of notes receivable.
The Company's accounts receivables consist of receivables related to student tuition and receivables related to the "Financing for Higher Education Studies" ("FIES"). FIES is a program whose purpose is to finance the postsecondary education of students enrolled in private institutions. In accordance with current legislation, the Company receives from the Brazilian Fund for Education Development ("FNDE") the amounts financed by the students in FIES.
The FIES Program targets students from low socio-economic backgrounds enrolled at private post-secondary institutions. Eligible students receive loans with below market interest rates that are required to be repaid after an 18-month grace period upon graduation. FIES pays the Company tax credits which can be used to pay certain federal taxes and social contributions. FIES repurchases excess credits for cash. As part of the FIES Program, the Company is obligated to pay 15% of any student default. The default obligation increases to 30% of any student default if the Company is not current with its federal taxes. FIES withholds between 1% and 3% of tuition paid to the Company to cover any potential student defaults ("holdback"). If the student pays 100% of their loan, the withheld amounts will be paid to the Company. The Company recognizes revenues net of the amounts withheld by FIES. FIES is 8% and 9% of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 respectively.
Delinquency is the primary indicator of credit quality for the Company's receivables. For receivables related to tuition programs, the Company records an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the aging of the receivable.
F-222
SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2013 and 2012
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 4. Accounts and Notes Receivable (Continued)
The activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 is as follows:
|
December 31, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2013 | 2012 | |||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts: |
|||||||
Beginning balance |
$ | (4,893,407 | ) | $ | (3,811,916 | ) | |
Write-offs |
| | |||||
Recoveries |
655,710 | | |||||
Provision |
(414,319 | ) | (1,081,491 | ) | |||
| | | | | | | |
Ending balance |
$ | (4,652,016 | ) | $ | (4,893,407 | ) | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Note 5. Spin-off
On November 22, 2013, the Company made distributions to various quotaholders in the form of cash and assets in the amount of $75,630,100. The company made an asset distribution to two new entities owned by FAPA's quotaholders, SFS Assesoria e Consultoria S/S LTDA. and Sociedade Porto-alegrense de Pesquina Educacional LTDA. The assets distributed included (1) land and buildings in which FAPA provides services and with a net book value of $23,386,100 as of the spinoff date and (2) cash in the amount of $52,244,000 (refer to Note 9 Related Parties).
In accordance with GAAP, the spinoff represents a non-reciprocal transfer which is required to be accounted at fair value. FAPA recognized a gain in the amount of $90,357,900 for the difference between the fair value and the historical cost as disclosed below:
Historical net book value of lands and buildings distributed |
$ | 23,386,100 | ||
Gain recognized in the income statement |
90,357,900 | |||
| | | | |
Fair Value of lands and buildings distributed |
$ | 113,744,000 | ||
Accounts payable to quotaholders |
52,244,000 | |||
| | | | |
Total assets distributed (spin-off) |
$ | 165,988,000 | ||
| | | | |
From November 22, 2013 to December 31, 2013, without entering into a lease agreement or transferring any consideration to the owners, FAPA continued utilizing the spinoff assets without transferring any consideration to the new owners. This was considered expenses paid by the quotaholders on behalf of the Company. FAPA recognized rent expense of $466,641 and a related capital contribution (included as "Others" in the Statement of Quotaholder's Equity).
Note 6. Commitments
On July 2014, the Company signed a lease agreement related to the distributed assets with a prospective date (refer to Note 5), as such, the Company has no significant commitments as of year-end December 31, 2013 and 2012.
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SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2013 and 2012
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 7. Contingencies
The Company is subject to legal actions arising in the ordinary course of its business. In management's opinion, they have adequate legal defenses and/or accrued liabilities with respect to the eventuality of such actions. FAPA does not believe that any settlement would have a material impact on its Financial Statements.
Other Current and Long-Term Liabilities
Included in Other Current and Long-Term Liabilities there are provisions for tax contingencies related to federal and municipal taxes, and are mainly tax risks related to taxes on income and financial transactions from tax positions and which are subject to the assessment of tax authorities. These provisions amounted to $10,600,387 and $9,730,031, respectively.
Note 8. Income Taxes
As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, FAPA has accounted for income tax payable amounting to $19,931,616 and $18,790,375, respectively, related to the loss of its "tax immunity". In August 22, 2014, FAPA entered the REFIS program, a government tax amnesty program and paid $17,825,044 to settle these payables.
The significant components of the income tax expense are as follows:
|
December 31, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2013 | 2012 | |||||
Current |
$ | (4,373,469 | ) | $ | (1,519,077 | ) | |
Contingencies |
(1,141,242 | ) | (8,220,466 | ) | |||
Deferred |
824,811 | 1,862,378 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Total income tax expense |
$ | (4,689,900 | ) | $ | (7,877,165 | ) | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Income tax expense was $4,689,900 for the year ended December 31, 2013, and differed from the amount computed by applying the Brazilian federal income tax and social contribution combined rate of 34% to pretax income (deemed income tax) as a result of the following:
|
December 31,
2013 |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Computed "expected" tax expense |
$ | (34,562,869 | ) | |
Increase (reduction) in income taxes resulting from: |
||||
Permanent differences |
||||
Non-taxable gain on revaluation of assets to fair value |
30,721,686 | |||
Interest and penalities |
(1,141,242 | ) | ||
Other |
292,525 | |||
| | | | |
Total income tax expense |
$ | (4,689,900 | ) | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Income tax expense was $7,877,165 for the year ended December 31, 2012, and it differs from the amount computed by applying the Brazilian federal income tax rate of 34% to pretax income as a
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SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2013 and 2012
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 8. Income Taxes (Continued)
result of the adherence of the Company to the "Lucro Presumido Program" by which the income tax expense is calculated by applying a rate of 32% on revenues (deemed income tax). In addition, as mentioned above, FAPA was a not for profit entity from January 1 to October 1, 2012 which led to additional variances.
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2013 and 2012 are presented below:
|
December 31, | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2013 | 2012 | |||||
Deferred tax assets: |
|||||||
Accounts and notes receivable principally due to allowance for doubtful accounts |
$ | 508,575 | $ | 367,707 | |||
Contingencies |
5,481,613 | 4,797,670 | |||||
| | | | | | | |
Net deferred tax assets |
$ | 5,990,188 | $ | 5,165,377 | |||
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
The Company records interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of Income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company recognized interest and penalties related to income taxes of $1,141,242 and $2,267,875, respectively.
As of December 31, 2013, FAPA's federal and municipal statutes are generally open back to 2009.
Note 9. Employer Benefit Plans
The Company sponsors a defined contribution plan for all of its employees. FAPA makes annual contributions to the plan between 50% to 95% of the participant's contribution in accordance with the years of work.
The following table summarizes employer contributions during 2013 and 2012:
|
Pension Plan | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2013 | 2012 | |||||
Employer contribution |
$ | 32,877 | $ | 35,374 |
Note 10. Related Party Transactions
Transactions between FAPA and Quotaholders
On November 22, 2013, the Company's quotaholders approved a distribution by which land and buildings with a net book value of $23,386,100 were distributed to SFS Assesoria and Sociedade P. Pesquisa and cash for $52,244,000 approved to be distributed. As of December 31, 2013, FAPA has not settled this obligation and $52,244,000 is included in the line item of Accounts Payable to Quotaholders in the Balance Sheet (refer to Note 5 Spinoff).
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SOCIEDADE EDUCACIONAL SUL-RIO-GRANDENSE LTDA.
Notes to Financial Statements (Continued)
December 31, 2013 and 2012
Amounts in Brazilian Reais
Note 10. Related Party Transactions (Continued)
As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Income Statement includes salaries paid to quotaholders in the amounts of $553,785 and $118,509, respectively.
Also, during 2013 and 2012, the Company received services related to the collection of outstanding receivables from students from Educredito Gestao e Recuperacao de Ativos Educacionais LTDA., an entity partially owned by a quotaholder's relative. Educredito retains the interest on the payments collected from students as service fees.
Note 11. Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Net income tax cash payments were $4,039,307 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
The distribution of assets (refer to Note 5) represents a non-cash flow transactions as of December 31, 2013 for the land and buildings transferred.
The cash obligation of $52,244,000 (refer to Note 9) represents a non-cash flow transaction as of December 31, 2013. It is a transaction that affected Equity and Accounts Payable and because of this is not presented in the Cash Flow Statement.
Note 12. Subsequent Events
The Company has evaluated subsequent events from the balance sheet date through September 28, 2015, the date at which the financial statements were available to be issued, and determined that there are no other items to disclose.
On January 30, 2014 and July 4 th , 2014, the Company settled the account payable to the Sellers amounting to 52,244,000 (refer to notes 5 and 9) by paying in cash $13 million and $39,244,000, respectively in each date.
On August 12, 2014, Laureate Educations, Inc. acquired FAPA. The total purchase price was $9,361,556, and was paid in form of two seller notes with a total discounted present value of approximately $6,250,802, plus an additional deferred payment of approximately $3,110,754.
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Shares
Laureate Education, Inc.
Class A Common Stock
Credit Suisse
Morgan Stanley
Barclays
Macquarie Capital
J.P. Morgan
BMO Capital Markets
Citigroup
Goldman, Sachs & Co.
Baird
Barrington Research
Piper Jaffray
Stifel
William Blair
Bradesco BBI
BTG Pactual
PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
Item 13. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.
The following table sets forth the expenses (other than underwriting discounts and commissions) expected to be incurred in connection with this offering. All such amounts (except the SEC registration fee and the FINRA filing fee) are estimated.
SEC registration fee |
$ | 10,070 | ||
FINRA filing fee |
15,500 | |||
Nasdaq listing fee |
125,000 | |||
Advisory fees |
3,710,000 | |||
Printing and engraving expenses |
956,000 | |||
Legal fees and expenses |
1,950,000 | |||
Accounting fees and expenses |
1,850,000 | |||
Blue Sky fees and expenses |
20,000 | |||
Transfer Agent and Registrar fees |
12,000 | |||
Miscellaneous |
* | |||
| | | | |
Total |
$ | * | ||
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Item 14. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.
Section 102 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the "DGCL") permits a corporation to eliminate the personal liability of directors of a corporation to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for a breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except where the director breached his duty of loyalty, failed to act in good faith, engaged in intentional misconduct or knowingly violated a law, authorized the payment of a dividend or approved a stock repurchase in violation of Delaware corporate law or obtained an improper personal benefit. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides for this limitation of liability.
Section 145 of the DGCL provides that a corporation has the power to indemnify a director, officer, employee, or agent of the corporation, or a person serving at the request of the corporation for another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise in related capacities against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with an action, suit or proceeding to which he was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding by reason of such position, if such person acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, in any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful, except that, in the case of actions brought by or in the right of the corporation, no indemnification shall be made with respect to any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery or other adjudicating court determines that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all of the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that we must indemnify, and advance expenses to, our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL.
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Prior to the completion of this offering, we intend to enter into separate indemnification agreements with each of our directors and certain officers. Each indemnification agreement will provide, among other things, for indemnification to the fullest extent permitted by law and our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws against any and all expenses, judgments, fines, penalties and amounts paid in settlement of any claim. The indemnification agreements will provide for the advancement or payment of all expenses to the indemnitee and for the reimbursement to us if it is found that such indemnitee is not entitled to such indemnification under applicable law and our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws.
We maintain a general liability insurance policy that covers certain liabilities of directors and officers of our corporation arising out of claims based on acts or omissions in their capacities as directors or officers.
In any underwriting agreement we enter into in connection with the sale of Class A common stock being registered hereby, the underwriters will agree to indemnify, under certain conditions, us, our directors, our officers and persons who control us within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), against certain liabilities.
Item 15. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.
During the three years preceding the filing of this registration statement, Registrant sold the following securities which were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended:
On December 29, 2015, Registrant issued $50.1 million aggregate principal amount of its 9.250% senior notes due 2019 to the participants in stock-based deferred compensation arrangements in partial settlement of the deferred compensation obligations. The senior notes were issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering.
On December 30, 2016, Registrant issued $10.453 million aggregate principal amount of its 9.250% senior notes due 2019 to the participants in stock-based deferred compensation arrangements in final settlement of the deferred compensation obligations. The senior notes were issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering.
On December 20, 2016, Registrant sold 343,000 shares of Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock Series A, par value $0.001 per share, consisting of 23,000 shares of Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock Series A-1 sold to one purchaser and 320,000 shares of Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock Series A-2 sold to 22 purchasers. The securities were offered and sold in a private placement offering in reliance upon exemptions from registration pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.
On October 2, 2013, Registrant granted to 226 of its employees or other service providers options to purchase an aggregate of 4,344,840 shares of common stock under the 2013 Plan at an exercise price of $34.52. The options were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On June 17, 2014, Registrant granted to six of its employees or other service providers options to purchase an aggregate of 116,605 shares of common stock under the 2013 Plan at an exercise price of $27.76. The options were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On July 10, 2014, Registrant granted to 99 of its employees or other service providers options to purchase an aggregate of 269,307 shares of common stock under the 2013 Plan at an exercise price of $27.76. The options were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities
II-2
Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On March 4, 2015, Registrant granted to 154 of its employees or other service providers options to purchase an aggregate of 424,307 shares of common stock under the 2013 Plan at an exercise price of $27.72. The options were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On May 14, 2015, Registrant granted to five of its employees or other service providers options to purchase an aggregate of 20,387 shares of common stock under the 2013 Plan at an exercise price of $25.76. The options were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On September 29, 2015, Registrant granted to 13 of its officers, employees or other service providers options to purchase an aggregate of 1,002,407 shares of common stock under the 2013 Plan at an exercise price of $26.32. The options were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On February 10, 2016, Registrant granted to two of its officers, employees or other service providers options to purchase an aggregate of 5,322 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $22.40 per share. The options were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On May 2, 2016, Registrant granted to 114 of its officers, employees or other service providers options to purchase an aggregate of 131,945 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $23.24 per share. The options were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On May 24, 2016, Registrant granted three of its officers, employees or other service providers options to purchase an aggregate of 2,762 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $23.24 per share. The options were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On October 25, 2016, Registrant granted one of its officers, employees or other service providers options to purchase an aggregate of 162,267 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $23.36 per share. The options were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On December 8, 2016, Registrant granted four of its officers, employees or other service providers options to purchase an aggregate of 1,402 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $22.64 per share. The options were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On October 2, 2013, Registrant granted 763,412 Performance Share Units to 126 of its officers, directors, employees or other service providers. The Performance Stock Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by
II-3
an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On June 17, 2014, Registrant granted 15,233 Performance Share Units to five of its officers, directors, employees or other service providers. The Performance Stock Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On July 10, 2014, Registrant granted 59,322 Performance Share Units to 86 of its officers, directors, employees or other service providers. The Performance Stock Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On March 4, 2015, Registrant granted 60,727 Performance Share Units to 84 of its officers, directors, employees or other service providers. The Performance Stock Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On September 29, 2015, Registrant granted to two of its officers, employees or other service providers an aggregate of 174,730 Performance Share Units. The Performance Share Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On December 16, 2015, Registrant granted 30,578 Performance Stock Units to two of its officers, employees or other service providers. The Performance Stock Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On February 10, 2016, Registrant granted to two of its officers, employees or other service providers 544 Performance Share Units. The Performance Share Units were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On May 2, 2016, Registrant granted to 114 of its officers, employees or other service providers 136,712 Performance Share Units. The Performance Share Units were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On May 24, 2016, Registrant granted three of its officers, employees or other service providers 2,832 Performance Share Units. The Performance Share Units were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On October 25, 2016, Registrant granted 25 of its officers, employees or other service providers 71,588 Performance Share Units. The Performance Share Units were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any
II-4
public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On December 8, 2016, Registrant granted five of its officers, employees or other service providers 2,195 Performance Share Units. The Performance Share Units were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to a benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On May 2, 2014, Registrant granted an aggregate of 10,007 shares of common stock to six of its directors and board observers, of which 7,504 were Restricted Shares. The common stock was granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On September 30, 2014, Registrant granted an aggregate of 18,558 Restricted Shares to one of its directors. The Restricted Shares were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On June 1, 2015, Registrant granted an aggregate of 8,117 shares of common stock to five of its directors and board observers, of which 6,087 were Restricted Shares. The common stock was granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On June 30, 2016, Registrant granted an aggregate of 13,984 shares of common stock to seven of its directors and board observers, of which 6,994 were Restricted Shares. The common stock was granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On October 2, 2013, Registrant granted 61,108 Restricted Stock Units to 88 of its officers or employees. The Restricted Stock Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On June 17, 2014, Registrant granted 1,852 Restricted Stock Units to two of its officers or employees. The Restricted Stock Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On July 10, 2014, Registrant granted 56,572 Restricted Stock Units to 86 of its officers or employees. The Restricted Stock Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On March 4, 2015, Registrant granted 62,472 Restricted Stock Units to 94 of its officers or employees. The Restricted Stock Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
II-5
On May 14, 2015, Registrant granted 20,380 Restricted Stock Units to one of its officers. The Restricted Stock Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On September 29, 2015, Registrant granted to five of its officers, employees or other service providers an aggregate of 81,638 Restricted Stock Units. The Restricted Stock Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On December 16, 2015, Registrant granted to one of its officers, employees or other service providers, an aggregate of 11,005 Restricted Stock Units. The Restricted Stock Units were granted under the 2013 Plan pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation provided under Rule 701.
On February 10, 2016, Registrant granted to two of its officers, employees or other service providers 11,274 Restricted Stock Units. The Restricted Stock Units were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On May 2, 2016, Registrant granted to 205 of its officers, employees or other service providers 174,142 Restricted Stock Units. The Restricted Stock Units were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On May 24, 2016, Registrant granted six of its officers, employees or other service providers 9,242 Restricted Stock Units. The Restricted Stock Units were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
On October 25, 2016, Registrant granted 44 of its officers, employees or other service providers 221,550 Restricted Stock Units. The Restricted Stock Units were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation under Rule 701.
On December 8, 2016, Registrant granted eight of its officers, employees or other service providers 5,194 Restricted Stock Units. The Restricted Stock Units were issued pursuant to Rule 701 promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Securities Act as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering or pursuant to benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation as provided under Rule 701.
Item 16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedule.
The following Financial Statement Schedule is included herein:
Supplemental Financial Schedule IIValuation and Qualifying Accounts.
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Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, we have been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by us of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of us in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, we will, unless in the opinion of counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by us is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriters at the closing specified in the underwriting agreement, certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.
We hereby undertake that:
(i) for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.
(ii) for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
The undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:
(i) any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;
(ii) any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;
(iii) the portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and
(iv) any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.
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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Baltimore, State of Maryland on January 10, 2017.
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. | ||||||
|
|
By: |
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/s/ EILIF SERCK-HANSSEN |
||
Name: | Eilif Serck-Hanssen | |||||
Title: |
Executive Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities indicated on January 10, 2017.
SIGNATURE
|
TITLE
|
DATE
|
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|
|
|
|
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*
Douglas L. Becker |
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) | January 10, 2017 | ||
/s/ EILIF SERCK-HANSSEN Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
|
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |
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January 10, 2017 |
/s/ TAL DARMON Tal Darmon |
|
Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Global Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) |
|
January 10, 2017 |
* Brian F. Carroll |
|
Director |
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January 10, 2017 |
* Andrew B. Cohen |
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Director |
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January 10, 2017 |
* Darren M. Friedman |
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Director |
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January 10, 2017 |
* John A. Miller |
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Director |
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January 10, 2017 |
II-8
SIGNATURE
|
TITLE
|
DATE
|
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---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
*
George Muñoz |
Director | January 10, 2017 | ||
* Judith Rodin |
|
Director |
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January 10, 2017 |
* Jonathan D. Smidt |
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Director |
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January 10, 2017 |
* Ian K. Snow |
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Director |
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January 10, 2017 |
* Steven M. Taslitz |
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Director |
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January 10, 2017 |
* Quentin Van Doosselaere |
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Director |
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January 10, 2017 |
* Robert B. Zoellick |
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Director |
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January 10, 2017 |
*By: |
/s/ EILIF SERCK-HANSSEN
Eilif Serck-Hanssen, as attorney-in-fact |
II-9
Exhibit
No. |
Description | ||
---|---|---|---|
1.1 | * | Form of Underwriting Agreement | |
|
2.1 |
#** |
Equity Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 10, 2013, by and between Rede Internacional de Universidades Laureate Ltda., and Dra. Labibi Elias Alves da Silva, Prof. Dr. Edevaldo Alves da Silva, Dra. Aidéa Alves da Silva, and Dr. Arnold Fioravante, and Faculdades Metropolitanas UnidasAssociação Educacional in the capacity of intervening and consenting party |
|
2.2 |
#** |
Equity Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 10, 2013, by and between Rede Internacional de Universidades Laureate Ltda., and Dra. Labibi Elias Alves da Silva, Prof. Dr. Edevaldo Alves da Silva and Dr. Arnold Fioravante, and Associação de Cultura e Ensino, in the capacity of intervening and consenting party |
|
2.3 |
#** |
Equity Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 10, 2013, by and between Rede Internacional de Universidades Laureate Ltda., and Dra. Labibi Elias Alves da Silva, and Dr. Eduardo Alves da Silva, Dr. Edson Alves da Silva, and União Educacional de São Paulo, in the capacity of intervening and consenting party |
|
2.4 |
#** |
Quota Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 11, 2014, by and between Sociedade de Educacao Ritter dos Reis Ltda. and Solon Flores Sant'anna, Darci Sanfelici, Ana Maria Lisboa de Mello, Iron Augusto Muller and, as intervening consenting parties, Sociedade Educacional Sul-Rio-Grandense S/S Ltda., Sociedade Porto-Alegrense de Pesquisa Educacional S/S Ltda., and SFS Assessoria e Consultoria S/S Ltda. |
|
2.5 |
#** |
Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 15, 2016, by and between Laureate International B.V. and Graduate S.A. |
|
2.6 |
#** |
Share Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 15, 2016, by and between Laureate I B.V. and Insignis. |
|
3.1 |
|
Form of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation |
|
3.2 |
|
Form of Amended and Restated Bylaws |
|
3.3 |
|
Certificate of Designations of Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A of Laureate Education, Inc. |
|
4.1 |
** |
Senior Indenture, dated July 25, 2012, among Laureate Education, Inc., the guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee |
|
4.2 |
** |
First Supplemental Indenture, dated November 13, 2012, among Laureate Education, Inc., the guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee |
|
4.3 |
|
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated December 29, 2015, among Laureate Education, Inc., the guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-208758), filed on January 20, 2016) |
|
4.4 |
|
Third Supplemental Indenture, dated December 30, 2016, among Laureate Education, Inc., the guarantors named therein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee |
|
4.5 |
** |
Form of 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019 (included in Exhibit 4.1) |
|
5.1 |
* |
Opinion of DLA Piper LLP (US) |
II-10
Exhibit
No. |
Description | ||
---|---|---|---|
10.1 | ** | Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of June 16, 2011, among Laureate Education, Inc. and Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as borrowers, certain financial institutions listed on the signature pages thereto and Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent | |
|
10.2 |
** |
Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of August 17, 2007 and amended and restated as of June 16, 2011, among Laureate Education, Inc. and Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as borrowers, the lending institutions from time to time parties thereto, and Citibank, N.A. (as successor to Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P.), as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent |
|
10.3 |
** |
First Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of January 18, 2013, entered into by Laureate Education, Inc. and Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as borrowers, Citibank, N.A., as successor Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, and certain financial institutions listed on the signature pages thereto |
|
10.4 |
** |
Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of April 23, 2013, entered into by Laureate Education, Inc. and Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as borrowers, Citibank, N.A., as successor Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, and certain financial institutions listed on the signature pages thereto |
|
10.5 |
** |
Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 3, 2013, entered into by Laureate Education, Inc. and Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as borrowers, Citibank, N.A., as successor Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, and certain financial institutions listed on the signature pages thereto |
|
10.6 |
** |
Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and Amendment to the U.S. Obligations Security Agreement and the U.S. Pledge Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2015, entered into by Laureate Education, Inc. and Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as borrowers, Citibank, N.A., as successor Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, the other parties thereto and certain financial institutions listed on the signature pages thereto |
|
10.7 |
** |
Joinder Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2011, by and among Bank of Montreal, Chicago Branch, Laureate Education, Inc. and Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent |
|
10.8 |
** |
Joinder Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2011, by and among Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., Laureate Education, Inc. and Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent |
|
10.9 |
** |
Joinder Agreement, dated as of January 18, 2013, by and among the lenders party thereto, Laureate Education, Inc., as borrower, and Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent |
|
10.10 |
** |
Joinder Agreement, dated as of April 23, 2013, by and among the lenders party thereto, Laureate Education, Inc., as borrower, and Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent |
|
10.11 |
** |
Joinder Agreement, dated as of December 16, 2013, by and among lenders party thereto, Laureate Education, Inc., as borrower, and Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent |
|
10.12 |
** |
Guarantee dated as of August 17, 2007, by certain domestic subsidiaries of Laureate Education, Inc., as Guarantors in favor of Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Collateral Agent, as supplemented by Supplement No. 1 dated as of April 1, 2009 between LEI Administration, LLC, as the New Guarantor, and Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Collateral Agent, as supplemented by Supplement No. 2 dated as of July 15, 2011, between Exeter Street Holdings LLC, as the New Guarantor, and Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Collateral Agent |
II-11
Exhibit
No. |
Description | ||
---|---|---|---|
10.13 | ** | Security Agreement, dated as of August 17, 2007, among Laureate Education, Inc., and certain domestic subsidiaries of Laureate Education, Inc., as Grantors, and Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Collateral Agent, as supplemented by Supplement No. 1 dated as of April 1, 2009 between LEI Administration, LLC, as the New Grantor, and Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Collateral Agent, as supplemented by Supplement No. 2 dated as of July 15, 2011 between Exeter Street Holdings LLC, as the New Grantor, and Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Collateral Agent, as amended by the Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and Amendment to the U.S. Obligations Security Agreement and the U.S. Pledge Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2015 | |
|
10.14 |
** |
Pledge Agreement, dated as of August 17, 2007, among Laureate Education, Inc., and certain domestic subsidiaries of Laureate Education, Inc., as Pledgors, and Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Collateral Agent, as supplemented by Supplement No. 1 dated as of April 1, 2009 between LEI Administration, LLC, as Additional Pledgor, and Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Collateral Agent, as supplemented by Supplement No. 2 dated as of July 15, 2011 between Exeter Street Holdings LLC, as Additional Pledgor, and Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Collateral Agent, as amended by the Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and Amendment to the U.S. Obligations Security Agreement and the U.S. Pledge Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2015 |
|
10.15 |
** |
Amended and Restated Collateral Agreement, dated as of June 16, 2011, among Walden University, LLC, each other subsidiary of Laureate Education, Inc. that becomes a party thereto from time to time, and Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Collateral Agent |
|
10.16 |
** |
Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 25, 2012, among Laureate Education, Inc., the guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto and Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Barclays Capital Inc., Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Goldman, Sachs & Co., KKR Capital Markets LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC |
|
10.17 |
** |
Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 13, 2012, among Laureate Education, Inc., the guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Barclays Capital Inc., Citigroup Global Markets Corp., BMO Capital Markets Corp., Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Goldman, Sachs & Co., KKR Capital Markets LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC |
|
10.18 |
|
Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December 29, 2015, among Laureate Education, Inc., the guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto and the initial holders listed on the signature pages thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-208758), filed on January 20, 2016) |
|
10.19 |
** |
Foreign Obligations Guarantee, dated as of January 23, 2008, by Rede Internacional de Universidades Laureate, Ltda., as Foreign Obligations Guarantor, in favor of Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Collateral Agent under the Credit Agreement for the benefit of the Foreign Obligations Secured Parties |
II-12
Exhibit
No. |
Description | ||
---|---|---|---|
10.20 | ** | Foreign Obligations Guarantee, dated as of January 23, 2008, by Laureate Education, Inc., ICE Inversiones Brazil, SL, Inversiones en Educacion Limitada, Laureate Education Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V., Laureate Education Peru, S.R.L., Laureate Honduras S. de R.L. de C.V., Laureate I B.V., Laureate International B.V., Laureate International Costa Rica S.R.L., LIUF, SAS, Online Higher Education, B.V., Laureate Panama, S.A., Laureate Chile Limitada, and Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as Foreign Obligations Guarantors, in favor of Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Collateral Agent under the Credit Agreement for the benefit of the Foreign Obligations Secured Parties | |
|
10.21 |
** |
Deed of Pledge of Receivables, dated August 17, 2007, between Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P. and Laureate Education, Inc. with respect to interests in Fleet Street International Universities C.V. |
|
10.22 |
** |
Deed of Pledge of Receivables, dated September 2011, between Laureate Education, Inc., as Pledgor, and Citibank, N.A., in its capacity as Collateral Agent, as Pledgee, with respect to interests in Fleet Street International Universities C.V. |
|
10.23 |
** |
Deed of Pledge of Receivables dated August 17, 2007, between Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P. and Laureate Education International Limited, with respect to interests in Fleet Street International Universities C.V. |
|
10.24 |
** |
Deed of Pledge of Receivables, dated September 30, 2011, between Laureate Education International Limited, as Pledgor, and Citibank, N.A., in its capacity as Collateral Agent, as Pledgee, with respect to interests in Fleet Street International Universities C.V. |
|
10.25 |
** |
Deed of Pledge (Laureate I B.V.), dated January 29, 2008, by Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L. in favor of Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., in its capacity as Collateral Agent under the Credit Agreement for the benefit of the Secured Parties |
|
10.26 |
** |
Deed of Pledge (Laureate I B.V.), dated September 30, 2011, between Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as Pledgor, Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent under the Credit Agreement for the benefit of the Lenders under the Credit Agreement, as Pledgee, and Laureate I B.V., as the Company |
|
10.27 |
** |
Deed of Pledge (Laureate International B.V.), dated January 29, 2008, by Laureate I B.V. in favor of Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent under the Credit Agreement for the benefit of the Secured Parties |
|
10.28 |
** |
Deed of Pledge (Laureate International B.V.), dated September 30, 2011, between Laureate I B.V., as Pledgor, Citibank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent under the Credit Agreement for the benefit of the Lenders under the Credit Agreement, as Pledgee, and Laureate International B.V., as the Company |
|
10.29 |
** |
Deed of Pledge Over Credit Rights Derived from Bank Account, dated March 14, 2008, by Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L. in favor of Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent under the Credit Agreement for the benefit of the Secured Parties, as amended by that Amendment Agreement in Respect of Pledge Over Credit Rights Derived from Bank Account, dated October 5, 2011, by and between Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as Pledgor, Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Prior Pledgee, and Citibank, N.A., acting as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, as Pledgee |
II-13
Exhibit
No. |
Description | ||
---|---|---|---|
10.30 | ** | Deed of First Priority Pledge Over Credit Rights, dated March 14, 2008, by Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L. in favor of Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent under the Credit Agreement for the benefit of the Secured Parties, as amended by that Amendment Agreement in Respect of Pledge Over Credit Rights, dated October 5, 2011, by and between Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as Pledgor, Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Prior Pledgee, and Citibank, N.A., acting as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, as Pledgee | |
|
10.31 |
** |
Deed of Pledge of Participations, dated March 14, 2008, by Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L. in favor of Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent under the Credit Agreement for the benefit of the Secured Parties, as amended by that Amendment Agreement in Respect of Pledge of Shares, dated October 5, 2011, by and between Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as Pledgor, Goldman Sachs Credit Partners L.P., as Prior Pledgee, and Citibank, N.A., acting as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, as Pledgee |
|
10.32 |
** |
2007 Stock Incentive Plan for Key Employees of Laureate Education, Inc. and its Subsidiaries |
|
10.33 |
** |
2007 Stock Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Agreement, as amended on August 31, 2010 |
|
10.34 |
** |
2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan of Laureate Education, Inc. and its Subsidiaries, dated June 13, 2013, as amended by the First Amendment to the 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan effective as of September 17, 2015 |
|
10.35 |
** |
2013 Stock Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Agreement effective as of September 11, 2013 |
|
10.36 |
** |
Laureate Education, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2009 |
|
10.37 |
** |
Form of Management Stockholder's Agreement for equityholders |
|
10.38 |
** |
Employment Offer Letter, dated July 6, 2015, between Laureate Education, Inc. and Enderson Guimarães |
|
10.39 |
** |
Deferred Compensation Letter Agreement, dated August 16, 2007, by and among L Curve Sub Inc., Laureate Education, Inc. and Douglas L. Becker |
|
10.40 |
** |
Deferred Compensation Letter Agreement, dated December 24, 2015, between Laureate Education, Inc. and Douglas L. Becker (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-208758), filed on January 20, 2016) |
|
10.41 |
** |
2nd Amended and Restated Executive Interest Subscription Agreement, dated August 31, 2010, between Wengen Alberta, Limited Partnership and Douglas L. Becker |
|
10.42 |
** |
Employment Offer Letter, dated July 21, 2008, between Laureate Education, Inc. and Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
|
10.43 |
** |
Amendment to Employment Offer Letter, dated December 9, 2010, between Laureate Education, Inc. and Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
|
10.44 |
** |
Time-Based Restricted Stock Agreement, dated August 5, 2008, between Laureate Education, Inc. and Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
|
10.45 |
** |
Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Units Agreement, for grants from and after September 11, 2013 |
II-14
Exhibit
No. |
Description | ||
---|---|---|---|
10.46 | ** | Support Services Agreement between Santa Fe University of Art and Design, LLC and Laureate Education, Inc. dated October 1, 2014 | |
|
10.47 |
** |
Master Service and Confidentiality Agreement, dated April 28, 2014, by and between Laureate Education, Inc. and Accenture LLP |
|
10.48 |
** |
System Wide Master Agreement, dated April 10, 2015, between Blackboard Inc. and Laureate Education, Inc. |
|
10.49 |
** |
Form of Stockholders' Agreement for Entity-Appointed Directors |
|
10.50 |
** |
Form of Stockholders' Agreement for Individual Directors |
|
10.51 |
** |
2013 Stock Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Units Agreement |
|
10.52 |
** |
2013 Stock Incentive Plan Form of Performance Share Units Agreement |
|
10.53 |
** |
Form of Laureate Education, Inc. Note Exchange Agreement dated as of April 15, 2016 |
|
10.54 |
** |
Executive Retention Agreement, dated February 25, 2016, by and between Ricardo Berckemeyer and Laureate Education, Inc., effective as of September 1, 2015 |
|
10.55 |
** |
2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan Form of Performance Share Award Agreement for 2016 for Named Executive Officers |
|
10.56 |
** |
2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan Form of Performance Share Award Agreement for 2016 |
|
10.57 |
** |
2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2016 for Named Executive Officers |
|
10.58 |
** |
2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan Form of Stock Option Agreement for 2016 |
|
10.59 |
** |
2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for 2016 for Named Executive Officers |
|
10.60 |
** |
2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for 2016 |
|
10.61 |
** |
Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 3, 2016, entered into by Laureate Education, Inc., Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., Citibank, N.A., as successor Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, the other parties thereto and certain financial institutions listed on the signature pages thereto |
|
10.62 |
** |
Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2016, entered into by Laureate Education, Inc. and Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as borrowers, Citibank, N.A., as successor Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, the other parties thereto and certain financial institutions listed on the signature pages thereto |
|
10.63 |
** |
Subscription Agreement, dated as of December 4, 2016, by and among Laureate Education, Inc., Macquarie Sierra Investment Holdings Inc., and each of the other Persons listed on Schedule A and Schedule B thereto. |
|
10.64 |
** |
Form of Registration Rights Agreement by and among Laureate Education, Inc., each of the Investors set forth on Schedule A thereto, Douglas L. Becker and Wengen Alberta, Limited Partnership. |
|
10.65 |
** |
Form of Investors' Stockholders Agreement by and among Laureate Education, Inc., Wengen Alberta, Limited Partnership and the Investors set forth on Schedule A thereto. |
|
10.66 |
** |
First Amendment to the 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan, effective as of September 15, 2015. |
II-15
Exhibit
No. |
Description | ||
---|---|---|---|
10.67 | ** | Second Amendment to the 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan, effective as of December 14, 2016. | |
|
10.68 |
|
Deferred Compensation Letter Agreement, dated December 30, 2016, between Laureate Education, Inc. and Douglas L. Becker |
|
10.69 |
|
Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December 30, 2016, among Laureate Education, Inc., the guarantors listed on the signature pages thereto and the initial holders listed on the signature pages thereto |
|
10.70 |
|
2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for October 2016 |
|
10.71 |
|
2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan Form of Performance Share Unit Agreement for Named Executive Officers for October 2016 |
|
10.72 |
|
2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan Form of Performance Share Unit Agreement for October 2016 |
|
10.73 |
|
Form of Cash Long-Term Incentive Plan Agreement |
|
21.1 |
|
List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant |
|
23.1 |
|
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP |
|
23.2 |
|
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes, São Paulo, Brazil |
|
23.3 |
|
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Auditores Independentes, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil |
|
23.4 |
* |
Consent of DLA Piper LLP (US) (included in Exhibit 5.1) |
|
24.1 |
** |
Powers of Attorney |
|
24.2 |
|
Power of Attorney for Tal Darmon |
|
99.1 |
|
Consent of Director Designee William L. Cornog |
II-16
Laureate Education, Inc.
Supplemental Financial Schedule IIValuation and Qualifying Accounts
(In Thousands)
|
|
Additions |
|
|
||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Description
|
Balance at
Beginning of Period |
Charges to
Costs and Expenses |
Charges to
Other Accounts |
Deductions |
Balance at
End of Period |
|||||||||||
Deducted from asset accounts: |
||||||||||||||||
Year ended December 31, 2015: |
||||||||||||||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable(1) |
$ | 170,140 | $ | 107,162 | $ | | $ | (115,644 | ) | $ | 161,658 | |||||
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets(2) |
994,434 | 157,960 | | (59,443 | ) | 1,092,951 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total deducted from asset accounts |
$ | 1,164,574 | $ | 265,122 | $ | | $ | (175,087 | ) | $ | 1,254,609 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Deducted from asset accounts: |
||||||||||||||||
Year ended December 31, 2014: |
||||||||||||||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable(1)(3) |
$ | 167,521 | $ | 110,302 | $ | 4,736 | $ | (112,419 | ) | $ | 170,140 | |||||
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets(2) |
907,203 | 94,791 | | (7,560 | ) | 994,434 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total deducted from asset accounts |
$ | 1,074,724 | $ | 205,093 | $ | 4,736 | $ | (119,979 | ) | $ | 1,164,574 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Deducted from asset accounts: |
||||||||||||||||
Year ended December 31, 2013: |
||||||||||||||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable(1) |
$ | 164,910 | $ | 102,662 | $ | | $ | (100,051 | ) | $ | 167,521 | |||||
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets(2) |
747,148 | 171,644 | | (11,589 | ) | 907,203 | ||||||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total deducted from asset accounts |
$ | 912,058 | $ | 274,306 | $ | | $ | (111,640 | ) | $ | 1,074,724 | |||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Notes:
S-1
Exhibit 3.1
FORM OF
AMENDED AND RESTATED
CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
OF
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.
A PUBLIC BENEFIT CORPORATION
Laureate Education, Inc. (the Corporation ), a public benefit corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, as amended from time to time, (the DGCL ), hereby certifies that:
FIRST. The Corporation was initially incorporated in the State of Maryland by the filing of Articles of Incorporation with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of the State of Maryland on December 6, 1989 under the name Sylvan Learning Systems, Inc. A Certificate of Conversion was filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware pursuant to Section 265 of the DGCL on October 1, 2015, converting the Corporation from a Maryland corporation to a Delaware corporation with the name Laureate Education, Inc. The Corporation filed its original Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on October 1, 2015. A Certificate of Designations of Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A was filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on December 20, 2016.
SECOND. This Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation was duly adopted in accordance with the provisions of Sections 242 and 245 of the DGCL and by the written consent of the its stockholders in accordance with Section 228 of the DGCL. As required by Section 228 of the DGCL, the Corporation has given written notice of the amendments reflected herein to all stockholders who did not consent in writing to these amendments.
THIRD. The Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows:
ARTICLE I
The name of the corporation (which is hereinafter called the Corporation ) is: Laureate Education, Inc. The Corporation is a public benefit corporation under Subchapter XV of the DGCL.
ARTICLE II
The purpose of the Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which a corporation may be organized under the DGCL. The specific public benefit purpose of the Corporation is to produce a positive effect (or a reduction of negative effects) for society and persons by offering diverse education programs delivered online and on premises operated in the communities that we serve, as the board of directors may from time to time determine to be appropriate and within the Corporations overall education mission.
ARTICLE III
The present address of the principal office of the Corporation is 650 South Exeter Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202.
ARTICLE IV
The address of the Corporations registered office in the State of Delaware is Capitol Services, Inc., 1675 South State Street, Suite B, Dover, DE 19901, Kent County. The registered agent at such address is Capitol Services, Inc., 1675 South State Street, Suite B, Dover, DE 19901, Kent County.
ARTICLE V
A. Classes of Stock . The total number of shares of stock that the Corporation shall have the authority to issue is 1,625,000,000 shares of capital stock, with (a) 1,575,000,000 shares of common stock, with a par value of $0.004 per share (the Common Stock ), of which (i) 700,000,000 shall be designated Class A Common Stock (the Class A Common Stock ), (ii) 175,000,000 shall be designated Class B Common Stock (the Class B Common Stock ) (the Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock are sometimes referred to herein collectively as the Common Stock) and (iii) 700,000,000 shall be undesignated Common Stock (the Undesignated Common Stock ) and (b) 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with a par value of $0.001 per share (the Preferred Stock ), of which (i) 62,000 shall be designated Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A-1 (the Series A-1 Preferred Stock ), (ii) 450,000 shall be designated Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A-2, (the Series A-2 Preferred Stock ) (the Series A-1 Preferred Stock and Series A-2 Preferred Stock are sometime referred to herein collectively as the Series A Preferred Stock ) and (iii) 49,488,000 shall be undesignated Preferred Stock.
The Board of Directors of the Corporation (the Board of Directors ) is authorized, subject to any limitations prescribed by law, to classify or reclassify any unissued shares of Class A Common Stock, Class B Common Stock or Undesignated Common Stock into one or more classes or series of stock, with such voting powers, full or limited, or no voting powers, and with such designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights and qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereon as set forth in a resolution adopted by the Board of Directors.
Immediately upon the acceptance of this Amended and Restated Certificate for filing by the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware (the Effective Time ), each share of the Corporations Common Stock issued and outstanding or held as treasury stock immediately prior to the Effective Time, shall, automatically and without further action by any stockholder, be reclassified as, and shall become, one quarter of one share of Class B Common Stock (the Reverse Split ), with any resulting fractional shares rounded down to the next whole share. The Corporation shall not issue fractional shares in connection with the Reverse Split. Any stock certificate that immediately prior to the Effective Time represented shares of the Corporations Common Stock shall from and after the Effective Time be deemed to represent shares of Class B Common Stock, without the need for surrender or exchange thereof.
B. Preferred Stock .
1. Undesignated Preferred Stock . The Board of Directors is hereby expressly authorized, subject to any limitations prescribed by law, by resolution or resolutions thereof, to provide from time to time out of the unissued shares of Preferred Stock for one or more series of Preferred Stock by filing a certificate pursuant to the applicable law of the State of Delaware (each such certificate being hereinafter referred to as a Preferred Stock Designation ), and, with respect to each such series, to fix the number of shares constituting such series and the designation of such series, the powers (including voting powers), if any, of the shares of such series and the preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, if any, and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions of the shares of such series. The designations, powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights of each series of Preferred Stock, if any, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, if any, may differ from those of any and all other series of Preferred Stock at any time outstanding. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the DGCL and subject to the terms of any Preferred Stock Designation, the number of authorized shares of Preferred Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the stock of the Corporation entitled to vote, voting together as a single class.
2. Series A Preferred Stock . Pursuant to the authority conferred by the Corporations original certificate of incorporation, filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on October 1, 2015, the Board of Directors created a series of 512,000 shares of Preferred Stock designated as Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A by the filing of a Certificate of Designations with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on December 20, 2016, and the powers (including voting powers) of the shares of such series, and the designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions, of the Series A Preferred Stock are set forth in Appendix A attached hereto and incorporated herein by reference.
C. Rights of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock . The relative powers, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions granted to or imposed on the shares of the Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock are as follows:
1. Voting Rights .
(a) General Right to Vote Together; Exceptions . Except as otherwise expressly provided in Article XI herein or required by applicable law, the holders of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock shall vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders; provided , however , notwithstanding the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the DGCL and subject to the terms of any Preferred Stock Designation, the number of authorized shares of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the stock of the Corporation entitled to vote, voting together as a single class.
(b) Votes Per Share . Except as otherwise expressly provided herein or required by applicable law, on any matter that is submitted to a vote of the stockholders, each holder of Class A Common Stock shall be entitled to one (1) vote for each such share, and each holder of Class B Common Stock shall be entitled ten (10) votes for each such share.
2. Identical Rights . Except as otherwise expressly provided herein or required by applicable law, shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock shall have the same rights and privileges and rank equally, share ratably and be identical in all respects as to all matters, including, without limitation:
(a) Dividends and Distributions . Subject to the terms of any Preferred Stock Designation, shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock shall be entitled to share equally, identically and ratably, on a per share basis, with respect to any Distribution paid or distributed by the Corporation, unless different treatment of the shares of each such class is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, each voting separately as a class; provided , however , that in the event that a Distribution is paid in the form of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock (or Rights to acquire such stock), then holders of Class A Common Stock shall receive Class A Common Stock (or Rights to acquire such stock, as the case may be) and holders of Class B Common Stock shall receive Class B Common Stock (or Rights to acquire such stock, as the case may be).
(b) Subdivision or Combination . In the event that the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock shall be subdivided or combined, by stock split, reverse split or similar event, into a greater or lesser number of shares of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock, the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock, as applicable, shall, concurrently with the effectiveness of such subdivision or combination, be subdivided or combined in the same proportion and manner, unless different treatment of the shares of each such class is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, each voting separately as a class.
(c) Change of Control or any Merger Transaction . In connection with any Change of Control Transaction, shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock shall be treated equally, identically and ratably, on a per share basis, with respect to any consideration into which such shares are converted or any consideration paid or otherwise distributed to stockholders of the Corporation, unless different treatment of the shares of each such class is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, each voting separately as a class. Any merger or consolidation of the Corporation with or into any other entity, which is not a Change of Control Transaction, shall require approval by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, each voting separately as a class, unless (i) the shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock remain outstanding and no other consideration is received in respect thereof, or (ii) such shares are converted on a pro rata basis into shares of the surviving or parent entity in such transaction having identical rights to the shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, respectively.
3. Final Conversion of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock . On the Final Conversion Date, each one (1) issued share of Class A Common Stock and each one (1) issued share of Class B Common Stock shall automatically, without any further action, convert into one (1) share of Common Stock. Following such conversion, the reissuance of all shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock shall be prohibited, and such shares shall be retired and cancelled in accordance with Section 243 of the DGCL and the filing with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware required thereby, and upon such retirement and cancellation, all references to the Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock in the Amended and Restated Certificate shall be eliminated.
4. Voluntary and Automatic Conversion of Class B Common Stock .
(a) Voluntary Conversion. Each one (1) share of Class B Common Stock shall be convertible into one (1) share of Class A Common Stock at the option of the holder thereof at any time upon written notice to the transfer agent of the Corporation.
(b) Automatic Conversion. Each one (1) share of Class B Common Stock shall automatically, without any further action, convert into one (1) share of Class A Common Stock upon the earliest of:
(i) a Transfer of such share; provided that no such automatic conversion shall occur in the case of a Transfer by a Class B Stockholder, for tax or estate planning purposes, to any of the persons or entities listed in clauses (A) through (F) below (each, a Permitted Transferee ) and from any such Permitted Transferee back to such Class B Stockholder and/or any other Permitted Transferee established by or for such Class B Stockholder:
(A) a trust for the benefit of such Class B Stockholder or persons other than such Class B Stockholder so long as such Class B Stockholder has sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such trust; provided such Transfer does not involve any payment of cash, securities, property or other consideration (other than an interest in such trust) to such Class B Stockholder and, provided , further , that in the event that such Class B Stockholder no longer has sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such trust, each share of Class B Common Stock then held by such trust shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock;
(B) a trust under the terms of which such Class B Stockholder has retained a qualified interest within the meaning of §2702(b)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code and/or a reversionary interest so long as such Class B Stockholder has sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such trust; provided , however , that in the event that such Class B Stockholder no longer has sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such trust, each share of Class B Common Stock then held by such trust shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock;
(C) an Individual Retirement Account, as defined in Section 408(a) of the Internal Revenue Code, or a pension, profit sharing, stock bonus or other type of plan or trust of which such Class B Stockholder is a participant or beneficiary and which satisfies the requirements for qualification under Section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code; provided that in each case such Class B Stockholder has sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held in such account, plan or trust, and provided , further , that in the event that such Class B Stockholder no longer has sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such account, plan or trust, each share of Class B Common Stock then held by such trust shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock;
(D) a corporation in which such Class B Stockholder directly, or indirectly through one or more Permitted Transferees, owns shares with sufficient Voting Control in the corporation, or otherwise has legally enforceable rights, such that such Class B Stockholder retains sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such corporation; provided that in the event that such Class B Stockholder no longer owns sufficient shares or no longer has sufficient legally enforceable rights to ensure that such Class B Stockholder retains sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such corporation, each share of Class B Common Stock then held by such corporation shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock;
(E) a partnership in which such Class B Stockholder directly, or indirectly through one or more Permitted Transferees, owns partnership interests with sufficient Voting Control in the partnership, or otherwise has legally enforceable rights, such that such Class B Stockholder retains sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such partnership; provided that in the event that such Class B Stockholder no longer owns sufficient partnership interests or no longer has sufficient legally enforceable rights to ensure that such Class B Stockholder retains sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such partnership, each share of Class B Common Stock then held by such partnership shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock; or
(F) a limited liability company in which such Class B Stockholder directly, or indirectly through one or more Permitted Transferees, owns membership interests with sufficient Voting Control in the limited liability company, or otherwise has legally enforceable rights, such that such Class B Stockholder retains sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such limited liability company; provided that in the event that such Class B Stockholder no longer owns sufficient membership interests or no longer has sufficient legally enforceable rights to ensure that such Class B Stockholder retains sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such limited liability company, each share of Class B Common Stock then held by such limited liability company shall automatically convert into one (1)
fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock; and
(ii) the date specified by a written notice and certification request of the Corporation to the holder of such share of Class B Common Stock requesting a certification, in a form satisfactory to the Corporation, verifying such holders ownership of Class B Common Stock and confirming that a conversion to Class A Common Stock has not occurred, which date shall not be less than sixty (60) calendar days after the date of such notice and certification request; provided that no such automatic conversion pursuant to this subsection (ii) shall occur in the case of a Class B Stockholder or its Permitted Transferees that furnishes a certification satisfactory to the Corporation prior to the specified date.
(c) Conversion Upon Death or Permanent Incapacity . Each share of Class B Common Stock held of record by a Class B Stockholder who is a natural person, or by such Class B Stockholders Permitted Transferees, shall automatically, without any further action, convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock upon the death or Permanent Incapacity of such Class B Stockholder.
(d) Procedures . The Corporation may, from time to time, establish such policies and procedures relating to the conversion of the Class B Common Stock to Class A Common Stock and the general administration of this dual class stock structure, including the issuance of stock certificates with respect thereto, as it may deem necessary or advisable, and may from time to time request that holders of shares of Class B Common Stock furnish certifications, affidavits or other proof to the Corporation as it deems necessary to verify the ownership of Class B Common Stock and to confirm that a conversion to Class A Common Stock has not occurred. A determination by the Secretary of the Corporation that a Transfer results in a conversion to Class A Common Stock shall be conclusive and binding.
(e) Immediate Effect . In the event of a conversion of shares of Class B Common Stock to shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to this Section C.4 and upon the conversion of any then-outstanding Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock into Common Stock upon the Final Conversion Date, such conversion(s) shall be deemed to have been made at the time that the Transfer of shares occurred (in the case of a conversion of Class B Common Stock to Class A Common Stock) or immediately upon the Final Conversion Date (in the case of the conversion of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock into Common Stock). Upon any conversion of Class B Common Stock to Class A Common Stock, all rights of the holder of shares of Class B Common Stock shall cease and the person or persons in whose names or names the certificate or certificates, if any, representing the shares of Class A Common Stock are to be issued shall be treated for all purposes as having become the record holder or holders of such shares of Class A Common Stock. Upon conversion of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock into Common Stock on the Final Conversion Date, all rights of holders of shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock shall cease and the person or persons in whose name or names the certificate or certificates representing the shares of Common Stock are to be issued shall be treated for all purposes as having become the record holder or holders of such shares of Common Stock. Shares of Class B Common Stock that are converted into shares of Class A Common Stock as provided in this Section C.4 shall be retired and may not be reissued.
(f) Reservation of Stock . The Corporation shall at all times reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued shares of Class A Common Stock, solely for the purpose of effecting the conversion of the shares of Class B Common Stock, such number of its shares of Class A Common Stock as shall from time to time be sufficient to effect the conversion of all outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock into shares of Class A Common Stock. The Corporation shall further at all times reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock, solely for the purpose of effecting the conversion of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock into Common Stock upon the Final Conversion Date or otherwise in accordance herewith, such number of shares of Common Stock as shall be sufficient to effect the conversion of all outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock and Class A Common Stock.
D . Rights of Common Stock . Except as otherwise provided herein or required by law, each holder of Common Stock shall be entitled to one (1) vote for each such share on any matter that is submitted to a vote of stockholders and shall otherwise have the rights conferred by applicable law in respect of such shares. No shares of Common Stock shall be issued prior to the Final Conversion Date, unless such issuance is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, each voting separately as a class, in which event the holders of shares of Common Stock shall have rights equivalent to those provided to the holders of Class A Common Stock.
E. No Further Issuances . Except for the issuance of Class B Common Stock issuable (i) upon exercise of Rights outstanding at the Effective Time or (ii) in connection with a dividend payable in accordance with Article V, Section C.2, the Corporation shall not at any time after the Effective Time issue any additional shares of Class B Common Stock. After the Final Conversion Date, the Corporation shall not issue any additional shares of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock.
ARTICLE VI
The following terms, where capitalized in this Amended and Restated Certificate, shall have the meanings ascribed to them in this Article VI:
Change of Control Transaction means:
(i) the sale, lease, exchange, transfer or other disposition (other than liens and encumbrances created in the ordinary course of business, including liens or encumbrances to secure indebtedness for borrowed money that are approved by the Corporations Board of Directors, so long as no foreclosure is consummated in respect of any such lien or encumbrance) of all or substantially all of the Corporations property and assets (which shall for such purpose include the property and assets of any direct or indirect subsidiary of the Corporation); provided that any sale, lease, exchange or other disposition of property or assets exclusively between or among the Corporation and any direct or indirect subsidiary or subsidiaries of the Corporation shall not be deemed a Change of Control Transaction ;
(ii) the merger, consolidation, business combination, or other similar transaction of the Corporation with any other entity; provided that a merger, consolidation, business combination, or other similar transaction that would result in (1) the voting securities of the Corporation outstanding immediately prior thereto continuing to represent (either by remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the surviving entity or its parent) more than 50% of the total voting power represented by the voting securities of the surviving entity and (2) more than 50% of the total number of outstanding shares of the surviving entitys capital stock, in the case of clauses (1) and (2) above as outstanding immediately after such merger, consolidation, business combination, or other similar transaction, and the stockholders of the Corporation immediately prior to the merger, consolidation, business combination, or other similar transaction own voting securities of the Corporation, the surviving entity or its parent immediately following the merger, consolidation, business combination, or other similar transaction in substantially the same proportions (vis a vis each other) as such stockholders owned the voting securities of the Corporation immediately prior to the transaction shall not be deemed a Change of Control Transaction ; and
(iii) the recapitalization, liquidation, dissolution, or other similar transaction involving the Corporation; provided that a recapitalization, liquidation, dissolution, or other similar transaction that would result in (1) the voting securities of the Corporation outstanding immediately prior thereto continuing to represent (either by remaining outstanding or being converted into voting securities of the surviving entity or its parent) more than 50% of the total voting power represented by the voting securities of the surviving entity and (2) more than 50% of the total number of outstanding shares of the surviving entitys capital stock, in the case of clauses (1) and (2) above as outstanding immediately after such recapitalization, liquidation, dissolution or other similar transaction, and the stockholders of the Corporation immediately prior to the recapitalization, liquidation, dissolution or other similar transaction own voting securities of the Corporation, the surviving entity or its parent immediately following the recapitalization, liquidation, dissolution or other similar transaction in substantially the same proportions (vis a vis each other) as such stockholders owned the voting securities of the Corporation immediately prior to the transaction shall not be deemed a Change of Control Transaction .
Class B Stockholder means (i) a registered holder of a share of Class B Common Stock at the Effective Time and (ii) an initial registered holder of any shares of Class B Common Stock that are originally issued by the Corporation after the Effective Time.
Compensatory Plan means any plan, contract, or arrangement which provides for the sale, grant, or other issuance of equity securities of the Corporation to any employee, director, or consultant of the Corporation or any direct or indirect subsidiary of the Corporation, and any deferred compensation and executive profit interest arrangements.
Distribution means (i) any dividend or distribution of cash, property or shares of the Corporations capital stock; and (ii) any distribution following or in connection with any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation, either voluntary or involuntary.
Exchange Act means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Final Conversion Date means 5:00 p.m. in New York City, New York on the first Trading Day falling on or after the date on which the outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock represent less than fifteen percent (15%) of the aggregate number of shares of the then outstanding Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock.
Permanent Incapacity means permanent and total disability such that such Class B Stockholder is unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve (12) months as determined by a licensed medical practitioner. In the event of a dispute as to whether such Class B Stockholder is Permanently Incapacitated, no Permanent Incapacity of such Class B Stockholder shall be deemed to have occurred unless and until an affirmative ruling regarding such Permanent Incapacity has been made by a court of competent jurisdiction, and such ruling has become final and non-appealable.
Rights means any option, warrant, conversion right or contractual right of any kind to acquire shares of the Corporations authorized but unissued capital stock.
Securities Exchange means, at any time, the registered national securities exchange on which the Corporations equity securities are then principally listed or traded, which shall be the Nasdaq Global Select Market (or similar national quotation system of the Nasdaq Stock Market) or any successor exchange.
Trading Day means any day on which the Securities Exchange is open for trading.
Transfer of a share of Class B Common Stock shall mean any sale, assignment, transfer, conveyance, hypothecation or other transfer or disposition of such share or any legal or beneficial interest in such share, whether or not for value and whether voluntary or involuntary or by operation of law. A Transfer shall also include, without limitation, (i) a transfer of a share of Class B Common Stock to a broker or other nominee (regardless of whether or not there is a corresponding change in beneficial ownership) or (ii) the transfer of, or entering into a binding agreement with respect to, Voting Control over a share of Class B Common Stock by proxy or otherwise, other than the Transfer of exclusive Voting Control with respect to shares of Class B Common Stock of a Class B Stockholder as permitted in Article V, Section C.4(b) and Article V, Section C.4(c); provided , however , that the following shall not be considered a Transfer : (a) the grant of a proxy to officers or directors of the Corporation at the request of the Board of Directors of the Corporation in connection with actions to be taken at an annual or special meeting of stockholders; (b) the pledge of shares of Class B Common Stock by a Class B Stockholder that creates a mere security interest in such shares pursuant to a bona fide loan or indebtedness transaction so long as such Class B Stockholder continues to exercise Voting Control over such pledged shares; provided , however , that a foreclosure on such shares of Class B Common Stock or other similar action by the pledge shall constitute a Transfer ; (c) the fact that, as of the Effective Time or at any time after the Effective Time, the spouse of any holder of Class B Common Stock possesses or obtains an interest in such holders shares of Class B Common Stock arising solely by reason of the application of the community property laws of any jurisdiction; or (d) entering into a
voting agreement (with or without a proxy) solely with stockholders who are holders of Class B Common Stock that (A) is disclosed either in a Schedule 13D filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission or in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation, (B) either has a term not exceeding one year or is terminable by the holder of the shares subject thereto at any time, and (C) does not involve any payment of cash, securities, property or other consideration to the holder of the shares subject thereto other than the mutual promise to vote shares in a designated manner, to vote in favor of a proposed Change of Control Transaction, so long as no other event or circumstance shall exist or have occurred that constitutes a Transfer of such shares of Class B Common Stock.
Voting Control with respect to a share of Class B Common Stock means the exclusive power (whether directly or indirectly) to vote or direct the voting of such share of Class B Common Stock by proxy, voting agreement, or otherwise.
ARTICLE VII
A. Board Size . Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect additional directors under specified circumstances, the total number of authorized directors constituting the Board of Directors (the Whole Board ) shall be fixed from time to time exclusively by the Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the Whole Board.
B. Vacancies . Except as otherwise provided by that certain Stockholders Agreement dated December 20, 2016 (the Stockholders Agreement ) by and among the Corporation and certain stockholders of the Corporation and that certain Wengen Securityholders Agreement dated as of July 11, 2007, as amended and/or restated from time to time, by and among Wengen Alberta, Limited Partnership and the other parties thereto (the Wengen Securityholders Agreement ): (i) directors shall be elected at each annual meeting of Stockholders to hold office until the next annual meeting; (ii) each director, including a director elected to fill a vacancy, shall hold office until his or her successor is elected and qualified or until his or her earlier resignation or removal; (iii) any director may resign at any time upon written notice to the attention of the President or Secretary at the principal office of the Corporation; and (iv) any director may be removed at any time with or without cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the shares of Stock then entitled or required to vote at an election of directors. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 223(a)(1) and 223(a)(2) of the DGCL, and except as otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, the Stockholders Agreement and the Wengen Securityholders Agreement, any vacancy or newly created directorship may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office (including any directors that have tendered a resignation effective at a future date), though less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director, and the directors so chosen shall hold office until the next annual election and until their successors are duly elected and shall qualify, unless sooner displaced; provided , however , that where such vacancy or newly created directorship occurs among the directors elected by the holders of a class or series of stock, the holders of shares of such class or series may override the Board of Directors action to fill such vacancy or newly created directorship by (i) voting for their own designee to fill such vacancy or newly created directorship at a meeting of the Stockholders or (ii) written consent, if the consenting Stockholders hold a sufficient number of shares to elect their designee at a meeting of the Stockholders.
ARTICLE VIII
The following provisions are inserted for the management of the business and the conduct of the affairs of the Corporation, and for further definition, limitation and regulation of the powers of the Corporation and of its directors and stockholders:
A. Board Power . The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors. In addition to the powers and authority expressly conferred by statute or by this Amended and Restated Certificate or the Bylaws of the Corporation, the Board of Directors is hereby empowered to exercise all such powers and do all such acts and things as may be exercised or done by the Corporation.
B. Written Ballot . Elections of directors need not be by written ballot unless otherwise provided in the Bylaws of the Corporation.
C. Amendment of Bylaws . In furtherance and not in limitation of the powers conferred by the DGCL, the Board of Directors is expressly authorized to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the Corporation. The stockholders of the Corporation shall also have power to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the corporation.
D. Advance Notice Provisions . Advance notice of stockholder nominations for election of directors and other business to be brought by stockholders before a meeting of stockholders shall be given in the manner provided by the Bylaws.
E. Special Meetings . Subject to applicable law, special meetings of the stockholders may be called only by the Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the Whole Board; provided, however , that at any time any Sponsor-Affiliate (as defined below) beneficially owns at least 40% of the total number of outstanding shares of stock of the Corporation, special meetings of the stockholders of the Corporation for any purpose or purposes shall also be called at the request of such Sponsor-Affiliate pursuant to a resolution that shall be adopted by a majority of the Whole Board or the Chairman of the Board of Directors.
F. Stockholder Action by Written Consent . Any action required or permitted to be taken at any annual or special meeting of stockholders may be taken upon the vote of stockholders at an annual or special meeting duly noticed and called in accordance with the DGCL and may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent or consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken, are signed by the holders of outstanding shares of the relevant class(es) or series of stock of the Corporation representing not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares of stock of the Corporation then issued and outstanding (other than treasury stock) entitled to vote thereon were present and voted and delivered to the Corporation by delivery to its registered office in Delaware, its principal place of business, or to an officer or agent of the Corporation having custody of the book in which proceedings of meetings of stockholders are recorded; provided , however , that, subject to the rights of any series of Preferred Stock, no action by stockholders may be taken by written consent in lieu of a meeting of stockholders unless such written consent and the taking of the action specified therein have been previously approved by the affirmative vote of directors constituting a majority of the Whole Board. Notwithstanding the
foregoing, and subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, following the Final Conversion Date, any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation and may not be effected by any consent in writing by such stockholders.
G. No Cumulative Voting . No stockholder will be permitted to cumulate votes at any election of directors.
H. Competition and Corporate Opportunities .
(1) Certain Definitions . For purposes of this Section H., (i) Affiliate of any Person shall include any principal, member, director, partner, shareholder, subsidiary, officer, employee or other representative of any Person that, directly or indirectly, is controlled by such Person, controls such Person or is under common control with such Person (with respect to the Sponsor-Affiliates, other than the Corporation and any entity that is controlled by the Corporation) or any Person that, directly or indirectly, is controlled by such Person, controls such Person or is under common control with such Person, (ii) Person shall mean any individual, corporation, general or limited partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust, association or any other entity, and (iii) Sponsor-Affiliates shall mean Wengen Alberta, Limited Partnership ( Wengen ) and each of the parties (other than employees of the Corporation) to the Wengen Securityholders Agreement, and each of their respective Affiliates.
(2) Certain Activities . In anticipation of the benefits to be derived by the Corporation through its continued contractual, corporate and business relationships with the Sponsor-Affiliates and in anticipation and recognition that (i) certain directors, principals, officers, employees and/or other representatives of the Sponsor-Affiliates may serve as directors or officers of the Corporation, (ii) the Sponsor-Affiliates may now engage and may continue to engage in the same or similar activities or related lines of business as those in which the Corporation, directly or indirectly, may engage and/or other business activities that overlap with or compete with those in which the Corporation, directly or indirectly, may engage, and (iii) members of the Board of Directors who are not employees of the Corporation ( Non-Employee Directors ) and their respective Affiliates may now engage and may continue to engage in the same or similar activities or related lines of business as those in which the Corporation, directly or indirectly, may engage and/or other business activities that overlap with or compete with those in which the Corporation, directly or indirectly, may engage, the provisions of this Article VIII, Section H. are set forth to define the circumstances in which any duties of the Non-Employee Directors and the Sponsor-Affiliates to the Corporation or its stockholders would not be breached even if certain classes or categories of business opportunities are alleged to have been usurped by one or more of the Sponsor-Affiliates, the Non-Employee Directors or their respective Affiliates.
(3) Certain Transactions . None of (i) any Sponsor-Affiliate or (ii) any Non-Employee Director or his or her Affiliates (any such Person identified in clause (i) or (ii), an Identified Person ) shall be in breach of any duty to the Corporation or its stockholders for directly or indirectly (A) engaging in a corporate opportunity in the same or similar business activities or lines of business in which the Corporation or any of the Affiliated persons has a reasonable expectancy interest or property right or (B) otherwise competing with the Corporation. For the avoidance of doubt, to the extent that any purchase, sale or other transaction by any
Identified Person involving any securities or indebtedness of the Corporation or any of its Affiliates (or involving any hedge, swap, derivative or other instrument relating to or in respect of any of the foregoing securities or indebtedness) may be deemed to be a corporate opportunity or to be in competition with the Corporation, the Identified Persons shall be fully protected by the foregoing provisions of this Article VIII, Section H. in pursuing such purchase, sale or other transaction or in taking any other action in respect of or affecting such securities, indebtedness or other instrument. The Corporation hereby renounces any reasonable expectancy interest or property right in any business opportunity which may be a corporate opportunity for both an Identified Person and the Corporation or any of its Affiliates, except as provided in paragraph (4) of this Article VIII, Section H. In the event that any Identified Person acquires knowledge of a potential transaction or other business opportunity which may be a corporate opportunity for itself, himself or herself and the Corporation or any of its Affiliates, such Identified Person would not be in breach of any applicable duty to the Corporation or its stockholders for failing to communicate or offer such transaction or other business opportunity to the Corporation or any of its Affiliates. To the fullest extent permitted by law, no Identified Person can be held personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders or creditors for any damages as a result of engaging in any of activities permitted pursuant to this paragraph (3) or which are stated in this paragraph (3) to constitute a breach of its, his or her duties to the Corporation or its stockholders if engaged in by such Identified Person.
(4) Usurping Certain Corporate Opportunities Are Breaches of Duty to the Corporation or its Stockholders . The Corporation does not renounce its expectancy interest or property right in any corporate opportunity offered to any Non-Employee Director (including any Non-Employee Director who serves as an officer of this Corporation) if such opportunity is expressly offered to such person solely in his or her capacity as a director or officer of the Corporation and the provisions of paragraph (4) of this Article VIII, Section H. shall not apply to any such corporate opportunity.
(5) Exclusion . In addition to and without limiting the foregoing provisions of this Article VIII, Section H., a corporate opportunity shall not be deemed to be a potential corporate opportunity for the Corporation if the Corporation is not financially capable or contractually permitted or legally able to undertake it, or such opportunity is, from its nature, not in the line of the Corporations business or is of no practical advantage to it or such opportunity is one in which the Corporation has no reasonable expectancy interest or property right.
(6) Other Agreements . Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Article VIII, Section H. shall in no way modify, waive, amend or limit (i) any of the terms or conditions set forth in Section 6 of the Executive Interest Subscription Agreement dated as of August 17, 2007 between Wengen Alberta, Limited Partnership and Douglas L. Becker (as it may be amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time) or any employment or non-competition agreement between Mr. Becker and the Corporation or any of its Affiliates, as the same may limit or otherwise affect Mr. Becker, or (ii) any agreement entered into after the date hereof between the Corporation or any of its Affiliates, on the one hand, and any Sponsor Affiliate, on the other hand containing a covenant not to compete, a covenant not to solicit, or any other comparable provisions.
(7) The enumeration and definition of particular powers of the Board of
Directors included in the foregoing shall in no way be limited or restricted by reference to or inference from the terms of any other clause of this or any other Article of this Certificate of Incorporation, or construed as or deemed by inference or otherwise in any manner to exclude or limit any powers conferred upon the Board of Directors under the DGCL now or hereafter in force.
ARTICLE IX
A. Director Exculpation . To the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as the same exists or as may hereafter be amended, no director of the Corporation shall be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director.
B . Indemnification . The Corporation shall have the power to indemnify to the fullest extent permitted by law any person made or threatened to be made a party to an action or proceeding, whether criminal, civil, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that he, his testator or intestate is or was a director, officer, employee, agent or trustee of the Corporation, any predecessor of the Corporation or any subsidiary or affiliate of the Corporation, or serves or served at any other enterprise as a director, officer, employee, agent or trustee at the request of the Corporation or any predecessor to the Corporation. The Corporation shall indemnify any person made or threatened to be made a party to an action or proceeding, whether criminal, civil, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that he, his testator or intestate is or was a director or officer of the Corporation or any predecessor of the Corporation, or serves or served at any other enterprise as a director or officer at the request of the Corporation, any predecessor to the Corporation or any subsidiary or affiliate of the Corporation as and to the extent (and on the terms and subject to the conditions) set forth in the Bylaws of the Corporation or in any contract of indemnification entered into by the Corporation and any such person.
C . Vested Rights . Neither any amendment nor repeal of this Article IX, nor the adoption of any provision of this Amended and Restated Certificate inconsistent with this Article IX, shall eliminate or reduce the effect of this Article IX in respect of any matter occurring, or any action or proceeding accruing or arising or that, but for this Article IX, would accrue or arise, prior to such amendment, repeal or adoption of an inconsistent provision.
ARTICLE X
Unless the Corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Corporation; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Corporation to the Corporation or the Corporations stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Corporation arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, the Amended and Restated Certificate or the Bylaws of the Corporation; or (iv) any action asserting a claim against the Corporation governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of capital stock of the Corporation shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the provisions of this Article X.
ARTICLE XI
If any provision of this Amended and Restated Certificate becomes or is declared on any ground by a court of competent jurisdiction to be illegal, unenforceable or void, portions of such provision, or such provision in its entirety, to the extent necessary, shall be severed from this Amended and Restated Certificate, and the court will replace such illegal, void or unenforceable provision of this Amended and Restated Certificate with a valid and enforceable provision that most accurately reflects the Corporations intent, in order to achieve, to the maximum extent possible, the same economic, business and other purposes of the illegal, void or unenforceable provision. The balance of this Amended and Restated Certificate shall be enforceable in accordance with its terms.
Except as provided in Article IX above, the Corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision contained in this Amended and Restated Certificate, in the manner now or hereafter prescribed by statute, and all rights conferred upon stockholders herein are granted subject to this reservation; provided , however , that, notwithstanding any other provision of this Amended and Restated Certificate or any provision of law that might otherwise permit a lesser vote or no vote, but in addition to any vote of the holders of any class or series of the stock of this Corporation required by law or by this Amended and Restated Certificate, (i) the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of the outstanding shares of stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to amend or repeal, or adopt any provision of this Amended and Restated Certificate, and (ii) the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock and the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock, each voting separately as a class, shall be required to amend or repeal, or adopt any provision of this Amended and Restated Certificate inconsistent with, ARTICLE V, ARTICLE VI, or this clause (ii) of ARTICLE XI of this Amended and Restated Certificate.
ARTICLE XII
A. The Corporation hereby expressly elects not to be governed by Section 203 of the DGCL.
B. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Corporation shall not engage in any business combination (as defined below), at any point in time at which the Corporations Common Stock is registered under Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange Act, with any interested stockholder (as defined below) for a period of three (3) years following the time that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless:
(1) prior to such time, the Board of Directors approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, or
(2) upon consummation of the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock (as defined below) of the Corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding (but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder) those shares owned (i) by
persons who are directors and also officers and (ii) employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer, or
(3) at or subsequent to such time, the business combination is approved by the Board of Directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock of the Corporation which is not owned by the interested stockholder.
C. For purposes of this Article X, references to:
(1) affiliate means a person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with, another person.
(2) associate , when used to indicate a relationship with any person, means: (i) any corporation, partnership, unincorporated association or other entity of which such person is a director, officer or partner or is, directly or indirectly, the owner of 20% or more of any class of voting stock; (ii) any trust or other estate in which such person has at least a 20% beneficial interest or as to which such person serves as trustee or in a similar fiduciary capacity; and (iii) any relative or spouse of such person, or any relative of such spouse, who has the same residence as such person.
(3) Sponsor-Affiliate Direct Transferee means any person that acquires (other than in a registered public offering) directly from any Sponsor-Affiliate or any of its affiliates or successors or any group, or any member of any such group, of which such persons are a party under Rule 13d-5 of the Exchange Act beneficial ownership of 15% or more of the then outstanding voting stock of the Corporation.
(4) Sponsor-Affiliate Indirect Transferee means any person that acquires (other than in a registered public offering) directly from any Sponsor-Affiliate Direct Transferee or any other Sponsor-Affiliate Indirect Transferee beneficial ownership of 15% or more of the then outstanding voting stock of the Corporation.
(5) business combination , when used in reference to the Corporation and any interested stockholder of the Corporation, means:
(i) any merger or consolidation of the Corporation or any direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiary of the Corporation (a) with the interested stockholder, or (b) with any other corporation, partnership, unincorporated association or other entity if the merger
or consolidation is caused by the interested stockholder and as a result of such merger or consolidation Section (B) of this Article X is not applicable to the surviving entity;
(ii) any sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer or other disposition (in one transaction or a series of transactions), except proportionately as a stockholder of the Corporation, to or with the interested stockholder, whether as part of a dissolution or otherwise, of assets of the Corporation or of any direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiary of the Corporation which assets have an aggregate market value equal to 10% or more of either the aggregate market value of all the assets of the Corporation determined on a consolidated basis or the aggregate market value of all the outstanding stock of the Corporation;
(iii) any transaction which results in the issuance or transfer by the Corporation or by any direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiary of the Corporation of any stock of the Corporation or of such subsidiary to the interested stockholder, except: (a) pursuant to the exercise, exchange or conversion of securities exercisable for, exchangeable for or convertible into stock of the Corporation or any such subsidiary which securities were outstanding prior to the time that the interested stockholder became such; (b) pursuant to a merger under Section 251(g) of the DGCL; (c) pursuant to a dividend or distribution paid or made, or the exercise, exchange or conversion of securities exercisable for, exchangeable for or convertible into stock of the Corporation or any such subsidiary which security is distributed, pro rata to all holders of a class or series of stock of the Corporation subsequent to the time the interested stockholder became such; (d) pursuant to an exchange offer by the Corporation to purchase stock made on the same terms to all holders of said stock; or (e) any issuance or transfer of stock by the Corporation; provided , however , that in no case under items (c)-(e) of this subsection (iii) shall there be an increase in the interested stockholders proportionate share of the stock of any class or series of the Corporation or of the voting stock of the Corporation (except as a result of immaterial changes due to fractional share adjustments);
(iv) any transaction involving the Corporation or any direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiary of the Corporation which has the effect, directly or indirectly, of increasing the proportionate share of the stock of any class or series, or securities convertible into the stock of any class or series, of the Corporation or of any such subsidiary which is owned by the interested stockholder, except as a result of immaterial changes due to fractional share adjustments or as a result
of any purchase or redemption of any shares of stock not caused, directly or indirectly, by the interested stockholder; or
(v) any receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit, directly or indirectly (except proportionately as a stockholder of the Corporation), of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges, or other financial benefits (other than those expressly permitted in subsections (i)-(iv) above) provided by or through the Corporation or any direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiary.
(6) control , including the terms controlling , controlled by and under common control with , means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a person, whether through the ownership of voting stock, by contract, or otherwise. A person who is the owner of 20% or more of the outstanding voting stock of any corporation, partnership, unincorporated association or other entity shall be presumed to have control of such entity, in the absence of proof by a preponderance of the evidence to the contrary. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a presumption of control shall not apply where such person holds voting stock, in good faith and not for the purpose of circumventing this Section, as an agent, bank, broker, nominee, custodian or trustee for one or more owners who do not individually or as a group have control of such entity.
(7) interested stockholder means any person (other than the Corporation and any direct or indirect majority-owned subsidiary of the Corporation) that (i) is the owner of 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the Corporation, or (ii) is an affiliate or associate of the Corporation and was the owner of 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the Corporation at any time within the three (3) year period immediately prior to the date on which it is sought to be determined whether such person is an interested stockholder, and the affiliates and associates of such person; provided , however , that the term interested stockholder shall not include (a) any Sponsor-Affiliate, any Sponsor-Affiliate Direct Transferee or any Sponsor-Affiliate Indirect Transferee or (b) any person whose ownership of shares in excess of the 15% limitation set forth herein is the result of any action taken solely by the Corporation, provided that such person shall be an interested stockholder if thereafter such person acquires additional shares of voting stock of the Corporation, except as a result of further corporate action not caused, directly or indirectly, by such person. For the purpose of determining whether a person is an interested stockholder, the voting stock of the Corporation deemed to be outstanding shall include stock deemed to be owned by the person through application of the definition of owner below but shall not include any other unissued stock of the Corporation which may be issuable pursuant to any agreement,
arrangement or understanding, or upon exercise of conversion rights, warrants or options, or otherwise.
(8) owner , including the terms own and owned , when used with respect to any stock, means a person that individually or with or through any of its affiliates or associates:
(i) beneficially owns such stock, directly or indirectly; or
(ii) has (a) the right to acquire such stock (whether such right is exercisable immediately or only after the passage of time) pursuant to any agreement, arrangement or understanding, or upon the exercise of conversion rights, exchange rights, warrants or options, or otherwise; provided , however , that a person shall not be deemed the owner of stock tendered pursuant to a tender or exchange offer made by such person or any of such persons affiliates or associates until such tendered stock is accepted for purchase or exchange; or (b) the right to vote such stock pursuant to any agreement, arrangement or understanding; provided , however , that a person shall not be deemed the owner of any stock because of such persons right to vote such stock if the agreement, arrangement or understanding to vote such stock arises solely from a revocable proxy or consent given in response to a proxy or consent solicitation made to ten (10) or more persons; or
(iii) has any agreement, arrangement or understanding for the purpose of acquiring, holding, voting (except voting pursuant to a revocable proxy or consent as described in item (b) of subsection (ii) above), or disposing of such stock with any other person that beneficially owns, or whose affiliates or associates beneficially own, directly or indirectly, such stock.
(9) person means any individual, corporation, partnership, unincorporated association or other entity.
(10) stock means, with respect to any corporation, capital stock and, with respect to any other entity, any equity interest.
(11) voting stock means stock of any class or series entitled to vote generally in the election of directors. Every reference to a percentage of voting stock shall refer to such percentage of the votes of such voting stock.
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation has been signed on behalf of the Corporation by its duly authorized officer effective this day of January, 2017.
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Appendix A
CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATIONS
OF
CONVERTIBLE REDEEMABLE PREFERRED STOCK, SERIES A
OF
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC., a public benefit corporation organized and existing under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the Corporation ), in accordance with the provisions of Sections 103 and 151 thereof, does hereby certify:
The board of directors of the Corporation (the Board of Directors ), in accordance with the resolutions of the Board of Directors dated November 21, 2016 and December 8-9, 2016, the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws and applicable law, adopted the following resolution creating a series of Five Hundred Twelve Thousand (512,000) shares of Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share ( Preferred Stock ), of the Corporation designated as Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A at a meeting duly called and held on November 21, 2016.
RESOLVED, that pursuant to the resolutions of the Board of Directors dated November 21, 2016, the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws and applicable law, a series of Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the Corporation be and hereby is created, and that the designation and number of shares of such series, and the voting and other powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other rights, and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, of the shares of such series, are as follows:
Section 1. Designation . The distinctive serial designations of such series of Preferred Stock are Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A-1 (and, together with the PIK Dividend Shares, the Series A-1 Preferred Stock ) and Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A-2 (the Series A-2 Preferred Stock and, together with the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, the Series A Preferred Stock ). Each share of Series A Preferred Stock shall be identical in all respects to every other share of Series A Preferred Stock, except as set forth herein.
Section 2. Number of Shares . The authorized number of shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall be Sixty-Two Thousand (62,000) and the authorized number of shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock shall be Four Hundred Fifty Thousand (450,000). Shares of Series A Preferred Stock that are purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired by the Corporation, or converted into another series of capital stock of the Corporation, shall be cancelled and retired and shall revert to authorized but unissued shares of Preferred Stock.
Section 3. Definitions; Interpretation .
(a) As used herein with respect to Series A Preferred Stock:
Additional Investor Director has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a)(3)(i) .
Adjusted EBITDA means, as of any date of determination, net income or loss, before or appropriately adjusted for the following items: (i) gain or loss on sales of discontinued operations, net of tax, (ii) income or loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, (iii) equity in net loss (income) of Affiliates, net of tax (iv) income tax expense (benefit), (v) foreign currency exchange loss (income), net, (vi) other (income) expense, net, (vii) loss (gain) on derivatives, (viii) loss on debt extinguishment, (ix) interest expense, (x) interest income, (xi) depreciation and amortization, (xii) stock-based compensation expense, (xiii) loss on impairment of assets, (xiv) restructuring charges, business optimization expenses or reserves (including restructuring costs related to acquisitions consummated after the date hereof, closure and/or consolidation of facilities, and/or the Companys Excellence in Process initiative), limited in the aggregate to (A) $50,000,000 in the calendar year 2016, $35,000,000 in the calendar year 2017, and (B) $15,000,000 for any twelve (12) month period commencing January 1, 2018, (xv) any pro forma increase or decrease, as the case may be, in the Acquired EBITDA arising out of events occurring after the Closing Date that (a) are directly attributable to a specific transaction, (b) are factually supportable and are expected to have a continuing impact, and (c) are in each case (except for adjustments in the aggregate not exceeding $15,000,000 for any twelve month period immediately preceding such determination date) determined on a basis consistent with Article 11 of Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and as interpreted by the staff of the SEC, (xvi) other material non-recurring items, or non-cash expenses or accounting adjustments or charges, and (xvii) and gain or loss on a sale of a Subsidiary. Notwithstanding the foregoing, as of any date of determination, for any twelve month period preceding such date, the amount of the add-back in (xiv) above shall not exceed: $50,000,000 for any such twelve month period ending prior to December 31, 2017; $35,000,000 for any such twelve month period ending on or after December 31, 2017, but prior to September 30, 2018; and $15,000,000 for any such twelve month period ending on or after September 30, 2018.
Affiliate of any particular Person means any other Person Controlling, Controlled by or under common Control with such particular Person; provided , however , that Persons shall not be deemed Affiliates of one another or the Corporation solely as a result of this Agreement or the Subscription Agreement; provided , further , that, when the term Affiliate is used with reference to any natural person, shall also include such persons spouse, domestic partner, parents and descendants (whether by blood or adoption, and including stepchildren) and the spouses and domestic partners of such persons. Affiliated with shall have a correlative meaning to the term Affiliate.
Board of Directors has the meaning set forth in the Preamble.
Business Day means a day that is a Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday or Friday and is not a day on which banking institutions in New York City generally are authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close.
By-laws means the by-laws of the Corporation, as they may be amended from time to time.
Certificate of Designations means this Certificate of Designations relating to the Series A Preferred Stock, as it may be amended from time to time.
Certificate of Incorporation shall mean the certificate of incorporation of the Corporation, as it may be amended from time to time, and shall include this Certificate of Designations.
The term close of business on any day means 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on any Business Day.
Common Stock means the common stock of the Corporation, and, following the closing of the Corporations initial public offering, the class of shares of common stock issued by the Corporation to the public.
Continuing Director means any person (a) who was a member of the Board of Directors on June 3, 2016 or (b) who has been nominated to be a member of the Board of Directors by a majority of the other Continuing Directors then in office.
Control means the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise, and the terms Controlling and Controlled shall have meanings correlative thereto.
Conversion Date has the meaning set forth in Section 8(b) .
Conversion Election Period has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(B) .
Conversion Stock means the shares of Registrable Securities that are issued or issuable upon conversion of any or all of the outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Certificate of Designations.
Conversion Supporting Certifications has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(iii) .
Corporation has the meaning set forth in the Preamble.
Corporation Redemption Date has the meaning set forth in Section 7(b) .
Corporation Redemption Price has the meaning set forth in Section 7(b) .
Corporation Redemption Shares has the meaning set forth in Section 7(b) .
Credit Agreement means that certain Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 16, 2011, among the Corporation, as the Parent Borrower, Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as the Foreign Subsidiary Borrower, the several lenders party thereto from time to time, and Citibank, N.A. as successor Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, as amended by that certain First Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of January 18, 2013, that certain Second Amendment to
Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of April 23, 2013, that certain Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 3, 2013, that certain Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and Amendment to the U.S. Obligations Security Agreement and the U.S. Pledge Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2015, that certain Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 3, 2016 and that certain Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2016, as amended, restated, refinanced, replaced, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.
Credit Documents means the Credit Agreement, and all notes, guarantees, collateral and security documents, instruments and agreements executed in connection therewith, and in each case, as amended, restated, refinanced, replaced, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.
Current Stockholders means Wengen and all Affiliates and limited partners of Wengen (and any of their Affiliates).
Debt Documents means the Credit Documents and the Note Documents.
Dividend Amount has the meaning set forth in Section 5 .
Dividend Payment Date means, with respect to each share of Series A Preferred Stock, each three month anniversary following the Issue Date.
Dividend Rate means, with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, the Series A-1 Dividend Rate, and with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, the Series A-2 Dividend Rate, respectively.
Educational Agency means any entity or organization, whether governmental, government chartered, tribal, private, or quasi-private, that engages in granting or withholding Educational Approvals, administers Student Financial Assistance Programs to or for students of, or otherwise regulates schools or programs in accordance with standards relating to the performance, operation, financial condition, or academic standards of such schools and programs, including but not limited to the United States Department of Education, the Higher Learning Commission, the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission, the California Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education, the Florida Commission for Independent Education, the Illinois Board of Higher Education, the Minnesota Office of Higher Education, and the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board.
Educational Approval means any consent, license, permit, authorization, program participation agreement, certification, accreditation, or similar approval issued or required to be issued by an Educational Agency to any School subject to the oversight of such Educational Agency, including any such approval (i) for the School to operate and offer its educational programs in all jurisdictions in which it operates, including all jurisdictions where it offers educational programs online or through other distance education delivery methods, (ii) for the School to participate in any Student Financial Assistance Program, (iii) for graduates of the School to be eligible to obtain certification or licensure, or take any examinations to obtain
such certification or licensure, for any program for which the School has represented to students or prospective students that such program will enable students to obtain such certification or licensure, and (iv) that may be otherwise required in connection with the any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including consents or approvals of a change in control or ownership of any School.
Educational Law means any federal, state, municipal, foreign or other law, regulation, order, accrediting body standard or other requirement applicable thereto, issued or administered by, or related to, any Educational Agency.
The term effective time means, when used in reference to a QPO or an IPO, the time at which the United States Securities and Exchange Commission declares the registration statement filed in connection with such QPO or IPO effective.
Exchange Act means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as from time to time amended.
Exit Event means (i) a merger or consolidation in which the Corporation or a Subsidiary of the Corporation is a constituent party and shares of capital stock of the Corporation are issued, or converted into other shares of capital stock, except any such merger or consolidation involving the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries in which the shares of capital stock of the Corporation outstanding immediately prior to such merger or consolidation continue to represent, or are converted into or exchanged for shares of capital stock that represent, immediately following such merger or consolidation, at least a majority, by voting power, of the capital stock of the surviving or resulting corporation, (ii) any merger, consolidation or sale, transfer or issuance of equity interests, involving any Parent of the Corporation in which the holders of the voting power of outstanding equity interests of such Parent, immediately prior to such transaction, directly and indirectly own less than 50% in voting power of the outstanding equity interests of such Parent immediately following such transaction, (iii) the sale or transfer, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions, of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation, or issuance of shares of capital stock by the Corporation, in either case under circumstances in which the holders of the voting power of outstanding capital stock of the Corporation, immediately prior to such transaction, own less than 50% in voting power of the outstanding capital stock of the Corporation immediately following such transaction (collectively, clauses (i), (ii) and (iii), the Sale of the Corporation ), or (iv) a sale, conveyance, lease. transfer, exclusive license or other disposition, in a single transaction or series of related transactions, by the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries of assets representing all or substantially all of the assets of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole ( Sale of Assets ).
Exit Event Closing has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(A) .
Exit Event Closing Date has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(A) .
Fair Market Value of a security means (i) if such security is listed on a securities exchange or the over-the-counter market, the VWAP of such security, (ii) if such security is not listed in any public market, then the value shall be equal to the price at which
a willing and able seller would sell, and a willing and able unaffiliated third party buyer would buy, such security in an all-cash sale, having full knowledge of the facts, and assuming such party acts on an arms-length basis with the expectation of concluding the purchase and sale within a reasonable time, as determined pursuant to Section 11 .
FMV Determination Date has the meaning set forth in Section 11 .
Follow-on Conversion Date has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(C) .
Forced Liquidity Transaction has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a)(1) .
Fundamental Actions has the meaning set forth in Section 9(b)(3).
GAAP means United States generally accepted accounting principles in effect from time to time applied consistently.
Governmental Authority means any domestic or foreign government or political subdivision thereof, whether on a Federal, state or local level and whether executive, taxing, legislative or judicial in nature, including any Educational Agency, authority, board, bureau, commission, court, department or other instrumentality thereof.
Holder means the record holder of one or more shares of Series A Preferred Stock, as shown on the books and records of the Corporation.
Holder Optional Conversion Effective Date has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(B) .
Holder Optional Conversion Notice has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(B) .
Holder Optional Conversion Shares has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(B) .
HSR Act has the meaning set forth in Section 8(d) .
Implied Equity Value means, with respect to each share of capital stock of the Corporation, (a) if the Exit Event is a Sale of the Corporation, the net purchase price payable in respect of one share of Common Stock at the closing of such Sale of the Corporation, (b) if the Exit Event is a Sale of Assets, the net amount that is distributable in respect of one share of Common Stock at the closing of such Sale of Assets, or (c) if a Wengen Exit Event, the Fair Market Value of one share of Common Stock as of the close of business on the Business Day prior to the closing of such Wengen Exit Event.
Indenture means that certain Indenture, dated as of July 25, 2012, among the Corporation, each of the guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee, as supplemented by that certain First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 13, 2012 and that certain Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as
of December 29, 2015, as amended, restated, refinanced, replaced, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.
Initial Issue Date means December 20, 2016.
Initial Follow-on Public Offering means the first Public Offering following an IPO or QPO, as the case may be, in which the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall receive net proceeds not less than the Priority Amount.
Initial Follow-on Public Offering Conversion Price means an amount equal to the product of 0.85 and the price at which the shares of Common Stock are sold to the public in the Initial Follow-on Public Offering by the underwriter(s) thereof.
Initial Sale Period has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a)(2) .
Investor Seats has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a)(2) .
IPO means an initial Public Offering of Common Stock of the Corporation (other than a QPO) or a Subsidiary IPO.
Issue Amount means the sum of the total face value of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued on each applicable Issue Date.
Issue Amount Per Share means, with respect to shares of Series A Preferred Stock on each applicable Issue Date, the quotient obtained by dividing the total Issue Amount for such shares by the number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued on such applicable Issue Date.
Issue Date means the first date on which a share of Series A Preferred Stock is issued (including the Initial Issue Date).
Junior Securities means the Common Stock and any other class or series of capital stock of the Corporation other than the Series A Preferred Stock.
Liquidation Preference means, collectively, the aggregate Series A-1 Liquidation Preference and the aggregate Series A-2 Liquidation Preference, or either of the foregoing, as the context may require.
Lock-up Period has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(C) .
Mandatory Redemption Date has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a) .
Mandatory Redemption Payment Date has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a) .
Mandatory Redemption Price has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a) .
Mandatory Redemption Shares has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a) .
Market Disruption Event means any of the following events that the Corporation, in its reasonable discretion, determines has occurred and is material:
(i) the occurrence or existence, for an aggregate period of at least two (2) hours or during the one-hour period prior to the close of trading for the regular trading session on the Relevant Exchange, of any suspension of, or limitation imposed on, trading by the Relevant Exchange, whether by reason of movements in price exceeding limits permitted by the Relevant Exchange, or otherwise: (1) relating to the Common Stock; or (2) in futures or options contracts relating to the Common Stock on the Relevant Exchange;
(ii) any event (other than an event described in clause (iii) below) that disrupts or impairs the ability of market participants, for an aggregate period of at least two (2) hours or during the one-hour period prior to the close of trading for the regular trading session on the Relevant Exchange in general: (1) to effect transactions in, or obtain market values for, the Common Stock on the Relevant Exchange; or (2) to effect transactions in, or obtain market values for, futures or options contracts relating to the Common Stock on the Relevant Exchange; or
(iii) the failure to open of the Relevant Exchange on which futures or options contracts relating to the Common Stock are traded or the closure of such exchange prior to its respective scheduled closing time for the regular trading session on such day (without regard to after hours or any other trading outside of the regular trading session hours), unless such earlier closing time is announced by such exchange at least one hour prior to the earlier of: (1) the actual closing time for the regular trading session on such day, and (2) the submission deadline for orders to be entered into such exchange for execution at the actual closing time on such day.
Modified Liquidation Preference means, a reference to the Liquidation Preference of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock and/or the Liquidation Preference of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, as the case may be, determined in the case of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock without regard to subparagraph (B) of the definition for the Series A-2 Liquidation Preference.
Note Documents means the Indenture, and all notes, guarantees, collateral and security documents, instruments and agreements executed in connection therewith, and in each case, as amended, restated, refinanced, replaced, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.
The term open of business means 9:00 a.m., New York City time, on any Business Day.
Optional Conversion Price means an amount equal to the product of (i) 0.85 and (ii) the Implied Equity Value of the Corporation.
Parent means, with respect to any Person, a Person that owns, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the voting power of the outstanding equity interests of such Person.
Person means an individual, a partnership, a joint venture, a corporation, an association, a joint stock company, a limited liability company, a trust, an unincorporated organization or a government or any department or agency or political subdivision thereof, or any group (within the meaning of Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act or any successor provision) consisting of one or more of the foregoing. For purposes of this Certificate of Designations, when used in reference to a Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the term group shall have the meaning set forth in Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act or any successor provision; provided , however , that no inference, presumption or conclusion that two or more Holders constitute a group within the meaning of Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act or Rule 13d-5 thereunder shall be raised from the fact that such Holders collectively may exercise or refrain from exercising the rights under this Certificate of Designations in the same manner, that such Holders may be represented by a single law firm or advisor or that such rights were negotiated with the Corporation at the same time or amended or modified with the Corporation and such Holders in the same or a similar manner.
PIK Dividend means a dividend accrued on each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock and paid in shares (including fractional shares) of Series A-1 Preferred Stock.
PIK Dividend Shares means the shares (including fractional shares) of Series A-1 Preferred Stock paid and issued in connection with a PIK Dividend.
PO Conversion Outside Date has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(C) .
Preferred Return of a share of Series A Preferred Stock means an amount equal to the product of 1.15 multiplied by the sum of (i) Issue Amount Per Share plus (ii) any accrued but unpaid dividends, including, in the case of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, PIK Dividends.
Preferred Stock has the meaning set forth in the Preamble.
Priority Amount means shares of Registrable Securities constituting Conversion Stock in a dollar amount equal to, as of any date of determination, the greater of (a) 25% of the aggregate offering price of all Common Stock proposed to be offered and sold in the Initial Follow-On Public Offering, and (b) $275 million.
Prospectus means the prospectus included in any Registration Statement (including a prospectus that discloses information previously omitted from a prospectus filed as part of an effective Registration Statement in reliance upon Rule 430A promulgated under the Securities Act and any free writing prospectus), as amended or supplemented by any prospectus supplement, with respect to the terms of the offering of any portion of the Registrable Securities covered by such Registration Statement, and all other amendments and supplements to the Prospectus, including post-effective amendments, and all material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference in such prospectus.
Proxy Holder has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a) .
Public Offering means the offer and sale of Common Stock to the public pursuant to an effective Registration Statement (other than on Form S-4 or on Form S-8 or any similar or successor form) filed under the Securities Act or any comparable law or regulatory scheme of any foreign jurisdiction .
Public Offering Conversion Price means the product of (i) 0.85 multiplied by the lesser of (ii) (A) the price per share at which the Corporations shares of Common Stock are sold to the public in a QPO or IPO by the underwriter(s) thereof, or (B) the 30 Trading Day VWAP prior to the Conversion Date; provided , that the Public Offering Conversion Price applicable to a conversion in connection with a QPO shall not be lower than 75% of the QPO Price, and with respect to an IPO, shall not be lower than 75% of the price per share at which the Corporations shares of Common Stock are sold to the public in IPO (in each case, Public Offering Conversion Price Floor ).
QPO means (a) on or prior to August 15, 2017, an initial underwritten Public Offering of Common Stock by the Corporation with net cash proceeds to the Corporation of not less than $450,000,000 and (b) after August 15, 2017, an initial underwritten Public Offering of Common Stock by the Corporation with net cash proceeds to the Corporation of not less than $250,000,000.
QPO Conversion Price means an amount equal to the product of 0.85 and the QPO Price.
QPO Price means the price per share at which the shares of Common Stock are sold to the public in the QPO by the underwriter(s) thereof.
Redemption Holder has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a)(i) .
Registrable Securities means any and all shares of Common Stock and any other securities issued or issuable with respect to any such shares of Common Stock by way of share split, or in connection with a combination of shares, share dividend, recapitalization, merger, exchange, conversion, reclassification or similar event or otherwise. As to any particular Registrable Securities, once issued such securities shall cease to be Registrable Securities when (i) they are sold pursuant to an effective Registration Statement under the Securities Act, (ii) they are sold pursuant to Rule 144 (or any similar provision then in force under the Securities Act) or (iii) they shall have ceased to be outstanding. No Registrable Securities may be registered under more than one Registration Statement at any one time.
Registration Rights Agreement means that certain Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2016, by and among the Corporation and the stockholders of the Corporation parties thereto, as from time to time amended, supplemented or modified.
Registration Statement means any registration statement of the Corporation under the Securities Act which covers the offering of any of the Registrable Securities, including any Prospectus or amendments and supplements to such registration statement,
including post-effective amendments, all exhibits and all material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference in such registration statement.
Related Party shall mean, with respect to any specified Person, such Persons Affiliates and the directors, officers, employees, agents, trustees and advisors of such Person and any Person that possesses, directly or indirectly, the power to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of such Person, whether through the ability to exercise voting power, by contract or otherwise
Relevant Exchange means the principal U.S. national or regional securities exchange on which the Common Stock is listed; provided , however , that if the Common Stock is not listed on a U.S. national or regional securities exchange, then Relevant Exchange means the over-the-counter market on which the Common Stock is traded.
Requisite Series A Preferred Holders shall mean, as of any date of determination, the Holders of two-thirds or more of the aggregate Modified Liquidation Preference as of such date, voting together as a separate class; provided , that, as of any date of determination from the date hereof until January 23, 2017, solely for purposes of the determination of the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders on such date, the aggregate Modified Liquidation Preference as of such date shall be deemed to be equal to the full amount of the aggregate purchase price funded or agreed to be funded by the Holders on or prior to the date hereof . Notwithstanding the foregoing or the applicable provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, including Section 242(b) thereof, shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by Holders that are Wengen Investors or any of their Affiliates shall not be counted for purposes of determining whether the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders threshold has been satisfied (and shall be disregarded in the numerator and denominator of that determination); provided , that, such restriction shall automatically terminate without any further action upon the Transfer of shares of Series A Preferred Stock by such Person to an Unaffiliated Third Party and such Unaffiliated Third Party shall be entitled to vote or consent to the actions subject to a vote or consent of the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders pursuant hereto.
Sale of Assets has the meaning set forth in the definition of Exit Event.
Sale of the Corporation has the meaning set forth in the definition of Exit Event.
School means any educational institution owned and/or operated by the Corporation, including each main campus, branch campus, additional location, satellite or other facility thereof where it provides or offers 50% or more of an educational program.
Securities Act means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder.
Series A Preferred Stock has the meaning set forth in Section 1 .
Series A-1 Dividend Rate means, with respect to each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock:
(iv) from the Issue Date of such share and continuing through and including the second anniversary of such Issue Date, 10.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the original Issue Amount Per Share, any PIK Dividend and any accrued but unpaid dividends;
(v) from the second anniversary of the Issue Date of such share and continuing through and including the third anniversary of such Issue Date, 13.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the original Issue Amount Per Share, any PIK Dividend and any accrued but unpaid dividends;
(vi) from the third anniversary of the Issue Date of such share and thereafter, 16.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the original Issue Amount Per Share, any PIK Dividend and any accrued but unpaid dividends; and
(vii) for the Special Dividend Rate Period, 10.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the sum of the original Issue Amount Per Share, any PIK Dividend and any accrued but unpaid dividends;
provided , however , for any period in which dividends are paid in cash and not as PIK Dividends, the Dividend Rate set forth above shall be reduced by 75 basis points.
Series A-1 Liquidation Preference of a share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock means, as of any date of determination, an amount equal to the sum of (i) the Issue Amount Per Share plus (ii) accrued and unpaid dividends, including all PIK Dividend Shares as of such date. For the avoidance of doubt, such accrued and unpaid dividends per share of Series A Preferred Stock will include a pro rata portion of the Dividend Amount that would otherwise be payable on such share on the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date, to be calculated as such Dividend Amount (a) multiplied by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the date of determination of the Series A-1 Liquidation Preference pursuant to this Certificate of Designations and (b) divided by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date.
Series A-1 Preferred Stock has the meaning set forth in Section 1 .
Series A-2 Dividend Rate means, with respect to each share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, the greater of:
(A)
(i) from the Issue Date of such share and continuing through and including the second anniversary of such Issue Date, 10.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the sum of the original Issue Amount Per Share and any accrued but unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(2) of this Agreement;
(ii) from the second anniversary of the Issue Date of such share and continuing through and including the third anniversary of such Issue Date, 13.0% per annum,
compounded quarterly on the sum of the original Issue Amount Per Share and any accrued but unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(2) of this Agreement;
(iii) from the third anniversary of the Issue Date of such share and thereafter, 16.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the sum of the original Issue Amount Per Share and any accrued but unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(2) of this Agreement; and
(iv) for the Special Dividend Rate Period, 10.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the sum of the original Issue Amount Per Share and any accrued but unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(2) of this Agreement; and
(B) cash dividends declared and paid during any annual period on one (1) share of Common Stock (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends and other similar transactions).
provided , however , for any period in which dividends on the Series A-2 Preferred Stock are paid pursuant to subparagraph (A) (but not subparagraph (B)) above in cash rather than automatically added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock in accordance with Section 5(a)(2) hereof, the Dividend Rate set forth above shall be reduced by 75 basis points.
Series A-2 Liquidation Preference of a share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock means, as of any date of determination, an amount equal to the greater of (A) the sum of (i) the Issue Amount Per Share plus (ii) accrued and unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(2) of this Agreement or (B) the amount that would have been payable to the Holders of Series A Preferred Stock assuming all such shares were converted to shares of Common Stock, in each case, as of such date. For the avoidance of doubt, such accrued and unpaid dividends per share of Series A Preferred Stock will include a pro rata portion of the Dividend Amount that would otherwise be payable on such share on the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date, to be calculated as such Dividend Amount (i) multiplied by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the date of determination of the Series A-2 Liquidation Preference pursuant to this Certificate of Designations and (ii) divided by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date.
Series A-2 Preferred Stock has the meaning set forth in Section 1 .
Stockholders Agreement means that certain Stockholders Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2016, by and among the Corporation and the stockholders of the Corporation parties thereto, as from time to time amended, supplemented or modified.
Subsidiary means, with respect to any Person, any corporation, limited liability company, partnership or other entity of which (i) if a corporation, a majority of the total voting power of shares of stock entitled (without regard to the occurrence of any contingency) to vote in the election of directors, managers or trustees thereof is, at the time of determination, owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by that Person or one or more of the other Subsidiaries of that Person or a combination thereof, (ii) if a partnership, limited liability company, association or other business entity, a majority of the partnership, limited liability company, or other similar ownership interests thereof is at the time owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by any Person or one or more Subsidiaries of that Person or a combination thereof, or (iii) if a non-profit corporation or similar entity, the power to vote or direct the voting of sufficient securities or membership or other interests to elect directors (or comparable authorized persons of such entity) having a majority of the voting power of the board of directors (or comparable governing body) of such corporation or similar entity is, at the time of determination, owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by that Person or one or more of the other Subsidiaries of that Person or a combination thereof. For purposes hereof, a Person or Persons will be deemed to have a majority ownership interest in a partnership, limited liability company, association or other business entity if such Person or Persons is allocated a majority of partnership, association or other business entity gains or losses or otherwise control the managing director, managing member, general partner or other managing Person of such partnership, limited liability company, association or other business entity. When used in the context of or based on the Corporations consolidated financial statements, the term Subsidiaries shall mean those entities that the Corporation has determined to be consolidated subsidiaries under GAAP.
Subsidiary IPO means an initial public offering of securities of any Subsidiary of the Corporation other than an initial public offering of securities of any Subsidiary of the Corporation (a) that, together with all other public offerings of securities of any other Subsidiaries of the Corporation, represents less than fifty percent (50%) of the Corporations Adjusted EBITDA determined as of the last day of the fiscal quarter prior to the effective date of such offering, whether in a single offering or a series of offerings, (b) where any securities not sold or issued in such offering are retained by the Corporation (and not Transferred or issued to any other Person including any equity holder of the Corporation), and (c) the proceeds of which are used solely for repaying indebtedness of the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries or, to the extent that, on a pro forma basis following such repayment and/or reinvestment, the Total Net Leverage (as such term is defined in the Stockholders Agreement) immediately following such reinvestment is less than 5.25x, reinvestments in assets of the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries.
Super Majority Requisite Holders shall mean the Holders of ninety-five percent (95%) or more of the aggregate Modified Liquidation Preference of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock then issued and outstanding, voting together as a separate class; provided , that , if Macquarie has waived its right to consent to any Fundamental Actions
pursuant to Section 9(b)(3) , then in that case, and solely in respect of the Fundamental Action(s) so waived by Macquarie and solely for as long as such waiver remains in effect, the shares of Series A Preferred Stock beneficially owned by Macquarie with respect to which such waiver is exercised shall not be included in the numerator or denominator of such ratio. Notwithstanding the foregoing or the applicable provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, including Section 242(b) thereof, shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by certain Holders that are Wengen Investors or any of their Affiliates shall not be counted for purposes of determining whether the Super Majority Requisite Holders threshold has been satisfied (and shall be disregarded in the numerator and the denominator of that determination); provided, that, such restriction shall automatically terminate without any further action upon the Transfer of shares of Series A Preferred Stock by such Person to an Unaffiliated Third Party and such Unaffiliated Third Party shall be entitled to vote or consent to the actions subject to a vote or consent of the Super Majority Requisite Holders pursuant hereto.
Trading Day means any day during which both of the following conditions are satisfied: (i) trading in the Common Stock generally occurs on the Relevant Exchange; and (ii) there is no Market Disruption Event.
Transaction Documents has the meaning set forth in the Subscription Agreement.
Transfer means (in either the noun or the verb form, including with respect to the verb form, all conjugations thereof within their correlative meanings) with respect to any security, the transfer, conveyance, issuance, gift, sale, assignment, transfer, pledge, hypothecation, encumbrance or creation of a security interest in or lien, restriction or other encumbrance on, placing in trust (voting or otherwise) or other disposition (whether for or without consideration, whether directly or indirectly, and whether voluntary, involuntary or by operation of law) of such security or any interest therein. The terms Transferred , Transferor and Transferee have correlative meaning.
Trigger Event has the meaning set forth in Section 8(c) .
Unaffiliated Third Party means a third party that is not Wengen, any Wengen Investor or any of their respective Affiliates or Related Parties.
VWAP means, per each security on any Trading Day, the volume-weighted average price per share of such security in respect of the period from 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on such Trading Day, as displayed under the heading Bloomberg VWAP on the Bloomberg page on which the Common Stock is listed; provided , however , that if such volume-weighted average price shall not be available on such Trading Day, then VWAP on such Trading Day shall be determined, using a volume-weighted average method, pursuant to Section 11 .
Wengen means Wengen Alberta, Limited Partners, an Alberta limited partnership.
Wengen Exit Event means a Transfer by Wengen of any equity securities in the Corporation or a Transfer by any Wengen Investor of any equity interests in Wengen, in each case, in which the holders of the voting power of outstanding equity interests of the Corporation or Wengen, respectively, immediately prior to such transaction, directly and indirectly own less than 50% in voting power of the outstanding equity interests of, or no longer exclusively Control, the Corporation or Wengen, respectively, immediately following such transaction, except for (i) any Transfer that constitutes an Exit Event, (ii) any Transfer by Wengen to a Wengen Investor or Transfer by a Wengen Investor to Wengen or another Wengen Investor, and (iii) any Transfer by a Wengen Investor to an Affiliate of that Wengen Investor or any other Wengen Investor.
Wengen Exit Event Notice has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(B) .
Wengen Investors means all Affiliates and limited partners of Wengen.
Wengen Proxy Holder has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a) .
(b) Interpretation . Except where otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise necessarily requires, in this Certificate of Designations: (i) reference to a given Article, Section, Subsection, clause, Exhibit or Schedule is a reference to an Article, Section, Subsection, clause, Exhibit or Schedule of this Certificate of Designations, unless otherwise specified; (ii) the terms hereof, herein, hereto, hereunder and herewith refer to this Certificate of Designations as a whole; (iii) reference to a given agreement, instrument, document or law is a reference to that agreement, instrument, document, law or regulation as modified, amended, supplemented and restated through the date as to which such reference was made, and, as to any law or regulation, any successor law or regulation; (iv) accounting terms have the meanings given to them under GAAP, and in any cases in which there exist elective options or choices in GAAP determinations relating to the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries, or where management discretion is permitted in classification, standards or other aspects of GAAP related determinations relating to the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries, the historical accounting principles and practices of the Corporation or such Subsidiaries, as applicable, shall continue to be applied, unless otherwise required under GAAP; (v) reference to a Person includes its predecessors, successors and permitted assigns and Transferees; (vi) the singular includes the plural and the masculine includes the feminine, and vice versa; (vii) the words include, includes or including means including, for example and without limitation; and (viii) references to days means calendar days.
Section 4. Ranking . The Series A Preferred Stock will, with respect to its special and relative rights and preferences, including conversion, redemption, payment of dividends and distributions of assets, rank senior to all Junior Securities.
Section 5. Dividends .
(a) Dividend Amount . With respect to each share of Series A Preferred Stock from time to time outstanding (including, for the avoidance of doubt, the PIK Dividend Shares, if any), from the Issue Date of such share, dividends shall accrue on each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, and Series A-2 Preferred Stock then outstanding in an amount equal to, in the case of each share of
Series A-1 Preferred Stock, the Series A-1 Dividend Rate times the Issue Amount Per Share (compounded as provided in the definition for Series A-1 Dividend Rate, including with respect to any accrued and unpaid dividends) per each such share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock and, in the case of each share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, in an amount equal to the Series A-2 Dividend Rate times Issue Amount Per Share (compounded as provided in the definition for the Series A-2 Dividend Rate, including with respect to any accrued and unpaid dividends) (for the avoidance of doubt, as may be adjusted in accordance with Section 5(a)(2) hereof) per each such share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock (such per share amount, as applicable, the Dividend Amount ) during each three month period following the applicable Issue Date.
(1) Solely with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, the Dividend Amount shall be automatically declared and the applicable Dividend Amount automatically paid to the Holder thereof in kind in PIK Dividend Shares on the Dividend Payment Date. For the avoidance of doubt, unless otherwise expressly set forth in this Agreement, with respect to PIK Dividend Shares, the Dividend Payment Date of such shares shall be the Issue Date of such shares for all purposes hereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, at the option of the Corporation, the Corporation may pay all or a portion of any Dividend Amount in cash pro rata among the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock based on each Holders relative Dividend Amount by the Board of Directors declaring a cash dividend on or before the applicable Dividend Payment Date. All Dividend Amounts payable with respect to the Holders of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall be paid, whether in cash or in PIK Dividend Shares pursuant to this Section 5(a)(1), pro rata to each Holder of shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock based upon the aggregate accrued but unpaid dividends on the shares held by each such Holder. PIK Dividend Shares issued on the applicable Issue Date shall have an aggregate Issue Amount on such Issue Date equal to the total Dividend Amount accrued on such shares as of such Issue Date minus any portion thereof paid in cash pursuant hereto. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, the Corporation shall take all actions necessary for all PIK Dividend Shares to be duly authorized and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, and issued free and clear of all liens, mortgages, security interests, pledges, deposits, restrictions or other encumbrances, other than as set forth herein or in the Stockholders Agreement, on each Dividend Payment Date. The Corporation shall update its books and records to reflect the issuance of any PIK Dividend Shares promptly following each Dividend Payment Date, and at the request of any Holder of shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, shall deliver to such Holder a copy of such books and records reflecting the issuance of such PIK Dividend Shares; provided, however, that the failure of the Corporation to comply with the terms of this sentence shall not in any way affect the issuance of such PIK Dividend Shares in accordance with the terms hereof.
(2) Holders of Series A-2 Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors, out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends under Delaware law, the Dividend Amount, in cash, on each Dividend Payment Date. On each Dividend Payment Date, solely with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any Dividend Amount that is not declared and paid in cash to the Holder thereof shall be automatically added to the applicable Issue Amount Per Share in accordance with the definition thereof and shall accrue dividends thereafter in accordance with this Section 5. All such Dividend Amounts, if not paid in cash, shall be so added to the applicable Issue Amount Per Share, pursuant to this Section 5(a)(2), pro rata to each Holder of shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock based upon the number of such shares held by each such Holder.
(3) To the extent that the declaration or payment of any PIK Dividend is not permitted under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, the portion of the Dividend Amount corresponding to such undeclared or unpaid PIK Dividends shall be added to the applicable Issue Amount Per Share and the failure to declare or pay any such dividend shall not negate or impair the right of such Holders to such dividend.
The Corporation shall not declare, pay or set aside any dividends (other than stock dividends to Junior Securities that are subordinated in all respects to the dividends payable to shares of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant hereto) on shares of any other class or series of capital stock of the Corporation (other than the Series A Preferred Stock) while any shares of Series A Preferred Stock remain outstanding. Dividends payable on the Series A Preferred Stock shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months and shall be deemed to accumulate on a daily basis.
(b) Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock shall not be entitled to any dividends, whether payable in cash, property or stock, in excess of the full cumulative dividends as herein described; provided , however , that the Corporation may pay any additional dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock out of legally available funds, when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors.
(c) In the case of shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued on the Issue Date, dividends shall accrue and be cumulative from the Issue Date. In the case of PIK Dividend Shares, dividends shall accrue and be cumulative from the Dividend Payment Date in respect of which such shares were issued or were scheduled to be paid pursuant to Section 5(a) hereof as a PIK Dividend. In the case of any amounts of accrued but unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(2) of this Agreement, dividends shall accrue on such amounts and be cumulative from the applicable Dividend Payment Date in respect of which such amounts were scheduled to be paid pursuant to Section 5(a) hereof.
(d) Each fractional share of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding (or treated as outstanding pursuant to Section 5 hereof) shall be entitled to a ratably proportionate amount of all Dividend Amount accruing with respect to each outstanding or due to be issued and outstanding share of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to Section 5(a) , and such Dividend Amount with respect to such outstanding fractional shares shall be cumulative and shall accrue (whether or not declared), and shall be payable in the same manner and at such times as provided for in Section 5(a) with respect to dividends on each outstanding or due to be issued and outstanding share of Series A Preferred Stock. Each fractional share of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding shall also be entitled to a ratably proportionate amount of any other distributions made with respect to each outstanding or due to be issued and outstanding share of Series A Preferred Stock, and all such distributions shall be payable in the same manner and at the same time as distributions on each outstanding or due to be issued and outstanding share of Series A Preferred Stock.
(e) If a Conversion Date with respect to any share of Series A Preferred Stock is on or prior to a Dividend Payment Date for a dividend or distribution on the Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to Section 5(a) , then the Holder of such share of Series A Preferred Stock shall have the right to receive a pro rata portion of such Dividend Amount that would otherwise be payable on
such share on the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date, to be calculated as such Dividend Amount (i) multiplied by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and such Conversion Date and (ii) divided by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date. Payment of such Dividend Amounts shall be satisfied through the issuance of shares of Common Stock upon conversion except to the extent that the Corporation may satisfy any fractional shares through payment of cash pursuant to the terms of this Certificate of Designations.
Section 6. Liquidation Rights .
(a) Voluntary or Involuntary Liquidation . In the event of any liquidation, bankruptcy, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, or an Exit Event, then, on a pari passu basis:
(1) Holders of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive in full, out of the assets of the Corporation or proceeds thereof (whether capital or surplus) available for distribution to stockholders of the Corporation, and after satisfaction of all liabilities and obligations to creditors of the Corporation, before any distribution of such assets and/or proceeds is made to or set aside for the holders of any other Junior Securities, an amount per share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock equal to the Series A-1 Liquidation Preference; and
(2) Holders of Series A-2 Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive in full, out of the assets of the Corporation or proceeds thereof (whether capital or surplus) available for distribution to stockholders of the Corporation, and after satisfaction of all liabilities and obligations to creditors of the Corporation, before any distribution of such assets and/or proceeds is made to or set aside for the holders of any other Junior Securities, an amount per share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock equal to the Series A-2 Liquidation Preference.
(b) Partial Payment . If in any distribution described in Section 6(a) above, the assets of the Corporation and/or proceeds thereof are not sufficient to pay the Liquidation Preference in full to all Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive their pro rata portion of such assets and/or proceeds in accordance with their respective rights to the Liquidation Preference under Section 6(a) , with each such Holder being entitled to receive a pro rata portion of such amount based on such Holders relative aggregate Liquidation Preference then outstanding.
(c) Residual Distributions . If the Liquidation Preference has been paid in full to all Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the holders of shares of Junior Securities (for the avoidance of doubt, including the Common Stock into which any shares of Series A Preferred Stock have been previously converted), shall be entitled to receive all remaining assets of the Corporation (or proceeds thereof) according to their respective rights and preferences. Any amount payable in respect of Common Stock issued upon the conversion of shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall be paid on a pari passu basis with any payments in respect of shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock pursuant to Section 6(a)(2) and Section 6(b) .
(d) Exit Event . For purposes of this Section 6 , the Liquidation Preference payable in connection with an Exit Event shall, in consideration for the cancellation of the shares of Series A
Preferred Stock, be paid in cash; provided , however , if the Exit Event is the result of a Sale of the Corporation and the consideration received by the holders of common stock of the Corporation in connection with such Exit Event consists of or includes equity securities in a publicly traded corporation with (i) a market capitalization of at least $5,000,000,000 and (ii) a public float of at least $2,000,000,000, in each case on a pro forma , post-transaction basis, the Holders agree that receipt of their pro rata portion of such equity securities (plus any related cash payments) shall satisfy in full the Corporations payment obligations under this Section 6 .
Section 7. Redemption .
(a) Redemption by the Holders .
(1) After the fifth (5 th ) anniversary of the Issue Date (the Mandatory Redemption Date ), each Holder may request in writing that the Corporation redeem all (but not less than all) of such Holders shares of Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any PIK Dividend Shares and any accrued but unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(3) or Section 5(a)(2) , as applicable, of this Agreement) (such shares, the Mandatory Redemption Shares ) at a redemption price per Mandatory Redemption Share equal to the Preferred Return for such Mandatory Redemption Share (the Mandatory Redemption Price ). Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if the Mandatory Redemption Payment Date occurs subsequent to a Dividend Payment Date, the amount of accrued but unpaid dividends payable to the holder of Mandatory Redemption Shares shall include a pro rata portion of the Dividend Amount that would otherwise be payable on such shares on the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date, to be calculated as such Dividend Amount (i) multiplied by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and Mandatory Redemption Payment Date (ii) divided by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date. The Mandatory Redemption Price to each Holder that exercises its redemption right pursuant to this Section 7(a) (each such Holder, the Redemption Holder ) with respect to a share of Series A Preferred Stock shall be paid in immediately available funds on a date selected by the Corporation not later than thirty (30) days after the date of a Holders request for redemption pursuant to the terms hereof (such date, the Mandatory Redemption Payment Date ) against surrender of the certificate(s) evidencing such shares, if any, to the Corporation or its agent; provided , however , that, if the Corporation is not permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law governing distributions to stockholders or under the Debt Documents to redeem all of the Mandatory Redemption Shares on the Mandatory Redemption Payment Date, then the Mandatory Redemption Price shall continue to be due by the Corporation in accordance with this Section 7(a)(1) and the Corporation shall redeem the maximum number of such Mandatory Redemption Shares that it may redeem consistent with such law or Debt Documents ( pro rata based on the respective amounts which would otherwise be payable in respect of all the Mandatory Redemption Shares), and shall redeem the remaining Mandatory Redemption Shares as soon as it may lawfully do so under such law or Debt Documents.
(2) If any Mandatory Redemption Shares remain outstanding on the date that is forty-five (45) days following the fifth (5 th ) anniversary of the Issue Date, then, unless the Super Majority Requisite Holders determine otherwise, (a) (i) the size of the Board of Directors shall be
increased by two (2) seats (the Investor Seats ) and, except as set forth in Section 7(a)(3) , the size of the Board of Directors shall not be further increased without the consent of the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders, (ii) the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders shall be entitled to (A) nominate and appoint the individuals to fill the vacancies created by such increase, (B) nominate and appoint each successor to such individuals and (C) to direct the removal from the Board of Directors of any member nominated and appointed under the foregoing clauses (A) or (B), and (iii) such individuals so nominated and appointed shall thereafter serve on the Board of Directors until their removal by the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders, and (b) notwithstanding anything in this Certificate of Designations or any other Transaction Documents to the contrary (including, for the avoidance of doubt, Section 8(a)(iii) ), the Series A -1 Dividend Rate with respect to such shares shall be automatically increased to a rate of 18% per annum (without any discount if paid in cash) and the Series A-2 Dividend Rate with respect to such shares shall be increased to the greater of (x) a rate of 18% per annum (without any discount if paid in cash) and (y) cash dividends declared and paid during any annual period on one (1) share of Common Stock (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends and other similar transactions) and (c) during the one hundred twenty (120) days following the date of such appointment (the Initial Sale Period ), the Corporation will work in good faith with the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders to structure a mutually agreeable capital fundraising transaction and obtain any consents that may be required to be obtained under the Debt Documents to repurchase or redeem the then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock in accordance with the terms of this Section 7(a)(2) .
(3) If, after the Initial Sale Period, any Mandatory Redemption Shares remain outstanding, then, unless the Super Majority Requisite Holders determine otherwise:
(i) the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders may request in writing that the Continuing Directors of the Corporation (1) increase the size of the Board of Directors by a number of seats such that, after giving effect to such increase, the number of vacant seats in the Board of Directors plus the Investor Seats constitutes a majority of the Board of Directors sufficient to effect the transactions contemplated herein, (2) nominate, approve and appoint the individuals nominated by the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders to fill each vacancy created by such increase (it being understood that, after giving effect to such nomination and appointment, the aggregate number of directors so nominated and appointed shall constitute a majority of the Board of Directors sufficient to effect the transactions contemplated herein) and any successor to such individuals from time to time nominated by the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders (each such individual, an Additional Investor Director and, collectively, the Additional Investor Directors ), and (3) remove any such Additional Investor Director from the Board of Directors;
(ii) if the Continuing Directors do not so nominate, approve and appoint each Additional Investor Director within five (5) Business Days after receipt of the request by the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders pursuant to clause (i) above, then automatically, and without any action on the part of any Person (and notwithstanding any terms of the By-laws to the contrary) the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders shall be entitled to (A) increase the size of the Board of Directors by a number of seats such that, after giving effect to such increase, the number of vacant seats in the Board of Directors plus the Investor Seats constitutes a majority of the Board of Directors sufficient to effect the transactions contemplated herein, (B) nominate and appoint the Additional Investor
Directors to the Board of Directors; (C) nominate and appoint each successor to each such Additional Investor Director; and (D) direct the removal from the Board of Directors of any individual nominated and appointed under the foregoing clauses (B) or (C);
(iii) each individual nominated and appointed under this Section 7(a)(3) shall thereafter serve on the Board of Directors until (i) his or her resignation, (ii) his or her removal at the direction of the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders, or (iii) redemption of all shares of Series A Preferred Stock; and
(iv) the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders shall have the right to cause an Exit Event and/or cause the Corporation to raise capital (whether debt or equity), in each case in an amount sufficient to repurchase or redeem the then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock (or any outstanding portion thereof) in accordance with the terms of this Section 7(a)(3) (collectively, a Forced Liquidity Transaction ). The Corporation shall use its reasonable best efforts to consummate a Forced Liquidity Transaction as promptly as practicable thereafter. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, in connection with any such Forced Liquidity Transaction, (i) the Corporation shall cause each of its officers and employees, as the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders may reasonably request, to participate actively in the Forced Liquidity Transaction, including attending diligence meetings and responding to diligence requests, and (ii) Wengen (A) shall vote its shares of capital stock and take any and all other actions, execute and deliver any and all documents, in each case, as reasonably requested by the Requisite Series A Preferred to effect such Forced Liquidity Transaction, including any transfer agreements, sale agreements, escrow agreements, consents, assignments, releases of claims relating to their interest in the Corporation, waivers, applications, reports, returns, filings and other documents or instruments with any governmental authorities, (B) to the extent that the Forced Liquidity Transaction is an equity or debt financing, shall cause all or a portion of the proceeds of the Forced Liquidity Transaction to be paid to the Holders as consideration for the redemption of their respective shares of Series A Preferred Stock, (C) irrevocably waives all consent or approval rights, preemptive rights, co-sale rights, rights of first refusal, right of first offer or similar rights that the Corporation or such stockholder (as the case may be) may have (including under the Stockholders Agreement) in connection with such Forced Liquidity Transaction, (D) acknowledges and agrees not to sue any Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the members of the Board of Directors designated by such Holders or any of their respective Affiliates in connection with any of their actions or omissions pursuant to this Section 7(a)(3) other than for taking an action in breach of a covenant from the Holders in this Certificate of Designations, (E) irrevocably waives any dissenters rights, appraisal rights or similar rights under Section 262 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or otherwise, and hereby waives all related claims (including any claims for breach of fiduciary duty arising out of or related to any actions taken or omissions, as the case may be, including claims relating to the fairness of a Forced Liquidity Transaction, the amount, nature, form or terms of consideration paid for shares of capital stock of the Corporation in such Forced Liquidity Transaction even if such Forced Liquidity Transaction results in no consideration being paid or payable to any or all of the holders other than the Holders, the process or timing of such Forced Liquidity Event or any similar claims), and (F) agrees to participate, up to such holders pro rata portion of its proceeds in such Forced Liquidity Transaction, in any
payments received by the buyer in any Exit Event purchase price adjustments, indemnification or other obligations that the sellers of shares of capital stock, other equity interests or assets are required to provide in connection with the Forced Liquidity Transaction such that proceeds will be distributed as if they had been distributed after giving effect to such adjustments, escrows, holdbacks, indemnifications and other obligations, other than any such obligations that relate solely to a particular stockholder of the Corporation, such as indemnification with respect to representations and warranties given by such stockholder regarding such stockholders title to and ownership of securities, in respect of which only such stockholder will be liable; provided , however , that notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 7(a) , neither Wengen nor the Wengen Investors shall be bound by any Forced Liquidity Transaction that would: (1) treat the Common Stock held directly or indirectly by Wengen or any Wengen Investor in a manner that is disproportionate to the Common Stock held by any other holder of Common Stock, including by imposing an escrow, clawback or other form of indemnification with respect to the Common Stock held directly or indirectly by Wengen or such Wengen Investor that is not imposed upon the Common Stock of any other holder of the Common Stock, (2) t o the extent that Wengen or any Wengen are required to provide any indemnification with respect to breaches of representations and warranties by or on behalf of the Corporation or agreements by the Corporation or otherwise assume any other post-closing liabilities, including with respect to any post-closing adjustments of the purchase price, escrows, and holdbacks, in each case in connection with such Forced Liquidity Transaction, require Wengen or any Wengen Investor to jointly and severally participate in any such indemnification or post-closing liabilities or for any amounts in excess of the aggregate proceeds to be received, respectively, by Wengen or such Wengen Investor, as applicable, in connection with such Forced Liquidity Transaction, or (3) impose a non-compete on any Wengen Investor or its Affiliates. The Corporation shall promptly provide any directors nominated and appointed by such Requisite Series A Preferred Holders pursuant to this Section 7(a)(3) with indemnification rights, advancement of expenses and exculpation, including indemnification agreements and any new directors and officers liability insurance policy or policies or any amendment to the existing policy or policies in form satisfactory to such directors.
(4) (i) A Person designated by the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders (with full power of substitution and re-substitution) is hereby appointed by Wengen (and upon any Transfer to a Transferee thereof, each such Transferee thereof shall be deemed to have irrevocably appointed), as Wengens proxy and attorney in fact (each, in such capacity, a Wengen Proxy Holder ) for and in the name, place and stead of such holder, to vote or cause to be voted (including by proxy or written consent, if applicable) its shares of Common Stock or other voting equity securities of the Corporation in connection with any vote, consent or approval necessary to consummate any Forced Liquidity Transaction that complies with the penultimate sentence of this Section 7(a)(4) ; (ii) to the maximum extent permitted from time to time under the laws of the State of Delaware, the proxy granted by operation of this Section 7(a)(4) is not intended to create, and shall not create, a fiduciary duty or fiduciary or agency relationship between or among the Wengen Proxy Holder, on the one hand, and the Corporation or any other holder of capital stock of the Corporation, on the other; (iii) Wengen shall not sue the Wengen Proxy Holder or any of its Affiliates in connection with the Wengen Proxy Holders exercise of the proxy and power of attorney granted it pursuant to clause (i) of this Section 7(a)(4) other than for taking an action in
breach of a covenant from the Holders in this Certificate of Designations; (iv) Wengen shall not be entitled to any dissenters rights, appraisal rights or similar rights under Section 262of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or otherwise, and hereby irrevocably waives all related claims (including any claims for breach of fiduciary duty arising out of or related to any actions taken or omissions by the Wengen Proxy Holder (other than for taking an action or omitting to take an action in breach of a covenant in this Certificate of Designations) in connection with the Wengen Proxy Holders exercise of the proxy and power of attorney granted it pursuant to clause (i) of this Section 7(a)(4) , as the case may be, including claims relating to the fairness of a Forced Liquidity Transaction, the amount, nature, form or terms of consideration paid for shares of capital stock of the Corporation in such Forced Liquidity Transaction even if such Forced Liquidity Transaction results in no consideration being paid or payable to any or all of the holders other than the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the process or timing of such Forced Liquidity Event or any similar claims); (v) Wengen hereby represents to the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock that no other irrevocable proxy in connection with its Common Stock has been granted prior to the date hereof, and agrees that any other proxies heretofore given by such holder of Common Stock (which, for the avoidance of doubt, does not include this proxy) are hereby revoked effective immediately; and (vi) Wengen hereby affirms that this irrevocable proxy is given in consideration for the mutual agreements contained in this Agreement and in connection with such Stockholders subscription for its Securities, and that this irrevocable proxy is coupled with an interest and may, under no circumstances, be revoked. The Corporation hereby acknowledges receipt of and the validity of the foregoing irrevocable proxy, and agrees to recognize the Wengen Proxy Holder as the sole attorney and proxy for each such holder at all times prior to the termination date of such irrevocable proxy as hereinafter provided in this Section 7(a)(4) . Wengen acknowledges and agrees that the irrevocable proxy granted pursuant to this Section 7(a)(4) will remain in effect until the earlier of (x) redemption in full all of the shares of the Series A Preferred Stock in accordance with this Certificate of Designations and (y) twenty (20) years from the date hereof. Notwithstanding anything in this Section 7(a)(4) to the contrary, neither Wengen nor the Wengen Investors shall have any obligation to take action or cooperate with the Series A Preferred Stock in connection with, including voting in favor of, any Forced Liquidity Transaction that would: (A) treat the Common Stock held directly or indirectly by Wengen or any Wengen Investor in a manner that is disproportionate to the Common Stock held by any other holder of Common Stock, including by imposing an escrow, clawback or other form of indemnification with respect to the Common Stock held directly or indirectly by Wengen or such Wengen Investor that is not imposed upon the Common Stock of any other holder of the Common Stock, (B) to the extent that Wengen or any Wengen are required to provide any indemnification with respect to breaches of representations and warranties by or on behalf of the Corporation or agreements by the Corporation or otherwise assume any other post-closing liabilities, including with respect to any post-closing adjustments of the purchase price, escrows, and holdbacks, in each case in connection with such Forced Liquidity Transaction, require Wengen or any Wengen Investor to jointly and severally participate in any such indemnification or post-closing liabilities or for any amounts in excess of the aggregate proceeds to be received, respectively, by Wengen or such Wengen Investor, as applicable, in connection with such Forced Liquidity Transaction, or (C) impose a non-compete on any Wengen Investor or its Affiliates. The proxy granted by this Section 7(a)(4) shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of Delaware without regard to principles of conflicts of law.
(b) Redemption by the Corporation . The Corporation, at its option, may redeem, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, the shares of the Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding (such shares, the Corporation Redemption Shares ), upon notice given as provided in Section 7(e) below, indicating the effective date of such redemption (such date, the Corporation Redemption Date ), at a cash redemption price per share of Series A Preferred Stock equal to the Preferred Return for such Corporation Redemption Share (the Corporation Redemption Price ); provided , however , the Corporation may redeem shares of Series A Preferred Stock on or after a QPO solely if on the date notice of redemption is given the 30 Trading Day VWAP prior to such date is at or below 85% of the QPO Price. The Corporation Redemption Price shall be payable to the Holder of such shares on the Corporation Redemption Date against surrender of the certificate(s) evidencing such shares, if any, to the Corporation or its agent. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if the Corporation Redemption Date occurs subsequent to a Dividend Payment Date, the amount of accrued but unpaid dividends payable to the holder of such Corporation Redemption Shares shall include a pro rata portion of the Dividend Amount that would otherwise be payable on such shares on the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date, to be calculated as such Dividend Amount (i) multiplied by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the Corporation Redemption Date (ii) divided by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date.
(c) No Sinking Fund . Except as otherwise provided in this Section 7 , the Series A Preferred Stock will not be subject to any mandatory redemption, sinking fund, retirement fund or purchase fund or other similar provisions.
(d) Partial Redemption . If, pursuant to Section 7(b) above, the Corporation elects to redeem fewer than all of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock, (i) such redemption of shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall be pro rata among the Holders of Series A Preferred Stock based upon each Holders relative aggregate Preferred Return then outstanding and (ii) the Corporation shall (A) cause the register of stockholders to be updated accordingly and (B) issue new certificates, if any, representing the unredeemed shares.
(e) Notice of Redemption by the Corporation . Notice of every redemption by the Corporation of shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall be mailed by first class mail, postage prepaid, addressed to the Holders of record of the shares to be redeemed at their respective last addresses appearing on the books of the Corporation or such other address as communicated in writing by any such Holders to the Corporation. Such mailing shall be at least thirty (30) days but not more than sixty (60) days before the date fixed for redemption. Any notice mailed as provided in this Subsection shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the Holder receives such notice, but failure duly to give such notice by mail, or any defect in such notice or in the mailing thereof, to any Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock designated for redemption shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other shares of Series A Preferred Stock. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Series A Preferred Stock or any depositary shares representing interests in the Series A Preferred Stock are issued in book-entry form through The Depository Trust Company or any other similar facility, notice of redemption may be given to the holders of Series A Preferred Stock at such time and in any manner permitted by such facility. Each such notice given to a Holder shall state: (1) the redemption date; (2) the number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be redeemed and, if less than all the
shares held by such Holder are to be redeemed, the number of such shares to be redeemed from such Holder; (3) the redemption price; and (4) the place or places where certificates for such shares are to be surrendered for payment of the redemption price.
(f) Order of Redemption . All shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock to be redeemed in accordance with Section 7 shall be redeemed in the following order: (i) first, the PIK Dividend Shares (if any) shall be redeemed in reverse order of issuance (so that the PIK Dividend Shares issued most recently are redeemed first), and (ii) second, all other shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall be redeemed.
(g) Educational Approvals. To the extent that any Educational Law requires that the parties obtain an Educational Approval in order to consummate any of the transactions or actions set forth in Sections 7(a)(2) through (5) , the Corporation shall obtain such Educational Approval and the Holders shall cooperate in good faith with the Corporation to obtain them. The process of determining which Educational Approvals may be required in connection with the transactions and events set forth in Sections 7(a)(2) through (5) shall be initiated at least nine (9) months before the fifth (5 th ) anniversary of the Issue Date, including applying for and seeking to obtain any such Education Approvals at least six (6) months prior to any contemplated change in the composition of the Board of Directors of the Company, any Forced Liquidation Event, exercise of any proxy, or any other event or series of transactions set forth under Section 7(a) . To the extent that any Educational Law requires that the Corporation obtain Educational Approvals prior to consummating any of the transactions set forth in Sections 7(a)(2) through (5) and Section 7(b) , the Corporation shall obtain such Educational Approvals and the Holders shall cooperate in good faith with the Corporation to obtain them prior to such transaction effective date. The Corporation shall incur any costs, fees and expenses reasonably required in connection with obtaining such Educational Approvals.
Section 8. Conversion .
(a) Generally .
(i) No Conversion . Except as set forth in this Certificate of Designations, prior to the earlier to occur of the closing of an Exit Event or a Wengen Exit Event, the shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall not be convertible into any other class or series of the Corporations capital stock.
(ii) Optional Conversion by Holders .
(A) Simultaneous with the closing of an Exit Event (such closing, an Exit Event Closing, and the date thereof, the Exit Event Closing Date ), each Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock may irrevocably elect, by providing prior written notice to the Corporation, to convert all of its shares of Series A Preferred Stock into that number of shares of Common Stock (including fractional shares of Common Stock) equal to the aggregate Modified Liquidation Preference of all such shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be so converted (including, for the avoidance of doubt, with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, any PIK Dividend Shares and any accrued but unpaid dividends, and, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends) divided
by the applicable Optional Conversion Price. The Corporation shall provide the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock prior written notice of an Exit Event, including the expected material terms thereof, at least thirty (30) days prior to the closing of such Exit Event.
(B) In connection with a Wengen Exit Event, the Corporation shall provide, or cause to be provided, notice of such prospective Wengen Exit Event to each Holder of the Series A Preferred Stock as soon as practicable after the Company is made aware of such Wengen Exit Event but prior to the execution and delivery by or on behalf of such Wengen Investor of a binding agreement concerning such prospective Wengen Exit Event (the Wengen Exit Event Notice ). Within thirty (30) days following receipt of the Wengen Exit Event Notice (the Conversion Election Period ), each Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock may irrevocably elect to convert all of its shares of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this clause (B) by notice to the Corporation (a Holder Optional Conversion Notice ) effective as of and subject to the closing of such Wengen Exit Event (the Holder Optional Conversion Effective Date ) and the number of shares that it intends to convert (such shares, the Holder Optional Conversion Shares ). The Wengen Exit Event triggering such conversion may not be consummated until the expiration of the Conversion Election Period. Upon delivery of a Holder Optional Conversion Notice, the Holder Optional Conversion Shares shall be converted into a number of shares of Common Stock (including fractional shares of Common Stock) equal to the Modified Liquidation Preference of all such shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be so converted (including, for the avoidance of doubt, with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, any PIK Dividend Shares and any accrued but unpaid dividends, and, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends) divided by the applicable Optional Conversion Price.
(C) In the event of an IPO, a QPO that closes on or prior to August 15, 2017 (an Early QPO ), or a QPO that closes after August 15, 2017 ( Late QPO ), each Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock may irrevocably elect to convert all of its shares of Series A Preferred Stock as follows: (1) in the case of an IPO, an Early QPO or, solely in the event that no QPO Early Convertibility Notice is timely issued by the Corporation pursuant to Section 8(a)(iii)(B) , a Late QPO, at any time commencing on the earlier to occur of (x) one (1) day following the first (1 st ) anniversary of the closing of such QPO or IPO (in each case, the PO Conversion Outside Date ) and (y) the time immediately prior to the effectiveness of the Registration Statement filed in connection with the Initial Follow-on Public Offering (the Follow-on Conversion Date ); and (2) in the case of a Late QPO for which a QPO Early Convertibility Notice is timely issued by the Corporation in accordance with Section 8(a)(iii)(B) , at any time after the closing of such Late QPO; provided , however , that, upon a conversion pursuant to this clause (2) that occurs prior to the 180-day anniversary of the date of entry into the underwriting agreement with the underwriters for such QPO, each converting Holder hereby agrees not to effect any public sale or distribution of any of such Investors Common Stock (except as part of an Initial Follow-on Public Offering or other transaction permitted by Section 4 of the Registration Rights Agreement), including a sale pursuant to Rule 144 or any swap or other economic arrangement that transfers to another Person any of the economic consequences of owning shares of Common Stock or to give any demand notice other than
pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement (it being understood that this will not prevent the exercise of any applicable piggyback rights under the Registration Rights Agreement) in each case during the period (such period, the Lock-up Period ) commencing on the Conversion Date pursuant to this clause (2) and continuing until the earlier of (A) the 180-day anniversary of the date of entry into the underwriting agreement with the underwriters of such QPO, (B) the effectiveness of an Initial Follow-on Public Offering, or (C) the date on which Wengen or any Wengen Investor is released from any similar lock-up restrictions to which such Person is bound. If a Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock elects to so convert, such Holder shall provide prior written notice to the Corporation and as soon as practicable thereafter, but in no event later than ten (10) days following the Corporations receipt of such notice, the Corporation shall deliver to such Holder the Conversion Supporting Certifications. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock elected to be converted pursuant to the foregoing shall be so converted into that number of shares of Common Stock (including fractional shares of Common Stock) equal to the Modified Liquidation Preference of all shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be so converted (including, for the avoidance of doubt, with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, any PIK Dividend Shares and any accrued but unpaid dividends, and, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends) divided by the applicable Public Offering Conversion Price. Upon a conversion pursuant hereto, each Holder so converting shall have the registration rights that are granted to such Holder under the Registration Rights Agreement, in each case in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein. The Corporation shall provide the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock prior written notice of a QPO or IPO, including the expected material terms thereof, not less than thirty (30) days prior to the closing of such QPO or IPO.
(D) For the avoidance of doubt, at any time when a conversion pursuant to this Section 8(a)(ii) may be effected by the Holders, the election of any Holder to convert or not to convert such Holders Series A Preferred Stock shall be independent of each other Holders election to convert or not to convert its Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Section 8(a)(ii) .
(iii) Optional Conversion by Corporation .
(A) In the event of an IPO or an Early QPO, subject to the requirements of any applicable Educational Law, including obtaining any required Educational Approvals, the Corporation may irrevocably elect to convert all of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock on the earlier to occur of (x) the applicable PO Conversion Outside Date, and (y) the Follow-on Conversion Date, by prior written notice to the Holders. Such notice shall be accompanied by (x) a certificate executed by the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation certifying that the proposed conversion, if and when effected, is and will not at the time of its closing result in a violation or breach of, or constitute a default or give rise to any right of termination, cancellation, modification or acceleration under or pursuant to any of the terms or conditions of the Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws, or any contract, instrument or other arrangement, including the Debt Documents, to which the Corporation or any of its Key Subsidiaries is a party or by which the Corporation or any of its Key Subsidiaries may be bound, and (y) a written opinion of one or more law firms of
national standing as counsel to the Corporation in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders opining that such conversion would not require any Education Approval by the U.S. Department of Education (the certificate and opinion under the foregoing clauses (x) and (y), collectively, the Conversion Supporting Certifications ). Following the Corporations election to convert pursuant hereto and subject to delivery of the Conversion Supporting Certifications to the Holders, each share of Series A Preferred Stock shall be converted into a number of shares of Common Stock (including fractional shares of Common Stock, and, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends, and with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, for the avoidance of doubt, any PIK Dividend Shares and any accrued but unpaid dividends) equal to the Modified Liquidation Preference of all shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be so converted (including, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends, and with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, for the avoidance of doubt, the PIK Dividend Shares, if any) divided by the applicable Public Offering Conversion Price. The Corporation shall provide the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock prior written notice of such IPO or Early QPO, including all expected material terms thereof, not less than thirty (30) days prior to the closing thereof. Upon a conversion pursuant hereto, each Holder so converting shall have the registration rights that are granted to such Holder under the Registration Rights Agreement, in each case in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein.
(B) In the event of a Late QPO, within ten (10) Business Day following the closing thereof, the Corporation may send written notice to the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock (the QPO Early Convertibility Notice ) that it is permitted to and intends to convert all of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Section 8(a)(iii)(B) . The QPO Early Convertibility Notice shall be accompanied by the Conversion Supporting Certifications. In the event of a QPO Early Convertibility Notice:
(x) From the closing date of the QPO and continuing through the date that is the 180 day anniversary of the closing of the Late QPO, dividends on each share of Series A Preferred Stock from time to time outstanding shall accrue at a 0.0% dividend rate; provided , however , that commencing on the date that is the 180-day anniversary of the closing of the Late QPO and continuing through the Conversion Date with respect to a conversion pursuant to this Section 8(a)(iii)(B) (such period of time, the Special Dividend Rate Period ), dividends on each share of Series A Preferred Stock shall accrue at the applicable Dividend Rate.
(y) At any time after a Late QPO, and irrespective of whether a QPO Early Convertibility Notice has been given, the Corporation may, on the Follow-on Conversion Date, convert shares of Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding into that number of shares of Common Stock (including fractional shares of Common Stock) obtained by dividing the Modified Liquidation Preference of all shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be so converted (including, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends, and with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, for the avoidance of doubt, the
PIK Dividend Shares, if any) by the lower of the Public Offering Conversion Price or the Initial Follow-on Public Offering Conversion Price; provided , that, in each case, such price shall not be lower than 75% of the QPO Price.
(z) The Corporation shall provide the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock prior written notice of such Late QPO, including all expected material terms thereof, not less than thirty (30) days prior to the closing thereof (it being understood that pricing terms shall be subject to market conditions at the time of the QPO or IPO) .
(C) In the event of a QPO, any shares of Series A Preferred Stock that remain outstanding on the applicable PO Conversion Outside Date shall be automatically converted into that number of shares of Common Stock (including fractional shares of Common Stock) obtained by dividing the Modified Liquidation Preference of such shares of Series A Preferred Stock (including, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends, and with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, for the avoidance of doubt, any PIK Dividend Shares and any accrued but unpaid dividends) by the applicable Public Offering Conversion Price.
(b) Effect of Conversion . On and after the date on which any conversion pursuant to Section 8(a) is consummated (such date, a Conversion Date ), each outstanding share of Series A Preferred Stock so converted shall cease to be outstanding, dividends and distributions on such share shall cease to accrue or be due, and all rights of the Holder(s) of such share shall terminate with respect to such share, except for the right of such Holder(s) to receive cash in lieu of any fractional share, at the option of the Corporation, as provided herein. All shares of Common Stock issued or delivered upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Section 8 shall be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable and shall be free of preemptive or similar rights and free of any liens, mortgages, security interests, pledges, deposits, restrictions or other encumbrances, other than as set forth herein or in the Stockholders Agreement. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Corporation may, at the option of the Corporation, in lieu of issuing fractional shares of Common Stock upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Section 8 , deliver a check in an amount equal to the value of such fraction computed on the basis of the Fair Market Value per share of Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately before the applicable Conversion Date. In connection with any conversion of shares of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Section 8 , each Holder shall surrender its certificate(s) evidencing such shares, if then certificated, to the Corporation or its agent on the applicable Conversion Date.
(c) Rights Plan , Stock Dividends, Recapitalizations, Etc. . If the Corporation has a rights plan in effect that includes Common Stock on a Conversion Date, upon conversion of any shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, Holders of such shares will receive, in addition to the shares of Common Stock, the rights under the rights plan relating to such Common Stock, unless, prior to such conversion date, the rights have (A) become exercisable or (B) separated from the shares of Common Stock (the first of events to occur being the Trigger Event ), in either of which cases the conversion rate will be adjusted, effective automatically at the time of such Trigger Event, as if the Corporation had made a distribution of such rights to all holders of the Common Stock. In the event of any stock dividend permitted by this Certificate of Designations, or any stock split,
reverse stock split, reclassification, recapitalization or other similar event affecting the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock, the Corporation shall make any such adjustments, if any, as may be appropriate so as to give proper effect to any such event when calculating the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series A Preferred Stock.
(d) HSR Act; Regulatory Compliance . If, as a result of (i) a conversion pursuant to this Section 8 a Holder would be deemed to hold an aggregate number of shares of Common Stock that would require a notification in connection with such conversion under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended (the HSR Act ) or (ii) any other event that, in the reasonable discretion of an Holder, would require a similar notification, then each of the Corporation and such Holder will prepare and file, or cause to be prepared and filed, with the appropriate Governmental Authorities, notifications with respect to such conversion pursuant to the HSR Act, and all competition filings required by Governmental Authorities outside the United States, seek early termination of any waiting periods under the HSR Act, supply all information requested by Governmental Authorities in connection with the HSR notifications and all other competition filings, and cooperate with each other in responding to any such request. The Corporation shall be solely responsible for all filing fees required to be paid in connection therewith. The Corporation and Holder will use their respective commercially reasonable efforts and will cooperate fully with one another to comply as promptly as practicable with all governmental requirements applicable to the contemplated conversion and to obtain promptly all approvals, Educational Approvals, orders, permits or other consents of any applicable Governmental Authorities and Educational Agencies necessary for the consummation of the contemplated conversion. No conversion or other event subject to filings described in this Section 8(d) shall be consummated until all applicable waiting periods under the HSR Act or similar merger control laws have expired or been terminated, and all approvals, orders, permits or other consents of any applicable Governmental Authorities necessary under the HSR Act, or similar merger control laws, or any Educational Approvals required by any Educational Agency prior to the consummation of the contemplated conversion have been obtained; provided , however , that, to the extent so delayed, at the option of the Holder converting or otherwise requesting a notification under the HSR Act pursuant to this Section 8(d) , the Conversion Date for purposes of determining the Optional Conversion Price, the Public Offering Conversion Price or the Initial Follow-on Public Offering Conversion Price, as the case may be, shall be the date on which all applicable waiting periods under the HSR Act or similar merger control laws have expired or been terminated. Any conversion set forth in this Section 8 shall be undertaken in accordance with the requirements of all applicable Educational Laws. To the extent that the parties determine that an Educational Approval is required in connection with such conversion, the parties hereto shall cooperate in good faith, and the Corporation shall use its best efforts (including incurring any costs, fees and expenses reasonably required in connection thereto), to obtain such Educational Approval, including any Educational Approvals that must be obtained prior to any such conversion.
(e) Reservation of Common Stock . The Corporation shall, at all times when any shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, reserve and keep available, free from preemptive rights, out of its authorized but unissued Common Stock, the full number of shares of Common Stock then issuable upon conversion of all then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Corporation may, at its election, deliver, upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock, treasury shares of Common Stock or
other shares of Common Stock that the Corporation has reacquired, provided such shares comply with the provisions hereof.
(f) Elective Conversion Delay.
(1) Anything to the contrary herein notwithstanding, if, as of any Conversion Date, a conversion price applicable to a conversion pursuant to Section 8(a)(ii)(C) or Section 8(a)(iii) prior to the PO Conversion Outside Date would be lower than the Public Offering Conversion Price without the application of the Public Offering Conversion Price Floor, then the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders being converted pursuant thereto, voting together as a separate class, may elect to delay the conversion until a date that is not later than 90 days following the proposed Conversion Date (but not later than the PO Conversion Outside Date) by written notice to the Corporation within five (5) Business Days following such Holders receipt of the Corporations notice of conversion. If so elected, then the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders shall have the right to re-calculate the Public Offering Conversion Price utilizing any 30 Trading Day VWAP during such 90 day period; provided , however , that, during such extension period, dividends on each shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by such Holders and being converted shall accrue at a 0.0% dividend rate.
(2) Anything to the contrary herein notwithstanding, if, as of any Conversion Date, a conversion price applicable to a conversion pursuant to Section 8(a)(ii)(C) or Section 8(a)(iii) prior to the PO Conversion Outside Date would be lower than the Public Offering Conversion Price without the application of the Public Offering Conversion Price Floor, then the Corporation may elect to delay the conversion until a date that is not later than 90 days following the proposed Conversion Date (but not later than the PO Conversion Outside Date) by written notice to the Holders. If so elected, then the Corporation shall have the right to re-calculate the Public Offering Conversion Price utilizing any 30 Trading Day VWAP during such 90 day period.
(g) Delayed Conversion. In the event that a conversion under this Section 8 is delayed pursuant to the provisions of Section 8(d) , Section 8(f) or otherwise, the Corporation shall ensure that any Registration Statement proposed to be filed by or on behalf of the Corporation or any other Person pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement shall be available at such time as the shares of Series A Preferred Stock so delayed are converted in full. Notwithstanding anything in this Certificate of Designations or other Transaction Documents to the contrary, the Corporation shall not be permitted to convert any shares of Series A Preferred Stock (including, for the avoidance of doubt, as a result of an automatic conversion on the PO Conversion Outside Date) unless and until (i) the effectiveness and availability to the Holders of one or more Registration Statements filed in compliance with the Registration Rights Agreement which provided to the Holders the opportunity to register at least an amount of Conversion Stock equal to the Priority Amount (or, if less, all of the remaining Registrable Securities that are Conversion Stock), and (ii) to the extent required by Section 8 hereof, the Conversion Supporting Certifications have been delivered to the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock.
Section 9. Voting Rights; Protective Provisions .
(a) General .
(1) The holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall not have any voting rights except as from time to time required by law or expressly contemplated herein.
(2) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Section 9(b) hereof or the applicable provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, including Section 242(b) thereof, shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by the Current Stockholders or any Affiliates of the Current Stockholders, if any, shall not have any voting or consent rights hereunder (including with respect to the actions described in Section 9(b) hereof or the applicable provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, including Section 242(b) thereof), and shall not be counted for purposes of determining whether the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders or the Super Majority Requisite Holders thresholds have been satisfied; provided , however , such restriction shall automatically terminate without any further action required by the Corporation or the Holders upon the Transfer of shares of Series A Preferred Stock by the Current Stockholders or any Affiliates of the Current Stockholders, as applicable, to an Unaffiliated Third Party and such Unaffiliated Third Party shall be entitled to vote or consent to the actions described in Section 9 hereof.
(b) Protective Provisions . So long as any shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, the Corporation shall not effect or agree to effect any amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation (including by means of merger, consolidation, reorganization, recapitalization or otherwise) without the approval of the Holders of the Series A Preferred to the extent required herein, no waiver by any Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock of any of the provisions hereof shall be effective unless explicitly set forth in writing and signed by such Holder, and no Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to waive, and any waiver by such Holder shall not operate or be construed as a waiver in respect of, any rights, preferences or privileges of any other Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock. So long as any shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, in addition to any other vote or consent of stockholders required by law or by the Certificate of Incorporation or any other Transaction Documents:
(1) the consent of the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders, given in person or by proxy, either in writing without a meeting or by consenting at any meeting called for the purpose, shall be necessary for effecting or validating:
(i) any transaction by the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries with, or amendment, waiver, or termination of (other than validly in accordance with its terms), any agreement or arrangement with any stockholder of the Corporation or any Affiliates of the Corporation, or any member of the Board of the Corporation, other than (A) transactions between and among the Corporation and its Subsidiaries and among Subsidiaries, (B) transactions entered into before the Issue Date, (C) any transaction, agreement or arrangement contemplated by any Transaction Document, and (D) transactions involving the Corporation or any Subsidiary on terms that are at arms length and at market terms, and not otherwise adverse to the rights, priorities, preferences or privileges of any Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock in respect of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock;
(ii) except as set forth in any Transaction Document relating to payments with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock, the declaration or payment of any dividend or other distribution on any shares of any class or series of the Corporations capital stock or any redemption, repurchase or other acquisition of shares of any class or series of the Corporations capital stock (other than in connection with the redemption, repurchase or other acquisition of shares of any class or series of the Corporations capital stock in connection with (w) payments made in connection with withholding or similar taxes payable or expected to be payable by any present or former employee, director, manager or consultant of the Corporation (or their respective Affiliates, estates or immediate family members) relating to the repurchase of Junior Securities (including any cancellation of debt in connection with the repurchase of Junior Securities), (x) an exchange or conversion for shares of other Junior Securities, (y) Junior Securities purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired in connection with cashless option exercises (including with respect to tax withholdings), and (z) the repurchase or other acquisition of Junior Securities held by present or former officers, directors, employees or consultants of the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries or any of its direct or indirect parent company upon termination or retirement pursuant to agreements providing for such repurchase);
(iii) other than with respect to Subsidiaries of the Corporation that own an immaterial amount of assets of the Corporation, taken as a whole, the commencement of any receivership, liquidation, reorganization or other similar case or proceeding with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or with respect to a material portion of their respective assets, any composition of liabilities or similar arrangement relating to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, whether or not under a courts jurisdiction or supervision, any liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or winding up of any the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, whether voluntary or involuntary, whether or not under a courts jurisdiction or supervision, and whether or not involving insolvency or bankruptcy, or any general assignment for the benefit of creditors or any other marshalling of assets and liabilities of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; or
(iv) any agreement to take any of the foregoing actions.
(2) The consent of the Super Majority Requisite Holders, given in person or by proxy, either in writing without a meeting or by consenting at any meeting called for the purpose, shall be necessary for effecting or validating:
(i) except as expressly permitted under any Transaction Documents, any amendment, alteration, modification or repeal of any provision of the Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws (including by means of merger, consolidation, reorganization, recapitalization or otherwise) so as to adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers of the Series A Preferred Stock, taken as a whole, including: (A) any amendment or modification of Requisite Series A Preferred Holders, Section 5 ( Dividends ), Section 6 ( Liquidation Rights ), Section 7 ( Redemption ), Section 8 ( Conversion ) or this Section 9 ( Voting Rights; Protective Provisions ) or any defined terms used therein; and (B) any amendment, alteration or repeal of any provision of the Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws (including by means of merger, consolidation, reorganization, recapitalization or otherwise) that would increase or decrease the
authorized number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock or authorize, create (by reclassification or otherwise) or increase the authorized amount of, any shares of any class or series of capital stock of the Corporation ranking senior to or on parity with the Series A Preferred Stock with respect to any or all of the payment of dividends, redemption, conversion and/or the distribution of assets on any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation;
(ii) if it is not an Initial Follow-on Public Offering, the first Public Offering following an IPO or QPO;
(iii) any proposed IPO;
(iv) issuances of shares of Series A Preferred Stock other than in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions of the Transaction Documents;
(v) (A) the material engagement by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries in a new business not directly or indirectly related to the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, as of the date hereof, or (B) to make a material change in the nature of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, line of business; or
(vi) any agreement to take any of the foregoing actions.
(3) At any time, Macquarie Sierra Investment Holdings Inc., a Delaware corporation ( Macquarie ) shall have the right to elect to temporarily waive its right to consent to any or all of the matters set forth in Sections 9(b)(2)(i) and (iv) (the Fundamental Actions ), by providing written notice of such waiver to the Corporation and the other Holders. In the event that Macquarie has temporarily waived its right to vote in respect of all or some of the Fundamental Actions in accordance with this Section 9(b)(3) and then seeks to Transfer any portion of its shares of Series A Preferred Stock to any Person under this Certificate of Designations or the Stockholders Agreement, Macquaries right to vote on all of the Fundamental Actions for the shares being Transferred shall be automatically fully reinstated immediately prior to such Transfer. Nothing in this Section 9(b)(3) shall have any effect on any rights attaching to any shares of Series A Preferred Stock (other than a temporary waiver by Macquarie of its right to exercise the voting rights attaching to such shares held by it pursuant to this Section 9(b)(3) ) nothing in this Section 9(b)(3) shall create or amount to any waiver of any right attaching to any such share held by a shareholder other than Macquarie, including any Transferee of Macquarie. Any Holder shall have the right to waive the benefit of any provision in this Certificate of Designations in so far as such provision is applicable to such Holder.
Section 10. Other Rights . Subject to the rights of the Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock set forth in Section 9 , and without prejudice thereto, in connection with the proposed Transfer of any Series A-1 Preferred Stock or the issuance of shares of capital stock of the Corporation pursuant to Section 2.5 of the Stockholders Agreement, the Corporation will cooperate with the Transferee to restructure, amend and/or modify the Series A-1 Preferred Stock to be transferred, issued and/or sold, as the case may be, or the Certificate of Incorporation, in each case, in a manner that is tax efficient to such proposed Transferee (including the issuance of new
shares of capital stock of the Corporation) and which does not materially adversely affect the Corporation.
Section 11. Determination of Fair Market Value . The Fair Market Value shall be determined by agreement of the Corporation and the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders. If the Corporation and the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders fail to reach agreement on the Fair Market Value within ten (10) Business Days of the date on which such determination is reasonably expected to be made pursuant to this Certificate of Designations (the FMV Determination Date ), then the value shall be determined by an independent, nationally recognized valuation firm selected by the Corporation and the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders. If the foregoing parties cannot agree on such independent, nationally recognized valuation firm within thirty (30) days following the FMV Determination Date, then the Board of Directors, on the one hand, and the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders, on the other hand, each shall select a valuation firm and such valuation firms in turn shall select a third valuation firm the appraisal of which shall be controlling. The determination of such valuation firm (as finally selected hereunder) shall be final and binding upon the parties, and the fees and expenses of such appraiser shall be borne by the Corporation.
Section 12. Record Holders . To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the Corporation and the transfer agent for the Series A Preferred Stock may deem and treat the record holder of any share of Series A Preferred Stock as the true and lawful owner thereof for all purposes, and neither the Corporation nor such transfer agent shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.
Section 13. Notices . All notices or communications in respect of Series A Preferred Stock shall be sufficiently given if given in writing and delivered in person or by first class mail, postage prepaid, or if given in such other manner as may be permitted herein, in the Certificate of Incorporation or By-laws or by applicable law.
Section 14. No Other Rights . The shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall not have any voting powers, preferences or relative, participating, optional or other special rights, or qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, other than as set forth herein or in the Certificate of Incorporation, the Registration Rights Agreement, the Stockholders Agreement or as provided by applicable law.
Exhibit 3.2
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FORM OF
AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
OF
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.
Dated as of January [ · ], 2017
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CONTENTS
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Page # |
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ARTICLE I. |
OFFICES |
1 |
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Section 1.01 |
Registered Office |
1 |
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ARTICLE II. |
MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS |
1 |
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Section 2.01 |
Place of Meetings |
1 |
Section 2.02 |
Annual Meetings |
1 |
Section 2.03 |
Special Meetings |
1 |
Section 2.04 |
Notice of Meetings |
1 |
Section 2.05 |
Adjournments |
2 |
Section 2.06 |
Quorum |
2 |
Section 2.07 |
Organization |
3 |
Section 2.08 |
Voting; Proxies |
3 |
Section 2.09 |
Fixing Date for Determination of Stockholders of Record |
3 |
Section 2.10 |
List of Stockholders |
4 |
Section 2.11 |
Inspector(s) of Election |
5 |
Section 2.12 |
Conduct of Meetings |
6 |
Section 2.13 |
Notice of Stockholder Business and Nominations |
6 |
Section 2.14 |
Submission of Questionnaire, Representation and Agreement |
11 |
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ARTICLE III. |
BOARD OF DIRECTORS |
12 |
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Section 3.01 |
Powers |
12 |
Section 3.02 |
Number; Qualifications |
12 |
Section 3.03 |
Election; Resignation; Vacancies |
12 |
Section 3.04 |
Regular Meetings |
14 |
Section 3.05 |
Special Meetings |
14 |
Section 3.06 |
Telephonic Meetings Permitted |
15 |
Section 3.07 |
Quorum; Vote Required for Action |
16 |
Section 3.08 |
Organization |
16 |
Section 3.09 |
Action by Unanimous Consent of Directors |
16 |
Section 3.10 |
Compensation of Directors |
17 |
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ARTICLE IV. |
COMMITTEES |
17 |
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Section 4.01 |
Committees |
17 |
Section 4.02 |
Committee Rules |
17 |
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ARTICLE V. |
OFFICERS |
18 |
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Section 5.01 |
Officers |
18 |
Section 5.02 |
Chief Executive Officer |
18 |
Section 5.03 |
President |
18 |
Section 5.04 |
Vice President |
18 |
Section 5.05 |
Chairman of the Board |
19 |
Section 5.06 |
Chief Financial Officer |
19 |
Section 5.07 |
Secretary |
19 |
CONTENTS
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Page # |
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Section 5.08 |
Appointing Attorneys and Agents; Voting Securities of Other Entities |
19 |
Section 5.09 |
Election and Term of Office |
20 |
Section 5.10 |
Compensation |
20 |
Section 5.11 |
Removal, Resignation and Vacancies |
20 |
Section 5.12 |
Additional Matters |
20 |
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ARTICLE VI. |
STOCK |
20 |
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Section 6.01 |
Certificates |
20 |
Section 6.02 |
Special Designation on Certificate |
21 |
Section 6.03 |
Public Benefit Corporation Notice |
21 |
Section 6.04 |
Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Stock Certificates; Issuance of New Certificates |
21 |
Section 6.05 |
Transfer of Shares |
21 |
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ARTICLE VII. |
INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES |
22 |
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Section 7.01 |
Right to Indemnification |
22 |
Section 7.02 |
Right to Advancement of Expenses |
22 |
Section 7.03 |
Right of Indemnitee to Bring Suit |
23 |
Section 7.04 |
Indemnification Not Exclusive |
23 |
Section 7.05 |
Corporate Obligations; Reliance |
25 |
Section 7.06 |
Indemnification of Employees and Agents of the Corporation |
25 |
Section 7.07 |
Insurance |
25 |
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ARTICLE VIII. |
PUBLIC BENEFIT CORPORATION PROVISIONS |
25 |
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Section 8.01 |
Required Statement in Stockholder Meeting Notice |
25 |
Section 8.02 |
Periodic Statements |
26 |
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ARTICLE IX. |
MISCELLANEOUS |
26 |
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Section 9.01 |
Fiscal Year |
26 |
Section 9.02 |
Seal and Attestation |
26 |
Section 9.03 |
Manner of Notice |
26 |
Section 9.04 |
Waiver of Notice of Meetings of Stockholders, Directors and Committees |
27 |
Section 9.05 |
Form of Records |
27 |
Section 9.06 |
Amendment of Bylaws |
27 |
ARTICLE I.
OFFICES
Section 1.01 Registered Office . The registered office and registered agent of Laureate Education, Inc., a public benefit corporation organized under the laws of Delaware (the Corporation ) in the State of Delaware shall be as set forth in the Certificate of Incorporation (as defined below). The Corporation may also have offices in such other places in the United States or elsewhere (and may change the Corporations registered agent) as the board of directors of the Corporation (the Board of Directors ) may, from time to time, determine or as the business of the Corporation may require.
ARTICLE II.
MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS
Section 2.01 Place of Meetings . Meetings of Stockholders of the Corporation (such Stockholders, the Stockholders ), may be held at any place, within or without the State of Delaware, as may be designated by the Board of Directors. In the absence of such designation, meetings of Stockholders shall be held at the principal executive office of the Corporation. The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that a meeting of Stockholders shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held solely by means of remote communication authorized by and in accordance with Section 211(a)(2) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
Section 2.02 Annual Meetings . If required by applicable law, an annual meeting of Stockholders shall be held for the election of directors at such date and time as may be designated by resolution of the Board of Directors from time to time. Any other proper business may be transacted at the annual meeting. The Corporation may postpone, reschedule or cancel any annual meeting of Stockholders previously scheduled by the Board of Directors.
Section 2.03 Special Meetings . Special meetings of Stockholders for any purpose or purposes may be called only in the manner provided in the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation dated as of January [ · ], 2017 (as the same may be further amended, restated, amended and restated or otherwise modified from time to time, and including any certificates of designations or other supplements thereto, the Certificate of Incorporation ). Special meetings validly called in accordance with Article VIII of the Certificate of Incorporation may be held at such date and time as specified in the applicable notice. Business transacted at any special meeting of Stockholders shall be limited to the purposes stated in the notice. The Corporation may postpone, reschedule or cancel any special meeting of Stockholders previously scheduled by the Board of Directors.
Section 2.04 Notice of Meetings . Whenever Stockholders are required or permitted to take any action at a meeting, a notice of the meeting shall be given that shall state the place, if any, date and hour of the meeting, the means of remote communications, if any, by which Stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting, the record date for determining the
Stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called. Unless otherwise provided by applicable law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these amended and restated bylaws adopted by the Board of Directors as of January [ · ], 2017 (as the same may be further amended, restated, amended and restated or otherwise modified from time to time, these Bylaws ), the notice of any meeting shall be given not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date of the meeting to each Stockholder as of the record date for determining the Stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting. Notwithstanding the foregoing, holders of the shares of Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A of the Corporation (the Series A Preferred Stock ) shall be entitled to notice of all meetings of Stockholders in accordance with the terms of these Bylaws. If mailed, such notice shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid, directed to the Stockholder at such Stockholders address as it appears on the records of the Corporation.
Section 2.05 Adjournments . Any meeting of Stockholders, annual or special, may adjourn from time to time to reconvene at the same or some other place, if any, and notice need not be given of any such adjourned meeting if the time and place, if any, thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken. At the adjourned meeting the Corporation may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more than thirty (30) days, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each Stockholder of record entitled to notice of the meeting; provided , however , that all holders of the Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting. If after the adjournment a new record date for determination of Stockholders entitled to notice is fixed for the adjourned meeting, the Board of Directors shall fix the record date for determining Stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting as provided in Section 2.09(a) of these Bylaws, and shall give notice of the adjourned meeting to each Stockholder of record as of the record date so fixed for notice of such adjourned meeting. If mailed, such notice shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid, directed to the Stockholder at such Stockholders address as it appears on the records of the Corporation.
Section 2.06 Quorum . Except as otherwise provided by applicable law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, and subject to the rights of the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock, at any meeting of Stockholders the presence or participation in person or by proxy of the holders of a majority in voting power of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation ( Stock ) entitled to notice of the meeting shall be necessary and sufficient to constitute a quorum. In the absence of a quorum, the Stockholders so present may, by a majority in voting power thereof, adjourn the meeting from time to time in the manner provided in Section 2.05 of these Bylaws until a quorum shall attend or participate. Shares of Stock belonging to the Corporation or to another corporation, if a majority of the shares entitled or required to vote in the election of directors of such other corporation is held, directly or indirectly, by the Corporation, shall neither be entitled or required to vote nor be counted for quorum purposes; provided, however , that the foregoing shall not limit the right of the Corporation or any subsidiary of the Corporation to vote shares of Stock held by it in a fiduciary capacity.
Section 2.07 Organization . Such person as the Board of Directors may have designated or, in the absence of such a person, the Chief Executive Officer, or in his or her absence, the President or, in his or her absence, such person as may be chosen by the majority of the Stockholders entitled or required to vote at the meeting who are present, in person or by proxy, shall call to order any meeting of Stockholders and act as chairperson of the meeting. The Secretary shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in his or her absence, the chairperson of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting.
Section 2.08 Voting; Proxies . Except as otherwise provided by or pursuant to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, each Stockholder entitled or required to vote at any meeting of Stockholders shall be entitled to one vote for each share of Stock held by such Stockholder which has voting power upon the matter in question. Each Stockholder entitled or required to vote at a meeting of Stockholders or express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting (if permitted by the Certificate of Incorporation) may authorize another person or persons to act for such Stockholder by proxy, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. A proxy shall be irrevocable if it states that it is irrevocable and if, and only as long as, it is coupled with an interest sufficient in law to support an irrevocable power. A Stockholder may revoke any proxy which is not irrevocable by attending the meeting and voting in person or by delivering to the Secretary a revocation of the proxy or a new proxy bearing a later date. Voting at meetings of Stockholders need not be by written ballot. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation or that certain Wengen Securityholders Agreement dated July 11, 2007, as may be amended and/or restated from time to time, by and among Wengen Alberta, Limited Partnership and the other parties thereto (the Wengen Securityholders Agreement ), at all meetings of Stockholders for the election of directors at which a quorum is present, a plurality of the votes cast shall be sufficient to elect directors. All other elections and questions presented to the Stockholders at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall, unless otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, these Bylaws, the rules or regulations of any stock exchange applicable to the Corporation, or applicable law or pursuant to any regulation applicable to the Corporation or its securities, be decided by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the shares of Stock which are present in person or by proxy and entitled or required to vote thereon. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, certain decisions and actions to be taken by the Corporation are subject to the prior written consent of a number of shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, so long as any shares of the Series A Preferred Stock remain outstanding, as set forth in the Certificate of Incorporation.
Section 2.09 Fixing Date for Determination of Stockholders of Record .
(a) In order that the Corporation may determine the Stockholders entitled to notice of any meeting of Stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date shall, unless otherwise required by applicable law, not be more than sixty (60) nor
less than ten (10) days before the date of such meeting. If the Board of Directors so fixes a date, such date shall also be the record date for determining the Stockholders entitled or required to vote at such meeting unless the Board of Directors determines, at the time it fixes such record date, that a later date on or before the date of the meeting shall be the date for making such determination. If no record date is fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for determining Stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of Stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held. A determination of Stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of Stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however , that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for determination of Stockholders entitled or required to vote at the adjourned meeting, and in such case shall also fix as the record date for Stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting the same or an earlier date as that fixed for determination of Stockholders entitled or required to vote in accordance herewith at the adjourned meeting.
(b) Unless otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, in order that the Corporation may determine the Stockholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of Stock or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and which record date shall not be more than sixty (60) days prior to such action. If no such record date is fixed, the record date for determining Stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating thereto.
(c) Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, in order that the Corporation may determine the Stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date shall not be more than ten (10) days after the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors. If no record date for determining Stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting is fixed by the Board of Directors, (i) when no prior action of the Board of Directors is required by applicable law or the Certificate of Incorporation, the record date for such purpose shall be the first date on which a signed written consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the Corporation in accordance with applicable law, and (ii) if prior action by the Board of Directors is required by applicable law or the Certificate of Incorporation, the record date for such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution taking such prior action.
Section 2.10 List of Stockholders . The officer who has charge of the stock ledger of the Corporation shall prepare at least ten (10) days before any meeting of
Stockholders, a complete list of the Stockholders entitled or required to vote at the meeting ( provided, however , that if the record date for determining the Stockholders entitled or required to vote is less than ten (10) days before the date of the meeting, the list shall reflect the Stockholders entitled or required to vote as of a date that is no more than ten (10) days before the meeting date), arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each Stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each Stockholder as of the record date (or such other date). Such list shall be open to the examination of any Stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting at least ten (10) days prior to the meeting during ordinary business hours at the principal place of business of the Corporation. If the meeting is to be held at a place, then a list of Stockholders entitled or required to vote at the meeting shall be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time thereof and may be examined by any Stockholder who is present thereat. If the meeting is to be held solely by means of remote communication, then the list shall also be open to the examination of any Stockholder during the whole time of the meeting on a reasonably accessible electronic network, and the information required to access such list shall be provided with the notice of the meeting. Except as otherwise provided by applicable law, the stock ledger shall be the only evidence as to who are the Stockholders entitled to examine the list of Stockholders required by this Section 2.10 or to vote in person or by proxy at any meeting of Stockholders.
Section 2.11 Inspector(s) of Election . The Corporation may, and shall if required by applicable law, in advance of any meeting of Stockholders, appoint one or more inspectors of election, who may be employees of the Corporation, to act at the meeting or any adjournment thereof and to make a written report thereof. The Corporation may designate one or more persons as alternate inspectors to replace any inspector who fails to act. In the event that no inspector so appointed or designated is able to act at a meeting of Stockholders, the person presiding at the meeting shall appoint one or more inspectors to act at the meeting. Each inspector, before entering upon the discharge of his or her duties, shall take and sign an oath to execute faithfully the duties of inspector with strict impartiality and according to the best of his or her ability. Each inspector so appointed or designated shall (i) ascertain the number of shares of Stock outstanding and the voting power of each such share, (ii) determine the shares of Stock represented at the meeting and the validity of proxies and ballots, (iii) count all votes and ballots, (iv) determine and retain for a reasonable period a record of the disposition of any challenges made to any determination by the inspector(s), and (v) certify his or her determination of the number of shares of Stock represented at the meeting and such inspectors count of all votes and ballots. Such certification and report shall specify such other information as may be required by applicable law. No ballot, proxies, votes or any revocation thereof or change thereto shall be accepted by the inspector(s) after the closing of the polls unless the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware upon application by a Stockholder shall determine otherwise. In determining the validity and counting of proxies and ballots cast at any meeting of Stockholders, the inspector(s) may consider such information as is permitted by applicable law. No person who is a candidate for an office at an election may serve as an inspector at such election.
Section 2.12 Conduct of Meetings . The date and time of the opening and the closing of the polls for each matter upon which the Stockholders will vote at a meeting shall be announced at the meeting by the person presiding over the meeting. The Board of Directors may adopt by resolution such rules and regulations for the conduct of the meeting of Stockholders as it shall deem appropriate. Except to the extent inconsistent with such rules and regulations as adopted by the Board of Directors, the person presiding over any meeting of Stockholders shall have the right and authority to convene and (for any or no reason) to recess and/or adjourn the meeting, to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such presiding person, are appropriate for the proper conduct of the meeting. Such rules, regulations or procedures, whether adopted by the Board of Directors or prescribed by the presiding person of the meeting, may include, without limitation, the following: (i) the establishment of an agenda or order of business for the meeting; (ii) rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of those present; (iii) limitations on attendance at or participation in the meeting to Stockholders entitled or required to vote at the meeting, their duly authorized and constituted proxies or such other persons as the presiding person of the meeting shall determine; (iv) restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed for the commencement thereof; and (v) limitations on the time allotted to questions or comments by participants. The presiding person at any meeting of Stockholders, in addition to making any other determinations that may be appropriate to the conduct of the meeting, shall, if the facts warrant, determine and declare to the meeting that a matter or business was not properly brought before the meeting, and, if such presiding person should so determine, such presiding person shall so declare to the meeting and any such matter or business not properly brought before the meeting shall not be transacted or considered. Unless and to the extent determined by the Board of Directors or the person presiding over the meeting, meetings of Stockholders shall not be required to be held in accordance with the rules of parliamentary procedure.
Section 2.13 Notice of Stockholder Business and Nominations .
(a) Annual Meetings of Stockholders .
(i) Except as otherwise provided by or pursuant to the Certificate of Incorporation or that certain Stockholders Agreement, dated December 20, 2016 (the Stockholders Agreement ), by and among the Corporation and certain stockholders of the Corporation, nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors and the proposal of other business to be considered by the Stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of Stockholders only (A) pursuant to the Corporations notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto), (B) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or the nominating and corporate governance committee thereof or (C) by any Stockholder who is a Stockholder of record at the time the notice provided for in this Section 2.13 is delivered to the Secretary, who is entitled or required to vote at the meeting and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 2.13 .
(ii) Except as otherwise provided by or pursuant to the Certificate of Incorporation or the Stockholders Agreement, for any nominations or other
business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a Stockholder pursuant to Section 2.13(a)(i)(C) of these Bylaws, the Stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in writing to the Secretary and any such proposed business (other than the nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors) must constitute a proper matter for Stockholder action. To be timely, a Stockholders notice shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the ninetieth (90th) day, nor earlier than the close of business on the one hundred twentieth (120th) day, prior to the first anniversary of the preceding years annual meeting ( provided, however , that in the event that the date of the annual meeting is more than thirty (30) days before or more than seventy (70) days after such anniversary date, notice by the Stockholder must be so delivered not earlier than the close of business on the one hundred twentieth (120th) day prior to such annual meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the ninetieth (90th) day prior to such annual meeting or the tenth (10th) day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made by the Corporation). In no event shall the public announcement of an adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a Stockholders notice as described above. To be in proper form, such Stockholders notice must:
(A) as to each person whom the Stockholder proposes to nominate for election as a director of the Corporation, set forth (I) all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of directors in an election contest, or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to and in accordance with Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act ), and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, and (II) such persons written consent to being named in the proxy statement as a nominee and to serving as a director of the Corporation if elected;
(B) with respect to each nominee for election or reelection to the Board of Directors, include the completed and signed questionnaire, representation and agreement required by Section 2.14 of these Bylaws;
(C) as to any other business that the Stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, set forth a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the meeting, the text of the proposal or business (including the text of any resolutions proposed for consideration and, in the event that such business includes a proposal to amend these Bylaws, the language of the proposed amendment), the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting and any material interest in such business of such Stockholder and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the
proposal is made; and
(D) as to the Stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made, set forth (I) the name and address of such Stockholder, as they appear on the Corporations books, and of such beneficial owner, (II) the class or series and number of shares of Stock which are owned beneficially and of record by such Stockholder and such beneficial owner, (III) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding with respect to the nomination or proposal between or among such Stockholder and/or such beneficial owner, any of their respective affiliates or associates, and any others acting in concert with any of the foregoing, including, in the case of a nomination, the nominee, (IV) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any derivative or short positions, profit interests, options, warrants, convertible securities, stock appreciation or similar rights, hedging transactions, and borrowed or loaned shares) that has been entered into as of the date of the Stockholders notice by, or on behalf of, such Stockholder and such beneficial owner, whether or not such instrument or right shall be subject to settlement in underlying shares of Stock, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to, manage risk or benefit of share price changes for, or increase or decrease the voting power of, such Stockholder or such beneficial owner, with respect to securities of the Corporation, (V) a representation that such Stockholder is a holder of record of Stock entitled or required to vote at such meeting and intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to propose such business or nomination, (VI) a representation whether such Stockholder or such beneficial owner, if any, intends or is part of a group which intends (x) to deliver a proxy statement and/or form of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of outstanding Stock required to approve or adopt the proposal or elect the nominee and/or (y) otherwise to solicit proxies or votes from Stockholders in support of such proposal or nomination, and (VII) any other information relating to such Stockholder and such beneficial owner, if any, required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for, as applicable, the proposal and/or for the election of directors in an election contest pursuant to and in accordance with Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
The foregoing notice requirements of this Section 2.13(a) shall be deemed satisfied by a Stockholder with respect to business other than a nomination for election as a director of the Corporation if such Stockholder has notified the Corporation of his, her or its intention to present a proposal at an annual meeting
in compliance with applicable rules and regulations promulgated under the Exchange Act and such Stockholders proposal has been included in a proxy statement that has been prepared by the Corporation to solicit proxies for such annual meeting. The Corporation may require any proposed nominee for election as a director of the Corporation to furnish such other information as the Corporation may reasonably require to determine the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve as a director of the Corporation.
(iii) Notwithstanding anything in the second sentence of Section 2.13(a)(ii) of these Bylaws to the contrary, in the event that the number of directors to be elected to the Board of Directors at the annual meeting is increased effective after the time period for which nominations would otherwise be due under Section 2.13(a)(ii) of these Bylaws and there is no public announcement by the Corporation naming the nominees for the additional directorships at least one hundred (100) days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding years annual meeting, a Stockholders notice required by this Section 2.13 shall also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for the additional directorships, if it shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which such public announcement is first made by the Corporation.
(b) S pecial Meetings of Stockholders . Except to the extent required by applicable law, special meetings of Stockholders may be called only in accordance with Article VIII of the Certificate of Incorporation. Only such business as shall have been brought before the meeting pursuant to the Corporations notice of meeting shall be conducted at a special meeting of Stockholders. Except as otherwise provided by or pursuant to the Certificate of Incorporation or the Stockholders Agreement, nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors may be made at a special meeting of Stockholders at which directors are to be elected pursuant to the Corporations notice of meeting (1) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or the nominating and corporate governance committee thereof or (2) provided that the Board of Directors has determined that directors shall be elected at such meeting, by any Stockholder who is a Stockholder of record at the time the notice provided for in this Section 2.13 is delivered to the Secretary, who is entitled or required to vote at the meeting and upon such election and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 2.13 . In the event that the Corporation calls a special meeting of Stockholders for the purpose of electing one or more directors to the Board of Directors, and except as otherwise provided by or pursuant to the Certificate of Incorporation or the Stockholders Agreement, any Stockholder entitled or required to vote in such election of directors may nominate a person or persons (as the case may be) for election to such position(s) as specified in the Corporations notice of meeting if such Stockholder delivers the Stockholders notice required by Section 2.13(a)(ii) of these Bylaws (including the completed and signed questionnaire, representation and agreement required by Section 2.14 of these Bylaws and any other information, documents, affidavits, or certifications required by the Corporation) to the Secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation not earlier than the close of
business on the one hundred twentieth (120th) day prior to such special meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the ninetieth (90th) day prior to such special meeting or the tenth (10th) day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date of the special meeting and of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be elected at such meeting. In no event shall the public announcement of an adjournment or postponement of a special meeting commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a Stockholders notice as described above.
(c) General .
(i) Except as otherwise expressly provided in any applicable rule or regulation promulgated under the Exchange Act, the Certificate of Incorporation or the Stockholders Agreement, only such persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.13 shall be eligible to be elected at an annual or special meeting of Stockholders to serve as directors, and only such business as shall have been brought before the meeting in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.13 shall be conducted at a meeting of Stockholders. Except as otherwise provided by applicable law, the Certificate of Incorporation or the Stockholders Agreement, the chairperson of the meeting shall have the power and duty (A) to determine whether a nomination or any business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made or proposed, as the case may be, in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.13 (including whether the Stockholder or beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made or solicited (or is part of a group which solicited) or did not so solicit, as the case may be, proxies or votes in support of such Stockholders nominee or proposal in compliance with such Stockholders representation as required by Section 2.13(a)(ii)(D)(VI) of these Bylaws) and (B) if any proposed nomination or business was not made or proposed in compliance with this Section 2.13 , to declare that such nomination shall be disregarded or that such proposed business shall not be transacted. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 2.13 , unless otherwise required by applicable law, if a Stockholder (or a qualified representative of such Stockholder) does not appear at the annual or special meeting of Stockholders to present his, her or its nomination or proposed business, such nomination shall be disregarded and such proposed business shall not be transacted, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation. For purposes of this Section 2.13 , to be considered a qualified representative of the Stockholder, a person must be a duly authorized officer, manager or partner of such Stockholder or must be authorized by a writing executed by such Stockholder or an electronic transmission delivered by such Stockholder to act for such Stockholder as proxy at the meeting of Stockholders and such person must produce such writing or electronic transmission, or a reliable reproduction of the writing or electronic transmission, at the meeting of Stockholders.
(ii) For purposes of this Section 2.13 , close of business shall mean 5:00
p.m. local time at the principal executive offices of the Corporation on any calendar day, whether or not the day is a business day, and public announcement shall include disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or other national news service or in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
(iii) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 2.13 , a Stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of the Certificate of Incorporation, the Stockholders Agreement, the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Section 2.13 ; provided, however , that any references in these Bylaws to the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder are not intended to and shall not limit any requirements applicable to nominations or proposals as to any other business to be considered pursuant to this Section 2.13 (including clause (a)(i)(C) hereof and clause (b) hereof), and compliance with clauses (a)(i)(C) and (b) of this Section 2.13 shall be the exclusive means for a Stockholder to make nominations or submit other business (other than, as provided in the penultimate sentence of clause (a)(ii) hereof, business other than nominations brought properly under and in compliance with Rule 14a-8 promulgated under the Exchange Act, as may be amended from time to time). Nothing in this Section 2.13 shall be deemed to affect any rights (x) of Stockholders to request inclusion of proposals or nominations in the Corporations proxy statement pursuant to applicable rules and regulations promulgated under the Exchange Act or (y) of the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock to elect directors pursuant to any applicable provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation.
(iv) The provisions of this Section 2.13 shall not apply (x) for either so long as (A) shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the Corporation remain outstanding, or (B) the Wengen Securityholders Agreement is in effect, to the appointment of directors by Sponsor-Affiliates (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation), and (y) to the appointment of any Additional Investor Director (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation), in each case at any annual or special meeting of Stockholders.
Section 2.14 Submission of Questionnaire, Representation and Agreement . To be eligible to be a nominee for election or reelection as a director of the Corporation, the candidate for nomination must have previously delivered (in accordance with the time periods prescribed for delivery of notice under Section 2.13 of these Bylaws), to the Secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation, (a) a completed and signed questionnaire (in the form provided by the Corporation) with respect to the background, qualifications, stock ownership and independence of such proposed nominee and (b) a written representation and agreement (in the form provided by the Corporation) that such candidate for nomination (i) other than with respect to the Additional Investor Directors
and candidates nominated by the Sponsor-Affiliates, is not and, if elected as a director during his or her term of office, will not become a party to (A) except as required by the Certificate of Incorporation and the Stockholders Agreement, any agreement, arrangement or understanding with, and has not given and will not give any commitment or assurance to, any person or entity as to how such proposed nominee, if elected as a director of the Corporation, will act or vote on any issue or question (a Voting Commitment ) or (B) any Voting Commitment that could limit or interfere with such proposed nominees ability to comply, if elected as a director of the Corporation, with such proposed nominees fiduciary duties under applicable law, (ii) other than with respect to the Additional Investor Directors and candidates nominated by the Sponsor-Affiliates, is not, and will not become a party to, any agreement, arrangement or understanding with any person or entity other than the Corporation with respect to any direct or indirect compensation or reimbursement for service as a director and (iii) if elected as a director of the Corporation, will comply with all applicable corporate governance, conflict of interest, confidentiality, stock ownership and trading and other policies and guidelines of the Corporation applicable to directors and in effect during such persons term in office as a director of the Corporation (and, if requested by any candidate for nomination, the Secretary shall provide to such candidate for nomination all such policies and guidelines then in effect).
ARTICLE III.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Section 3.01 Powers . Subject to the provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, as the same now exists or may hereafter be amended (the Delaware General Corporation Law ), and any limitations in the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws relating to action required to be approved by the Stockholders or by the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of the outstanding shares of Stock entitled or required to vote generally in the election of directors, the business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed, and all corporate powers shall be exercised, by or under the direction of the Board of Directors.
Section 3.02 Number; Qualifications . Subject to the rights of the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock to elect additional directors pursuant to the terms of the Certificate of Incorporation, the total number of authorized directors constituting the Board of Directors (the Whole Board ) shall be fixed from time to time exclusively by the Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the directors then in office; provided , however , that the number of directors which shall constitute the Whole Board shall not be less than three (3) nor more than fifteen (15), plus any Additional Investor Directors, and each director shall be a natural person. No reduction of the authorized number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director before such directors term of office expires. Unless otherwise provided by applicable law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, directors need not be Stockholders of the Corporation.
Section 3.03 Election; Resignation; Vacancies . Except as otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, the Stockholders Agreement or the Wengen
Securityholders Agreement: (i) directors shall be elected at each annual meeting of Stockholders to hold office until the next annual meeting; (ii) each director, including a director elected to fill a vacancy, shall hold office until his or her successor is elected and qualified or until his or her earlier resignation or removal; (iii) any director may resign at any time upon written notice to the attention of the President or Secretary at the principal office of the Corporation; and (iv) any director may be removed at any time with or without cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the shares of Stock then entitled or required to vote at an election of directors. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 223(a)(1) and 223(a)(2) of the Delaware General Corporation Law, and except as otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, the Stockholders Agreement or the Wengen Securityholders Agreement, any vacancy or newly created directorship may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office (including any directors that have tendered a resignation effective at a future date), though less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director, and the director so chosen shall hold office until the next annual election and until his or her successor is duly elected and shall qualify, unless sooner displaced; provided , however , that where such vacancy or newly created directorship occurs among the directors elected by the holders of a class or series of stock, the holders of shares of such class or series may override the Board of Directors action to fill such vacancy or newly created directorship by (i) voting for their own designee to fill such vacancy or newly created directorship at a meeting of Stockholders or (ii) written consent, if the consenting Stockholders hold a sufficient number of shares to elect their designee at a meeting of Stockholders.
Except as otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, if at any time, by reason of death or resignation or other cause, the Corporation should have no directors in office, then any officer or any Stockholder or an executor, administrator, trustee or guardian of a Stockholder, or other fiduciary entrusted with like responsibility for the person or estate of a Stockholder, may call a special meeting of Stockholders in accordance with the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, or may apply to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware for a decree summarily ordering an election as provided in Section 211 of the Delaware General Corporation Law.
Except as otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, if, at the time of filling any vacancy or any newly created directorship, the directors then in office constitute less than a majority of the Whole Board (as constituted immediately prior to any such increase), then the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware may, upon application of any Stockholder or Stockholders holding at least 10% of the total number of the shares of Stock then entitled or required to vote at an election of directors, summarily order an election to be held to fill any such vacancy or newly created directorship, or to replace the directors chosen by the directors then in office as aforesaid, which election shall be governed by the provisions of Section 211 of the Delaware General Corporation Law as far as applicable.
Any director nominated and elected by the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to the Certificate of Incorporation shall serve for the period of time determined in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Certificate of Incorporation.
Section 3.04 Regular Meetings . Prior to any Additional Investor Director being appointed to the Board of Directors in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation: (1) regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any time or place, if any, within or without the State of Delaware whenever called by the Chairperson, the Chief Executive Officer, the Secretary or by any two members of the Board of Directors; (2) notice shall be duly given to each director or such other person by (i) giving notice to such director and other person in person or by telephone, electronic transmission or voice message system at least twenty-four (24) hours in advance of the meeting, (ii) sending a facsimile to such directors and other persons facsimile number as it appears in the records of the Corporation, or delivering written notice by hand to such directors and other persons address as it appears in the records of the Corporation, at least twenty-four (24) hours in advance of the meeting, or (iii) mailing a written notice, addressed to such director or other person at their respective address as it appears in the records of the Corporation, at least seventy-two (72) hours in advance of the meeting (with such notice deemed to be delivered when deposited in the United States mail so addressed, with postage thereon prepaid); (3) any director may waive notice of any meeting, either before or after such meeting, by signing a waiver of notice that is filed with the records of the meeting; (4) attendance of a director at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, in each case, except where such director attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened; and (5) the business to be transacted at and the purpose of any meeting of the Board of Directors need not be specified. From and after any Additional Investor Director being appointed to the Board of Directors in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation: (1) notice shall be duly given to each director or such other person by (i) giving notice to such director and other person in person or by telephone, electronic transmission or voice message system at least forty-eight (48) hours in advance of the meeting, (ii) sending a facsimile to such directors and other persons facsimile number as it appears in the records of the Corporation, or delivering written notice by hand to such directors and other persons address as it appears in the records of the Corporation, at least forty-eight (48) hours in advance of the meeting, or (iii) mailing written notice, addressed to such director or other person at their respective address as it appears in the records of the Corporation, at least seventy-two (72) hours in advance of the meeting (with such notice deemed to be delivered when deposited in the United States mail so addressed, with postage thereon prepaid); (2) any director may waive notice of any meeting, either before or after such meeting, by signing a waiver of notice that is filed with the records of the meeting; (3) attendance of a director at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, in each case, except where such director attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened; and (4) the business to be transacted at and the purpose of any meeting of the Board of Directors shall be specified in reasonable detail in the notice and waiver of notice of such meeting.
Section 3.05 Special Meetings . Prior to any Additional Investor Director being appointed to the Board of Directors in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation: (1) special meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any time or place, if any,
within or without the State of Delaware whenever called by the Chairperson the Chief Executive Officer, the Secretary or by any two members of the Board of Directors; (2) notice shall be duly given to each director or such other person by (i) giving notice to such director and other person in person or by telephone, electronic transmission or voice message system at least twenty-four (24) hours in advance of the meeting, (ii) sending a facsimile to such directors and other persons facsimile number as it appears in the records of the Corporation, or delivering written notice by hand to such directors and other persons address as it appears in the records of the Corporation, at least twenty-four (24) hours in advance of the meeting, or (iii) mailing written notice, addressed to such director or other person at their respective address as it appears in the records of the Corporation, at least seventy-two (72) hours in advance of the meeting (with such notice deemed to be delivered when deposited in the United States mail so addressed, with postage thereon prepaid); (3) any director may waive notice of any meeting, either before or after such meeting, by signing a waiver of notice that is filed with the records of the meeting; (4) attendance of a director at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, in each case, except where such director attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened; and (5) the business to be transacted at and the purpose of any meeting of the Board of Directors need not be specified. From and after any Additional Investor Director being appointed to the Board of Directors in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation: (1) special meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any time or place, if any, within or without the State of Delaware whenever called by the Chairperson, a Vice Chairperson, the Chief Executive Officer, the Secretary, by any two members of the Board of Directors or any Additional Investor Director; (2) notice shall be duly given to each director or such other person by (i) giving notice to such director and other person in person or by telephone, electronic transmission or voice message system at least forty-eight (48) hours in advance of the meeting, (ii) sending a facsimile to such directors and other persons facsimile number as it appears in the records of the Corporation, or delivering written notice by hand to such directors and other persons address as it appears in the records of the Corporation, at least forty-eight (48) hours in advance of the meeting, or (iii) mailing written notice, addressed to such director or other person at their respective address as it appears in the records of the Corporation, at least seventy-two (72) hours in advance of the meeting (with such notice deemed to be delivered when deposited in the United States mail so addressed, with postage thereon prepaid); (3) any director may waive notice of any meeting, either before or after such meeting, by signing a waiver of notice that is filed with the records of the meeting; (4) attendance of a director at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, in each case, except where such director attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened; and (5) the business to be transacted at and the purpose of any meeting of the Board of Directors shall be specified in reasonable detail in the notice and waiver of notice of such meeting.
Section 3.06 Telephonic Meetings Permitted . Members of the Board of Directors, or any committee designated by the Board of Directors, may participate in a meeting thereof by means of conference telephone or other communications equipment
by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and participation in a meeting pursuant to this Section 3.06 shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.
Section 3.07 Quorum; Vote Required for Action . At all meetings of the Board of Directors, the directors entitled to cast a majority of the votes of the Whole Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business; provided that, solely for the purposes of filling vacancies pursuant to Section 3.03 of these Bylaws, a meeting of the Board of Directors may be held if a majority of the directors then in office participate in such meeting. Unless the Delaware General Corporation Law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws requires a greater proportion, a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board of Directors. If a quorum is not present at any meeting of the Board of Directors, then the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum is present. A meeting at which a quorum is initially present may continue to transact business notwithstanding the withdrawal of directors, if any action taken is approved by at least a majority of the required quorum for that meeting.
Except as otherwise provided by or pursuant to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, (a) if any directors attendance at any meeting of the Board of Directors or a committee of the Board of Directors, or any portion thereof, in the reasonable judgment of the Board of Directors, would create a conflict of interest, then such director shall recuse himself or herself from the portion of such meeting that would create such conflict and (b) to the extent that receipt of materials or other information provided to directors at any meeting of the Board of Directors or a committee of the Board of Directors would create, in the reasonable judgment of the Board of Directors, a conflict of interest with respect to any director, such director shall not receive such materials or other information.
Section 3.08 Organization . Such person as the Board of Directors may have designated or, in the absence of such a person, the Chief Executive Officer, or in his or her absence, the President or, in his or her absence, such person as may be chosen by the majority of the directors who are present at the meeting, shall call to order any meeting of the Board of Directors and act as chairperson of the meeting. The Secretary shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in his or her absence the chairperson of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting.
Section 3.09 Action by Unanimous Consent of Directors . Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or of any committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if all of the members of the Board of Directors or such committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission and the writing or writings or electronic transmissions are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors or such committee in accordance with applicable law.
Any copy, facsimile or other reliable reproduction of a consent in writing may be substituted or used in lieu of the original writing for any and all purposes for which the original writing could be used, provided that such copy, facsimile or other reproduction shall be a complete reproduction of the entire original writing.
Section 3.10 Compensation of Directors . Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, the Board of Directors or a committee designated by the Board of Directors shall have the authority to fix the compensation of directors. The directors may be paid their expenses, if any, of attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors or a committee of the Board of Directors and may be paid a fixed sum for attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors or such committee or a stated salary or other compensation as a director. No such payment shall preclude any director from serving the Corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor. Members of special or standing committees may be allowed like compensation for attending committee meetings. Any director of the Corporation may decline any or all such compensation payable to such director in his or her discretion.
ARTICLE IV.
COMMITTEES
Section 4.01 Committees . Except as otherwise provided by or pursuant to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, (i) the Board of Directors may designate one or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation; (ii) the Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of such committee; (iii) the absence or disqualification of a member of any committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he, she or they constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in place of any such absent or disqualified member; and (iv) any such committee, to the extent permitted by applicable law and to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors, shall have and may exercise all of the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation, and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers which may require it, but no such committee shall have the power or authority in reference to the following matter: (i) approving or adopting, or recommending to the Stockholders, any action or matter (other than the election or removal of directors) expressly required by the Delaware General Corporation Law to be submitted to the Stockholders for approval or (ii) adopting, amending or repealing any bylaw of the Corporation.
Section 4.02 Committee Rules . Except as otherwise provided by or pursuant to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, unless the Board of Directors otherwise provides, each committee designated by the Board of Directors may make, alter and repeal rules for the conduct of its business. In the absence of such rules, each committee shall conduct its business in the same manner as the Board of Directors conducts its business pursuant to Article III of these Bylaws.
ARTICLE V.
OFFICERS
Section 5.01 Officers . The officers of the Corporation shall be a President and a Secretary, and such other officers as the Board of Directors may appoint, including a Chairman of the Board, a Chief Financial Officer, one or more Vice Presidents and such other officers, assistant or deputy officers and agents, as may be elected from time to time by or under the authority of the Board of Directors, who shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as are provided in these Bylaws and as may be determined from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors. Any two or more offices may be held by the same person, but any person who holds more than one office may not act in more than one capacity to execute, acknowledge or verify any instrument required by applicable law to be executed, acknowledged or verified by more than one officer. The Chairman of the Board, if one is appointed, shall be a director, and the other officers may be directors.
Section 5.02 Chief Executive Officer . The Board of Directors may elect or appoint a Chief Executive Officer, who may also be the President. The Chief Executive Officer shall, subject to the direction and control of the Board of Directors, supervise and control the business and affairs of the Corporation. In general, the Chief Executive Officer shall perform all duties incident to the position of chief executive officer or as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or these Bylaws from time to time.
Section 5.03 President . The President shall have general and active supervision over the business and affairs of the Corporation, shall insure that all lawful orders and resolutions of the Board of Directors are carried into effect, and, unless otherwise provided by the Board of Directors, shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and of the Stockholders. The President shall have the authority to execute bonds, mortgages, and other contracts requiring a seal, under the seal of the Corporation, except where required by applicable law to be otherwise signed and executed, and except where the execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by the Board of Directors to some other officer or agent of the Corporation. If the Board of Directors has elected or appointed a Chief Executive Officer who is different than the individual appointed as President, the Board of Directors may provide that the President report to the Chief Executive Officer. If the Board of Directors has not elected or appointed a Chief Executive Officer or the office of Chief Executive Officer is otherwise vacant, then, unless otherwise determined by the Board of Directors, the President shall also have all of the powers and duties of the Chief Executive Officer.
Section 5.04 Vice President . In the absence of the President or in the event of the Presidents inability or refusal to act, the Vice President (or in the event there be more than one Vice President, the Vice Presidents in the order designated by the Board of Directors, or in the absence of any designation, then in the order of their election) shall perform the duties of the President, and when so acting shall have all of the powers of, and be subject to all of the restrictions upon, the President. Each Vice President shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe.
Section 5.05 Chairman of the Board . If the directors shall appoint a Chairman of the Board, the Chairman of the Board shall, when present, preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as may be vested in the Chairman of the Board by the Board of Directors.
Section 5.06 Chief Financial Officer . The Chief Financial Officer shall have general charge and supervision of the financial affairs of the Corporation, including budgetary, accounting and statistical methods, and shall approve payment, or designate others serving under him or her to approve for payment, all vouchers and warrants for disbursements of funds, and, in general, shall perform such other duties as are incident to the office of a chief financial officer of a corporation, including those duties customarily performed by persons occupying such office, and shall perform such other duties as, from time to time, may be assigned to him or her by the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer (if one has been appointed), or, if a Chief Executive Officer has not been appointed, the President.
Section 5.07 Secretary . The Secretary shall attend all meetings of Stockholders and the Board of Directors shall record or cause to be recorded all of the proceedings of the meetings of the Stockholders and of the Board of Directors in a book or books to be kept for that purpose, and shall perform like duties for any committee, when required. The Secretary shall give, or cause to be given, such notices as are required to be given in accordance with the provisions of these Bylaws or as required by applicable law or the Certificate of Incorporation. The Secretary shall have custody of the seal of the Corporation, and shall have the authority to affix the same to any instrument or document the execution of which in the name or on behalf of the Corporation is duly authorized, and when so affixed it may be attested by the signature of the Secretary. The Secretary shall see that the books, records and other documents required by applicable law (including the stock ledger and the records of the issue, transfer and registration of certificates for shares of the common stock of the Corporation) are properly kept and filed. The Secretary shall perform all other duties incident to the office of Secretary and such other duties as from time to time may be prescribed by these Bylaws or may be assigned to him or her by the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer (if one has been appointed), or, if a Chief Executive Officer has not been appointed, the President.
Section 5.08 Appointing Attorneys and Agents; Voting Securities of Other Entities . Unless otherwise provided by a resolution adopted by the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer, the President, any Vice President, the Chief Financial Officer, the Secretary or the Corporations General Counsel may from time to time appoint an attorney or attorneys or agent or agents of the Corporation, in the name and on behalf of the Corporation, to (a) cast the votes which the Corporation may be entitled to cast as the holder of stock or other securities in any other corporation or other entity, any of whose stock or other securities may be held by the Corporation, at meetings of the holders of the stock or other securities of such other corporation or other entity, or to consent in writing, in the name of the Corporation as such holder, to any action by such other corporation or other entity, and may instruct the person or persons so appointed as to the manner of casting such votes or giving such consents, and may execute or cause to be executed in the name and on behalf of the Corporation and under its corporate seal or
otherwise, all such written proxies or other instruments as he or she may deem necessary or proper and (b) exercise the rights of the Corporation in its capacity as a general partner of a partnership or in its capacity as a managing member of a limited liability company as to which the Corporation, in such capacity, is entitled to exercise pursuant to the applicable partnership agreement or limited liability company operating agreement, including without limitation to take or refrain from taking any action, or to consent in writing, in each case in the name of the Corporation as such general partner or managing member, to any action by such partnership or limited liability company, and may instruct the person or persons so appointed as to the manner of taking such actions or giving such consents, and may execute or cause to be executed in the name and on behalf of the Corporation and under its corporate seal or otherwise, all such written proxies or other instruments as he or she may deem necessary or proper. Unless otherwise provided by a resolution adopted by the Board of Directors, any of the rights set forth in this Section 4.08 which may be delegated to an attorney or agent may also be exercised directly by the Chief Executive Officer, the President, the Chief Financial Officer or the Corporations General Counsel.
Section 5.09 Election and Term of Office . Each officer of the Corporation shall be elected at each annual meeting of the Board of Directors, or as soon thereafter as possible, to hold office until the next annual meeting of the Board of Directors and until his or her successor is elected and qualified, or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.
Section 5.10 Compensation . The compensation of all officers of the Corporation shall be fixed from time to time by the Board of Directors.
Section 5.11 Removal, Resignation and Vacancies . Any officer may be removed by the Board of Directors whenever, in its judgment, the best interests of the Corporation will be served thereby, but such removal shall be without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the person so removed. Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice of such resignation to the President or the Secretary at the principal office of the Corporation. Unless otherwise specified therein, such resignation shall take effect upon receipt thereof. A vacancy in any office because of death, resignation, removal, disqualification or otherwise may be filled by the Board of Directors for the unexpired portion of the term of such office and until a successor is elected and qualified.
Section 5.12 Additional Matters . In addition to the foregoing authority and duties, all of the officers of the Corporation shall respectively have such authority and perform such duties in the management of the business of the Corporation as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors.
ARTICLE VI.
STOCK
Section 6.01 Certificates . The shares of Stock shall be represented by certificates, provided that the Board of Directors may provide by resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series of such Stock shall be uncertificated shares.
Any such resolution shall not apply to shares then represented by a certificate until such certificate is surrendered to the Corporation. Every holder of shares of Stock represented by certificates shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by or in the name of the Corporation by any two authorized officers of the Corporation representing the number of shares registered in certificate form. Any of or all of the signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile or electronic. In case any officer, transfer agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile or electronic signature has been placed upon a certificate shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent, or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if such person were such officer, transfer agent, or registrar at the date of issue.
Section 6.02 Special Designation on Certificate . If the Corporation is authorized to issue more than one class of stock or more than one series of any class, then the powers, the designations, the preferences and the relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights shall be set forth in full or summarized on the face or back of the certificate that the corporation shall issue to represent such class or series of stock; provided , however , that, except as otherwise provided in Section 202 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, in lieu of the foregoing requirements, there may be set forth on the face or back of the certificate that the Corporation shall issue to represent such class or series of stock a statement that the Corporation will furnish, without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers, the designations, the preferences and the relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights.
Section 6.03 Public Benefit Corporation Notice . Any certificate representing shares of Stock shall note conspicuously that that the Corporation is a public benefit corporation formed pursuant to Subchapter XV of the Delaware General Corporation Law.
Section 6.04 Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Stock Certificates; Issuance of New Certificates . The Corporation may issue a new certificate for shares of Stock in the place of any certificate theretofore issued by it, alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, and the Corporation may require the owner of the lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or such owners legal representative, to give the Corporation a bond sufficient to indemnify it against any claim that may be made against it on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of any such certificate or the issuance of such new certificate.
Section 6.05 Transfer of Shares . Shares of Stock shall be transferable upon its books by the holders thereof, in person or by their duly authorized attorneys or legal representatives, in the manner prescribed by law, the Certificate of Incorporation and in these Bylaws, upon surrender to the Corporation by delivery thereof (to the extent evidenced by a physical stock certificate) to the person in charge of the stock and transfer books and ledgers. Certificates representing such shares, if any, shall be cancelled and new certificates, if the shares are to be certificated, shall thereupon be issued. Shares of Stock that are not represented by a certificate shall be transferred in accordance with
applicable law. A record shall be made of each transfer. Whenever any transfer of shares of Stock shall be made for collateral security, and not absolutely, it shall be so expressed in the entry of the transfer if, when the certificates are presented, both the transferor and transferee request the Corporation to do so. The Board of Directors shall have power and authority to make such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or proper concerning the issue, transfer and registration of certificates for shares of Stock.
ARTICLE VII.
INDEMNIFICATION AND ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES
Section 7.01 Right to Indemnification . Each person who was or is made a party or is threatened to be made a party to or is otherwise involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (hereinafter a Proceeding ), by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or an officer of the Corporation or, while a director or officer of the Corporation, is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee, agent or trustee of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including service with respect to an employee benefit plan (hereinafter an Indemnitee ), whether the basis of such Proceeding is alleged action in an official capacity as a director, officer, employee, agent or trustee or in any other capacity while serving as a director, officer, employee, agent or trustee, shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, as the same exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, if permitted, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader indemnification rights than such law permitted the Corporation to provide prior to such amendment), against all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys fees, judgments, fines, ERISA excise taxes or penalties and amounts paid in settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by such Indemnitee in connection therewith; provided, however , that, except as provided in Section 7.02 of these Bylaws with respect to Proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification or Advancement of Expenses or with respect to any compulsory counterclaim brought by such Indemnitee, the Corporation shall indemnify any such Indemnitee in connection with a Proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such Indemnitee only if such Proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors.
Section 7.02 Right to Advancement of Expenses . In addition to the right to indemnification conferred in Section 7.01 of these Bylaws, an Indemnitee shall also have the right to be paid by the Corporation the expenses (including attorneys fees) incurred in appearing at, participating in or defending any such Proceeding in advance of its final disposition or in connection with a Proceeding brought to establish or enforce a right to indemnification or advancement of expenses under this Article VII (which shall be governed by Section 7.03 of these Bylaws) (hereinafter an Advancement of Expenses ); provided , however , that, (a) if the Delaware General Corporation Law requires or (b) in the case of an advance made in a Proceeding brought to establish or enforce a right to indemnification or advancement, an Advancement of Expenses incurred by an Indemnitee in his or her capacity as a director or officer of the Corporation (and not in any other capacity in which service was or is rendered by such Indemnitee, including, without limitation, service to an employee benefit plan) shall be made solely upon
delivery to the Corporation of an undertaking (hereinafter an Undertaking ), by or on behalf of such Indemnitee, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal (hereinafter a Final Adjudication ) that such Indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified or entitled to Advancement of Expenses under Sections 7.01 and 7.02 of these Bylaws or otherwise.
Section 7.03 Right of Indemnitee to Bring Suit . If a claim under Section 7.01 or 7.02 of these Bylaws is not paid in full by the Corporation within (a) sixty (60) days after a written claim for indemnification has been received by the Corporation or (b) twenty (20) days after a claim for an Advancement of Expenses has been received by the Corporation, the Indemnitee may at any time thereafter bring suit against the Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim or to obtain Advancement of Expenses, as applicable. To the fullest extent permitted by law, if successful in whole or in part in any such suit, or in a suit brought by the Corporation to recover an Advancement of Expenses pursuant to the terms of an Undertaking, the Indemnitee also shall be entitled to recover the expenses incurred in prosecuting or defending such suit. In (a) any suit brought by the Indemnitee to enforce a right to indemnification hereunder (but not in a suit brought by the Indemnitee to enforce a right to an Advancement of Expenses) it shall be a defense that, and (b) any suit brought by the Corporation to recover an Advancement of Expenses pursuant to the terms of an Undertaking, the Corporation shall be entitled to recover such expenses upon a Final Adjudication that, the Indemnitee has not met any applicable standard for indemnification set forth in the Delaware General Corporation Law. Neither the failure of the Corporation (including its directors who are not parties to such action, a committee of such directors, independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of such suit that indemnification of the Indemnitee is proper in the circumstances because the Indemnitee has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the Delaware General Corporation Law, nor an actual determination by the Corporation (including its directors who are not parties to such action, a committee of such directors, independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) that the Indemnitee has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall create a presumption that the Indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct or, in the case of such a suit brought by the Indemnitee, be a defense to such suit. In any suit brought by the Indemnitee to enforce a right to indemnification or to an Advancement of Expenses hereunder, or brought by the Corporation to recover an Advancement of Expenses pursuant to the terms of an Undertaking, the burden of proving that the Indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified, or to such Advancement of Expenses, under this Article VII or otherwise shall be on the Corporation.
Section 7.04 Indemnification Not Exclusive .
(a) The provision of indemnification to or the Advancement of Expenses and costs to any Indemnitee under this Article VII, or the entitlement of any Indemnitee to indemnification or Advancement of Expenses and costs under this Article VII, shall not limit or restrict in any way the power of the Corporation to indemnify or advance expenses and costs to such Indemnitee in any other way permitted by law or be deemed exclusive of, or invalidate, any right to which any Indemnitee seeking indemnification or
Advancement of Expenses and costs may be entitled under any law, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in such Indemnitees capacity as an officer, director, employee or agent of the Corporation and as to action in any other capacity;
(b) Given that certain Jointly Indemnifiable Claims (as defined below) may arise due to the service of the Indemnitee as a director and/or officer of the Corporation at the request of the Indemnitee-Related Entities (as defined below), the Corporation shall be fully and primarily responsible for the payment to the Indemnitee in respect of indemnification or advancement of all expenses judgments, penalties, fines and amounts paid in settlement to the extent legally permitted and as required by the terms of the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws (or any other agreement between the Corporation and such persons) in connection with any such Jointly Indemnifiable Claims, pursuant to and in accordance with the terms of this Article VII, irrespective of any right of recovery the Indemnitee may have from the Indemnitee-Related Entities. Any obligation on the part of any Indemnitee-Related Entities to indemnify or advance expenses to any Indemnitee shall be secondary to the Corporations obligation and shall be reduced by any amount that the Indemnitee may collect as indemnification or advancement from the Corporation. The Corporation irrevocably waives, relinquishes and releases the Indemnitee-Related Entities from any and all claims against the Indemnitee-Related Entities for contribution, subrogation or any other recovery of any kind in respect thereof. Under no circumstance shall the Corporation be entitled to any right of subrogation or contribution by the Indemnitee-Related Entities and no right of advancement or recovery the Indemnitee may have from the Indemnitee-Related Entities shall reduce or otherwise alter the rights of the Indemnitee or the obligations of the Corporation hereunder. In the event that any of the Indemnitee-Related Entities shall make any payment to the Indemnitee with respect to indemnification or Advancement of Expenses with respect to any Jointly Indemnifiable Claim, the Indemnitee-Related Entity making such payment shall be subrogated to the extent of such payment to all of the rights of recovery of the Indemnitee against the Corporation, and the Indemnitee shall execute all papers reasonably required and shall do all things that may be reasonably necessary to secure such rights, including the execution of such documents as may be necessary to enable the Indemnitee-Related Entities effectively to bring suit to enforce such rights. Each of the Indemnitee-Related Entities shall be third-party beneficiaries with respect to this Section 7.04(b) of Article VII of these Bylaws, entitled to enforce this Section 7.04(b) of Article VII of these Bylaws.
For purposes of this Section 7.04(b) of Article VII, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
(1) The term Indemnitee-Related Entities means any corporation, limited liability company, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise (other than the Corporation or any other corporation, limited liability company, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise for which the Indemnitee has agreed, on behalf of the Corporation or at the Corporations request, to serve as a director, officer, employee or agent and which service is covered by the indemnity described herein) from whom an Indemnitee may be entitled to
indemnification or Advancement of Expenses with respect to which, in whole or in part, the Corporation may also have an indemnification or advancement obligation.
(2) The term Jointly Indemnifiable Claims shall be broadly construed and shall include, without limitation, any action, suit or Proceeding for which the Indemnitee shall be entitled to indemnification or Advancement of Expenses from both the Indemnitee-Related Entities and the Corporation pursuant to Delaware law, any agreement or certificate of incorporation, bylaws, partnership agreement, operating agreement, certificate of formation, certificate of limited partnership or comparable organizational documents of the Corporation or the Indemnitee-Related Entities, as applicable.
Section 7.05 Corporate Obligations; Reliance . The rights granted pursuant to the provisions of this Article VII shall vest at the time a person becomes a director or officer of the Corporation and shall be deemed to create a binding contractual obligation on the part of the Corporation to the persons who from time to time are elected as officers or directors of the Corporation, and such persons in acting in their capacities as officers or directors of the Corporation or of any subsidiary of the Corporation shall be entitled to rely on such provisions of this Article VII without giving notice thereof to the Corporation. Such rights shall continue as to an Indemnitee who has ceased to be a director or officer of the Corporation and shall inure to the benefit of the Indemnitees heirs, executors and administrators. Any amendment, alteration or repeal of this Article VII that adversely affects any right of an Indemnitee or its successors shall be prospective only and shall not limit, eliminate, or impair any such right with respect to any Proceeding involving any occurrence or alleged occurrence of any action or omission to act that took place prior to such amendment or repeal.
Section 7.06 Indemnification of Employees and Agents of the Corporation . The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time by the Board of Directors, grant rights to indemnification and to the Advancement of Expenses to any employee or agent of the Corporation to the fullest extent of the provisions of this Article VII with respect to the indemnification and Advancement of Expenses of directors and officers of the Corporation.
Section 7.07 Insurance . The Corporation may maintain insurance, at its expense, to protect itself and any director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any expense, liability or loss, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such expense, liability or loss under the Delaware General Corporation Law.
ARTICLE VIII.
PUBLIC BENEFIT CORPORATION PROVISIONS
Section 8.01 Required Statement in Stockholder Meeting Notice . The Corporation shall include in every notice of a meeting of Stockholders a statement to the
effect that it is a public benefit corporation under Subsection XV of the Delaware General Corporation Law.
Section 8.02 Periodic Statements . The Corporation shall no less than biennially provide the Stockholders with a statement as to the Corporations promotion of the public benefit or public benefits identified in the Certificate of Incorporation and of the best interests of those materially affected by the Corporations conduct. The statement shall include:
(a) The objectives the Board of Directors has established to promote such public benefit or public benefits and interests;
(b) The standards the Board of Directors has adopted to measure the Corporations progress in promoting such public benefit or public benefits and interests;
(c) Objective factual information based on those standards regarding the Corporations success in meeting the objectives for promoting such public benefit or public benefits and interests; and
(d) An assessment of the Corporations success in meeting the objectives and promoting such public benefit or public benefits and interests.
ARTICLE IX.
MISCELLANEOUS
Section 9.01 Fiscal Year . The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed by a resolution of the Board of Directors and may be changed by the Board of Directors.
Section 9.02 Seal and Attestation . The corporate seal of the Corporation shall have inscribed thereon the name of the Corporation, the year of its organization, and the words Corporate Seal and Delaware, and shall be in such form as shall be approved from time to time by the Board of Directors. The seal may be used by causing it, or a facsimile thereof, to be impressed, affixed, or otherwise reproduced.
Any officer of the Corporation is empowered to affix the corporate seal on all documents, and may attest the signature of any person executing an instrument on behalf of the Corporation. In the execution on behalf of the Corporation of any instrument, document, writing, notice or paper, it shall not be necessary to affix the corporate seal of the Corporation thereon, and any such instrument, document, writing, notice or paper when executed without said seal affixed thereon shall be of the same force and effect and as binding on the Corporation as if said corporate seal had been affixed thereon in each instance.
Section 9.03 Manner of Notice . Except as otherwise provided herein or permitted by applicable law, notices to directors and Stockholders shall be in writing and delivered personally or mailed to the directors or Stockholders at their addresses
appearing on the books of the Corporation. Without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to Stockholders, and except as prohibited by applicable law, any notice to Stockholders given by the Corporation under any provision of applicable law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws shall be effective if given by a single written notice to Stockholders who share an address if consented to by the Stockholders at that address to whom such notice is given. Any such consent shall be revocable by the Stockholder by written notice to the Corporation. Any Stockholder who fails to object in writing to the Corporation, within sixty (60) days of having been given written notice by the Corporation of its intention to send the single notice permitted under this Section 9.03 shall be deemed to have consented to receiving such single written notice. Notice to directors may be given in person, by mail or by e-mail, telephone, telecopier or other means of electronic transmission.
Section 9.04 Waiver of Notice of Meetings of Stockholders, Directors and Committees . Any waiver of notice, given by the person entitled to notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of Stockholders, the Board of Directors or members of a committee of the Board of Directors need be specified in a waiver of notice.
Section 9.05 Form of Records . Any records maintained by the Corporation in the regular course of its business, including its stock ledger, books of account and minute books, may be kept on, or by means of, or be in the form of, any information storage device or method, provided that the records so kept can be converted into clearly legible paper form within a reasonable time.
Section 9.06 Amendment of Bylaws . These Bylaws may be altered, amended or repealed, and new bylaws made, only by the affirmative vote of (a) a majority of the Board of Directors or (b) Stockholders representing at least 66-2/3% of the votes eligible to be cast in an election of directors of the Corporation.
Exhibit 3.3
CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATIONS
OF
CONVERTIBLE REDEEMABLE PREFERRED STOCK, SERIES A
OF
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC., a public benefit corporation organized and existing under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the Corporation ), in accordance with the provisions of Sections 103 and 151 thereof, does hereby certify:
The board of directors of the Corporation (the Board of Directors ), in accordance with the resolutions of the Board of Directors dated November 21, 2016 and December 8-9, 2016, the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws and applicable law, adopted the following resolution creating a series of Five Hundred Twelve Thousand (512,000) shares of Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share ( Preferred Stock ), of the Corporation designated as Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A at a meeting duly called and held on November 21, 2016.
RESOLVED, that pursuant to the resolutions of the Board of Directors dated November 21, 2016, the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws and applicable law, a series of Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the Corporation be and hereby is created, and that the designation and number of shares of such series, and the voting and other powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other rights, and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, of the shares of such series, are as follows:
Section 1. Designation . The distinctive serial designations of such series of Preferred Stock are Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A-1 (and, together with the PIK Dividend Shares, the Series A-1 Preferred Stock ) and Convertible Redeemable Preferred Stock, Series A-2 (the Series A-2 Preferred Stock and, together with the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, the Series A Preferred Stock ). Each share of Series A Preferred Stock shall be identical in all respects to every other share of Series A Preferred Stock, except as set forth herein.
Section 2. Number of Shares . The authorized number of shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall be Sixty-Two Thousand (62,000) and the authorized number of shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock shall be Four Hundred Fifty Thousand (450,000). Shares of Series A Preferred Stock that are purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired by the Corporation, or converted into another series of capital stock of the Corporation, shall be cancelled and retired and shall revert to authorized but unissued shares of Preferred Stock.
Section 3. Definitions; Interpretation .
(a) As used herein with respect to Series A Preferred Stock:
Additional Investor Director has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a)(3)(i) .
Adjusted EBITDA means, as of any date of determination, net income or loss, before or appropriately adjusted for the following items: (i) gain or loss on sales of discontinued operations, net of tax, (ii) income or loss from discontinued operations, net of
tax, (iii) equity in net loss (income) of Affiliates, net of tax (iv) income tax expense (benefit), (v) foreign currency exchange loss (income), net, (vi) other (income) expense, net, (vii) loss (gain) on derivatives, (viii) loss on debt extinguishment, (ix) interest expense, (x) interest income, (xi) depreciation and amortization, (xii) stock-based compensation expense, (xiii) loss on impairment of assets, (xiv) restructuring charges, business optimization expenses or reserves (including restructuring costs related to acquisitions consummated after the date hereof, closure and/or consolidation of facilities, and/or the Companys Excellence in Process initiative), limited in the aggregate to (A) $50,000,000 in the calendar year 2016, $35,000,000 in the calendar year 2017, and (B) $15,000,000 for any twelve (12) month period commencing January 1, 2018, (xv) any pro forma increase or decrease, as the case may be, in the Acquired EBITDA arising out of events occurring after the Closing Date that (a) are directly attributable to a specific transaction, (b) are factually supportable and are expected to have a continuing impact, and (c) are in each case (except for adjustments in the aggregate not exceeding $15,000,000 for any twelve month period immediately preceding such determination date) determined on a basis consistent with Article 11 of Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and as interpreted by the staff of the SEC, (xvi) other material non-recurring items, or non-cash expenses or accounting adjustments or charges, and (xvii) and gain or loss on a sale of a Subsidiary. Notwithstanding the foregoing, as of any date of determination, for any twelve month period preceding such date, the amount of the add-back in (xiv) above shall not exceed: $50,000,000 for any such twelve month period ending prior to December 31, 2017; $35,000,000 for any such twelve month period ending on or after December 31, 2017, but prior to September 30, 2018; and $15,000,000 for any such twelve month period ending on or after September 30, 2018.
Affiliate of any particular Person means any other Person Controlling, Controlled by or under common Control with such particular Person; provided , however , that Persons shall not be deemed Affiliates of one another or the Corporation solely as a result of this Agreement or the Subscription Agreement; provided , further , that, when the term Affiliate is used with reference to any natural person, shall also include such persons spouse, domestic partner, parents and descendants (whether by blood or adoption, and including stepchildren) and the spouses and domestic partners of such persons. Affiliated with shall have a correlative meaning to the term Affiliate.
Board of Directors has the meaning set forth in the Preamble.
Business Day means a day that is a Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday or Friday and is not a day on which banking institutions in New York City generally are authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close.
By-laws means the by-laws of the Corporation, as they may be amended from time to time.
Certificate of Designations means this Certificate of Designations relating to the Series A Preferred Stock, as it may be amended from time to time.
Certificate of Incorporation shall mean the certificate of incorporation of the Corporation, as it may be amended from time to time, and shall include this Certificate of Designations.
The term close of business on any day means 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on any Business Day.
Common Stock means the common stock of the Corporation, and, following the closing of the Corporations initial public offering, the class of shares of common stock issued by the Corporation to the public.
Continuing Director means any person (a) who was a member of the Board of Directors on June 3, 2016 or (b) who has been nominated to be a member of the Board of Directors by a majority of the other Continuing Directors then in office.
Control means the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise, and the terms Controlling and Controlled shall have meanings correlative thereto.
Conversion Date has the meaning set forth in Section 8(b) .
Conversion Election Period has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(B) .
Conversion Stock means the shares of Registrable Securities that are issued or issuable upon conversion of any or all of the outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Certificate of Designations.
Conversion Supporting Certifications has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(iii) .
Corporation has the meaning set forth in the Preamble.
Corporation Redemption Date has the meaning set forth in Section 7(b) .
Corporation Redemption Price has the meaning set forth in Section 7(b) .
Corporation Redemption Shares has the meaning set forth in Section 7(b) .
Credit Agreement means that certain Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 16, 2011, among the Corporation, as the Parent Borrower, Iniciativas Culturales de España S.L., as the Foreign Subsidiary Borrower, the several lenders party thereto from time to time, and Citibank, N.A. as successor Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, as amended by that certain First Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of January 18, 2013, that certain Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of April 23, 2013, that certain Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 3, 2013, that certain Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and Amendment
to the U.S. Obligations Security Agreement and the U.S. Pledge Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2015, that certain Fifth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 3, 2016 and that certain Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of July 7, 2016, as amended, restated, refinanced, replaced, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.
Credit Documents means the Credit Agreement, and all notes, guarantees, collateral and security documents, instruments and agreements executed in connection therewith, and in each case, as amended, restated, refinanced, replaced, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.
Current Stockholders means Wengen and all Affiliates and limited partners of Wengen (and any of their Affiliates).
Debt Documents means the Credit Documents and the Note Documents.
Dividend Amount has the meaning set forth in Section 5 .
Dividend Payment Date means, with respect to each share of Series A Preferred Stock, each three month anniversary following the Issue Date.
Dividend Rate means, with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, the Series A-1 Dividend Rate, and with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, the Series A-2 Dividend Rate, respectively.
Educational Agency means any entity or organization, whether governmental, government chartered, tribal, private, or quasi-private, that engages in granting or withholding Educational Approvals, administers Student Financial Assistance Programs to or for students of, or otherwise regulates schools or programs in accordance with standards relating to the performance, operation, financial condition, or academic standards of such schools and programs, including but not limited to the United States Department of Education, the Higher Learning Commission, the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College and University Commission, the California Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education, the Florida Commission for Independent Education, the Illinois Board of Higher Education, the Minnesota Office of Higher Education, and the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board.
Educational Approval means any consent, license, permit, authorization, program participation agreement, certification, accreditation, or similar approval issued or required to be issued by an Educational Agency to any School subject to the oversight of such Educational Agency, including any such approval (i) for the School to operate and offer its educational programs in all jurisdictions in which it operates, including all jurisdictions where it offers educational programs online or through other distance education delivery methods, (ii) for the School to participate in any Student Financial Assistance Program, (iii) for graduates of the School to be eligible to obtain certification or licensure, or take any examinations to obtain such certification or licensure, for any program for which the School has represented to students or prospective students that such program will enable students to obtain such certification or licensure, and (iv) that may be otherwise required in connection with the any of
the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including consents or approvals of a change in control or ownership of any School.
Educational Law means any federal, state, municipal, foreign or other law, regulation, order, accrediting body standard or other requirement applicable thereto, issued or administered by, or related to, any Educational Agency.
The term effective time means, when used in reference to a QPO or an IPO, the time at which the United States Securities and Exchange Commission declares the registration statement filed in connection with such QPO or IPO effective.
Exchange Act means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as from time to time amended.
Exit Event means (i) a merger or consolidation in which the Corporation or a Subsidiary of the Corporation is a constituent party and shares of capital stock of the Corporation are issued, or converted into other shares of capital stock, except any such merger or consolidation involving the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries in which the shares of capital stock of the Corporation outstanding immediately prior to such merger or consolidation continue to represent, or are converted into or exchanged for shares of capital stock that represent, immediately following such merger or consolidation, at least a majority, by voting power, of the capital stock of the surviving or resulting corporation, (ii) any merger, consolidation or sale, transfer or issuance of equity interests, involving any Parent of the Corporation in which the holders of the voting power of outstanding equity interests of such Parent, immediately prior to such transaction, directly and indirectly own less than 50% in voting power of the outstanding equity interests of such Parent immediately following such transaction, (iii) the sale or transfer, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions, of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation, or issuance of shares of capital stock by the Corporation, in either case under circumstances in which the holders of the voting power of outstanding capital stock of the Corporation, immediately prior to such transaction, own less than 50% in voting power of the outstanding capital stock of the Corporation immediately following such transaction (collectively, clauses (i), (ii) and (iii), the Sale of the Corporation ), or (iv) a sale, conveyance, lease. transfer, exclusive license or other disposition, in a single transaction or series of related transactions, by the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries of assets representing all or substantially all of the assets of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole ( Sale of Assets ).
Exit Event Closing has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(A) .
Exit Event Closing Date has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(A) .
Fair Market Value of a security means (i) if such security is listed on a securities exchange or the over-the-counter market, the VWAP of such security, (ii) if such security is not listed in any public market, then the value shall be equal to the price at which a willing and able seller would sell, and a willing and able unaffiliated third party buyer would buy, such security in an all-cash sale, having full knowledge of the facts, and
assuming such party acts on an arms-length basis with the expectation of concluding the purchase and sale within a reasonable time, as determined pursuant to Section 11 .
FMV Determination Date has the meaning set forth in Section 11 .
Follow-on Conversion Date has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(C) .
Forced Liquidity Transaction has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a)(1) .
Fundamental Actions has the meaning set forth in Section 9(b)(3).
GAAP means United States generally accepted accounting principles in effect from time to time applied consistently.
Governmental Authority means any domestic or foreign government or political subdivision thereof, whether on a Federal, state or local level and whether executive, taxing, legislative or judicial in nature, including any Educational Agency, authority, board, bureau, commission, court, department or other instrumentality thereof.
Holder means the record holder of one or more shares of Series A Preferred Stock, as shown on the books and records of the Corporation.
Holder Optional Conversion Effective Date has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(B) .
Holder Optional Conversion Notice has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(B) .
Holder Optional Conversion Shares has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(B) .
HSR Act has the meaning set forth in Section 8(d) .
Implied Equity Value means, with respect to each share of capital stock of the Corporation, (a) if the Exit Event is a Sale of the Corporation, the net purchase price payable in respect of one share of Common Stock at the closing of such Sale of the Corporation, (b) if the Exit Event is a Sale of Assets, the net amount that is distributable in respect of one share of Common Stock at the closing of such Sale of Assets, or (c) if a Wengen Exit Event, the Fair Market Value of one share of Common Stock as of the close of business on the Business Day prior to the closing of such Wengen Exit Event.
Indenture means that certain Indenture, dated as of July 25, 2012, among the Corporation, each of the guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee, as supplemented by that certain First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 13, 2012 and that certain Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 29, 2015, as amended, restated, refinanced, replaced, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.
Initial Issue Date means December 20, 2016.
Initial Follow-on Public Offering means the first Public Offering following an IPO or QPO, as the case may be, in which the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall receive net proceeds not less than the Priority Amount.
Initial Follow-on Public Offering Conversion Price means an amount equal to the product of 0.85 and the price at which the shares of Common Stock are sold to the public in the Initial Follow-on Public Offering by the underwriter(s) thereof.
Initial Sale Period has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a)(2) .
Investor Seats has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a)(2) .
IPO means an initial Public Offering of Common Stock of the Corporation (other than a QPO) or a Subsidiary IPO.
Issue Amount means the sum of the total face value of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued on each applicable Issue Date.
Issue Amount Per Share means, with respect to shares of Series A Preferred Stock on each applicable Issue Date, the quotient obtained by dividing the total Issue Amount for such shares by the number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued on such applicable Issue Date.
Issue Date means the first date on which a share of Series A Preferred Stock is issued (including the Initial Issue Date).
Junior Securities means the Common Stock and any other class or series of capital stock of the Corporation other than the Series A Preferred Stock.
Liquidation Preference means, collectively, the aggregate Series A-1 Liquidation Preference and the aggregate Series A-2 Liquidation Preference, or either of the foregoing, as the context may require.
Lock-up Period has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(C) .
Mandatory Redemption Date has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a) .
Mandatory Redemption Payment Date has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a) .
Mandatory Redemption Price has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a) .
Mandatory Redemption Shares has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a) .
Market Disruption Event means any of the following events that the Corporation, in its reasonable discretion, determines has occurred and is material:
(i) the occurrence or existence, for an aggregate period of at least two (2) hours or during the one-hour period prior to the close of trading for the regular trading session on the Relevant Exchange, of any suspension of, or limitation imposed on, trading by the Relevant Exchange, whether by reason of movements in price exceeding limits permitted by the Relevant Exchange, or otherwise: (1) relating to the Common Stock; or (2) in futures or options contracts relating to the Common Stock on the Relevant Exchange;
(ii) any event (other than an event described in clause (iii) below) that disrupts or impairs the ability of market participants, for an aggregate period of at least two (2) hours or during the one-hour period prior to the close of trading for the regular trading session on the Relevant Exchange in general: (1) to effect transactions in, or obtain market values for, the Common Stock on the Relevant Exchange; or (2) to effect transactions in, or obtain market values for, futures or options contracts relating to the Common Stock on the Relevant Exchange; or
(iii) the failure to open of the Relevant Exchange on which futures or options contracts relating to the Common Stock are traded or the closure of such exchange prior to its respective scheduled closing time for the regular trading session on such day (without regard to after hours or any other trading outside of the regular trading session hours), unless such earlier closing time is announced by such exchange at least one hour prior to the earlier of: (1) the actual closing time for the regular trading session on such day, and (2) the submission deadline for orders to be entered into such exchange for execution at the actual closing time on such day.
Modified Liquidation Preference means, a reference to the Liquidation Preference of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock and/or the Liquidation Preference of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, as the case may be, determined in the case of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock without regard to subparagraph (B) of the definition for the Series A-2 Liquidation Preference.
Note Documents means the Indenture, and all notes, guarantees, collateral and security documents, instruments and agreements executed in connection therewith, and in each case, as amended, restated, refinanced, replaced, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.
The term open of business means 9:00 a.m., New York City time, on any Business Day.
Optional Conversion Price means an amount equal to the product of (i) 0.85 and (ii) the Implied Equity Value of the Corporation.
Parent means, with respect to any Person, a Person that owns, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the voting power of the outstanding equity interests of such Person.
Person means an individual, a partnership, a joint venture, a corporation, an association, a joint stock company, a limited liability company, a trust, an unincorporated organization or a government or any department or agency or political subdivision thereof,
or any group (within the meaning of Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act or any successor provision) consisting of one or more of the foregoing. For purposes of this Certificate of Designations, when used in reference to a Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the term group shall have the meaning set forth in Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act or any successor provision; provided , however , that no inference, presumption or conclusion that two or more Holders constitute a group within the meaning of Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act or Rule 13d-5 thereunder shall be raised from the fact that such Holders collectively may exercise or refrain from exercising the rights under this Certificate of Designations in the same manner, that such Holders may be represented by a single law firm or advisor or that such rights were negotiated with the Corporation at the same time or amended or modified with the Corporation and such Holders in the same or a similar manner.
PIK Dividend means a dividend accrued on each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock and paid in shares (including fractional shares) of Series A-1 Preferred Stock.
PIK Dividend Shares means the shares (including fractional shares) of Series A-1 Preferred Stock paid and issued in connection with a PIK Dividend.
PO Conversion Outside Date has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(C) .
Preferred Return of a share of Series A Preferred Stock means an amount equal to the product of 1.15 multiplied by the sum of (i) Issue Amount Per Share plus (ii) any accrued but unpaid dividends, including, in the case of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, PIK Dividends.
Preferred Stock has the meaning set forth in the Preamble.
Priority Amount means shares of Registrable Securities constituting Conversion Stock in a dollar amount equal to, as of any date of determination, the greater of (a) 25% of the aggregate offering price of all Common Stock proposed to be offered and sold in the Initial Follow-On Public Offering, and (b) $275 million.
Prospectus means the prospectus included in any Registration Statement (including a prospectus that discloses information previously omitted from a prospectus filed as part of an effective Registration Statement in reliance upon Rule 430A promulgated under the Securities Act and any free writing prospectus), as amended or supplemented by any prospectus supplement, with respect to the terms of the offering of any portion of the Registrable Securities covered by such Registration Statement, and all other amendments and supplements to the Prospectus, including post-effective amendments, and all material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference in such prospectus.
Proxy Holder has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a) .
Public Offering means the offer and sale of Common Stock to the public pursuant to an effective Registration Statement (other than on Form S-4 or on Form S-8 or
any similar or successor form) filed under the Securities Act or any comparable law or regulatory scheme of any foreign jurisdiction .
Public Offering Conversion Price means the product of (i) 0.85 multiplied by the lesser of (ii) (A) the price per share at which the Corporations shares of Common Stock are sold to the public in a QPO or IPO by the underwriter(s) thereof, or (B) the 30 Trading Day VWAP prior to the Conversion Date; provided , that the Public Offering Conversion Price applicable to a conversion in connection with a QPO shall not be lower than 75% of the QPO Price, and with respect to an IPO, shall not be lower than 75% of the price per share at which the Corporations shares of Common Stock are sold to the public in IPO (in each case, Public Offering Conversion Price Floor ).
QPO means (a) on or prior to August 15, 2017, an initial underwritten Public Offering of Common Stock by the Corporation with net cash proceeds to the Corporation of not less than $450,000,000 and (b) after August 15, 2017, an initial underwritten Public Offering of Common Stock by the Corporation with net cash proceeds to the Corporation of not less than $250,000,000.
QPO Conversion Price means an amount equal to the product of 0.85 and the QPO Price.
QPO Price means the price per share at which the shares of Common Stock are sold to the public in the QPO by the underwriter(s) thereof.
Redemption Holder has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a)(i) .
Registrable Securities means any and all shares of Common Stock and any other securities issued or issuable with respect to any such shares of Common Stock by way of share split, or in connection with a combination of shares, share dividend, recapitalization, merger, exchange, conversion, reclassification or similar event or otherwise. As to any particular Registrable Securities, once issued such securities shall cease to be Registrable Securities when (i) they are sold pursuant to an effective Registration Statement under the Securities Act, (ii) they are sold pursuant to Rule 144 (or any similar provision then in force under the Securities Act) or (iii) they shall have ceased to be outstanding. No Registrable Securities may be registered under more than one Registration Statement at any one time.
Registration Rights Agreement means that certain Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2016, by and among the Corporation and the stockholders of the Corporation parties thereto, as from time to time amended, supplemented or modified.
Registration Statement means any registration statement of the Corporation under the Securities Act which covers the offering of any of the Registrable Securities, including any Prospectus or amendments and supplements to such registration statement, including post-effective amendments, all exhibits and all material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference in such registration statement.
Related Party shall mean, with respect to any specified Person, such Persons Affiliates and the directors, officers, employees, agents, trustees and advisors of such Person and any Person that possesses, directly or indirectly, the power to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of such Person, whether through the ability to exercise voting power, by contract or otherwise
Relevant Exchange means the principal U.S. national or regional securities exchange on which the Common Stock is listed; provided , however , that if the Common Stock is not listed on a U.S. national or regional securities exchange, then Relevant Exchange means the over-the-counter market on which the Common Stock is traded.
Requisite Series A Preferred Holders shall mean, as of any date of determination, the Holders of two-thirds or more of the aggregate Modified Liquidation Preference as of such date, voting together as a separate class; provided , that, as of any date of determination from the date hereof until January 23, 2017, solely for purposes of the determination of the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders on such date, the aggregate Modified Liquidation Preference as of such date shall be deemed to be equal to the full amount of the aggregate purchase price funded or agreed to be funded by the Holders on or prior to the date hereof . Notwithstanding the foregoing or the applicable provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, including Section 242(b) thereof, shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by Holders that are Wengen Investors or any of their Affiliates shall not be counted for purposes of determining whether the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders threshold has been satisfied (and shall be disregarded in the numerator and denominator of that determination); provided , that, such restriction shall automatically terminate without any further action upon the Transfer of shares of Series A Preferred Stock by such Person to an Unaffiliated Third Party and such Unaffiliated Third Party shall be entitled to vote or consent to the actions subject to a vote or consent of the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders pursuant hereto.
Sale of Assets has the meaning set forth in the definition of Exit Event.
Sale of the Corporation has the meaning set forth in the definition of Exit Event.
School means any educational institution owned and/or operated by the Corporation, including each main campus, branch campus, additional location, satellite or other facility thereof where it provides or offers 50% or more of an educational program.
Securities Act means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder.
Series A Preferred Stock has the meaning set forth in Section 1 .
Series A-1 Dividend Rate means, with respect to each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock:
(iv) from the Issue Date of such share and continuing through and including the second anniversary of such Issue Date, 10.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the original Issue Amount Per Share, any PIK Dividend and any accrued but unpaid dividends;
(v) from the second anniversary of the Issue Date of such share and continuing through and including the third anniversary of such Issue Date, 13.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the original Issue Amount Per Share, any PIK Dividend and any accrued but unpaid dividends;
(vi) from the third anniversary of the Issue Date of such share and thereafter, 16.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the original Issue Amount Per Share, any PIK Dividend and any accrued but unpaid dividends; and
(vii) for the Special Dividend Rate Period, 10.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the sum of the original Issue Amount Per Share, any PIK Dividend and any accrued but unpaid dividends;
provided , however , for any period in which dividends are paid in cash and not as PIK Dividends, the Dividend Rate set forth above shall be reduced by 75 basis points.
Series A-1 Liquidation Preference of a share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock means, as of any date of determination, an amount equal to the sum of (i) the Issue Amount Per Share plus (ii) accrued and unpaid dividends, including all PIK Dividend Shares as of such date. For the avoidance of doubt, such accrued and unpaid dividends per share of Series A Preferred Stock will include a pro rata portion of the Dividend Amount that would otherwise be payable on such share on the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date, to be calculated as such Dividend Amount (a) multiplied by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the date of determination of the Series A-1 Liquidation Preference pursuant to this Certificate of Designations and (b) divided by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date.
Series A-1 Preferred Stock has the meaning set forth in Section 1 .
Series A-2 Dividend Rate means, with respect to each share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, the greater of:
(A)
(i) from the Issue Date of such share and continuing through and including the second anniversary of such Issue Date, 10.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the sum of the original Issue Amount Per Share and any accrued but unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(2) of this Agreement;
(ii) from the second anniversary of the Issue Date of such share and continuing through and including the third anniversary of such Issue Date, 13.0% per annum,
compounded quarterly on the sum of the original Issue Amount Per Share and any accrued but unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(2) of this Agreement;
(iii) from the third anniversary of the Issue Date of such share and thereafter, 16.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the sum of the original Issue Amount Per Share and any accrued but unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(2) of this Agreement; and
(iv) for the Special Dividend Rate Period, 10.0% per annum, compounded quarterly on the sum of the original Issue Amount Per Share and any accrued but unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(2) of this Agreement; and
(B) cash dividends declared and paid during any annual period on one (1) share of Common Stock (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends and other similar transactions).
provided , however , for any period in which dividends on the Series A-2 Preferred Stock are paid pursuant to subparagraph (A) (but not subparagraph (B)) above in cash rather than automatically added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock in accordance with Section 5(a)(2) hereof, the Dividend Rate set forth above shall be reduced by 75 basis points.
Series A-2 Liquidation Preference of a share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock means, as of any date of determination, an amount equal to the greater of (A) the sum of (i) the Issue Amount Per Share plus (ii) accrued and unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(2) of this Agreement or (B) the amount that would have been payable to the Holders of Series A Preferred Stock assuming all such shares were converted to shares of Common Stock, in each case, as of such date. For the avoidance of doubt, such accrued and unpaid dividends per share of Series A Preferred Stock will include a pro rata portion of the Dividend Amount that would otherwise be payable on such share on the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date, to be calculated as such Dividend Amount (i) multiplied by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the date of determination of the Series A-2 Liquidation Preference pursuant to this Certificate of Designations and (ii) divided by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date.
Series A-2 Preferred Stock has the meaning set forth in Section 1 .
Stockholders Agreement means that certain Stockholders Agreement, dated as of December 20, 2016, by and among the Corporation and the stockholders of the Corporation parties thereto, as from time to time amended, supplemented or modified.
Subsidiary means, with respect to any Person, any corporation, limited liability company, partnership or other entity of which (i) if a corporation, a majority of the total voting power of shares of stock entitled (without regard to the occurrence of any contingency) to vote in the election of directors, managers or trustees thereof is, at the time of determination, owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by that Person or one or more of the other Subsidiaries of that Person or a combination thereof, (ii) if a partnership, limited liability company, association or other business entity, a majority of the partnership, limited liability company, or other similar ownership interests thereof is at the time owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by any Person or one or more Subsidiaries of that Person or a combination thereof, or (iii) if a non-profit corporation or similar entity, the power to vote or direct the voting of sufficient securities or membership or other interests to elect directors (or comparable authorized persons of such entity) having a majority of the voting power of the board of directors (or comparable governing body) of such corporation or similar entity is, at the time of determination, owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by that Person or one or more of the other Subsidiaries of that Person or a combination thereof. For purposes hereof, a Person or Persons will be deemed to have a majority ownership interest in a partnership, limited liability company, association or other business entity if such Person or Persons is allocated a majority of partnership, association or other business entity gains or losses or otherwise control the managing director, managing member, general partner or other managing Person of such partnership, limited liability company, association or other business entity. When used in the context of or based on the Corporations consolidated financial statements, the term Subsidiaries shall mean those entities that the Corporation has determined to be consolidated subsidiaries under GAAP.
Subsidiary IPO means an initial public offering of securities of any Subsidiary of the Corporation other than an initial public offering of securities of any Subsidiary of the Corporation (a) that, together with all other public offerings of securities of any other Subsidiaries of the Corporation, represents less than fifty percent (50%) of the Corporations Adjusted EBITDA determined as of the last day of the fiscal quarter prior to the effective date of such offering, whether in a single offering or a series of offerings, (b) where any securities not sold or issued in such offering are retained by the Corporation (and not Transferred or issued to any other Person including any equity holder of the Corporation), and (c) the proceeds of which are used solely for repaying indebtedness of the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries or, to the extent that, on a pro forma basis following such repayment and/or reinvestment, the Total Net Leverage (as such term is defined in the Stockholders Agreement) immediately following such reinvestment is less than 5.25x, reinvestments in assets of the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries.
Super Majority Requisite Holders shall mean the Holders of ninety-five percent (95%) or more of the aggregate Modified Liquidation Preference of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock then issued and outstanding, voting together as a separate class; provided , that , if Macquarie has waived its right to consent to any Fundamental Actions
pursuant to Section 9(b)(3) , then in that case, and solely in respect of the Fundamental Action(s) so waived by Macquarie and solely for as long as such waiver remains in effect, the shares of Series A Preferred Stock beneficially owned by Macquarie with respect to which such waiver is exercised shall not be included in the numerator or denominator of such ratio. Notwithstanding the foregoing or the applicable provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, including Section 242(b) thereof, shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by certain Holders that are Wengen Investors or any of their Affiliates shall not be counted for purposes of determining whether the Super Majority Requisite Holders threshold has been satisfied (and shall be disregarded in the numerator and the denominator of that determination); provided, that, such restriction shall automatically terminate without any further action upon the Transfer of shares of Series A Preferred Stock by such Person to an Unaffiliated Third Party and such Unaffiliated Third Party shall be entitled to vote or consent to the actions subject to a vote or consent of the Super Majority Requisite Holders pursuant hereto.
Trading Day means any day during which both of the following conditions are satisfied: (i) trading in the Common Stock generally occurs on the Relevant Exchange; and (ii) there is no Market Disruption Event.
Transaction Documents has the meaning set forth in the Subscription Agreement.
Transfer means (in either the noun or the verb form, including with respect to the verb form, all conjugations thereof within their correlative meanings) with respect to any security, the transfer, conveyance, issuance, gift, sale, assignment, transfer, pledge, hypothecation, encumbrance or creation of a security interest in or lien, restriction or other encumbrance on, placing in trust (voting or otherwise) or other disposition (whether for or without consideration, whether directly or indirectly, and whether voluntary, involuntary or by operation of law) of such security or any interest therein. The terms Transferred , Transferor and Transferee have correlative meaning.
Trigger Event has the meaning set forth in Section 8(c) .
Unaffiliated Third Party means a third party that is not Wengen, any Wengen Investor or any of their respective Affiliates or Related Parties.
VWAP means, per each security on any Trading Day, the volume-weighted average price per share of such security in respect of the period from 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on such Trading Day, as displayed under the heading Bloomberg VWAP on the Bloomberg page on which the Common Stock is listed; provided , however , that if such volume-weighted average price shall not be available on such Trading Day, then VWAP on such Trading Day shall be determined, using a volume-weighted average method, pursuant to Section 11 .
Wengen means Wengen Alberta, Limited Partners, an Alberta limited partnership.
Wengen Exit Event means a Transfer by Wengen of any equity securities in the Corporation or a Transfer by any Wengen Investor of any equity interests in Wengen, in each case, in which the holders of the voting power of outstanding equity interests of the Corporation or Wengen, respectively, immediately prior to such transaction, directly and indirectly own less than 50% in voting power of the outstanding equity interests of, or no longer exclusively Control, the Corporation or Wengen, respectively, immediately following such transaction, except for (i) any Transfer that constitutes an Exit Event, (ii) any Transfer by Wengen to a Wengen Investor or Transfer by a Wengen Investor to Wengen or another Wengen Investor, and (iii) any Transfer by a Wengen Investor to an Affiliate of that Wengen Investor or any other Wengen Investor.
Wengen Exit Event Notice has the meaning set forth in Section 8(a)(ii)(B) .
Wengen Investors means all Affiliates and limited partners of Wengen.
Wengen Proxy Holder has the meaning set forth in Section 7(a) .
(b) Interpretation . Except where otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise necessarily requires, in this Certificate of Designations: (i) reference to a given Article, Section, Subsection, clause, Exhibit or Schedule is a reference to an Article, Section, Subsection, clause, Exhibit or Schedule of this Certificate of Designations, unless otherwise specified; (ii) the terms hereof, herein, hereto, hereunder and herewith refer to this Certificate of Designations as a whole; (iii) reference to a given agreement, instrument, document or law is a reference to that agreement, instrument, document, law or regulation as modified, amended, supplemented and restated through the date as to which such reference was made, and, as to any law or regulation, any successor law or regulation; (iv) accounting terms have the meanings given to them under GAAP, and in any cases in which there exist elective options or choices in GAAP determinations relating to the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries, or where management discretion is permitted in classification, standards or other aspects of GAAP related determinations relating to the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries, the historical accounting principles and practices of the Corporation or such Subsidiaries, as applicable, shall continue to be applied, unless otherwise required under GAAP; (v) reference to a Person includes its predecessors, successors and permitted assigns and Transferees; (vi) the singular includes the plural and the masculine includes the feminine, and vice versa; (vii) the words include, includes or including means including, for example and without limitation; and (viii) references to days means calendar days.
Section 4. Ranking . The Series A Preferred Stock will, with respect to its special and relative rights and preferences, including conversion, redemption, payment of dividends and distributions of assets, rank senior to all Junior Securities.
Section 5. Dividends .
(a) Dividend Amount . With respect to each share of Series A Preferred Stock from time to time outstanding (including, for the avoidance of doubt, the PIK Dividend Shares, if any), from the Issue Date of such share, dividends shall accrue on each share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, and Series A-2 Preferred Stock then outstanding in an amount equal to, in the case of each share of
Series A-1 Preferred Stock, the Series A-1 Dividend Rate times the Issue Amount Per Share (compounded as provided in the definition for Series A-1 Dividend Rate, including with respect to any accrued and unpaid dividends) per each such share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock and, in the case of each share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, in an amount equal to the Series A-2 Dividend Rate times Issue Amount Per Share (compounded as provided in the definition for the Series A-2 Dividend Rate, including with respect to any accrued and unpaid dividends) (for the avoidance of doubt, as may be adjusted in accordance with Section 5(a)(2) hereof) per each such share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock (such per share amount, as applicable, the Dividend Amount ) during each three month period following the applicable Issue Date.
(1) Solely with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, the Dividend Amount shall be automatically declared and the applicable Dividend Amount automatically paid to the Holder thereof in kind in PIK Dividend Shares on the Dividend Payment Date. For the avoidance of doubt, unless otherwise expressly set forth in this Agreement, with respect to PIK Dividend Shares, the Dividend Payment Date of such shares shall be the Issue Date of such shares for all purposes hereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, at the option of the Corporation, the Corporation may pay all or a portion of any Dividend Amount in cash pro rata among the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock based on each Holders relative Dividend Amount by the Board of Directors declaring a cash dividend on or before the applicable Dividend Payment Date. All Dividend Amounts payable with respect to the Holders of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall be paid, whether in cash or in PIK Dividend Shares pursuant to this Section 5(a)(1), pro rata to each Holder of shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock based upon the aggregate accrued but unpaid dividends on the shares held by each such Holder. PIK Dividend Shares issued on the applicable Issue Date shall have an aggregate Issue Amount on such Issue Date equal to the total Dividend Amount accrued on such shares as of such Issue Date minus any portion thereof paid in cash pursuant hereto. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, the Corporation shall take all actions necessary for all PIK Dividend Shares to be duly authorized and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, and issued free and clear of all liens, mortgages, security interests, pledges, deposits, restrictions or other encumbrances, other than as set forth herein or in the Stockholders Agreement, on each Dividend Payment Date. The Corporation shall update its books and records to reflect the issuance of any PIK Dividend Shares promptly following each Dividend Payment Date, and at the request of any Holder of shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, shall deliver to such Holder a copy of such books and records reflecting the issuance of such PIK Dividend Shares; provided, however, that the failure of the Corporation to comply with the terms of this sentence shall not in any way affect the issuance of such PIK Dividend Shares in accordance with the terms hereof.
(2) Holders of Series A-2 Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors, out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends under Delaware law, the Dividend Amount, in cash, on each Dividend Payment Date. On each Dividend Payment Date, solely with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any Dividend Amount that is not declared and paid in cash to the Holder thereof shall be automatically added to the applicable Issue Amount Per Share in accordance with the definition thereof and shall accrue dividends thereafter in accordance with this Section 5. All such Dividend Amounts, if not paid in cash, shall be so added to the applicable Issue Amount Per Share, pursuant to this Section 5(a)(2), pro rata to each Holder of shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock based upon the number of such shares held by each such Holder.
(3) To the extent that the declaration or payment of any PIK Dividend is not permitted under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, the portion of the Dividend Amount corresponding to such undeclared or unpaid PIK Dividends shall be added to the applicable Issue Amount Per Share and the failure to declare or pay any such dividend shall not negate or impair the right of such Holders to such dividend.
The Corporation shall not declare, pay or set aside any dividends (other than stock dividends to Junior Securities that are subordinated in all respects to the dividends payable to shares of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant hereto) on shares of any other class or series of capital stock of the Corporation (other than the Series A Preferred Stock) while any shares of Series A Preferred Stock remain outstanding. Dividends payable on the Series A Preferred Stock shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months and shall be deemed to accumulate on a daily basis.
(b) Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock shall not be entitled to any dividends, whether payable in cash, property or stock, in excess of the full cumulative dividends as herein described; provided , however , that the Corporation may pay any additional dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock out of legally available funds, when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors.
(c) In the case of shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued on the Issue Date, dividends shall accrue and be cumulative from the Issue Date. In the case of PIK Dividend Shares, dividends shall accrue and be cumulative from the Dividend Payment Date in respect of which such shares were issued or were scheduled to be paid pursuant to Section 5(a) hereof as a PIK Dividend. In the case of any amounts of accrued but unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A-2 Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(2) of this Agreement, dividends shall accrue on such amounts and be cumulative from the applicable Dividend Payment Date in respect of which such amounts were scheduled to be paid pursuant to Section 5(a) hereof.
(d) Each fractional share of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding (or treated as outstanding pursuant to Section 5 hereof) shall be entitled to a ratably proportionate amount of all Dividend Amount accruing with respect to each outstanding or due to be issued and outstanding share of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to Section 5(a) , and such Dividend Amount with respect to such outstanding fractional shares shall be cumulative and shall accrue (whether or not declared), and shall be payable in the same manner and at such times as provided for in Section 5(a) with respect to dividends on each outstanding or due to be issued and outstanding share of Series A Preferred Stock. Each fractional share of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding shall also be entitled to a ratably proportionate amount of any other distributions made with respect to each outstanding or due to be issued and outstanding share of Series A Preferred Stock, and all such distributions shall be payable in the same manner and at the same time as distributions on each outstanding or due to be issued and outstanding share of Series A Preferred Stock.
(e) If a Conversion Date with respect to any share of Series A Preferred Stock is on or prior to a Dividend Payment Date for a dividend or distribution on the Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to Section 5(a) , then the Holder of such share of Series A Preferred Stock shall have the right to receive a pro rata portion of such Dividend Amount that would otherwise be payable on
such share on the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date, to be calculated as such Dividend Amount (i) multiplied by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and such Conversion Date and (ii) divided by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date. Payment of such Dividend Amounts shall be satisfied through the issuance of shares of Common Stock upon conversion except to the extent that the Corporation may satisfy any fractional shares through payment of cash pursuant to the terms of this Certificate of Designations.
Section 6. Liquidation Rights .
(a) Voluntary or Involuntary Liquidation . In the event of any liquidation, bankruptcy, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, or an Exit Event, then, on a pari passu basis:
(1) Holders of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive in full, out of the assets of the Corporation or proceeds thereof (whether capital or surplus) available for distribution to stockholders of the Corporation, and after satisfaction of all liabilities and obligations to creditors of the Corporation, before any distribution of such assets and/or proceeds is made to or set aside for the holders of any other Junior Securities, an amount per share of Series A-1 Preferred Stock equal to the Series A-1 Liquidation Preference; and
(2) Holders of Series A-2 Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive in full, out of the assets of the Corporation or proceeds thereof (whether capital or surplus) available for distribution to stockholders of the Corporation, and after satisfaction of all liabilities and obligations to creditors of the Corporation, before any distribution of such assets and/or proceeds is made to or set aside for the holders of any other Junior Securities, an amount per share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock equal to the Series A-2 Liquidation Preference.
(b) Partial Payment . If in any distribution described in Section 6(a) above, the assets of the Corporation and/or proceeds thereof are not sufficient to pay the Liquidation Preference in full to all Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive their pro rata portion of such assets and/or proceeds in accordance with their respective rights to the Liquidation Preference under Section 6(a) , with each such Holder being entitled to receive a pro rata portion of such amount based on such Holders relative aggregate Liquidation Preference then outstanding.
(c) Residual Distributions . If the Liquidation Preference has been paid in full to all Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the holders of shares of Junior Securities (for the avoidance of doubt, including the Common Stock into which any shares of Series A Preferred Stock have been previously converted), shall be entitled to receive all remaining assets of the Corporation (or proceeds thereof) according to their respective rights and preferences. Any amount payable in respect of Common Stock issued upon the conversion of shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall be paid on a pari passu basis with any payments in respect of shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock pursuant to Section 6(a)(2) and Section 6(b) .
(d) Exit Event . For purposes of this Section 6 , the Liquidation Preference payable in connection with an Exit Event shall, in consideration for the cancellation of the shares of Series A
Preferred Stock, be paid in cash; provided , however , if the Exit Event is the result of a Sale of the Corporation and the consideration received by the holders of common stock of the Corporation in connection with such Exit Event consists of or includes equity securities in a publicly traded corporation with (i) a market capitalization of at least $5,000,000,000 and (ii) a public float of at least $2,000,000,000, in each case on a pro forma , post-transaction basis, the Holders agree that receipt of their pro rata portion of such equity securities (plus any related cash payments) shall satisfy in full the Corporations payment obligations under this Section 6 .
Section 7. Redemption .
(a) Redemption by the Holders .
(1) After the fifth (5 th ) anniversary of the Issue Date (the Mandatory Redemption Date ), each Holder may request in writing that the Corporation redeem all (but not less than all) of such Holders shares of Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any PIK Dividend Shares and any accrued but unpaid dividends, including those that are added to the Issue Amount Per Share in respect of the Series A Preferred Stock on each Dividend Payment Date pursuant to Section 5(a)(3) or Section 5(a)(2) , as applicable, of this Agreement) (such shares, the Mandatory Redemption Shares ) at a redemption price per Mandatory Redemption Share equal to the Preferred Return for such Mandatory Redemption Share (the Mandatory Redemption Price ). Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if the Mandatory Redemption Payment Date occurs subsequent to a Dividend Payment Date, the amount of accrued but unpaid dividends payable to the holder of Mandatory Redemption Shares shall include a pro rata portion of the Dividend Amount that would otherwise be payable on such shares on the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date, to be calculated as such Dividend Amount (i) multiplied by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and Mandatory Redemption Payment Date (ii) divided by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date. The Mandatory Redemption Price to each Holder that exercises its redemption right pursuant to this Section 7(a) (each such Holder, the Redemption Holder ) with respect to a share of Series A Preferred Stock shall be paid in immediately available funds on a date selected by the Corporation not later than thirty (30) days after the date of a Holders request for redemption pursuant to the terms hereof (such date, the Mandatory Redemption Payment Date ) against surrender of the certificate(s) evidencing such shares, if any, to the Corporation or its agent; provided , however , that, if the Corporation is not permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law governing distributions to stockholders or under the Debt Documents to redeem all of the Mandatory Redemption Shares on the Mandatory Redemption Payment Date, then the Mandatory Redemption Price shall continue to be due by the Corporation in accordance with this Section 7(a)(1) and the Corporation shall redeem the maximum number of such Mandatory Redemption Shares that it may redeem consistent with such law or Debt Documents ( pro rata based on the respective amounts which would otherwise be payable in respect of all the Mandatory Redemption Shares), and shall redeem the remaining Mandatory Redemption Shares as soon as it may lawfully do so under such law or Debt Documents.
(2) If any Mandatory Redemption Shares remain outstanding on the date that is forty-five (45) days following the fifth (5 th ) anniversary of the Issue Date, then, unless the Super Majority Requisite Holders determine otherwise, (a) (i) the size of the Board of Directors shall be
increased by two (2) seats (the Investor Seats ) and, except as set forth in Section 7(a)(3) , the size of the Board of Directors shall not be further increased without the consent of the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders, (ii) the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders shall be entitled to (A) nominate and appoint the individuals to fill the vacancies created by such increase, (B) nominate and appoint each successor to such individuals and (C) to direct the removal from the Board of Directors of any member nominated and appointed under the foregoing clauses (A) or (B), and (iii) such individuals so nominated and appointed shall thereafter serve on the Board of Directors until their removal by the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders, and (b) notwithstanding anything in this Certificate of Designations or any other Transaction Documents to the contrary (including, for the avoidance of doubt, Section 8(a)(iii) ), the Series A -1 Dividend Rate with respect to such shares shall be automatically increased to a rate of 18% per annum (without any discount if paid in cash) and the Series A-2 Dividend Rate with respect to such shares shall be increased to the greater of (x) a rate of 18% per annum (without any discount if paid in cash) and (y) cash dividends declared and paid during any annual period on one (1) share of Common Stock (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends and other similar transactions) and (c) during the one hundred twenty (120) days following the date of such appointment (the Initial Sale Period ), the Corporation will work in good faith with the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders to structure a mutually agreeable capital fundraising transaction and obtain any consents that may be required to be obtained under the Debt Documents to repurchase or redeem the then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock in accordance with the terms of this Section 7(a)(2) .
(3) If, after the Initial Sale Period, any Mandatory Redemption Shares remain outstanding, then, unless the Super Majority Requisite Holders determine otherwise:
(i) the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders may request in writing that the Continuing Directors of the Corporation (1) increase the size of the Board of Directors by a number of seats such that, after giving effect to such increase, the number of vacant seats in the Board of Directors plus the Investor Seats constitutes a majority of the Board of Directors sufficient to effect the transactions contemplated herein, (2) nominate, approve and appoint the individuals nominated by the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders to fill each vacancy created by such increase (it being understood that, after giving effect to such nomination and appointment, the aggregate number of directors so nominated and appointed shall constitute a majority of the Board of Directors sufficient to effect the transactions contemplated herein) and any successor to such individuals from time to time nominated by the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders (each such individual, an Additional Investor Director and, collectively, the Additional Investor Directors ), and (3) remove any such Additional Investor Director from the Board of Directors;
(ii) if the Continuing Directors do not so nominate, approve and appoint each Additional Investor Director within five (5) Business Days after receipt of the request by the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders pursuant to clause (i) above, then automatically, and without any action on the part of any Person (and notwithstanding any terms of the By-laws to the contrary) the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders shall be entitled to (A) increase the size of the Board of Directors by a number of seats such that, after giving effect to such increase, the number of vacant seats in the Board of Directors plus the Investor Seats constitutes a majority of the Board of Directors sufficient to effect the transactions contemplated herein, (B) nominate and appoint the Additional Investor
Directors to the Board of Directors; (C) nominate and appoint each successor to each such Additional Investor Director; and (D) direct the removal from the Board of Directors of any individual nominated and appointed under the foregoing clauses (B) or (C);
(iii) each individual nominated and appointed under this Section 7(a)(3) shall thereafter serve on the Board of Directors until (i) his or her resignation, (ii) his or her removal at the direction of the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders, or (iii) redemption of all shares of Series A Preferred Stock; and
(iv) the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders shall have the right to cause an Exit Event and/or cause the Corporation to raise capital (whether debt or equity), in each case in an amount sufficient to repurchase or redeem the then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock (or any outstanding portion thereof) in accordance with the terms of this Section 7(a)(3) (collectively, a Forced Liquidity Transaction ). The Corporation shall use its reasonable best efforts to consummate a Forced Liquidity Transaction as promptly as practicable thereafter. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, in connection with any such Forced Liquidity Transaction, (i) the Corporation shall cause each of its officers and employees, as the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders may reasonably request, to participate actively in the Forced Liquidity Transaction, including attending diligence meetings and responding to diligence requests, and (ii) Wengen (A) shall vote its shares of capital stock and take any and all other actions, execute and deliver any and all documents, in each case, as reasonably requested by the Requisite Series A Preferred to effect such Forced Liquidity Transaction, including any transfer agreements, sale agreements, escrow agreements, consents, assignments, releases of claims relating to their interest in the Corporation, waivers, applications, reports, returns, filings and other documents or instruments with any governmental authorities, (B) to the extent that the Forced Liquidity Transaction is an equity or debt financing, shall cause all or a portion of the proceeds of the Forced Liquidity Transaction to be paid to the Holders as consideration for the redemption of their respective shares of Series A Preferred Stock, (C) irrevocably waives all consent or approval rights, preemptive rights, co-sale rights, rights of first refusal, right of first offer or similar rights that the Corporation or such stockholder (as the case may be) may have (including under the Stockholders Agreement) in connection with such Forced Liquidity Transaction, (D) acknowledges and agrees not to sue any Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the members of the Board of Directors designated by such Holders or any of their respective Affiliates in connection with any of their actions or omissions pursuant to this Section 7(a)(3) other than for taking an action in breach of a covenant from the Holders in this Certificate of Designations, (E) irrevocably waives any dissenters rights, appraisal rights or similar rights under Section 262 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or otherwise, and hereby waives all related claims (including any claims for breach of fiduciary duty arising out of or related to any actions taken or omissions, as the case may be, including claims relating to the fairness of a Forced Liquidity Transaction, the amount, nature, form or terms of consideration paid for shares of capital stock of the Corporation in such Forced Liquidity Transaction even if such Forced Liquidity Transaction results in no consideration being paid or payable to any or all of the holders other than the Holders, the process or timing of such Forced Liquidity Event or any similar claims), and (F) agrees to participate, up to such holders pro rata portion of its proceeds in such Forced Liquidity Transaction, in any
payments received by the buyer in any Exit Event purchase price adjustments, indemnification or other obligations that the sellers of shares of capital stock, other equity interests or assets are required to provide in connection with the Forced Liquidity Transaction such that proceeds will be distributed as if they had been distributed after giving effect to such adjustments, escrows, holdbacks, indemnifications and other obligations, other than any such obligations that relate solely to a particular stockholder of the Corporation, such as indemnification with respect to representations and warranties given by such stockholder regarding such stockholders title to and ownership of securities, in respect of which only such stockholder will be liable; provided , however , that notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 7(a) , neither Wengen nor the Wengen Investors shall be bound by any Forced Liquidity Transaction that would: (1) treat the Common Stock held directly or indirectly by Wengen or any Wengen Investor in a manner that is disproportionate to the Common Stock held by any other holder of Common Stock, including by imposing an escrow, clawback or other form of indemnification with respect to the Common Stock held directly or indirectly by Wengen or such Wengen Investor that is not imposed upon the Common Stock of any other holder of the Common Stock, (2) t o the extent that Wengen or any Wengen are required to provide any indemnification with respect to breaches of representations and warranties by or on behalf of the Corporation or agreements by the Corporation or otherwise assume any other post-closing liabilities, including with respect to any post-closing adjustments of the purchase price, escrows, and holdbacks, in each case in connection with such Forced Liquidity Transaction, require Wengen or any Wengen Investor to jointly and severally participate in any such indemnification or post-closing liabilities or for any amounts in excess of the aggregate proceeds to be received, respectively, by Wengen or such Wengen Investor, as applicable, in connection with such Forced Liquidity Transaction, or (3) impose a non-compete on any Wengen Investor or its Affiliates. The Corporation shall promptly provide any directors nominated and appointed by such Requisite Series A Preferred Holders pursuant to this Section 7(a)(3) with indemnification rights, advancement of expenses and exculpation, including indemnification agreements and any new directors and officers liability insurance policy or policies or any amendment to the existing policy or policies in form satisfactory to such directors.
(4) (i) A Person designated by the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders (with full power of substitution and re-substitution) is hereby appointed by Wengen (and upon any Transfer to a Transferee thereof, each such Transferee thereof shall be deemed to have irrevocably appointed), as Wengens proxy and attorney in fact (each, in such capacity, a Wengen Proxy Holder ) for and in the name, place and stead of such holder, to vote or cause to be voted (including by proxy or written consent, if applicable) its shares of Common Stock or other voting equity securities of the Corporation in connection with any vote, consent or approval necessary to consummate any Forced Liquidity Transaction that complies with the penultimate sentence of this Section 7(a)(4) ; (ii) to the maximum extent permitted from time to time under the laws of the State of Delaware, the proxy granted by operation of this Section 7(a)(4) is not intended to create, and shall not create, a fiduciary duty or fiduciary or agency relationship between or among the Wengen Proxy Holder, on the one hand, and the Corporation or any other holder of capital stock of the Corporation, on the other; (iii) Wengen shall not sue the Wengen Proxy Holder or any of its Affiliates in connection with the Wengen Proxy Holders exercise of the proxy and power of attorney granted it pursuant to clause (i) of this Section 7(a)(4) other than for taking an action in
breach of a covenant from the Holders in this Certificate of Designations; (iv) Wengen shall not be entitled to any dissenters rights, appraisal rights or similar rights under Section 262of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or otherwise, and hereby irrevocably waives all related claims (including any claims for breach of fiduciary duty arising out of or related to any actions taken or omissions by the Wengen Proxy Holder (other than for taking an action or omitting to take an action in breach of a covenant in this Certificate of Designations) in connection with the Wengen Proxy Holders exercise of the proxy and power of attorney granted it pursuant to clause (i) of this Section 7(a)(4) , as the case may be, including claims relating to the fairness of a Forced Liquidity Transaction, the amount, nature, form or terms of consideration paid for shares of capital stock of the Corporation in such Forced Liquidity Transaction even if such Forced Liquidity Transaction results in no consideration being paid or payable to any or all of the holders other than the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the process or timing of such Forced Liquidity Event or any similar claims); (v) Wengen hereby represents to the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock that no other irrevocable proxy in connection with its Common Stock has been granted prior to the date hereof, and agrees that any other proxies heretofore given by such holder of Common Stock (which, for the avoidance of doubt, does not include this proxy) are hereby revoked effective immediately; and (vi) Wengen hereby affirms that this irrevocable proxy is given in consideration for the mutual agreements contained in this Agreement and in connection with such Stockholders subscription for its Securities, and that this irrevocable proxy is coupled with an interest and may, under no circumstances, be revoked. The Corporation hereby acknowledges receipt of and the validity of the foregoing irrevocable proxy, and agrees to recognize the Wengen Proxy Holder as the sole attorney and proxy for each such holder at all times prior to the termination date of such irrevocable proxy as hereinafter provided in this Section 7(a)(4) . Wengen acknowledges and agrees that the irrevocable proxy granted pursuant to this Section 7(a)(4) will remain in effect until the earlier of (x) redemption in full all of the shares of the Series A Preferred Stock in accordance with this Certificate of Designations and (y) twenty (20) years from the date hereof. Notwithstanding anything in this Section 7(a)(4) to the contrary, neither Wengen nor the Wengen Investors shall have any obligation to take action or cooperate with the Series A Preferred Stock in connection with, including voting in favor of, any Forced Liquidity Transaction that would: (A) treat the Common Stock held directly or indirectly by Wengen or any Wengen Investor in a manner that is disproportionate to the Common Stock held by any other holder of Common Stock, including by imposing an escrow, clawback or other form of indemnification with respect to the Common Stock held directly or indirectly by Wengen or such Wengen Investor that is not imposed upon the Common Stock of any other holder of the Common Stock, (B) to the extent that Wengen or any Wengen are required to provide any indemnification with respect to breaches of representations and warranties by or on behalf of the Corporation or agreements by the Corporation or otherwise assume any other post-closing liabilities, including with respect to any post-closing adjustments of the purchase price, escrows, and holdbacks, in each case in connection with such Forced Liquidity Transaction, require Wengen or any Wengen Investor to jointly and severally participate in any such indemnification or post-closing liabilities or for any amounts in excess of the aggregate proceeds to be received, respectively, by Wengen or such Wengen Investor, as applicable, in connection with such Forced Liquidity Transaction, or (C) impose a non-compete on any Wengen Investor or its Affiliates. The proxy granted by this Section 7(a)(4) shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of Delaware without regard to principles of conflicts of law.
(b) Redemption by the Corporation . The Corporation, at its option, may redeem, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, the shares of the Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding (such shares, the Corporation Redemption Shares ), upon notice given as provided in Section 7(e) below, indicating the effective date of such redemption (such date, the Corporation Redemption Date ), at a cash redemption price per share of Series A Preferred Stock equal to the Preferred Return for such Corporation Redemption Share (the Corporation Redemption Price ); provided , however , the Corporation may redeem shares of Series A Preferred Stock on or after a QPO solely if on the date notice of redemption is given the 30 Trading Day VWAP prior to such date is at or below 85% of the QPO Price. The Corporation Redemption Price shall be payable to the Holder of such shares on the Corporation Redemption Date against surrender of the certificate(s) evidencing such shares, if any, to the Corporation or its agent. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if the Corporation Redemption Date occurs subsequent to a Dividend Payment Date, the amount of accrued but unpaid dividends payable to the holder of such Corporation Redemption Shares shall include a pro rata portion of the Dividend Amount that would otherwise be payable on such shares on the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date, to be calculated as such Dividend Amount (i) multiplied by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the Corporation Redemption Date (ii) divided by the number of days between the most recent Dividend Payment Date and the next subsequent Dividend Payment Date.
(c) No Sinking Fund . Except as otherwise provided in this Section 7 , the Series A Preferred Stock will not be subject to any mandatory redemption, sinking fund, retirement fund or purchase fund or other similar provisions.
(d) Partial Redemption . If, pursuant to Section 7(b) above, the Corporation elects to redeem fewer than all of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock, (i) such redemption of shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall be pro rata among the Holders of Series A Preferred Stock based upon each Holders relative aggregate Preferred Return then outstanding and (ii) the Corporation shall (A) cause the register of stockholders to be updated accordingly and (B) issue new certificates, if any, representing the unredeemed shares.
(e) Notice of Redemption by the Corporation . Notice of every redemption by the Corporation of shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall be mailed by first class mail, postage prepaid, addressed to the Holders of record of the shares to be redeemed at their respective last addresses appearing on the books of the Corporation or such other address as communicated in writing by any such Holders to the Corporation. Such mailing shall be at least thirty (30) days but not more than sixty (60) days before the date fixed for redemption. Any notice mailed as provided in this Subsection shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the Holder receives such notice, but failure duly to give such notice by mail, or any defect in such notice or in the mailing thereof, to any Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock designated for redemption shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other shares of Series A Preferred Stock. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Series A Preferred Stock or any depositary shares representing interests in the Series A Preferred Stock are issued in book-entry form through The Depository Trust Company or any other similar facility, notice of redemption may be given to the holders of Series A Preferred Stock at such time and in any manner permitted by such facility. Each such notice given to a Holder shall state: (1) the redemption date; (2) the number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be redeemed and, if less than all the shares held by
such Holder are to be redeemed, the number of such shares to be redeemed from such Holder; (3) the redemption price; and (4) the place or places where certificates for such shares are to be surrendered for payment of the redemption price.
(f) Order of Redemption . All shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock to be redeemed in accordance with Section 7 shall be redeemed in the following order: (i) first, the PIK Dividend Shares (if any) shall be redeemed in reverse order of issuance (so that the PIK Dividend Shares issued most recently are redeemed first), and (ii) second, all other shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock shall be redeemed.
(g) Educational Approvals. To the extent that any Educational Law requires that the parties obtain an Educational Approval in order to consummate any of the transactions or actions set forth in Sections 7(a)(2) through (5) , the Corporation shall obtain such Educational Approval and the Holders shall cooperate in good faith with the Corporation to obtain them. The process of determining which Educational Approvals may be required in connection with the transactions and events set forth in Sections 7(a)(2) through (5) shall be initiated at least nine (9) months before the fifth (5 th ) anniversary of the Issue Date, including applying for and seeking to obtain any such Education Approvals at least six (6) months prior to any contemplated change in the composition of the Board of Directors of the Company, any Forced Liquidation Event, exercise of any proxy, or any other event or series of transactions set forth under Section 7(a) . To the extent that any Educational Law requires that the Corporation obtain Educational Approvals prior to consummating any of the transactions set forth in Sections 7(a)(2) through (5) and Section 7(b) , the Corporation shall obtain such Educational Approvals and the Holders shall cooperate in good faith with the Corporation to obtain them prior to such transaction effective date. The Corporation shall incur any costs, fees and expenses reasonably required in connection with obtaining such Educational Approvals.
Section 8. Conversion .
(a) Generally .
(i) No Conversion . Except as set forth in this Certificate of Designations, prior to the earlier to occur of the closing of an Exit Event or a Wengen Exit Event, the shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall not be convertible into any other class or series of the Corporations capital stock.
(ii) Optional Conversion by Holders .
(A) Simultaneous with the closing of an Exit Event (such closing, an Exit Event Closing, and the date thereof, the Exit Event Closing Date ), each Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock may irrevocably elect, by providing prior written notice to the Corporation, to convert all of its shares of Series A Preferred Stock into that number of shares of Common Stock (including fractional shares of Common Stock) equal to the aggregate Modified Liquidation Preference of all such shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be so converted (including, for the avoidance of doubt, with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, any PIK Dividend Shares and any accrued but unpaid dividends, and, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends) divided
by the applicable Optional Conversion Price. The Corporation shall provide the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock prior written notice of an Exit Event, including the expected material terms thereof, at least thirty (30) days prior to the closing of such Exit Event.
(B) In connection with a Wengen Exit Event, the Corporation shall provide, or cause to be provided, notice of such prospective Wengen Exit Event to each Holder of the Series A Preferred Stock as soon as practicable after the Company is made aware of such Wengen Exit Event but prior to the execution and delivery by or on behalf of such Wengen Investor of a binding agreement concerning such prospective Wengen Exit Event (the Wengen Exit Event Notice ). Within thirty (30) days following receipt of the Wengen Exit Event Notice (the Conversion Election Period ), each Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock may irrevocably elect to convert all of its shares of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this clause (B) by notice to the Corporation (a Holder Optional Conversion Notice ) effective as of and subject to the closing of such Wengen Exit Event (the Holder Optional Conversion Effective Date ) and the number of shares that it intends to convert (such shares, the Holder Optional Conversion Shares ). The Wengen Exit Event triggering such conversion may not be consummated until the expiration of the Conversion Election Period. Upon delivery of a Holder Optional Conversion Notice, the Holder Optional Conversion Shares shall be converted into a number of shares of Common Stock (including fractional shares of Common Stock) equal to the Modified Liquidation Preference of all such shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be so converted (including, for the avoidance of doubt, with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, any PIK Dividend Shares and any accrued but unpaid dividends, and, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends) divided by the applicable Optional Conversion Price.
(C) In the event of an IPO, a QPO that closes on or prior to August 15, 2017 (an Early QPO ), or a QPO that closes after August 15, 2017 ( Late QPO ), each Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock may irrevocably elect to convert all of its shares of Series A Preferred Stock as follows: (1) in the case of an IPO, an Early QPO or, solely in the event that no QPO Early Convertibility Notice is timely issued by the Corporation pursuant to Section 8(a)(iii)(B) , a Late QPO, at any time commencing on the earlier to occur of (x) one (1) day following the first (1 st ) anniversary of the closing of such QPO or IPO (in each case, the PO Conversion Outside Date ) and (y) the time immediately prior to the effectiveness of the Registration Statement filed in connection with the Initial Follow-on Public Offering (the Follow-on Conversion Date ); and (2) in the case of a Late QPO for which a QPO Early Convertibility Notice is timely issued by the Corporation in accordance with Section 8(a)(iii)(B) , at any time after the closing of such Late QPO; provided , however , that, upon a conversion pursuant to this clause (2) that occurs prior to the 180-day anniversary of the date of entry into the underwriting agreement with the underwriters for such QPO, each converting Holder hereby agrees not to effect any public sale or distribution of any of such Investors Common Stock (except as part of an Initial Follow-on Public Offering or other transaction permitted by Section 4 of the Registration Rights Agreement), including a sale pursuant to Rule 144 or any swap or other economic arrangement that transfers to another Person any of the economic consequences of owning shares of Common Stock or to give any demand notice other than
pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement (it being understood that this will not prevent the exercise of any applicable piggyback rights under the Registration Rights Agreement) in each case during the period (such period, the Lock-up Period ) commencing on the Conversion Date pursuant to this clause (2) and continuing until the earlier of (A) the 180-day anniversary of the date of entry into the underwriting agreement with the underwriters of such QPO, (B) the effectiveness of an Initial Follow-on Public Offering, or (C) the date on which Wengen or any Wengen Investor is released from any similar lock-up restrictions to which such Person is bound. If a Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock elects to so convert, such Holder shall provide prior written notice to the Corporation and as soon as practicable thereafter, but in no event later than ten (10) days following the Corporations receipt of such notice, the Corporation shall deliver to such Holder the Conversion Supporting Certifications. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock elected to be converted pursuant to the foregoing shall be so converted into that number of shares of Common Stock (including fractional shares of Common Stock) equal to the Modified Liquidation Preference of all shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be so converted (including, for the avoidance of doubt, with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, any PIK Dividend Shares and any accrued but unpaid dividends, and, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends) divided by the applicable Public Offering Conversion Price. Upon a conversion pursuant hereto, each Holder so converting shall have the registration rights that are granted to such Holder under the Registration Rights Agreement, in each case in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein. The Corporation shall provide the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock prior written notice of a QPO or IPO, including the expected material terms thereof, not less than thirty (30) days prior to the closing of such QPO or IPO.
(D) For the avoidance of doubt, at any time when a conversion pursuant to this Section 8(a)(ii) may be effected by the Holders, the election of any Holder to convert or not to convert such Holders Series A Preferred Stock shall be independent of each other Holders election to convert or not to convert its Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Section 8(a)(ii) .
(iii) Optional Conversion by Corporation .
(A) In the event of an IPO or an Early QPO, subject to the requirements of any applicable Educational Law, including obtaining any required Educational Approvals, the Corporation may irrevocably elect to convert all of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock on the earlier to occur of (x) the applicable PO Conversion Outside Date, and (y) the Follow-on Conversion Date, by prior written notice to the Holders. Such notice shall be accompanied by (x) a certificate executed by the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation certifying that the proposed conversion, if and when effected, is and will not at the time of its closing result in a violation or breach of, or constitute a default or give rise to any right of termination, cancellation, modification or acceleration under or pursuant to any of the terms or conditions of the Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws, or any contract, instrument or other arrangement, including the Debt Documents, to which the Corporation or any of its Key Subsidiaries is a party or by which the Corporation or any of its Key Subsidiaries may be bound, and (y) a written opinion of one or more law firms of
national standing as counsel to the Corporation in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders opining that such conversion would not require any Education Approval by the U.S. Department of Education (the certificate and opinion under the foregoing clauses (x) and (y), collectively, the Conversion Supporting Certifications ). Following the Corporations election to convert pursuant hereto and subject to delivery of the Conversion Supporting Certifications to the Holders, each share of Series A Preferred Stock shall be converted into a number of shares of Common Stock (including fractional shares of Common Stock, and, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends, and with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, for the avoidance of doubt, any PIK Dividend Shares and any accrued but unpaid dividends) equal to the Modified Liquidation Preference of all shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be so converted (including, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends, and with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, for the avoidance of doubt, the PIK Dividend Shares, if any) divided by the applicable Public Offering Conversion Price. The Corporation shall provide the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock prior written notice of such IPO or Early QPO, including all expected material terms thereof, not less than thirty (30) days prior to the closing thereof. Upon a conversion pursuant hereto, each Holder so converting shall have the registration rights that are granted to such Holder under the Registration Rights Agreement, in each case in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein.
(B) In the event of a Late QPO, within ten (10) Business Day following the closing thereof, the Corporation may send written notice to the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock (the QPO Early Convertibility Notice ) that it is permitted to and intends to convert all of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Section 8(a)(iii)(B) . The QPO Early Convertibility Notice shall be accompanied by the Conversion Supporting Certifications. In the event of a QPO Early Convertibility Notice:
(x) From the closing date of the QPO and continuing through the date that is the 180 day anniversary of the closing of the Late QPO, dividends on each share of Series A Preferred Stock from time to time outstanding shall accrue at a 0.0% dividend rate; provided , however , that commencing on the date that is the 180-day anniversary of the closing of the Late QPO and continuing through the Conversion Date with respect to a conversion pursuant to this Section 8(a)(iii)(B) (such period of time, the Special Dividend Rate Period ), dividends on each share of Series A Preferred Stock shall accrue at the applicable Dividend Rate.
(y) At any time after a Late QPO, and irrespective of whether a QPO Early Convertibility Notice has been given, the Corporation may, on the Follow-on Conversion Date, convert shares of Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding into that number of shares of Common Stock (including fractional shares of Common Stock) obtained by dividing the Modified Liquidation Preference of all shares of Series A Preferred Stock to be so converted (including, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends, and with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, for the avoidance of doubt, the
PIK Dividend Shares, if any) by the lower of the Public Offering Conversion Price or the Initial Follow-on Public Offering Conversion Price; provided , that, in each case, such price shall not be lower than 75% of the QPO Price.
(z) The Corporation shall provide the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock prior written notice of such Late QPO, including all expected material terms thereof, not less than thirty (30) days prior to the closing thereof (it being understood that pricing terms shall be subject to market conditions at the time of the QPO or IPO) .
(C) In the event of a QPO, any shares of Series A Preferred Stock that remain outstanding on the applicable PO Conversion Outside Date shall be automatically converted into that number of shares of Common Stock (including fractional shares of Common Stock) obtained by dividing the Modified Liquidation Preference of such shares of Series A Preferred Stock (including, with respect to the Series A-2 Preferred Stock, any accrued but unpaid dividends, and with respect to the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, for the avoidance of doubt, any PIK Dividend Shares and any accrued but unpaid dividends) by the applicable Public Offering Conversion Price.
(b) Effect of Conversion . On and after the date on which any conversion pursuant to Section 8(a) is consummated (such date, a Conversion Date ), each outstanding share of Series A Preferred Stock so converted shall cease to be outstanding, dividends and distributions on such share shall cease to accrue or be due, and all rights of the Holder(s) of such share shall terminate with respect to such share, except for the right of such Holder(s) to receive cash in lieu of any fractional share, at the option of the Corporation, as provided herein. All shares of Common Stock issued or delivered upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Section 8 shall be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable and shall be free of preemptive or similar rights and free of any liens, mortgages, security interests, pledges, deposits, restrictions or other encumbrances, other than as set forth herein or in the Stockholders Agreement. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Corporation may, at the option of the Corporation, in lieu of issuing fractional shares of Common Stock upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Section 8 , deliver a check in an amount equal to the value of such fraction computed on the basis of the Fair Market Value per share of Common Stock on the Trading Day immediately before the applicable Conversion Date. In connection with any conversion of shares of Series A Preferred Stock pursuant to this Section 8 , each Holder shall surrender its certificate(s) evidencing such shares, if then certificated, to the Corporation or its agent on the applicable Conversion Date.
(c) Rights Plan , Stock Dividends, Recapitalizations, Etc. . If the Corporation has a rights plan in effect that includes Common Stock on a Conversion Date, upon conversion of any shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, Holders of such shares will receive, in addition to the shares of Common Stock, the rights under the rights plan relating to such Common Stock, unless, prior to such conversion date, the rights have (A) become exercisable or (B) separated from the shares of Common Stock (the first of events to occur being the Trigger Event ), in either of which cases the conversion rate will be adjusted, effective automatically at the time of such Trigger Event, as if the Corporation had made a distribution of such rights to all holders of the Common Stock. In the event of any stock dividend permitted by this Certificate of Designations, or any stock split,
reverse stock split, reclassification, recapitalization or other similar event affecting the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock, the Corporation shall make any such adjustments, if any, as may be appropriate so as to give proper effect to any such event when calculating the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series A Preferred Stock.
(d) HSR Act; Regulatory Compliance . If, as a result of (i) a conversion pursuant to this Section 8 a Holder would be deemed to hold an aggregate number of shares of Common Stock that would require a notification in connection with such conversion under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended (the HSR Act ) or (ii) any other event that, in the reasonable discretion of an Holder, would require a similar notification, then each of the Corporation and such Holder will prepare and file, or cause to be prepared and filed, with the appropriate Governmental Authorities, notifications with respect to such conversion pursuant to the HSR Act, and all competition filings required by Governmental Authorities outside the United States, seek early termination of any waiting periods under the HSR Act, supply all information requested by Governmental Authorities in connection with the HSR notifications and all other competition filings, and cooperate with each other in responding to any such request. The Corporation shall be solely responsible for all filing fees required to be paid in connection therewith. The Corporation and Holder will use their respective commercially reasonable efforts and will cooperate fully with one another to comply as promptly as practicable with all governmental requirements applicable to the contemplated conversion and to obtain promptly all approvals, Educational Approvals, orders, permits or other consents of any applicable Governmental Authorities and Educational Agencies necessary for the consummation of the contemplated conversion. No conversion or other event subject to filings described in this Section 8(d) shall be consummated until all applicable waiting periods under the HSR Act or similar merger control laws have expired or been terminated, and all approvals, orders, permits or other consents of any applicable Governmental Authorities necessary under the HSR Act, or similar merger control laws, or any Educational Approvals required by any Educational Agency prior to the consummation of the contemplated conversion have been obtained; provided , however , that, to the extent so delayed, at the option of the Holder converting or otherwise requesting a notification under the HSR Act pursuant to this Section 8(d) , the Conversion Date for purposes of determining the Optional Conversion Price, the Public Offering Conversion Price or the Initial Follow-on Public Offering Conversion Price, as the case may be, shall be the date on which all applicable waiting periods under the HSR Act or similar merger control laws have expired or been terminated. Any conversion set forth in this Section 8 shall be undertaken in accordance with the requirements of all applicable Educational Laws. To the extent that the parties determine that an Educational Approval is required in connection with such conversion, the parties hereto shall cooperate in good faith, and the Corporation shall use its best efforts (including incurring any costs, fees and expenses reasonably required in connection thereto), to obtain such Educational Approval, including any Educational Approvals that must be obtained prior to any such conversion.
(e) Reservation of Common Stock . The Corporation shall, at all times when any shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, reserve and keep available, free from preemptive rights, out of its authorized but unissued Common Stock, the full number of shares of Common Stock then issuable upon conversion of all then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Corporation may, at its election, deliver, upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock, treasury shares of Common Stock or other shares of
Common Stock that the Corporation has reacquired, provided such shares comply with the provisions hereof.
(f) Elective Conversion Delay.
(1) Anything to the contrary herein notwithstanding, if, as of any Conversion Date, a conversion price applicable to a conversion pursuant to Section 8(a)(ii)(C) or Section 8(a)(iii) prior to the PO Conversion Outside Date would be lower than the Public Offering Conversion Price without the application of the Public Offering Conversion Price Floor, then the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders being converted pursuant thereto, voting together as a separate class, may elect to delay the conversion until a date that is not later than 90 days following the proposed Conversion Date (but not later than the PO Conversion Outside Date) by written notice to the Corporation within five (5) Business Days following such Holders receipt of the Corporations notice of conversion. If so elected, then the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders shall have the right to re-calculate the Public Offering Conversion Price utilizing any 30 Trading Day VWAP during such 90 day period; provided , however , that, during such extension period, dividends on each shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by such Holders and being converted shall accrue at a 0.0% dividend rate.
(2) Anything to the contrary herein notwithstanding, if, as of any Conversion Date, a conversion price applicable to a conversion pursuant to Section 8(a)(ii)(C) or Section 8(a)(iii) prior to the PO Conversion Outside Date would be lower than the Public Offering Conversion Price without the application of the Public Offering Conversion Price Floor, then the Corporation may elect to delay the conversion until a date that is not later than 90 days following the proposed Conversion Date (but not later than the PO Conversion Outside Date) by written notice to the Holders. If so elected, then the Corporation shall have the right to re-calculate the Public Offering Conversion Price utilizing any 30 Trading Day VWAP during such 90 day period.
(g) Delayed Conversion. In the event that a conversion under this Section 8 is delayed pursuant to the provisions of Section 8(d) , Section 8(f) or otherwise, the Corporation shall ensure that any Registration Statement proposed to be filed by or on behalf of the Corporation or any other Person pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement shall be available at such time as the shares of Series A Preferred Stock so delayed are converted in full. Notwithstanding anything in this Certificate of Designations or other Transaction Documents to the contrary, the Corporation shall not be permitted to convert any shares of Series A Preferred Stock (including, for the avoidance of doubt, as a result of an automatic conversion on the PO Conversion Outside Date) unless and until (i) the effectiveness and availability to the Holders of one or more Registration Statements filed in compliance with the Registration Rights Agreement which provided to the Holders the opportunity to register at least an amount of Conversion Stock equal to the Priority Amount (or, if less, all of the remaining Registrable Securities that are Conversion Stock), and (ii) to the extent required by Section 8 hereof, the Conversion Supporting Certifications have been delivered to the Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock.
Section 9. Voting Rights; Protective Provisions .
(a) General .
(1) The holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall not have any voting rights except as from time to time required by law or expressly contemplated herein.
(2) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Section 9(b) hereof or the applicable provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, including Section 242(b) thereof, shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by the Current Stockholders or any Affiliates of the Current Stockholders, if any, shall not have any voting or consent rights hereunder (including with respect to the actions described in Section 9(b) hereof or the applicable provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, including Section 242(b) thereof), and shall not be counted for purposes of determining whether the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders or the Super Majority Requisite Holders thresholds have been satisfied; provided , however , such restriction shall automatically terminate without any further action required by the Corporation or the Holders upon the Transfer of shares of Series A Preferred Stock by the Current Stockholders or any Affiliates of the Current Stockholders, as applicable, to an Unaffiliated Third Party and such Unaffiliated Third Party shall be entitled to vote or consent to the actions described in Section 9 hereof.
(b) Protective Provisions . So long as any shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, the Corporation shall not effect or agree to effect any amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation (including by means of merger, consolidation, reorganization, recapitalization or otherwise) without the approval of the Holders of the Series A Preferred to the extent required herein, no waiver by any Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock of any of the provisions hereof shall be effective unless explicitly set forth in writing and signed by such Holder, and no Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to waive, and any waiver by such Holder shall not operate or be construed as a waiver in respect of, any rights, preferences or privileges of any other Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock. So long as any shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, in addition to any other vote or consent of stockholders required by law or by the Certificate of Incorporation or any other Transaction Documents:
(1) the consent of the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders, given in person or by proxy, either in writing without a meeting or by consenting at any meeting called for the purpose, shall be necessary for effecting or validating:
(i) any transaction by the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries with, or amendment, waiver, or termination of (other than validly in accordance with its terms), any agreement or arrangement with any stockholder of the Corporation or any Affiliates of the Corporation, or any member of the Board of the Corporation, other than (A) transactions between and among the Corporation and its Subsidiaries and among Subsidiaries, (B) transactions entered into before the Issue Date, (C) any transaction, agreement or arrangement contemplated by any Transaction Document, and (D) transactions involving the Corporation or any Subsidiary on terms that are at arms length and at market terms, and not otherwise adverse to the rights, priorities, preferences or privileges of any Holder of shares of Series A Preferred Stock in respect of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock;
(ii) except as set forth in any Transaction Document relating to payments with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock, the declaration or payment of any dividend or other distribution on any shares of any class or series of the Corporations capital stock or any redemption, repurchase or other acquisition of shares of any class or series of the Corporations capital stock (other than in connection with the redemption, repurchase or other acquisition of shares of any class or series of the Corporations capital stock in connection with (w) payments made in connection with withholding or similar taxes payable or expected to be payable by any present or former employee, director, manager or consultant of the Corporation (or their respective Affiliates, estates or immediate family members) relating to the repurchase of Junior Securities (including any cancellation of debt in connection with the repurchase of Junior Securities), (x) an exchange or conversion for shares of other Junior Securities, (y) Junior Securities purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired in connection with cashless option exercises (including with respect to tax withholdings), and (z) the repurchase or other acquisition of Junior Securities held by present or former officers, directors, employees or consultants of the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries or any of its direct or indirect parent company upon termination or retirement pursuant to agreements providing for such repurchase);
(iii) other than with respect to Subsidiaries of the Corporation that own an immaterial amount of assets of the Corporation, taken as a whole, the commencement of any receivership, liquidation, reorganization or other similar case or proceeding with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or with respect to a material portion of their respective assets, any composition of liabilities or similar arrangement relating to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, whether or not under a courts jurisdiction or supervision, any liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or winding up of any the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, whether voluntary or involuntary, whether or not under a courts jurisdiction or supervision, and whether or not involving insolvency or bankruptcy, or any general assignment for the benefit of creditors or any other marshalling of assets and liabilities of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; or
(iv) any agreement to take any of the foregoing actions.
(2) The consent of the Super Majority Requisite Holders, given in person or by proxy, either in writing without a meeting or by consenting at any meeting called for the purpose, shall be necessary for effecting or validating:
(i) except as expressly permitted under any Transaction Documents, any amendment, alteration, modification or repeal of any provision of the Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws (including by means of merger, consolidation, reorganization, recapitalization or otherwise) so as to adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers of the Series A Preferred Stock, taken as a whole, including: (A) any amendment or modification of Requisite Series A Preferred Holders, Section 5 ( Dividends ), Section 6 ( Liquidation Rights ), Section 7 ( Redemption ), Section 8 ( Conversion ) or this Section 9 ( Voting Rights; Protective Provisions ) or any defined terms used therein; and (B) any amendment, alteration or repeal of any provision of the Certificate of Incorporation or the By-laws (including by means of merger, consolidation, reorganization, recapitalization or otherwise) that would increase or decrease the
authorized number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock or authorize, create (by reclassification or otherwise) or increase the authorized amount of, any shares of any class or series of capital stock of the Corporation ranking senior to or on parity with the Series A Preferred Stock with respect to any or all of the payment of dividends, redemption, conversion and/or the distribution of assets on any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation;
(ii) if it is not an Initial Follow-on Public Offering, the first Public Offering following an IPO or QPO;
(iii) any proposed IPO;
(iv) issuances of shares of Series A Preferred Stock other than in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions of the Transaction Documents;
(v) (A) the material engagement by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries in a new business not directly or indirectly related to the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, as of the date hereof, or (B) to make a material change in the nature of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, line of business; or
(vi) any agreement to take any of the foregoing actions.
(3) At any time, Macquarie Sierra Investment Holdings Inc., a Delaware corporation ( Macquarie ) shall have the right to elect to temporarily waive its right to consent to any or all of the matters set forth in Sections 9(b)(2)(i) and (iv) (the Fundamental Actions ), by providing written notice of such waiver to the Corporation and the other Holders. In the event that Macquarie has temporarily waived its right to vote in respect of all or some of the Fundamental Actions in accordance with this Section 9(b)(3) and then seeks to Transfer any portion of its shares of Series A Preferred Stock to any Person under this Certificate of Designations or the Stockholders Agreement, Macquaries right to vote on all of the Fundamental Actions for the shares being Transferred shall be automatically fully reinstated immediately prior to such Transfer. Nothing in this Section 9(b)(3) shall have any effect on any rights attaching to any shares of Series A Preferred Stock (other than a temporary waiver by Macquarie of its right to exercise the voting rights attaching to such shares held by it pursuant to this Section 9(b)(3) ) nothing in this Section 9(b)(3) shall create or amount to any waiver of any right attaching to any such share held by a shareholder other than Macquarie, including any Transferee of Macquarie. Any Holder shall have the right to waive the benefit of any provision in this Certificate of Designations in so far as such provision is applicable to such Holder.
Section 10. Other Rights . Subject to the rights of the Holders of the Series A Preferred Stock set forth in Section 9 , and without prejudice thereto, in connection with the proposed Transfer of any Series A-1 Preferred Stock or the issuance of shares of capital stock of the Corporation pursuant to Section 2.5 of the Stockholders Agreement, the Corporation will cooperate with the Transferee to restructure, amend and/or modify the Series A-1 Preferred Stock to be transferred, issued and/or sold, as the case may be, or the Certificate of Incorporation, in each case, in a manner that is tax efficient to such proposed Transferee (including the issuance of new
shares of capital stock of the Corporation) and which does not materially adversely affect the Corporation.
Section 11. Determination of Fair Market Value . The Fair Market Value shall be determined by agreement of the Corporation and the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders. If the Corporation and the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders fail to reach agreement on the Fair Market Value within ten (10) Business Days of the date on which such determination is reasonably expected to be made pursuant to this Certificate of Designations (the FMV Determination Date ), then the value shall be determined by an independent, nationally recognized valuation firm selected by the Corporation and the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders. If the foregoing parties cannot agree on such independent, nationally recognized valuation firm within thirty (30) days following the FMV Determination Date, then the Board of Directors, on the one hand, and the Requisite Series A Preferred Holders, on the other hand, each shall select a valuation firm and such valuation firms in turn shall select a third valuation firm the appraisal of which shall be controlling. The determination of such valuation firm (as finally selected hereunder) shall be final and binding upon the parties, and the fees and expenses of such appraiser shall be borne by the Corporation.
Section 12. Record Holders . To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the Corporation and the transfer agent for the Series A Preferred Stock may deem and treat the record holder of any share of Series A Preferred Stock as the true and lawful owner thereof for all purposes, and neither the Corporation nor such transfer agent shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.
Section 13. Notices . All notices or communications in respect of Series A Preferred Stock shall be sufficiently given if given in writing and delivered in person or by first class mail, postage prepaid, or if given in such other manner as may be permitted herein, in the Certificate of Incorporation or By-laws or by applicable law.
Section 14. No Other Rights . The shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall not have any voting powers, preferences or relative, participating, optional or other special rights, or qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, other than as set forth herein or in the Certificate of Incorporation, the Registration Rights Agreement, the Stockholders Agreement or as provided by applicable law.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. has caused this Certificate of Designations to be signed by Eilif Serck-Hanssen, its Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, on this 20th day of December, 2016.
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LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. |
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By: |
/s/ Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
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Name: |
Eilif Serck-Hanssen |
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Title: |
Executive Vice President, Chief |
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Financial Officer |
[Signature Page to Certificate of Designations]
Exhibit 4.4
THIRD SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURE (this Supplemental Indenture ), dated as of December 30, 2016, by and among Laureate Education, Inc., a Delaware public benefit corporation (the Issuer ), the guarantors party hereto (the Guarantors ) and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (the Trustee ).
W I T N E S S E T H
WHEREAS, each of the Issuer and the Guarantors (as defined in the Indenture referred to below) has heretofore executed and delivered to the Trustee an indenture, dated as of July 25, 2012, as supplemented by a First Supplemental Indenture dated as of November 13, 2012, and a Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 29, 2015 (collectively, the Indenture ), providing for the issuance of 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019 (the 2019 Notes );
WHEREAS, Section 2.01(d) of the Indenture provides that Additional Notes (as defined in the Indenture) ranking pari passu with the Initial Notes (as defined in the Indenture) may be created and issued from time to time by the Issuer (subject to the Issuers compliance with Section 4.09 of the Indenture) without notice to or consent of the Holders (as defined in the Indenture) and shall be consolidated with and form a single class with the Initial Notes and shall have the same terms as to status, redemption or otherwise as the Initial Notes; and
WHEREAS, the Issuer and the Guarantors desire to execute and deliver this Supplemental Indenture for the purpose of issuing $10,453,000 in aggregate principal amount of Additional Notes in definitive form, having terms substantially identical in all material respects to the 2019 Notes (together with the 2019 Notes, the Notes ); and
WHEREAS, pursuant to Section 9.01 of the Indenture, the Trustee is authorized to execute and deliver this Supplemental Indenture.
NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties mutually covenant and agree for the equal and ratable benefit of the Holders of the Notes as follows:
(1) Capitalized Terms . Capitalized terms used herein without definition shall have the meanings assigned to them in the Indenture.
(2) Additional Notes . As of the date hereof, the Issuer will issue the Additional Notes under the Indenture in definitive form, having terms substantially identical in all material respects to the 2019 Notes, at an issue price of 100.00%. The 2019 Notes and the Additional Notes shall be treated as a single class for all purposes under the Indenture.
(3) Authentication of Additional Notes . The Trustee shall, pursuant to an Issuer Authentication Order delivered in accordance with Section 2.02 of the Indenture, authenticate and deliver the Additional Notes for an aggregate principal amount specified in such Issuer Authentication Order.
(4) Ratification of Indenture . Except as expressly amended hereby, the Indenture is in all respects ratified and confirmed and all the terms, conditions and provisions thereof shall remain in full force and effect. This Third Supplemental Indenture shall form a part of the Indenture for all purposes, and every Holder shall be bound thereby.
(5) Governing Law . THIS SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURE WILL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
(6) Severability . In case any provision in this Third Supplemental Indenture, the Indenture or the Notes shall be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby.
(7) Successors . This Third Supplemental Indenture shall be binding on the Issuer, the Guarantors, the Trustee and the Holders and their respective successors and assigns, and shall inure to the benefit of such parties and their respective successors and assigns.
(8) Counterparts . The parties may sign any number of copies of this Third Supplemental Indenture. Each signed copy shall be an original, but all of them together represent the same agreement.
(9) Effect of Headings . The Section headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof.
(10) The Trustee . The Trustee shall not be responsible in any manner whatsoever for or in respect of the validity or sufficiency of this Third Supplemental Indenture or for or in respect of the recitals contained herein, all of which recitals are made solely by the Issuer and the Guarantors.
[The remainder of this page is intentionally left blank.]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Supplemental Indenture to be duly executed, all as of the date first above written.
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Very truly yours, |
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LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. |
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By: |
/s/ Robert W. Zentz |
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Name: |
Robert W. Zentz |
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Title: |
Senior Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel |
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LAUREATE VENTURES, INC. |
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LAUREATE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES, INC. |
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INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY VENTURES, LTD. |
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LAUREATE PROPERTIES, LLC (DELAWARE) |
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POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION ACQUISITION CORPORATION |
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TUITION FINANCE, INC. |
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WALDEN E-LEARNING, LLC |
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THE CANTER GROUP OF COMPANIES, LLC |
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LAUREATE EDUCATION INTERNATIONAL LTD. |
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CANTER AND ASSOCIATES, LLC |
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EDUCATIONAL SATELLITE SERVICES, INC. |
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WALL STREET INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS US I, INC. |
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LEI ADMINISTRATION, LLC |
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EXETER STREET HOLDINGS LLC |
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By: |
/s/ Robert W. Zentz |
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Name: |
Robert W. Zentz |
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Title: |
Vice President and Secretary |
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LAUREATE BAGBY INVESTORS LLC |
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By: |
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.,
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By: |
/s/ Robert W. Zentz |
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Name: |
Robert W. Zentz |
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Title: |
Senior Vice President, Secretary and
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FLEET STREET AVIATION, LLC |
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By: |
/s/ Robert W. Zentz |
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Name: |
Robert W. Zentz |
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Title: |
Manager |
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WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,
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By: |
/s/ Stefan Victory |
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Name: |
Stefan Victory |
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Title: |
Vice President |
[ Signature Page to Third Indenture ]
Exhibit 10.68
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.
650 S. Exeter Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
December 30, 2016
Mr. Douglas Becker
200 Biscayne Blvd Way, Unit 5401
Miami, FL 33131
Re: Deferred Compensation Plan
Dear Mr. Becker:
Reference is made to that certain letter agreement (the Original Letter Agreement ), dated August 16, 2007, by and among Douglas L. Becker (the Participant ), L Curve Sub Inc. and Laureate Education, Inc. (the Company ), pursuant to which the Participant held vested equity-based awards that the Participant exchanged for an unfunded, nonqualified stock-based deferred compensation arrangement (the stock-based DCP ). Pursuant to the stock-based DCP, (i) a cash payment of $50,000,000 was made to the Participant on September 17, 2014, (ii) a cash payment of $22,581,313 was paid to the Participant on December 29, 2015 and a 9.250% Senior Note due 2019 having a principal amount of $31,186,000 (the 2015 Note ) was issued to Participant on December 29, 2015, and (iii) $10,903,898 was payable to Participant on September 17, 2016 (the 2016 Obligation ). The Participant has agreed to extend the due date for payment of the 2016 Obligation from September 17, 2016 to December 31, 2016.
Reference is further made to those certain debt offerings of the Company in July 2012, November 2012, and December 2015 in which the Company issued an aggregate of $1,450,046,000 aggregate principal amount of 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019 to Participant, Mr. Christopher Hoehn-Saric, qualified institutional buyers and non-U.S. persons in reliance on applicable exemptions from the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act ), which 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019 were issued pursuant to the indenture dated as of July 25, 2012 (the Base Indenture ), a supplemental indenture, dated as of November 13, 2012, supplementing the Base Indenture, and a second supplemental indenture, dated as of December 29, 2015, supplementing the Base Indenture (the Base Indenture as so supplemented, the Indenture ), among the Company, the guarantors party thereto (the Guarantors ) and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (the Trustee ).
Pursuant to the terms and conditions of this confirmation letter agreement (this Letter Agreement ), the Company shall satisfy the indebtedness represented by the 2016 Obligation through (i) the payment of cash to the Participant and (ii) the issuance of a note (the Note ) evidencing an additional aggregate principal amount of 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019 (clauses (i) and (ii) together being the DCP Distribution ), as described on Exhibit A attached hereto.
NOW, THEREFORE , in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements hereinafter set forth, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto hereby agree as follows:
ARTICLE I
DCP DISTRIBUTION
Section 1.1 DCP Distribution . The Company and the Participant hereby agree to consummate the DCP Distribution. In furtherance of the foregoing:
(a) The Company hereby agrees to pay the amount of cash allocated on Exhibit A to the Participant, which amount shall be paid through the Companys payroll, subject to any applicable tax payments or withholding.
(b) The Company hereby agrees to issue to the Participant the Note (which shall be in the principal amount set forth on Exhibit A ) pursuant to a Third Supplemental Indenture, by and among the Company, the guarantors party thereto, and the Trustee, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit B (the Supplemental Indenture ), supplementing the Base Indenture, and to deliver the Note to the Participant in accordance with Section 1.3(b) . The issuance of the Note to the Participant will be made without registration of the Note under the Securities Act, in reliance upon the exemption therefrom provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and in reliance on similar exemptions under state securities or blue sky laws. The Participant acknowledges that the Company is relying upon the truth and accuracy of, and the Participants compliance with, his representations, warranties and covenants set forth herein in order to determine the availability of such exemptions and the eligibility of the Participant for the DCP Distribution. The Participant acknowledges that the Note may not be transferred, sold or otherwise disposed of (collectively, a Transfer ) except in compliance with the restrictions set forth in the terms of the Note. The Participant acknowledges and agrees that the Note will bear a customary legend (the Securities Act Legend ) and restrictions on Transfer, as set forth in the form of Note attached as Exhibit C hereto.
(c) The Participant acknowledges that the consummation of the DCP Distribution as provided herein shall satisfy in full the 2016 Obligation to the Participant and shall affect a release by the Company and the Participant of all claims arising out of or related to the 2016 Obligation.
Section 1.2 No Commission . Each party represents and warrants to the other as of the date hereof and as of the Closing (as defined below) that it has not and will not pay any commission or other remuneration, directly or indirectly, to any broker or other intermediary, in connection with the DCP Distribution.
Section 1.3 Closing . The closing of the transactions contemplated by this Letter Agreement (the Closing ) shall be held at the offices of DLA Piper LLP (US) ( DLA Piper ), counsel to the Company, at The Marbury Building, 6225 Smith Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21209 on the date on which the conditions to Closing set forth in Article III have been waived or
satisfied (the Closing Date ), or at such other time and place as the Company and the Participant may agree either in writing or orally, but in no event later than December 31, 2016. At the Closing:
(a) the Participant will:
(i) execute and deliver to the Company a cross-receipt acknowledging payment of cash pursuant to Section 1.1(a) and receipt of the Note pursuant to Section 1.1(b) ; and
(ii) execute and deliver to the Company an Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement by and among the Company, the guarantors party thereto and the initial holders party thereto, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit D (the Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement ).
(b) the Company will:
(i) pay the amount of cash allocated on Exhibit A to the Participant through the Companys payroll, subject to any applicable tax payments or withholding.
(ii) execute and deliver the Supplemental Indenture to the Trustee;
(iii) cause the Guarantors to execute and deliver the Supplemental Indenture to the Trustee;
(iv) execute and deliver, and cause the Guarantors to execute and deliver, the Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement to the Participant;
(v) execute and deliver an Authentication Order pursuant to the Supplemental Indenture to the Trustee;
(vi) execute and deliver an Officers Certificate pursuant to the Supplemental Indenture to the Trustee; and
(vii) execute and deliver a Denominations Letter to the Trustee;
(viii) execute and deliver to the Participant a cross-receipt acknowledging receipt of consideration for the Note;
(ix) deliver the Note to the Participant; and
(x) cause DLA Piper to issue a legal opinion to the Trustee pursuant to the Supplemental Indenture.
ARTICLE II
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES AND COVENANTS
Section 2.1 Representations and Warranties of the Company . The Company hereby represents and warrants to the Participant as of the date hereof as follows:
(a) The Company and each of the Guarantors is a corporation or a limited liability company duly formed, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization and has all necessary corporate power and authority to own, operate or lease the properties and assets now owned, operated or leased by it and to carry on its business as it has been and is currently conducted. Each of the Company and the Guarantors has all necessary corporate power and authority to enter into this Agreement, the Indenture, the Supplemental Indenture, the Note, the Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement and any other documents, agreements and instruments required to effect the DCP Distribution (collectively, the Transaction Documents ), to carry out its obligations pursuant to the Transaction Documents and to consummate the transactions contemplated thereby.
(b) The execution and delivery by the Company and the Guarantors of the Transaction Documents, the performance by the Company of its obligations thereunder and the consummation by the Company of the transactions contemplated thereby have been duly authorized by all requisite action on the part of the Company and the Guarantors. This Agreement and the Indenture have been duly executed and delivered by the Company, and upon the Closing (as defined below) all of the other Transaction Documents will have been duly executed and delivered by the Company and the Guarantors (as applicable). Assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by the Participant, this Agreement and the Indenture constitute, and upon the Closing each of the other Transaction Documents will constitute, the legal, valid and binding obligation of the Company and the Guarantors (as applicable), enforceable against the Company and the Guarantors (as applicable) in accordance with their terms. Without limiting the foregoing, upon the Closing the Note will have been duly issued in accordance with the Indenture and the Supplemental Indenture and will be entitled to the rights and benefits thereof.
(c) The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents, the performance by each of the Company and the Guarantors (as applicable) of their respective obligations hereunder and thereunder, and the consummation by each of the Company and the Guarantors (as applicable) of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, will not (i) result in a violation of the certificate of incorporation or the bylaws of the Company or the organizational documents of any of the Guarantors, (ii) conflict with, or constitute a breach or default (or an event which, with the giving of notice or lapse of time or both, constitutes or would constitute a breach or default) under, or give to others any right of termination, amendment, acceleration or cancellation of, or other remedy with respect to, any agreement, indenture or instrument to which the Company or any of the Guarantors is a party; or (iii) result in a violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment or decree (including federal and state securities laws and regulations) applicable to the Company or any of the Guarantors or by which any property or asset of the Company or any of the Guarantors is bound or affected. Neither the
Company nor any of the Guarantors is required to obtain any consent, authorization or order of or make any filing or registration with, any court or governmental agency or any regulatory or self-regulatory agency in order for it to execute, deliver or perform any of its obligations under, or contemplated by, this Agreement or any of the other Transaction Documents. Assuming the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the Participant set forth in Sections 2.2(b) and 2.2(c), the offer and issuance by the Company of the Note is exempt from registration under the Securities Act and applicable state securities laws.
Section 2.2 Representations and Warranties and Covenants of the Participant . The Participant hereby represents and warrants to the Company as of the date hereof as follows:
(a) The Participant has all necessary faculties, power and authority to enter into this Letter Agreement, to carry out his obligations hereunder and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby. This Letter Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Participant, and (assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by the Company) this Letter Agreement constitutes the legal, valid and binding obligation of the Participant, enforceable against the Participant in accordance with its terms.
(b) The Participant is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company. The Participant has such knowledge and experience in financial and business matters as to be capable of evaluating the merits and risks of an investment in the Company. The Participant is able to bear the economic risk of loss of the investment in the Note contemplated hereby for an indefinite period of time. The Participant had access to such financial and other information, and has been afforded the opportunity to ask such questions of representatives of the Company and receive answers thereto, as he deems necessary. The Participant has had an opportunity to consult with his own advisors with respect to the Participants execution and delivery of this Letter Agreement. The Participant is an accredited investor as such term is defined in Rule 501 under the Securities Act.
(c) The acquisition of the Note by the Participant is for his own account and without a view to any distribution thereof in a transaction that would violate the Securities Act or the securities laws of any state of the United States or any other applicable jurisdiction; provided, however, that by making the representations herein, the Participant does not agree to hold the Note for any minimum or other specific term and reserves the right to dispose of the Note at any time in accordance with or pursuant to an effective registration statement or an exemption from registration under the Securities Act.
(d) The Participant understands that the Trustee will not be required to accept for registration of transfer of the Note except upon presentation of evidence satisfactory to the Company and the Trustee that the restrictions on transfer set forth in the Indenture and the Supplemental Indenture and under the Securities Act have been complied with.
(e) The Participant agrees to repay to the Company on March 1, 2017 the portion of the interest, including Special Interest (as defined in the Indenture), on the Note accruing from September 1, 2016 to the day before the Closing Date.
ARTICLE III
CONDITIONS TO CLOSING
Section 3.1 Conditions to the Participants Obligations at Closing . The obligations of the Participant to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Letter are subject to the fulfillment or waiver, on or before the Closing, of each of the following conditions:
(a) The delivery by the Company of (i) the closing deliveries specified in Section 1.3(b) above, and (ii) copies of the resolutions duly adopted by the Companys board of directors authorizing the execution, delivery and performance of this Letter Agreement and the consummation of all other transactions contemplated by this Letter Agreement;
(b) The execution and delivery by the Company, the Trustee and the guarantors party thereto of the Supplemental Indenture; and
(c) The performance of any additional obligations required to be fulfilled pursuant to the Base Indenture or the Supplemental Indenture.
Section 3.2 Conditions to the Companys Obligations at Closing . The obligations of the Company to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Letter Agreement are subject to the fulfillment or waiver, on or before the Closing, of each of the following conditions:
(a) The delivery by the Participant of the closing deliveries specified in Section 1.3(a) above; and
(b) The performance of any additional obligations required to be fulfilled pursuant to the Base Indenture or the Supplemental Indenture.
ARTICLE IV
MISCELLANEOUS
Section 4.1 Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement . The Company and the Participant hereby acknowledge and agree that for so long as the Participant is the holder of the Note:
(a) The Company shall take any action under the Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement with respect to the Note not later than the time comparable action is taken pursuant to any other existing exchange and registration rights agreement covering the 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019; provided, however, that the Company shall include the Note in the registration statement on Form S-4 previously filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC ) and covering the 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019 (which
registration statement is not yet effective), before such registration statement is declared effective by the SEC.
(b) Section 8 of the Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement shall be amended such that references therein to Rule 144A shall be deemed to refer to both Rule 144 and Rule 144A.
(c) Section 7(e) of the Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement shall be amended as follows:
1. The following language shall be deleted: (i) the relative benefits received by the indemnifying party or parties on the one hand and the indemnified party on the other from the offering of the Notes or (ii) if the allocation provided by the foregoing clause (i) is not permitted by applicable law, not only such relative benefits but also.
2. The following sentence shall be deleted: The relative benefits received by the Issuer and the Guarantors on the one hand and such Participant on the other shall be deemed to be in the same proportion that the total net proceeds from the offering (before deducting expenses) of the Notes received by the Issuer bear to the total discounts and commissions received by such Participant in connection with the sale of the Notes (or if such Participant did not receive discounts or commissions, the value of receiving the Notes sold).
Section 4.2 Legend Removal . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement or any of the other Transaction Documents, upon the written request to the Issuer by the Participant, the Securities Act Legend shall be removed from the Note (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any portion thereof), and the Company shall cause a Note without the Securities Act Legend to be delivered to the Participant, if (a) the Note is registered under the Securities Act, (b) the Participant provides the Company with reasonable assurances that the Securities can be sold pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act ( Rule 144 ) without compliance with Rule 144(e) or Rule 144(f) (or successors thereto), (d) the Participant provides the Company reasonable assurances that the Note (or a portion thereof) has been or is being sold pursuant to Rule 144, or (e) such holder certifies, on or after the date that is 12 months after the Closing Date that the Participant is not an affiliate of the Company (as defined in Rule 144). The Company shall be responsible for the fees of its transfer agent and all fees of the registrar under the Indenture and The Depository Trust Company associated with such issuance. The Company hereby acknowledges and agrees that for purposes of Rule 144, the Note, the 2015 Note and all other outstanding 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019 of the Company constitute part of the same tranche of debt securities.
Section 4.3 Notices . All notices, requests, claims, demands and other communications hereunder shall be in writing and shall be given or made (and shall be deemed to have been duly given or made upon receipt) by delivery in person, by an internationally recognized overnight courier service, by facsimile or registered or certified mail (postage prepaid, return receipt requested) to the respective parties hereto.
Section 4.4 Severability . If any term or other provision of this Letter Agreement is invalid, illegal or incapable of being enforced by any law or public policy, all other terms and provisions of this Letter Agreement shall nevertheless remain in full force and effect for so long as the economic or legal substance of the transactions contemplated by this Letter Agreement is not affected in any manner materially adverse to either party hereto.
Section 4.5 Entire Letter . This Letter Agreement and the other Transaction Documents constitute the entire agreement of the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede all prior agreements (other than the Indenture) and undertakings, both written and oral, between the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof. For the avoidance of doubt, the parties hereto acknowledge that except as it may relate to the satisfaction of the 2016 Obligation, this Letter Agreement does not affect the continuing legality, validity and enforceability of the Original Letter Agreement, which remains in full force and effect.
Section 4.6 Amendment . This Letter Agreement may not be amended or modified except by an instrument in writing signed by, or on behalf of, each party hereto.
Section 4.7 No Third Party Beneficiaries . This Letter Agreement shall be binding upon and inure solely to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns, and nothing herein, express or implied, is intended to or shall confer upon any other person any legal or equitable right, benefit or remedy of any nature whatsoever under or by reason of this Letter Agreement.
Section 4.8 Governing Law . This Letter Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Maryland (without giving effect to any choice or conflict of law provision or rule).
Section 4.9 Counterparts . This Letter Agreement may be executed and delivered (including by facsimile or electronic transmission) in one or more counterparts, and by the parties hereto in separate counterparts, each of which when executed shall be deemed to be an original, but all of which taken together shall constitute one and the same agreement.
[Signatures appear on the following page.]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF , the parties hereto have executed this Letter Agreement as of the date first written above.
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COMPANY: |
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LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. |
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By: |
/s/ Robert W. Zentz |
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Name: |
Robert W. Zentz |
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Title: |
Senior Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel |
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PARTICIPANT: |
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By: |
/s/ Douglas L. Becker |
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Douglas L. Becker |
[ Signature Page to Confirmation Letter (Becker) (DCP) ]
Exhibit A
DCP Distribution
Amount of Cash* |
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$ |
4,640,241 |
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Principal Amount of Note |
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$ |
6,419,000 |
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Total |
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$ |
11,059,241 |
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* To be paid through the Companys payroll, subject to any applicable tax payments or withholding. Includes accrued interest on the 2016 Obligation from September 18, 2016 through and including December 30, 2016, computed at the interest rate specified in Section 3(C) of the Original Letter Agreement. If the Closing occurs after December 30, 2016, the Company shall pay to the Participant an additional $1,493.68 in cash per diem through the Companys payroll through the date of the Closing.
Exhibit 10.69
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EXCHANGE AND REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT
Dated as of December 30, 2016
Among
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.
and
the Guarantors listed on the signature pages hereof
and
the Initial Holders listed on the signature pages hereof
$10,453,000 aggregate principal amount of 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Page |
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1. |
Definitions |
1 |
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2. |
Exchange Offer |
4 |
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3. |
Shelf Registration |
8 |
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4. |
Additional Interest |
9 |
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5. |
Registration Procedures |
10 |
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6. |
Registration Expenses |
18 |
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7. |
Indemnification and Contribution |
18 |
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8. |
Rule 144A |
22 |
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9. |
Underwritten Registrations |
23 |
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10. |
Miscellaneous |
23 |
EXCHANGE AND REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT
THIS EXCHANGE AND REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT (this Agreement ) is made and entered into as of December 30, 2016, by and among Laureate Education, Inc., a Delaware public benefit corporation (the Issuer ) and the guarantors listed on the signature pages to this Agreement (the Guarantors ), on the one hand, and the several initial holders named in Schedule I hereto (collectively, the Initial Holders ), on the other hand.
This Agreement is made by and among the Issuer, the Guarantors and the Initial Holders in connection with the issuance by the Issuer to the Initial Holders of $10,453,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019 (the Notes ). The Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed (the Guarantees and together with the Notes, the Securities ) on a senior unsecured basis by the Guarantors. In connection with the issuance of the Notes, the Issuer and the Guarantors have agreed to provide the registration rights set forth in this Agreement to the Initial Holders and their direct and indirect transferees.
The Securities are to be issued under an indenture (the Base Indenture ), dated as of July 25, 2012, by and among the Issuer, the Guarantors (as defined below) and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (the Trustee ), as supplemented by Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of November 13, 2012 ( Supplemental Indenture No. 1 ), as supplemented by Supplemental Indenture No. 2, dated as of December 29, 2015 ( Supplemental Indenture No. 2 ), as supplemented by Supplemental Indenture No. 3, dated as of December 30, 2016 ( Supplemental Indenture No. 3 ) and, together with the Base Indenture, Supplemental Indenture No 1, and Supplemental Indenture No. 2, the Indenture ) , among the Issuer, the Guarantors and the Trustee pursuant to Section 2.02 of the Base Indenture. The Issuer has previously issued $1,450,046,000 aggregate principal amount of 9.250% Senior Notes due 2019. The Securities constitute an offering of Additional Notes (as such term is defined in the Base Indenture) under the Indenture.
The parties hereby agree as follows:
1. Definitions
As used in this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
Additional Guarantor : Shall mean any Person that issues a Guarantee under the Indenture after the date of this Agreement.
Additional Interest : See Section 4(a) hereof.
Advice : See the last paragraph of Section 5 hereof.
Agreement : See the introductory paragraphs hereto.
Applicable Period : See Section 2(b) hereof.
Base Indenture : See the introductory paragraphs hereto.
Board of Directors : See Section 3(a) hereof.
Business Day : Shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Rule 14d-1 under the Exchange Act.
Effectiveness Period : See Section 3(a) hereof.
Event Date : See Section 4(b) hereof.
Exchange Act : The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the SEC promulgated thereunder.
Exchange Notes : See Section 2(a) hereof.
Exchange Offer : See Section 2(a) hereof.
Exchange Offer Registration Statement : See Section 2(a) hereof.
Exchange Securities : See Section 2(a) hereof.
FINRA : See Section 5(r) hereof.
Guarantees : See the introductory paragraphs hereto.
Guarantors : See the introductory paragraphs hereto and shall also include any Additional Guarantors and any of the Guarantors successors.
Holder : Any holder of a Registrable Security.
Indenture : See the introductory paragraphs hereto.
Information : See Section 5(n) hereof.
Initial Holders : See the introductory paragraphs hereto.
Initial Shelf Registration : See Section 3(a) hereof.
Inspectors : See Section 5(n) hereof.
Issue Date : November 13, 2012.
Issuer : See the introductory paragraphs hereto.
Notes : See the introductory paragraphs hereto.
Participant : See Section 7(a) hereof.
Participating Broker-Dealer : See Section 2(b) hereof.
Person : An individual, trustee, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint stock company, trust, unincorporated association, union, business association, firm or other legal entity.
Private Exchange : See Section 2(b) hereof.
Private Exchange Notes : See Section 2(b) hereof.
Prospectus : The prospectus included in any Registration Statement (including, without limitation, any prospectus subject to completion and a prospectus that includes any information previously omitted from a prospectus filed as part of an effective registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A under the Securities Act and any term sheet filed pursuant to Rule 433 under the Securities Act), as amended or supplemented by any prospectus supplement, and all other amendments and supplements to the Prospectus, including post-effective amendments, and all materials incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference in such Prospectus.
Records : See Section 5(n) hereof.
Registrable Securities : Each Security upon its original issuance and at all times subsequent thereto, each Exchange Security as to which Section 2(c)(iv) hereof is applicable upon original issuance and at all times subsequent thereto and each Private Exchange Note (and the related Guarantees) upon original issuance thereof and at all times subsequent thereto, until, in each case, the earliest to occur of (i) a Registration Statement (other than, with respect to any Exchange Securities as to which Section 2(c)(iv) hereof is applicable, the Exchange Offer Registration Statement) covering such Security, Exchange Security or Private Exchange Note (and the related Guarantees) has been declared effective by the SEC and such Security, Exchange Security or such Private Exchange Note (and the related Guarantees), as the case may be, has been disposed of in accordance with such effective Registration Statement, (ii) such Security has been exchanged pursuant to the Exchange Offer for an Exchange Security or Exchange Securities that may be resold without restriction under state and federal securities laws or (iii) such Security, Exchange Security or Private Exchange Note (and the related Guarantees), as the case may be, ceases to be outstanding for purposes of the Indenture.
Registration Statement : Any registration statement of the Issuer that covers any of the Securities, the Exchange Securities or the Private Exchange Notes (and the related Guarantees) filed with the SEC under the Securities Act, including, in each case, the Prospectus, amendments and supplements to such registration statement, including post-effective amendments, all exhibits, and all material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference in such registration statement.
Rule 144 : Rule 144 (as amended or replaced) under the Securities Act.
Rule 144A : Rule 144A (as amended or replaced) under the Securities Act.
Rule 405 : Rule 405 (as amended or replaced) under the Securities Act.
Rule 415 : Rule 415 (as amended or replaced) under the Securities Act.
Rule 424 : Rule 424 (as amended or replaced) under the Securities Act.
SEC : The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Securities : See the introductory paragraphs hereto.
Securities Act : The Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the SEC promulgated thereunder.
Shelf Notice : See Section 2(c) hereof.
Shelf Registration : See Section 3(b) hereof.
Shelf Registration Statement : Any Registration Statement relating to a Shelf Registration.
Shelf Suspension Period : See Section 3(a) hereof.
Subsequent Shelf Registration : See Section 3(b) hereof.
Supplemental Indenture No. 1 : See the introductory paragraphs hereto.
Supplemental Indenture No. 2 : See the introductory paragraphs hereto.
Supplemental Indenture No. 3 : See the introductory paragraphs hereto.
TIA : The Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended.
Trustee : See the introductory paragraphs hereto.
Underwritten registration or underwritten offering : A registration in which securities of the Issuer are sold to an underwriter for reoffering to the public.
Except as otherwise specifically provided, all references in this Agreement to acts, laws, statutes, rules, regulations, releases, forms, no-action letters and other regulatory requirements (collectively, Regulatory Requirements ) shall be deemed to refer also to any amendments thereto and all subsequent Regulatory Requirements adopted as a replacement thereto having substantially the same effect therewith; provided that Rule 144 shall not be deemed to amend or replace Rule 144A.
2. Exchange Offer
(a) Unless the Exchange Offer would violate applicable law or any applicable interpretation of the staff of the SEC, the Issuer shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to file with the SEC a Registration Statement (the Exchange Offer Registration Statement ) on an appropriate registration form with respect to a registered offer (the Exchange Offer ) to exchange any and all of the Registrable Securities for a like aggregate principal amount of debt
securities of the Issuer (the Exchange Notes ), guaranteed, to the extent applicable, on a senior unsecured basis by the Guarantors (the New Guarantees and, together with the Exchange Notes, the Exchange Securities ) that are identical in all material respects to the Notes, except that (i) the Exchange Notes shall contain no restrictive legend thereon, (ii) interest thereon shall accrue (A) from the later of (a) the last date on which interest was paid on such Note or (b) if the Note is surrendered for exchange on a date in a period that includes the record date for an interest payment date to occur on or after the date of such exchange and as to which interest will be paid, the date of such interest payment date or (B) if no such interest has been paid, from the Issue Date and (iii) the Exchange Securities shall be entitled to the benefits of the Indenture or a trust indenture which is identical in all material respects to the Indenture (other than such changes to the Indenture or any such identical trust indenture as are necessary to comply with the TIA) and which, in either case, has been qualified under the TIA. The Exchange Offer shall comply with all applicable tender offer rules and regulations under the Exchange Act and other applicable laws. The Issuer shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to (x) prepare and file with the SEC the Exchange Offer Registration Statement with respect to the Exchange Offer; (y) keep the Exchange Offer open for at least 20 Business Days (or longer if required by applicable law) after the date that notice of the Exchange Offer is mailed to Holders; and (z) cause the Exchange Offer Registration Statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act on or prior to July 25, 2014 (or if such day is not a Business Day, the next succeeding Business Day).
Each Holder (including, without limitation, each Participating Broker-Dealer) that participates in the Exchange Offer, as a condition to participation in the Exchange Offer, will be required to represent to the Issuer in writing (which may be contained in the applicable letter of transmittal) that: (i) any Exchange Securities acquired in exchange for Registrable Securities tendered are being acquired in the ordinary course of business of the Person receiving such Exchange Securities, whether or not such recipient is such Holder itself; (ii) at the time of the commencement or consummation of the Exchange Offer neither such Holder nor, to the actual knowledge of such Holder, any other Person receiving Exchange Securities from such Holder has an arrangement or understanding with any Person to participate in the distribution (within the meaning of the Securities Act) of the Exchange Securities in violation of the Securities Act; (iii) neither the Holder nor, to the actual knowledge of such Holder, any other Person receiving Exchange Securities from such Holder is an affiliate (as defined in Rule 405) of the Issuer or, if it is an affiliate of the Issuer, it will comply with the registration and prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act to the extent applicable and will provide information to be included in the Shelf Registration Statement in accordance with Section 5 hereof in order to have their Securities included in the Shelf Registration Statement and benefit from the provisions regarding Additional Interest in Section 4 hereof; (iv) if such Holder is not a broker-dealer, neither such Holder nor, to the actual knowledge of such Holder, any other Person receiving Exchange Securities from such Holder is engaging or intends to engage in a distribution of the Exchange Securities; and (v) if such Holder is a Participating Broker-Dealer, such Holder has acquired the Registrable Securities for its own account in exchange for Securities that were acquired as a result of market-making activities or other trading activities and that it will comply with the applicable provisions of the Securities Act (including, but not limited to, the prospectus delivery requirements thereunder).
Upon consummation of the Exchange Offer in accordance with this Section 2, the provisions of this Agreement shall continue to apply, mutatis mutandis , solely with respect to
Registrable Securities that are Private Exchange Notes (and the related Guarantees), any Exchange Securities as to which Section 2(c)(iv) is applicable and Exchange Securities held by the Participating Broker-Dealers, and the Issuer shall have no further obligation to register Registrable Securities (other than Private Exchange Notes (and the related Guarantees) and Exchange Securities as to which clause 2(c)(iv) hereof applies) pursuant to Section 3 hereof.
(b) The Issuer shall include within the Prospectus contained in the Exchange Offer Registration Statement a section entitled Plan of Distribution, which shall contain a summary statement of the positions taken or policies made by the staff of the SEC with respect to the potential underwriter status of any broker-dealer that is the beneficial owner (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) of Exchange Notes received by such broker-dealer in the Exchange Offer (a Participating Broker-Dealer ), whether such positions or policies have been publicly disseminated by the staff of the SEC or such positions or policies represent the prevailing views of the staff of the SEC. Such Plan of Distribution section shall also expressly permit, to the extent permitted by applicable policies and regulations of the SEC, the use of the Prospectus by all Participating Broker-Dealers, and include a statement describing the means by which Participating Broker-Dealers may resell the Exchange Securities in compliance with the Securities Act.
The Issuer shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep the Exchange Offer Registration Statement effective and to amend and supplement the Prospectus contained therein in order to permit such Prospectus to be lawfully delivered by all Holders (including Participating Broker-Dealers) subject to the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act for such period of time as is necessary to comply with applicable law in connection with any resale of the Exchange Securities; provided , however , that in no event shall the Issuer be required to keep the Exchange Offer Registration Statement effective and available for more than 180 days after consummation of the Exchange Offer, or such longer period if extended pursuant to the last paragraph of Section 5 hereof (the Applicable Period ).
If, immediately prior to consummation of the Exchange Offer, the Initial Holders hold any Notes acquired by them that have the status of an unsold allotment in the initial distribution, the Issuer, upon the written request of the Initial Holders, shall simultaneously with the delivery of the Exchange Notes issue and deliver to the Initial Holders, in exchange (the Private Exchange ) for such Notes held by any such Initial Holder, a like principal amount of notes (including the guarantees with respect thereto, the Private Exchange Notes ) of the Issuer, guaranteed by the Guarantors, that are identical in all material respects to the Exchange Notes except for the placement of a restrictive legend on such Private Exchange Notes. The Private Exchange Notes shall be issued pursuant to the same indenture as the Exchange Notes and bear the same CUSIP number as the Exchange Notes if permitted by the CUSIP Service Bureau.
In connection with the Exchange Offer, the Issuer shall:
(1) mail, or cause to be mailed, to each Holder of record entitled to participate in the Exchange Offer a copy of the Prospectus forming part of the Exchange Offer Registration Statement, together with an appropriate letter of transmittal and related documents;
(2) use commercially reasonable efforts to keep the Exchange Offer open for not less than 20 Business Days from the date that notice of the Exchange Offer is mailed to Holders (or longer if required by applicable law);
(3) utilize the services of a depositary for the Exchange Offer with an address in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York;
(4) permit Holders to withdraw tendered Notes at any time prior to the close of business, New York time, on the last Business Day on which the Exchange Offer remains open; and
(5) otherwise comply in all material respects with all laws, rules and regulations applicable to the Exchange Offer.
As soon as practicable after the close of the Exchange Offer and any Private Exchange, the Issuer shall:
(1) accept for exchange all Registrable Securities validly tendered and not validly withdrawn pursuant to the Exchange Offer and any Private Exchange;
(2) deliver to the Trustee for cancellation all Registrable Securities so accepted for exchange; and
(3) cause the Trustee to authenticate and deliver promptly to each Holder of Notes, Exchange Notes or Private Exchange Notes, as the case may be, equal in principal amount to the Notes of such Holder so accepted for exchange; provided that, in the case of any Notes held in global form by a depositary, authentication and delivery to such depositary of one or more replacement Notes in global form in an equivalent principal amount thereto for the account of such Holders in accordance with the Indenture shall satisfy such authentication and delivery requirement.
The Exchange Offer and the Private Exchange shall not be subject to any conditions, other than that (i) the Exchange Offer or Private Exchange, as the case may be, does not violate applicable law or any applicable interpretation of the staff of the SEC; (ii) no action or proceeding shall have been instituted or threatened in any court or by any governmental agency which might materially impair the ability of the Issuer to proceed with the Exchange Offer or the Private Exchange, and no material adverse development shall have occurred in any existing action or proceeding with respect to the Issuer; and (iii) all governmental approvals shall have been obtained, which approvals the Issuer deems necessary for the consummation of the Exchange Offer or Private Exchange.
The Exchange Securities and the Private Exchange Notes (and related guarantees) shall be issued under (i) the Indenture or (ii) an indenture identical in all material respects to the Indenture and which, in either case, has been qualified under the TIA or is exempt from such qualification and shall provide that the Exchange Securities shall not be subject to the transfer restrictions set forth in the Indenture. The Indenture or such indenture shall provide that the Exchange Notes, the Private Exchange Notes and the Notes shall vote and consent together on all
matters as one class and that none of the Exchange Notes, the Private Exchange Notes or the Notes will have the right to vote or consent as a separate class on any matter.
(c) If, (i) because of any change in law or in currently prevailing interpretations of the staff of the SEC, the Issuer is not permitted to effect the Exchange Offer, (ii) the Exchange Offer Registration Statement is not declared effective on or prior to July 25, 2014, (iii) any holder of Private Exchange Notes so requests in writing to the Issuer at any time within 30 days after the consummation of the Exchange Offer, or (iv) in the case of any Holder that participates in the Exchange Offer, such Holder does not receive Exchange Securities on the date of the exchange that may be sold without restriction under state and federal securities laws (other than due solely to the status of such Holder as an affiliate of the Issuer within the meaning of the Securities Act) and so notifies the Issuer in writing within 30 days after such Holder first becomes aware of such restrictions, then, in the case of each of clauses (i) through (iv) of this sentence, the Issuer shall promptly deliver to the Trustee with a copy to the registrar (to deliver to the Holders) written notice thereof (the Shelf Notice ) and shall file a Shelf Registration pursuant to Section 3 hereof.
3. Shelf Registration
If at any time after May 25, 2014 a Shelf Notice is delivered as contemplated by Section 2(c) hereof, then:
(a) Shelf Registration . The Issuer shall promptly file with the SEC a Registration Statement for an offering to be made on a continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 covering the Registrable Securities that are subject to the Shelf Notice (the Initial Shelf Registration ). The Initial Shelf Registration shall be on Form S-1 or another appropriate form permitting registration of such Registrable Securities for resale by Holders in the manner or manners designated by them (including, without limitation, one or more underwritten offerings).
The Issuer shall use commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Shelf Registration to be declared effective under the Securities Act and to keep the Initial Shelf Registration continuously effective under the Securities Act until the earliest of (i) two years after the effectiveness of the Initial Shelf Registration, (ii) the time when all Registrable Securities covered by the Initial Shelf Registration have been sold in the manner set forth and as contemplated in the Initial Shelf Registration or, if applicable, a Subsequent Shelf Registration, (iii) the date upon which all Registrable Securities covered by such Shelf Registration become eligible to be sold pursuant to Rule 144, and the Company and the Holders of such Registrable Securities agree, in accordance with the amendment provisions of this Agreement, that such Registrable Securities will no longer be considered Registrable Securities and (iv) the Registrable Securities cease to be outstanding (the Effectiveness Period ); provided , however , that the Effectiveness Period in respect of the Initial Shelf Registration shall be extended to the extent required to permit dealers to comply with the applicable prospectus delivery requirements of Rule 174 under the Securities Act and as otherwise provided herein. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, at any time, the Issuer may delay the filing of any Initial Shelf Registration Statement or delay or suspend the effectiveness thereof, for a reasonable period of time, but not in excess of 60 consecutive days or more than three (3) times during any calendar year (each, a Shelf Suspension Period ), if (i) an event or circumstance occurs and is continuing
as a result of which the Initial Shelf Registration Statement or Subsequent Shelf Registration, the related Prospectus or any document incorporated therein by reference as then amended or supplemented or proposed to be filed would, in the reasonable and good faith judgment of the board of directors (the Board of Directors ) of the Issuer, contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, and (ii) the Board of Directors of the Issuer determines reasonably and in good faith that the filing of any such Initial Shelf Registration Statement or the continuing effectiveness thereof would require the disclosure of non-public material information that, in the reasonable judgment of the Board of Directors of the Issuer, would be detrimental to the Issuer if so disclosed or would otherwise materially adversely affect a financing, acquisition, disposition, merger or other material transaction or if such action is required by applicable law.
(b) Withdrawal of Stop Orders; Subsequent Shelf Registrations . If the Initial Shelf Registration or any Subsequent Shelf Registration ceases to be effective for any reason at any time during the Effectiveness Period (other than because of the sale of all of the Securities registered thereunder), the Issuer shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain the prompt withdrawal of any order suspending the effectiveness thereof, and in any event shall file an additional Shelf Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 415 covering all of the Registrable Securities covered by and not sold under the Initial Shelf Registration or an earlier Subsequent Shelf Registration (each, a Subsequent Shelf Registration ). If a Subsequent Shelf Registration is filed, the Issuer shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Subsequent Shelf Registration to be declared effective under the Securities Act as soon as practicable after such filing and to keep such Subsequent Shelf Registration continuously effective for a period equal to the number of days in the Effectiveness Period less the aggregate number of days during which the Initial Shelf Registration or any Subsequent Shelf Registration was previously continuously effective. As used herein the term Shelf Registration means the Initial Shelf Registration and any Subsequent Shelf Registration.
(c) Supplements and Amendments . The Issuer shall promptly supplement and amend the Shelf Registration if required by the rules, regulations or instructions applicable to the registration form used for such Shelf Registration, if required by the Securities Act, or if reasonably requested by the Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Registrable Securities (or their counsel) covered by such Registration Statement with respect to the information included therein with respect to one or more of such Holders, or, if reasonably requested by any underwriter of such Registrable Securities, with respect to the information included therein with respect to such underwriter.
4. Additional Interest
(a) The Issuer, the Guarantors and the Initial Holders agree that the Holders will suffer damages if the Issuer fails to fulfill its obligations under Section 2 or Section 3 hereof and that it would not be feasible to ascertain the extent of such damages with precision. Accordingly, the Issuer and the Guarantors agree to pay, jointly and severally, as liquidated damages, additional interest to the Holders of the Notes affected thereby ( Additional Interest ) if (A) the Issuer has not had an Exchange Offer Registration Statement or a Shelf Registration Statement, if required, declared effective, in either case on or prior to July 25, 2014, (B)
notwithstanding clause (A), the Issuer is required to file a Shelf Registration Statement and such Shelf Registration Statement is not declared effective on or prior to July 25, 2014 or (C), if applicable, a Shelf Registration has been declared effective and such Shelf Registration ceases to be effective at any time during the Effectiveness Period (other than as a result of a Suspension Period or because of the sale of all of the Securities registered thereunder) (each, a Registration Default ), then Additional Interest shall accrue on the principal amount of the Notes affected thereby at a rate of 0.25% per annum (which rate will be increased by an additional 0.25% per annum for each subsequent 90 day period that such Additional Interest continues to accrue; provided that the rate at which such Additional Interest accrues may in no event exceed 0.75% per annum) (such Additional Interest to be calculated by the Issuer) commencing on (x) July 26, 2014, in the case of (A) and (B) above; or (y) the day such Shelf Registration ceases to be effective in the case of (C) above; provided , however , that upon the exchange of the Exchange Securities for all Securities tendered (in the case of clause (A) of this Section 4(a)), upon the effectiveness of the applicable Shelf Registration Statement (in the case of clause (B) of this Section 4(a)), or upon the effectiveness of the applicable Shelf Registration Statement which had ceased to remain effective (in the case of clause (C) of this Section 4(a)), Additional Interest on the Notes in respect of which such events relate as a result of such clause (or the relevant subclause thereof), as the case may be, shall cease to accrue. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Section 4, the Issuer shall in no event be required to pay Additional Interest for more than one Registration Default at any given time.
(b) The Issuer shall notify the Trustee and the paying agent within five Business Days after each and every date on which an event occurs in respect of which Additional Interest is required to be paid (an Event Date ). Any amounts of Additional Interest due pursuant to Section 4(a) will be payable in cash semiannually on each September 1 and March 1 (to the holders of record on the August 15 and February 15 immediately preceding such dates), commencing with the first such date occurring after any such Additional Interest commences to accrue. The amount of Additional Interest will be determined by the Issuer by multiplying the applicable Additional Interest rate by the principal amount of the Registrable Securities affected by the Registration Default, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of days such Additional Interest rate was applicable during such period (determined on the basis of a 360 day year comprised of twelve 30-day months and, in the case of a partial month, the actual number of days elapsed), and the denominator of which is 360.
5. Registration Procedures
In connection with the filing of any Registration Statement pursuant to Section 2 or 3 hereof, the Issuer shall effect such registrations to permit the sale of the securities covered thereby in accordance with the intended method or methods of disposition thereof, and pursuant thereto and in connection with any Registration Statement filed by the Issuer hereunder, the Issuer shall:
(a) Prepare and file with the SEC, a Registration Statement or Registration Statements as prescribed by Section 2 or 3 hereof, and use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause each such Registration Statement to become effective and remain effective as provided herein; provided , however , that if (1) such filing is pursuant to Section 3 hereof or (2) a Prospectus contained in the Exchange Offer Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 2
hereof is required to be delivered under the Securities Act by any Participating Broker-Dealer who seeks to sell Exchange Securities during the Applicable Period relating thereto from whom the Issuer has received prior written notice that it will be a Participating Broker-Dealer in the Exchange Offer, before filing any Registration Statement or Prospectus or any amendments or supplements thereto, the Issuer shall furnish to and afford counsel for the Holders of the Registrable Securities covered by such Registration Statement (with respect to a Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof), which shall be a single firm selected by the Holders holding a majority in principal amount of the Registrable Securities covered by such Registration Statement, or counsel for such Participating Broker-Dealer (with respect to any such Registration Statement), as the case may be, and counsel to the managing underwriters, if any, a reasonable opportunity to review copies of all such documents (including copies of any documents to be incorporated by reference therein and all exhibits thereto) proposed to be filed (in each case, at least three Business Days prior to such filing). The Issuer shall not file any Registration Statement or Prospectus or any amendments or supplements thereto if the Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Registrable Securities covered by such Registration Statement, their counsel or the managing underwriters, if any, shall reasonably object.
(b) Prepare and file with the SEC such amendments and post-effective amendments to each Shelf Registration Statement or Exchange Offer Registration Statement, as the case may be, as may be necessary to keep such Registration Statement continuously effective for the Effectiveness Period, the Applicable Period or until consummation of the Exchange Offer, as the case may be; cause the related Prospectus to be supplemented by any Prospectus supplement required by applicable law, and as so supplemented to be filed pursuant to Rule 424; and comply with the provisions of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act applicable to it with respect to the disposition of all securities covered by such Registration Statement as so amended or in such Prospectus as so supplemented and with respect to the subsequent resale of any securities being sold by a Participating Broker-Dealer covered by any such Prospectus in all material respects. The Issuer shall be deemed not to have used its commercially reasonable efforts to keep a Registration Statement effective if it voluntarily takes any action that is reasonably expected to result in selling Holders of the Registrable Securities covered thereby or Participating Broker Dealers seeking to sell Exchange Securities not being able to sell such Registrable Securities or such Exchange Notes during that period unless such action is required by applicable law or permitted by this Agreement.
(c) If (1) a Shelf Registration is filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof or (2) a Prospectus contained in the Exchange Offer Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 2 hereof is required to be delivered under the Securities Act by any Participating Broker-Dealer who seeks to sell Exchange Securities during the Applicable Period relating thereto from whom the Issuer has received written notice that it will be a Participating Broker-Dealer in the Exchange Offer, notify the selling Holders of Registrable Securities (with respect to a Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof), or each such Participating Broker-Dealer (with respect to any such Registration Statement), as the case may be, their counsel and the managing underwriters, if any, promptly (but in any event within three Business Days), and confirm such notice in writing, (i) when a Prospectus or any Prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment has been filed, and, with respect to a Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment, when the same has become effective under the Securities Act (including in
such notice a written statement that any Holder may, upon request, obtain, at the sole expense of the Issuer, one conformed copy of such Registration Statement or post-effective amendment including financial statements and schedules, documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference and exhibits), (ii) of the issuance by the SEC of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of a Registration Statement or of any order preventing or suspending the use of any preliminary prospectus or the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose, (iii) if at any time when a Prospectus is required by the Securities Act to be delivered in connection with sales of the Registrable Securities or resales of Exchange Securities by Participating Broker-Dealers the representations and warranties of the Issuer contained in any agreement (including any underwriting agreement) contemplated by Section 5(m) hereof cease to be true and correct, (iv) of the receipt by the Issuer of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of a Registration Statement or any of the Registrable Securities or the Exchange Securities to be sold by any Participating Broker-Dealer for offer or sale in any jurisdiction, or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose, (v) of the happening of any event, the existence of any condition or any information becoming known that makes any statement made in such Registration Statement or related Prospectus or any document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference untrue in any material respect or that requires the making of any changes in or amendments or supplements to such Registration Statement, Prospectus or documents so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and that in the case of the Prospectus, it will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, and (vi) of the Issuers determination that a post-effective amendment to a Registration Statement would be appropriate.
(d) Use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the issuance of any order suspending the effectiveness of a Registration Statement or of any order preventing or suspending the use of a Prospectus or suspending the qualification (or exemption from qualification) of any of the Registrable Securities or the Exchange Securities to be sold by any Participating Broker-Dealer, for sale in any jurisdiction.
(e) If a Shelf Registration is filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof and if requested during the Effectiveness Period by the managing underwriter or underwriters, if any, or the Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Registrable Securities being sold in connection with an underwritten offering, (i) as promptly as practicable incorporate in a prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment such information as the managing underwriter or underwriters, if any, such Holders or counsel for either of them reasonably request to be included therein, (ii) make all required filings of such prospectus supplement or such post-effective amendment as soon as practicable after the Issuer has received written notification of the matters to be incorporated in such prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment, and (iii) supplement or make amendments to such Registration Statement.
(f) If (1) a Shelf Registration is filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof, or (2) a Prospectus contained in the Exchange Offer Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 2 hereof is required to be delivered under the Securities Act by any Participating Broker-Dealer
who seeks to sell Exchange Securities during the Applicable Period, furnish to each selling Holder of Registrable Securities (with respect to a Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof) and to each such Participating Broker-Dealer who so requests (with respect to any such Registration Statement) and to their respective counsel and each managing underwriter, if any, at the sole expense of the Issuer, one conformed copy of the Registration Statement or Registration Statements and each post-effective amendment thereto, including financial statements and schedules, and, if requested, all documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference and all exhibits.
(g) If (1) a Shelf Registration is filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof, or (2) a Prospectus contained in the Exchange Offer Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 2 hereof is required to be delivered under the Securities Act by any Participating Broker-Dealer who seeks to sell Exchange Securities during the Applicable Period, deliver to each selling Holder of Registrable Securities (with respect to a Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof), or each such Participating Broker-Dealer (with respect to any such Registration Statement), as the case may be, their respective counsel, and the underwriters, if any, at the sole expense of the Issuer, as many copies of the Prospectus or Prospectuses (including each form of preliminary prospectus) and each amendment or supplement thereto and any documents incorporated by reference therein as such Persons may reasonably request; and, subject to the last paragraph of this Section 5, the Issuer hereby consents to the use of such Prospectus and each amendment or supplement thereto by each of the selling Holders of Registrable Securities or each such Participating Broker-Dealer, as the case may be, and the underwriters or agents, if any, and dealers, if any, in connection with the offering and sale of the Registrable Securities covered by, or the sale by Participating Broker-Dealers of the Exchange Securities pursuant to, such Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto.
(h) Prior to any public offering of Registrable Securities or any delivery of a Prospectus contained in the Exchange Offer Registration Statement by any Participating Broker-Dealer who seeks to sell Exchange Securities during the Applicable Period, use its commercially reasonable efforts to register or qualify, and to cooperate with the selling Holders of Registrable Securities or each such Participating Broker-Dealer, as the case may be, the managing underwriter or underwriters, if any, and their respective counsel in connection with the registration or qualification (or exemption from such registration or qualification) of such Registrable Securities for offer and sale under the securities or Blue Sky laws of such jurisdictions within the United States as any selling Holder, Participating Broker-Dealer, or the managing underwriter or underwriters reasonably request in writing; provided , however , that where Exchange Securities held by Participating Broker-Dealers or Registrable Securities are offered other than through an underwritten offering, the Issuer agrees to cause its counsel to perform Blue Sky investigations and file registrations and qualifications required to be filed pursuant to this Section 5(h), keep each such registration or qualification (or exemption therefrom) effective during the period such Registration Statement is required to be kept effective and do any and all other acts or things necessary or advisable to enable the disposition in such jurisdictions of the Exchange Securities held by Participating Broker-Dealers or the Registrable Securities covered by the applicable Registration Statement; provided , however , that the Issuer shall not be required to (A) qualify generally to do business in any jurisdiction where it is not then so qualified, (B) take any action that would subject it to general service of process in
any such jurisdiction where it is not then so subject or (C) subject itself to taxation in excess of a nominal dollar amount in any such jurisdiction where it is not then so subject.
(i) If a Shelf Registration is filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof, cooperate with the selling Holders of Registrable Securities and the managing underwriter or underwriters, if any, to facilitate the timely preparation and delivery of certificates representing Registrable Securities to be sold, which certificates shall not bear any restrictive legends and shall be in a form eligible for deposit with The Depository Trust Company; and enable such Registrable Securities to be in such denominations (subject to applicable requirements contained in the Indenture) and registered in such names as the managing underwriter or underwriters, if any, or Holders may request.
(j) Use its commercially reasonable efforts to cooperate with a selling Holder to cause the Registrable Securities covered by the Registration Statement to be registered with or approved by such other U.S. governmental agencies or authorities as may be necessary to enable the seller or sellers thereof or the underwriter or underwriters, if any, to consummate the disposition of such Registrable Securities, except as may be required solely as a consequence of the nature of such selling Holders business, in which case the Issuer will cooperate in all respects with the filing of such Registration Statement and the granting of such approvals.
(k) If (1) a Shelf Registration is filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof, or (2) a Prospectus contained in the Exchange Offer Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 2 hereof is required to be delivered under the Securities Act by any Participating Broker-Dealer who seeks to sell Exchange Securities during the Applicable Period, upon the occurrence of any event contemplated by Section 5(c)(v) or 5(c)(vi) hereof, as promptly as practicable prepare and (subject to Section 5(a) hereof) file with the SEC, at the sole expense of the Issuer, a supplement or post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or a supplement to the related Prospectus or any document incorporated therein by reference, or file any other required document so that, as thereafter delivered to the purchasers of the Registrable Securities being sold thereunder (with respect to a Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof) or to the purchasers of the Exchange Securities to whom such Prospectus will be delivered by a Participating Broker-Dealer (with respect to any such Registration Statement), any such Prospectus will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.
(l) Prior to the effective date of the first Registration Statement relating to the Registrable Securities, (i) provide the Trustee with certificates for the Registrable Securities in a form eligible for deposit with The Depository Trust Company and (ii) provide a CUSIP number for the Registrable Securities.
(m) In connection with any underwritten offering of Registrable Securities pursuant to a Shelf Registration, enter into an underwriting agreement as is customary in underwritten offerings of debt securities similar to the Notes (including, without limitation, a customary condition to the obligations of the underwriters that the underwriters shall have received cold comfort letters and updates thereof in form, scope and substance reasonably satisfactory to the managing underwriter or underwriters from the independent registered public
accountants of the Issuer (and, if necessary, any other independent registered public accountants of the parent or any subsidiary of the Issuer, or of any business acquired by the Issuer, for which financial statements and financial data are, or are required to be, included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement), addressed to each of the underwriters, such letters to be in customary form and covering matters of the type customarily covered in cold comfort letters in connection with underwritten offerings of debt securities similar to the Securities), and take all such other customary actions as are reasonably requested by the managing underwriter or underwriters in order to expedite or facilitate the registration or the disposition of such Registrable Securities and, in such connection, (i) make such representations and warranties to, and covenants with, the underwriters with respect to the business of the Issuer (including any acquired business, properties or entity, if applicable), and the Registration Statement, Prospectus and documents, if any, incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference therein, in each case, as are customarily made by issuers to underwriters in underwritten offerings of debt securities similar to the Securities, and confirm the same in writing if and when requested; (ii) obtain the written opinions of counsel to the Issuer, and written updates thereof in form, scope and substance reasonably satisfactory to the managing underwriter or underwriters, addressed to the underwriters covering the matters customarily covered in opinions reasonably requested in underwritten offerings; and (iii) if an underwriting agreement is entered into, the same shall contain indemnification provisions and procedures no less favorable to the sellers and underwriters, if any, than those set forth in Section 7 hereof (or such other provisions and procedures reasonably acceptable to Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of Registrable Securities covered by such Registration Statement and the managing underwriter or underwriters or agents, if any). The above shall be done at each closing under such underwriting agreement, or as and to the extent required thereunder.
(n) If (1) a Shelf Registration is filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof, or (2) a Prospectus contained in the Exchange Offer Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 2 hereof is required to be delivered under the Securities Act by any Participating Broker-Dealer who seeks to sell Exchange Notes during the Applicable Period, make available for inspection by any Initial Holder, any selling Holder of such Registrable Securities being sold (with respect to a Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 3 hereof), or each such Participating Broker-Dealer, as the case may be, any underwriter participating in any such disposition of Registrable Securities, if any, and any attorney (which shall be a single firm selected by the Holders holding a majority in principal amount of the Registrable Securities covered by such Registration Statement), accountant or other agent retained by any such selling Holder or each such Participating Broker-Dealer (with respect to any such Registration Statement), as the case may be, or underwriter (any such Initial Holders, Holders, Participating Broker-Dealers, underwriters, attorneys, accountants or agents, collectively, the Inspectors ), upon written request, at the offices where normally kept, during reasonable business hours, all pertinent financial and other records, pertinent corporate documents and instruments of the Issuer and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Records ), as shall be reasonably necessary to enable them to exercise any applicable due diligence responsibilities, and cause the officers, directors and employees of the Issuer and any of its subsidiaries to supply all information ( Information ) reasonably requested by any such Inspector in connection with such due diligence responsibilities. Each Inspector shall agree in writing that it will keep the Records and Information confidential, to use the Records and Information only for due diligence purposes, to abstain from using the Records and Information as the basis for any market transactions in securities of the Issuer and that it will not
disclose any of the Records or Information that the Issuer determines, in good faith, to be confidential and notifies the Inspectors in writing are confidential unless (i) the disclosure of such Records or Information is necessary to avoid or correct a misstatement or omission in such Registration Statement or Prospectus, (ii) the release of such Records or Information is ordered pursuant to a subpoena or other order from a court of competent jurisdiction, (iii) disclosure of such Records or Information is necessary or advisable, in the opinion of counsel for any Inspector, in connection with any action, claim, suit or proceeding, directly or indirectly, involving or potentially involving such Inspector and arising out of, based upon, relating to, or involving this Agreement or the Indenture, or any transactions contemplated hereby or thereby or arising hereunder or thereunder, or (iv) the information in such Records or Information has been made generally available to the public other than by an Inspector or an affiliate (as defined in Rule 405) thereof; provided , however , that prior notice shall be provided as soon as practicable to the Issuer of the potential disclosure of any information by such Inspector pursuant to clause (ii) or (iii) of this sentence to permit the Issuer to obtain a protective order (or waive the provisions of this paragraph (n)) and that such Inspector shall take such actions as are reasonably necessary to protect the confidentiality of such information (if practicable) to the extent such action is otherwise not inconsistent with, an impairment of or in derogation of the rights and interests of the Holder or any Inspector.
(o) Provide an indenture trustee for the Registrable Securities or the Exchange Securities, as the case may be, and cause the Indenture or the trust indenture provided for in Section 2(a) hereof, as the case may be, to be qualified under the TIA not later than the effective date of the first Registration Statement relating to the Registrable Securities; and in connection therewith, cooperate with the trustee under any such indenture and the Holders of the Registrable Securities, to effect such changes (if any) to such indenture as may be required for such indenture to be so qualified in accordance with the terms of the TIA; and execute, and use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause such trustee to execute, all documents as may be required to effect such changes, and all other forms and documents required to be filed with the SEC to enable such indenture to be so qualified in a timely manner.
(p) Comply with Section 4.03 of the Indenture.
(q) Upon consummation of the Exchange Offer or a Private Exchange, obtain an opinion of counsel to the Issuer as required pursuant to the Indenture. If the Exchange Offer or a Private Exchange is to be consummated, upon delivery of the Registrable Securities by Holders to the Issuer (or to such other Person as directed by the Issuer), in exchange for the Exchange Securities or the Private Exchange Notes (and the related Guarantees), as the case may be, the Issuer shall mark, or cause to be marked, on such Registrable Securities that such Registrable Securities are being cancelled in exchange for the Exchange Securities or the Private Exchange Notes (and the related guarantees), as the case may be; in no event shall such Registrable Securities be marked as paid or otherwise satisfied.
(r) Use commercially reasonable efforts to cooperate with each seller of Registrable Securities covered by any Registration Statement and each underwriter, if any, participating in the disposition of such Registrable Securities and their respective counsel in connection with any filings required to be made with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. ( FINRA ).
(s) Use its commercially reasonable efforts to take all other steps reasonably necessary to effect the registration of the Exchange Securities and/or Registrable Securities covered by a Registration Statement contemplated hereby.
(t) So long as any Registrable Securities remain outstanding, cause each Additional Guarantor upon the creation or acquisition by the Issuer of such Additional Guarantor, to execute a counterpart to this Agreement in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A and to deliver such counterpart to the Initial Holders no later than five Business Days following the execution thereof.
The Issuer may require each seller of Registrable Securities as to which any registration is being effected to furnish to the Issuer such information regarding such seller and the distribution of such Registrable Securities as the Issuer may, from time to time, reasonably request. The Issuer may exclude from such registration the Registrable Securities of any seller so long as such seller fails to furnish such information within a reasonable time after receiving such request. Each seller as to which any Shelf Registration is being effected agrees to furnish promptly to the Issuer all information required to be disclosed in order to make the information previously furnished to the Issuer by such seller not materially misleading.
If any such Registration Statement refers to any Holder by name or otherwise as the holder of any securities of the Issuer, then such Holder shall have the right to require (i) the insertion therein of language, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to such Holder, to the effect that the holding by such Holder of such securities is not to be construed as a recommendation by such Holder of the investment quality of the securities covered thereby and that such holding does not imply that such Holder will assist in meeting any future financial requirements of the Issuer, or (ii) in the event that such reference to such Holder by name or otherwise is not required by the Securities Act or any similar federal statute then in force, the deletion of the reference to such Holder in any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement filed or prepared subsequent to the time that such reference ceases to be required.
Each Holder of Registrable Securities and each Participating Broker-Dealer agrees by its acquisition of such Registrable Securities or Exchange Securities to be sold by such Participating Broker-Dealer, as the case may be, that, upon actual receipt of any notice from the Issuer of the happening of any event of the kind described in Section 5(c)(ii), 5(c)(iv), 5(c)(v) or 5(c)(vi) hereof, such Holder will forthwith discontinue disposition of such Registrable Securities covered by such Registration Statement or Prospectus or Exchange Securities to be sold by such Holder or Participating Broker-Dealer, as the case may be, until such Holders or Participating Broker-Dealers receipt of the copies of the supplemented or amended Prospectus contemplated by Section 5(k) hereof, or until it is advised in writing (the Advice ) by the Issuer that the use of the applicable Prospectus may be resumed, and has received copies of any amendments or supplements thereto. In the event that the Issuer shall give any such notice, each of the Applicable Period and the Effectiveness Period shall be extended by the number of days during such periods from and including the date of the giving of such notice to and including the date when each seller of Registrable Securities covered by such Registration Statement or Exchange Securities to be sold by such Participating Broker-Dealer, as the case may be, shall have received (x) the copies of the supplemented or amended Prospectus contemplated by Section 5(k) hereof or (y) the Advice, ending when all Registrable Securities covered by such Registration Statement
or Exchange Securities to be sold by such Participating Broker-Dealer have been sold in the manner set forth herein and as contemplated hereby.
6. Registration Expenses
All fees and expenses incident to the performance of or compliance with this Agreement by the Issuer of its obligations under Sections 2, 3, 5 and 8 hereof shall be borne by the Issuer, whether or not the Exchange Offer Registration Statement or any Shelf Registration Statement is filed or becomes effective or the Exchange Offer is consummated, including, without limitation, (i) all registration and filing fees (including, without limitation, (A) fees with respect to filings required to be made with FINRA in connection with an underwritten offering and (B) fees and expenses of compliance with state securities or Blue Sky laws (including, without limitation, reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel in connection with Blue Sky qualifications of the Registrable Securities or Exchange Securities and determination of the eligibility of the Registrable Securities or Exchange Securities for investment under the laws of such jurisdictions in the United States (x) where the holders of Registrable Securities are located, in the case of the Exchange Securities, or (y) as provided in Section 5(h) hereof, in the case of Registrable Securities or Exchange Securities to be sold by a Participating Broker-Dealer during the Applicable Period)), (ii) printing expenses, including, without limitation, printing prospectuses if the printing of prospectuses is requested by the managing underwriter or underwriters, if any, by the Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Registrable Securities included in any Registration Statement or in respect of Registrable Securities or Exchange Securities to be sold by any Participating Broker-Dealer during the Applicable Period, as the case may be, (iii) fees and expenses of the Trustee, any exchange agent and their counsel, (iv) fees and disbursements of counsel for the Issuer and, in the case of a Shelf Registration, reasonable fees and disbursements of one special counsel for all of the sellers of Registrable Securities selected by the Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of Registrable Securities covered by such Shelf Registration (which counsel shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Issuer) exclusive of any counsel retained pursuant to Section 7 hereof), (v) fees and disbursements of all independent registered public accountants referred to in Section 5(m) hereof (including, without limitation, the expenses of any cold comfort letters required by or incident to such performance), (vi) rating agency fees, if any, and any fees associated with making the Registrable Securities or Exchange Securities eligible for trading through The Depository Trust Company, (vii) Securities Act liability insurance, if the Issuer desires such insurance, (viii) fees and expenses of all other Persons retained by the Issuer, (ix) internal expenses of the Issuer (including, without limitation, all salaries and expenses of officers and employees of the Issuer performing legal or accounting duties), (x) the expense of any annual audit, (xi) any fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing of the securities to be registered on any securities exchange, and the obtaining of a rating of the securities, in each case, if applicable and (xii) the expenses relating to printing, word processing and distributing all Registration Statements, underwriting agreements, indentures and any other documents necessary in order to comply with this Agreement.
7. Indemnification and Contribution
(a) The Issuer and the Guarantors, jointly and severally, agree to indemnify and hold harmless each Holder of Registrable Securities and each Participating Broker-Dealer
selling Exchange Securities during the Applicable Period, and each Person, if any, who controls any such Persons or its affiliates within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act (each, a Participant ) against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities, joint or several, to which any Participant may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise, insofar as any such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon:
(i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of any material fact contained in any Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto) or Prospectus (as amended or supplemented if the Issuer shall have furnished any amendments or supplements thereto) or any preliminary prospectus; or
(ii) the omission or alleged omission to state, in any Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto) or Prospectus (as amended or supplemented if the Issuer shall have furnished any amendments or supplements thereto) or any preliminary prospectus or any other document or any amendment or supplement thereto, a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading,
and agree (subject to the limitations set forth in this sentence) to reimburse, as incurred, the Participant for any reasonable legal or other expenses incurred by the Participant in connection with investigating, defending against or appearing as a third-party witness in connection with any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action; provided , however , neither the Issuer nor the Guarantors will be liable in any such case to the extent that any such loss, claim, damage or liability arises out of or is based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in any Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto) or Prospectus (as amended or supplemented if the Issuer shall have furnished any amendments or supplements thereto) or any preliminary prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto in reliance upon and in conformity with written information relating to any Participant furnished to the Issuer by such Participant specifically for use therein. The indemnity provided for in this Section 7 will be in addition to any liability that the Issuer and the Guarantors may otherwise have to the indemnified parties. The Issuer and the Guarantors shall not be liable under this Section 7 to any indemnified party regarding any settlement or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment with respect to any pending or threatened claim, action, suit or proceeding in respect of which indemnification or contribution may be sought hereunder (whether or not the indemnified parties are actual or potential parties to such claim or action) unless such settlement, compromise or consent is consented to by the Issuer and the Guarantors, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld.
(b) Each Participant, severally and not jointly, agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Issuer, the Guarantors, their respective directors (or equivalent), their respective officers who sign any Registration Statement and each person, if any, who controls the Issuer within the meaning of Section 15 of the Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities to which the Issuer, the Guarantors or any such director, officer or controlling person may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of any
material fact contained in any Registration Statement or Prospectus, any amendment or supplement thereto, or any preliminary prospectus, or (ii) the omission or the alleged omission to state therein a material fact necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, in each case to the extent, but only to the extent, that such untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission was made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information concerning such Participant, furnished to the Issuer by or on behalf of such Participant, specifically for use therein; and subject to the limitation set forth immediately preceding this clause, will reimburse, as incurred, any reasonable legal or other expenses incurred by the Issuer, the Guarantors or any such director, officer or controlling person in connection with investigating or defending against or appearing as a third party witness in connection with any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action in respect thereof. The indemnity provided for in this Section 7 will be in addition to any liability that the Participants may otherwise have to the indemnified parties. The Participants shall not be liable under this Section 7 to any indemnified party regarding any settlement or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment with respect to any pending or threatened claim, action, suit or proceeding in respect of which indemnification or contribution may be sought hereunder (whether or not the indemnified parties are actual or potential parties to such claim or action) unless such settlement, compromise or consent is consented to by the Participants, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld.
(c) Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section 7 of notice of the commencement of any action, such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against the indemnifying party under this Section 7, notify the indemnifying party of the commencement thereof in writing; but the omission to so notify the indemnifying party (i) will not relieve it from any liability under paragraph (a) or (b) above unless and to the extent such indemnifying party did not otherwise learn of such action and such failure results in the forfeiture by the indemnifying party of substantial rights and defenses and (ii) will not, in any event, relieve the indemnifying party from any obligations to any indemnified party other than the indemnification obligation provided in paragraphs (a) and (b) above. The indemnifying party shall be entitled to appoint counsel (including local counsel) of the indemnifying partys choice at the indemnifying partys expense to represent the indemnified party in any action for which indemnification is sought (in which case the indemnifying party shall not thereafter be responsible for the fees and expenses of any separate counsel, other than local counsel if not appointed by the indemnifying party, retained by the indemnified party or parties except as set forth below); provided , however , that such counsel shall be reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party. Notwithstanding the indemnifying partys election to appoint counsel (including local counsel) to represent the indemnified party in an action, the indemnified party shall have the right to employ separate counsel (including local counsel), and the indemnifying party shall bear the reasonable fees, costs and expenses of such separate counsel if (i) the use of counsel chosen by the indemnifying party to represent the indemnified party would present such counsel with a conflict of interest (based on the advice of counsel to the indemnified person); (ii) such action includes both the indemnified party and the indemnifying party and the indemnified party shall have reasonably concluded (based on the advice of counsel to the indemnified person) that there may be legal defenses available to it and/or other indemnified parties that are different from or additional to those available to the indemnifying party; (iii) the indemnifying party shall not have employed counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party to represent the indemnified party within a reasonable time after notice of the
institution of such action; or (iv) the indemnifying party shall authorize the indemnified party to employ separate counsel at the expense of the indemnifying party. It is understood and agreed that the indemnifying person shall not, in connection with any proceeding or separate but related or substantially similar proceedings in the same jurisdiction arising out of the same general allegations or circumstances, be liable for the reasonable fees and expenses of more than one separate firm (in addition to any local counsel) representing the indemnified parties under paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this Section 7, as the case may be, who are parties to such action or actions. In the event that any Participants are indemnified persons collectively entitled, in connection with a proceeding or separate but related or substantially similar proceedings in a single jurisdiction, to the payment of fees and expenses of a single separate firm under this Section 7(c), and any such Participants cannot agree to a mutually acceptable separate firm to act as counsel thereto, then such separate firm for all such Indemnified Persons shall be designated in writing by Participants who sold a majority in interest of the Registrable Securities and Exchange Securities sold by all such Participants. An indemnifying party will not, without the prior written consent of the indemnified parties, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment with respect to any pending or threatened claim, action, suit or proceeding in respect of which indemnification or contribution may be sought hereunder (whether or not the indemnified parties are actual or potential parties to such claim or action) unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising out of such claim, action, suit or proceeding and does not include any statement as to, or any admission of, fault, culpability or failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party. All fees and expenses that are reimbursable pursuant to this paragraph (c) shall be reimbursed as they are incurred.
(d) After notice from the indemnifying party to such indemnified party of its election so to assume the defense thereof and approval by such indemnified party of counsel appointed to defend such action, the indemnifying party will not be liable to such indemnified party under this Section 7 for any legal or other expenses, other than reasonable costs of investigation, subsequently incurred by such indemnified party in connection with the defense thereof, unless (i) the indemnified party shall have employed separate counsel in accordance with the third sentence of paragraph (c) of this Section 7 or (ii) the indemnifying party has authorized in writing the employment of counsel for the indemnified party at the expense of the indemnifying party. After such notice from the indemnifying party to such indemnified party, the indemnifying party will not be liable for the costs and expenses of any settlement of such action effected by such indemnified party without the prior written consent of the indemnifying party (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld), unless such indemnified party waived in writing its rights under this Section 7, in which case the indemnified party may effect such a settlement without such consent.
(e) In circumstances in which the indemnity agreement provided for in the preceding paragraphs of this Section 7 is unavailable to, or insufficient to hold harmless, an indemnified party in respect of any losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) (other than by virtue of the failure of an indemnified party to notify the indemnifying party of its right to indemnification pursuant to paragraph (a) or (b) of this Section 7, where such failure materially prejudices the indemnifying party (through the forfeiture of substantial rights or defenses)), each indemnifying party, in order to provide for just and equitable contribution, shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such indemnified party as a result of such
losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect (i) the relative benefits received by the indemnifying party or parties on the one hand and the indemnified party on the other from the offering of the Notes or (ii) if the allocation provided by the foregoing clause (i) is not permitted by applicable law, not only such relative benefits but also the relative fault of the indemnifying party or parties on the one hand and the indemnified party on the other in connection with the statements or omissions or alleged statements or omissions that resulted in such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof). The relative benefits received by the Issuer and the Guarantors on the one hand and such Participant on the other shall be deemed to be in the same proportion that the total net proceeds from the offering (before deducting expenses) of the Notes received by the Issuer bear to the total discounts and commissions received by such Participant in connection with the sale of the Notes (or if such Participant did not receive discounts or commissions, the value of receiving the Notes sold). The relative fault of the parties shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Issuer on the one hand, or the Participants on the other, the parties relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission or alleged statement or omission, and any other equitable considerations appropriate in the circumstances. The parties agree that it would not be equitable if the amount of such contribution were determined by pro rata or per capita allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations referred to in the first sentence of this paragraph (e). Notwithstanding any other provision of this paragraph (e), no Participant shall be obligated to make contributions hereunder that in the aggregate exceed the total discounts, commissions and other compensation received by each Participant in connection with the sale of the Notes (or if such Participant did not receive discounts or commissions, the net proceeds on the sale of Notes received by such Participant in connection with the sale of the Notes), less the aggregate amount of any damages that such Participant has otherwise been required to pay by reason of the untrue or alleged untrue statements or the omissions or alleged omissions to state a material fact, and no person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 10(f) of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this paragraph (e), each person, if any, who controls a Participant within the meaning of Section 15 of the Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act shall have the same rights to contribution as the Participants, and each director and officer of the Issuer and the Guarantors and each person, if any, who controls the Issuer and the Guarantors within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, shall have the same rights to contribution as the Issuer.
8. Rule 144A
The Issuer covenants and agrees that it will use commercially reasonable efforts to file the reports required to be filed by it under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations adopted by the SEC thereunder in a timely manner in accordance with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and, if at any time the Issuer is not required to file such reports, the Issuer will, upon the request of any Holder or beneficial owner of Registrable Securities, make available such information necessary to permit sales pursuant to Rule 144A. The Issuer covenants and agrees, for so long as any Registrable Securities remain outstanding that it will take such further action as any Holder of Registrable Securities may
reasonably request, all to the extent required from time to time to enable such holder to sell Registrable Securities without registration under the Securities Act within the limitation of the exemptions provided by Rule 144A unless the Issuer is then subject to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act and reports filed thereunder satisfy the information requirements of Rule 144A then in effect.
9. Underwritten Registrations
The Issuer shall not be required to assist in an underwritten offering unless requested by the Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Registrable Securities. If any of the Registrable Securities covered by any Shelf Registration are to be sold in an underwritten offering, the underwriters and managers that will manage the offering will be selected by the Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of such Registrable Securities included in such offering and shall be reasonably acceptable to the Issuer.
No Holder of Registrable Securities may participate in any underwritten registration hereunder unless such Holder (a) agrees to sell such Holders Registrable Securities on the basis provided in any underwriting arrangements approved by the Persons entitled hereunder to approve such arrangements and (b) completes and executes all questionnaires, powers of attorney, indemnities, underwriting agreements and other documents required under the terms of such underwriting arrangements.
10. Miscellaneous
(a) No Inconsistent Agreements . The Issuer and the Guarantors have not as of the date hereof, and the Issuer and the Guarantors shall not, after the date of this Agreement, enter into any agreement with respect to any of its securities that is inconsistent with the rights granted to the Holders of Registrable Securities in this Agreement or otherwise conflicts with the provisions hereof. The rights granted to the Holders hereunder do not in any way conflict with and are not inconsistent with the rights granted to the holders of the Issuers other issued and outstanding securities under any such agreements. The Issuer and the Guarantors will not enter into any agreement with respect to any of the Issuers securities which will grant to any Person piggy-back registration rights with respect to any Registration Statement filed pursuant to this Agreement.
(b) Adjustments Affecting Registrable Securities . The Issuer and the Guarantors shall not, directly or indirectly, take any action with respect to the Registrable Securities as a class that would adversely affect the ability of the Holders of Registrable Securities to include such Registrable Securities in a registration undertaken pursuant to this Agreement.
(c) Amendments and Waivers . The provisions of this Agreement may not be amended, modified or supplemented, and waivers or consents to departures from the provisions hereof may not be given, otherwise than with the prior written consent of (i) the Issuer, and (ii) (a) the Holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the then outstanding Registrable Securities and (b) in circumstances that would adversely affect the Participating Broker-Dealers, the Participating Broker-Dealers holding not less than a majority in
aggregate principal amount of the Exchange Securities held by all Participating Broker-Dealers; provided , however , that Section 7 and this Section 10(c) may not be amended, modified or supplemented without the prior written consent of each Holder and each Participating Broker-Dealer (including any person who was a Holder or Participating Broker-Dealer of Registrable Securities or Exchange Securities, as the case may be, disposed of pursuant to any Registration Statement) affected by any such amendment, modification or supplement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a waiver or consent to depart from the provisions hereof with respect to a matter that relates exclusively to the rights of Holders of Registrable Securities whose securities are being sold pursuant to a Registration Statement and that does not directly or indirectly affect, impair, limit or compromise the rights of other Holders of Registrable Securities may be given by Holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Registrable Securities being sold pursuant to such Registration Statement.
(d) Notices . All notices and other communications (including, without limitation, any notices or other communications to the Trustee and the registrar, paying agent and transfer agent) provided for or permitted hereunder shall be made in writing by hand-delivery, registered first-class mail, next-day air courier or facsimile:
(i) if to a Holder of the Registrable Securities or any Participating Broker-Dealer, at the most current address of such Holder or Participating Broker-Dealer, as the case may be, set forth on the records of the registrar under the Indenture;
(ii) if to the Issuer, at the address as follows:
Laureate Education, Inc.
650 S. Exeter Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
Facsimile No.: (410) 843-8544
Attention: Robert W. Zentz, Esq., Senior Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel
with a copy to:
DLA Piper LLP (US)
6225 Smith Avenue
Baltimore, Maryland 21209
Facsimile No.: (410) 580-3001
Attention: Robert W. Smith, Jr., Esq.
All such notices and communications shall be deemed to have been duly given: when delivered by hand, if personally delivered; five Business Days after being deposited in the mail, postage prepaid, if mailed; one Business Day after being timely delivered to a next-day air courier; and upon written confirmation, if sent by facsimile.
Copies of all such notices, demands or other communications shall be concurrently delivered by the Person giving the same to the Trustee or the registrar, paying agent and/or transfer agent at the respective addresses and in the manner specified in such Indenture.
(e) Successors and Assigns . This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and assigns of each of the parties hereto, the Holders and the Participating Broker-Dealers; provided , however , that nothing herein shall be deemed to permit any assignment, transfer or other disposition of Registrable Securities in violation of the terms of the Indenture.
(f) Counterparts . This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and by the parties hereto in separate counterparts, each of which when so executed shall be deemed to be an original and all of which taken together shall constitute one and the same agreement.
(g) Headings . The headings in this Agreement are for convenience of reference only and shall not limit or otherwise affect the meaning hereof.
(h) GOVERNING LAW . THIS AGREEMENT AND ANY CLAIM, CONTROVERSY OR DISPUTE ARISING UNDER OR RELATED TO THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. EACH OF THE PARTIES HEREBY WAIVE, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY ACTION, PROCEEDING OR COUNTERCLAIM ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT.
(i) Severability . If any term, provision, covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the parties hereto shall use their best efforts to find and employ an alternative means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated by such term, provision, covenant or restriction. It is hereby stipulated and declared to be the intention of the parties that they would have executed the remaining terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions without including any of such that may be hereafter declared invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable.
(j) Notes Held by the Issuer or Its Affiliates . Whenever the consent or approval of Holders of a specified percentage of Registrable Securities is required hereunder, Registrable Securities held by the Issuer or its affiliates (as such term is defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) shall not be counted in determining whether such consent or approval was given by the Holders of such required percentage.
(k) Third-Party Beneficiaries . Holders of Registrable Securities and Participating Broker-Dealers are intended third-party beneficiaries of this Agreement, and this Agreement may be enforced by such Persons.
(l) Entire Agreement . This Agreement, together with the the Indenture, is intended by the parties as a final and exclusive statement of the agreement and understanding of the parties hereto in respect of the subject matter contained herein and therein and any and all prior oral or written agreements, representations, or warranties, contracts, understandings, correspondence, conversations and memoranda between the Holders on the one hand and the
Issuer on the other, or between or among any agents, representatives, parents, subsidiaries, affiliates, predecessors in interest or successors in interest with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof are merged herein and replaced hereby.
[Signature Page Follows]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement as of the date first written above.
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LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. |
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Robert W. Zentz |
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Senior Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel |
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LAUREATE VENTURES, INC. |
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LAUREATE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES, INC. |
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INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY VENTURES, LTD. |
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LAUREATE PROPERTIES, LLC (DELAWARE) |
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POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION ACQUISITION |
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CORPORATION |
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TUITION FINANCE, INC. |
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WALDEN E-LEARNING, LLC |
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THE CANTER GROUP OF COMPANIES, LLC |
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LAUREATE EDUCATION INTERNATIONAL LTD. |
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CANTER AND ASSOCIATES, LLC |
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EDUCATIONAL SATELLITE SERVICES, INC. |
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WALL STREET INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS US I, INC. |
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LEI ADMINISTRATION, LLC |
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EXETER STREET HOLDINGS LLC |
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Robert W. Zentz |
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Vice President and Secretary |
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LAUREATE BAGBY INVESTORS LLC |
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LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC., its Sole Member |
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Robert W. Zentz |
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Senior Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel |
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[ Signature Page to Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement (DCP) ]
The foregoing Agreement is hereby |
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confirmed and accepted as of the |
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date first above written. |
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/s/ Douglas L. Becker |
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Douglas L. Becker |
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/s/ R. Christopher Hoehn-Saric |
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R. Christopher Hoehn-Saric |
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[ Signature Page to Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement (DCP) ]
SCHEDULE I
Initial Holders
Douglas L. Becker
R. Christopher Hoehn-Saric
EXHIBIT A
COUNTERPART TO EXCHANGE AND REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT
The undersigned hereby absolutely, unconditionally and irrevocably agrees as a Guarantor (as defined in the Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December 30, 2016, by and among Laureate Education, Inc., the Guarantors and the Initial Holders), to become bound by the terms, conditions and other provisions of the Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement with all attendant rights, duties and obligations stated therein, with the same force and effect as if originally named as Guarantor therein and as if such party executed the Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement on the date thereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this counterpart as of , 201 .
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Exhibit 10.70
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.
RESTRICTED STOCK UNITS NOTICE
UNDER THE
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.
2013 LONG-TERM INCENTIVE PLAN
Name of Grantee:
This Notice evidences the award of restricted stock units (each, an RSU , and collectively, the RSUs ) of Laureate Education, Inc., a Delaware public benefit corporation ( Laureate ), that have been granted to you pursuant to the Laureate Education, Inc. 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the Plan ) and conditioned upon your agreement to the terms of the attached Restricted Stock Units Agreement (the Agreement ). This Notice constitutes part of and is subject to the terms and provisions of the Agreement and the Plan, which are incorporated by reference herein. Each RSU is equivalent in value to one share of Laureates Common Stock and represents Laureates commitment to issue one share of Laureates Common Stock at a future date, subject to the terms of the Agreement and the Plan.
Grant Date : October 25, 2016
Number of RSUs :
Vesting Schedule : All of the RSUs are nonvested and forfeitable as of the Grant Date. So long as you remain an Eligible Individual (as defined in the Agreement) continuously from the Grant Date through the applicable date upon which vesting is scheduled to occur, 100% of the RSUs will vest and become nonforfeitable on June 17, 2018 (the Vesting Date ).
If, before a Vesting Date, you cease to be an Eligible Individual due to your death or Disability, you will vest on your termination date in the number of RSUs that would have vested had you remained employed until the next scheduled Vesting Date.
If, before the final Vesting Date, but on or within the eighteen (18) months after a Change in Control, you cease to be an Eligible Individual because the Company or its successor terminates your employment or other service relationship without Cause, you will become fully vested in all remaining unvested RSUs on your termination date.
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LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. |
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I acknowledge that I have carefully read the Agreement and the Plan. I agree to be bound by all of the provisions set forth in those documents. I acknowledge that I have received a copy of the Executive Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy under the Laureate Education, Inc. 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as the same may be amended or modified from time to time, the Recoupment Policy) and acknowledge and agree that the terms of the Recoupment Policy shall be applicable to the RSUs, and any Shares issued as a result of the vesting of the RSUs, granted under this Agreement. I also consent to electronic delivery of all notices or other information with respect to the RSUs or the Company.
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1. Terminology . Unless otherwise provided in this Agreement or the Notice, capitalized terms used herein are defined in the Glossary at the end of this Agreement or in the Plan.
2. Vesting . All of the RSUs are nonvested and forfeitable as of the Grant Date. So long as you remain an Eligible Individual continuously from the Grant Date through the applicable date upon which vesting is scheduled to occur, the RSUs will become vested and nonforfeitable in accordance with the vesting schedule set forth in the Notice. None of the RSUs will become vested and nonforfeitable after you cease to be an Eligible Individual.
3. Termination of Employment or Service . Unless otherwise provided in the Notice, if you cease to be an Eligible Individual for any reason, all RSUs that are not then vested and nonforfeitable will be forfeited to the Company immediately and automatically upon such cessation without payment of any consideration therefor and you will have no further right, title or interest in or to such RSUs or the underlying shares of Common Stock.
4. Restrictions on Transfer . Neither this Agreement nor any of the RSUs may be assigned, transferred, pledged, hypothecated or disposed of in any way, whether by operation of law or otherwise, and the RSUs shall not be subject to execution, attachment or similar process. All rights with respect to this Agreement and the RSUs shall be exercisable during your lifetime only by you or your guardian or legal representative. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the RSUs may be transferred upon your death by last will and testament or under the laws of descent and distribution.
5. Settlement of RSUs .
(a) Manner of Settlement . You are not required to make any monetary payment (other than applicable tax withholding, if required) as a condition to settlement of the RSUs. Laureate will issue to you, in settlement of your RSUs and subject to the provisions of Section 6 below, the number of whole shares of Common Stock that equals the number of whole RSUs that become vested, and such vested RSUs will terminate and cease to be outstanding upon such issuance of the shares. Upon issuance of such shares, Laureate will determine the form of delivery (e.g., a stock certificate or electronic entry evidencing such shares) and may deliver such shares on your behalf electronically to Laureates designated stock plan administrator or such other broker-dealer as Laureate may choose at its sole discretion, within reason.
(b) Timing of Settlement . Your RSUs will be settled by Laureate, via the issuance of Common Stock as described herein, on or within thirty (30) days after the date that the RSUs become vested and nonforfeitable. However, if a scheduled issuance date falls on a Saturday, Sunday or federal holiday, such issuance date shall instead fall on the next following day that the principal executive offices of the Company are open for business. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that (i) you are subject to Laureates policy permitting officers and directors to sell shares only during certain window periods, in effect from time to time or you are otherwise prohibited from selling shares of Laureates Common Stock in the public market and any shares covered by your RSUs are scheduled to be issued on a day (the Original Distribution Date ) that does not occur during an open window period applicable to you, as determined by Laureate in accordance with such policy, or does not occur on a date when you are otherwise permitted to sell shares of Laureates Common Stock in the open market, and (ii) the Company elects not to satisfy its tax withholding obligations by withholding shares from your distribution, then such shares shall not be issued and delivered on such Original Distribution Date and shall instead be issued and delivered on the first business day of the next occurring open window period applicable to you pursuant to such policy (regardless of whether you are still providing continuous services at such time) or the next business day when you are not prohibited from selling shares of Laureates Common Stock in the open market, but in no event later than the fifteenth day of the third calendar month of the calendar year following the calendar year in which the Original Distribution Date
occurs. In all cases, the issuance and delivery of shares under this Agreement is intended to comply with Treasury Regulation 1.409A-1(b)(4) and shall be construed and administered in such a manner.
6. Tax Withholding . On or before the time you receive a distribution of the shares subject to your RSUs, or at any time thereafter as requested by the Company, you hereby authorize any required withholding from the Common Stock issuable to you and/or otherwise agree to make adequate provision in cash for any sums required to satisfy the federal, state, local and foreign tax withholding obligations of the Company which arises in connection with your RSUs (the Withholding Taxes ). Additionally, the Company may, in its sole discretion, satisfy all or any portion of the Withholding Taxes obligation relating to your RSUs by any of the following means or by a combination of such means: (i) withholding from any compensation otherwise payable to you by the Company; (ii) causing you to tender a cash payment; (iii) permitting you to enter into a same day sale commitment with a broker-dealer that is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (a FINRA Dealer ) whereby you irrevocably elect to sell a portion of the shares to be delivered under the Agreement to satisfy the Withholding Taxes and whereby the FINRA Dealer irrevocably commits to forward the proceeds necessary to satisfy the Withholding Taxes directly to the Company; or (iv) withholding shares of Common Stock from the shares of Common Stock issued or otherwise issuable to you in connection with the RSUs with a Fair Market Value (measured as of the date shares of Common Stock are issued to you pursuant to Section 5) equal to the amount of such Withholding Taxes; provided, however, that the number of such shares of Common Stock so withheld shall not exceed, by more than the Fair Market Value of one share of Common Stock, the amount necessary to satisfy the Companys required tax withholding obligations using the minimum statutory withholding rates for federal, state, local and foreign tax purposes, including payroll taxes, that are applicable to supplemental taxable income (except as otherwise permitted by the Administrator and would not create an adverse accounting consequence or cost). Unless the tax withholding obligations of the Company are satisfied, Laureate shall have no obligation to deliver to you any Common Stock. In the event Laureates obligation to withhold arises prior to the delivery to you of Common Stock or it is determined after the delivery of Common Stock to you that the amount of the Companys withholding obligation was greater than the amount withheld by the Company, you agree to indemnify and hold the Company harmless from any failure by the Company to withhold the proper amount.
7. Adjustments for Corporate Transactions and Other Events .
(a) Stock Dividend, Stock Split and Reverse Stock Split . Upon a stock dividend of, or stock split or reverse stock split affecting, the Common Stock, the number of outstanding RSUs shall, without further action of the Administrator, be adjusted to reflect such event; provided, however, that any fractional RSUs resulting from any such adjustment shall be eliminated. Adjustments under this paragraph will be made by the Administrator, whose determination as to what adjustments, if any, will be made and the extent thereof will be final, binding and conclusive.
(b) Merger, Consolidation and Other Events . If Laureate shall be the surviving or resulting corporation in any merger or consolidation and the Common Stock shall be converted into other securities, the RSUs shall pertain to and apply to the securities to which a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock subject to the RSUs would have been entitled. If the stockholders of Laureate receive by reason of any distribution in total or partial liquidation or pursuant to any merger of Laureate or acquisition of its assets, securities of another entity or other property (including cash), then the rights of the Company under this Agreement shall inure to the benefit of Laureates successor, and this Agreement shall apply to the securities or other property (including cash) to which a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock subject to the RSUs would have been entitled, in the same manner and to the same extent as the RSUs.
8. Non-Guarantee of Employment or Service Relationship . Nothing in the Plan or this Agreement shall alter your at-will or other employment status or other service relationship with the Company, nor be construed as a contract of employment or service relationship between the Company and you, or as a contractual right of you to continue in the employ of, or in a service relationship with, the Company for any period of time, or as a limitation of the right of the Company to discharge you at any time with or without cause or notice and whether or not such discharge results in the forfeiture of any nonvested and forfeitable RSUs or any other adverse effect on your interests under the Plan.
9. Rights as Stockholder . You shall not have any of the rights of a stockholder with respect to any shares of Common Stock that may be issued in settlement of the RSUs until such shares of Common Stock have been issued to you. No adjustment shall be made for dividends, distributions, or other rights for which the record date is prior to the date such shares are issued, except as provided in Section 10 of the Plan.
10. The Companys Rights . The existence of the RSUs shall not affect in any way the right or power of Laureate or its stockholders to make or authorize any or all adjustments, recapitalizations, reorganizations, or other changes in the Companys capital structure or its business, or any merger or consolidation of the Company, or any issue of bonds, debentures, preferred or other stocks with preference ahead of or convertible into, or otherwise affecting the Common Stock or the rights thereof, or the dissolution or liquidation of the Company, or any sale or transfer of all or any part of the Companys assets or business, or any other corporate act or proceeding, whether of a similar character or otherwise.
11. Restrictions on Issuance of Shares . The issuance of shares of Common Stock upon settlement of the RSUs shall be subject to and in compliance with all applicable requirements of federal, state, or foreign law with respect to such securities. No shares of Common Stock may be issued hereunder if the issuance of such shares would constitute a violation of any applicable federal, state, or foreign securities laws or other law or regulations or the requirements of any stock exchange or market system upon which the Common Stock may then be listed. The inability of the Company to obtain from any regulatory body having jurisdiction the authority, if any, deemed by the Companys legal counsel to be necessary to the lawful issuance of any shares subject to the RSUs shall relieve the Company of any liability in respect of the failure to issue such shares as to which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained. As a condition to the settlement of the RSUs, the Company may require you to satisfy any qualifications that may be necessary or appropriate, to evidence compliance with any applicable law or regulation, and to make any representation or warranty with respect thereto as may be requested by the Company.
12. Notices . Any notice to be given under the terms of this Agreement to the Company shall be addressed to Laureate in care of its Secretary, and any notice to be given to you shall be addressed to you at the physical or electronic address given beneath your signature on the Notice. By a notice given pursuant to this Section 12, either party may hereafter designate a different address for notices to be given to you or the Company. Any notice, which is required to be given to you shall, if you are then deceased, be given to your personal representative if such representative has previously informed the Company of his status and address by written notice under this Section 12. Any notice shall have been deemed duly given when (i) delivered in person, (ii) enclosed in a properly sealed envelope or wrapper addressed as aforesaid, deposited (with postage prepaid) in a post office or branch post office regularly maintained by the United States Postal Service, (iii) enclosed in a properly sealed envelope or wrapper addressed as aforesaid, deposited (with fees prepaid) in an office regularly maintained by FedEx, UPS, or comparable non-public mail carrier, or (iv) delivered by email to an electronic mail address provided by you. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and, if requested, to agree to participate in the Plan through an on-line or electronic system established and maintained by the Company or another third party designated by the Company.
13. Entire Agreement . This Agreement, together with the relevant Notice and the Plan, contain the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the RSUs granted hereunder. Any oral or written agreements, representations, warranties, written inducements, or other communications made prior to the execution of this Agreement with respect to the RSUs granted hereunder shall be void and ineffective for all purposes.
14. Amendment . This Agreement may be amended from time to time by the Administrator in its discretion; provided , however , that this Agreement may not be modified in a manner that would have a materially adverse effect on the RSUs as determined in the discretion of the Administrator, except as provided in the Plan or in a written document signed by each of the parties hereto.
15. Section 409A . This Agreement and the RSUs granted hereunder are intended to fit within the short-term deferral exemption from Section 409A of the Code as set forth in Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(b)(4). In administering this Agreement, the Company shall interpret this Agreement in a manner consistent with such exemption. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if it is determined
that the RSUs fail to satisfy the requirements of the short-term deferral rule and are otherwise deferred compensation subject to Section 409A, and if you are a Specified Employee (within the meaning set forth Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code) as of the date of your separation from service (within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(h)), then the issuance of any shares that would otherwise be made upon the date of the separation from service or within the first six (6) months thereafter will not be made on the originally scheduled date(s) and will instead be issued in a lump sum on the date that is six (6) months and one day after the date of the separation from service, but if and only if such delay in the issuance of the shares is necessary to avoid the imposition of additional taxation on you in respect of the shares under Section 409A of the Code. Each installment of shares that vests is intended to constitute a separate payment for purposes of Section 409A of the Code and Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-2(b)(2).
16. No Obligation to Minimize Taxes . The Company has no duty or obligation to minimize the tax consequences to you of this award of RSUs and shall not be liable to you for any adverse tax consequences to you arising in connection with this award. You are hereby advised to consult with your own personal tax, financial and/or legal advisors regarding the tax consequences of this award and by signing the Notice, you have agreed that you have done so or knowingly and voluntarily declined to do so.
17. Conformity with Plan . This Agreement is intended to conform in all respects with, and is subject to all applicable provisions of, the Plan. Inconsistencies between this Agreement and the Plan shall be resolved in accordance with the terms of the Plan. In the event of any ambiguity in this Agreement or any matters as to which this Agreement is silent, the Plan shall govern. A copy of the Plan is available upon request to the Administrator.
18. No Funding . This Agreement constitutes an unfunded and unsecured promise by the Company to issue shares of Common Stock in the future in accordance with its terms. You have the status of a general unsecured creditor of the Company as a result of receiving the grant of RSUs.
19. Effect on Other Employee Benefit Plans . The value of the RSUs subject to this Agreement shall not be included as compensation, earnings, salaries, or other similar terms used when calculating your benefits under any employee benefit plan sponsored by the Company, except as such plan otherwise expressly provides. The Company expressly reserves its rights to amend, modify, or terminate any of the Companys employee benefit plans.
20. Governing Law . The validity, construction and effect of this Agreement, and of any determinations or decisions made by the Administrator relating to this Agreement, and the rights of any and all persons having or claiming to have any interest under this Agreement, shall be determined exclusively in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware, without regard to its provisions concerning the applicability of laws of other jurisdictions. As a condition of this Agreement, you agree that you will not bring any action arising under, as a result of, pursuant to or relating to, this Agreement in any court other than a federal or state court in the districts which include Wilmington, Delaware, and you hereby agree and submit to the personal jurisdiction of any federal court located in the district which includes Wilmington, Delaware or any state court in the district which includes Wilmington, Delaware. You further agree that you will not deny or attempt to defeat such personal jurisdiction or object to venue by motion or other request for leave from any such court.
21. Resolution of Disputes . Any dispute or disagreement which shall arise under, or as a result of, or pursuant to or relating to, this Agreement shall be determined by the Administrator in good faith in its absolute and uncontrolled discretion, and any such determination or any other determination by the Administrator under or pursuant to this Agreement and any interpretation by the Administrator of the terms of this Agreement, will be final, binding and conclusive on all persons affected thereby. You agree that before you may bring any legal action arising under, as a result of, pursuant to or relating to, this Agreement you will first exhaust your administrative remedies before the Administrator. You further agree that in the event that the Administrator does not resolve any dispute or disagreement arising under, as a result of, pursuant to or relating to, this Agreement to your satisfaction, no legal action may be commenced or maintained relating to this Agreement more than twenty-four (24) months after the Administrators decision.
22. Headings . The headings in this Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall not affect the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement.
23. Electronic Delivery of Documents . By your signing the Notice, you (i) consent to the electronic delivery of this Agreement, all information with respect to the Plan and the RSUs, and any reports of the Company provided generally to the Companys stockholders; (ii) acknowledge that you may receive from the Company a paper copy of any documents delivered electronically at no cost to you by contacting the Company by telephone or in writing; (iii) further acknowledge that you may revoke your consent to the electronic delivery of documents at any time by notifying the Company of such revoked consent by telephone, postal service or electronic mail; and (iv) further acknowledge that you understand that you are not required to consent to electronic delivery of documents.
24. No Future Entitlement . By your signing the Notice, you acknowledge and agree that: (i) the grant of a restricted stock unit award is a one-time benefit which does not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of restricted stock units, or compensation in lieu of restricted stock units, even if restricted stock units have been granted repeatedly in the past; (ii) all determinations with respect to any such future grants and the terms thereof will be at the sole discretion of the Committee; (iii) the value of the restricted stock units is an extraordinary item of compensation which is outside the scope of your employment contract, if any; (iv) the value of the restricted stock units is not part of normal or expected compensation or salary for any purpose, including, but not limited to, calculating any termination, severance, resignation, redundancy, end of service payments or similar payments, or bonuses, long-service awards, pension or retirement benefits; (v) the vesting of the restricted stock units ceases upon termination of service with the Company or transfer of employment from the Company, or other cessation of eligibility for any reason, except as may otherwise be explicitly provided in this Agreement; (vi) the Company does not guarantee any future value of the restricted stock units; and (vii) no claim or entitlement to compensation or damages arises if the restricted stock units decrease or do not increase in value and you irrevocably release the Company from any such claim that does arise.
25. Personal Data . For purposes of the implementation, administration and management of the restricted stock units or the effectuation of any acquisition, equity or debt financing, joint venture, merger, reorganization, consolidation, recapitalization, business combination, liquidation, dissolution, share exchange, sale of stock, sale of material assets or other similar corporate transaction involving the Company (a Corporate Transaction ), you consent, by execution of the Notice, to the collection, receipt, use, retention and transfer, in electronic or other form, of your personal data by and among the Company and its third party vendors or any potential party to a potential Corporate Transaction. You understand that personal data (including but not limited to, name, home address, telephone number, employee number, employment status, social security number, tax identification number, date of birth, nationality, job and payroll location, data for tax withholding purposes and shares awarded, cancelled, vested and unvested) may be transferred to third parties assisting in the implementation, administration and management of the restricted stock units or the effectuation of a Corporate Transaction and you expressly authorize such transfer as well as the retention, use, and the subsequent transfer of the data by the recipient(s). You understand that these recipients may be located in your country or elsewhere, and that the recipients country may have different data privacy laws and protections than your country. You understand that data will be held only as long as is necessary to implement, administer and manage the restricted stock units or effect a Corporate Transaction. You understand that you may, at any time, request a list with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the personal data, view data, request additional information about the storage and processing of data, require any necessary amendments to data or refuse or withdraw the consents herein, in any case without cost, by contacting in writing the Companys Secretary. You understand, however, that refusing or withdrawing your consent may affect your ability to accept a restricted stock unit award.
{ Glossary begins on next page }
GLOSSARY
(a) Administrator means the Board of Directors of Laureate Education, Inc. or such committee or committees appointed by the Board to administer the Plan.
(b) Agreement means this document, as amended from time to time, together with the Plan which is incorporated herein by reference.
(c) Cause means Cause as such term may be defined in any employment agreement in effect at the time of termination of employment between you and Laureate or any of its Subsidiaries, or, if there is no such employment agreement or such term is not defined therein, Cause shall mean (i) your gross negligence or willful malfeasance in connection with the performance of your duties with respect to the Company, (ii) your conviction of, or pleading guilty or nolo contendere to any felony, (iii) theft, embezzlement, fraud or other similar conduct by you in connection with the performance of your duties with the Company, or (iv) your willful and material breach of any other applicable agreements with the Company including, without limitation, engaging in any action in breach of any applicable restrictive covenants.
(d) Change in Control means the first of the following to occur: (i) a Change in Ownership of Laureate or Wengen, or (ii) a Change in the Ownership of Assets of Laureate, as described herein and construed in accordance with Code section 409A.
(i) A Change in Ownership of Laureate or Wengen shall occur on the date that any one Person acquires, or Persons Acting as a Group acquire, in a single transaction or a series of related transactions, ownership of:
(A) the capital stock of Laureate that, together with the stock held by such Person or Group, constitutes more than 50% of the total voting power of the capital stock of Laureate. However, if any one Person is, or Persons Acting as a Group are, considered to own more than 50% of the total voting power of the capital stock of Laureate, the acquisition of additional stock by the same Person or Persons Acting as a Group is not considered to cause a Change in Ownership of Laureate or to cause a Change in Effective Control of Laureate (as described below). An increase in the percentage of capital stock owned by any one Person, or Persons Acting as a Group, as a result of a transaction in which Laureate acquires its stock in exchange for property will be treated as an acquisition of stock; or
(B) partnership interests of Wengen that, together with the partnership interests held by such Person or Group, constitutes more than 50% of the partnership interests of Wengen. However, if any one Person is, or Persons Acting as a Group are, considered under the Wengen Limited Partnership Agreement, as the same is in effect from time to time, to own two percent (2%) or more of the partnership interests of Wengen on the effective date of this Plan, the acquisition of additional partnership interests by the same Person or Persons Acting as a Group is not considered to cause a Change in Ownership of Laureate or Wengen.
(ii) A Change in the Ownership of Assets of Laureate shall occur on the date that any one Person acquires, or Persons Acting as a Group acquire (or has or have acquired during the 12-month period ending on the date of the most recent acquisition by such Person or Persons), assets from Laureate that have a total gross fair market value equal to or more than 80% of the total gross fair market value of all of the assets of Laureate immediately before such acquisition or acquisitions. For this purpose, gross fair market value means the value of the assets of Laureate, or the value of the assets being disposed of, determined without regard to any liabilities associated with such assets.
The following rules of construction apply in interpreting the definition of Change in Control:
(A) A Person means any individual, entity or group within the meaning of Section 13(d)(3) or 14(d)(2) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, other
than (1) employee benefit plans sponsored or maintained by Laureate and by entities controlled by Laureate, (2) Wengen or entities controlled by Wengen, or (3) an underwriter of the capital stock of Laureate in a registered public offering.
(B) Persons will be considered to be Persons Acting as a Group (or Group) if they are owners of a corporation that enters into a merger, consolidation, purchase or acquisition of stock, or similar business transaction with the corporation. If a Person owns stock in both corporations that enter into a merger, consolidation, purchase or acquisition of stock, or similar transaction, such shareholder is considered to be acting as a Group with other shareholders only with respect to the ownership in that corporation before the transaction giving rise to the change and not with respect to the ownership interest in the other corporation. Persons will not be considered to be acting as a Group solely because they purchase assets of the same corporation at the same time or purchase or own stock of the same corporation at the same time, or as a result of the same public offering.
(C) A Change in Control shall not include a transfer of assets to a related person as described in Code section 409A or a public offering of capital stock of Laureate.
(D) For purposes of the definition of Change in Control, Section 318(a) of the Code applies to determine stock ownership. Stock underlying a vested option is considered owned by the individual who holds the vested option (and the stock underlying an unvested option is not considered owned by the individual who holds the unvested option). For purposes of the preceding sentence, however, if a vested option is exercisable for stock that is not substantially vested (as defined by Treasury Regulation §1.83-3(b) and (j)), the stock underlying the option is not treated as owned by the individual who holds the option.
(e) Code means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Treasury regulations and other guidance promulgated thereunder.
(f) Common Stock means the common stock, US$.001 par value per share, of Laureate Education, Inc.
(g) Company means Laureate and its Subsidiaries.
(h) Disability means Disability as such term may be defined in any employment agreement in effect at the time of termination of employment between you and Laureate or any of its Subsidiaries, or, if there is no such employment agreement or such term is not defined therein, Disability shall mean a total and permanent disability as defined in the long-term disability plan of Laureate or the Subsidiary, as applicable, with which you are employed on the date as of which the existence of a Disability is to be determined.
(i) Eligible Individual shall mean an officer or employee of, and other individual, including a non-employee director, who is a natural person providing bona fide services to or for, Laureate or any of its Subsidiaries, provided that such services are not in connection with the offer or sale of securities in a capital-raising transaction and do not directly or indirectly promote or maintain a market for Laureates securities.
(j) Grant Date means the effective date of a grant of RSUs made to you as set forth in the Notice.
(k) Notice means the statement, letter or other written notification provided to you by the Company setting forth the terms of a grant of RSUs made to you.
(l) You or Your means the recipient of the RSUs as reflected on the applicable Notice. Whenever the word you or your is used in any provision of this Agreement under
circumstances where the provision should logically be construed, as determined by the Administrator, to apply to the estate, personal representative, or beneficiary to whom the RSUs may be transferred by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, the words you and your shall be deemed to include such person.
{ End of Agreement }
Exhibit 10.71
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.
PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS NOTICE
UNDER THE
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.
2013 LONG-TERM INCENTIVE PLAN
Name of Grantee:
This Notice evidences the award of Performance Share Units (each, a PSU , and collectively, the PSUs ) of LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC., a Maryland corporation ( Laureate ), that have been granted to you pursuant to the LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. 2013 LONG-TERM INCENTIVE PLAN (the Plan ) and conditioned upon your agreement to the terms of the attached Performance Share Units Agreement (the Agreement ). This Notice constitutes part of and is subject to the terms and provisions of the Agreement and the Plan, which are incorporated by reference herein. Each PSU is equivalent in value to one share of the Companys Common Stock and represents the Companys commitment to issue one share of the Companys Common Stock at a future date, subject to the terms of the Agreement and the Plan.
Grant Date : October 25, 2016
Number of PSUs :
Vesting Schedule : All of the PSUs are nonvested and forfeitable as of the Grant Date. So long as you remain an Eligible Individual (as defined in the Agreement) continuously from the Grant Date through June 17, 2018 (the Vesting Date):
· of the PSUs will vest and become nonforfeitable upon (a) the publication of Laureates audited financial statements for Fiscal Year 2017, (b) the Administrators determination that said financial statements, which include financial information for Fiscal Years 2016 and 2017, reflect the achievement of the Equity Value Target for Fiscal Year 2016, and (c) you remaining an Eligible Individual continuously from the Grant Date through the Vesting Date; and
· of the PSUs will vest and become nonforfeitable upon (a) the publication of Laureates audited financial statements for Fiscal Year 2017, (b) the Administrators determination that said financial statements reflect the achievement of the Equity Value Target for Fiscal Year 2017, and (c) you remaining an Eligible Individual continuously from the Grant Date through the Vesting Date.
For avoidance of doubt, in the event you cease to be an Eligible Individual subsequent to the Vesting Date but prior to the publication date of Laureates audited financial statements for Fiscal Year 2017 and the Administrator determines, upon publication of the said financial statements, that one or more PSU tranches would have vested and become nonforfeitable based on the audited financial statements for said Fiscal Year, that portion of your PSUs that would otherwise have become vested and nonforfeitable had you remained an Eligible Individual through the date of the Administrators determination will become vested and nonforfeitable upon such determination.
Qualifying Termination : If you cease to be an Eligible Individual coincident with or within eighteen (18) months after a Change in Control as a result of an involuntary termination without Cause by your employer or your resignation with Good Reason (a Qualifying Termination ), to the extent not already vested or previously forfeited, that portion of your PSUs that would otherwise have become vested and nonforfeitable had the Company achieved the Annual Equity Value Target in the three Fiscal Years (or, if shorter, the remaining Initial Target Years) ending coincident with or
immediately subsequent to the effective time of your Qualifying Termination will become vested and nonforfeitable immediately prior to the effective date of your Qualifying Termination and the balance of the unvested portion of the PSUs shall terminate without becoming vested on the date of your Qualifying Termination.
Termination by Death or Permanent Disability : In the event you cease to be an Eligible Individual by reason of death or Permanent Disability, any portion of the PSUs which would have been eligible, but for the termination of eligibility, to vest if the Annual Equity Value Target for the calendar year during which the termination of eligibility occurred is achieved will remain outstanding until the Administrator determines whether the applicable Annual Equity Value Target has been achieved and will become vested and nonforfeitable if and when the Administrator determines that the applicable Annual Equity Value Target has been achieved and will be forfeited without becoming vested on the date the Administrator determines that the applicable Annual Equity Value Target has not been achieved, and the balance of the unvested portion of the PSUs shall terminate without becoming vested on your service termination date.
Other Termination : In the event you cease to be an Eligible Individual after the Vesting Date but before the Administrator has determined whether the Annual Equity Value Target for such Fiscal Year has been achieved, and such cessation of service is not the result of your death, Permanent Disability or a Qualifying Termination, any portion of the PSUs which would have been eligible, but for the termination of eligibility, to vest if the Annual Equity Value Target for such Fiscal Year is achieved will remain outstanding until the Administrator determines whether the applicable Annual Equity Value Target has been achieved and will become vested and nonforfeitable if and when the Administrator determines that the applicable Annual Equity Value Target has been achieved and will be forfeited without becoming vested on the date the Administrator determines that the applicable Annual Equity Value Target has not been achieved, and the balance of the unvested portion of the PSUs shall terminate without becoming vested on your service termination date.
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I acknowledge that I have carefully read the Agreement and the Plan. I agree to be bound by all of the provisions set forth in those documents. I acknowledge that I have received a copy of the Executive Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy under the Laureate Education, Inc. 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as the same may be amended or modified from time to time, the Recoupment Policy) and acknowledge and agrees that the terms of the Recoupment Policy shall be applicable to the PSUs, and any Shares issued as a result of the vesting of the PSUs, granted under this Agreement. I also consent to electronic delivery of all notices or other information with respect to the PSUs or the Company.
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1. Terminology . Unless otherwise provided in this Agreement or the Notice, capitalized terms used herein are defined in the Glossary at the end of this Agreement and/or the Plan.
2. Vesting . All of the PSUs are nonvested and forfeitable as of the Grant Date. So long as you remain an Eligible Individual continuously from the Grant Date through the applicable date upon which vesting is scheduled to occur, the PSUs will become vested and nonforfeitable in accordance with the vesting schedule and related terms and conditions set forth in the Notice. Except for the circumstances, if any, described in the Notice, none of the PSUs will become vested and nonforfeitable after you cease to be an Eligible Individual.
3. Termination of Employment or Service . Unless otherwise provided in the Notice, if you cease to be an Eligible Individual for any reason, all PSUs that are not then vested and nonforfeitable will be forfeited to the Company immediately and automatically upon such cessation without payment of any consideration therefor and you will have no further right, title or interest in or to such PSUs or the underlying shares of Common Stock.
4. Restrictions on Transfer . Neither this Agreement nor any of the PSUs may be assigned, transferred, pledged, hypothecated or disposed of in any way, whether by operation of law or otherwise, and the PSUs shall not be subject to execution, attachment or similar process. All rights with respect to this Agreement and the PSUs shall be exercisable during your lifetime only by you or your guardian or legal representative. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the PSUs may be transferred upon your death by last will and testament or under the laws of descent and distribution.
5. Settlement of PSUs .
(a) Manner of Settlement . You are not required to make any monetary payment (other than applicable tax withholding, if required) as a condition to settlement of the PSUs. Laureate will issue to you, in settlement of your PSUs and subject to the provisions of Section 6 below, the number of whole shares of Common Stock that equals the number of whole PSUs that become vested, and such vested PSUs will terminate and cease to be outstanding upon such issuance of the shares. Upon issuance of such shares, Laureate will determine the form of delivery (e.g., a stock certificate or electronic entry evidencing such shares) and may deliver such shares on your behalf electronically to Laureates designated stock plan administrator or such other broker-dealer as Laureate may choose at its sole discretion, within reason.
(b) Timing of Settlement . Your PSUs will be settled by Laureate, via the issuance of Common Stock as described herein, on the date that the PSUs become vested and nonforfeitable. However, if a scheduled issuance date falls on a Saturday, Sunday or federal holiday, such issuance date shall instead fall on the next following day that the principal executive offices of the Company are open for business. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that (i) you are subject to Laureates policy permitting officers and directors to sell shares only during certain window periods, in effect from time to time or you are otherwise prohibited from selling shares of Laureates Common Stock in the public market and any shares covered by your PSUs are scheduled to be issued on a day (the Original Distribution Date ) that does not occur during an open window period applicable to you, as determined by Laureate in accordance with such policy, or does not occur on a date when you are otherwise permitted to sell shares of Laureates Common Stock in the open market, and (ii) the Company elects not to satisfy its tax withholding obligations by withholding shares from your distribution, then such shares shall not be
issued and delivered on such Original Distribution Date and shall instead be issued and delivered on the first business day of the next occurring open window period applicable to you pursuant to such policy (regardless of whether you are still providing continuous services at such time) or the next business day when you are not prohibited from selling shares of Laureates Common Stock in the open market, but in no event later than the fifteenth day of the third calendar month of the calendar year following the calendar year in which the Original Distribution Date occurs. In all cases, the issuance and delivery of shares under this Agreement is intended to comply with Treasury Regulation 1.409A-1(b)(4) and shall be construed and administered in such a manner.
6. Tax Withholding . On or before the time you receive a distribution of the shares subject to your PSUs, or at any time thereafter as requested by the Company, you hereby authorize any required withholding from the Common Stock issuable to you and/or otherwise agree to make adequate provision in cash for any sums required to satisfy the federal, state, local and foreign tax withholding obligations of the Company which arise in connection with your PSUs (the Withholding Taxes ). Additionally, the Company may, in its sole discretion, satisfy all or any portion of the Withholding Taxes obligation relating to your PSUs by any of the following means or by a combination of such means: (i) withholding from any compensation otherwise payable to you by the Company; (ii) causing you to tender a cash payment; (iii) permitting you to enter into a same day sale commitment with a broker-dealer that is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (a FINRA Dealer ) whereby you irrevocably elect to sell a portion of the shares to be delivered under the Agreement to satisfy the Withholding Taxes and whereby the FINRA Dealer irrevocably commits to forward the proceeds necessary to satisfy the Withholding Taxes directly to the Company; or (iv) withholding shares of Common Stock from the shares of Common Stock issued or otherwise issuable to you in connection with the PSUs with a Fair Market Value (measured as of the date shares of Common Stock are issued to you pursuant to Section 5) equal to the amount of such Withholding Taxes; provided, however, that the number of such shares of Common Stock so withheld shall not exceed the amount necessary to satisfy the Companys required tax withholding obligations using the minimum statutory withholding rates for federal, state, local and foreign tax purposes, including payroll taxes, that are applicable to supplemental taxable income. Unless the tax withholding obligations of the Company are satisfied, Laureate shall have no obligation to deliver to you any Common Stock. In the event Laureates obligation to withhold arises prior to the delivery to you of Common Stock or it is determined after the delivery of Common Stock to you that the amount of the Companys withholding obligation was greater than the amount withheld by the Company, you agree to indemnify and hold the Company harmless from any failure by the Company to withhold the proper amount.
7. Adjustments for Corporate Transactions and Other Events .
(a) Stock Dividend, Stock Split and Reverse Stock Split . Upon a stock dividend of, or stock split or reverse stock split affecting, the Common Stock, the number of outstanding PSUs shall, without further action of the Administrator, be adjusted to reflect such event; provided, however, that any fractional PSUs resulting from any such adjustment shall be eliminated. Adjustments under this paragraph will be made by the Administrator, whose determination as to what adjustments, if any, will be made and the extent thereof will be final, binding and conclusive.
(b) Merger, Consolidation and Other Events . If Laureate shall be the surviving or resulting corporation in any merger or consolidation and the Common Stock shall be converted into other securities, the PSUs shall pertain to and apply to the securities to which a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock subject to the PSUs would have been entitled. If the stockholders of Laureate receive by reason of any distribution in total or partial liquidation or pursuant to any merger of Laureate or acquisition of its assets, securities of another entity or other property (including cash), then the rights of the Company under this Agreement shall inure to the benefit of Laureates successor, and this Agreement shall apply to the securities or other property (including cash) to which a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock subject to the PSUs would have been entitled, in the same manner and to the same extent as the PSUs.
8. Non-Guarantee of Employment or Service Relationship . Nothing in the Plan or this Agreement shall alter your at-will or other employment status or other service relationship with the Company, nor be construed as a contract of employment or service relationship between the Company and you, or as a contractual right of you to continue in the employ of, or in a service relationship with, the Company for any period of time, or as a limitation of the right of the Company to discharge you at any time with or without cause or notice and whether or not such discharge results in the forfeiture of any nonvested and forfeitable PSUs or any other adverse effect on your interests under the Plan.
9. Rights as Stockholder. You shall not have any of the rights of a stockholder with respect to any shares of Common Stock that may be issued in settlement of the PSUs until such shares of Common Stock have been issued to you. No adjustment shall be made for dividends, distributions, or other rights for which the record date is prior to the date such shares are issued, except as provided in Section 10 of the Plan.
10. The Companys Rights . The existence of the PSUs shall not affect in any way the right or power of Laureate or its stockholders to make or authorize any or all adjustments, recapitalizations, reorganizations, or other changes in the Companys capital structure or its business, or any merger or consolidation of the Company, or any issue of bonds, debentures, preferred or other stocks with preference ahead of or convertible into, or otherwise affecting the Common Stock or the rights thereof, or the dissolution or liquidation of the Company, or any sale or transfer of all or any part of the Companys assets or business, or any other corporate act or proceeding, whether of a similar character or otherwise.
11. Restrictions on Issuance of Shares . The issuance of shares of Common Stock upon settlement of the PSUs shall be subject to and in compliance with all applicable requirements of federal, state, or foreign law with respect to such securities. No shares of Common Stock may be issued hereunder if the issuance of such shares would constitute a violation of any applicable federal, state, or foreign securities laws or other law or regulations or the requirements of any stock exchange or market system upon which the Common Stock may then be listed. The inability of Laureate to obtain from any regulatory body having jurisdiction the authority, if any, deemed by Laureates legal counsel to be necessary to the lawful issuance of any shares subject to the PSUs shall relieve Laureate of any liability in respect of the failure to issue such shares as to which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained. As a condition to the settlement of the PSUs, Laureate may require you to satisfy any qualifications that may be necessary or appropriate, to evidence compliance with any applicable law or regulation, and to make any representation or warranty with respect thereto as may be requested by the Company.
12. Notices . All notices and other communications made or given pursuant to this Agreement shall be given in writing and shall be deemed effectively given upon receipt or, in the case of notices delivered by Laureate to you, five (5) days after deposit in the United States mail, postage prepaid, addressed to you at the last address you provided to Laureate, or in the case of notices delivered to Laureate by you, addressed to the Administrator, care of Laureate for the attention of its Secretary at its principal executive office or, in either case, if the receiving party consents in advance, transmitted and received via telecopy or via such other electronic transmission mechanism as may be available to the parties. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Laureate may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to participation in the Plan and this award of PSUs by electronic means or to request your consent to participate in the Plan or accept this award of PSUs by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and, if requested, to agree to participate in the Plan through an on-line or electronic system established and maintained by Laureate or another third party designated by Laureate.
13. Entire Agreement . This Agreement, together with the relevant Notice and the Plan, contain the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the PSUs granted
hereunder. Any oral or written agreements, representations, warranties, written inducements, or other communications made prior to the execution of this Agreement with respect to the PSUs granted hereunder shall be void and ineffective for all purposes.
14. Amendment . This Agreement may be amended from time to time by the Administrator in its discretion; provided , however , that this Agreement may not be modified in a manner that would have a materially adverse effect on the PSUs as determined in the discretion of the Administrator, except as provided in the Plan or in a written document signed by each of the parties hereto.
15. 409A Savings Clause . This Agreement and the PSUs granted hereunder are intended to fit within the short-term deferral exemption from Section 409A of the Code as set forth in Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(b)(4). In administering this Agreement, Laureate shall interpret this Agreement in a manner consistent with such exemption. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if it is determined that the PSUs fail to satisfy the requirements of the short-term deferral rule and are otherwise deferred compensation subject to Section 409A, and if you are a Specified Employee (within the meaning set forth Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code) as of the date of your separation from service (within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(h)), then the issuance of any shares that would otherwise be made upon the date of the separation from service or within the first six (6) months thereafter will not be made on the originally scheduled date(s) and will instead be issued in a lump sum on the date that is six (6) months and one day after the date of the separation from service, but if and only if such delay in the issuance of the shares is necessary to avoid the imposition of additional taxation on you in respect of the shares under Section 409A of the Code. Each installment of shares that vests is intended to constitute a separate payment for purposes of Section 409A of the Code and Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-2(b)(2).
16. No Obligation to Minimize Taxes . Laureate has no duty or obligation to minimize the tax consequences to you of this award of PSUs and shall not be liable to you for any adverse tax consequences to you arising in connection with this award. You are hereby advised to consult with your own personal tax, financial and/or legal advisors regarding the tax consequences of this award and by signing the Notice, you have agreed that you have done so or knowingly and voluntarily declined to do so.
17. Conformity with Plan . This Agreement is intended to conform in all respects with, and is subject to all applicable provisions of, the Plan. Inconsistencies between this Agreement and the Plan shall be resolved in accordance with the terms of the Plan. In the event of any ambiguity in this Agreement or any matters as to which this Agreement is silent, the Plan shall govern. A copy of the Plan is available upon request to the Administrator.
18. No Funding . This Agreement constitutes an unfunded and unsecured promise by Laureate to issue shares of Common Stock in the future in accordance with its terms. You have the status of a general unsecured creditor of Laureate as a result of receiving the grant of PSUs.
19. Effect on Other Employee Benefit Plans . The value of the PSUs subject to this Agreement shall not be included as compensation, earnings, salaries, or other similar terms used when calculating your benefits under any employee benefit plan sponsored by the Company, except as such plan otherwise expressly provides. Laureate expressly reserves its rights to amend, modify, or terminate any of the Companys employee benefit plans.
20. Governing Law . The validity, construction and effect of this Agreement, and of any determinations or decisions made by the Administrator relating to this Agreement, and the rights of any and all persons having or claiming to have any interest under this Agreement, shall be determined exclusively in accordance with the laws of the State of Maryland, without regard to its provisions concerning the applicability of laws of other jurisdictions. As a condition of this
Agreement, you agree that you will not bring any action arising under, as a result of, pursuant to or relating to, this Agreement in any court other than a federal or state court in the districts which include Baltimore, Maryland, and you hereby agree and submit to the personal jurisdiction of any federal court located in the district which includes Baltimore, Maryland or any state court in the district which includes Baltimore, Maryland. You further agree that you will not deny or attempt to defeat such personal jurisdiction or object to venue by motion or other request for leave from any such court.
21. Resolution of Disputes . Any dispute or disagreement which shall arise under, or as a result of, or pursuant to or relating to, this Agreement shall be determined by the Administrator in good faith in its absolute and uncontrolled discretion, and any such determination or any other determination by the Administrator under or pursuant to this Agreement and any interpretation by the Administrator of the terms of this Agreement, will be final, binding and conclusive on all persons affected thereby. You agree that before you may bring any legal action arising under, as a result of, pursuant to or relating to, this Agreement you will first exhaust your administrative remedies before the Administrator. You further agree that in the event that the Administrator does not resolve any dispute or disagreement arising under, as a result of, pursuant to or relating to, this Agreement to your satisfaction, no legal action may be commenced or maintained relating to this Agreement more than twenty-four (24) months after the Administrators decision.
22. Headings . The headings in this Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall not affect the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement.
23. Electronic Delivery of Documents . By your signing the Notice, you (i) consent to the electronic delivery of this Agreement, all information with respect to the Plan and the PSUs, and any reports of the Company provided generally to Laureates stockholders; (ii) acknowledge that you may receive from Laureate a paper copy of any documents delivered electronically at no cost to you by contacting Laureate by telephone or in writing; (iii) further acknowledge that you may revoke your consent to the electronic delivery of documents at any time by notifying Laureate of such revoked consent by telephone, postal service or electronic mail; and (iv) further acknowledge that you understand that you are not required to consent to electronic delivery of documents.
24. No Future Entitlement . By your signing the Notice, you acknowledge and agree that: (i) the grant of a Performance Share Unit award is a one-time benefit which does not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of Performance Share Units, or compensation in lieu of Performance Share Units, even if Performance Share Units have been granted repeatedly in the past; (ii) all determinations with respect to any such future grants and the terms thereof will be at the sole discretion of the Committee; (iii) the value of the Performance Share Units is an extraordinary item of compensation which is outside the scope of your employment contract, if any; (iv) the value of the Performance Share Units is not part of normal or expected compensation or salary for any purpose, including, but not limited to, calculating any termination, severance, resignation, redundancy, end of service payments or similar payments, or bonuses, long-service awards, pension or retirement benefits; (v) the vesting of the Performance Share Units ceases when you cease to be an Eligible Individual, or other cessation of eligibility for any reason, except as may otherwise be explicitly provided in this Agreement; (vi) the Company does not guarantee any future value of the Performance Share Units; and (vii) no claim or entitlement to compensation or damages arises if the Performance Share Units decrease or do not increase in value and you irrevocably release the Company from any such claim that does arise.
25. Personal Data . For purposes of the implementation, administration and management of the Performance Share Units or the effectuation of any acquisition, equity or debt financing, joint venture, merger, reorganization, consolidation, recapitalization, business combination, liquidation, dissolution, share exchange, sale of stock, sale of material assets or
other similar corporate transaction involving Laureate (a Corporate Transaction ), you consent, by execution of the Notice, to the collection, receipt, use, retention and transfer, in electronic or other form, of your personal data by and among the Company and its third party vendors or any potential party to a potential Corporate Transaction. You understand that personal data (including but not limited to, name, home address, telephone number, employee number, employment status, social security number, tax identification number, date of birth, nationality, job and payroll location, data for tax withholding purposes and shares awarded, cancelled, vested and unvested) may be transferred to third parties assisting in the implementation, administration and management of the Performance Share Units or the effectuation of a Corporate Transaction and you expressly authorize such transfer as well as the retention, use, and the subsequent transfer of the data by the recipient(s). You understand that these recipients may be located in your country or elsewhere, and that the recipients country may have different data privacy laws and protections than your country. You understand that data will be held only as long as is necessary to implement, administer and manage the Performance Share Units or effect a Corporate Transaction. You understand that you may, at any time, request a list with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the personal data, view data, request additional information about the storage and processing of data, require any necessary amendments to data or refuse or withdraw the consents herein, in any case without cost, by contacting in writing Laureates Secretary. You understand, however, that refusing or withdrawing your consent may affect your ability to accept a Performance Share Unit award.
{ Glossary begins on next page }
GLOSSARY
(a) Administrator means the Board of Directors of Laureate Education, Inc. or such committee or committees appointed by the Board to administer the Plan.
(b) Agreement means this document, as amended from time to time, together with the Plan which is incorporated herein by reference.
(c) Cause means Cause as such term may be defined in any employment agreement in effect at the time of termination of employment between the Grantee and Laureate or any of its Subsidiaries, or, if there is no such employment agreement or such term is not defined therein, Cause shall mean (i) gross negligence or willful malfeasance by the Grantee in connection with the performance of his duties with respect to the Company, (ii) conviction of, or pleading guilty or nolo contendere to any felony, (iii) theft, embezzlement, fraud or other similar conduct by the Grantee in connection with the performance of his or her duties with the Company, or (iv) a willful and material breach of any other applicable agreements with the Company including, without limitation, engaging in any action in breach of any applicable restrictive covenants.
(d) Change in Control means the first of the following to occur: (i) a Change in Ownership of Laureate or Wengen, or (ii) a Change in the Ownership of Assets of Laureate, as described herein and construed in accordance with Code section 409A.
(i) A Change in Ownership of Laureate or Wengen shall occur on the date that any one Person acquires, or Persons Acting as a Group acquire, in a single transaction or a series of related transactions, ownership of:
(A) the capital stock of Laureate that, together with the stock held by such Person or Group, constitutes more than 50% of the total voting power of the capital stock of Laureate. However, if any one Person is, or Persons Acting as a Group are, considered to own more than 50% of the total voting power of the capital stock of Laureate, the acquisition of additional stock by the same Person or Persons Acting as a Group is not considered to cause a Change in Ownership of Laureate or to cause a Change in Effective Control of Laureate (as described below). An increase in the percentage of capital stock owned by any one Person, or Persons Acting as a Group, as a result of a transaction in which Laureate acquires its stock in exchange for property will be treated as an acquisition of stock; or
(B) partnership interests of Wengen that, together with the partnership interests held by such Person or Group, constitutes more than 50% of the partnership interests of Wengen. However, if any one Person is, or Persons Acting as a Group are, considered under the Wengen Limited Partnership Agreement, as the same is in effect from time to time, to own two percent (2%) or more of the partnership interests of Wengen on the effective date of this Plan, the acquisition of additional partnership interests by the same Person or Persons Acting as a Group is not considered to cause a Change in Ownership of Laureate or Wengen.
(ii) A Change in the Ownership of Assets of Laureate shall occur on the date that any one Person acquires, or Persons Acting as a Group acquire (or has or have acquired during the 12-month period ending on the date of the most recent acquisition by such Person or Persons), assets from Laureate that have a total gross fair market value equal to or more than 80% of the total gross fair market value of all of the assets of Laureate immediately before such acquisition or acquisitions. For this purpose,
gross fair market value means the value of the assets of Laureate, or the value of the assets being disposed of, determined without regard to any liabilities associated with such assets.
The following rules of construction apply in interpreting the definition of Change in Control:
(A) A Person means any individual, entity or group within the meaning of Section 13(d)(3) or 14(d)(2) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, other than (1) employee benefit plans sponsored or maintained by Laureate and by entities controlled by Laureate, (2) Wengen or entities controlled by Wengen, or (3) an underwriter of the capital stock of Laureate in a registered public offering.
(B) Persons will be considered to be Persons Acting as a Group (or Group) if they are owners of a corporation that enters into a merger, consolidation, purchase or acquisition of stock, or similar business transaction with the corporation. If a Person owns stock in both corporations that enter into a merger, consolidation, purchase or acquisition of stock, or similar transaction, such shareholder is considered to be acting as a Group with other shareholders only with respect to the ownership in that corporation before the transaction giving rise to the change and not with respect to the ownership interest in the other corporation. Persons will not be considered to be acting as a Group solely because they purchase assets of the same corporation at the same time or purchase or own stock of the same corporation at the same time, or as a result of the same public offering.
(C) A Change in Control shall not include a transfer of assets to a related person as described in Code section 409A or a public offering of capital stock of Laureate.
(D) For purposes of the definition of Change in Control, Section 318(a) of the Code applies to determine stock ownership. Stock underlying a vested option is considered owned by the individual who holds the vested option (and the stock underlying an unvested option is not considered owned by the individual who holds the unvested option). For purposes of the preceding sentence, however, if a vested option is exercisable for stock that is not substantially vested (as defined by Treasury Regulation §1.83-3(b) and (j)), the stock underlying the option is not treated as owned by the individual who holds the option.
(e) Code means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Treasury regulations and other guidance promulgated thereunder.
(f) Common Stock means the common stock, US$.001 par value per share, of Laureate Education, Inc.
(g) Company means Laureate and its Subsidiaries.
(h) Eligible Individual shall mean (i) an officer or employee of, and other individual, including a non-employee director, who is a natural person providing bona fide services to or for, Laureate or any of its Subsidiaries, provided that such services are not in connection with the offer or sale of securities in a capital-raising transaction and do not directly or indirectly promote or maintain a market for Laureates securities.
(i) Equity Value shall have the meaning set forth on Schedule A attached hereto.
(j) Equity Value Target means, in each applicable Fiscal Year:
If, in this Fiscal Year: |
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The Company achieves this Equity Value Target: |
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2016 |
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$ |
4,895,827,000 |
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2017 |
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$ |
5,736,061,127 |
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(k) Fair Market Value has the meaning set forth in the Plan. The Plan generally defines Fair Market Value to mean the closing price per share of Common Stock on the relevant date on the principal exchange or market on which the Common Stock is then listed or admitted to trading or, if no sale is reported for that date, the last preceding Business Day on which a sale was reported. If the Common Stock is neither listed or admitted to trading on a national securities exchange or an established securities market, nor quoted by a national quotation system, then Fair Market Value is the value determined by the Administrator in good faith by the reasonable application of a reasonable valuation method, which method may, but need not, include taking into account an appraisal of the fair market value of the Common Stock conducted by a nationally recognized appraisal firm selected by the Administrator.
(l) Good Reason means Good Reason as such term may be defined in any employment agreement in effect at the time of termination of employment between the Grantee and Laureate or any of its Subsidiaries, or, if there is no such employment agreement or such term is not defined therein, Good Reason shall mean, without the consent of the Grantee, (i) a reduction in base salary (other than a general reduction in base salary that affects all similarly situated employees), (ii) a substantial diminution in the Grantees title, duties and responsibilities, other than any isolated, insubstantial and inadvertent failure by the Company that is not in bad faith, or (iii) a transfer of the Grantees primary workplace by more than fifty (50) miles from his or her current workplace; provided, however, that in any event, such conduct is not cured within ten (10) business days after the Grantee gives the Company notice of such event.
(m) Fiscal Year means the twelve month period ending December 31 of any given calendar year.
(n) Grant Date means the effective date of a grant of PSUs made to you as set forth in the relevant Notice.
(o) Notice means the statement, letter or other written notification provided to you by the Company setting forth the terms of a grant of PSUs made to you.
(p) Plan means the Laureate Education, Inc. 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended from time to time.
(q) PSU means the Companys commitment to issue one share of Common Stock at a future date, subject to the terms of the Agreement and the Plan.
(r) Subsidiary shall mean any corporation or other entity in an unbroken chain of corporations or other entities beginning with Laureate if each of the corporations or other entities, or group of commonly controlled corporations or other entities, other than the last corporation or other entity in the unbroken chain then owns stock or other equity interests possessing 50% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock or other equity
interests in one of the other corporations or other entities in such chain or otherwise has the power to direct the management and policies of the entity by contract or by means of appointing a majority of the members of the board or other body that controls the affairs of the entity.
(s) You or Your means the recipient of the PSUs as reflected on the applicable Notice. Whenever the word you or your is used in any provision of this Agreement under circumstances where the provision should logically be construed, as determined by the Administrator, to apply to the estate, personal representative, or beneficiary to whom the PSUs may be transferred by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, the words you and your shall be deemed to include such person.
Schedule A
EQUITY VALUE for any Fiscal Year means the product of (A) Pro Rata Adjusted EBITDA for that fiscal year multiplied by (B) 10 minus Pro Rata Net Debt for that fiscal year, all calculated on an Fx Neutral basis, all fairly and appropriately adjusted for Additional Adjustments. Adjusted EBITDA for any fiscal year will mean the Operating Income, as stated on the audited Consolidated Statement of Income of Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries (collectively Laureate or the Company or LEI), PLUS/(MINUS) (to the extent included in Operating Income):
1. depreciation and amortization expenses;
2. share-based compensation expenses, as defined by ASC 718;
3. impairment costs as recognized on the Companys financial statements for tangible or intangible assets to the extent described in the financial statements;
4. transaction expenses in connection with financings, including fees and costs related to the issuance or modification of any indebtedness;
5. (gains)/charges, net of insurance proceeds, resulting from a Force majeure event in any of the Companys operating regions;
6. charges, expenses and VAT relating to tax efficient repatriation strategies;
7. (gains)/losses on the disposition of Companys assets (excluding (gains)/losses on dispositions of furniture and equipment in the ordinary course of business), investments, operations that qualify as businesses under ASC 805, and/or entities as defined under ASC 810;
8. all expenses related to any public or private offering of the Companys shares that are not netted with the offering proceeds and have not been capitalized;
9. costs related to the restructuring or reduction in force (as defined in ASC 420 or ASC 712), to the extent described in the financial statements;
10. (gains)/expenses related to the establishment or changes in contingent liabilities and indemnification assets or contingent liabilities where there is an unrecorded indemnification asset booked in connection with the acquisition of business but only if attributable to a period prior to the acquisition of a business; and
11. (gains)/expenses for a litigation case, net of insurance proceeds or indemnification, if applicable, if the (gains)/expenses are in excess of $5 million.
12. Adjusted EBITDA (as defined above to the extent such items are disclosed in the financial statements of the affiliate) for any affiliate (including THINK Education Group, LLC and any affiliate acquired after December 31, 2012) accounted for as an equity method investment.
Pro Rata Adjusted EBITDA shall mean Adjusted EBITDA less Adjusted EBITDA attributable to noncontrolling interests as of the last day of that fiscal year AND THEN fairly and appropriately adjusted for Additional Adjustments. Any affiliates accounted for as equity method investment shall be pro rata adjusted to capture appropriately the economic share of Laureates investment. This adjustment shall be calculated on an Fx Neutral basis if such information is available from the affiliates financial statements or, to the extent unavailable, the adjustment shall be calculated in USD.
Pro Rata Debt for any fiscal year will include only the below list of debt elements, as derived from the audited Balance Sheet for Laureate Education, Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries at the last day of such fiscal year. The Pro Rata Debt balance shall be appropriately adjusted to exclude amounts in each such element attributable to noncontrolling interests.
1. short-term and long-term debt;
2. due to shareholders of acquired companies (long-term and current portion); and
3. deferred compensation obligations for the share-based deferred compensation arrangement (for Laureates CEO and former Board member) as defined in the Consolidated financial statements.
Pro Rata Net Debt for any fiscal year will mean Pro Rata Debt (as defined herein):
MINUS (except to the extent attributable to noncontrolling interests):
1. Cash and cash equivalent and Restricted cash, all as shown on the audited Balance Sheet for Laureate Education, Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries at the last day of the fiscal year;
2. cumulative dividends or cash distributions on shares paid since December 31, 2012 to any class of shareholders, including minority shareholders; and
3. cumulative net cash paid since December 31, 2012 for cross currency derivatives entered into by the Company (including carry and final settlement).
PLUS (except to the extent attributable to noncontrolling interests):
1. the amount of capital contributions (either cash or in-kind), by any class of shareholders, since December 31, 2012; provided, however, that any in-kind contributions shall be accounted for at fair market value, and any cash proceeds from any Laureate equity offering shall be valued net of fees; and
2. cumulative net cash received since December 31, 2012 for cross currency derivatives entered into by the Company (including carry and final settlement).
Pro Rata Net Debt shall also be adjusted to take into account Laureates economic share of the net debt positions of affiliates accounted for as equity method investments (including THINK Education Group, LLC and any affiliate acquired after December 31, 2012), similar to the pro rata net debt definition stated above; provided, however, that net debt of such affiliates shall be defined as short-term and long-term debt as reported on their financial statements less Cash and cash equivalents and Restricted Cash only. This adjustment shall be calculated on an Fx Neutral basis if such information is available from the affiliates financial statements or, to the extent unavailable, the adjustment shall be calculated in USD.
Additional Adjustments shall mean:
1. implications from the expropriation or deconsolidation of Company assets or a Company business required by or resulting from the actions of any government or government agency; with the Pro Rata Adjusted EBITDA from any such business during the LTM prior to expropriation, multiplied by an earnings growth rate of 1.08 compounded annually from the date of expropriation or deconsolidation, added to that fiscal years Pro Rata Adjusted EBITDA;
2. changes in US GAAP, or the application thereof, subsequent to the issuance of the Companys 2012 audited financial statements, promulgated by accounting standard setters or changes in local laws and regulations; and
3. pro-forma adjustments, as disclosed in the presentation pursuant to which any acquired business(s) is approved, to include a full annual period of Pro Rata Adjusted EBITDA of that business(s) during that fiscal year.
Fx Neutral shall mean the application of the Foreign Exchange Spot Rates, as defined below, to the audited financial statements of Laureate Education, Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries for each fiscal year for which an Equity Value is calculated. These rates will be used to adjust both the Balance Sheet and Income Statement items in the Equity Value calculation.
Foreign Exchange Spot Rates shall equal the foreign exchange spot rates used to translate the audited Balance Sheet of Laureate Education, Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries at December 31, 2012.
{ End of Agreement }
Exhibit 10.72
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.
PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS NOTICE
UNDER THE
LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC.
2013 LONG-TERM INCENTIVE PLAN
Name of Grantee:
This Notice evidences the award of Performance Share Units (each, a PSU , and collectively, the PSUs ) of LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC., a Maryland corporation ( Laureate ), that have been granted to you pursuant to the LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. 2013 LONG-TERM INCENTIVE PLAN (the Plan ) and conditioned upon your agreement to the terms of the attached Performance Share Units Agreement (the Agreement ). This Notice constitutes part of and is subject to the terms and provisions of the Agreement and the Plan, which are incorporated by reference herein. Each PSU is equivalent in value to one share of the Companys Common Stock and represents the Companys commitment to issue one share of the Companys Common Stock at a future date, subject to the terms of the Agreement and the Plan.
Grant Date : October 25, 2016
Number of PSUs :
Vesting Schedule : All of the PSUs are nonvested and forfeitable as of the Grant Date. So long as you remain an Eligible Individual (as defined in the Agreement) continuously from the Grant Date through June 17, 2018 (the Vesting Date):
· of the PSUs will vest and become nonforfeitable upon (a) the publication of Laureates audited financial statements for Fiscal Year 2017 and, (b) the Administrators determination that said financial statements, which include financial information for Fiscal Years 2016 and 2017, reflect the achievement of the Equity Value Target for Fiscal Year 2016, and (c) you remaining an Eligible Individual continuously from the Grant Date through the Vesting Date;
· of the PSUs will vest and become nonforfeitable upon (a) the publication of Laureates audited financial statements for Fiscal Year 2017, (b) the Administrators determination that said financial statements reflect the achievement of the Equity Value Target for Fiscal Year 2017, and (c) you remaining an Eligible Individual continuously from the Grant Date through the Vesting Date.
For avoidance of doubt, in the event you cease to be an Eligible Individual subsequent to the Vesting Date but prior to the publication date of Laureates audited financial statements for Fiscal Year 2017 and the Administrator determines, upon publication of the said financial statements, that one or more PSU tranches would have vested and become nonforfeitable based on the audited financial statements for said Fiscal Year, that portion of your PSUs that would otherwise have become vested and nonforfeitable had you remained an Eligible Individual through the date of the Administrators determination will become vested and nonforfeitable upon such determination.
Qualifying Termination : If you cease to be an Eligible Individual coincident with or within eighteen (18) months after a Change in Control as a result of an involuntary termination without Cause by your employer (a Qualifying Termination ), to the extent not already vested or previously forfeited, that portion of your PSUs that would otherwise have become vested and nonforfeitable had the Company achieved the Annual Equity Value Target in the three Fiscal Years (or, if shorter, the remaining Initial Target Years) ending coincident with or immediately subsequent to
the effective time of your Qualifying Termination will become vested and nonforfeitable immediately prior to the effective date of your Qualifying Termination and the balance of the unvested portion of the PSUs shall terminate without becoming vested on the date of your Qualifying Termination.
Termination by Death or Permanent Disability : In the event you cease to be an Eligible Individual by reason of death or Permanent Disability, any portion of the PSUs which would have been eligible, but for the termination of eligibility, to vest if the Annual Equity Value Target for the calendar year during which the termination of eligibility occurred is achieved will remain outstanding until the Administrator determines whether the applicable Annual Equity Value Target has been achieved and will become vested and nonforfeitable if and when the Administrator determines that the applicable Annual Equity Value Target has been achieved and will be forfeited without becoming vested on the date the Administrator determines that the applicable Annual Equity Value Target has not been achieved, and the balance of the unvested portion of the PSUs shall terminate without becoming vested on your service termination date.
Other Termination : In the event you cease to be an Eligible Individual after the Vesting Date but before the Administrator has determined whether the Annual Equity Value Target for such Fiscal Year has been achieved, and such cessation of service is not the result of your death, Permanent Disability or a Qualifying Termination, any portion of the PSUs which would have been eligible, but for the termination of eligibility, to vest if the Annual Equity Value Target for such Fiscal Year is achieved will remain outstanding until the Administrator determines whether the applicable Annual Equity Value Target has been achieved and will become vested and nonforfeitable if and when the Administrator determines that the applicable Annual Equity Value Target has been achieved and will be forfeited without becoming vested on the date the Administrator determines that the applicable Annual Equity Value Target has not been achieved, and the balance of the unvested portion of the PSUs shall terminate without becoming vested on your service termination date.
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LAUREATE EDUCATION, INC. |
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I acknowledge that I have carefully read the Agreement and the Plan. I agree to be bound by all of the provisions set forth in those documents. I acknowledge that I have received a copy of the Executive Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy under the Laureate Education, Inc. 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as the same may be amended or modified from time to time, the Recoupment Policy) and acknowledge and agrees that the terms of the Recoupment Policy shall be applicable to the PSUs, and any Shares issued as a result of the vesting of the PSUs, granted under this Agreement. I also consent to electronic delivery of all notices or other information with respect to the PSUs or the Company.
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1. Terminology . Unless otherwise provided in this Agreement or the Notice, capitalized terms used herein are defined in the Glossary at the end of this Agreement and/or the Plan.
2. Vesting . All of the PSUs are nonvested and forfeitable as of the Grant Date. So long as you remain an Eligible Individual continuously from the Grant Date through the applicable date upon which vesting is scheduled to occur, the PSUs will become vested and nonforfeitable in accordance with the vesting schedule and related terms and conditions set forth in the Notice. Except for the circumstances, if any, described in the Notice, none of the PSUs will become vested and nonforfeitable after you cease to be an Eligible Individual.
3. Termination of Employment or Service . Unless otherwise provided in the Notice, if you cease to be an Eligible Individual for any reason, all PSUs that are not then vested and nonforfeitable will be forfeited to the Company immediately and automatically upon such cessation without payment of any consideration therefor and you will have no further right, title or interest in or to such PSUs or the underlying shares of Common Stock.
4. Restrictions on Transfer . Neither this Agreement nor any of the PSUs may be assigned, transferred, pledged, hypothecated or disposed of in any way, whether by operation of law or otherwise, and the PSUs shall not be subject to execution, attachment or similar process. All rights with respect to this Agreement and the PSUs shall be exercisable during your lifetime only by you or your guardian or legal representative. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the PSUs may be transferred upon your death by last will and testament or under the laws of descent and distribution.
5. Settlement of PSUs .
(a) Manner of Settlement . You are not required to make any monetary payment (other than applicable tax withholding, if required) as a condition to settlement of the PSUs. Laureate will issue to you, in settlement of your PSUs and subject to the provisions of Section 6 below, the number of whole shares of Common Stock that equals the number of whole PSUs that become vested, and such vested PSUs will terminate and cease to be outstanding upon such issuance of the shares. Upon issuance of such shares, Laureate will determine the form of delivery (e.g., a stock certificate or electronic entry evidencing such shares) and may deliver such shares on your behalf electronically to Laureates designated stock plan administrator or such other broker-dealer as Laureate may choose at its sole discretion, within reason.
(b) Timing of Settlement . Your PSUs will be settled by Laureate, via the issuance of Common Stock as described herein, on the date that the PSUs become vested and nonforfeitable. However, if a scheduled issuance date falls on a Saturday, Sunday or federal holiday, such issuance date shall instead fall on the next following day that the principal executive offices of the Company are open for business. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that (i) you are subject to Laureates policy permitting officers and directors to sell shares only during certain window periods, in effect from time to time or you are otherwise prohibited from selling shares of Laureates Common Stock in the public market and any shares covered by your PSUs are scheduled to be issued on a day (the Original Distribution Date ) that does not occur during an open window period applicable to you, as determined by Laureate in accordance with such policy, or does not occur on a date when you are otherwise permitted to sell shares of Laureates Common Stock in the open market, and (ii) the Company elects not to satisfy its tax withholding obligations by withholding shares from your distribution, then such shares shall not be
issued and delivered on such Original Distribution Date and shall instead be issued and delivered on the first business day of the next occurring open window period applicable to you pursuant to such policy (regardless of whether you are still providing continuous services at such time) or the next business day when you are not prohibited from selling shares of Laureates Common Stock in the open market, but in no event later than the fifteenth day of the third calendar month of the calendar year following the calendar year in which the Original Distribution Date occurs. In all cases, the issuance and delivery of shares under this Agreement is intended to comply with Treasury Regulation 1.409A-1(b)(4) and shall be construed and administered in such a manner.
6. Tax Withholding . On or before the time you receive a distribution of the shares subject to your PSUs, or at any time thereafter as requested by the Company, you hereby authorize any required withholding from the Common Stock issuable to you and/or otherwise agree to make adequate provision in cash for any sums required to satisfy the federal, state, local and foreign tax withholding obligations of the Company which arise in connection with your PSUs (the Withholding Taxes ). Additionally, the Company may, in its sole discretion, satisfy all or any portion of the Withholding Taxes obligation relating to your PSUs by any of the following means or by a combination of such means: (i) withholding from any compensation otherwise payable to you by the Company; (ii) causing you to tender a cash payment; (iii) permitting you to enter into a same day sale commitment with a broker-dealer that is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (a FINRA Dealer ) whereby you irrevocably elect to sell a portion of the shares to be delivered under the Agreement to satisfy the Withholding Taxes and whereby the FINRA Dealer irrevocably commits to forward the proceeds necessary to satisfy the Withholding Taxes directly to the Company; or (iv) withholding shares of Common Stock from the shares of Common Stock issued or otherwise issuable to you in connection with the PSUs with a Fair Market Value (measured as of the date shares of Common Stock are issued to you pursuant to Section 5) equal to the amount of such Withholding Taxes; provided, however, that the number of such shares of Common Stock so withheld shall not exceed the amount necessary to satisfy the Companys required tax withholding obligations using the minimum statutory withholding rates for federal, state, local and foreign tax purposes, including payroll taxes, that are applicable to supplemental taxable income. Unless the tax withholding obligations of the Company are satisfied, Laureate shall have no obligation to deliver to you any Common Stock. In the event Laureates obligation to withhold arises prior to the delivery to you of Common Stock or it is determined after the delivery of Common Stock to you that the amount of the Companys withholding obligation was greater than the amount withheld by the Company, you agree to indemnify and hold the Company harmless from any failure by the Company to withhold the proper amount.
7. Adjustments for Corporate Transactions and Other Events .
(a) Stock Dividend, Stock Split and Reverse Stock Split . Upon a stock dividend of, or stock split or reverse stock split affecting, the Common Stock, the number of outstanding PSUs shall, without further action of the Administrator, be adjusted to reflect such event; provided, however, that any fractional PSUs resulting from any such adjustment shall be eliminated. Adjustments under this paragraph will be made by the Administrator, whose determination as to what adjustments, if any, will be made and the extent thereof will be final, binding and conclusive.
(b) Merger, Consolidation and Other Events . If Laureate shall be the surviving or resulting corporation in any merger or consolidation and the Common Stock shall be converted into other securities, the PSUs shall pertain to and apply to the securities to which a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock subject to the PSUs would have been entitled. If the stockholders of Laureate receive by reason of any distribution in total or partial liquidation or pursuant to any merger of Laureate or acquisition of its assets, securities of another entity or other property (including cash), then the rights of the Company under this Agreement shall inure to the benefit of Laureates successor, and this Agreement shall apply to the securities or other property (including cash) to which a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock subject to the PSUs would have been entitled, in the same manner and to the same extent as the PSUs.
8. Non-Guarantee of Employment or Service Relationship . Nothing in the Plan or this Agreement shall alter your at-will or other employment status or other service relationship with the Company, nor be construed as a contract of employment or service relationship between the Company and you, or as a contractual right of you to continue in the employ of, or in a service relationship with, the Company for any period of time, or as a limitation of the right of the Company to discharge you at any time with or without cause or notice and whether or not such discharge results in the forfeiture of any nonvested and forfeitable PSUs or any other adverse effect on your interests under the Plan.
9. Rights as Stockholder. You shall not have any of the rights of a stockholder with respect to any shares of Common Stock that may be issued in settlement of the PSUs until such shares of Common Stock have been issued to you. No adjustment shall be made for dividends, distributions, or other rights for which the record date is prior to the date such shares are issued, except as provided in Section 10 of the Plan.
10. The Companys Rights . The existence of the PSUs shall not affect in any way the right or power of Laureate or its stockholders to make or authorize any or all adjustments, recapitalizations, reorganizations, or other changes in the Companys capital structure or its business, or any merger or consolidation of the Company, or any issue of bonds, debentures, preferred or other stocks with preference ahead of or convertible into, or otherwise affecting the Common Stock or the rights thereof, or the dissolution or liquidation of the Company, or any sale or transfer of all or any part of the Companys assets or business, or any other corporate act or proceeding, whether of a similar character or otherwise.
11. Restrictions on Issuance of Shares . The issuance of shares of Common Stock upon settlement of the PSUs shall be subject to and in compliance with all applicable requirements of federal, state, or foreign law with respect to such securities. No shares of Common Stock may be issued hereunder if the issuance of such shares would constitute a violation of any applicable federal, state, or foreign securities laws or other law or regulations or the requirements of any stock exchange or market system upon which the Common Stock may then be listed. The inability of Laureate to obtain from any regulatory body having jurisdiction the authority, if any, deemed by Laureates legal counsel to be necessary to the lawful issuance of any shares subject to the PSUs shall relieve Laureate of any liability in respect of the failure to issue such shares as to which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained. As a condition to the settlement of the PSUs, Laureate may require you to satisfy any qualifications that may be necessary or appropriate, to evidence compliance with any applicable law or regulation, and to make any representation or warranty with respect thereto as may be requested by the Company.
12. Notices . All notices and other communications made or given pursuant to this Agreement shall be given in writing and shall be deemed effectively given upon receipt or, in the case of notices delivered by Laureate to you, five (5) days after deposit in the United States mail, postage prepaid, addressed to you at the last address you provided to Laureate, or in the case of notices delivered to Laureate by you, addressed to the Administrator, care of Laureate for the attention of its Secretary at its principal executive office or, in either case, if the receiving party consents in advance, transmitted and received via telecopy or via such other electronic transmission mechanism as may be available to the parties. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Laureate may, in its sole discretion, decide to deliver any documents related to participation in the Plan and this award of PSUs by electronic means or to request your consent to participate in the Plan or accept this award of PSUs by electronic means. You hereby consent to receive such documents by electronic delivery and, if requested, to agree to participate in the Plan through an on-line or electronic system established and maintained by Laureate or another third party designated by Laureate.
13. Entire Agreement . This Agreement, together with the relevant Notice and the Plan, contain the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the PSUs granted
hereunder. Any oral or written agreements, representations, warranties, written inducements, or other communications made prior to the execution of this Agreement with respect to the PSUs granted hereunder shall be void and ineffective for all purposes.
14. Amendment . This Agreement may be amended from time to time by the Administrator in its discretion; provided , however , that this Agreement may not be modified in a manner that would have a materially adverse effect on the PSUs as determined in the discretion of the Administrator, except as provided in the Plan or in a written document signed by each of the parties hereto.
15. 409A Savings Clause . This Agreement and the PSUs granted hereunder are intended to fit within the short-term deferral exemption from Section 409A of the Code as set forth in Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(b)(4). In administering this Agreement, Laureate shall interpret this Agreement in a manner consistent with such exemption. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if it is determined that the PSUs fail to satisfy the requirements of the short-term deferral rule and are otherwise deferred compensation subject to Section 409A, and if you are a Specified Employee (within the meaning set forth Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code) as of the date of your separation from service (within the meaning of Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(h)), then the issuance of any shares that would otherwise be made upon the date of the separation from service or within the first six (6) months thereafter will not be made on the originally scheduled date(s) and will instead be issued in a lump sum on the date that is six (6) months and one day after the date of the separation from service, but if and only if such delay in the issuance of the shares is necessary to avoid the imposition of additional taxation on you in respect of the shares under Section 409A of the Code. Each installment of shares that vests is intended to constitute a separate payment for purposes of Section 409A of the Code and Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-2(b)(2).
16. No Obligation to Minimize Taxes . Laureate has no duty or obligation to minimize the tax consequences to you of this award of PSUs and shall not be liable to you for any adverse tax consequences to you arising in connection with this award. You are hereby advised to consult with your own personal tax, financial and/or legal advisors regarding the tax consequences of this award and by signing the Notice, you have agreed that you have done so or knowingly and voluntarily declined to do so.
17. Conformity with Plan . This Agreement is intended to conform in all respects with, and is subject to all applicable provisions of, the Plan. Inconsistencies between this Agreement and the Plan shall be resolved in accordance with the terms of the Plan. In the event of any ambiguity in this Agreement or any matters as to which this Agreement is silent, the Plan shall govern. A copy of the Plan is available upon request to the Administrator.
18. No Funding . This Agreement constitutes an unfunded and unsecured promise by Laureate to issue shares of Common Stock in the future in accordance with its terms. You have the status of a general unsecured creditor of Laureate as a result of receiving the grant of PSUs.
19. Effect on Other Employee Benefit Plans . The value of the PSUs subject to this Agreement shall not be included as compensation, earnings, salaries, or other similar terms used when calculating your benefits under any employee benefit plan sponsored by the Company, except as such plan otherwise expressly provides. Laureate expressly reserves its rights to amend, modify, or terminate any of the Companys employee benefit plans.
20. Governing Law . The validity, construction and effect of this Agreement, and of any determinations or decisions made by the Administrator relating to this Agreement, and the rights of any and all persons having or claiming to have any interest under this Agreement, shall be determined exclusively in accordance with the laws of the State of Maryland, without regard to its provisions concerning the applicability of laws of other jurisdictions. As a condition of this
Agreement, you agree that you will not bring any action arising under, as a result of, pursuant to or relating to, this Agreement in any court other than a federal or state court in the districts which include Baltimore, Maryland, and you hereby agree and submit to the personal jurisdiction of any federal court located in the district which includes Baltimore, Maryland or any state court in the district which includes Baltimore, Maryland. You further agree that you will not deny or attempt to defeat such personal jurisdiction or object to venue by motion or other request for leave from any such court.
21. Resolution of Disputes . Any dispute or disagreement which shall arise under, or as a result of, or pursuant to or relating to, this Agreement shall be determined by the Administrator in good faith in its absolute and uncontrolled discretion, and any such determination or any other determination by the Administrator under or pursuant to this Agreement and any interpretation by the Administrator of the terms of this Agreement, will be final, binding and conclusive on all persons affected thereby. You agree that before you may bring any legal action arising under, as a result of, pursuant to or relating to, this Agreement you will first exhaust your administrative remedies before the Administrator. You further agree that in the event that the Administrator does not resolve any dispute or disagreement arising under, as a result of, pursuant to or relating to, this Agreement to your satisfaction, no legal action may be commenced or maintained relating to this Agreement more than twenty-four (24) months after the Administrators decision.
22. Headings . The headings in this Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall not affect the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement.
23. Electronic Delivery of Documents . By your signing the Notice, you (i) consent to the electronic delivery of this Agreement, all information with respect to the Plan and the PSUs, and any reports of the Company provided generally to Laureates stockholders; (ii) acknowledge that you may receive from Laureate a paper copy of any documents delivered electronically at no cost to you by contacting Laureate by telephone or in writing; (iii) further acknowledge that you may revoke your consent to the electronic delivery of documents at any time by notifying Laureate of such revoked consent by telephone, postal service or electronic mail; and (iv) further acknowledge that you understand that you are not required to consent to electronic delivery of documents.
24. No Future Entitlement . By your signing the Notice, you acknowledge and agree that: (i) the grant of a Performance Share Unit award is a one-time benefit which does not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of Performance Share Units, or compensation in lieu of Performance Share Units, even if Performance Share Units have been granted repeatedly in the past; (ii) all determinations with respect to any such future grants and the terms thereof will be at the sole discretion of the Committee; (iii) the value of the Performance Share Units is an extraordinary item of compensation which is outside the scope of your employment contract, if any; (iv) the value of the Performance Share Units is not part of normal or expected compensation or salary for any purpose, including, but not limited to, calculating any termination, severance, resignation, redundancy, end of service payments or similar payments, or bonuses, long-service awards, pension or retirement benefits; (v) the vesting of the Performance Share Units ceases when you cease to be an Eligible Individual, or other cessation of eligibility for any reason, except as may otherwise be explicitly provided in this Agreement; (vi) the Company does not guarantee any future value of the Performance Share Units; and (vii) no claim or entitlement to compensation or damages arises if the Performance Share Units decrease or do not increase in value and you irrevocably release the Company from any such claim that does arise.
25. Personal Data . For purposes of the implementation, administration and management of the Performance Share Units or the effectuation of any acquisition, equity or debt financing, joint venture, merger, reorganization, consolidation, recapitalization, business combination, liquidation, dissolution, share exchange, sale of stock, sale of material assets or
other similar corporate transaction involving Laureate (a Corporate Transaction ), you consent, by execution of the Notice, to the collection, receipt, use, retention and transfer, in electronic or other form, of your personal data by and among the Company and its third party vendors or any potential party to a potential Corporate Transaction. You understand that personal data (including but not limited to, name, home address, telephone number, employee number, employment status, social security number, tax identification number, date of birth, nationality, job and payroll location, data for tax withholding purposes and shares awarded, cancelled, vested and unvested) may be transferred to third parties assisting in the implementation, administration and management of the Performance Share Units or the effectuation of a Corporate Transaction and you expressly authorize such transfer as well as the retention, use, and the subsequent transfer of the data by the recipient(s). You understand that these recipients may be located in your country or elsewhere, and that the recipients country may have different data privacy laws and protections than your country. You understand that data will be held only as long as is necessary to implement, administer and manage the Performance Share Units or effect a Corporate Transaction. You understand that you may, at any time, request a list with the names and addresses of any potential recipients of the personal data, view data, request additional information about the storage and processing of data, require any necessary amendments to data or refuse or withdraw the consents herein, in any case without cost, by contacting in writing Laureates Secretary. You understand, however, that refusing or withdrawing your consent may affect your ability to accept a Performance Share Unit award.
{ Glossary begins on next page }
GLOSSARY
(a) Administrator means the Board of Directors of Laureate Education, Inc. or such committee or committees appointed by the Board to administer the Plan.
(b) Agreement means this document, as amended from time to time, together with the Plan which is incorporated herein by reference.
(c) Cause means Cause as such term may be defined in any employment agreement in effect at the time of termination of employment between the Grantee and Laureate or any of its Subsidiaries, or, if there is no such employment agreement or such term is not defined therein, Cause shall mean (i) gross negligence or willful malfeasance by the Grantee in connection with the performance of his duties with respect to the Company, (ii) conviction of, or pleading guilty or nolo contendere to any felony, (iii) theft, embezzlement, fraud or other similar conduct by the Grantee in connection with the performance of his or her duties with the Company, or (iv) a willful and material breach of any other applicable agreements with the Company including, without limitation, engaging in any action in breach of any applicable restrictive covenants.
(d) Change in Control means the first of the following to occur: (i) a Change in Ownership of Laureate or Wengen, or (ii) a Change in the Ownership of Assets of Laureate, as described herein and construed in accordance with Code section 409A.
(i) A Change in Ownership of Laureate or Wengen shall occur on the date that any one Person acquires, or Persons Acting as a Group acquire, in a single transaction or a series of related transactions, ownership of:
(A) the capital stock of Laureate that, together with the stock held by such Person or Group, constitutes more than 50% of the total voting power of the capital stock of Laureate. However, if any one Person is, or Persons Acting as a Group are, considered to own more than 50% of the total voting power of the capital stock of Laureate, the acquisition of additional stock by the same Person or Persons Acting as a Group is not considered to cause a Change in Ownership of Laureate or to cause a Change in Effective Control of Laureate (as described below). An increase in the percentage of capital stock owned by any one Person, or Persons Acting as a Group, as a result of a transaction in which Laureate acquires its stock in exchange for property will be treated as an acquisition of stock; or
(B) partnership interests of Wengen that, together with the partnership interests held by such Person or Group, constitutes more than 50% of the partnership interests of Wengen. However, if any one Person is, or Persons Acting as a Group are, considered under the Wengen Limited Partnership Agreement, as the same is in effect from time to time, to own two percent (2%) or more of the partnership interests of Wengen on the effective date of this Plan, the acquisition of additional partnership interests by the same Person or Persons Acting as a Group is not considered to cause a Change in Ownership of Laureate or Wengen.
(ii) A Change in the Ownership of Assets of Laureate shall occur on the date that any one Person acquires, or Persons Acting as a Group acquire (or has or have acquired during the 12-month period ending on the date of the most recent acquisition by such Person or Persons), assets from Laureate that have a total gross fair market value equal to or more than 80% of the total gross fair market value of all of the assets of Laureate immediately before such acquisition or acquisitions. For this purpose,
gross fair market value means the value of the assets of Laureate, or the value of the assets being disposed of, determined without regard to any liabilities associated with such assets.
The following rules of construction apply in interpreting the definition of Change in Control:
(A) A Person means any individual, entity or group within the meaning of Section 13(d)(3) or 14(d)(2) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, other than (1) employee benefit plans sponsored or maintained by Laureate and by entities controlled by Laureate, (2) Wengen or entities controlled by Wengen, or (3) an underwriter of the capital stock of Laureate in a registered public offering.
(B) Persons will be considered to be Persons Acting as a Group (or Group) if they are owners of a corporation that enters into a merger, consolidation, purchase or acquisition of stock, or similar business transaction with the corporation. If a Person owns stock in both corporations that enter into a merger, consolidation, purchase or acquisition of stock, or similar transaction, such shareholder is considered to be acting as a Group with other shareholders only with respect to the ownership in that corporation before the transaction giving rise to the change and not with respect to the ownership interest in the other corporation. Persons will not be considered to be acting as a Group solely because they purchase assets of the same corporation at the same time or purchase or own stock of the same corporation at the same time, or as a result of the same public offering.
(C) A Change in Control shall not include a transfer of assets to a related person as described in Code section 409A or a public offering of capital stock of Laureate.
(D) For purposes of the definition of Change in Control, Section 318(a) of the Code applies to determine stock ownership. Stock underlying a vested option is considered owned by the individual who holds the vested option (and the stock underlying an unvested option is not considered owned by the individual who holds the unvested option). For purposes of the preceding sentence, however, if a vested option is exercisable for stock that is not substantially vested (as defined by Treasury Regulation §1.83-3(b) and (j)), the stock underlying the option is not treated as owned by the individual who holds the option.
(e) Code means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Treasury regulations and other guidance promulgated thereunder.
(f) Common Stock means the common stock, US$.001 par value per share, of Laureate Education, Inc.
(g) Company means Laureate and its Subsidiaries.
(h) Eligible Individual shall mean (i) an officer or employee of, and other individual, including a non-employee director, who is a natural person providing bona fide services to or for, Laureate or any of its Subsidiaries, provided that such services are not in connection with the offer or sale of securities in a capital-raising transaction and do not directly or indirectly promote or maintain a market for Laureates securities.
(i) Equity Value shall have the meaning set forth on Schedule A attached hereto.
(j) Equity Value Target means, in each applicable Fiscal Year:
If, in this Fiscal Year: |
|
The Company achieves this Equity Value Target: |
|
|
2016 |
|
$ |
4,895,827,000 |
|
2017 |
|
$ |
5,736,061,127 |
|
(k) Fair Market Value has the meaning set forth in the Plan. The Plan generally defines Fair Market Value to mean the closing price per share of Common Stock on the relevant date on the principal exchange or market on which the Common Stock is then listed or admitted to trading or, if no sale is reported for that date, the last preceding Business Day on which a sale was reported. If the Common Stock is neither listed or admitted to trading on a national securities exchange or an established securities market, nor quoted by a national quotation system, then Fair Market Value is the value determined by the Administrator in good faith by the reasonable application of a reasonable valuation method, which method may, but need not, include taking into account an appraisal of the fair market value of the Common Stock conducted by a nationally recognized appraisal firm selected by the Administrator.
(l) Fiscal Year means the twelve-month period ending December 31 of any given calendar year.
(m) Grant Date means the effective date of a grant of PSUs made to you as set forth in the relevant Notice.
(n) Notice means the statement, letter or other written notification provided to you by the Company setting forth the terms of a grant of PSUs made to you.
(o) Plan means the Laureate Education, Inc. 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended from time to time.
(p) PSU means the Companys commitment to issue one share of Common Stock at a future date, subject to the terms of the Agreement and the Plan.
(q) Subsidiary shall mean any corporation or other entity in an unbroken chain of corporations or other entities beginning with Laureate if each of the corporations or other entities, or group of commonly controlled corporations or other entities, other than the last corporation or other entity in the unbroken chain then owns stock or other equity interests possessing 50% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock or other equity interests in one of the other corporations or other entities in such chain or otherwise has the power to direct the management and policies of the entity by contract or by means of appointing a majority of the members of the board or other body that controls the affairs of the entity.
(r) You or Your means the recipient of the PSUs as reflected on the applicable Notice. Whenever the word you or your is used in any provision of this Agreement under circumstances where the provision should logically be construed, as determined by the Administrator, to apply to the estate, personal representative, or beneficiary to whom the PSUs may be transferred by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, the words you and your shall be deemed to include such person.
Schedule A
EQUITY VALUE for any Fiscal Year means the product of (A) Pro Rata Adjusted EBITDA for that fiscal year multiplied by (B) 10 minus Pro Rata Net Debt for that fiscal year, all calculated on an Fx Neutral basis, all fairly and appropriately adjusted for Additional Adjustments.
Adjusted EBITDA for any fiscal year will mean the Operating Income, as stated on the audited Consolidated Statement of Income of Laureate Education, Inc. and Subsidiaries (collectively Laureate or the Company or LEI), PLUS/(MINUS) (to the extent included in Operating Income):
1. depreciation and amortization expenses;
2. share-based compensation expenses, as defined by ASC 718;
3. impairment costs as recognized on the Companys financial statements for tangible or intangible assets to the extent described in the financial statements;
4. transaction expenses in connection with financings, including fees and costs related to the issuance or modification of any indebtedness;
5. (gains)/charges, net of insurance proceeds, resulting from a Force majeure event in any of the Companys operating regions;
6. charges, expenses and VAT relating to tax efficient repatriation strategies;
7. (gains)/losses on the disposition of Companys assets (excluding (gains)/losses on dispositions of furniture and equipment in the ordinary course of business), investments, operations that qualify as businesses under ASC 805, and/or entities as defined under ASC 810;
8. all expenses related to any public or private offering of the Companys shares that are not netted with the offering proceeds and have not been capitalized;
9. costs related to the restructuring or reduction in force (as defined in ASC 420 or ASC 712), to the extent described in the financial statements;
10. (gains)/expenses related to the establishment or changes in contingent liabilities and indemnification assets or contingent liabilities where there is an unrecorded indemnification asset booked in connection with the acquisition of business but only if attributable to a period prior to the acquisition of a business; and
11. (gains)/expenses for a litigation case, net of insurance proceeds or indemnification, if applicable, if the (gains)/expenses are in excess of $5 million.
12. Adjusted EBITDA (as defined above to the extent such items are disclosed in the financial statements of the affiliate) for any affiliate (including THINK Education Group, LLC and any affiliate acquired after December 31, 2012) accounted for as an equity method investment.
Pro Rata Adjusted EBITDA shall mean Adjusted EBITDA less Adjusted EBITDA attributable to noncontrolling interests as of the last day of that fiscal year AND THEN fairly and appropriately adjusted for Additional Adjustments. Any affiliates accounted for as equity method investment shall be pro rata adjusted to capture appropriately the economic share of Laureates investment. This adjustment shall be calculated on an Fx Neutral basis if such information is available from the affiliates financial statements or, to the extent unavailable, the adjustment shall be calculated in USD.
Pro Rata Debt for any fiscal year will include only the below list of debt elements, as derived from the audited Balance Sheet for Laureate Education, Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries at the last day of such fiscal year. The Pro Rata Debt balance shall be appropriately adjusted to exclude amounts in each such element attributable to noncontrolling interests.
1. short-term and long-term debt;
2. due to shareholders of acquired companies (long-term and current portion); and
3. deferred compensation obligations for the share-based deferred compensation arrangement (for Laureates CEO and former Board member) as defined in the Consolidated financial statements.
Pro Rata Net Debt for any fiscal year will mean Pro Rata Debt (as defined herein):
MINUS (except to the extent attributable to noncontrolling interests):
1. Cash and cash equivalent and Restricted cash, all as shown on the audited Balance Sheet for Laureate Education, Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries at the last day of the fiscal year;
2. cumulative dividends or cash distributions on shares paid since December 31, 2012 to any class of shareholders, including minority shareholders; and
3. cumulative net cash paid since December 31, 2012 for cross currency derivatives entered into by the Company (including carry and final settlement).
PLUS (except to the extent attributable to noncontrolling interests):
1. the amount of capital contributions (either cash or in-kind), by any class of shareholders, since December 31, 2012; provided, however, that any in-kind contributions shall be accounted for at fair market value, and any cash proceeds from any Laureate equity offering shall be valued net of fees; and
2. cumulative net cash received since December 31, 2012 for cross currency derivatives entered into by the Company (including carry and final settlement).
Pro Rata Net Debt shall also be adjusted to take into account Laureates economic share of the net debt positions of affiliates accounted for as equity method investments (including THINK Education Group, LLC and any affiliate acquired after December 31, 2012), similar to the pro rata net debt definition stated above; provided, however, that net debt of such affiliates shall be defined as short-term and long-term debt as reported on their financial statements less Cash and cash equivalents and Restricted Cash only. This adjustment shall be calculated on an Fx Neutral basis if such information is available from the affiliates financial statements or, to the extent unavailable, the adjustment shall be calculated in USD.
Additional Adjustments shall mean:
1. implications from the expropriation or deconsolidation of Company assets or a Company business required by or resulting from the actions of any government or government agency; with the Pro Rata Adjusted EBITDA from any such business during the LTM prior to expropriation, multiplied by an earnings growth rate of 1.08 compounded annually from the date of expropriation or deconsolidation, added to that fiscal years Pro Rata Adjusted EBITDA;
2. changes in US GAAP, or the application thereof, subsequent to the issuance of the Companys 2012 audited financial statements, promulgated by accounting standard setters or changes in local laws and regulations; and
3. pro-forma adjustments, as disclosed in the presentation pursuant to which any acquired business(s) is approved, to include a full annual period of Pro Rata Adjusted EBITDA of that business(s) during that fiscal year.
Fx Neutral shall mean the application of the Foreign Exchange Spot Rates, as defined below, to the audited financial statements of Laureate Education, Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries for each fiscal year for which an Equity Value is calculated. These rates will be used to adjust both the Balance Sheet and Income Statement items in the Equity Value calculation.
Foreign Exchange Spot Rates shall equal the foreign exchange spot rates used to translate the audited Balance Sheet of Laureate Education, Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries at December 31, 2012.
{ End of Agreement }
Exhibit 10.73
201 · - 201 · Laureate Executive Cash Long Term Bonus Plan
Summary for Participants
Purpose
The Long Term Bonus Plan (the LTB) is a performance-based incentive plan designed to maximize results in financial and business areas critical to the Companys success during the two-year period beginning January 1, 201 · and ending December 31, 201 · . Performance Awards will be earned if the Company achieves or exceeds pre-determined goals based on the criteria described below, and if the participant continues to be employed through the date that the Performance Award is paid.
The 201 · -201 · LTB is a one-time incentive, and is not intended to be a recurrent plan. It is intended to provide appropriate liquidity in a private company environment to key personnel.
Eligibility
The Compensation Committee of the Laureate Board of Directors approved your participation in this special LTB.
Incentive Bonus
You can earn 100% of the awards set forth below if targeted EBITDA results are attained by Laureate Education, Inc., and you continue your employment with Laureate through the time that the Performance Awards are paid (approximately March 15, 201 · and March 15, 201 · ). The target represents times your annual salary ( USD) as of January 1, 201 · .
201
·
LTB Performance Award
|
|
201
·
LTB Performance Award
|
USD |
|
USD |
Summary
You will receive special performance cash awards if the Company meets or exceeds 98% of the 201 · and/or 201 · performance criteria targets set forth below.
201 · EBITDA Target Performance Award
Performance Criteria |
|
201 · EBITDA Target |
|
% of 201
·
EBITDA
|
|
201 · Target for EBITDA |
|
% of Total Performance
|
|
(Company) EBITDA |
|
USD |
|
98 |
% |
USD |
|
50 |
% |
201 · EBITDA Target Performance Award
Performance Criteria |
|
201 · EBITDA Target |
|
% of 201
·
EBITDA
|
|
201 · Target for EBITDA |
|
% of Total Performance
|
|
(Company) EBITDA |
|
USD |
|
98 |
% |
USD |
|
50 |
% |
1. If at least 98% of the Laureate EBITDA targets are achieved in 201 · and/or 201 · , the entire portion of the Performance Award for that year will be paid.
2. If Laureate EBITDA goals are missed in 201 · but met or exceeded in 201 · , you will be eligible to receive the entire award following 201 · .
The 201 · EBITDA Target is based on the Laureate 201 · budget and the 201 · EBITDA Target is based on the Laureate 201 · Long Range Plan, each in the form approved by Laureates Board of Directors.
* EBITDA is defined as Earnings Before Interest and Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization for Laureate, as applicable (EBITDA), subject to certain adjustments, as described below. Company EBITDA will be calculated at the end of each fiscal year on an Fx neutral basis, subject to adjustments that the Compensation Committee deems to be unusual or non-recurring in nature, including but not limited to FAS 5 charges/releases, restructuring expenses, business interruption expenses, and charges/gains on discontinued operations.
Timing of Performance Award Payments; Continuous Employment
Performance Award, if paid at all, will be paid as soon as administratively practicable after the end of the applicable LTB performance period (i.e. December 31, 201 · is the ending performance date of the 201 · Performance Period; December 31, 201 · is the ending performance date for 201 · ). Payments should be made on or before March 15 of the calendar year following the applicable performance period, unless administratively impractical to do so. Under no circumstances will a Performance Award payment be made prior to the Companys issuance of unqualified audited financial statements for the fiscal years applicable to the LTB award and the administrators determination that the Performance Criteria has been achieved.
To be eligible for an LTB award, you must have been actively employed by Laureate Education, Inc. or any of its subsidiaries from the date you became eligible through and including the date the applicable LTB performance award is paid.
Additional Information
Nothing in this Summary shall in any way limit the ability of the Company, in its sole discretion, to pay any individual or group of individuals a discretionary bonus award in addition to any payment made under the LTB.
The LTB may be amended, revised, replaced, or terminated at any time unilaterally by the Company. The Company reserves the right to interpret and implement the terms of this LTB in its sole discretion.
Incentive targets may be adjusted by the Company at its sole discretion for any reason during the course of the LTB Performance Period, including but not limited to changes in business conditions.
The LTB is governed by the laws of Maryland.
Nothing herein guarantees to you the right to continued employment with Laureate Education, Inc. or any of its subsidiaries.
Acknowledgment
In order to be eligible to receive a payment under this LTB, you must review the content of this form, read the statement below, sign this form and return it to the Corporate Human Resources Department.
I, , , Laureate Education, Inc., acknowledge that I have received, read, and understand this document reviewing the details of the 201 · - 201 · Laureate Executive Cash Long Term Bonus Plan.
|
|
|
|
|
Name |
Date |
|
|
Please sign and date this document, and return it to the Corporate Human Resources Department within 30 days of your receipt. If you fail to do this, this document will be null and void after the 30 th day.
Exhibit 21.1
Laureate Education, Inc.
List of Subsidiaries
as of January 5, 2017
Company |
|
Jurisdiction of
|
|
D/B/A |
ACNT Health Holdings Pty Ltd |
|
Australia |
|
|
Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School Pty Limited |
|
Australia |
|
|
BM Hospitality Holdings Pty Ltd |
|
|
|
|
GNUCO Pty Ltd |
|
Australia |
|
|
Laureate Education Services Australia Pty. Ltd. |
|
Australia |
|
|
LEI Australia Education, Pty. Ltd. |
|
Australia |
|
|
LEI Australia Holdings Pty Ltd |
|
Australia |
|
|
LEI Higher Education Holdings Pty Ltd |
|
Australia |
|
|
LESA Education Services Holding Pty Ltd |
|
Australia |
|
|
Monash South Africa Ltd |
|
Australia |
|
|
Think: Colleges Pty Ltd |
|
Australia |
|
APM College of Business and Communication, Australasian College of Natural Therapies, Billy Blue College of Design, Jansen Newman Institute, Southern School of Natural Therapies, William Blue College of Hospitality Management, Australian National College of Beauty, CATC Design School |
Think: Education Group Pty Ltd |
|
Australia |
|
|
Think: Education Services Pty Ltd |
|
Australia |
|
|
Torrens University Australia Limited |
|
Australia |
|
|
Educacao Interativa do Brasil, Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
|
FACS Serviços Educacionais Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
Universidade Salvador |
Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas Educacionais Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
Centro Universitario das Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (FMU) |
FADERGS - Faculdade de Desenvolvimento do Rio Grande do Sul Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
|
Fundaçao Encontro das Aguas |
|
Brazil |
|
Centro Universitario do Norte |
Instituto Brasileiro de Medicina de Reabilitação, Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
Centro Universitario IBMR |
ISCP - Sociedade Educacional Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
Universidade Anhembi Morumbi |
Rede Internacional de Universidades Laureate Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
|
Sociedade Capibaribe de Educação e Cultura Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
Faculdade dos Guararapes |
Sociedade de Cultura e Ensino Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
Faculdades Integradas: Alcântara Machado - Faculdade de artes Alcântara Machado - Centro Universitário |
Sociedade de Desenvolvimento Cultural do Amazonas Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
Centro Universitario do Norte - UniNorte |
Sociedade de Educação Ritter dos Reis Ltda |
|
Brazil |
|
Centro Universitario Ritter dos Reis - Uniritter |
Sociedade de Ensino Superior da Bahia |
|
Brazil |
|
|
Sociedade Educacional Luiz Tarquinio |
|
Brazil |
|
|
Company |
|
Jurisdiction of
|
|
D/B/A |
Sociedade Educacional Sul-Rio-Grandense Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
Faculdade Porto-Alegrense - FAPA |
Sociedade Paraibana de Educação e Cultura Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
Faculdade Internacional da Paraiba |
Sociedade Potiguar de Educação e Cultura Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
Universidade Potiguar |
Uniao Educacional de Sao Paulo Ltda. |
|
Brazil |
|
Faculdades Integradas de São Paulo |
LEI Combination Holdings Limited |
|
Cayman Islands |
|
|
CAMPVS Mater, SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Center for Executive Education IEDE SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Centro de Formación Técnica Instituto AIEP Regional SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Centro de Formación Técnica Instituto AIEP SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Centro de Innovación y Emprendimiento UVV Limitada |
|
Chile |
|
|
Corporación Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello |
|
Chile |
|
Universidad Andrés Bello |
Fleet Street Development Company SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
IEDE Chile Institute for Executive Development SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Inmobiliaria e Inversiones San Genaro Dos SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Inmobiliaria e Inversiones San Genaro SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Inmobiliaria Educacional SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Instituto Nacional de Computación y Administración de Empresas INDAE Limitada |
|
Chile |
|
|
Instituto Profesional AIEP SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Instituto Profesional Escuela Moderna de Musica SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Laureate Chile II SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Laureate Desarrollos Educacionales SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Servicios Andinos SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Servicios Profesionales Andrés Bello SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Sociedad Educacional Campvs SpA |
|
Chile |
|
|
Universidad de Las Américas |
|
Chile |
|
|
Universidad de Viña del Mar |
|
Chile |
|
Universidad Viña del Mar |
Beijing INTI Management College |
|
China |
|
|
Blue Mountains Hotel Management Consulting (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. |
|
China |
|
Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School |
Chengdu Garwing Business Consulting Co., Ltd. |
|
China |
|
|
Hunan International Economics University |
|
China |
|
|
Hunan International Economics University Vocational Skills Training Center |
|
China |
|
|
Hunan Lie Ying Industry Co., Ltd. |
|
China |
|
|
Hunan Lie Ying Mechanic School |
|
China |
|
|
Hunan Lie Ying Property Management Co., Ltd. |
|
China |
|
|
Laureate Investment Consulting (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. |
|
China |
|
|
Laureate Holding Costa Rica S.R.L. |
|
Costa Rica |
|
|
Lusitania S.R.L. |
|
Costa Rica |
|
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica |
Universidad Americana UAM S.R.L. |
|
Costa Rica |
|
|
Universidad U Latina S.R.L. |
|
Costa Rica |
|
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica |
A.S. Cyprus College (Larnaca) Limited |
|
Cyprus |
|
|
Ermis Research and Incubator Center (ERIC), Ltd. |
|
Cyprus |
|
|
EUC Health Services Ltd |
|
Cyprus |
|
|
European University - Cyprus Ltd |
|
Cyprus |
|
|
S P S Institute of Education Ltd. |
|
Cyprus |
|
|
Servicios Profesionales Ad Portas Cia. Ltda. |
|
Ecuador |
|
|
Company |
|
Jurisdiction of
|
|
D/B/A |
BiTS-Business and Information Technology School GmbH |
|
Germany |
|
|
BTK Berliner Technische Kunsthochschule GmbH |
|
Germany |
|
BTK University of Applied Sciences |
HSM Deutschland GmbH |
|
Germany |
|
|
Laureate Academies GmbH |
|
Germany |
|
HTK Academy of Design; BTK Academy of Design |
Laureate Germany Holding GmbH |
|
Germany |
|
|
Fleet Street Development Company Honduras, S. de R.L. de C.V. |
|
Honduras |
|
|
Fundación Para el Desarollo de la Educación y Fomento de la Iniciativa Empresarial |
|
Honduras |
|
|
Laureate Honduras, S. de R.L. de C.V. |
|
Honduras |
|
|
Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana |
|
Honduras |
|
Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana; Centro Universitario Tecnológico |
INTI College Hong Kong Ltd |
|
Hong Kong |
|
|
INTI Education (International) Ltd |
|
Hong Kong |
|
|
Jia Yue Investment Limited |
|
Hong Kong |
|
|
Laureate Education Asia Limited |
|
Hong Kong |
|
|
LEI China Limited |
|
Hong Kong |
|
|
LEI Holdings, Limited |
|
Hong Kong |
|
|
LEI Lie Ying Limited |
|
Hong Kong |
|
|
Merit International (HK) Limited |
|
Hong Kong |
|
|
Academe Education Private Limited |
|
India |
|
|
Collegiate Educational Services Private Limited |
|
India |
|
|
Creative Arts Education Society |
|
India |
|
Pearl Academy of Fashion; Pearl Academy of Fashion Management |
Data Ram Sons Private Limited |
|
India |
|
|
Energy Education |
|
India |
|
|
Hydrocarbons Education & Research Society |
|
India |
|
|
Laureate Education India Private Limited |
|
India |
|
|
M-Power Energy India Private Limited |
|
India |
|
|
NuovoEtude Intellect Advisory Services Private Limited |
|
India |
|
|
Pearl Retail Solutions Private Limited |
|
India |
|
Indian Retail School |
Sagacity Education Solutions Private Limited |
|
India |
|
|
Scholastic Knowledge Private Limited |
|
India |
|
|
South Asia International Institute Charitable Society |
|
India |
|
|
Sylvan Learning India Private Limited |
|
India |
|
|
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies |
|
India |
|
|
Company |
|
Jurisdiction of
|
|
D/B/A |
University of Technology and Management |
|
India |
|
|
Laureate Italy, S.r.l. |
|
Italy |
|
|
Nuova Accademia S.r.l. |
|
Italy |
|
Nouva Accademia di Belle Arti Milano; Domus Academy |
LEI Japan Holdings K.K. |
|
Japan |
|
|
Fleet Street Investments Sarl |
|
Luxembourg |
|
|
Erti Utama Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
|
Exeter Street Holdings Sdn. Bhd. |
|
Malaysia |
|
|
Genting INTI Education Sdn. Bhd. |
|
Malaysia |
|
Genting INTI International College |
Human Capital Development Academy Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
|
INTI Asset Management Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
|
INTI Assets Holdings Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
|
INTI Education Holdings Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
|
INTI Education Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
|
INTI Higher Learning Centre Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
|
INTI IABS Sdn. Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
INTI College Sarawak |
INTI Instruments (M) Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
INTI International College Subang |
INTI International College Kuala Lumpur Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
INTI International College Kuala Lumpur |
INTI International College Penang Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
INTI International College Penang |
INTI International Education Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
INTI International University |
INTI Kinabalu Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
INTI College Sabah |
INTI Management Services Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
|
INTI Universal Holdings Sdn. Bhd. |
|
Malaysia |
|
|
LEI Management Asia, Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
|
MIM-IMS Education Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
MIM-INTI Management Institute |
PJ College of Art & Design Sdn Bhd |
|
Malaysia |
|
|
Colegio Americano de Veracruz, S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
Universidad del Valle de Mexico |
Colegio Villa Rica Coatzacoalcos, S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
Universidad del Valle de Mexico |
Colegio Villa Rica, S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
Universidad del Valle de Mexico |
Corparación Educativa de Celaya, S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
|
Fundación Laureate S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
|
Estrater, S.A. de C.V. SOFOM ENR |
|
Mexico |
|
|
Grupo Educativo UVM, S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
Universidad del Valle de Mexico |
Institute for Executive Development Mexico S.A. de C.V. |
|
Mexico |
|
|
Laureate Education Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. |
|
Mexico |
|
|
Planeacion de Sistemas, S.A.P.I. de C.V. |
|
Mexico |
|
|
Servicios Regionales Universitarios LE, S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
|
Universidad Autónoma de Veracruz, S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
Universidad del Valle de Mexico |
Universidad del Valle de Mexico del Noreste, S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
Universidad del Valle de Mexico |
Universidad del Valle de México, S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
Universidad del Valle de Mexico |
Universidad Tecnológica de Mexico, S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
Universidad Tecnológica de México; Universidad del Valle de Mexico |
UVM Educación, S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
Universidad del Valle de Mexico |
UVM Formación, S.C. |
|
Mexico |
|
Universidad del Valle de Mexico |
Laureate Somed Education Holding |
|
Morocco |
|
Université Internationale de Casablanca |
CH Holding Netherlands B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
Education Trademark B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
Fleet Street International Universities C.V. |
|
Curacao |
|
|
Hispano Trademark Holding, B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
Company |
|
Jurisdiction of
|
|
D/B/A |
Laureate Coöperatie U.A. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
Laureate Education Turkey B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
Laureate I B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
Laureate International B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
Laureate Middle East Holdings B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
Laureate Online Education B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
University of Liverpool; University of Roehampton |
Laureate Real Estate Holdings B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
Laureate Trademark Holding B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
LEI Bahrain Investments B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
Laureate-University of Liverpool Ventures B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
LEI European Investments B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
LEI New Zealand Holdings B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
Online Higher Education B.V. |
|
Netherlands |
|
|
LEI New Zealand |
|
New Zealand |
|
|
Media Design School |
|
New Zealand |
|
|
Visam Properties Limited |
|
New Zealand |
|
|
Castro Harrigan Asociados Panamá, S. de R.L. |
|
Panama |
|
|
Desarrollos Urbanos Educativas, S. de R.L. |
|
Panama |
|
|
Laureate Panamá S. de R.L. |
|
Panama |
|
|
Ulatec, S. de R.L. |
|
Panama |
|
|
Universidad Interamericana de Panamá, S. de. R.L. |
|
Panama |
|
|
Cibertec Perú S.A.C. |
|
Peru |
|
CIBERTEC; Instituto Technologico del Norte |
Inversiones Educacionales Perú S.R.L. |
|
Peru |
|
|
Laureate Education Perú S.R.L. |
|
Peru |
|
|
Metramark S.A.C. |
|
Peru |
|
|
Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas S.A.C. |
|
Peru |
|
|
Universidad Privada del Norte S.A.C. |
|
Peru |
|
|
OIE Support spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością w organizacji |
|
Poland |
|
|
Associação de Estudos e de Investigação |
|
Portugal |
|
Cientifica do Isla Lisboa |
Ensilis - Educação e Formacão, Ltda. |
|
Portugal |
|
Universidade Europeia |
Europeia ID - Associação para a Investigação em Design, Marketing e Comunicação |
|
Portugal |
|
|
Laureate Vocational Saudi Limited |
|
Saudi Arabia |
|
|
Laureate Middle East Saudi Arabia Limited |
|
Saudi Arabia |
|
|
LEI Singapore Holdings Pte. Ltd. |
|
Singapore |
|
|
Laureate South Africa Pty. Ltd. |
|
South Africa |
|
|
Fundacion General de la Universidad Europea de Madrid |
|
Spain |
|
|
ICE Inversiones Brazil, S.L. |
|
Spain |
|
|
Iniciativa Educativa UEA, SLU. |
|
Spain |
|
|
Iniciativas Culturales de España SL |
|
Spain |
|
|
Iniciativas Educativas de Mallorca, SLU. |
|
Spain |
|
|
Universidad Europea de Canarias S.L.U. |
|
Spain |
|
|
Company |
|
Jurisdiction of
|
|
D/B/A |
Universidad Europea de Madrid, S.L.U. |
|
Spain |
|
Universidad Europea de Madrid; IEDE Business School; Collaboration with Real Madrid International School |
Universidad Europea de Valencia S.L.U. |
|
Spain |
|
Universidad Europea de Valencia; Escuela de Negocios Estema; Centro Superior de Edificacion, Arquitectura e Ingenieria (PROY3CTA) |
Fareast Stamford International Co., Limited |
|
Thailand |
|
|
Stamford International University |
|
Thailand |
|
|
Thai Education Holdings Company Limited |
|
Thailand |
|
|
Bilgi Egitim Ve Kultur Vakfi |
|
Turkey |
|
|
Bilgi Iletişim Grubu Yayincilik Müzik Yapim Ve Haber Ajansi Ltd. Şti |
|
Turkey |
|
|
Istanbul Bilgi University |
|
Turkey |
|
|
Media Com Halkla Ilişkiler Ve Iletişim Limited Şirketi |
|
Turkey |
|
|
Öztan Temizlik Ve Tadilat Hizmetleri Ticaret Ltd. Şti |
|
Turkey |
|
|
Ulet Uluslararasi Danişmanlik Eğitim Teknolojileri Sanayi ve Ticaret Limited Şirketi |
|
Turkey |
|
|
Laureate-Obeikan, Ltd. |
|
United Arabs Emirates |
|
|
Canter and Associates, LLC |
|
Maryland, USA |
|
|
Educational Satellite Services, Inc. |
|
Delaware, USA |
|
|
Exeter Street Holdings LLC |
|
Maryland, USA |
|
|
Fleet Street Aviation, LLC |
|
Washington, USA |
|
|
Fleet Street International University Holdings, LLC |
|
Maryland, USA |
|
|
FSIUH Holding Company |
|
Maryland, USA |
|
|
International University Ventures, Ltd. |
|
Maryland, USA |
|
|
Kendall College LLC |
|
Illinois, USA |
|
|
Laureate Bagby Investors, LLC |
|
Maryland, USA |
|
|
Laureate Education International Ltd. |
|
Delaware, USA |
|
|
Laureate International Universities, Inc. |
|
Maryland, USA |
|
|
Laureate Properties, LLC (Delaware) |
|
Delaware, USA |
|
|
Laureate Ventures, Inc. |
|
Delaware, USA |
|
|
LEI Administration, LLC |
|
Maryland, USA |
|
|
LTBC LLC |
|
Delaware, USA |
|
|
National Hispanic University, LLC |
|
California, USA |
|
|
NewSchool of Architecture and Design, LLC |
|
California, USA |
|
|
Post-Secondary Education Acquisition Corporation |
|
Delaware, USA |
|
|
The Canter Group of Companies, LLC |
|
California, USA |
|
|
Tuition Finance, Inc. |
|
Maryland, USA |
|
|
University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, LLC |
|
California, USA |
|
|
Walden e-Learning, LLC |
|
Delaware, USA |
|
|
Walden University, LLC |
|
Florida, USA |
|
|
Wall Street International Holdings-US I, Inc. |
|
Maryland, USA |
|
|
Exhibit 23.1
The reverse stock split described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements has not been consummated at January 10, 2017. When it has been consummated, we expect to be in a position to furnish the following consent.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Baltimore, Maryland
January 10, 2017
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the use in this Registration Statement on Amendment No. 5 of Form S-1 of Laureate Education, Inc. of our report dated March 25, 2016, except for the manner in which the Company classifies deferred financing costs as discussed in Note 2 as to which the date is May 20, 2016 and except for the change in composition of reportable segments discussed in Note 6 as to which the date is December 14, 2016 and except for the reverse stock split described in Note 1 as to which the date is [ ] relating to the financial statements which appears in such Registration Statement. We also consent to the reference to us under the heading Experts in such Registration Statement.
Baltimore, Maryland
[ ]
Exhibit 23.2
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
We hereby consent to the use in this Registration Statement on Amendment No. 5 of Form S-1 of Laureate Education, Inc. of our report dated September 23, 2015 relating to the combined financial statements of FMU Group, which appears in such Registration Statement. We also consent to the references to us under the headings Experts in such Registration Statement.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers |
|
|
|
PricewaterhouseCoopers |
|
Auditores Independentes |
|
São Paulo, Brazil
January 10, 2017
PricewaterhouseCoopers, Av. Francisco Matarazzo 1400, Torre Torino, São Paulo, SP, Brasil 05001-903, Caixa Postal 61005 T: (11) 3674-2000, www.pwc.com/br
Exhibit 23.3
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
We hereby consent to the use in this Registration Statement on Amendment No. 5 of Form S-1 of Laureate Education, Inc. of our report dated September 28, 2015 relating to the financial statements of Sociedade Educacional Sul-Rio-Grandense Ltda., which appears in such Registration Statement. We also consent to the references to us under the headings Experts in such Registration Statement.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers |
|
PricewaterhouseCoopers |
|
Auditores Independentes |
|
Porto Alegre, Brazil
January 10, 2017
PricewaterhouseCoopers, Rua Mostardeiro, 800 - 9º andar, Bairro Independência, Porto Alegre-RS, Brasil 90430-000
Telefone: (51) 3378-1700, Fax: (51) 3328-1609, www.pwc.com/br
Exhibit 24.2
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that Tal Darmon, hereby constitutes and appoints Douglas L. Becker, Eilif Serck-Hanssen and Robert W. Zentz and each of them, the true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents of the undersigned, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for and in the name, place and stead of the undersigned, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement, including any filings pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby grants to such attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and anything necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute, or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Signature |
|
Capacity |
|
Date |
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Tal Darmon |
|
Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Global Controller |
|
January 5, 2017 |
Tal Darmon |
|
(Principal Accounting Officer) |
|
|
Exhibit 99.1
Consent of Director Designee
Laureate Education, Inc., a Delaware public benefit corporation, has filed a Registration Statement on Form S-1 with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), in connection with the initial public offering of Laureate Education, Inc. In connection therewith, I hereby consent, pursuant to Rule 438 of the Securities Act, to be named as a designee to the board of directors of Laureate Education, Inc., in the Registration Statement, as it may be amended from time to time. I also consent to the filing of this consent as an exhibit to such Registration Statement and any amendments thereto.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Consent as of the 10th day of January, 2017.
|
/s/ William L. Cornog |
|
William L. Cornog |