UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 20-F
(Mark One)
☒ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of event requiring this shell company report: Not applicable
For the transition period from _______ to _______
Commission file number: [ ]
1397468 B.C. Ltd.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
Not Applicable
(Translation of Registrant's name into English)
British Columbia
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
300 - 900 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6C 1E5
(Address of principal executive offices)
Alexi Zawadzki
300 - 900 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6C 1E5
Telephone: 604-785-4453
Facsimile: 604-629-0726
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of exchange on which registered |
Common Shares without par value | LAC | Toronto Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange |
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: Not applicable.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☐ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
☐ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☐ | Non-accelerated filer ☒ |
Emerging growth company ☒ |
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
† The term "new or revised financial accounting standard" refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.(1) ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).(1) ☐
(1) Check boxes are blank until we are required to have a recovery policy under the applicable listing standard of the New York Stock Exchange.
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
U.S. GAAP ☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒ Other ☐
If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.
☐ Item 17 | ☐ Item 18 |
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
☐ Yes | ☐ No |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This registration statement on Form 20-F contains certain forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our or our management's expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future and other statements that are other than statements of historical fact. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "might," "plan," "possible," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "would" and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.
In particular, this registration statement contains forward-looking information, including, without limitation, with respect to the following matters or the Company's expectations relating to such matters: statements concerning the completion and proposed terms of, and matters relating to, the Separation (as defined herein) and the expected timing related thereto; the tax treatment of the Separation; the expected operations, financial results and condition of the Company following the Separation; the Company's future objectives and strategies to achieve those objectives, including the future prospects of the Company as an independent company; the listing of the Company on the TSX and NYSE; any market created for the common shares of the Company; the estimated cash flow, capitalization and adequacy thereof for the Company following the Separation; the expected benefits of the Separation to, and resulting treatment of, Shareholders and the Company; the anticipated effects of the Separation; the estimated costs of the Arrangement; the satisfaction of the conditions to consummate the Separation; the capital structure, principal shareholders, directors and officers, compensation arrangements and structure, audit committee and corporate governance practices, auditors and transfer agent, and the material contracts of the Company; development of the Thacker Pass Project (as defined herein), including timing, progress, approach, continuity or change in plans, construction, commissioning, milestones, anticipated production and results thereof and expansion plans; expectations regarding accessing funding from the ATVM Loan Program (as defined herein); expectations and anticipated impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; anticipated timing to resolve, and the expected outcome of, any complaints or claims made or that could be made concerning the environmental permitting process in the United States for the Thacker Pass Project, including the lawsuit against the BLM (as defined herein) and the appeal filed in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (the "Ninth Circuit"), both filed in February 2023; capital expenditures and programs; estimates, and any change in estimates, of the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves at the Thacker Pass Project; development of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves; government regulation of mining operations and treatment under governmental and taxation regimes; the future price of commodities, including lithium; the realization of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves estimates, including whether certain Mineral Resources will ever be developed into Mineral Reserves and information and underlying assumptions related thereto; the timing and amount of future production; currency exchange and interest rates; the Company's ability to raise capital; expected expenditures to be made by the Company on the Thacker Pass Project; ability to produce high purity battery grade lithium products; settlement of agreements related to the operation and sale of mineral production as well as contracts in respect of operations and inputs required in the course of production; the timing, cost, quantity, capacity and product quality of production at the Thacker Pass Project; successful development of the Thacker Pass Project, including successful results from the Company's testing facility and third- party tests related thereto; capital costs, operating costs, sustaining capital requirements, after tax net present value and internal rate of return, payback period, sensitivity analyses, and net cash flows of the Thacker Pass Project; the Company's expected capital expenditures for the construction of the Thacker Pass Project; ability to achieve capital cost efficiencies; expectations and anticipated impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; the GM Transaction and the potential for additional financing scenarios for the Thacker Pass Project; the expected timetable for completing Tranche 2 of the GM Transaction; the ability of the Company to complete Tranche 2 of the GM Transaction on the terms and timeline anticipated, or at all; the receipt of required stock exchange and regulatory approvals and authorizations, and the securing of sufficient funding to complete the initial development of towards the targeted production capacity of 40,000 tonnes per annum ("tpa") of lithium carbonate ("Phase 1") at the Thacker Pass Project, required for Tranche 2 of the GM Transaction; the expected benefits of the GM Transaction; the expected timetable for completing the Separation; the ability of the Company to complete the Separation on the terms and timeline anticipated, or at all; the receipt of board of directors and required third party, stock exchange and regulatory approvals required for the Separation; the expected holdings and assets of Company following the Separation; the expected benefits of the Separation for the Company and the Company's shareholders and other stakeholders; and the strategic advantages, future opportunities and focus of the Company as a result of the Separation.
The forward-looking statements in this registration statement are based upon various assumptions, many of which are based, in turn, upon further assumptions, including without limitation, management's examination of historical operating trends, data contained in our records and other data available from third parties. Although we believe that these assumptions were reasonable when made, because these assumptions are inherently subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies which are difficult or impossible to predict and are beyond our control, we cannot assure you that we will achieve or accomplish these expectations, beliefs or projections. As a result, you are cautioned not to rely on any forward-looking statements.
Many of these statements are based on our assumptions about factors that are beyond our ability to control or predict and are subject to risks and uncertainties that are described more fully in "Item 3. Key Information - D. Risk Factors." Any of these factors or a combination of these factors could materially affect our future results of operations and the ultimate accuracy of the forward-looking statements. In addition to these important factors, important factors that, in our view, could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include among other things:
Should one or more of the foregoing risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of the Company's assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Consequently, there can be no assurance that actual results or developments anticipated by the Company will be realized or, even if substantially realized, that they will have the expected consequences to, or effects, on us. Given these uncertainties, prospective investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.
The Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable laws. If one or more forward-looking statements are updated, no inference should be drawn that additional updates will be made with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.
EXPLANATORY NOTE
The Separation
1397468 B.C. Ltd. (the "Company") was incorporated by Lithium Americas Corp. ("LAC") under the laws of British Columbia, as part of a reorganization of LAC, a public company listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (the "TSX") and the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE"), that will result in the separation of LAC's North American and Argentina business units into two independent public companies (the "Separation") that include: (i) an Argentina focused lithium company owning LAC's current interest in its Argentine lithium assets, including the Caucharí-Olaroz lithium brine project in Jujuy, Argentina (the "Caucharí-Olaroz Project"), which recently achieved first lithium production and continues to move towards reaching full production, and the Pastos Grandes lithium brine mineral project located in the Province of Salta in Northwest Argentina (the "Pastos Grandes Project"), which company will be named "Lithium Americas (Argentina) Corp." upon completion of the Separation ("Lithium Argentina"), and (ii) the Company, a North America focused lithium company owning the Thacker Pass Project (as defined below) and LAC's North American investments, which will be re-named "Lithium Americas Corp." upon completion of the Separation.
The Separation is to be implemented by way of a plan of arrangement (the "Plan of Arrangement") under the laws of British Columbia (the "Arrangement") pursuant to an amended and restated arrangement agreement entered into between the Company and LAC on June 14, 2023 (the "Arrangement Agreement"). The Plan of Arrangement was approved by special resolution of the shareholders of LAC ("LAC Shareholders") at a meeting held on July 31, 2023 (the “Meeting”) and by final order of the Supreme Court of British Columbia issued on August 4, 2023 (the “Final Order”). Under the Arrangement, LAC will, among other things, contribute its interest in the Thacker Pass lithium project property located in Humboldt County, Nevada (the "Thacker Pass Project"), LAC's North American investments in the shares of certain companies, certain intellectual property rights and cash (collectively, the "Spin- Out Business") to the Company and the Company will distribute its common shares (the "Common Shares") to LAC Shareholders in a series of share exchanges. The "Preliminary Feasibility Study S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary for the Thacker Pass Project Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" with an effective date of December 31, 2022 (the "Thacker Pass 1300 Report") is filed as Exhibit 15.1 to this registration statement.
The Separation will be pro rata to the LAC Shareholders, such that holders will maintain the same proportionate interest in LAC (which will be Lithium Argentina after the Separation) and in the Company both immediately before and immediately after the Separation. More specifically, LAC Shareholders will receive, for every one common share in the capital of LAC (each, a "LAC Common Share") owned immediately before the effective time of the Arrangement (the "Arrangement Effective Time"), one common share of Lithium Argentina (the "Lithium Argentina Common Shares") and one Common Share of the Company. Registered LAC Shareholders will receive direct registration statements representing their Common Shares and Lithium Argentina Common Shares upon submitting the share certificates or direct registration statements representing the LAC Common Shares and a letter of transmittal to a depositary appointed by LAC within three years following the completion of the Arrangement. The Arrangement will be effective on the third business day (or such other date as the parties may agree in writing) after the date upon which Lithium Argentina and the Company have confirmed in writing that all conditions to the completion of the Plan of Arrangement have been satisfied or waived in accordance with the Arrangement Agreement and all documents and instruments required under the Arrangement Agreement, the Plan of Arrangement and the Final Order have been delivered (the "Arrangement Effective Date"). Incentive securities of LAC outstanding immediately before the Arrangement Effective Time will be exchanged for one equivalent incentive security of Lithium Argentina and one of the Company, subject to adjustment, as described in more detail under "Item 6.B - Compensation" and "Item 10.C - Material Contracts - Arrangement Agreement - Plan of Arrangement."
Under this registration statement on Form 20-F, the Company is applying to register its Common Shares under Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). The Company has applied to have its Common Shares listed on the TSX and the NYSE under the ticker symbol "LAC." The TSX has conditionally approved the listing of the Common Shares. There is no assurance that the NYSE will approve the Company's listing application. The listing of the Common Shares will be subject to the Company fulfilling all of the requirements of the TSX and the NYSE, respectively. Upon consummation of the Separation and the successful listing of the Common Shares on the TSX and the NYSE, the Company and LAC will be independent publicly traded companies with separate boards of directors and management, although, at the time of the Separation, certain of the directors and officers of the LAC will hold similar positions at the Company.
Certain financial statements presented in this registration statement are carve-out financial statements derived from LAC's consolidated historical financial statements. The carve-out financial statements in this registration statement include audited carve-out financial statements of the Spin-Out Business for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and interim unaudited carve-out financial statements of the Spin-Out Business for the period ended March 31, 2023. The Company has no assets, liabilities or operations prior to the completion of the Separation. This registration statement also includes unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company as at and for the period ended March 31, 2023, and for the year ended December 31, 2022, which assume that the Separation was completed on January 1, 2022. This registration statement also includes audited financial statements for the period from incorporation on January 23, 2023 to March 31, 2023.
Unless otherwise indicated or required by the context in this registration statement, the Company's disclosure assumes that the consummation of the Separation has occurred. Although the Company will not acquire the Spin-Out Business until the Separation is effective pursuant to the Arrangement, the operating and other statistical information with respect to the business is presented as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, and as of and for the period ended March 31, 2023, unless otherwise indicated, as if the Company owned such business as of such date.
IMPLICATIONS OF BEING AN EMERGING GROWTH COMPANY
The Company qualifies as an "emerging growth company" as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the "JOBS Act." As an emerging growth company, the Company may take advantage of specified reduced disclosure and other exemptions from requirements that are otherwise applicable to public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These provisions include:
Reduced disclosure about the Company's executive compensation arrangements;
Exemptions from non-binding shareholder advisory votes on executive compensation or golden parachute arrangements; and
Exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting.
The Company does not intend to take advantage of the extended transition period allowed for emerging growth companies for complying with new or revised accounting guidance as allowed by Section 107 of the JOBS Act and Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.
The Company may take advantage of these exemptions for up to five years after the date of first sale of securities under a Securities Act registration statement or such earlier time that the Company is no longer an emerging growth company. The Company would cease to be an emerging growth company if it has more than $1.235 billion in annual revenues as of the end of a fiscal year, if it is deemed to be a large-accelerated filer under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") or if it issues more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period.
PART I
Unless the context otherwise requires, as used in this registration statement, the terms "Company," "we," "us," and "our" refer to 1397468 B.C. Ltd. and any or all of its subsidiaries, and "1397468 B.C. Ltd." refers only to 1397468 B.C. Ltd. and not to its subsidiaries. References in this registration statement to "LAC" refer to Lithium Americas Corp.
Unless otherwise indicated, all references to "U.S. dollars," "dollars," "US$" and "$" in this registration statement are to the lawful currency of the United States of America.
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
A. Directors and Senior Management
For information regarding our directors and senior management, see "Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees - A. Directors and Senior Management."
B. Advisers
Not applicable.
C. Auditors
Our auditors are PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Chartered Professional Accountants.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not applicable.
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
A. [Reserved]
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
The following table sets forth our consolidated capitalization and indebtedness as at March 31, 2023, reflecting the completion of the Arrangement as at such date. The financial data included herein is derived from the Spin-Out Business, also known as LAC North America. The annual financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS and the interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS applicable to the preparation of interim financial statements, including International Accounting Standard 34, Interim Financial Reporting. This table should be read in conjunction with "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects," the audited carve-out financial statements, the interim unaudited financial statements, the pro forma financial statements and other information provided in this registration statement.
As at March 31, 2023 | ||||||
Actual | Pro Forma As Adjusted |
|||||
(in thousands of US$) | ||||||
Total capitalization: | ||||||
Loan from LAC | $ | 44,458 | $ | - | ||
Net LAC investment | $ | 514,231 | $ | - | ||
Share Capital | - | $ | 634,680 | |||
Deficit | $ | (262,143 | ) | $ | (263,715 | ) |
Total shareholders' equity | $ | 252,088 | $ | 370,965 | ||
Total capitalization | $ | 296,546 | $ | 370,965 | ||
Amounts held in cash and cash equivalents | ||||||
Cash and cash equivalents(1) | $ | 308,537 | $ | 383,537 |
Notes:
(1) See also "Cash to be Transferred to the Company" below.
Cash to be Transferred to the Company
As at March 31, 2023, the Spin-Out Business to be transferred to the Company as part of the Separation had $308.5 million in cash and cash equivalents (which includes unspent net proceeds from Tranche 1 (as defined below) of the GM Transaction (as defined below). Such funds are utilized by LAC for the advancement of the Thacker Pass Project and will be reduced accordingly until the completion of the Separation. The Plan of Arrangement contemplates the transfer of an additional $75 million from LAC to the Company, to establish sufficient working capital of the Company, provided however that in the event the Separation takes effect later than September 1, 2023, the actual amount of cash to be transferred will be to subject to adjustments at the discretion of the board of directors of LAC. LAC will be monitoring working capital requirements and progress of business operations for each of the business units during the period through to completion of the Separation, and such adjustments will be determined, in particular, based on the funding needs of Lithium Argentina as the Caucharí-Olaroz Project ramps-up towards full production to provide sufficient funds to cover any additional cash needs that may be required.
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
D. Risk Factors
You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information included in this Form 20-F, in evaluating the Company and its Common Shares. The following risk factors could adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations and the price of the Common Shares.
In this section "Risk Factors," references to the "Company" are to the Company, and/or as applicable, LAC prior to the Separation as it relates to the Company following the Separation and the Spin-Out Business.
Risks Relating to the Company and the Spin-Out Business
The demand for lithium and the growth of the lithium market are uncertain.
The development of lithium operations at the Thacker Pass Project is highly dependent upon the currently projected demand for and uses of lithium-based end products. This includes lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and other large format batteries that currently have limited market share and whose projected adoption rates are not assured. To the extent that such markets do not develop in the manner contemplated by the Company, then the long-term growth in the market for lithium products will be adversely affected, which would inhibit the potential for development of the Thacker Pass Project, its potential commercial viability and would otherwise have a negative effect on the business and financial condition of the Company. In addition, as a commodity, lithium market demand is subject to the substitution effect in which end-users adopt an alternate commodity as a response to supply constraints or increases in market pricing. To the extent that these factors arise in the market for lithium, it could have a negative impact on overall prospects for growth of the lithium market and pricing, which in turn could have a negative effect on the Company and its projects.
The Company may be unable to complete the development of the Thacker Pass Project.
The Company's business strategy depends in substantial part on developing the Thacker Pass Project into a commercially viable mine and chemical manufacturing facility. Whether a mineral deposit will be commercially viable depends on numerous factors, including but not limited to: the attributes of the deposit, such as size and grade; proximity to available infrastructure; economics for new infrastructure; market conditions for battery-grade lithium products; processing methods and costs; and government permitting and regulations.
On February 6, 2023, the Company received a favorable ruling from the U.S. District Court, District of Nevada (the "Federal District Court") in respect of the appeal of the issuance of the Record of Decision (the "ROD") for the Thacker Pass Project. The Federal District Court declined to vacate the ROD for the Thacker Pass Project, ordered the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management (the "BLM") to determine whether the Company possesses adequate mining-claim rights to the lands over the area designated for waste storage and tailings and did not impose any restrictions expected to impact the construction timeline of the Thacker Pass Project. The Company commenced construction activities, including site preparation, geotechnical drilling, water well drilling, water pipeline development and associated infrastructure after having selected an engineering, procurement and construction management firm to develop and execute the construction plan for the Thacker Pass Project. The Company is also focused on the development of a North American supply chain, and continues to progress the DOE Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan program ("ATVM Loan Program") application for financing of the Thacker Pass Project.
There are many additional factors that could impact the project's development, including terms and availability of financing, cost overruns, litigation or administrative appeals concerning the project, delays in development, and any permitting changes, among other factors. The Thacker Pass Project is also subject to the development and operational risks described elsewhere in this registration statement. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Company will complete development of the Thacker Pass Project as currently contemplated, or at all. If the Company is unable to develop the Thacker Pass Project into a commercial operating mine, its business and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
There is no assurance as to the outcome of the Company's application to the DOE for funding to be used at the Thacker Pass Project through the ATVM Loan Program.
The DOE's invitation to enter into confirmatory due diligence and term sheet negotiations is not an assurance that DOE will offer a term sheet to the applicant, or that the terms and conditions of any term sheet will be consistent with the terms proposed by the applicant. The outcome of the Company's application to the DOE for funding to be used at the Thacker Pass Project through the ATVM Loan Program is dependent on the results of DOE advanced due diligence and DOE's determination whether to proceed, and there can be no assurances as to the outcome of such due diligence review, whether the DOE will determine to proceed and as to the terms and conditions of any term sheet that may be offered, if any.
The ability to generate profitable operations on the Thacker Pass Project will be significantly affected by changes in the market price of lithium.
The ability to generate profitable operations on the Thacker Pass Project, if and to the extent the project is developed and enter commercial operation, will be significantly affected by the market price of lithium-based end products, such as lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide. The market price of these products fluctuates widely and is affected by numerous factors beyond the Company's control, including world supply and demand, pricing characteristics for alternate energy sources such as oil and gas, government policy and laws, interest rates, the rate of inflation and the stability of currency exchange rates. Such external economic factors are influenced by changes in international investment patterns, various political developments and macro-economic circumstances. Furthermore, the price of lithium products is significantly affected by their purity and performance, and by the specifications of end-user battery manufacturers. If the products produced from the Company's projects do not meet battery-grade quality and/or do not meet customer specifications, pricing will be reduced from that expected for battery-grade products. In turn, the availability of customers may also decrease. The Company may not be able to effectively mitigate against pricing risks for its products. Depressed pricing for the Company's products will affect the level of revenues expected to be generated by the Company, which in turn could affect the value of the Company, its share price and the potential value of its properties.
No assurance can be given that production estimates will be achieved generally or at the stated costs.
This registration statement and the Thacker Pass 1300 Report contain estimates relating to future production and future production costs for the Thacker Pass Project. No assurance can be given that production estimates will be achieved generally or at the stated costs. These production estimates are dependent on, among other things, the accuracy of mineral reserve estimates, the accuracy of assumptions regarding ore grades and recovery rates, ground conditions, physical conditions of ores, assumed metallurgical characteristics and the accuracy of estimated rates and costs of mining and processing. For the Thacker Pass Project, ore grade or type may be lower quality than expected, which may result in levels lower than expected. The failure of the Company to achieve production estimates could have a material and adverse effect on any or all of its cash flows, profitability, results of operations and financial condition.
The Thacker Pass 1300 Report may prove to be unreliable if the assumptions or estimates do not reflect actual facts and events.
The expected capital and operating costs for the Thacker Pass Project are based on the interpretation of geological and metallurgical data, feasibility studies, economic factors, anticipated climatic conditions and other factors that may prove to be inaccurate. Therefore, the Thacker Pass 1300 Report may prove to be unreliable if the assumptions or estimates do not reflect actual facts and events. The Thacker Pass 1300 Report estimated life of mine project capital costs for the Thacker Pass Project of $5,505.8 million for both Phase 1 and 2, but any of following events, among the other events and uncertainties described therein, could affect the ultimate accuracy of such estimates: uncertainties in the interpreted geological data based on wide-spaced drill holes not being representative of the mineral deposit locally, in particular, unrecognized faults or basaltic units that could require changes to the mine plan or increased mine dilution or mine losses; unrecognized geotechnical conditions that could require flattening of the pit slope increasing the strip ratio and mining costs, and area required for waste rock storage; unanticipated changes to the process flowsheet; increase in capital costs for any reason; and adverse weather conditions that could reduce mine equipment performance and require waste management storage areas to be redesigned.
There can be no certainty that current permits will be maintained, permitting changes such as changes to the mine plan or increases to planned capacity will be approved, or additional local, state or provincial permits or approvals required to carry out development and production at the Thacker Pass Project will be obtained, projected timelines for permitting decisions to be made will be met, or the projected costs of permitting will be accurate.
Although the Company has obtained all key environmental permits for the Thacker Pass Project for an initial stage of construction, there can be no certainty that current permits will be maintained, permitting changes such as changes to the mine plan or increases to planned capacity will be approved, or additional local, state or provincial permits or approvals required to carry out development and production at the Thacker Pass Project will be obtained, projected timelines for permitting decisions to be made will be met, or the projected costs of permitting will be accurate.
In addition, there is the risk that existing permits will be subject to challenges of regulatory administrative process, and similar litigation and appeal processes. Litigation and regulatory review processes can result in lengthy delays, with uncertain outcomes. Such issues could impact the expected development timelines of the Company's Thacker Pass Project and consequently have a material adverse effect on the Company's prospects and business.
The processes contemplated by the Company for production of lithium carbonate from a sedimentary deposit such as that of the Thacker Pass Project have not yet been demonstrated at commercial scale.
The processes contemplated by the Company for production of lithium carbonate from a sedimentary deposit such as that of the Thacker Pass Project have not previously been demonstrated at commercial scale. To mitigate this risk, the Company developed the Lithium Technical Development Center in Reno, Nevada ("LiTDC"), a new integrated process testing facility in Reno, Nevada to test the process chemistry. The LiTDC continues to operate based on the Thacker Pass Project flowsheet processing raw ore to final battery-quality lithium carbonate to produce product samples for potential customers and partners. The results of ongoing test work to de-risk each step of the flowsheet continue to be in line with expectations. However, there are risks that the process chemistry will not be demonstrated at scale, efficiencies of recovery and throughput capacity will not be met, or that scaled production will not be cost effective or operate as expected. In addition, the novel nature of the deposit could result in unforeseen costs, additional changes to the process chemistry and engineering, and other unforeseen circumstances that could result in additional delays to develop the project or increased capital or operating costs from those estimated in the Thacker Pass TR (as defined below) and the Thacker Pass 1300 Report, which could have a material adverse effect on the development of the Thacker Pass Project.
The Company may be subject to geopolitical risks.
The Company's business is international in scope, with its incorporating jurisdiction and head office located in Canada and the Thacker Pass Project located in the United States. Changes, if any, in mining, investment or other applicable policies or shifts in political attitude in any of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates, or towards such political jurisdictions, may adversely affect the Company's operations or profitability and may affect the Company's ability to fund its ongoing expenditures at its projects.
More specifically, as a result of increased concerns around global supply chains, the lithium industry has become subject to increasing political involvement, including in the United States and Canada. This reflects the critical role of lithium as an input in the development of batteries for the burgeoning transition to electric vehicles in the automotive industry, combined with worldwide supply constraints for lithium production and geopolitical tensions between Western countries such as the United States and Canada on the one hand and China on the other, arising from the dominant role of China in the production of inputs for the battery industry. The resulting political involvement appears to be evolving into a form of industrial policy by several governments, including those of Canada and the United States, in which they employ steps to encourage the development of domestic supply such as tax incentives and low-interest loans to domestic and other Western actors, as well as undertake steps to discourage the involvement of participants from non- Western countries, including the expansion of legal oversight and an expansion of the scope of discretionary authority under laws and regulations to impose restrictions on ownership, influence and investment. These factors are of particular relevance to the Company, with its Canadian incorporation, U.S.-based Thacker Pass Project and predominant connection to Canada and the United States through its stock exchange listings, shareholder base and board and management composition. This evolving industrial policy is resulting in benefits to the Company as a result of its connection to Canada and the United States, including the prospect of tax incentives and, potentially, financial support being made available for the development of the Thacker Pass Project. The Company is also having to manage the more restrictive aspects of this increased government involvement, which is expected to result in limitations on the extent to which the Company will be able to undertake business operations with non-Western parties and limitations on ownership and influence of non-Western parties in its business. The Company has and intends to continue to fully comply with legislation and policies in all jurisdictions where it operates, including steps under this policy. At this time, the Company does not believe that any of these steps will result in a substantive adverse change to its business or operations, or the intended geographic focus of its business.
Changes in mining, investment or other applicable policies or shifts in political attitude may adversely affect the Company's operations.
The Company wholly-owns a mineral property in the United States. Changes, if any, in mining, investment or other applicable policies or shifts in political attitude in any of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates may adversely affect the Company's operations or profitability and may affect the Company's ability to fund its ongoing expenditures at its projects. Regardless of the economic viability of the properties in which the Company holds interests, and despite being beyond the Company's control, such political changes could have a substantive impact on the Company that may prevent or restrict mining of some or all of any deposits on the Company's properties, including the financial results therefrom.
The Company has no history of mining operations.
The Company has no prior history of completing the development of a mining project or conducting mining operations. The future development of properties found to be economically feasible will require the construction and operation of mines, processing plants and related infrastructure. While certain proposed members of management and employees have mining development and operational experience, the Company does not have vast experience as a collective organization. As a result of these factors, it is difficult to evaluate the Company's prospects, and the Company's future success is more uncertain than if it had a proven history.
The Company's activities may not result in profitable mining operations.
The Company is and will continue to be subject to all risks inherent with establishing new mining operations including: the time and costs of construction of mining and processing facilities and related infrastructure; the availability and costs of skilled labor and mining equipment and supplies; the need to obtain and maintain necessary environmental and other governmental approvals, licenses and permits, and the timing of the receipt of those approvals, licenses and permits; the availability of funds to finance construction and development activities; potential opposition from non-governmental organizations, indigenous peoples, environmental groups or local groups which may delay or prevent development activities; and potential increases in construction and operating costs due to various factors, including changes in the costs of fuel, power, labor, contractors, materials, supplies and equipment.
It is common in new mining operations to experience unexpected costs, problems and delays during construction, commissioning and mine start- up. In addition, delays in the early stages of mineral production often occur. Accordingly, the Company cannot provide assurance that its activities will result in profitable mining operations at the Thacker Pass Project and any other mineral properties the Company advances or acquires in the future.
Capital costs, operating costs, production and economic returns, and other estimates may differ significantly from those anticipated by the Company's current estimates.
Feasibility reports and other mining studies, including the technical report for the Thacker Pass Project, are inherently subject to uncertainties. Capital costs, operating costs, production and economic returns, and other estimates may differ significantly from those anticipated by the Company's current estimates, and there can be no assurance that the Company's actual capital, operating and other costs will not be higher than currently anticipated. The Company's actual costs and production may vary from estimates for a variety of reasons, including, but not limited to: lack of availability of resources or necessary supplies or equipment; inflationary pressures flowing from global supply chain shortages and increased transportation costs and other international events, which in turn are causing increased costs for supplies and equipment; increasing labor and personnel costs; unexpected construction or operating problems; cost overruns; lower than expected realized lithium prices; lower than expected ore grade; revisions to construction plans; risks and hazards associated with construction, mineral production and chemical plant operations; natural phenomena such as floods, fires, droughts or water shortages; unexpected labor shortages or strikes; general inflationary pressures and interest and currency exchange rates. Many of these factors are beyond the Company's control and could have a material effect on the Company's operating cash flow, including the Company's ability to service its indebtedness.
The Company's operations are subject to all of the hazards and risks normally incidental to the exploration for, and the development and operation of, mineral properties and associated chemical plants, including an onsite sulfuric acid plant.
The Company's operations are subject to all of the hazards and risks normally incidental to the exploration for, and the development and operation of, mineral properties and associated chemical plants, including an onsite sulfuric acid plant. The Company has implemented a comprehensive suite of health and safety measures designed to comply with government regulations and protect the health and safety of the Company's workforce in all areas of its business. The Company also strives to comply with environmental regulations in its operations. Nonetheless, mineral exploration, development and exploitation involves a high degree of risk, which even a combination of experience, knowledge and careful evaluation may not be able to overcome. Unusual or unexpected formations, formation pressures, fires, power outages, shutdowns due to equipment breakdown or failure, aging of equipment or facilities, unexpected maintenance and replacement expenditures, unexpected material handling problems, unexpected equipment capacity constraints, human error, labor disruptions or disputes, inclement weather, higher than forecast precipitation, flooding, shortages of water, explosions, releases of hazardous materials, deleterious elements materializing in mined resources, cave-ins, slope and embankment failures, landslides, earthquakes and industrial accidents, protests and other security issues, and the inability to obtain adequate machinery, equipment or labor due to shortages, strikes or public health issues such as pandemics, are some of the risks involved in mineral exploration and exploitation activities, which may, if as either a significant occurrence or a sustained occurrence over a significant period of time, result in a material adverse effect. The Company expects to rely on third- party owned infrastructure in order to successfully develop and operate its projects, such as power, utility and transportation infrastructure. Any failure of this infrastructure, or problems with the achieving agreements that facilitate use of this infrastructure (if any are required), without adequate replacement or alternatives may also have a material impact on the Company.
Ore grade, composition or type at the Thacker Pass Project may be lower quality than expected, which may result in actual production levels being lower than expected.
Changes to government laws and regulations may affect the development of the Thacker Pass Project.
Changes to government laws and regulations may affect the development of the Thacker Pass Project. Such changes could include laws relating to taxation, royalties, restrictions on production, export controls, environmental, biodiversity and ecological compliance, mine development and operations, mine safety, permitting and numerous other aspects of the business.
The Company must comply with stringent environmental regulation in the United States, which may change or otherwise result in delay and/or increase the cost of exploration and development of the Thacker Pass Project.
The Company must comply with stringent environmental regulation in the United States. Such regulations relate to many aspects of the project operations for the Thacker Pass Project, including but not limited to water usage and water quality, air quality and emissions, reclamation requirements, biodiversity such as impacts on flora and fauna, disposal of any hazardous substances and waste, tailings management and other environmental impacts associated with its development and proposed operating activities.
Environmental regulations are evolving in a manner that is expected to require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non‐compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects and a heightened degree of responsibility for companies and their officers, directors and employees. Applicable environmental laws and regulations may require enhanced public disclosure and consultation. It is possible that a legal protest could be triggered through one of these requirements or processes that could delay development activities. No assurance can be given that new environmental laws and regulations will not be enacted or that existing environmental laws and regulations will not be applied in a manner that could limit or curtail the Company's development programs. Such changes in environmental laws and regulations and associated regulatory requirements could delay and/or increase the cost of exploration and development of the Thacker Pass Project.
Tailings are a potential environmental risk for the Company as it moves toward production. Tailings are the materials remaining after a target mineral, such as lithium, is extracted from the ore. Tailings management is subject to regulatory requirements and industry best practice standards, as there are a number of environmental risks and water usage requirements associated with them. Given the location of the Thacker Pass Project, which is in an arid, generally flat and less populated region of Nevada, and the design of the mine plans and processes to manage waste and water for the Thacker Pass Project, many of the risks associated with tailings management are expected to be mitigated for the project. Tailings generated at the Thacker Pass Project will be filtered and stacked, which generally has fewer risks and environmental impacts than other tailings management methods. Nonetheless, risks associated with tailings cannot be eliminated. Certain risks such as the potential failure of water diversion and water impoundment structures and a weather event exceeding the design criteria of water diversion and water impoundment structures will continue to exist. The occurrence of any of these events, some of which are heightened risks given the potential effects of climate change, could result in significant impacts to property and the environment. This in turn could restrict operations, result in additional remediation and compliance costs, trigger investigations by regulatory authorities, and have a material adverse effect on the Company's planned operations and financial condition.
The Company has completed previous mining for small amounts of clay on a portion of the lands comprising the Thacker Pass Project in connection with its former organoclay business, which had an environmental impact on the property. Although the Company has performed reclamation work on the property to address such environmental impacts, and much of the disturbance is expected to be subsumed by the Thacker Pass Project, there can be no assurance that additional environmental liability will not arise in the future.
The Company does not have a diversified portfolio of assets and is dependent on the Thacker Pass Project.
The Company has only one material mining project, the Thacker Pass Project. Unless it acquires other mineral properties or makes new discoveries for certain areas where the Company owns the mineral rights, the Company will be dependent on the Thacker Pass Project being successfully developed and brought into production. Failure to successfully develop, bring into production and operate the Thacker Pass Project could have an adverse impact on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. Until such time as the Company acquires or develops other significant assets, the Company will continue to be dependent on the success of its activities at the Thacker Pass Project.
Insurance may not be available to insure against all such risks, or the costs of such insurance may be uneconomic.
In the course of exploration, development and production of mineral properties, certain risks, and in particular, risks related to operational and environmental incidents may occur. Although the Company maintains insurance to protect against certain risks associated with its business, insurance may not be available to insure against all such risks, or the costs of such insurance may be uneconomic. The Company may also elect not to obtain insurance for other reasons. Insurance policies maintained by the Company may not be adequate to cover the full costs of actual liabilities incurred by the Company, or may not be continued by insurers for reasons not solely within the Company's control. The Company maintains liability insurance in accordance with industry standards. However, losses from uninsured and underinsured liabilities have the potential to materially affect the Company's financial position and prospects. The anticipated costs of environmental reclamation are fully bonded by the Company through a third-party insurer. Reclamation cost estimates and bond submissions are reviewed and approved by the BLM; the State of Nevada also approves the reclamation cost estimate.
There can be no assurance of title to any of the Company's property interests, or that such title will ultimately be secured.
The U.S. Mining Act and other federal and state laws govern the Company's ability to develop, mine and process the minerals on the unpatented mining claims and/or mill site claims that form the Thacker Pass Project, which are locatable under the U.S. Mining Act. There can be no assurance of title to any of the Company's property interests, or that such title will ultimately be secured. The Company's property interests may also be subject to prior unregistered agreements or transfers or other land claims, and title may be affected by undetected defects and adverse laws and regulations.
The Company cannot guarantee that the validity of its unpatented mining claims will not be contested by the United States. A successful contest of the unpatented mining claims could result in the Company being unable to develop minerals on the contested unpatented mining claims or being unable to exercise its rights as the owner or locater of the unpatented mining claims.
The Company must apply for and obtain approvals and permits from federal and state agencies to conduct exploration, development and mining on its properties. Although the Company has applied for and has received, or anticipates receipt of, such approvals and permits for certain areas where the Company owns mineral rights, there is no assurance that the Company's rights under them will not be affected by legislation or amendment of regulations governing the approvals and permits, or that applicable government agencies will not seek to revoke or significantly alter the conditions of the applicable exploration and mining approvals or permits, or that they will not be challenged or impugned by third parties. See "Item 4.D - Property, Plants and Equipment - Recent Developments."
The mining industry is competitive.
The mining industry is competitive in all of its phases and requires significant capital, technical resources, personnel and operational experience to effectively compete. Because of the high costs associated with exploration, the expertise required to analyze a project's potential and the capital required to develop a mine, larger companies with significant resources may be in a position to compete for such resources and capital more effectively than the Company.
Competition is also intense for mining equipment, supplies, qualified service providers and personnel in all jurisdictions where the Company operates. If qualified expertise cannot be sourced and at cost effective rates in Canada and the United States, the Company may need to procure those services elsewhere, which could result in additional delays and higher costs to obtain work permits.
As a result of such competition, the Company may be unable to maintain or acquire financing, retain existing personnel or hire new personnel, or maintain or acquire technical or other resources, supplies or equipment, all on terms it considers acceptable to complete the development of its projects.
The mineral exploration, development and production business carries an inherent risk of liability related to worker health and safety.
The mineral exploration, development and processing business carries an inherent risk of liability related to worker health and safety, including the risk of government-imposed orders to remedy unsafe conditions, potential penalties for contravention of health and safety laws, requirements for permits and other regulatory approvals, and potential civil liability. Compliance with health and safety laws, and any changes to such laws, and the requirements of applicable permits and other regulatory requirements remains material to the Company's business. The Company may become subject to government orders, investigations, inquiries or other proceedings (including civil claims) relating to health and safety matters. The occurrence of any of these events or any changes, additions to or more rigorous enforcement of health and safety laws, permits or other approvals could have a significant impact on operations and result in additional costs or penalties. In turn, these could have a material adverse effect on the Company's reputation, operations and future prospects.
The estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves carries with it many inherent uncertainties.
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves figures disclosed in this registration statement are estimates only. Estimated tonnages and grades may not be achieved if the projects are brought into production; differences in grades and tonnage could be material; and, estimated levels of recovery may not be realized. The estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves carries with it many inherent uncertainties, of which many are outside the control of the Company. Estimation is by its very nature a subjective process, which is based on the quality and quantity of available data, engineering assumptions, geological interpretation and judgements used in the engineering and estimation processes. Estimates may also need to be revised based on changes to underlying assumptions, such as commodity prices, drilling results, metallurgical testing, production, and changes to mine plans of operation. Any material decrease in estimates of Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves, or an inability to extract Mineral Reserves could have a material adverse effect on the Company, its business, results of operations and financial position.
Any estimates of Inferred Mineral Resources included in this registration statement are also subject to a high degree of uncertainty, and may require a significant amount of exploration work in order to determine if they can be upgraded to a higher category.
The Thacker Pass Project may have opponents, and substantial opposition could result in delays or prevent the project from proceeding.
The Thacker Pass Project, like many mining projects, may have opponents. Opponents of other mining projects have, in some cases, been successful in bringing public and political pressure against mining projects. Substantial opposition to the Company's mining project could result in delays to project development or business plans, or prevent the project from proceeding at all, despite the commercial viability of the project.
Climate change may impact the sufficiency of water available to support planned Phase 1 operations for the Thacker Pass Project, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company's operations and prospects.
Water management regulations are in place in Nevada where the Thacker Pass Project is located. Water rights have been acquired that are expected to be sufficient to support all Phase 1 operations for the Thacker Pass Project as contemplated by the Thacker Pass 1300 Report. However, given the unpredictable impact of climate change on the environment, water levels, weather conditions and weather events, such as drought, in the region where the Thacker Pass Project is located, there is a risk that the aquifers in the watersheds where the Company has acquired water rights to date may not be able to provide enough water for planned operations for the estimated mine life set out in the plan of operations. To reduce the Thacker Pass Project's environmental footprint, and as a mitigation measure, the processing facility at Thacker Pass Project has been designed to minimize water usage to the extent possible by incorporating recycling technologies. However, going forward, availability of water and water rights at cost effective pricing may become of increasing importance to the Company's operations and prospects, a risk that may be heightened by the potential effects of climate change and could have a material adverse effect on the Company's operations and prospects.
The Company may face increasing operating costs as a result of compliance with climate change regulations or the physical risks of climate change.
The introduction of climate change legislation is an increasing focus of various levels of government worldwide, with emissions regulations and reporting regimes being enacted or enhanced, and energy efficiency requirements becoming increasingly stringent. As a development stage company with a focus on lithium production, the Company is committed to developing its business with a view to contributing to the low carbon economy. To that end, the Company is designing facilities to reduce carbon emissions at the Thacker Pass Project. This includes incorporating sustainable energy sources and minimizing the use of non-renewable sources of energy to the extent that renewable sources are available with sufficient capacity, at cost effective pricing and that meet the required performance criteria. However, the use of such low carbon technologies may be more costly in certain instances than non-renewable options in the near-term, or may result in higher design costs, long-term maintenance costs or replacement costs. Additionally, if the trend toward increasing regulations continues, the Company may face increasing operating costs at its projects to comply with these changing regulations.
Climate change risks also extend to the physical risks of climate change. These include risks of variable and extreme precipitation, reduction in water availability or water shortages, extreme weather events, changing temperatures, wildfire, changing sea levels and shortages of resources. These physical risks of climate change could have a negative effect on the project site for the Thacker Pass Project, access to local infrastructure and resources, and the health and safety of employees and contractors at the Company's operations. The occurrence of such events is difficult to predict and develop a response plan for that will effectively address all potential scenarios. Although the Company has attempted to design project facilities to address certain climate related risks, the potential exists for these measures to be insufficient in the face of unpredictable climate related events. As such, climate related events have the potential to have a material adverse effect on the Company's operations and prospects.
Risks related to increasing climate change related litigation is another potential risk factor that may impact the Company's future prospects, after production begins at the Thacker Pass Project. Until then, the risk of occurrence of such litigation is low.
If the Company is classified as a ''passive foreign investment company,'' U.S. investors who acquire Common Shares could be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.
If the Company is classified as a "passive foreign investment company" ("PFIC") within the meaning of Section 1297 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. Shareholder (as defined below) who owns Common Shares could be subject to adverse tax consequences, including a greater tax liability than might otherwise apply, an interest charge on certain taxes deemed deferred as a result of the Company's non-U.S. status, and additional U.S. tax reporting obligations. In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC during a taxable year if, taking into account the income and assets of certain of its affiliates, (i) 75% or more of its gross income constitutes passive income or (ii) 50% or more of its assets produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. Passive income generally includes interest, dividends, and other investment income.
The determination of whether the Company is a PFIC depends upon the composition of its income and assets and the nature of its activities from time to time and must be made annually as of the close of each taxable year. The PFIC determination also depends on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules that are subject to differing interpretations. Based on its current and expected income, assets and activities, the Company may be classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. Thus, there can be no assurance that the Company will not be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year, or that the United States Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") or a court will agree with the Company's determination as to its PFIC status. In addition, in the event that the Common Shares that a U.S. Shareholder received pursuant to the Arrangement is treated as stock of a PFIC, the U.S. federal income tax treatment is not entirely clear. A U.S. Shareholder, however, can be treated as holding stock of a PFIC in periods prior to the Arrangement, and therefore may not be able to make a timely QEF Election for such stock and may be subject to the adverse U.S. tax treatment described below under the heading "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations - Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules."
Potential investors who are U.S. Shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules, including the related reporting requirements and the advisability of making any available election under the PFIC rules, with respect to their ownership and disposition of Common Shares. This risk factor is qualified in its entirety by the discussion below under the heading "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations - Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules." Each potential investor who is a U.S. Shareholder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of the PFIC rules and the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of the Common Shares.
Proposed legislation in the U.S. Congress, including changes in U.S. tax law, and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 may adversely impact the Company and the value of the Common Shares.
Changes to U.S. tax laws (which changes may have retroactive application) could adversely affect the Company or holders of the Common Shares. In recent years, many changes to U.S. federal income tax laws have been proposed and made, and additional changes to U.S. federal income tax laws are likely to continue to occur in the future.
The U.S. Congress is currently considering numerous items of legislation which may be enacted prospectively or with retroactive effect, which legislation could adversely impact the Company's financial performance and the value of the Common Shares. Additionally, states in which the Company operates or owns assets may impose new or increased taxes. If enacted, most of the proposals would be effective for the current or later years. The proposed legislation remains subject to change, and its impact on the Company and purchasers of Common Shares is uncertain.
In addition, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 includes provisions that will impact the U.S. federal income taxation of corporations. Among other items, this legislation includes provisions that will impose a minimum tax on the book income of certain large corporations and an excise tax on certain corporate stock repurchases that would be imposed on the corporation repurchasing such stock. It is unclear how this legislation will be implemented by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Company cannot predict how this legislation or any future changes in tax laws might affect the Company or purchasers of the Common Shares.
Proposed changes to Canadian tax law may adversely impact the Company and the value of the Common Shares.
On March 28, 2023, the government of Canada released its 2023 federal budget which includes provisions that will impact the Canadian federal income taxation of corporations. Similar to the U.S. measure relating to corporate stock repurchases, Canada has proposed a 2% tax on the net value of equity repurchases by certain publicly traded entities. The application of the tax will be subject to certain exceptions and anti-avoidance provisions. As of the date of this registration statement, draft legislation has yet to be released and the impact of this legislation or any future changes in tax laws on the Company and shareholders of the Company cannot be predicted.
The COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian war in Ukraine, inflation and other factors may have a significant adverse effect on the Company's operations, business and financial condition.
The COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian war in Ukraine, inflation and other factors continue to impact global markets and cause general economic uncertainty, the impact of which may have a significant adverse effect on the Company's operations, business and financial condition.
The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, and governmental response thereto, on global commerce have and continue to be extensive and far- reaching. There has been significant stock market volatility, volatility in commodity and foreign exchange markets, restrictions on the conduct of business in many jurisdictions and the global movement of people has been restricted from time to time. The current global uncertainty with respect to COVID-19, the rapidly evolving nature of the pandemic, including the occurrence of new variants, and local and international developments related thereto and its effect on the broader global economy and capital markets may have a negative effect on the Company and the advancement of the Thacker Pass Project. The precise impact of further COVID-19 outbreak or the emergence of new diseases on the Company remains uncertain, rapid spread of COVID-19 and declaration of the outbreak as a global pandemic has resulted in travel advisories and restrictions, certain restrictions on business operations, social distancing precautions and restrictions on group gatherings which had direct impacts on businesses in Canada, the United States and around the world and could again result in travel bans, work delays, difficulties for contractors and employees to work at site, and diversion of management attention all of which in turn could have a negative impact on development of the Thacker Pass Project and the Company generally. Although many of these impacts appear to be lessening in most jurisdictions, there continues to be significant ongoing uncertainty surrounding COVID-19 and the extent and duration of the impacts that it, or governmental responses to it, may have on the advancement of the Thacker Pass Project, on the Company's suppliers, on the Company's employees and on global financial markets which may have a material adverse effect on the Company's operations, business and financial condition.
These concerns, together with concerns over general global economic conditions, fluctuations in interest and foreign exchange rates, stock market volatility, geopolitical issues, Russia's war in Ukraine and inflation have contributed to increased economic uncertainty and diminished expectations for the global economy. This global economic uncertainty may have a material adverse effect on our operations, business and financial condition.
Concerns over global economic conditions may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein, including, but not limited to, risks relating to: fluctuations in the market price of lithium-based products, the development of Thacker Pass Project, the terms and availability of financing, cost overruns, geopolitical concerns, and changes in law, policies or regulatory requirements.
Risks Relating to the Company's Common Shares following the Separation
The Company will have a significant shareholder and a commercial relationship with such significant shareholder.
General Motors Holdings LLC ("GM") holds approximately 9.4% of the outstanding shares of LAC as of the date of this registration statement, and is anticipated to hold approximately the same amount of interest in the Company. The completion of Tranche 2 will result in an increase to GM’s holding subject to a maximum aggregate holding of 30% of the Company. Additionally, GM has a commercial relationship with LAC (and following the Separation, the Company) in respect of the Thacker Pass Project under the Offtake Agreement (as defined below), and possesses board nomination rights, oversight and securities offering participation rights in respect of LAC (and following the Separation, the Company) pursuant to the Investor Rights Agreement (as defined below).
As a result of its significant current and anticipated share holdings and investor rights, GM may have the ability to influence the outcome of corporate actions requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors of the Company and the approval of certain corporate transactions. There is a risk that the interests of GM may diverge from those of other shareholders and also discourage transactions involving a change of control, including transactions in which an investor, as a holder of the Company's securities, would otherwise receive a premium for the Company's securities over the then current market price. The significant holdings of GM could also create a risk that the Company's securities are less liquid and trade at a relative discount compared to circumstances where GM did not have the ability to influence or determine matters affecting the Company. Additionally, dispositions by significant shareholders could also have an adverse effect on the market price of the Common Shares.
There is no existing market for the Company's Common Shares, and a trading market that will provide you with adequate liquidity may not develop. The price of the Common Shares may fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
Prior to the Separation, there has been no public market for the Common Shares of the Company. The Company does not know the extent to which investor interest will lead to the development of a trading market or how liquid that market might be. You may not be able to resell your Common Shares at or above the initial trading price. Additionally, the lack of liquidity may result in wide bid-ask spreads, contribute to significant fluctuations in the market price of the Common Shares and limit the number of investors who are able to buy the Common Shares.
The market price of the Company's Common Shares may in the future be subject to significant fluctuations. Further, there is no guarantee of a continuing public market to resell the Common Shares.
The market price of the Company's Common Shares may in the future be subject to significant fluctuations as a result of many factors, some of which are beyond the Company's control. Among the factors that could in the future affect the Company's stock price are:
quarterly variations in our results of operations;
changes in market valuations of similar companies and stock market price and volume fluctuations generally;
changes in earnings estimates or the publication of research reports by analysts;
speculation in the press or investment community about the Company's business or the mining industry generally;
strategic actions by the Company or its competitors such as acquisitions or restructurings;
a thin trading market for the Company's Common Shares may develop, which could make makes it somewhat illiquid;
regulatory developments;
additions or departures of key personnel;
the selling price of lithium;
general market conditions; and
domestic and international economic, market and currency factors unrelated to our performance.
The stock markets have experienced extreme volatility that has sometimes been unrelated to the operating performance of individual companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our Common Shares.
Additionally, there is no guarantee of a continuing public market to resell the Common Shares. The Company cannot assure you that an active and liquid public market for the Common Shares will develop or continue.
The Company may issue additional Common Shares or other equity securities without your approval, which could dilute your ownership interests and may depress the market price of our common shares.
The Company may issue additional common shares or other equity securities of equal or senior rank in the future in connection with, among other things, future exploration, development and acquisition plans, repayment of outstanding indebtedness or issuances and exercises under our equity incentive plan, without shareholder approval, in a number of circumstances.
Issuance of additional common shares or other equity securities of equal or senior rank would have the following effects:
existing shareholders' proportionate ownership interest in the Company will decrease;
the amount of cash available for dividends payable on the Common Shares may decrease or be nil;
the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding Common Share may be diminished; and
the market price of the Common Shares may decline.
It may not be possible for investors to serve process on or enforce U.S. judgments against the Company.
The Company is incorporated in a jurisdiction outside the United States. In addition, certain of the directors and officers are expected to be non- residents of the U.S., and all or a substantial portion of the assets of these non-residents will be located outside the U.S. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for U.S. investors to serve process within the United States upon the Company or certain directors and officers or to enforce a judgment against the Company for civil liabilities in U.S. courts. In addition, you should not assume that courts in the country in which the Company is incorporated (1) would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against the Company based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws or (2) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against the Company based on those laws.
The Company will require additional financing to advance the project into construction as planned.
The Company has significant capital requirements associated with the development of its Thacker Pass Project, and will require additional financing to advance the project into construction as planned. In addition, a condition of the Tranche 2 (as defined below) investment under the GM Transaction (as defined below) is that the Company must secure sufficient funding to complete the development of Phase 1 of the Thacker Pass Project. The Company may pursue additional equity or debt financing, which could have a dilutive effect on existing security holders if shares, options, warrants or other convertible securities are issued, or result in additional or more onerous restrictions on the Company's business, and substantial interest and capital payments if new debt financing is obtained. The Company submitted a loan application to the DOE as partial financing for the Thacker Pass Project, which, if granted, is not expected to have a dilutive effect but would result in the Company being more highly leveraged, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's future prospects if it is unable to satisfy its debt obligations as they become due.
The ability of the Company to arrange additional financing for the Thacker Pass Project in the future will depend, in part, on prevailing capital market conditions as well as the business performance of the Company. Failure to obtain additional financing on a timely basis may cause the Company to postpone, abandon, reduce or terminate its operations and could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.
There is a risk that Tranche 2 of the GM Transaction is not completed, which will have a material adverse impact on the financing and development of the Thacker Pass Project. On the other hand, the successful completion of the GM Transaction may not bring about the anticipated benefits of the transaction and may have a negative effect on the trading price of the Common Shares as well as the interests and rights of the Company's shareholders.
There is a risk that Tranche 2 of the GM Transaction (as defined below) is not completed. The GM Transaction will be subject to a number of conditions and approvals, including in connection with Tranche 2 (as defined below), the Company securing sufficient funding to complete the development of Phase 1 of the Thacker Pass Project as set out in the Thacker Pass TR (as defined below) and the Thacker Pass 1300 Report, among other conditions. Many of these conditions are outside the control of the Company and there can be no certainty that all conditions to Tranche 2 of the GM Transaction will be satisfied or completed, that all approvals (regulatory or otherwise) required to complete the GM Transaction will be received, or that the GM Transaction will be completed on the anticipated terms and timeline described herein, or at all.
In addition, there can be no certainty that the potential benefits of the GM Transaction will be realized, and there is a risk that the dilution of the interests of shareholders of the Company arising from the GM Transaction will have an impact on the trading price for, and the market for trading in, the securities of the Company. As a result of the closing of Tranche 1 of the GM Transaction, GM received a set of investor rights, based upon certain ownership thresholds and production commitments with the Company, which may affect the rights and entitlements of other securityholders of the Company adversely and restrict certain actions of the Company, including with respect to board nomination rights, oversight, and participation in future equity issuances of the Company.
There is no assurance that the Company has adequately protected or will be able to adequately protect its valuable intellectual property rights.
The Company relies on the ability to protect its intellectual property rights and depends on patent, trademark and trade secret legislation to protect its proprietary know-how. There is no assurance that the Company has adequately protected or will be able to adequately protect its valuable intellectual property rights, or will at all times have access to all intellectual property rights that are required to conduct its business or pursue its strategies, or that the Company will be able to adequately protect itself against any intellectual property infringement claims. There is also a risk that the Company's competitors could independently develop similar technology, processes or know-how; that the Company's trade secrets could be revealed to third parties; that any current or future patents, pending or granted, will be broad enough to protect the Company's intellectual property rights; or, that foreign intellectual property laws will adequately protect such rights. The inability to protect the Company's intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.
If the work conducted by the Company's consultants is ultimately found to be incorrect or inadequate in any material respect, the Company may experience delays or increased costs in developing its properties.
The Company has relied on, and may continue to rely on, consultants and others for mineral exploration and exploitation expertise. The Company believes that those consultants are competent and that they have carried out their work in accordance with internationally recognized industry standards. However, if the work conducted by those consultants is ultimately found to be incorrect or inadequate in any material respect, the Company may experience delays or increased costs in developing the Thacker Pass Project or other risks.
The Company does not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
The Company has not paid dividends on its Preference Shares and Common Shares, none of which will be issued prior to the Separation, since incorporation, and currently has no ability to generate earnings as the Thacker Pass Project is in the development stage. If development of the Thacker Pass Project is successfully completed, the Company anticipates that it will retain its earnings and other cash resources for future operations and the ongoing development of its business. As such, the Company does not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of any future dividends is solely at the discretion of the Company's board of directors (the "Board"), which will consider many factors including the Company's operating results, financial condition and anticipated cash needs. For these reasons, the Company may never pay dividends.
The success of the Company continues to depend largely upon the performance of key officers, employees and consultants.
The Company highly values the contributions of its key personnel. The future success of the Company will continue to depend largely upon the performance of key officers, employees and consultants who have advanced the Spin-Out Business to its current stage of development and contributed to its potential for future growth. The market for qualified talent has become increasingly competitive, with shortages of qualified talent relative to the number of available opportunities being experienced in all markets where the Company conducts its operations. The ability to remain competitive by offering higher compensation packages and programs for growth and development of personnel, with a view to retaining existing talent and attracting new talent, has become increasingly important to the Company and its operations in the current climate. Any prolonged inability to retain key individuals, or to attract and retain new talent as the Company grows, could have a material adverse effect upon the Company's growth potential and prospects.
Additionally, the Company has not purchased any "key-man" insurance for any of its directors, officers or key employees and currently has no plans to do so.
The Company may be subject to a variety of regulatory requirements, and resulting investigations, claims, lawsuits and other proceedings in the ordinary course of its business.
The Company may be subject to a variety of regulatory requirements, and resulting investigations, claims, lawsuits and other proceedings in the ordinary course of its business, as a result of its status as a publicly traded company and because of its mining exploration and development business. Litigation related to environmental and climate change-related matters, and environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure is also on the rise. The occurrence and outcome of any legal proceedings cannot be predicted with any reasonable degree of certainty due to the inherently uncertain nature of litigation, including the effects of discovery of new evidence or advancement of new legal theories, the difficulty of predicting decisions of judges and juries and the possibility that decisions may be reversed on appeal. Defense and settlement costs of legal claims can be substantial, even with respect to claims that are determined to have little or no merit.
Litigation may be costly and time-consuming, and can divert the attention of management and key personnel away from day-to-day business operations. The Company and its projects are, from time-to-time, subject to legal proceedings or the threat of legal proceedings. Please see "Property, Plant and Equipment - Recent Developments-Significant Events" for further details. If the Company were to be unsuccessful in defending any material claims against it, or unable to settle such claims on a satisfactory basis, the Company may be faced with significant monetary damages, injunctive relief or other negative impacts that could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business and financial condition. To the extent the Company is involved in any active litigation, the outcome of such matters may not be determinable, and it may not be possible to accurately predict the outcome or quantum of any such proceedings at a given time.
The occurrence of a significant cybersecurity incident could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business and result in a prolonged disruption to it.
Threats to information technology systems associated with cybersecurity risks and cyber incidents or attacks continue to grow and evolve in terms of severity and sophistication, particularly as a result of remote work. A cybersecurity attack has the potential to compromise the business, financial and other systems of the Company, and could go unnoticed for some time. Risks associated with cybersecurity threats include, among other things, loss of intellectual property, disruption of business operations and safety procedures, loss or damage to worksite data delivery systems, privacy and confidentiality breaches, and increased costs and time to prevent, respond to or mitigate cybersecurity incidents. The Company has implemented a cybersecurity policy, provided training to its personnel as a mitigation measure and is developing a response plan to address potential cybersecurity breaches. System and network maintenance, upgrades and similar best practices are also followed. However, despite these measures, the occurrence of a significant cybersecurity incident could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business and result in a prolonged disruption to it.
The Company may lose its foreign private issuer status.
As a "foreign private issuer," as such term is defined under the Exchange Act, the Company is exempt from certain of the provisions of U.S. federal securities laws. However, if the Company were to lose its status as a foreign private issuer, the Company may become subject to more onerous regulatory and reporting requirements in the United States. Compliance with these additional regulatory and reporting requirements under U.S. securities laws would likely result in increased expenses and would require the Company's management to devote substantial time and resources to comply with new regulatory requirements. Further, to the extent that the Company were to offer or sell securities outside of the United States, the Company would have to comply with the more restrictive Regulation S requirements that apply to U.S. domestic companies, and the Company will not be able to utilize the multijurisdictional disclosure system forms for registered offerings by Canadian companies in the United States, which could increase the costs of accessing capital markets compared to if the Company was a foreign private issuer able to rely on the multijurisdictional disclosure system. In addition, the Company may lose the ability to rely upon exemptions from NYSE corporate governance requirements that are available to foreign private issuers, which may further increase the Company's costs of compliance.
The Company could lose its status as a foreign private issuer if more than 50% of the Company's outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly held of record by U.S. holders as of the end of the Company's second fiscal quarter and any one of the following is true: (i) the majority of the Company's directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents; (ii) more than 50% of the Company's assets are located in the United States; or (iii) the Company's business is administered principally in the United States. It is anticipated that, upon completion of the Arrangement, the Company's only material mining project, the Thacker Pass Project, is located in the United States. In addition, it is anticipated that, upon completion of the Arrangement, a majority of the Company's directors and executive officers will be U.S. citizens or residents and, while its head office will be in Canada, a substantial portion of the Company's business will be administered principally in the United States. As a result, if more than 50% of the Company's outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly held of record by U.S. holders as of the end of the Company's second fiscal quarter following completion of the Separation, the Company could lose its status as a foreign private issuer.
Risks Relating to the Separation
The Company may be unable to achieve some or all of the benefits that it expects to achieve from the Separation.
The Company believes that, as a publicly-traded company, it will be able to, among other things, better focus its financial and operational resources on the Thacker Pass Project, implement and maintain a capital structure designed to meet its specific needs, design and implement corporate strategies and policies that are targeted to its business and geographic focus of operations, more effectively respond to industry dynamics and create effective incentives for management and employees that are more closely tied to the Company's business performance. However, by separating from LAC, the Company may be more susceptible to market fluctuations, will not receive the benefit of the expected near-term cash flow positive operations of LAC from its Argentine project interests, and may experience other adverse events. In addition, the Company may be unable to achieve some or all of the benefits that it expects to achieve as a separate company in the time expected, if at all. The completion of the Separation will also require significant amounts of the Company's management's time and effort, which may divert management's attention from operating and growing the Company's business.
The Company may be unable to make, on a timely or cost-effective basis, the changes necessary to operate as a publicly-traded company, and the Company may experience increased costs after the Separation.
Following the Separation, the Company will need to provide internally or obtain from unaffiliated third parties some of the services which the entities holding the Spin-Out Business currently receive from LAC, notwithstanding and further to the provision of transitional services and facilities by LAC and its affiliates to the Company and its affiliates pursuant to a transitional services agreement to be entered into between LAC and the Company (the "Transitional Services Agreement"). The Company may be unable to replace these services in a timely manner or on terms and conditions as favorable as those received from LAC. The Company may be unable to successfully establish the infrastructure or implement the changes necessary to operate independently or may incur additional costs. If the Company fails to obtain the services necessary to operate effectively or if it incurs greater costs in obtaining these services, the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
The Company has no operating history as a publicly-traded company, and its historical financial information is not necessarily representative of the results that the Company would have achieved as a publicly-traded company and may not be a reliable indicator of the Company's future results.
The Company derived the historical financial information included in this registration statement on a carve out basis from LAC's consolidated financial statements, and this information does not necessarily reflect the results of operations and financial position the Company would have achieved as a separate publicly-traded company during the periods presented or those that the Company will achieve in the future. This is primarily because of the following factors:
Prior to the Separation, the operations of the Spin-Out Business were part of the operations of LAC's broader corporate organization, and LAC held interests in other mineral projects in addition to the Spin-Out Business. The Company's historical financial information reflects allocations of corporate expenses from LAC for administrative and similar functions. These allocations may not reflect the costs the Company will incur for similar services in the future as a standalone publicly-traded company.
The Company's historical financial information does not reflect changes that the Company expects to experience in the future as a result of its separation from LAC, including changes in the Company's cost structure, personnel needs, tax structure, financing and business operations. The entities holding the Spin-Out Business enjoyed certain benefits from LAC's operating diversity, size, borrowing leverage and available capital for investments, which may not be available to the Company after the Separation. As a separate entity, the Company may be unable to purchase services and technologies or access capital markets on terms as favorable as those obtained by the entities holding the Spin-Out Business as part of LAC prior to the Separation.
Following the Separation, the Company will also be responsible for the additional costs associated with being a publicly-traded company, including costs related to corporate governance, investor and public relations and public reporting. Following the Separation, the Company and Lithium Argentina are expected to enter into the Transitional Services Agreement for the provision of transitional services and facilities between the parties thereto for which the Company will be required to pay certain costs. Certain costs incurred by LAC, including executive oversight, accounting, treasury, tax, legal, human resources, occupancy, information technology and other shared services, have historically been allocated to the Spin-out Business by LAC; but these allocations may not reflect the future level of these costs as the Company begins to source these services itself. Therefore, the financial statements of the Spin-Out Business may not be indicative of the Company's future performance as a separate publicly-traded company. The Company cannot assure you that its operating results will continue at a similar level when the Company is a separate publicly-traded company. For additional information about the Company's past financial performance and the basis of presentation of the financial statements, see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects" and the Company's historical financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus.
The Company may not be able to access the credit and capital markets at the times and in the amounts needed on acceptable terms.
From time to time the Company may need to access the capital markets to obtain long-term and short-term financing. The Company has not previously accessed the capital markets as a separate public company, and the Company's access to, and the availability of, financing on acceptable terms and conditions in the future will be impacted by many factors, including the Company's business prospects and financial performance, its credit ratings or absence thereof, the liquidity of the overall capital markets and the state of the economy. The Company cannot assure you that it will have access to the capital markets at the times and in the amounts needed or on terms acceptable to it.
The Company has no history of generating cash flow and will be dependent upon its ability to generate future profits and may be dependent on raising additional funds.
The Company anticipates it will continue to have negative cash flow from operating activities in future periods until profitable commercial production is achieved at the Thacker Pass Project. Although the Company will have cash transferred from LAC upon completion of the Separation, the Company's ability to continue as a going concern following the Separation and the depletion of its capital will be dependent upon its ability to generate profits from its proposed mining operations, or to raise capital through equity or debt financing to continue to meet its obligations and repay its liabilities arising from normal business operations when they come due.
The Company could be exposed to substantial tax liabilities if the tax-deferred Separation requirements are not met.
In connection with the Arrangement, LAC has applied for and received certain advance income tax rulings in Canada and the United States (together, the "Tax Rulings"). The Canadian Tax Ruling requested from Canadian tax authorities and received on July 12, 2023 requires, among other things, that the transfer of the Spin-Out Business comply with all requirements of the public company "butterfly" rules in section 55 of the Income Tax Act (Canada) (the "Tax Act"). Although the Arrangement is structured to comply with these rules, there are certain requirements of these rules that depend on events occurring after the Arrangement is completed or that may not be within the control of the Company and/or Lithium Argentina. For example, under section 55 of the Tax Act, the Company and/or Lithium Argentina will recognize a taxable gain on the transfer by LAC of the Spin-Out Business if: (i) a "specified shareholder" of the Company or of Lithium Argentina disposes of Company or Lithium Argentina shares (or property that derives 10% or more of its fair market value from such shares or property substituted therefor) to an unrelated person or partnership as part of the series of transactions which includes the transfer by LAC of the Spin-Out Business, (ii) there is an acquisition of control of the Company or Lithium Argentina that is part of the series of transactions that includes the transfer by LAC of the Spin-Out Business, (iii) a person unrelated to the Company acquires (generally otherwise than as a result of a disposition in the ordinary course of operations of the Company), as part of the series of transactions that includes the transfer by LAC of the Spin-Out Business, property acquired by the Company on the Separation that has a fair market value greater than 10% of the fair market value of all property received by the Company on the Separation, (iv) a person unrelated to Lithium Argentina acquires (generally otherwise than as a result of a disposition in the ordinary course of operations of Lithium Argentina), as part of the series of transactions that includes the transfer by LAC of the Spin-Out Business, property retained by Lithium Argentina on the Separation that has a fair market value greater than 10% of the fair market value of all property retained by Lithium Argentina on the Separation, or (v) certain persons acquire shares of Lithium Argentina (other than in specified permitted transactions) in contemplation of, and as part of the series of transactions that includes, the transfer by LAC of the Spin-Out Business. If these requirements are not met, the Company and/or Lithium Argentina would recognize a taxable gain in respect of the transfer by LAC of the Spin-Out Business to the Company as part of the Separation. If incurred, these tax liabilities could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on the financial position of the Company and/or Lithium Argentina. Under the terms of the Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement (as defined below), the Company and Lithium Argentina would generally be required to indemnify the other party for any such tax if it is the result of the indemnifying party (or its affiliates) breaching its covenant not to take any action, omit to take any action or enter into a transaction that could cause the Arrangement or any related transaction to be treated in a manner inconsistent with the Canadian Tax Ruling.
The receipt of Company shares by LAC's shareholders pursuant to the Arrangement is intended to be treated as tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but no assurance can be given of such treatment.
In connection with the Arrangement, LAC has received a U.S. Tax Ruling from the IRS on July 13, 2023 substantially to the effect that the receipt of Company Common Shares by LAC's shareholders pursuant to the Arrangement will be tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 355(a) of the Code. The U.S. Tax Ruling relies on, among other things, certain facts and assumptions, as well as certain representations, statements, and undertakings of LAC and the Company (including those relating to the past and future conduct of LAC, Lithium Argentina and the Company). Notwithstanding the receipt of the U.S. Tax Ruling, the IRS could determine on audit that receipt of Company Common Shares by LAC's shareholders was treated as a taxable transaction if the IRS determines that any of the facts, assumptions, representations, statements or undertakings upon which the U.S. Tax Ruling was based are inaccurate or have been violated. If the IRS were successful in taking this position, the receipt of Company Common Shares by LAC's shareholders pursuant to the Arrangement may be treated as a taxable dividend from LAC or capital gain with respect to such shareholders' ownership of LAC shares for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in which case U.S. Shareholders may be subject to significant U.S. federal income tax liabilities. In addition, certain events that may or may not be within the control of the Company could cause the Arrangement to subsequently fail to qualify as generally tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 355 of the Code, resulting in the receipt of Company Common Shares by LAC's shareholders pursuant to the Arrangement being taxable to U.S. Shareholders as described immediately above. Accordingly, the Company cannot provide assurance that the intended U.S. tax treatment will be achieved or that U.S. Shareholders will not incur substantial U.S. federal income tax liabilities from the receipt of Company Common Shares pursuant to the Arrangement.
To preserve the intended U.S. federal income tax treatment of the receipt of Company Common Shares by LAC's shareholders pursuant to the Arrangement, Lithium Argentina and the Company expect to agree to certain restrictions that may significantly reduce its strategic and operating flexibility.
As described above, pursuant to the U.S. Tax Ruling received from the IRS, it is expected that the receipt of Company Common Shares by LAC's shareholders pursuant to the Arrangement will be tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 355(a) of the Code. To preserve the intended U.S. federal income tax treatment of the receipt of Company Common Shares by LAC's shareholders pursuant to the Arrangement, Lithium Argentina and the Company expect to agree in the Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement to be restricted, except in specific circumstances, from taking or failing to take certain actions that could cause the receipt of Company Common Shares by LAC's shareholders pursuant to the Arrangement to be taxed in a manner that is inconsistent with the manner provided for in the U.S. Tax Ruling. These restrictions may limit the ability of the Company to pursue certain strategic transactions or other transactions that it believes to be in the best interests of its shareholders or that might increase the value of its business for three years following the completion of the Arrangement.
The Company will have indemnification obligations to Lithium Argentina following the Arrangement that could be significant.
Pursuant to the Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement (as defined below), Lithium Argentina and the Company will agree to a number of representations, warranties and covenants, including agreeing to indemnify and hold harmless the other party against any loss suffered or incurred resulting from, or in connection with, a breach of certain tax-related covenants. Any indemnification claim against the Company could be substantial, may not be able to be satisfied and may have a material adverse effect upon the Company.
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
A. History and Development of the Company
Overview
The Company was incorporated under the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) (the "BCBCA") on January 23, 2023 for the sole purpose of completing the Separation. Upon consummation of the Separation, the Company will be re-named "Lithium Americas Corp."
The Company's head office and registered office is located at 300 - 900 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6C 1E5, and our telephone number is +1 (778) 656-5820.
The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the SEC's Internet site is http://www.sec.gov. The address of the Company's Internet site is www.lithiumamericas.com.
Reasons for the Separation
LAC's North American and Argentine business units represent two distinct businesses in its current portfolio, each of which has assets with significant value to be unlocked. The separation of LAC into two public entities, Lithium Argentina and the Company, is designed to provide each of them with a sharper strategic focus and enhanced operational flexibility that may not be available to them as a consolidated company.
Specifically, decoupling LAC's North American business from LAC's Argentine business is expected to allow it to benefit more fully from funding opportunities available only to U.S. businesses in the critical minerals space and remove development and operational risks flowing from the Argentina portfolio, which would facilitate the advancement of the Thacker Pass Project towards production.
The Separation would also provide the Spin-Out Business with enhanced access to growth capital by enabling it to tailor an independent capital allocation, investment decision process and financing solution. For instance, providing differentiated investment opportunities to investors, many of whom are solely interested in or strongly value one of LAC's two business units over the other, would greatly enhance the funding options available to the separated entities.
GM Transaction
On January 30, 2023, LAC entered into a master purchase agreement (the "GM Transaction Purchase Agreement") with GM pursuant to which GM will make an approximately $650 million equity investment in LAC, to be used for the development of the Thacker Pass Project (the "GM Transaction").
Tranche 1
The first tranche of the GM Transaction closed on February 16, 2023, whereby GM acquired 15,002,243 LAC Common Shares at a price of $21.339 per share (the "Tranche 1 Subscription Price"), for gross proceeds of approximately $320 million ("Tranche 1"), resulting in GM holding a 9.9% equity interest in LAC on a non-diluted basis on such date.
LAC also entered into a subscription agreement between LAC and GM dated February 16, 2023 (the "Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement") setting forth the terms and conditions of Tranche 2 (as defined below).
Tranche 2
In respect of the second tranche of the GM Transaction ("Tranche 2"), following the satisfaction of certain conditions, including a condition that the Company secure sufficient funding to complete certain development milestones for its Thacker Pass Project and provide notice to GM of same (the "TP Available Capital Notice"), GM has agreed to subscribe for LAC Common Shares (or, post-Arrangement, Common Shares) representing the balance of the aggregate subscription under the GM Transaction of approximately $330 million, at the current market price on the date of subscription, subject to a maximum price of $27.74 per LAC Common Share (or at a price adjusted for the Arrangement in respect of a Common Share), being 130% of the Tranche 1 Subscription Price.
Tranche 2 will be conducted pursuant to the subscription by GM for that number of LAC Common Shares (or, post-Arrangement, Common Shares) pursuant to the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement which represents the balance of the aggregate subscription under the GM Transaction. Pricing will be based on the five (5) day volume weighted average price of the LAC Common Shares (or, post-Arrangement, Common Shares), on the NYSE ending on the date of the TP Available Capital Notice, subject to the maximum pricing described in the preceding paragraph.
The adjustment to the maximum subscription price for Tranche 2 pursuant to the Arrangement will be determined through a formula and calculation as set out in "Item 10.A. - Share Capital."
In connection with the closing of Tranche 1, an offtake agreement ("Offtake Agreement") and investor rights agreement ("Investor Rights Agreement") were also entered into between LAC and GM.
As the Tranche 2 investment is contemplated to occur following the Separation, the transaction agreements provide that upon the Separation, the relevant agreements reflecting the Tranche 2 investment will be superseded by equivalent agreements between GM and the Company, with maximum pricing (being $27.74 per share) being adjusted to reflect the relative value of the Company compared to the value of Lithium Argentina.
For additional details on the GM Transaction, see "Item 4.D - Property, Plant and Equipment - Recent Developments - Recent Significant Events" and "Item 10.C - Material Contracts - Agreements in respect of the GM Transaction."
B. Business Overview
Overview
Upon completion of the Separation, the Company will be a Canadian-based resource company focused on advancing its lithium development project, the Thacker Pass Project, toward production. The Thacker Pass Project is located in north-western Nevada. The Thacker Pass Project has received all federal and state permits needed to commence construction, initial appeals of which were dismissed on February 6, 2023. On July 20, 2022, LAC celebrated the inauguration of its LiTDC, which was developed to demonstrate the processing of Thacker Pass ore. The LiTDC achieved battery-quality specifications with product samples being produced for potential customers and partners. Thacker Pass is aligned with the U.S. national agenda to enhance domestic supply of critical minerals and has the potential to be a leading near-term source of lithium for the North American battery supply chain.
Seasonality
The mining business is subject to mineral commodities price cycles. If the global economy stalls and commodity prices decline, as a consequence, a continuing period of lower prices could significantly affect the economic potential of our properties and result in us deciding to cease work on or drop our interest in, some or all of our properties.
Sources and Availability of Raw Materials
All of the raw materials that the Company requires to carry on its business are available through normal supply or business contracting channels.
Government Regulations
The Company's exploration and future development activities are subject to various national, state, provincial and local laws and regulations in the United States and Canada, which govern prospecting, development, mining, production, exports, taxes, labor standards, occupational health, waste disposal, protection of the environment, mine safety, hazardous substances and other matters.
Mining and exploration activities at the Thacker Pass Project are subject to various laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, which are discussed under the heading "Risk Factors" in this registration statement. Although the Company intends to comply with all existing environmental and mining laws and regulations, no assurance can be given that the Company will be in compliance with all applicable regulations or that new rules and regulations will not be enacted or that existing rules and regulations will not be applied in a manner that could limit or curtail development of its properties. Amendments to current laws and regulations governing exploration and development or more stringent implementation thereof could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business and cause increases in exploration expenses or require delays or abandonment in the development of mining properties. In addition, the Company is required to expend significant resources to comply with numerous corporate governance and disclosure regulations and requirements adopted by U.S. federal and Canadian federal and provincial governments. These additional compliance costs and related diversion of the attention of management and key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Except as described in this registration statement, the Company believes that it is in compliance, in all material respects with applicable mining, health, safety and environmental statutes and regulations.
For a more detailed discussion of the various government laws and regulations in the United States applicable to our operations and the potential negative effects of such laws and regulations, see the section "Item 3.D - Risk Factors."
Competition
Lithium currently has many end uses, including ceramics and glass, batteries, greases, air treatment and pharmaceuticals. However, it is the battery industry that is expected to predominantly drive future demand growth for lithium. This is expected to come from several areas: (i) the continued growth of small format batteries for cell phones, laptops, digital cameras and hand-held power tools, (ii) the transportation industry's electrification of automobiles, buses, delivery vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles and boats using lithium-ion battery technology, and (iii) large format batteries for utility grid- scale storage.
A small number of companies dominate the production of end-use lithium products such as lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide. The bulk of production occurs in brine deposits in South America and spodumene hard-rock deposits in Australia. There are a small number of additional companies who have initiated lithium-based production in recent years, as well as numerous additional companies pursuing the development of lithium mineral deposits throughout several jurisdictions.
C. Organizational Structure
The Company is currently a standalone entity independent of LAC. It was incorporated by LAC for the purposes of effecting the Separation.
The following diagram sets out an abbreviated organizational structure of LAC and the Company immediately prior to the implementation of the Arrangement:
The following diagram sets out an abbreviated organizational structure of Lithium Argentina and the Company immediately following the implementation of the Arrangement:
The following diagram sets out a complete organizational structure of the Company immediately following the implementation of the Arrangement:
D. Property, Plants and Equipment
In connection with the Separation, LAC will contribute the Thacker Pass Project to the Company.
Overview of the Project
The Thacker Pass Project is located in northern Humboldt County, Nevada and hosts a large sedimentary-based lithium Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve, as well as significant additional sedimentary-based lithium mineralization that has not yet been subject to sufficient exploration or analysis to undertake Mineral Resource estimation.
Recent Developments
Recent Significant Events
On May 16, 2023, the BLM issued its determination of the remand ordered by the Federal District Court on February 6, 2023, which concluded that tailings and other waste storage areas have sufficient mineralization to meet BLM's standards, with the exception of limited acreage at the two waste rock facilities where the BLM indicated LAC could instead proceed with alternative measures to establish suitable mining-claim tenure, which LAC intends to pursue in due course.
On March 2, 2023, LAC announced the commencement of construction at the Thacker Pass Project, including site preparation, geotechnical drilling, well installation, water pipeline development and associated infrastructure, following the receipt of notice to proceed from the BLM. On June 19, 2023, major earthworks construction commenced.
On February 6, 2023, LAC received a favorable ruling from the Federal District Court for the appeal filed against the BLM for the issuance of the ROD relating to the Thacker Pass Project. The Federal District Court declined to vacate the ROD, ordered BLM to consider one issue under the mining law relating to the area designated for waste storage and tailings, and did not impose any restrictions expected to impact the construction timeline for the Thacker Pass Project. On July 17, 2023, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the Federal District Court’s February 6, 2023 decision. See "Regulatory and Permitting Update" for further details concerning the ruling on the ROD appeal as well as details concerning subsequent appeals and motions filed in connection with the ruling and new lawsuits filed against the BLM relating to the ROD.
On January 31, 2023, LAC announced the results of a feasibility study on the Thacker Pass Project and the filing of the technical report in accordance with the National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects of the Canadian Securities Administrators, as amended ("NI 43-101") titled "Feasibility Study National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report for the Thacker Pass Project, Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" with an effective date of November 2, 2022 (the "Thacker Pass TR"). The "Preliminary Feasibility Study S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary for the Thacker Pass Project Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" with an effective date of December 31, 2022 (the "Thacker Pass 1300 Report") is filed as Exhibit 15.1 to this registration statement. See "Detailed Property Description" for further details concerning the preliminary feasibility study and the Thacker Pass 1300 Report.
On January 30, 2023, LAC entered into the GM Transaction Purchase Agreement pursuant to which GM will make an approximately $650 million equity investment in LAC in two tranches, to be used for the development of the Thacker Pass Project. In connection with the closing of Tranche 1 on February 16, 2023, GM subscribed for 15,002,243 subscription receipts of LAC, which were automatically converted into 15,002,243 units comprising an aggregate of 15,002,243 LAC Common Shares and 11,890,848 common share purchase warrants (the "Tranche 2 AEWs") for gross proceeds of approximately $320 million, and entered into the Offtake Agreement and the Investor Rights Agreement with LAC, thereby becoming a significant shareholder of LAC and offtake partner. For additional details on the GM Transaction, see "Item 4.A - History and Development of the Company" and "Item 10.C - Material Contracts - Agreements in respect of the GM Transaction." Each Tranche 2 AEW is exercisable into one LAC Common Share at a price of $27.74 for a term of 36 months from the date of issuance.
On July 20, 2022, LAC celebrated the inauguration of the LiTDC in Reno, Nevada, with a formal ribbon-cutting ceremony. The center was developed to demonstrate the chemical process designed for the Thacker Pass Project in an integrated process testing facility. Production commenced in June 2022 to replicate the Thacker Pass Project flowsheet from raw ore to final product samples and the center will support ongoing optimization work, confirm assumptions in the design and operational parameters and provide product samples for potential customers and partners.
On July 18, 2022, LAC made an equity investment in Ascend Elements, Inc. ("Ascend Elements"), a US-based lithium-ion battery recycling and engineered material company, by way of a subscription for Series C-1 preferred shares for $5 million.
In the first half of 2022, LAC worked with the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance ("IRMA") to pilot their new draft IRMA-Ready Standard for Responsible Mineral Exploration and Development. LAC is currently undertaking a gap analysis, to address areas of opportunities for improvement, in preparation for commencing an external audit upon adoption of the IRMA Ready framework.
On April 28, 2022, LAC acquired a 5% stake in Green Technology Metals Limited (ASX: GT1) ("Green Technology Metals"), a North American focused lithium exploration and development company with hard rock spodumene assets in northwestern Ontario, Canada, in a private placement, for total consideration of $10 million.
On September 20, 2022, LAC entered a strategic collaboration agreement with Green Technology Metals, in which it owns a 5% stake, to advance a common goal of developing an integrated lithium chemical supply chain in North America.
Regulatory and Permitting Update
ROD
The Thacker Pass Project was issued a ROD by the BLM on January 15, 2021 for the proposed mine, plant and ancillary facilities that are part of the Thacker Pass Project. The BLM also approved LAC's proposal to conduct exploration work to the north and south of the proposed Thacker Pass Project site and processing facilities. The ROD was issued following the BLM's National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 ("NEPA") review process for the Thacker Pass Project. This NEPA process is designed to help public officials complete permitting decisions that are protective of the environment and includes a public engagement process. The approved Mine Plan of Operations ("MPO") contemplates production of battery-grade lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and lithium metal (up to 60,000 tpa of lithium carbonate equivalent).
The BLM's issuance of the ROD was challenged in Federal District Court in 2021 (the "Initial ROD Challenge"), with the court rendering a favorable ruling on February 6, 2023, which declined to vacate the ROD for the Thacker Pass Project. The Federal District Court did not impose any restrictions expected to impact the construction timeline for the Thacker Pass Project, but the court did remand one legal issue to the BLM for consideration under U.S. mining law for which the BLM has since issued a determination.
A subsequent appeal of the Federal District Court's ruling in the Initial ROD Challenge was filed in the Ninth Circuit in February 2023. The plaintiffs' requests to stay the effect of the ROD pending appeal were denied by both the District Court and the Court of Appeals. On July 17, 2023, the Ninth Circuit unanimously affirmed the Federal District Court’s decision.
Separately, a new lawsuit was filed in Federal District Court in February 2023 by the Reno Sparks Indian Colony, the Burns Paiute Tribe, and the Summit Lake Paiute Tribe, concerning among other things, adequacy of consultation by the BLM for the issuance of the ROD. The arguments advanced in the new lawsuit overlap with certain of the arguments advanced during the Initial ROD Challenge. LAC intervened in this new lawsuit in support of the ROD. In March 2023, the Federal District Court denied the plaintiffs' requests for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction.
Permits
LAC's application with the State of Nevada Division of Water Resources ("NDWR") for the transfer of certain water rights for Phase 1 of the Thacker Pass Project was approved by the State Engineer in February 2023. The State Engineer's Office issued the final water rights permit to the Company on June 30 and July 3, 2023, authorizing the Company to use its water production wells. The State Engineer’s decision was appealed by a local ranching company in March 2023. The case is pending as of the date of the registration statement. LAC has commenced using the water rights for construction activities at the Thacker Pass Project site consistent with the State Engineer’s authorization.
On February 25, 2022, the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection ("NDEP") issued the final key environmental permits from the state for the Thacker Pass Project. The three approved permits include the Water Pollution Control Permit, Mine Reclamation Permit and Class II Air Quality Operating Permit. An administrative appeal of NDEP's issuance of the Water Pollution Control Permit, which was filed with the Nevada State Environmental Commission in March 2022, was unanimously rejected by the Nevada State Environmental Commission on June 28, 2022.
Permitting and Reclamation Obligations
LAC has reclamation obligations for a hectorite clay mine located within the Thacker Pass Project area. The financial liability for this reclamation obligation, as stipulated by the BLM, is $1.0 million. LAC's other environmental liabilities from existing mineral exploration work in the vicinity of the Thacker Pass Project area have a reclamation obligation totaling approximately $0.6 million. LAC holds a $1.7 million reclamation bond with the BLM Nevada State Office, with $1.0 million available for future operations or amendments to existing operations. In addition, on February 22, 2023, BLM approved the Company's surety bond in the amount of $13.7 million for the initial construction works relating to the Thacker Pass Project.
Commercial Agreements
On February 16, 2023, LAC entered into the Offtake Agreement with GM pursuant to which LAC will supply GM with lithium carbonate production from Phase 1 of the Thacker Pass Project. The price within the Offtake Agreement is based on an agreed upon price formula linked to prevailing market prices. For additional details on the GM Transaction, see "Item 10.C - Material Contracts - Agreements in respect of the GM Transaction."
In 2019, Lithium Nevada Corp. ("Lithium Nevada"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of LAC, entered into a mine design, consulting and mining operations agreement with Sawtooth Mining LLC ("Sawtooth Mining"), a subsidiary of NACCO Industries Inc. and North American Coal. Sawtooth Mining has exclusive responsibility for the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and mining and mine closure services for the Thacker Pass Project, which will supply all of Lithium Nevada's lithium-bearing ore requirements. Sawtooth Mining has agreed to provide Lithium Nevada with the following (i) $3.5 million in seven consecutive equal quarterly instalments, with the final payment received in October 2020; and (ii) engineering services related primarily to mine design and permitting. During construction, Sawtooth Mining has agreed to provide initial funding for up to $50 million to procure all mobile mining equipment required for "Phase 1" operations. Excluding these Sawtooth Mining investments, Lithium Nevada bears all costs of mining and mine closure. Lithium Nevada has agreed to either pay a success fee to the mining contractor of $4.7 million upon achieving commercial production or repay the $3.5 million without interest if the final project construction decision is not made by 2024.
Lithium Nevada has also entered into master services agreements with EXP US Services Inc. ("EXP"), ITAC Engineers, P.C. ("ITAC"), M3 Engineering and Technology Corp. ("M3") and EDG Consulting Engineers, Inc. ("EDG"). EXP was contracted to develop the design and costing of the acid plant. In 2020, LAC entered into master service agreements with M3 and ITAC to work with Sawtooth Mining and LAC personnel to advance analysis and engineering of the Thacker Pass Project. Subsequently, in 2021, LAC entered into a master services agreement with EDG to act as an owner's engineer and evaluate the quality and coordination of work among the various engineering firms. EDG's team augmented LAC's staffing and supported M3 and ITAC to support and guide interfaces between the engineering teams, equipment vendors and validate quality of work against their extensive catalog of project work.
In 2022, Aquatech International, LLC ("Aquatech") was contracted through a master services agreement to provide confirmation test work, equipment engineering, equipment manufacture and supply for purification and final product crystallization systems for the LC production plant. Furthermore, and after a long and robust tender process, in November 2022, LAC separately awarded an Engineering, Procurement and Construction Management Contract (an "EPCM") to Bechtel Corporation, which, in conjunction with LAC and its employees, will be a partner in the design, procurement and execution of Thacker Pass Project mining and production operations.
Financing Strategy
On January 30, 2023, LAC entered into the GM Transaction Purchase Agreement pursuant to which GM will make an approximately $650 million equity investment in LAC in two tranches, to be used for the development of the Thacker Pass Project. In connection with the closing of Tranche 1 on February 16, 2023, GM subscribed for 15,002,243 subscription receipts of LAC, which were automatically converted into 15,002,243 units comprising an aggregate of 15,002,243 LAC Common Shares and 11,890,848 Tranche 2 AEWs for gross proceeds of approximately $320 million, and entered into the Offtake Agreement and the Investor Rights Agreement with LAC, thereby becoming LAC's largest shareholder and offtake partner. For additional details on the GM Transaction see "Item 4.A - History and Development of the Company" and "Item 10.C - Material Contracts - Agreements in respect of the GM Transaction." In addition, LAC continues to evaluate a variety of other strategic financing options for the Thacker Pass Project.
In April 2022, LAC submitted, and is currently progressing, a formal application to the DOE for funding to be used at the Thacker Pass Project through the ATVM Loan Program, which is designed to provide funding to U.S. companies engaged in the manufacturing of advanced technology vehicles and components used in those vehicles. On February 22, 2023, LAC announced that it received a Letter of Substantial Completion from the DOE Loan Programs Office for its application to support the financing of the Thacker Pass Project. The Letter of Substantial Completion determines that LAC's application for the DOE's ATVM Loan Program contains all the information necessary to conduct an eligibility assessment and can commence the process to engage in confirmatory due diligence and term sheet negotiation. If LAC is offered a loan by DOE, it expects funding from the ATVM Loan Program to provide up to 75% of the Thacker Pass Project's total eligible capital costs for construction for Phase 1. Relevant development costs incurred by the Thacker Pass Project may qualify as eligible costs under the ATVM Loan Program as of January 31, 2023. DOE's invitation to enter into due diligence is not an assurance that DOE will offer a term sheet to the applicant, or that the terms and conditions of a term sheet will be consistent with terms proposed by the applicant. The foregoing matters are wholly dependent on the results of DOE advanced due diligence and DOE's determination whether to proceed. It is expected that the borrower under the DOE loan will be a subsidiary to be transferred to the Company as part of the Separation.
Detailed Property Description
The Thacker Pass Project is a development stage property 100% owned by Lithium Nevada Corp., a wholly owned subsidiary of LAC.
The Thacker Pass Project is located in Humboldt County in northern Nevada, approximately 100 kilometers (km) north-northwest of Winnemucca, approximately 33 km west-northwest of Orovada, Nevada, and 33 km due south of the Oregon border. It is situated within 44 North (T44N), Range 34 East (R34E), and within portions of Sections 1 and 12; T44N, R35E within portions of Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17; and T44N, R36E, within portions of Sections 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 29, and encompasses approximately 4,236 hectares (ha).
The book value for the property and its associated plant and equipment was $3.9 million as of December 31, 2022, and the book value for exploration and evaluation assets was $9.5 million as of December 31, 2022.
For more information, see Exhibit 15.1, "Preliminary Feasibility Study S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary for the Thacker Pass Project Humboldt County, Nevada, USA," effective December 31, 2022, prepared for LAC by M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation, EXP U.S. Services Inc., Process Engineering LLC, NewFields Mining Design & Technical Services, Wood Canada Limited, Piteau Associates, Sawtooth, a subsidiary of The North American Coal Corporation (NAC), which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of NACCO Industries, Inc. and Industrial TurnAround Corporation, each of which are independent companies and not associates or affiliates of LAC or any associated company of LAC.
The Thacker Pass Project is planned to be constructed in two phases. To support lithium carbonate production, Phase 1 will consist of a single sulfuric acid plant with a nominal production rate of 3,000 tonnes per day sulfuric acid. The ramp up following Phase 1 to a targeted total production capacity of 80,000 tpa of lithium carbonate ("Phase 2") would begin three years later with the addition of a second sulfuric acid plant with an additional nominal production rate of 3,000 t/d.
Infrastructure and Accessibility. The Thacker Pass Project is located within the McDermitt Caldera in northwest Nevada. Access to the Thacker Pass Project is via the paved US Highway 95 and paved State Route 293; travel north on US-95 from Winnemucca, Nevada, for approximately 70 km to Orovada and then travel west-northwest on State Route 293 for 33 km toward Thacker Pass to the Thacker Pass Project site entrance. On-site access is via several gravel and dirt roads established during the exploration phase. The closest international airport is located in Reno, Nevada, approximately 370 km southwest of the Thacker Pass Project. The nearest railroad access is in Winnemucca, Nevada.
The layout contemplates a total of two new entrances and utilizing one existing entrance from SR-293 onto the Thacker Pass Project site. Electrical power for the project will be supplied by on-site power generation and via the grid connected to the nearby local electric utility cooperative, Harney Electric Cooperative (HEC) 115 kV transmission network. Raw water is sourced via aquifer-fed wells seven miles east of the processing plant. LAC believes that required personnel for the project would be available locally.
Property Rights. The Thacker Pass Project area encompasses approximately 4,236 ha within the Plan of Operations (PoO). The unpatented mining claims include approximately 22,400 ha. LAC owns 64.75 ha of private property in the Thacker Pass Project area. The total LAC controlled area with surface and mineral rights is approximately 22,465 ha.
Unpatented mining claims provide the holder with the rights to all locatable minerals on the relevant property, which includes lithium. The rights include the ability to use the claims for prospecting, mining or processing operations, and uses reasonably incident thereto, along with the right to use so much of the surface as may be necessary for such purposes or for access to adjacent land. This interest in the unpatented mining claims remains subject to the paramount title of the U.S. federal government. The holder of an unpatented mining claim maintains a perpetual entitlement to the UM Claim, provided it meets the obligations for maintenance of the UM Claims as required by the Mining Act of the United States of America and associated regulations. Currently, the principal obligation imposed on the holders of unpatented mining claims is to pay an annual maintenance fee, which represents payment in lieu of the assessment work required under the Mining Act. The annual fee of $165.00 per claim is payable to the BLM, Department of the Interior, Nevada, in addition to a fee of $12.00 per claim paid to the county recorder of the relevant county in Nevada where the unpatented mining claim is located.
Exploration and Drilling. Exploration programs have been carried out in the McDermitt Caldera since 1975. A collar survey was completed by LAC for the 2007-2008 drilling program using a Trimble GPS (Global Positioning System). The topographic surface of the Thacker Pass Project area was mapped by aerial photography dated July 6, 2010 for LAC using Trimble equipment for ground control. In addition to drilling in 2017, LAC conducted five seismic survey lines along a series of historical drill holes to test the survey method's accuracy and resolution in identifying clay interfaces.
Prior owners and operators of the property did not conduct any commercial lithium production from the property.
LAC Drill Holes Provided in Current Database for the Thacker Pass Deposit
Drilling Campaign | Number Drilled | Type | Hole IDs in Database | Number used in Geological Model |
Chevron | 24 | Rotary | PC-84-001 through PC-84-012, PC-84-015 through PC-84-026 |
0 |
1 | Core | PC-84-014c | 0 | |
LAC 2007-2010 | 230 | HQ Core | WLC-001 through WLC-037, WLC-040 through WLC-232 | 227 |
7 | PQ Core | WPQ-001 through WPQ-007 | 0 | |
5 | HQ Core | Li-001 through Li-005 | 0 | |
8 | RC | TP-001 through TP-008 | 0 | |
2 | Sonic | WSH-001 through WSH-002 | 0 | |
LAC 2017-2018 | 144 | HQ Core | LNC-001 through LNC-144 | 139 |
Notes: Holes WLC-040, WLC-076, WLC-183, LNC-002, LNC-012, LNC-081, LNC-083, and LNC-110 were not used in the Resource Estimate due to proximity to other core holes.
Past and modern drilling results show lithium grade ranging from 2,000 parts per million ("ppm") to 8,000 ppm lithium over great lateral extents among drill holes. There is a fairly continuous high-grade sub-horizontal clay horizon that exceeds 5,000 ppm lithium across the Thacker Pass Project area. This horizon averages 1.47 m thick with an average depth of 56 m down hole. The lithium grade for several meters above and below the high-grade horizon typically ranges from 3,000 ppm to 5,000 ppm lithium. The bottom of the deposit is well defined by a hydrothermally altered oxidized ash and sediments that contain less than 500 ppm lithium, and often sub-100 ppm lithium (HPZ). All drill holes except two, are vertical which represent the down hole lithium grades as true-thickness and allows for accurate resource estimation. The Chevron holes were not used for the resource reporting but as a general guide for exploration planning since these holes primary focus was on uranium and not lithium
Geology. The Thacker Pass Project is located within an extinct 40x30 km supervolcano named McDermitt Caldera, which was formed approximately 16.3 million years ago (Ma) as part of a hotspot currently underneath the Yellowstone Plateau. Following an initial eruption and concurrent collapse of the McDermitt Caldera, a large lake formed in the caldera basin. This lake water was extremely enriched in lithium and resulted in the accumulation of lithium-rich clays.
Late volcanic activity uplifted the caldera, draining the lake and bringing the lithium-rich moat sediments to the surface resulting in the near- surface lithium deposit which is the subject of the Thacker Pass Project.
The Thacker Pass Deposit sits sub-horizontally beneath a thin alluvial cover and is partially exposed at the surface. The sedimentary section consists of alternating layers of claystone and volcanic ash. Basaltic lavas occur intermittently within the sedimentary sequence. The moat sedimentary section at the Thacker Pass Project site overlies the indurated intra-caldera Tuff of Long Ridge. A zone of silicified sedimentary rock, the Hot Pond Zone (HPZ), occurs at the base of the sedimentary section above the Tuff of Long Ridge.
Clay in the Thacker Pass Deposit includes two distinct types of clay mineral, smectite and illite. Smectite clay occurs at relatively shallow depths in the deposit and contains roughly 2,000 - 4,000 parts per million (ppm) lithium. Higher lithium contents (commonly 4,000 ppm lithium or greater) are typical for illite clay which occurs at relatively moderate to deep depths and contain values approaching 9,000 ppm lithium in terms of whole-rock assay.
Lithium enrichment (>1,000 ppm) in the Thacker Pass Deposit and deposits of the Montana Mountains occur throughout the caldera lake sedimentary sequence above the intra-caldera Tuff of Long Ridge. The exact cause for the lithium enrichment in the caldera lake sediments is still up for debate. The presence of sedimentary carbonate minerals and magnesium-smectite (hectorite) throughout the lake indicates that the clays formed in a basic, alkaline, closed hydrologic system.
Encumbrances and Permitting. There are no identified significant encumbrances that would prevent LAC from achieving all permits and authorizations required to commence construction and operation of the Thacker Pass Project based on the data that has been collected to date. LAC is approved by the BLM and the NDEP-BMRR to conduct mineral exploration activities at the Thacker Pass Project site in accordance with Permit No. N85255. LAC has either completed or initiated the process to obtain all major necessary federal, state, and local regulatory agency permits and approvals for further advancement of the Thacker Pass Project.
Royalties
The Thacker Pass Project is subject to a gross revenue royalty on the Thacker Pass Project in the amount of 8% until aggregate royalty payments equaling $22 million have been paid, at which time the royalty will be reduced to 4.0% of gross revenue on all minerals mined, produced or otherwise recovered. The royalty was granted to MF2, LLC (“Orion”), a subsidiary of Orion Mine Fine Finance (Master) Fund I LP (f/k/a RK Mine Financine (Master) Fund II L.P.) in 2013. Orion subsequently transferred 60% of the royalty to Alnitak Holdings, LLC (together with Orion, the “Royalty Holders”). LAC can at any time elect to reduce the rate of the royalty to 1.75% on notice and payment of $22 million to the Royalty Holders.
Mineral Resource and Reserve Estimates
Mineral Resources
For the determination of reasonable prospects for economic extraction, the qualified person utilized a cutoff grade (CoG) for lithium ppm with inputs rounded from the financial model and expected metallurgical performance over the expected 40-year Life of Mine ("LOM") plan. The resulting lithium cutoff grade is 1,047 ppm and is applied to the pit optimization process to develop the economic resource pit.
Cutoff Grade Inputs
Item | Units | Value |
Li2CO3 Price | $/t | 22,000 |
Convert Li2CO3 to Li | 5.323 | |
Li Price | $/t | 117,040 |
Royalties (GRR) | % | 1.75 |
Royalties (GRR) | $/t | 2,048 |
Metallurgical Recovery | % | 73.5 |
Price per Recovered tonne Lithium | $/t | 84,519 |
Mining Cost | $/t | 8.50 |
Processing Cost | $/t | 80.00 |
Operating Cost per tonne | $/t | 88.50 |
Note:
- Cost estimates are as of Q3 2022 (Section 18 of the Thacker Pass 1300 Report)
- Lithium price estimate is as of Q2 2022 (Section 16 of the Thacker Pass 1300 Report)
A resource constraining pit shell has been derived from performing a pit optimization calculation using Vulcan Software. The pit optimization utilized the inputs from the following table and the lithium cutoff grade of 1,047 ppm to determine the constraining resource pit shell.
Pit Optimizer Parameters
Parameter | Unit | Value |
Li2CO3 Price | $/t | 22,000 |
Li Price | $/t | 117,040 |
Processing Cost (Feed - $0.98 and Processing - $80.00) | $/t ROM | 80.98 |
Metallurgical Recovery | % | 73.5 |
Mining Cost for Mill Feed | $/t | 3.67 |
Mining Cost for Waste and Topsoil (No D&B) | $/t | 2.53 |
Mining Cost for Basalt (Included D&B) | $/t | 3.76 |
Mining Recovery Factor | % | 100 |
Royalties (GRR) | $/t | 2,048 |
Pit Wall Slope Factor | % | 27 |
Note:
- Cost estimates are as of Q3 2022
- Lithium price estimate is as of Q2 2022
See Section 11 of the Thacker Pass 1300 Report for more information regarding the key assumptions, parameters and methods.
Mineral Resources Estimate as of December 31, 2022
Category | Tonnage (Mt) |
Average Li (ppm) |
Lithium Carbonate Equivalent (Mt) |
Metallurgical Recovery (%) |
Measured | 325.2 | 1,990 | 3.4 | 73.5 |
Indicated | 895.2 | 1,820 | 8.7 | 73.5 |
Measured & Indicated | 1,220.4 | 1,860 | 12.1 | 73.5 |
Inferred | 297.2 | 1,870 | 3.0 | 73.5 |
Notes:
1. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability, and there is no certainty that all or any part of such Mineral Resources will be converted into Mineral Reserves.
2. Mineral Resources are in-situ and exclusive of 217.3 million metric tonnes (Mt) of Mineral Reserves
3. Mineral Resources are reported using an economic break-even formula: "Operating Cost per Resource Tonne"/"Price per Recovered Tonne Lithium" * 10^6 = ppm Li Cutoff. "Operating Cost per Resource Tonne" = $88.50, "Price per Recovered Tonne Lithium" is estimated: ("Lithium Carbonate Equivalent (LCE) Price" * 5.323 *(1 - "Royalties") * "Recovery". Variables are "LCE Price" = $22,000/tonne Li2CO3, "Royalties" = 1.75% and "Metallurgical Recovery" = 73.5%.
4. Resources presented at a cutoff grade of 1,047 ppm Li.
5. A resource economical pit shell has been derived from performing a pit optimization estimation using Vulcan software.
6. The conversion factor for lithium to LCE is 5.323.
7. Applied density for the mineralization is 1.79 t/m3 (Section 8.4 of the Thacker Pass 1300 Report).
8. Measured Mineral Resources are in blocks estimated using at least six drill holes and eighteen samples within a 262 m search radius in the horizontal plane and 5 m in the vertical direction; Indicated Mineral Resources are in blocks estimated using at least two drill holes and six to eighteen samples within a 483 m search radius in the horizontal plane and 5 m in the vertical direction; and Inferred Mineral Resources are blocks estimated with at least two drill holes and three to six samples within a search radius of 722 m in the horizontal plane and 5 m in the vertical plane.
9. Tonnages and grades have been rounded to accuracy levels deemed appropriate by the qualified person. Summation errors due to rounding may exist.
Mineral Reserves
The Mineral Reserves estimate for the Thacker Pass Deposit are based on an approved permitted pit shell developed in 2019 for the Environmental Impact Statement (the "EIS"). The pit shell was developed using Vulcan's Pit Optimization and Automated Pit Developer. The EIS pit area was limited by a few physical boundaries, including:
The west boundary was limited by the Thacker Pass Creek.
A limit line was set to keep the pit shell from breaking into the water shed.
The northern boundary was predominately limited by the Montana Mountains.
The east and south boundaries were limited by mine facilities, waste facilities, process plant, and SR 293.
Pit Optimizer Parameters
Parameter | Unit | Value |
Li2CO3 | US$/t | 5,400 |
Ore Processing Cost | US$/t ROM | 55.00 |
Process Recovery | % | 84 |
Mining Cost for Ore | US$/t | 2.80 |
Mining Recovery Factor | % | 95 |
Note:
- Cost estimates and Lithium price are as of 2018
The Mineral Reserves are a modified subset of the Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources. A cutoff grade variable of kilograms of lithium extracted per run-of-mine (ROM) tonne was used to develop the Mineral Reserves for a 40-year mine plan producing a total LOM plant leach ore feed of 154.2 million dry tonnes. The leach ore feed is the ROM ore dry less the ash dry tonnes. The cutoff grade variable, kilograms of lithium extracted per tonne of ROM feed, is estimated using formulas and variables developed by LAC and is applied to each individual block of the geologic block model. The cutoff grade estimation is 1.533 kg of lithium recovered per tonne of ROM feed.
Overall reserve ore and waste tonnages are modeled using Maptek's geologic software package.
Waste consists of various types of material, including basalt, volcanic ash, alluvium and clay that does not meet the ore definition or the cutoff grade described above.
See Section 12 of the Thacker Pass 1300 Report for more information regarding the key assumptions, parameters and methods.
The classified Mineral Reserves are summarized in the table below for the 40-year permitted pit. This estimate uses a maximum ash percent cutoff of 85% and a cutoff grade of 1.533 kg of lithium extracted per tonne of ROM feed. Additionally, a 95% mining recovery factor is applied. A dilution percentage was not applied.
Mineral Reserves Estimate as of December 31, 2022
Category | Tonnage (Mt) |
Average Li (ppm) |
Lithium Carbonate Equivalent Mined (Mt) |
Proven | 192.9 | 3,180 | 3.3 |
Probable | 24.4 | 3,010 | 0.4 |
Proven and Probable | 217.3 | 3,160 | 3.7 |
Note:
1. Mineral Reserves have been converted from measured and indicated Mineral Resources within the pre-feasibility study and have demonstrated economic viability.
2. Reserves presented at an 85% maximum ash content and a cut-off grade of 1.533 kg of lithium extracted per tonne run of mine feed. A sales price of $5,400 US$/t of Li2CO3 was utilized in the pit optimization resulting in the generation of the reserve pit shell in 2019. Overall slope of 27 degrees was applied. For bedrock material pit slope was set at 47 degrees. Mining and processing cost of $57.80 per tonne of ROM feed, a processing recovery factor of 84%, and royalty cost of 1.75% were additional inputs into the pit optimization.
3. A LOM plan was developed based on equipment selection, equipment rates, labor rates, and plant feed and reagent parameters. All Mineral Reserves are within the LOM plan. The LOM plan is the basis for the economic assessment within the Thacker Pass TR, which is used to show economic viability of the Mineral Reserves.
4. Applied density for the ore is 1.79 t/m3 (Section 8.4 of the Thacker Pass 1300 Report)
5. Lithium Carbonate Equivalent is based on in-situ LCE tonnes with 95% recovery factor.
6. Tonnages and grades have been rounded to accuracy levels deemed appropriate by the qualified person. Summation errors due to rounding may exist.
7. The reference point at which the Mineral Reserves are defined is at the point where the ore is delivered to the run-of-mine feeder.
Mining Operations
The shallow and massive nature of the deposit makes it amenable to open-pit mining methods. The mining method assumes hydraulic excavators loading a fleet of end dump trucks. This truck/excavator fleet will develop several offset benches to maintain geotechnically stable highwall slopes. These benches will also enable the mine to have multiple grades of ore exposed at any given time, allowing flexibility to deliver and blend ore as needed.
Pit Design
A highwall slope-stability study was completed by Barr Engineering Co. ("BARR") in December 2019. BARR conducted geotechnical drilling, testing, and analysis to assess the geology and ground conditions. Core samples were obtained to determine material characteristics and strength properties. A minimum factor-of-safety value of 1.20 is generally acceptable for active open pit walls. However, given the possibility of long-term exposure of pit slopes in clay geological formations, a value of 1.30 was incorporated into the design for intermediate and overall slope stability.
The geotechnical analysis indicates that the geology is generally uniform across the Thacker Pass Project site. The competence of the in-situ material in conjunction with the use of the proposed highwall angles meets or exceeds the minimum recommended factor-of-safety values for intermediate and overall slope configurations.
A bench width of 50 m and a height of 5 m was chosen. This face height is amenable to efficient loading operations while still shallow enough to allow for the removal of thicker barren horizons within the cut to minimize dilution. Double benching and increasing the bench height to 10 m before implementing offsets, will be used to increase mining depths while maintaining the inter-ramp slope requirements.
Mine Plan
The initial cut location is at the mouth of the valley entering the west area. The haul road will enter the initial cut area at the 1,540 m level. From the initial cut, mining advancement prioritized five objectives: (1) recover all ore, (2) deliver a blend of illite and smectite ore to the beneficiation circuit, (3) provide higher grade ore early in the Thacker Pass Project life, (4) facilitate placement of waste into the previously mined pit area as soon as feasible, and (5) mine the entirety of the permitted pit area. This required initial pit advancement to first expose the west and south walls. Mining will then advance north toward the Montana Mountains and finally finish to the east.
Mining Operations
Waste removal and ore removal will be done using two hydraulic excavators and a fleet of end dump trucks. The end dump truck fleet will haul the ore to the ROM stockpile and the waste will be hauled either to the West Waste Rock Storage Facility or placed in previously mined sections of the pit. The end dump truck fleet will also be used to haul coarse gangue and attrition scrubber reject materials.
The annual production rate for the 40-year mine is based on varying plant feed leach ore rates caused by the availability of sulfuric acid for the leaching process. Phase I (years 1-3) has an annual feed rate of 1.7 million dry tonnes of ore to leach and Phase 2 (years 4-40) has 4.0 million dry tonnes of ore to leach.
Due to the sequence of mining, the majority of in-pit ramps will be temporary. Additionally, cross-pit ramping will be utilized from load face to the in-pit waste dump as well as access to the main haul road. The cross-pit ramps will be dumped using waste material. As the pit advances, portions of the in-pit ramp will be excavated to allow mining access to the lower mining faces. Removal of portions of the in-pit ramp will be considered rehandle and is accounted for in the total waste removed.
Equipment Selection
Equipment selection was based on the annual quantities of material required to be mined. The qualified person consulted Caterpillar, Komatsu, and Liebherr to determine the best fleet size. After reviewing various options, 91-tonne class end dump trucks loaded by two 18-tonne class hydraulic excavators in five passes were selected. The excavators will be used to load two types of ore as well as the waste material. They will be staged to minimize movement between the multiple required dig faces. The trucks can easily be assigned or re-assigned to either machine to maintain maximum production depending on excavator downtime, changes in required material to be hauled, and haul cycle times. The excavators and trucks will be equipped with buckets and bodies specifically designed for the density of the material at the Thacker Pass Project.
Major Equipment Specifications
Equipment | Class | Quantity | Usage |
Hydraulic Excavator | 18 tonne | 2 | Waste and Ore Removal |
End Dump Trucks | 91 tonne | 12 | Ore, Waste, Attrition Scrubber Reject |
Wheel Loader | 23 tonne | 1 | Coarse Gangue, Ore, Waste, Attrition Scrubber Reject, Ore Feed |
Track Dozer | 475 HP | 5 | Ore, Waste, Coarse Gangue, Ore Feed |
Grader | 350 HP | 3 | All areas |
Water Truck (Primary) | 53k Liter | 2 | Dust Suppression, All areas |
Water Truck (Secondary) | 30k Liter | 1 | Dust Suppression, All areas |
Wheel Dozer | 500 HP | 1 | Coarse Gangue, Ore, Waste |
Personnel Requirements
Four crews will be utilized to cover the 168 hours per week rotating operating schedule. A Monday through Friday schedule has been included for management and technical service positions. It is assumed that local talent will be available and no fly-in-fly-out adjustments have been included. The positions included in the labor are listed in the table below. Positions listed are for mining operations including waste and ore, attrition scrubber reject, and coarse gangue.
Personnel List
Position | Roster | No. Employed |
Management | ||
Mine Manager | M-F | 1 |
Technical Services | ||
Mining Engineers | M-F | 3 |
Engineer Tech | M-F | 1 |
Geologist | M-F | 1 |
Operations | ||
Supervisors | M-S | 3-4 |
Equipment Operators | 73-115 | |
Maintenance | ||
Maintenance Planner | M-F | 1 |
Supervisors | M-S | 2-4 |
Mechanics/Welders | 23-37 | |
Electricians | 1 | |
Administrative | ||
Business Manager | M-F | 1 |
Accountant | M-F | 1 |
Administrative / AP Clerk | M-F | 1 |
Human Resources/Safety Supervisor | M-F | 1 |
Drilling and Blasting
The reports titled "Factual Geotechnical Investigation Report for Mine Pit Area" (March 2018) completed by Worley Parsons and the "Prefeasibility Level Geotechnical Study Report" (May 2011) completed by AMEC were used to determine the ability to mine without blasting. The uniaxial compressive strength ("UCS") test results in the AMEC data range from essentially 0 to 55.4 MPa. The UCS test results in the Worley Parsons data range from 0.61 to 21.82 MPa with an average of 7.7 MPa. The range of UCS results is within the cutting range of the excavator.
Based on reported test results, exploratory drill logs, and actual excavation of a test pit, only the basalt is expected to require blasting. However, there are bands of hard ash which may require ripping with a dozer prior to loading. The remaining waste and ore can be free dug with the hydraulic excavators. Due to the infrequency of blasting, a third-party contractor will be used for the drilling and blasting on an as needed basis.
Dewatering
During the 40-year mining period, it is anticipated that appreciable groundwater is not likely in the mining operations. This assumption is based on a November 2019 report by Piteau Associates. The regional groundwater table is expected to be encountered in approximately year 15 of mining. Groundwater discharge into the pit is not expected to be more than approximately 23 m3/h (100 gpm) at peak. Dewatering wells are not anticipated to be required for these minor discharge rates. Any water encountered in the pit will be collected in sumps and utilized for in-pit dust control.
Processing and Recovery Operations
The Mineral Reserves are comprised of two main types of lithium bearing clay, smectite and illite, with volcanic ash and other gangue minerals mixed throughout. Both types of clay will be processed simultaneously, with a plant feed blend maintained from two separate stockpiles for each clay type. The ore will be upgraded using a wet attrition scrubbing process followed by two classification stages to remove coarse material with low lithium content, referred to as coarse gangue. The upgraded ore slurry will be processed in a leach circuit using sulfuric acid to extract the lithium from the lithium-bearing clay. The lithium-bearing solution will then be purified primarily by using crystallizers and precipitation reagents to produce battery grade lithium carbonate. Leach residue will be washed, filtered, and stacked in a tailing facility.
The Thacker Pass Project will be constructed in two phases. Lithium carbonate production during Phase 1 is designed for a nominal 40,000 t per annum capacity while Phase 2 will double design capacity to a nominal 80,000 t per annum. The process plant will operate 24 hours/day, 365 days/year with an overall availability of 92% and a mine life of 40 years. The total amount of material processed in the mine plan is 217.3 Mt (dry). The most tonnes planned for a single year are 6.7 Mt (dry) in Year 8.
The recovery process consists of the following primary circuits:
Comminution
Attrition Scrubbing
Classification
Solid-Liquid Separation (Thickening and Dewatering)
Leaching
Neutralization
Counter Current Decantation and Filtration
Magnesium, Calcium and Boron Removal
Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) production
1st Stage Lithium Carbonate Crystallization
Bicarbonation
2nd Stage Lithium Carbonate Crystallization
Sodium Sulfate and Potassium Sulfate Crystallization zero liquid discharge ("ZLD")
A simplified process flowsheet is provided in the figure below.
Overall Simplified Process Flowsheet
In beneficiation, ROM ore is crushed then mixed with water and fed to unit operations designed to liberate lithium bearing clay from gangue material. The clay is separated from coarse gangue in classification, with coarse gangue being stockpiled and eventually used as pit backfill material. The clay fines are then sent to the first dewatering (thickening) stage. These circuits are located close to the pit. The slurry is then pumped downgradient to a second stage of dewatering (decanter centrifuging). The resulting slurry is fed to the processing plant.
The dewatered slurry is mixed with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) from the acid plant, leaching lithium and other constituents into solution. Acid availability determines leach feed rates, which in turn determines ore mining rates. The free acid contained in the resultant leached residue is neutralized with both a slurry of ground limestone and a magnesium hydroxide slurry from the magnesium precipitation circuit. The neutralized slurry is sent to a CCD circuit to recover residual lithium bearing solution and then fed to recessed chamber filter presses. The filter cake is then conveyed to the clay tailings filter stack ("CTFS") as waste material for stacking.
The filtrate is sent to magnesium and calcium removal circuits where first the bulk of the magnesium is crystallized as MgSO4*xH2O salts, removed via centrifugation, and conveyed to the CTFS. Any remaining magnesium in the brine is then precipitated with milk-of-lime and separated by recessed chamber membrane filter presses. The precipitated solids are repulped and recycled back to neutralization (as stated above), eventually leaving the process with neutralized filter cake. The calcium in the liquor is removed via soda ash addition, and an ion exchange polishing step brings the divalent cation concentration to very low levels. This lithium-bearing brine is fed to the Li2CO3 production circuit where soda ash is used to precipitate lithium carbonate. A bicarbonation step is used to further remove impurities from the Li2CO3 crystals.
The final Li2CO3 crystal product is separated via centrifugation then sent to drying, micronization, cooling, dry vibrating magnetic filtration and packaging. Mother liquor from the Li2CO3 crystallizers is sent to the ZLD crystallizer to remove Na and K as sulfate salts. The salts are sent to the CTFS while lithium remaining in the concentrate is recycled back to the front of the Li2CO3 circuit and recovered.
Process design criteria were developed by the Company's process engineering group based on in-house and vendor test results that were incorporated into the process modelling software Aspen Plus® to generate a steady-state material and energy balance. This data and criteria below were used as nominal values for equipment design/sizing. The design basis for the beneficiation facility is to process an average ROM throughput rate during Phase 1 of about 3.3 M dry tonnes per year equivalent to about 9,015 dry t/d of feed (including a 99% plant availability). Throughput from the mine to the crushing plant is targeted based on an average rejection rate of 34% of the ROM material based on low lithium content in coarse material. With approximately 6,436 dry t/d feed rate (including a 92% plant availability) to the leach plant and recoveries for the Thacker Pass Project, the design basis results in an estimated production rate of approximately 110 t/d (40,187 t/a) of battery grade lithium carbonate.
Infrastructure, Permitting and Compliance Activities
Infrastructure and Logistics
The Thacker Pass Project is planned to be constructed in two phases. Phase 1 will consist of a single sulfuric acid plant with a nominal production rate of 3,000 tonnes per day sulfuric acid. Phase 2 will begin three years later with the addition of a second sulfuric acid plant with an additional nominal production rate of 3,000 t/d. Mined material and tailings will be moved by conveyors and trucks.
Process Plant General Arrangement
A portion of the process facilities encompassing mineral beneficiation and classification is located due east of the Mine Service Area near the ore body. This area includes the ROM pad, feeder breakers and mineral sizers, log washing and attrition scrubbing. Additionally, the front end of the classification circuit is located on this pad and consists of the hydrocyclone cluster, hydraulic classifiers, thickening and coarse gangue discharge and stacking system.
The remainder of the process plant is located approximately 2 miles east. The slurry is transferred to the downstream plant via a pipeline and trench along the southern edge of the haul road. Product flows are generally clockwise starting in the western edge of the upper third zone of the layout. The remainder of the classification (centrifuges), leach, and neutralization circuits begin the process flow on this site. Next the solution is sent to the CCD circuit before being sent to the filtration area located on the northeastern side. Magnesium removal continues south to a central section of the plant before flowing west to calcium precipitation, calcium and boron ion exchange, evaporation, and lithium carbonate production followed by ZLD crystallization. The packaging system, along with the warehouse, are immediately west of the lithium carbonate plant to minimize product transfer distance. The sulfuric acid plant is situated in the southern third of the layout in recognition of prevailing winds. The traffic flow is largely one-way counter clockwise on the site perimeter with maintenance access between major process areas.
Reagents, Consumables and Shipping
Limestone, quicklime, flocculant, and soda ash reagents are delivered to the processing plant in solid form via trucks while liquid sulfur, propane, carbon dioxide, ferric sulfate, caustic soda, and hydrochloric acid are delivered as liquids, also by trucks.
Gasoline, on and off highway diesel along with typical plant warehouse deliveries have been kept to the western portion of the plant with direct access from the main entry minimizing delivery truck exposure to the site. The large equipment warehouse house is located directly south of these facilities.
Battery-grade lithium carbonate is packaged in bags and flexible intermediate bulk containers, and stored in a warehouse on the west side which is collocated with the plant warehouse.
Ancillary Buildings
The main administration office building and analytical laboratory are located in the southwest corner of the process plant site with direct access from the highway and from the main security entrance. The administration building houses a change room, shift change area, medical areas as well as office space. A helipad is situated near to the administrative office area and the security entrance for ready access. A mill maintenance building is planned on the northeast corner of the plant in close proximity to the filtration building. Two control buildings have been provided. The main plant control building is centrally located for ease of access to the majority of the process plant site. A dedicated sulfuric acid plant control building has been provided within the sulfuric acid plant area. Lastly a small control building is planned at the mineral beneficiation area to manage the crushing, attrition, and front end of the classification unit operations.
Site Access
The Thacker Pass Project envisions improving the junction of US-95 and SR-293 to improve and handle the planned traffic flow. The plant development contemplates a total of three new entrances and utilizes one existing entrance from SR-293 onto the Thacker Pass Project site.
Raw Material Logistics
Raw materials for the Thacker Pass Project are to be delivered to the site by over highway trucks during the life of mine. A local rail-to-truck transloading facility located in Winnemucca will allow for transfer of most raw materials for delivery to the Thacker Pass Project site. A summary of the primary raw materials to be used during operations, and their logistics, is shown below in tabular form. This will include the limestone grinding and storage facility, soda ash transloading facility and the sulfur transloading facility. The cost per tonne of the raw material is included in the Operating Costs for the consumables.
Life of Mine Primary Raw Material Logistics Scheme
Raw Material |
Description | Approximate Truck Loads per Day |
Liquid Sulfur | Includes unloading, storage, and delivery to the plant via 39-tonne tanker from a transloading facility in Winnemucca, NV. | 47 |
Soda Ash | Includes unloading, storage, and delivery to the plant via 39-tonne trailer from a transloading facility in Winnemucca, NV. | 18 |
Quicklime | Includes unloading, storage, and delivery to the plant via 39-tonne trailer from Savage transloading facility in Golconda, NV. Optionally, may be shipped to site from a transloading facility in Winnemucca, NV with minor capital improvements. | 10 |
Limestone | Includes operation of in-pit primary crusher, delivery to the process plant via 39-tonne trailer and secondary limestone crushing/screening/grinding plant at process plant. | 31 |
Fuel | Includes diesel, unleaded gasoline, propane and their unloading, and delivery to the plant via 10,000 or 12,500 gallon trailer to site. Optionally, may be shipped to site from a transloading facility in Winnemucca, NV. | >1 |
Other | Includes delivery to the plant via 21-tonne trailer of Ferric Sulfate, Hydrochloric Acid, Caustic Soda, and Flocculant direct to site. Optionally, may be shipped to site from a transloading facility in Winnemucca, NV with minor capital improvements. | >6 |
Power Supply
Electrical power for the Thacker Pass Project will be supplied by on-site power generation and via the grid connected to the nearby local electric utility cooperative, Harney Electric Cooperative ("HEC") 115 kV transmission network. The Thacker Pass Project will generate a portion of the steady- state power demand via Steam Turbine Generators driven by steam produced by the sulfuric acid plant. The remainder of steady-state loads and any peaks will be serviced by power purchased from HEC.
Sulfuric Acid Production
The sulfuric acid plants for the Thacker Pass Project are Double Contact Double Absorption (DCDA) sulfur burning sulfuric acid plants with heat recovery systems. The plants sizing was maximized based upon the use of single pieces of equipment such as a single blower train instead of two operating in parallel, and a single waste heat boiler to optimize production versus capital.
Phase 1 and Phase 2 will each have a single sulfuric acid plant capable of producing nominal 3,000 t/d (100 weight % H2SO4 basis) of sulfuric acid by burning liquid elemental sulfur. Sulfur is delivered to site by truck and is unloaded by gravity into a single Sulfur Unloading Pit which provides sulfur to both sulfuric acid plants. The sulfuric acid generated from each plant is used in the process plant for the chemical production of lithium carbonate. The total annual operating days is based upon expected scheduled and unscheduled maintenance. Acid production is a function of the plant's nominal capacity and production over Design Capacity with production efficiency of the equipment decreasing over a three-year period until scheduled maintenance occurs. Each sulfuric acid plant has two Liquid Sulfur Storage Tanks with a combined storage capacity of 28 days. The sulfur is transferred from the tanks to the Sulfur Feed Pit and from there to the Sulfur Furnace.
Water Source
The existing Quinn Raw Water Well has been tested and is able to sustain 908 m3/h (4,000 gpm) which satisfies the expected average demand servicing all potable, mining and process flow streams for Phase 2. A backup well is being installed one mile west of the existing production well to maintain a constant supply of water if one well pump is down for maintenance or repairs. A test well for the back-up well was completed in February 2023, and drilling of the backup production well is taking place in March 2023.
Waste Rock and Tailings
The table below shows a summary of the volumes contained in each storage facility and the estimated volume of each facility at the end of the 40- year mine life.
Design and Requirement Volumes for Stockpiles and Facilities (Millions of Cubic Yards)
Facility Name | Design Storage Mm3 (MCY) |
40 Year LOM Required Storage Mm3 (MCY) |
West Waste Rock Storage Facility (WRSF) | 21.3 (27.9) | 20.2 (26.4) |
East Waste Rock Storage Facility (WRSF) | 16.3 (21.3) | 0 (0) |
Coarse Gangue Stockpile (CGS) | 17.5 (22.9) | 17.5 (22.9) |
Growth Media Stockpiles (GMS) | 12.3 (16.1) | 5.0 (6.6) |
Clay Tailings Filter Stack (CTFS) | 266.9 (349.1) | 250.7 (327.9) |
All facilities have expansion potential. |
Note: Storage quantities largely determined by short-term processing requirements or surface area mined, and thus are not reassessed for the 25- year case separately.
Clay Tailings and Salt Storage
Lithium processing will produce tailings comprised of acid leach residue filter cake (clay material), magnesium sulfate salt and sodium/potassium sulfate salts, which is collectively referred to as clay tailings. The clay tailings strategy is based on consideration of the following aspects of the site plan:
Adoption of filtered stack method of clay tailings disposal, referred to as the Clay Tailings Filter Stack ("CTFS").
Fully contained high density polyethylene ("HDPE") lined facility for permanent storage of clay tailings.
Site selection for the CTFS: the selected location is on relatively flat terrain within the mineral claim area for proper containment, while maintaining close proximity to the process plant.
Surface water management to minimize water entering the tailings area.
Placement of clay tailings, otherwise termed as "filtered tailings," differs from conventional slurry tailings methodology and typically has higher operating costs but with the benefit of improved stability and reduced water consumption. It is possible to reduce the tailings to a moisture content amenable to placement in the CTFS.
At the end of the leach neutralization process cycle, water from the clay tailings is recovered by solid-liquid separation (dewatering), utilizing filter presses. The filtered tailings are then transported by conveyor to the HDPE lined CTFS facility. In this state, the filtered tailings can be spread, scarified, air dried (if required) and compacted in lifts similar to the practice for typical earth embankment construction.
Environmental Studies, Permitting, and Social or Community Impact
The Thacker Pass Project is located on public lands administered by the BLM. Construction of the Thacker Pass Project requires permits and approvals from various Federal, State, and local government agencies. The Thacker Pass Project has received all federal and state permits needed to commence construction.
The process for BLM authorization includes the submission of a proposed Mine Plan of Operations (PoO, previously defined) and Reclamation Plan for approval by the agency. The Company submitted the Thacker Pass Project Proposed PoO and Reclamation Plan Permit Application on August 1, 2019. The permit application was preceded by the Company's submission of baseline environmental studies documenting the collection and reporting of data for environmental, natural, and socio-economic resources used to support mine planning and design, impact assessment, and approval processes.
As part of the overall permitting and approval process, the BLM completed an analysis in accordance with the NEPA to assess the reasonably foreseeable impacts to the human and natural environment that could result from the implementation of Project activities. As the lead Federal regulatory agency managing the NEPA process, the BLM prepared and issued a Final Environmental Impact Statement ("FEIS"), on December 3, 2020. Following the issuance of the FEIS, BLM issued the EIS Record of Decision and Plan of Operations Approval on January 15, 2021. In addition, a detailed Reclamation Cost Estimate has been prepared and submitted to both the BLM and Nevada Division of Environmental Protection-Bureau of Mining, Regulation and Reclamation (the "NDEP-BMRR"). On October 28, 2021, the NDEP-BMRR approved the PoO with the issuance of draft Reclamation Permit 0415. On February 25, 2022, the NDEP-BMRR issued the final Reclamation Permit 0415. The BLM will require the placement of a financial guarantee (reclamation bond) to ensure that all disturbances from the mine and process site are reclaimed once mining concludes.
There are no identified issues that are expected to prevent the Company from achieving all permits and authorizations required to complete construction of and operate the Thacker Pass Project based on the data that has been collected to date.
Summary Schedule for Permitting, Approvals, and Construction
The Thacker Pass Project is being considered in two phases, lasting 40 years. The Company will utilize existing highways to service the Thacker Pass Project. The following is a summary schedule for permitting, approvals and construction:
Q3 2018 - Submitted Conceptual Mine Plan of Operations
Q3 2019 - Submitted Proposed Mine Plan of Operations and Reclamation Plan Permit Application, BLM deems the document technically complete
Q1 2020 - BLM published NOI to prepare an EIS in the Federal Register
Q1 2021 - Final EIS and Record of Decision issued by BLM
Q1 2022 - Issuance of final WPCP, Reclamation Permit, and Class II Air Quality Operating Permit
Q1 2023 - Initiate early-works construction
Q3-Q4 2023 - Initiate Plant Construction
Q1 2026 - Commissioning process plant, initiate mining
Community Engagement
The Company has developed a Community Engagement Plan, recognizing that the support of stakeholders is important to the success of the Thacker Pass Project. The Thacker Pass Project was designed to reflect information collected during numerous stakeholder meetings. The Community Engagement Plan is updated annually.
In connection with the Company's previously proposed Kings Valley Clay Mine Project (at Thacker Pass) and in coordination with the BLM, letters requesting consultation were sent to the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe and the Summit Lake Paiute Tribe on April 10, 2013. The BLM held consultation meetings with the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe on April 15, 2013 and the Summit Lake Paiute Tribe on April 20 and May 18, 2013.
As part of the Thacker Pass Project, the BLM Winnemucca District Office initiated the Native American Consultation process. Consultation regarding historic properties and locations of Native American Religious Concerns were conducted by the BLM via mail and personal correspondence in 2018 and 2019 pursuant to the NHPA and implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800 in compliance and accordance with the BLM-SHPO 2014 State Protocol Agreement. On July 29, 2020, the BLM Winnemucca District Office sent formal consultation letters to the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe, Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, Summit Lake Paiute Tribe, and Winnemucca Indian Colony. In late October 2020, letters were again sent by the BLM to several tribes asking for their assistance in identifying any cultural values, religious beliefs, sacred places and traditional places of Native American people which could be affected by BLM actions on public lands, and where feasible to seek opinions and agreement on measures to protect those tribal interests. As the lead federal agency, the BLM prepared the memorandum of agreement for the Thacker Pass Project and continues to facilitate all ongoing Project- related consultation.
Social or Community Impacts
During operations, it is expected that most employees will be sourced from the surrounding area, which already has established social and community infrastructure including housing, retail and commercial facilities such as stores and restaurants; and public service infrastructure including schools, medical and public safety departments and fire and police/sheriff departments.
Based on the Thacker Pass Projected mine life, the number of potential hourly and salaried positions, and the Thacker Pass Projected salary ranges, Project operations would have a long-term positive impact to direct, indirect, and induced local and regional economics. Phase 2 full production will require approximately 500 direct employees to support the Thacker Pass Project. An additional and positive economic benefit would be the creation of short-term positions for construction activities. It is estimated that approximately 1,000 temporary construction jobs will be created. Additional jobs will be created through ancillary and support services, such as transportation, maintenance, and supplies.
The Fort McDermitt Tribe is located approximately 56 km (35 miles) by road from the Thacker Pass Project site. The Company and the Tribe have devoted more than 20 meetings to focus on an agreement to solidify engagement and improvements at the Fort McDermitt community. A community benefits agreement was signed by the Company and the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone tribe in October 2022. The benefits agreement will provide infrastructure development, training and employment opportunities, support for cultural education and preservation, and synergistic business and contracting opportunities.
For nearly two years, the Company has met regularly with the community of Orovada, which is 19 km (12 miles) from the Thacker Pass Project site and is the closest community to the Thacker Pass Project. The purpose of the meetings was to identify community concerns and explore ways to address them. The meetings began informally and were open to the entire community. Eventually, the community formed a committee to work with the Company. A facilitator was hired to manage a process that focused on priority concerns and resolution. The committee and the Company have addressed issues such as the local K-8 school and determined that a new school should be built in Orovada. The community has agreed to a new location and the Company has worked with the BLM to secure the site for the Humboldt County School District. The Company has also completed a preliminary design for the school and is moving forward with detailed engineering and construction planning.
Capital and Operating Costs
Capital Cost Estimate
The capital cost estimate for the Thacker Pass Project covers post-sanction early works, mine development, mining, the process plant, the transload facility, commissioning and all associated infrastructure required to allow for successful construction and operations. The cost estimates presented in this section pertain to three categories of capital costs:
Phase 1 and Phase 2 Development capital costs
Phase 1 and Phase 2 Sustaining capital costs
Closure capital costs
Development capital costs include the EPCM estimate as well as the Company's estimate for the Company's scope costs. Sustaining capital costs for the Thacker Pass Project have been estimated and are primarily for continued development of the clay tailings filter stack and coarse gangue stockpile, mining activities, sulfuric acid plant, and plant and infrastructure sustaining capital expenditures.
Development capital costs commence with detailed engineering and site early works following project sanction by the owner and continue to mechanical completion and commissioning. Mining pre-production costs have been capitalized and are included under development capital. The capital costs for years after commencement of production are carried as sustaining capital. Pre-sanction costs from completion of the Thacker Pass 1300 Report to project sanction, including environmental impact assessments, permit approvals and other property costs are excluded from this report and these costs are not included in the development capital.
Direct costs include the costs of all equipment and materials and the associated contractors required to perform installation and construction. The contractor indirects are included in the direct cost estimate as a percent of direct labor cost. EPCM / Project indirects were detailed out in a resource plan to account for all identified costs, then budgeted as a percent of construction and equipment to be distributed through the process areas. In general, these costs include:
Installation contractor's mobilization, camp, bussing, meals, and temporary facilities & power
EPCM
Commissioning and Vendors
Contingency
Contract mining capital repayment includes the 60-month financed repayment of the miner's mobile equipment assets acquired prior to the start of operation.
The table below shows the development capital cost estimate developed for the Thacker Pass Project.
Development Capital Cost Estimate Summary
Description | Ph1 Costs (US$ M) | Ph2 Costs (US$ M) | Responsible |
Mine | |||
Equipment Capital (Contract Mining) | 0 | 0 | Sawtooth |
Mine Development | 51.1 | 26.3 | Sawtooth |
Contingency (13.1%) | 6.7 | 3.4 | Sawtooth |
Total Mine | 57.8 | 29.7 | |
Process Plant and Infrastructure | |||
Costs (Direct & Indirect) | 1,735.4 | 1,398.5 | M3/ITAC |
Contingency (13.1%) | 227.3 | 183.2 | M3/ITAC/EDG |
Total Process Plant and Infrastructure | 1,962.7 | 1,581.7 | |
Offsite - Transload Facility | |||
Costs (Direct & Indirect) | 69.0 | 27.1 | Owner/Savage |
Contingency (13.1%) | 9.0 | 3.5 | Owner/EDG |
Total Offsite - Transload Facility | 78.1 | 30.6 | |
Owner's Costs | |||
Costs | 149.8 | 75.6 | Owner |
Contingency (13.1%) | 19.6 | 9.9 | Owner/EDG |
Total Owner's Costs | 169.4 | 85.5 | |
TOTAL DEVELOPMENT CAPITAL | 2,268.0 | 1,727.5 |
Due to rounding, some totals may not correspond with the sum of the separate figures.
Sustaining Capital costs for the base case totaling US$1,510.2 million have been estimated over the LOM, as outlined in the table below, with the subsequent table showing sustaining capital for the first 25 years of the 40-year life of mine.
Sustaining Capital Estimate Summary (40-Year LOM - Base Case)
Description | *LOM Costs (US$ M) | Responsible |
Mine | ||
Equipment Capital | 264.3 | Sawtooth/M3 |
Mobile Equipment | ||
Equipment Capital | 26.6 | Owner |
Process Plant and Infrastructure | ||
Process Plant | 822.9 | Owner |
Sulfuric Acid Plant | 244.2 | EXP |
CTFS and CGS | 149.0 | Owner |
Offsite Transload Facility | ||
Transload Facility | 3.4 | Owner |
TOTAL SUSTAINING CAPITAL | 1,510.2 | |
Contract Mining Capital Repayment | 48.8 | Owner |
* Phase 2 capital costs are not included in sustaining costs |
The yearly summarized spend schedule, including sustaining and closure capital, is provided in the following table.
Capital Cost Spend Schedule
Operation Year |
-3 |
-2 |
-1 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11- |
16- |
21- |
26- |
31- |
36- |
40+ |
TOTAL |
15 |
20 |
25 |
30 |
35 |
40 |
||||||||||||||||
Development Capital Phase 1 (US$ M) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Mine Development |
4.6 |
27.2 |
24.9 |
1.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
57.8 |
Process Plant & Infrastructure |
157.0 |
922.5 |
844.0 |
39.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,962.7 |
Offsite Transload Facility |
6.2 |
36.7 |
33.6 |
1.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
78.1 |
Owner's Cost |
13.6 |
79.6 |
72.8 |
3.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
169.4 |
Development Capital Phase 2 (US$ M) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Mine Development |
|
|
|
2.4 |
14.0 |
12.8 |
0.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29.7 |
Process Plant & Infrastructure |
|
|
|
126.5 |
743.4 |
680.1 |
31.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,581.7 |
Offsite Transload Facility |
|
|
|
2.4 |
14.4 |
13.2 |
0.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30.6 |
Owner's Cost |
|
|
|
6.8 |
40.2 |
36.8 |
1.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
85.5 |
Operation Year |
-3 |
-2 |
-1 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11- |
16- |
21- |
26- |
31- |
36- |
40+ |
TOTAL |
15 |
20 |
25 |
30 |
35 |
40 |
||||||||||||||||
Sustaining Capital (US$ M) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Mine Equipment & Capital Recovery |
|
|
|
4.4 |
12.2 |
15.9 |
13.4 |
12.5 |
7.6 |
2.6 |
5.7 |
0.3 |
7.9 |
51.6 |
26.3 |
19.7 |
46.9 |
35.1 |
2.2 |
0.0 |
264.3 |
Mobile Equipment |
|
|
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
7.1 |
1.7 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
0.0 |
26.6 |
Process Plant |
|
|
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
4.4 |
30.5 |
191.6 |
555.0 |
37.2 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
822.9 |
Sulfuric Acid Plant |
|
|
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
2.3 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
0.0 |
5.1 |
2.6 |
22.3 |
26.0 |
41.6 |
33.7 |
48.9 |
56.8 |
0.0 |
244.2 |
CTFS and CGS |
|
|
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
4.4 |
22.9 |
24.3 |
15.6 |
16.6 |
20.4 |
16.4 |
0.0 |
149.0 |
Offsite Transload Facility |
|
|
|
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
3.4 |
Closure Costs (US$M) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Closure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
53.5 |
53.5 |
Annual Capital Expenditure |
181.4 |
1,066.0 |
975.2 |
187.9 |
824.2 |
761.6 |
48.0 |
19.6 |
17.5 |
10.5 |
12.8 |
11.1 |
16.4 |
109.0 |
109.2 |
273.6 |
656.8 |
145.8 |
79.2 |
53.5 |
5,559.2 |
Note: Due to rounding, some totals in this table may not correspond with the sum of the separate figures.
Closure Costs
Closure costs are estimated based upon necessary reclamation, remediation, and closure of the 40-year facility. These closure costs of $53.5M will be updated as operations continue, and concurrent reclamation takes place. Site overhead during closure will be a corporate cost.
Reclamation Costs
Category | Costs ($-M) |
Waste Rock Dumps | 12.72 |
Pit | 0.08 |
Haul Roads | 0.31 |
Access Roads | 0.10 |
Process Ponds | 3.47 |
Yards | 1.22 |
Growth Media Stockpile | 0.06 |
Landfills | 0 |
Foundations and Buildings | 8.99 |
Sediment Ponds | 0.03 |
Wells | 0.04 |
Monitoring Wells | 0.38 |
Waste Disposal | 12.29 |
Miscellaneous | 2.55 |
Equipment Removal | 0.42 |
Exploration Drillhole | 0 |
Exploration Roads and Pads | 0.12 |
Indirect Costs | 10.70 |
Total | $53.50 |
Operating Cost Estimate
Annual operating costs are summarized by operating area: Mine, Lithium Process Plant, Sulfuric Acid Plant, and General & Administrative. Operating costs in each area include labor, maintenance materials and supplies, raw materials, outside services, among others. The process operating costs are based on Q1-Q4 2022 pricing. Estimates are prepared on an annual basis and include all site-related operating costs associated with the production of lithium carbonate. All operating costs incurred from project award, up to but excluding commissioning, are deemed preproduction costs and have been included in the Capital Expenditures, as they are considered part of construction.
Operating Cost Estimate Summary (40-Year LOM - Base Case)
Area | Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product | Percent of Total |
Mine | 76.4 | 1,144 | 16% |
Lithium Process Plant | 214.6 | 3,213 | 45% |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant | 175.4 | 2,627 | 36% |
General & Administrative | 14.3 | 215 | 3% |
Total | $480.7 | $7,198 | 100% |
The following items are excluded from the Operating Cost estimate:
Cost escalation (due to quotes being refreshed in 2022)
Currency fluctuations
All costs incurred prior to commercial operations
Corporate office costs
First fills (included in Capital Expenditures),
Closure and reclamation costs post operations (concurrent reclamation is included)
Salvage value of equipment and infrastructure
Economic analysis
Based on Q2 - Q4 2022 pricing, the economic evaluation presents the after-tax net present value ("NPV"), payback period, and the after-tax internal rate of return ("IRR") for the Thacker Pass Project based on annual cash flow projections.
This economic analysis includes sensitivities to variations in selling prices, various operating costs, initial and sustaining capital costs, overall lithium production recovery, and discount rate. All cases assume maximum utilization of the acid plant's available acid and power, with lithium production fluctuating by year according to mine plan and plant performance as predicted by yearly heat/mass balance simulations in Aspen Plus®, conducted by the Company.
Production and Revenues
Phase 1 Project is designed for a nominal production rate of 40,000 tpa of lithium carbonate and begins production in year 1 through year 3. Phase 2 production is anticipated to begin in year 4 and includes the addition of a second acid plant and processing infrastructure to double production with a nominal production rate of 80,000 tpa of lithium carbonate. Actual production varies with the grade of ore mined in each year with an expected mine life of 40 years. The base case value for price selling was set at $24,000/t.
Total Annual Production and Revenue (40 Year LOM - Base Case)
Production and Revenue | Annual Average | Total |
Lithium Carbonate Production (t) | 66,783 | 2,671,318 |
Lithium Carbonate Revenue ($-M) | $1,603 | $64,112 |
Annual Lithium Carbonate Selling Price ($/t) | $24,000 |
Financing
Lithium Americas is contemplating multiple options for funding the construction and operation of the Thacker Pass Project. Financial modeling has considered multiple discount rates to account for various funding avenues. Project financing costs are excluded from the model.
Discount Rate
A discount rate of 8% per year has been applied to the model, though other levels from 6-16% are also included for Project assessment at various risk profiles and financing options.
Taxes
The modeling is broken into the following categories: Operational Taxes (which are eligible deductions to arrive at taxable income) and Corporate Net Income Taxes. The 10% operating cost tax credit under the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act for "Advanced Manufacturing Production" has been applied during the first 10 years of Project operation. The legislation specifies phase-out of this credit after 10 years.
Operational Taxes
Payroll taxes are included in salary burdens applied in the OPEX. These include social security, Medicare, federal and state unemployment, Nevada modified business tax, workers compensation and health insurance.
Property tax is assessed by the Nevada Centrally Assessed Properties group on any property operating a mine and/or mill supporting a mine. Tax is 3% to 3.5% of the assessed value, which is estimated at 35% of the taxable value of the property. The property tax owed each year is estimated as 1.1% of the net book value at the close of the prior year plus current year expenditures with no depreciation.
Corporate Net Income Taxes
In Nevada lithium mining activities are taxed at 2-5% of net proceeds, depending on the ratio of net proceeds to gross proceeds. Net proceeds are estimated as equal to gross profit for purposes of this study. A tax rate of 5% is applicable to the Thacker Pass Project.
Revenue subject to a net proceeds of minerals tax is exempt from the Nevada Commerce tax; therefore, the Nevada Commerce tax is excluded from the study.
The current corporate income tax rate applicable to the Thacker Pass Project under the Tax Cut and Jobs Act is 21% of taxable income.
Royalties
The Thacker Pass Project is subject to a 1.75% royalty on net revenue produced directly from ore, subject to a buy-down right. This royalty has been included in the economic model on the assumption that the Thacker Pass Project owner will exercise its buy-down right to reduce the royalty from 8.0% to 1.75% by making an upfront payment of US$22 million in the first year of operations. At US$24,000/t lithium carbonate the ongoing annual royalty payments will average $428/t lithium carbonate sold over the 40-year LOM (base case).
Undiscounted annual cash flows, including Capital Expenditures, Operating Costs, and net revenues (pre-tax) are presented in the figure below.
Undiscounted Annual Cash Flow
Cumulative discounted cash flow at the 8% discount rate is presented in the table below.
Cumulative Discounted Cash Flow
For the Base Case financial assumptions outlined in Section 19.3, the Thacker Pass Project financial performance is measured through NPV, IRR and Payback periods. The after-tax financial model results are summarized in the table below.
After-Tax Financial Model Results (40 Year LOM - Base Case)
Production Scenario | Unit | Values |
Operational Life | years | 40 |
Mine and Process Plant Operational Life | years | 40 |
Ore Reserve Life | years | 40 |
Average annual EBITDA | $-M / y | 1,093.5 |
After-tax Net Present Value ("NPV") @ 8% discount rate | $-M | 5,727.0 |
After-tax Internal Rate of Return | % | 21.4% |
Payback (undiscounted) | years | 5.4 |
*includes capital investments in years up to production |
The table below presents NPV and IRR at a range of discount rates for three lithium carbonate product selling price cases: -50% (downside), 0% (base-fixed), and +50% (high).
After-Tax NPV at 8% ($ Millions) and IRR
Economic Indicator | Unit | Value |
NPV @ 8% | $ millions | $5,727 |
IRR | % | 21.4% |
Payback | Years | 5.4 |
Payback (discounted) | Years | 5.4 |
Selling Price ($/tonne) | $12,000 | $24,000 | $36,000 |
NPV ($-M) | ($623) | $5,727 | $11,829 |
IRR (%) | 6.0% | 21.4% | 31.9% |
The table below presents the sensitivity of NPV to different discount rates.
NPV for Various Discount Rates (40-Year LOM)
Exploration, Development, and Production
Key milestones of the proposed plan include the following:
Early Works Construction Start - Q1 2023
Notice to Proceed / Major Construction Start - Q3 2023
Mechanical Completion - Q3 2026
Production Ramp-Up - Q3 2027
Phase 2 Construction - Mobilize Q4 2026
Phase 2 Ramp up Complete - Q4 2030
The proposed execution plan for the Thacker Pass Project incorporates an integrated strategy for EPCM. The below table shows a tentative overview schedule.
Overview Schedule
Limestone Quarry
One of the main reagents used in processing is limestone. To keep costs down and ensure consistent supply, the Company has evaluated several sources of limestone including existing market sources and two new sources located in Humboldt County. The sources in Humboldt County nearest to the Thacker Pass site are expected to provide more favorable transportation costs and vehicular emissions when compared to the sources that are further away.
The Company has evaluated one regional project (the "Limestone Quarry") in relation to the economics and schedule for availability of limestone product. The estimated delivery cost for limestone from this property was estimated to be $34.24/t. The pricing was based on a high-level scoping study. Additional work and information will be needed to confirm the limestone quantity, quality and delivery cost.
Transload Facility
High volume raw materials are generally expected to be shipped by rail to a transload facility to be constructed for the Thacker Pass Project in Winnemucca, NV. Quicklime is anticipated to be shipped via the Graymont-owned existing Golconda terminal. The Winnemucca facility is designed for molten sulfur, which requires a receiving site capable of fully melting tankers prior to unloading. The switch yard of the facility will allow for warm storage/melting of 48 rail tankers, which represents 4 days storage for Phase 1 of the Thacker Pass Project, and 2 days storage for Phase 2. Incidental to warm storage will be a variable number of other tankers on site as fresh shipments are dropped off and empty tankers retrieved.
The design of the transload facility has been advanced to an FEL-2 level of design by Savage Services Corporation for the purpose of this study (+30%/-15%). Currently, only molten sulfur to tank, soda ash direct to truck, and miscellaneous bulk liquid direct to truck are captured in Phase 1 construction costs for the Thacker Pass Winnemucca transload terminal. Miscellaneous, low-volume palletized shipments may also be offloaded direct to truck without construction of a dedicated spur (caustic, antiscalant, HCL, diesel, sulfuric acid, etc.). All capital costs for the Winnemucca transload terminal are assumed to be borne by the Thacker Pass Project, and all operating costs are assumed to be borne by the integrator operating the terminal.
Comparison of Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates Reported for 2022 and 2021
No mineral resources or reserves were previously reported for the Thacker Pass Project.
Internal Controls Relating to Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates
LAC has internal controls for reviewing and documenting the information supporting the mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates, describing the methods used, and ensuring the validity of the estimates.
Information that is used to compile mineral resources and reserves is prepared and certified by appropriately qualified persons at the project level and is subject to our internal review process which includes review by appropriate project management and the qualified person based in our corporate office. LAC engages external professional firms to prepare its Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates and the process includes review, independent verification and sign off by external independent qualified persons.
The corporate qualified person reviews the mineral resource and reserve information to be presented to the board of directors for their review.
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
The Company was incorporated by LAC under the laws of British Columbia, as part of a reorganization of LAC, a public company listed on the TSX and the NYSE, that will result in the Separation of LAC's North American and Argentina business units into two independent public companies that include: (i) an Argentina focused lithium company owning LAC's current interest in its Argentine lithium assets, including the Caucharí-Olaroz Project, which recently achieved its first lithium production and advanced commissioning and ramp up to Stage 1 capacity of 40,000 tpa of battery-quality lithium carbonate which is scheduled to be completed in mid-2024, and (ii) the Company, a North America focused lithium company owning the Thacker Pass Project and LAC's North American investments.
The Separation is to be implemented by way of a plan of arrangement under the laws of British Columbia pursuant to an arrangement agreement to be entered into between the Company and LAC. Under the Arrangement, LAC will, among other things, contribute the Spin-Out Business, comprised of LAC's interest in the Thacker Pass Project, LAC's North American investments in the shares of certain companies, certain intellectual property rights and cash, to the Company and the Company will distribute its Common Shares to LAC Shareholders in a series of share exchanges.
The following discussion of the results of the Spin-Out Business, also known as LAC North America, should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to those statements included in "Item 18. Financial Statements." The annual carve-out financial statements relate to those North American assets and investments owned directly and indirectly by LAC that are to be separated from the existing group and spun out to shareholders in conjunction with the Separation. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth in "Item 3. Key Information - D. Risk Factors."
In this section "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects," references to the "Company" are to the Company, and/or as applicable, LAC prior to the Separation as it relates to the Spin-Out Business.
A. Operating Results
Our Business
The Company's principal asset is the Thacker Pass Project, which was in the construction stage as at March 31, 2023. The Thacker Pass Project is a sedimentary-based lithium property located in the McDermitt Caldera in Humboldt County, Nevada. The Company's assets also include minority investment ownership interest in the shares of Green Technology Metals, a North American focused lithium exploration and development company in Canada and Ascend Elements, a private U.S. based lithium-ion battery recycling and engineered material company.
The Company is advancing the Thacker Pass Project construction plan and LAC has entered into strategic agreements with GM with respect to a $650 million equity investment to finance construction and the Offtake Agreement. Tranche 1 of the GM Transaction closed on February 16, 2023.
In early 2021, the Company wound down an ancillary business held by a wholly owned subsidiary.
Selected Annual Financial Information
The following table provides a brief summary of the Company's financial operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 ("FY 2022"), December 31, 2021 ("FY 2021"), and December 31, 2020 ("FY 2020"), as derived from the carve-out financial statements.
(in US$ thousands) | 2022 $ |
2021 $ |
2020 $ |
||||||
Expenses | (60,857 | ) | (44,495 | ) | (23,373 | ) | |||
Net loss | (67,798 | ) | (47,026 | ) | (25,217 | ) | |||
Cash and cash equivalents | 636 | 933 | 512 | ||||||
Total assets | 27,838 | 10,852 | 10,607 | ||||||
Total long-term liabilities | (8,046 | ) | (48,021 | ) | (21,192 | ) |
Expenses increased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2020 to 2021, primarily due to increases in exploration and evaluation expenditures, as result of the timing of the Thacker Pass Project's development activities, and general and administrative expenses, as a result of an increase in office and administration expenses, investor and public relations, and professional fees.
Basis of Presentation
The annual and interim carve-out financial statements have been prepared in connection with the proposed reorganization and present the historical information of the Company.
The annual and interim carve-out financial statements include the assets, liabilities, and results that are specifically identifiable to the Company. This includes relevant assets, liabilities, and expenses of Thacker Pass Project and its former ancillary business, RheoMinerals, as well as certain costs related to the management of the Company. The allocated costs are derived mainly from shared corporate expenses. The Company has operated as part of LAC and not as a stand-alone company. The Company receives service and support from LAC and has been dependent upon LAC's ability to perform these services and support functions. The costs associated with these services and support functions (indirect costs) have been allocated to the Company based on the level of involvement of LAC's management and employees with the Company.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
The following table summarizes the Company's carve-out financial information for the years ended December 31, 2022 ("FY 2022"), December 31, 2021 ("FY 2021"), and December 31, 2020 ("FY 2020") as derived from the carve-out financial statements.
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||
(in US$ millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
$ | $ | $ | ||||||
Expenses | (60.9 | ) | (44.5 | ) | (23.4 | ) | ||
Net loss | (67.8 | ) | (47.0 | ) | (25.2 | ) | ||
Total assets | 27.8 | 10.9 | 10.6 | |||||
Total liabilities | (62.3 | ) | (52.5 | ) | (23.3 | ) | ||
Total Divisional Equity | (34.4 | ) | (41.7 | ) | (12.7 | ) |
Expenses increased from FY 2021 to FY 2022, primarily due to an increase in exploration and evaluation expenditures as result of the timing of Thacker Pass Project development activities and an increase in allocated general and administrative expenses mostly due to an increase in professional fees to support the evaluation of the Separation. Total assets increased from FY 2021 to FY 2022, mainly due to the investment in Green Technology Metals and Ascend Elements and an increase in exploration and evaluation assets. Total liabilities increased from FY 2021 to FY 2022, mainly due to increased accounts payables and accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2022 due to the timing of payments and accrued interest on the loan from LAC.
Expenses increased from FY 2020 to FY 2021, primarily due to an increase in exploration and evaluation expenditures as a result of higher consulting, salaries, field supplies, permitting and environmental costs incurred during the year and an increase in allocated general and administrative expenses mostly due to an increase in salaries, and professional fees. Total liabilities increased from FY 2020 to FY 2021, mainly due to increase in the loan from LAC and higher accounts payables and accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2021 due to timing of payments.
Results of Operations
The following table summarizes the results of operations for FY 2022, FY 2021, and FY 2020:
Years Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||||
(in US$ millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 vs 2021 |
2021 vs 2020 |
||||||||||
$ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||
EXPENSES | |||||||||||||||
Exploration and evaluation expenditures | |||||||||||||||
Engineering | 27.9 | 23.0 | 9.4 | 4.9 | 13.6 | ||||||||||
Consulting, salaries and other compensation | 13.2 | 9.2 | 5.3 | 4.0 | 3.9 | ||||||||||
Permitting, environmental and claim fees | 3.3 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 | ||||||||||
Field supplies and other | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | ||||||||||
Depreciation | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | ||||||||||
Drilling and geological expenses | 2.1 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.7 | ||||||||||
49.7 | 37.9 | 17.7 | 11.8 | 20.2 | |||||||||||
General and Administrative (allocation of corporate costs) | |||||||||||||||
Salaries, benefits and other compensation | 5.2 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 1.6 | (0.5 | ) | |||||||||
Office and administration | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | ||||||||||
Professional fees | 3.4 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 0.7 | ||||||||||
Investor relations, regulatory fees and travel | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | ||||||||||
11.2 | 6.6 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 0.9 | |||||||||||
60.9 | 44.5 | 23.4 | 16.4 | 21.1 | |||||||||||
OTHER ITEMS | |||||||||||||||
Loss on change in fair value of Green Technology Metals' shares | 2.6 | - | - | 2.6 | - | ||||||||||
Write off of non-Thacker Pass assets | 0.4 | - | - | 0.4 | - | ||||||||||
Other (income)/loss | (0.1 | ) | 0.0 | (0.0 | ) | (0.1 | ) | 0.0 | |||||||
Finance cost | 4.0 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.8 | ||||||||||
6.9 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 4.3 | 1.8 | |||||||||||
NET LOSS BEFORE DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS | 67.8 | 47.1 | 24.2 | 20.7 | 22.9 | ||||||||||
(Income)/loss from discontinued operations | - | (0.1 | ) | 1.0 | 0.1 | (1.1 | ) | ||||||||
NET LOSS | 67.8 | 47.0 | 25.2 | 20.8 | 21.8 |
Higher net loss in FY 2022 versus FY 2021 is primarily attributable to:
Higher net loss in FY 2021 versus FY 2020 is primarily attributable to:
Expenses
Exploration and evaluation expenditures during FY 2022 of $49.7 million (2021 - $37.9 million; 2020 - $17.7 million) include expenditures related to permitting, engineering and feasibility study-related preparation costs for the Thacker Pass Project. The increase in exploration expenditures is due to higher consulting, salaries, field supplies, permitting and environmental costs incurred during the year and the timing of permitting and other expenditures on Thacker Pass Project.
General and administrative expenses during FY 2022 were $11.2 million (2021 - $6.6 million; 2020 - $5.6 million). An increase in expenses is due to an increase in professional fees associated with the evaluation of the Separation and an increase in allocated salaries, benefits and other compensation associated with corporate employees.
Other Items
Loss on change in fair value of investment in Green Technology Metals during FY 2022 was $2.6 million (2021 - $Nil; 2020 - $Nil). Finance costs during FY 2022 were $4.0 million (2021 - $2.6 million; 2020 - $0.8 million) which mainly includes an interest expense on loan from LAC.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022
Results of Operations
The following table summarizes the results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 ("Q1 2023") versus the three months ended March 31, 2022 ("Q1 2022"):
Financial results (unaudited) | Three Months Ended March 31, | Change | ||||||
(in US$ millions) | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||
$ | $ | $ | ||||||
EXPENSES | ||||||||
Exploration and evaluation expenditures | ||||||||
Engineering | 0.8 | 5.8 | (5.0 | ) | ||||
Consulting, salaries and other compensation | 2.5 | 2.3 | 0.2 | |||||
Permitting, environmental and claim fees | 0.2 | 0.8 | (0.6 | ) | ||||
Field supplies and other | 0.0 | 0.2 | (0.2 | ) | ||||
Depreciation | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | |||||
Drilling and geological expenses | 0.1 | 0.3 | (0.2 | ) | ||||
3.8 | 9.6 | (5.8 | ) | |||||
General and Administrative (allocation of corporate costs) | ||||||||
Salaries, benefits and other compensation | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | |||||
Office and administration | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.0 | |||||
Professional fees | 0.1 | 0.3 | (0.2 | ) | ||||
Investor relations, regulatory fees and travel | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |||||
1.8 | 1.8 | 0.0 | ||||||
5.6 | 11.4 | (5.8 | ) | |||||
OTHER ITEMS | ||||||||
Transaction costs | 4.0 | - | 4.0 | |||||
Gain on change in fair value of GM transaction derivative liability | (9.1 | ) | - | (9.1 | ) | |||
Loss on change in fair value of Green Technology Metals' shares | 0.8 | - | 0.8 | |||||
Finance cost | 0.4 | 1.0 | (0.6 | ) | ||||
Finance income | (0.0 | ) | (0.0 | ) | 0.0 | |||
(3.9 | ) | 1.0 | (4.9 | ) | ||||
NET LOSS | 1.7 | 12.4 | (10.7 | ) |
Lower net loss in Q1 2023 versus Q1 2022 is primarily attributable to:
Lower net loss was partially offset by:
Expenses
Exploration and evaluation expenditures for Q1 2023 of $3.8 million (2022 - $9.6 million) include primarily expenditures related to permitting, engineering and feasibility study-related preparation costs for Thacker Pass Project. The decrease in expenditures is related to commencement of construction of the Thacker Pass Project and capitalization of a majority of the project costs from February 1, 2023.
General and administrative expenses during Q1 2023 were $1.8 million (2022 - $1.8 million) and include the allocation of corporate costs.
Other Items
Gain on change in fair value of the GM Tranche 2 Agreements derivative liability for Q1 2023 of $9.1 million (2022 - $Nil) was driven by changes in the underlying valuation assumptions, including the decrease as at March 31, 2023, compared to January 30, 2023, of LAC's market share price from $21.99 to $21.76, a decrease in volatility assumption from 58.34% to 56.32%, and a decrease in risk-free rate from 4.77% to 4.49%.
Transaction costs for Q1 2023 of $4.0 million (2022 - $Nil) relate to transaction costs associated with the evaluation of the Separation, and the GM investment. Loss on change in fair value of investment in Green Technology Metals for Q1 2023 of $0.8 million (2022 - $Nil). Finance costs for Q1 2023 were $0.4 million (2022 - $1.0 million) which mainly includes an interest expense on the loan from LAC.
Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Ratios
The Company's annual financial results are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. This document refers to a non-GAAP financial measure "working capital" which is not a measure recognized under IFRS and that does not have a standardized meaning prescribed by IFRS or by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in the United States. Working capital is the difference between current assets and current liabilities.
This non-GAAP financial measure may not be comparable to similar financial measures reported by other issuers. This financial measure has been derived from the Company's financial statements and applied on a consistent basis as appropriate. The Company discloses this financial measure because it believes they assist readers in understanding the results of the Company's operations and financial position and provide further information about the Company's financial results to investors.
This measure should not be considered in isolation or used in substitute for other measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS.
B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Selected Annual Financial Information
Cash Flow Highlights | Years Ended December 31, | |||||||
(in US$ million) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
$ | $ | $ | ||||||
Cash used in operating activities | (52.0 | ) | (42.9 | ) | (20.2) | |||
Cash (used)/provided by investing activities | (20.6 | ) | 2.2 | (0.7 | ) | |||
Cash provided by financing activities | 72.3 | 41.1 | 21.2 | |||||
Change in cash | (0.3 | ) | 0.4 | 0.3 | ||||
Cash - beginning of the year | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.2 | |||||
Cash - end of the year | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
As at December 31, 2022, the Company had cash of $0.6 million (2021 - $0.9 million; 2020 - $0.5 million).
Liquidity Outlook
On January 30, 2023, LAC entered into a purchase agreement with GM pursuant to which GM agreed to make a $650 million equity investment in LAC in two tranches. Proceeds from the investment, including from the GM Tranche 1 investment of approximately $320 million which closed on February 16, 2023, will be used for the construction and development of Thacker Pass Project. The second tranche of $330 million is contemplated to be invested into the Company following the Separation after the closing conditions are achieved.
The Company continues to advance its formal application under the ATVM Loan Program submitted in April 2022 to the DOE for partial funding of Thacker Pass Project development. Further to the Letter of Substantial Completion received from the DOE, LAC North America is proceeding with the confirmatory due diligence and term sheet negotiations process. The ATVM Loan Program is designed to provide funding to U.S. companies engaged in the manufacturing of advanced technologies vehicles and components used in those vehicles. If the Company is offered a loan by the DOE, it expects funding from the ATVM Loan Program to provide up to 75% of the Thacker Pass Project's capital costs for construction of Phase 1. DOE's invitation to enter into due diligence is not an assurance that DOE will offer a term sheet to the applicant, or that the terms and conditions of a term sheet will be consistent with terms proposed by the applicant. The foregoing matters are wholly dependent on the results of DOE advanced due diligence and DOE's determination whether to proceed.
With the combination of the expected funding from the ATVM Loan Program, GM's $650 million equity investment and cash allocated from LAC to the Company, the Company expects to secure the necessary funding to substantially de-risk Thacker Pass Project Phase 1 construction.
Over the long-term, the Company expects to meet its obligations and fund the development of Thacker Pass Project through its financing plans described above; however, due to the conditions associated with such financing, there can be no assurance that LAC North America will successfully complete all of its contemplated financing plans. Except as disclosed, the Company does not know of any trends, demands, commitments, events or uncertainties that will result in, or that are reasonably likely to result in, its liquidity and capital resources either materially increasing or decreasing at present or in the foreseeable future. The Company does not engage in currency hedging to offset any risk of currency fluctuations.
As at March 31, 2023, the Spin-Out Business to be transferred to the Company as part of the Separation had $308.5 million in cash and cash equivalents (which includes unspent net proceeds from Tranche 1 of the GM Transaction. Such funds are utilized by LAC for the advancement of the Thacker Pass Project and will be reduced accordingly until the completion of the Separation. The Plan of Arrangement contemplates the transfer of an additional $75 million from LAC to the Company, to establish sufficient working capital of the Company, provided however that in the event the Separation takes effect later than September 1, 2023, the actual amount of cash to be transferred will be to subject to adjustments at the discretion of the board of directors of LAC. LAC will be monitoring working capital requirements and progress of business operations for each of the business units during the period through to completion of the Separation, and such adjustments will be determined, in particular, based on the funding needs of Lithium Argentina as the Caucharí-Olaroz Project ramps-up towards full production to provide sufficient funds to cover any additional cash needs that may be required.
Operating Activities
Cash used in operating activities during FY 2022 was $52.0 million (2021 - $42.9 million; 2020 - $20.2 million). The significant components of operating activities are discussed in the Results of Operations section above.
Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities during FY 2022 was $20.6 million, cash provided investing activities in 2021 was $2.2 million and cash used in investing activities in 2020 was $0.7 million. During FY 2022, the Company invested $10 million in Green Technology Metals, $5.0 million in Ascend Elements and spent $4.1 million on exploration and evaluation assets and $1.5 million on property, plant and equipment.
Financing Activities
Funding from LAC
The Company is funded via a loan from LAC (recorded within liabilities) or capital contributions (recorded within net parent investment in equity). The net LAC investment represents LAC's interest in the recorded net assets of the Company and the cumulative net equity investment by LAC through the dates presented. Net parent investment during FY 2022 was $72.7 million (2021 - $20.1 million; 2020 - $5.7 million).
Contractual Obligations
As at December 31, 2022, the Company had the following contractual obligations (undiscounted, in USD million):
(in US$ million) | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 and later | Total | ||||||||
$ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 9.9 | - | - | 9.9 | ||||||||
Obligations under office leases¹ | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 2.6 | ||||||||
Other obligations¹ | 2.5 | 3.5 | - | 6.0 | ||||||||
Loans from Parent | 43.6 | - | - | 43.6 | ||||||||
Total | 56.8 | 4.3 | 1.0 | 62.1 |
1Include principal and interest/finance charges.
The Company's commitments including royalties, and option payments are disclosed in Note 8 of the carve out financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, most of which will be incurred in the future if the Company continues to hold the subject property, continues construction, or starts production.
For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Cash Flow Highlights | Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||
(in US$ million) | 2023 | 2022 | ||||
$ | $ | |||||
Cash used in operating activities | (18.4 | ) | (12.5 | ) | ||
Cash used in investing activities | (9.9 | ) | (0.7 | ) | ||
Cash provided by financing activities | 336.2 | 14.5 | ||||
Change in cash and cash equivalents | 307.9 | 1.3 | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of the period | 0.6 | 0.9 | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents - end of the period | 308.5 | 2.2 |
As at March 31, 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $308.5 million (2022 - $2.2 million) which includes the remaining net proceeds of the Tranche 1 investment.
Operating Activities
Cash used in operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $18.4 million (2022 - $12.5 million). The significant components of operating activities are discussed in the Results of Operations section above.
Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $9.9 million (2022 - $0.7 million). During three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company spent $9.9 million on additions to PP&E including construction costs related to Thacker Pass Project.
Financing Activities
Funding from LAC
The Company is funded via a loan from LAC (recorded within liabilities) or capital contributions (recorded within net parent investment in equity). The net parent investment represents LAC's interest in the recorded net assets of the Company and the cumulative net equity investment by LAC through the dates presented. The net parent investment from LAC funds during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $16.4 million (2022 - $14.5 million).
General Motors Investment
On January 30, 2023, LAC entered into an agreement with GM, pursuant to which GM has agreed to make a $650 million investment in LAC, the proceeds of which are to be used for the construction and development of Thacker Pass Project. On February 16, 2023, the first tranche of $320 million was closed, resulting in GM's purchase of 15,002,243 LAC Common Shares and the gross proceeds released from escrow. The second tranche of $330 million is contemplated to be invested into the Company following the Separation after the closing conditions are achieved.
Contractual Obligations
As at March 31, 2023, the Company had the following contractual obligations (undiscounted):
(in US$ millions) | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 and later |
Total | ||||||||
$ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 24.9 | - | - | 24.9 | ||||||||
Obligations under office leases¹ | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 2.4 | ||||||||
Other obligations¹ | 0.1 | 8.2 | - | 8.3 | ||||||||
Loans from LAC | 44.4 | - | - | 44.4 | ||||||||
Total | 70.0 | 9.0 | 1.0 | 80.0 |
¹Include principal and interest/finance charges.
Royalties and Other Commitments
The Company's commitments including royalties, and option payments are disclosed in Note 8 of the carve out financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2023, most of which will be incurred in the future if the Company starts production from the Thacker Pass Project.
The Company has certain commitments for royalty and other payments to be made on the Thacker Pass Project as set out below. These amounts will only be payable if the Company continues to hold the subject claims in the future and the royalties will only be incurred if the Company starts production from the Thacker Pass Project.
20% royalty on revenue solely in respect of uranium; and
8% gross revenue royalty on all claims up to a cumulative payment of $22 million. The royalty will then be reduced to 4% for the life of the project. The Company has the option at any time to reduce the royalty to 1.75% upon payment of $22 million (as described in greater detail below).
The Thacker Pass Project is comprised of a series of unpatented mining claims (the "Thacker Mining Claims") owned or controlled by LAC (or post-Arrangement, the Company). Certain of the Thacker Mining Claims are subject to a 20% royalty payable to Cameco Global Exploration II Ltd. solely in respect of uranium (the "Uranium Royalty"). LAC does not currently mine uranium, and the Company has no plans to mine uranium.
In addition to the Uranium Royalty, the Thacker Pass Project is subject to a royalty with the Royalty Holders. In February 2013, LAC completed a Royalty Purchase Agreement with Orion pursuant to which Orion agreed to pay to LAC up to $20 million in two tranches, $11 million and $9 million, in consideration for the sale of a royalty on LAC's Kings Valley Project. The royalty initially consists of a gross revenue royalty on all production from the Kings Valley Project of 8% until the first and second funding tranches have been repaid. At that time the royalty was to have been reduced to 3.5% for the life of the project, subject to LAC's right at any time to reduce the royalty to 1.75% upon payment to Orion of $20 million. In September 2013, Orion provided LAC with funding of $5.5 million, by amending the terms of the Royalty Purchase Agreement, pursuant to the Royalty Amending Agreement. Under the terms of the Royalty Amending Agreement, LAC received $2 million of new capital from Orion, and an additional $3.5 million advance from the remaining $9 million funding obligation of Orion under the existing royalty facility. As compensation for the additional funding, the general royalty was increased by 0.5% to 4.0%, while the initial 8% "payback" royalty rate remained in place until an additional $2 million in royalty payments (for an aggregate of $22 million) has been paid.
The Company has the option at any time to reduce the royalty to 1.75% upon payment to the Royalty Holders of $22 million and the Company intends on exercising its buy-down right to reduce the royalty from 8.0% to 1.75% by making an upfront payment of $22 million in the first year of operations of the Thacker Pass Project.
The Company previously held an option to acquire certain water rights. The Company exercised the option and acquired the water rights by making payments of $0.1 million in 2022 and $2.9 million in 2023.
Permitting and Reclamation Obligations
LAC (or post-Arrangement, the Company) has reclamation obligations for a hectorite clay mine located within the Thacker Pass Project area. The financial liability for this reclamation obligation, as stipulated by the BLM, is $1 million. LAC's other environmental liabilities from existing mineral exploration work in the vicinity of the Thacker Pass Project area have a reclamation obligation totaling approximately $0.6 million. LAC currently holds a $1.7 million reclamation bond with the BLM Nevada State Office, with $0.1 million available for future operations or amendments to existing operations. In addition, on February 22, 2023, BLM approved LAC's surety bond in the amount of $13.7 million for the initial construction works relating to the Thacker Pass Project.
C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.
The Company holds patents in several countries on certain beneficiation processes and techniques concerning sedimentary deposits. The length of the patents varies by jurisdiction.
D. Trend Information
While the Company does not have any producing lithium projects, it is directly affected by trends in the lithium mining industry. At the present time global lithium prices are extremely volatile. Lithium prices, driven by rising global demand for electric vehicles, climbed dramatically and approached near historic highs in 2022. Prices have declined since those highs but have remained elevated in 2023.
Overall market prices for securities in the lithium resource sector and factors affecting such prices, including electric vehicles supply and demand, political trends in the countries in which such companies operate, and general economic conditions, may have an effect on the terms on which financing is available to the Company, if available at all.
Except as disclosed, the Company does not know of any trends, demand, commitments, events or uncertainties that will result in, or that are reasonably likely to result in, its liquidity either materially increasing or decreasing at present or in the foreseeable future. Material increases or decreases in liquidity are substantially determined by the results of exploration and development programs on the Company's material assets.
The Company's financial assets and liabilities generally consist of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, deposits, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and loan payable. The Company does not currently have major commitments to acquire assets in foreign currencies.
E. Critical Accounting Estimates
The discussion and analysis of the Company's financial condition and results of operations are based upon the Company's carve out financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. The preparation of those financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.
Critical accounting policies are those that reflect significant judgments or uncertainties and potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. The Company has described below what it believes are the most critical accounting policies, because they generally involve a comparatively higher degree of judgment in their application. For a description of all the Company's significant accounting policies, see Note 3 to the Company's annual audited financial statements included in this registration statement.
Impairment of Mineral Properties
The application of the Company's accounting policy for impairment required judgment to determine whether indicators of impairment exist including information such as, the period for which the Company has the right to explore including expected renewals, the extent of substantive expenditures on further exploration and evaluation, as well as evaluation of the results of exploration and evaluation activities up to the reporting date. Management performed an impairment indicator assessment on the Company's exploration and evaluation assets and concluded that no impairment indicators existed as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Carve-out Allocations from LAC
The preparation of the annual carve-out financial statements requires management to make assumptions, estimates, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. The most significant areas requiring the use of management estimates and assumptions relate to the allocation of costs from LAC. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable at the time the estimate was made. Accordingly, actual results may differ from amounts estimated in these financial statements and such differences could be material. The amounts presented in the annual carve-out financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for future years.
Accounting for the Agreements with General Motors
The Company's accounting for the agreements with GM, involved judgment, specifically in the Company's assumption that its shareholders will approve an increase to GM's shareholdings in excess of 20% and the price at which common shares will be issued pursuant to the subscription agreement for the second tranche of GM's agreement; that in the Company's determination the Offtake Agreement represents an agreement with market selling prices; and that the Offtake is separate from the equity financing provided by GM (see Note 9 of the Company's carve out financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2023).
The fair value of the warrant and subscription agreements with GM involved estimation, which was determined using Monte Carlo simulation that required significant assumptions, including expected volatility of the Company's share price.
Commencement of Development of Thacker Pass Project
The Company determined that the technical feasibility and commercial viability of Thacker Pass Project had been demonstrated following the release of Thacker Pass TR on January 31, 2023, the receipt of the favorable ruling from the Federal District Court for the issuance of the ROD, and the receipt of notice to proceed from the BLM on February 7, 2023. The Company entered into the EPCM agreement and other construction-related contracts. Construction of the Thacker Pass Project, including site preparation, geotechnical drilling, water pipeline development and associated infrastructure has commenced. Accordingly, the Company transferred the capitalized costs of Thacker Pass Project from exploration and evaluation assets to property, plant and equipment and began to capitalize development costs starting February 1, 2023.
Concurrent with the transfer of the Thacker Pass Project assets from exploration and evaluation to property, plant and equipment, management completed an impairment test of Thacker Pass Project which compared the carrying value to the recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the greater of the value in use and the fair value less disposal costs. The fair value less disposal costs is calculated using a discounted cash flow model with feasibility study economics. The significant assumptions that impacted the fair value included future lithium prices, capital cost estimates, operating cost estimates, estimated mineral reserves and resources, and the discount rate. Based on the result of the impairment test, management concluded that there was no impairment.
New Accounting Standards and Recent Pronouncements
The Company adopted Interest Rate Benchmark Reform - Phase 2: Amendments to IFRS 9, IAS 39, IFRS 4 and IFRS 16 (the "Phase 2 Amendments") effective on January 1, 2021. Interest rate benchmark reform ("Reform") refers to a global reform of interest rate benchmarks, which includes the replacement of some interbank offered rates with alternative benchmark rates.
The Phase 2 Amendments provide a practical expedient requiring the effective interest rate to be adjusted when accounting for changes in the basis for determining the contractual cash flows of financial assets and liabilities that relate directly to the Reform, rather than applying modification accounting which might have resulted in a gain or loss. In addition, the Phase 2 Amendments require disclosures to assist users in understanding the effect of the Reform on the Company's financial instruments and risk management strategy.
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
A. Directors and Senior Management
The following are the expected members of senior management and the directors of the Company following the Separation:
Name | Age(1) | Position | ||
Jonathan Evans | 53 | Director and Chief Executive Officer | ||
Pablo Mercado | 47 | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | ||
Richard Gerspacher | 49 | Executive Vice President, Capital Projects | ||
Edward Grandy | 55 | Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary | ||
Aubree Barnum | 38 | Vice President, Human Resources | ||
Tim Crowley | 54 | Vice President, Government and External Affairs | ||
Alexi Zawadzki | 52 | Vice President, Resource Development | ||
Kelvin Dushnisky | 59 | Executive Chair and Director | ||
Michael Brown* | 65 | Director | ||
Fabiana Chubbs* | 57 | Director | ||
Yuan Gao* | 60 | Lead Independent Director | ||
Zach Kirkman | 37 | Director | ||
Jinhee Magie* | 55 | Director | ||
Philip Montgomery* | 59 | Director |
* Independent Director
(1) As of August 15, 2023
Biographical information with respect to each of our directors and our executive officers is set forth below.
Jonathan Evans, Chief Executive Officer
Mr. Evans joined LAC as a Director in June 2017, and has served as its President since August 2018 and its CEO since May 2019. From March 2016 to September 2018, he was the Chief Operating Officer of DiversiTech Corporation (a manufacturing company). Mr. Evans has more than 20 years of operations and general management experience across businesses of various sizes and industry applications. Previously, he served as Vice President and General Manager for FMC Corporation's lithium division, and has held executive management roles at Arysta LifeScience, AMRI Corporation and General Electric. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from Clarkson University and an MS from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Pablo Mercado, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Mr. Mercado is currently the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of LAC, having been appointed in April 2023. Mr. Mercado has over 23 years of experience in finance and corporate development in the energy industry. Most recently he served as Chief Financial Officer of EnLink Midstream, LLC, and prior to that, as Chief Financial Officer of Forum Energy Technologies, Inc., both U.S. public companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Mr. Mercado started his professional career in 1998 as an investment banker at Bank of America, UBS and Credit Suisse, until joining Forum in 2011. He holds a BBA from the Cox School of Business and a BA in Economics from the Dedman College, both of Southern Methodist University, and an MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
Richard Gerspacher, Executive Vice President, Capital Projects
Mr. Gerspacher is Senior Vice President, Capital Projects at LAC. He has over 20 years of leadership experience in developing and executing successful projects throughout the world in a variety of sectors including industrial minerals, metals mining and power generation. Prior to joining LAC, Mr. Gerspacher worked for Fluor Corporation, a global engineering and construction company where he served as Vice President and Projects Director for a lithium project in Australia. He also served as Chairman of Fluor's Latin America Talent Development Team and as a member of their Global Project Management Talent Development Team. Mr. Gerspacher holds a Professional Engineer designation, and has a Bachelor's degree in Civil-Structural Engineering from the University of Detroit and a Master of Business Administration degree from Duke University.
Edward Grandy, Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
Mr. Grandy is the Vice President, Legal and Regulatory Affairs of Lithium Nevada. He was General Counsel of Barrick Gold Corporation's copper business from 2012 to 2018. He is a legal department leader with broad experience in project development and regulatory compliance. Edward holds a Bachelor of Arts from Middlebury College and a J.D. from the Emory University School of Law.
Aubree Barnum, Vice President, Human Resources
Ms. Barnum is the Vice President, Human Resources of LAC and is a human resources professional with over 13 years of experience in municipal and mining industry human resources leadership roles. Prior to joining LAC, Ms. Barnum served as Vice President Human Resources for Nevada Copper Corp. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Human Physiology from the University of Oregon and a Master of Business Administration/Human Resource Management degree from Columbia Southern University. She holds a Certified Professional (CP) designation from the Society of Human Resource Management and is a member of the National Society for Leadership and Success.
Tim Crowley, Vice President, Government and External Affairs
Mr. Crowley is the Principal of Crowley & Ferrato Public Affairs, having served in this role since 2014. Prior to Crowley & Ferrato Public Affairs, he was the President of the Nevada Mining Association. He sits on the Keep Truckee Meadows Beautiful Board of Directors and the University of Nevada, Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Advisory Board. Tim holds a Bachelor of Science from the University of Nevada, Reno.
Alexi Zawadzki, Vice President, Resource Development
Mr. Zawadzki is the President of North American Operations of LAC and the CEO of Lithium Nevada. He has over 20 years of experience developing mining and energy projects in roles of increasing responsibility. Following 10 years working for an international engineering consultancy, in 2007 he founded a publicly traded renewable energy company resulting in the construction and operation of two hydroelectric facilities. Since 2014, he has been focused on the lithium sector as an enabler of renewable energy technologies. Mr. Zawadzki trained as a hydrologist and holds a Masters degree from Wilfrid Laurier University.
Kelvin Dushnisky, Executive Chair and Director
Mr. Dushnisky is a Director at LAC, having joined the board of directors in June of 2021. Mr. Dushnisky served as Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors of AngloGold Ashanti from September 2018 to September 2020. Mr. Dushnisky led the execution of the organization's strategic priorities and oversaw a global portfolio of mining operations and projects in Africa, South America, and Australia, along with exploration interests and investments in North America. He also led the company's interface with key stakeholders, including shareholders, host governments, communities, and organized labor. Prior to AngloGold Ashanti, Mr. Dushnisky had a 16-year career with Barrick Gold Corporation, ultimately serving as President and a member of the Board of Directors. Prior to Barrick he held senior executive and board positions with a number of private and listed companies. Mr. Dushnisky holds a B.Sc. (Hon.) degree from the University of Manitoba and M.Sc. and Juris Doctor degrees from the University of British Columbia. He is a member of the Law Society of British Columbia and the Canadian Bar Association. Mr. Dushnisky is past Chair of the World Gold Council. He served on the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) and is a former member of the Accenture Global Mining Council and the Institute of Directors of Southern Africa. Mr. Dushnisky served on the Board of Trustees of the Toronto-based University Health Network (UHN).
Michael Brown, Director
Mr. Brown is a former Executive Director of the State of Nevada Governor's Office of Economic Development from 2019 to 2023 among other state government roles held during this period. Previously he served as President of Barrick Gold North America, a subsidiary of Barrick Gold Corporation from 2015 to 2018 after serving in roles of increasing responsibility with Barrick since 1994. Mr. Brown has over 24 years of mine operations experience coupled with experience in U.S. federal, state and foreign government relations. He has previously served on a number of not-for-profit boards in the state of Nevada, including the Las Vegas Global Economic Alliance, Communities in Schools - Nevada and the Nevada Taxpayers Association. He is former member of the executive committee of the US National Mining Association. Mr. Brown holds an MBA from George Washington University.
Fabiana Chubbs, Director
Ms. Chubbs is a Director at LAC, having joined the board of directors in June of 2019. Ms. Chubbs was the Chief Financial Officer of Eldorado Gold Corporation from 2011 to 2018. She joined Eldorado Gold Corporation in 2007 and led Treasury and Risk Management functions until accepting the Chief Financial Officer position. Prior to joining Eldorado Gold Corporation, she was a Senior Manager with PwC Canada. During her ten years at PwC Canada, Ms. Chubbs specialized in audit of public mining and technology companies. Ms. Chubbs started her career in her native Argentina, with experience divided between PwC Argentina and IBM. Ms. Chubbs holds dual degrees from the University of Buenos Aires, a Certified Public Accountant bachelor's degree, and a Bachelor of Business Administration degree. Ms. Chubbs is a Chartered Public Accountant in Canada. Ms. Chubbs also serves on the board of Royal Gold, Inc.
Yuan Gao, Lead Independent Director
Dr. Gao is a Director at LAC, having joined the board of directors in October of 2019. He is also the Vice Chairman of the board of Qinghai Taifeng Pulead Lithium-Energy Technology Co. Ltd., a leading producer of cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, having served as President and CEO from May 2014 to Sept 2019. Previously, Dr. Gao served as Vice President at Molycorp Inc., and as Global Marketing Director and Technology Manager at FMC Corporation (USA). Yuan holds a BSc from the University of Science and Technology of China, and a PhD in Physics from the University of British Columbia. He has also completed Executive Education at The Wharton Business School, University of Pennsylvania.
Zach Kirkman, Director
Mr. Kirkman is GM's nominee to the board of directors of LAC. He is the Vice President Corporate Development and Global M&A of General Motors Company since January 2023, and prior to that served as the Head of Corporate Development, Mergers & Acquisitions of Tesla, Inc. from August 2016 to December 2022. Mr. Kirkman has extensive M&A experience gained during his time leading the corporate development teams of GM and Tesla, and previously as part of Apple Inc.'s corporate development department. He holds an MBA from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Jinhee Magie, Director
Ms. Magie is a Director at LAC, having joined the board of directors in June of 2021. Ms. Magie served as the Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President of Lundin Mining Corporation from October 2018 to September 2022, overseeing financial reporting, treasury, tax and information technology (including cybersecurity). She joined Lundin in 2008, serving in various roles of increasing responsibility, including nine years as Vice President, Finance. With over 25 years of experience, Ms. Magie began her career with Ernst & Young and has held progressively more senior roles in public companies, with the last 15 years in the mining industry. Before joining Lundin, Ms. Magie was the Director of Corporate Compliance for LionOre Mining International Ltd. She has extensive experience in acquisitions and divestitures, public and private equity fundraising and public company reporting. Ms. Magie holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from the University of Toronto and is a Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA, CA).
Philip Montgomery, Director
Mr. Montgomery is a non-executive director at Walkabout Resources Ltd. He brings extensive global experience in major capital projects. Over his 35-year career at BHP Group Limited and its predecessor organizations, Mr. Montgomery worked across various geographies and commodities, demonstrating expertise in leading assets and projects as well as senior corporate roles, including Chief Growth Officer, Global Head of Group Project Management and Vice President - Projects. Mr. Montgomery is a Professional Engineer and holds a B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering and Business Management from Oxford Brookes University.
B. Compensation
Arrangement Incentive Securities
In connection with the Arrangement, it is contemplated holders of all deferred share units ("DSUs"), restricted share rights ("RSUs") and performance share units ("PSUs") of LAC (collectively, the "LAC Units") will receive, in lieu of each such outstanding LAC Unit, one equivalent incentive security of the Company (collectively, the "Company Units") and one equivalent incentive security of Lithium Argentina (collectively, the "Lithium Argentina Units" and together with the Company Units, the "Arrangement Incentive Securities"). The Arrangement Incentive Securities will have the same terms as the LAC Units, subject to the economic adjustments and other necessary modifications as governed by the Plan of Arrangement.
Holders of the LAC Units will dispose of (i) the butterfly percentage, a percentage commensurate with the proportion of the Spin-Out Business assets disposed of over LAC's total assets, of each LAC Unit to the Company for one equivalent Company Unit, and (ii) the remaining portion of each LAC Unit to LAC for one Lithium Argentina Unit, subject to adjustment as follows. Pursuant to the application of subsection 7(1.4) of the Tax Act to the exchange, the number of Lithium Argentina Units to be issued by LAC to a holder on the exchange will be reduced, if and to the extent necessary, such that the total of the fair market value of the Company Units and the fair market value of the Lithium Argentina Units receivable by the holder, as determined immediately after the exchange, does not exceed the fair market value of the LAC Units exchanged by such holder, as determined immediately before the exchange. The LAC Units so exchanged will be cancelled.
It is contemplated that (unless determined by the board of directors of LAC in certain specific circumstances) an incentive security (other than PSUs) of one entity, being either the Company or Lithium Argentina, held by persons who are not employed as a director, officer, or employee or engaged as a service provider of the said entity but are employed or engaged with the other entity, will immediately vest and the holder of the said incentive security will be entitled to receive the underlying share after completion of the Separation.
The replacement PSUs of each of the Company and Lithium Argentina will continue, but will be subject to the same time based vesting period as the LAC PSUs they replace and upon vesting thereof will be settled by the issuance of one underlying share irrespective of the applicable performance multiplier to which the original LAC PSU was subject, except with respect to LAC PSUs that were fully vested prior to the Separation, in which case the replacement PSUs will be settled for the number of underlying shares determined based on the performance multipliers of the LAC PSUs they replaced.
Based on the number LAC equity awards outstanding as of August 15, 2023, it is expected that upon completion of the Arrangement, 268,339 DSUs of the Company (the "Company DSUs"), 2,185,963 RSUs of the Company (the "Company RSUs") and 787,409 PSUs of the Company (the "Company PSUs") will be issued and outstanding.
Post-Separation Compensation Structure
Following the Separation, the Company expects to utilize a combination of both fixed and variable compensation to motivate executives to achieve overall corporate goals. The board of directors, acting on the recommendation of the CL Committee (as defined below), will implement a compensation structure intended to align the interests of the executive officers with those of the shareholders of the Company. The elements of the Company's executive compensation program may include: (a) an annual base salary, (b) short term incentive ("STI") awards consisting of a cash bonus and award of Company RSUs, (c) long term incentive ("LTI") awards (for example, in the form of Company PSUs with performance vesting conditions or other), (d) annual contribution matching by the Company to a retirement savings plan, up to a certain percentage of base salary and subject to a contribution ceiling established annually, and (e) insurance and other benefits in support of health and wellness.
The Company anticipates that an equity incentive plan (the "Equity Incentive Plan") will be adopted in connection with the completion of the Separation and 14,400,737 Common Shares will be reserved for issuance pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan. The Equity Incentive Plan will be administered by the CL Committee or equivalent committee appointed by the board of directors and constituted in accordance with such committee's charter. The Equity Incentive Plan will provide for the grant to eligible directors and employees (including officers and service providers determined as eligible by the CL Committee) of incentive stock options exercisable to purchase Common Shares ("Options") and Company RSUs that convert automatically into Common Shares and Company PSUs that are subject to performance conditions and/or multipliers and designated as such in accordance with the Equity Incentive Plan. The Equity Incentive Plan also provides for the grant to eligible directors of Company DSUs which the directors are entitled to redeem following retirement or termination from the board of directors (Options, RSUs, PSUs and DSUs are collectively referred to as "Awards").
Vesting periods will be determined at the discretion of the board of directors or the Company's Chief Executive Officer. It is currently anticipated that: (a) Company RSUs will generally vest immediately for STI awards, or cliff-vest after three years for LTI awards; if granted for other purposes, Company RSUs will typically vest on the grant anniversary over a period of up to three years; (b) Company PSUs will generally cliff-vest after three years, as they are granted as LTI awards under the executive compensation program; and (c) Company DSUs will generally vest on the 20th business day after an independent director ceases to hold the position. The Company does not anticipate granting awards of Options under the Equity Incentive Plan.
The aggregate number of Common Shares that may be subject to issuance under the Equity Incentive Plan, together with any other securities-based compensation arrangements of the Company, will not exceed 14,400,737 Common Shares (or approximately 9% of the Common Shares based on the number of LAC Common Shares outstanding as of June 16, 2023).
C. Board Practices
The members of the Board do not have service contracts and do not receive any benefits upon termination of their directorships other that the Common Shares underlying the Company DSUs. Following the completion of the Separation, it is anticipated that the Company's Board will have the following committees, each of which will have adopted a charter.
The Board
The Board will comprise of eight (8) directors upon completion of the Separation.
Mr. Brown, Ms. Chubbs, Mr. Gao, Ms. Magie and Mr. Montgomery will be considered to be "independent" directors for the purposes of National Instrument 58-101 - Disclosure of Corporate Governance Practices ("NI 58-101") and pursuant to Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. Mr. Evans, Mr. Dushnisky and Mr. Kirkman will not be considered independent as Mr. Evans will be an executive officer of the Company, Mr. Dushnisky will be the Executive Chair of the Company, and Mr. Kirkman is a representative of GM which will have a commercial relationship with the Company. As such, a majority (five (5) of eight (8) or 63%) of the directors will be independent.
Certain of the proposed directors of the Company are directors of other reporting issuers (or the equivalent) in Canada or foreign jurisdictions, as set out below.
Directors on the Board with an interest in a material transaction or agreement will be required to declare their interest and abstain from voting on the transaction or agreement at issue. The Board will also form special committees as needed, comprised of only independent directors, to evaluate proposed related party transactions and ensure that independent judgement is used to evaluate the transaction, free of any potential or actual conflict of interest.
It is anticipated that Common Shares will be dual-listed in Canada and the U.S. The NYSE and U.S. securities laws set out different requirements for determining director independence vis-à-vis the TSX and securities laws in Canada. As an anticipated "foreign private issuer" under U.S. securities laws and for so long as the Company maintains this status, the Company will likely be permitted to follow Canadian requirements (as its home country) instead of certain NYSE corporate governance standards, including director independence but this does not apply to audit committee independence requirements under U.S. securities laws. The three proposed members of the Audit and Risk Committee of the Company are expected to be Fabiana Chubbs (Chair), Jinhee Magie and Michael Brown, each of whom will satisfy the independence requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual.
Role and Mandate of the Board
The Board will have overall responsibility for corporate governance matters by virtue of its responsibility for:
The Board's responsibility for these items will be reflected in a board mandate, to be adopted by the Board that will set out the written terms of reference for the Board's authority, responsibility and function. The board mandate will be available on the Company's website at www.lithiumamericas.com once adopted following the completion of the Separation.
Orientation and Continuing Education
It is expected that the proposed directors on the Board will be provided with an orientation that includes meetings with the Company's senior management team that covers topics including the Company's history and status of operations, information about the Company's business, goals, strategy and major policies, familiarization with partners and major service providers, updates on the political environment in the jurisdictions where the Company operates, information about the lithium industry, lithium markets and pricing, as well as developments in the electric vehicle and battery markets, recent analyst reports, information about the Code of Conduct and Ethics (the "Code of Conduct"), information pertaining to personal liabilities, the Company's insurance program, rules for purchasing, exercising and selling the Company's issued securities (Common Shares and Equity Awards), and rules regarding insider trading and non-public information. They are also expected to participate in office and site visits, and have the opportunity to meet with staff throughout the organization.
Ethical Business Conduct
The Company will adopt a Code of Conduct following the completion of the Arrangement. The Code of Conduct will apply to all of the Company's directors, officers, employees and consultants, and is designed to:
The Code of Conduct will be subject to review from time to time by the governance and nomination committee (the "GN Committee"), which will be responsible for updating the Code of Conduct to ensure the Company is current with evolving governance and ethics practices. The Board will be responsible for granting any waivers from the Code of Conduct. The Company will disclose any waivers from the requirements of the Code of Conduct granted to directors or executive officers.
Board Nomination
The Board's recruitment and nomination process will be overseen and led by the GN Committee. Recruitment processes may be conducted with or without the assistance of an independent recruitment firm, at the committee's discretion. In connection with the nomination or appointment of individuals as directors, the competencies and skills required by the Board as well as the competencies and skills of the existing directors and the appropriate size of the Board will be considered.
Board Assessments
The GN Committee will be responsible for overseeing and establishing processes to evaluate the effectiveness of the Board, committees and individual directors, along with reviewing charters. It will also be responsible for reviewing: (i) the performance of individual directors, the Board as a whole, and committees of the Board; and (ii) the performance evaluation of the chair of each Board committee. These assessments will be conducted on an informal basis.
Board Skills Matrix
As part of the Company's efforts to ensure that the Company will have the appropriate combination of skills and experience on the Board from its inception, an ad hoc committee of LAC charged with overseeing board recruitment and composition-related matters for the Company has assessed the proposed director nominees of the Company based on a skills matrix and identified the various areas of expertise that will be necessary to provide effective stewardship for the Company. Each director nominee was asked to consider the various areas of expertise identified below and identify whether they consider themselves to have these skills as core competencies, ancillary competencies, or that it was not within their particular area of expertise.
The following skills matrix indicates the number of director nominees who have expertise in the identified area, and is representative of the diverse competencies of the director nominees for the Company:
Areas of Expertise | General Competencies |
Experienced Competencies |
Core Competencies |
|
Industry | Exploration | 5 | 3 | - |
Mine Development/Operations | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
Lithium Industry | 5 | 1 | 2 | |
Chemical Processing | 5 | 1 | 2 | |
Health and Safety | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
Sustainability and Environment | 4 | 1 | 3 | |
Operational | Human Resources and Talent Management | - | 7 | 1 |
Business Development | - | 4 | 4 | |
Executive Compensation | 2 | 5 | 1 | |
Risk Management | - | 5 | 3 | |
Cybersecurity and Technology | 5 | 1 | 2 | |
Financial | Financial and Audit | 3 | 3 | 2 |
Financial Literacy | 2 | 2 | 4 | |
Capital Markets | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
Banking/Project Finance | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
Legal/Regulatory | Securities/Law, Legal Policy and Regulatory | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Government Relations | 3 | 2 | 3 | |
Corporate Governance | - | 6 | 2 | |
Leadership | Executive Leadership | - | 3 | 5 |
Board Experience | 2 | 4 | 2 | |
Public Company Executive | - | 3 | 5 | |
Strategic Planning | - | 3 | 5 |
Diversity
The Company has not adopted a written policy relating to identification and nomination of female directors or a target regarding women in executive positions at this time. The Board will consider the adequate policies and practices to be adopted for the Company as are appropriate for its circumstances. Of the proposed director nominees for the Company, two (2) out of eight (8) (25%) are women. With respect to the proposed executive management, one (1) out of seven (7) is a woman (14%).
Audit and Risk Committee
The audit committee of the Company (the "Audit and Risk Committee") is expected to consist of Fabiana Chubbs (Chair), Jinhee Magie and Michael Brown. The Board has determined that the members of the Audit and Risk Committee meet the applicable independence requirements of the SEC and the applicable NYSE rules.
The Audit and Risk Committee will have powers and perform the functions customarily performed by such a committee, including those required of such a committee by the SEC and NYSE. The Audit and Risk Committee will be responsible for the oversight of the Company's accounting and financial reporting processes, financial statement audits and risk management functions.
Environmental, Sustainability, Safety and Health Committee
The environmental, sustainability, safety and health committee (the "ESSH Committee") is expected to consist of Michael Brown (Chair), Zach Kirkman, Jonathan Evans and Philip Montgomery, of whom Mr. Brown and Mr. Montgomery will each be an "independent" director. The ESSH Committee will be responsible for reviewing and monitoring: (a) the environmental policies and activities of the Company on behalf of the Board and management; (b) the policies and activities of the Company as they relate to the health and safety of employees of the Company in the workplace; (c) the social engagement and social responsibility policies and activities of the Company as they relate to the Company's interaction with community, government, and other stakeholders; and (d) the policies and activities of the Company as they relate to sustainable development and business practices, including environmental, health and safety, social engagement and social responsibility and related matters in the conduct of the Company's activities.
Governance and Nomination Committee
The GN Committee is expected to consist of Yuan Gao (Chair), Jinhee Magie, Kelvin Dushnisky (the Executive Chair of the Company) and Fabiana Chubbs, of whom Mr. Gao, Ms. Magie and Ms. Chubbs will each be an "independent" director. The GN Committee will be responsible for (a) assisting the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities by identifying individuals qualified to become board and board committee members and recommending that the board select director nominees for appointment or election to the board; and (b) developing and recommending to the board corporate governance guidelines for the Company and making recommendations to the board with respect to corporate governance practices.
Compensation and Leadership Committee
The compensation and leadership committee (the "CL Committee") is expected to consist of Jinhee Magie (Chair), Yuan Gao, and Philip Montgomery, each of whom will each be an independent director. The CL Committee will be responsible for (a) reviewing senior leadership development and succession planning for the Company; (b) discharging the Board's responsibilities relating to compensation and benefits of the executive officers and directors of the Company; and (c) developing and overseeing the management's compensation policies and programs.
D. Employees
Following the completion of the Separation it is expected the Company will have 72 employees.
E. Share Ownership
The common shares beneficially owned by the Company's directors and executive officers are disclosed below in "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions."
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A. Major Shareholders
The following table sets forth information regarding ownership of the Company's Common Shares immediately following the completion of the Separation by each person or entity known by the Company to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the Company's outstanding Common Shares, each of the Company's directors and executive officers, and all of the Company's directors and executive officers as a group. To the best of the Company's knowledge, except as disclosed in the table below or with respect to the Company's directors and executive officers, the Company is not, and will not be following the Separation, controlled, directly or indirectly, by another corporation, by any foreign government or by any other natural or legal persons. All of the Company's common shareholders, including the shareholders listed in this table, will be entitled to one vote for each Common Share held.
Except as otherwise noted below, the share amounts reported in the table below are based on each person's beneficial ownership of LAC Common Shares on the date of this registration statement, assuming the shareholding structure of LAC immediately prior to the Separation will be the same as its shareholding structure as of the date of this registration statement, and giving effect to a distribution in the Separation at the distribution ratio of one Common Share (and Lithium Argentina Common Share) for every one LAC Common Share held by such person. As of August 16, 2023, there are 159,922,390 LAC Common Shares issued and outstanding. Information for certain holders is based on their latest filings with the SEC with respect to beneficial ownership of LAC Common Shares or information delivered to the Company.
Identity of Person or Group | Number of Shares Owned | Percent of Class | ||
5% or greater shareholders | ||||
General Motors Holdings LLC | 15,002,243 | 9.4% | ||
GFL International Co., Limited | 15,000,000 | 9.4% | ||
Officers and Directors | ||||
Jonathan Evans | 341,370 | * | ||
Aubree Barnum | 628 | * | ||
Tim Crowley | 38,997 | * | ||
Richard Gerspacher | 1,907 | * | ||
Edward Grandy | 54,986 | * | ||
Pablo Mercado | 10,342 | * | ||
Alexi Zawadzki | 146,228 | * | ||
Michael Brown | 600 | * | ||
Fabiana Chubbs | 6,600 | * | ||
Kelvin Dushnisky | 0 | * | ||
Yuan Gao | 0 | * | ||
Zach Kirkman | 0 | * | ||
Jinhee Magie | 0 | * | ||
Philip Montgomery | 0 | * | ||
Directors and Officers as a group (14 individuals) | 601,658 | * |
* Less than one percent.
B. Related Party Transactions
As described in the section "Explanatory Note," the Company and LAC entered into the Arrangement Agreement, pursuant to which the Arrangement will be carried out under the BCBCA, whereby LAC will reorganize its share capital, the Spin-Out Business will be acquired by the Company and a series of share exchanges and redemptions will take place as a result of which each shareholder of LAC will have the same percentage shareholding in each of Lithium Argentina and the Company immediately upon the completion of the Arrangement at the Arrangement Effective Time.
Under the Arrangement Agreement, the parties have also agreed to enter into the Transitional Services Agreement upon completion of the Arrangement, pursuant to which it is expected that, on an interim basis, each of Lithium Argentina and the Company will provide to each other certain assistance and services from time to time in order to facilitate the orderly transfer of each entity into fully independent public companies. It is expected that, pursuant to the Transitional Services Agreement, detailed schedules will be prepared including the terms for each scope of services provided between the entities, and the related costs payable by Lithium Argentina to the Company, and the Company to Lithium Argentina. Unless terminated earlier or extended by mutual agreement of the parties thereto, it is expected that the schedules to the Transitional Services Agreement will expire in three to 12 months following the Arrangement Effective Date. The terms of the schedules and the Transitional Services Agreement have not yet been finalized.
Under the Arrangement Agreement, the parties have also agreed to enter into a tax indemnity and cooperation agreement (the "Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement") on the Arrangement Effective Date after completion of the Arrangement. The substance of the Arrangement Agreement and Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement are summarized in the section "10.C - Material Contracts."
Funding from LAC
The Company has been funded via loan from LAC (recorded within liabilities) or capital contributions (recorded within net LAC investment in equity). The net LAC investment represents LAC's interest in the recorded net assets of the Company and the cumulative net equity investment by LAC through the dates presented.
Allocation of LAC Costs
Certain costs related to the Company incurred by LAC are allocated to the Company and presented as general and administrative expenditures in the carve-out statement of comprehensive loss. Allocated costs for the year ended December 31, 2022, totaled $11.2 million (2021 - $6.6 million; 2020 - $5.6 million).
General and Administrative (allocation of corporate costs) | Years Ended December 31, | |||||||
(in US$ million) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||
$ | $ | $ | ||||||
Salaries, benefits and other compensation | 5.2 | 3.6 | 4.1 | |||||
Office and administration | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 | |||||
Professional fees | 3.4 | 1.2 | 0.5 | |||||
Investor relations, regulatory fees and travel | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 | |||||
Total | 11.2 | 6.6 | 5.6 |
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
A. Carve-out Statements and Other Financial Information
See "Item 18. Financial Statements."
B. Significant Changes
There have been no significant changes since the date of the interim carve-out financial statements included in this registration statement.
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
A. Offer and Listing Details
There currently is no existing public trading market for the Common Shares of the Company. However, the Company has applied to have the Common Shares listed on the TSX and the NYSE under the ticker symbol "LAC." The Company has received conditional approval for the listing of the Common Shares on the TSX. There is no assurance that the NYSE will approve the Company's listing application. The listing of the Common Shares will be subject to the Company fulfilling all of the requirements of the TSX and the NYSE, respectively.
B. Plan of Distribution
Not Applicable.
C. Markets
The Company has applied to list the Common Shares on the TSX and the NYSE under the symbol "LAC." The Company has received conditional approval for the listing of the Common Shares on the TSX. There is no assurance that the NYSE will approve the Company's listing application. The listing of the Common Shares will be subject to the Company fulfilling all of the requirements of the TSX and the NYSE, respectively.
D. Selling Shareholders
Not applicable.
E. Dilution
Not applicable.
F. Expenses of the Issue
Not applicable.
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
A. Share Capital
Upon the Company's incorporation on January 23, 2023, the Company's authorized share capital comprised of an unlimited number of Common Shares without par value and an unlimited number of preference shares without par value ("Preference Shares"). No Common Shares or Preference Shares are currently issued and outstanding.
As part of the Arrangement, the Notice of Articles and Articles of the Company will be amended to, among other things, eliminate the Preference Shares from the authorized share capital of the Company such that, following such amendment, the Company will be authorized to issue only an unlimited number of Common Shares.
Immediately following the completion of the Arrangement, assuming no exercise or conversion of outstanding convertible securities of LAC prior to the completion of the Arrangement, it is anticipated that approximately 159,922,390 Common Shares will be issued and outstanding (prior to giving effect to the settlement of any Company Unit issued under the Arrangement) based on the number of LAC Common Shares outstanding as of August 15, 2023.
The following is a summary of the description of the Company's capital stock, particularly the rights, preferences and restrictions attaching to each class of the Company's shares. Because the following is a summary, it does not contain all of the information that you may find useful. The Company refers you to our Articles, which are filed as Exhibit 1.1 hereto, and are incorporated herein by reference.
Common Shares
Holders of the Common Shares will be entitled to receive notice of and to attend all meetings of the shareholders of the Company and to one vote in respect of each Common Share held at all such meetings.
Subject to the rights of holders of any other class of shares of the Company entitled to receive dividends in priority (none of which will be applicable following the completion of the Separation), the holders of the Common Shares will be entitled to receive dividends if, as and when declared by the Board out of the assets of the Company properly applicable to the payment of dividends.
In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or other distribution of assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, subject to the holders of the Preference Shares first receiving the amount to which they are entitled from the property and assets of the Company (which will not be applicable following the completion of the Separation), the holders of the Common Shares will be entitled to all remaining property and assets of the Company on a share for share basis.
Preference Shares
Holders of the Preference Shares will not be entitled to receive notice of or to attend or vote at any meetings of the shareholders of the Company and will not have any voting rights, except as required by applicable law.
Holders of the Preference Shares will be entitled to receive non-cumulative dividends if, as and when declared by the Board out of assets of the Company properly applicable to the payment of dividends.
In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or other distribution of property or assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, each holder of a Preference Share will be entitled in respect of each such share to receive from the property and assets of the Company an amount equal to the Redemption Amount (as defined below) in respect of that share before any amount will be paid or any property or asset of the Company distributed to the holders of the Common Shares, following which payment the holders of the Preference Shares will not be entitled to share any further in the distribution of the property or assets of the Company.
Any outstanding Preference Shares may, subject to the provisions of the BCBCA, be redeemed: (i) by the Company at any time on payment of the Redemption Price (as defined in the Articles) in respect of each Preference Share, plus all declared and unpaid dividends thereon (collectively, the "Preference Share Redemption Amount") in cash money or, at the discretion of the Company, by issuance of one or more promissory notes; or (ii) by the Company, at the option of the holder thereof, upon delivery of an irrevocable request in writing in respect of the holder's desire for the redemption of the Preference Shares held. Redemption of the Preference Shares and the cancellation thereof will be effective upon the payment by the Company to, or to the benefit of, the holder thereof of the Preference Share Redemption Amount.
The New LAC Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement
On the Arrangement Effective Date, the Company will enter into a new Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement (the "New LAC Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement") pursuant to which GM will subscribe for and purchase $329,852,134.38 of Common Shares at a price per share equal to the Tranche 2 Subscription Price. The Tranche 2 Subscription Price shall be the Current Market Price as at the date that a notice (the "TP Available Capital Notice") is delivered by the Company to GM that it has secured sufficient available capital to complete the Thacker Pass development plan funding to a maximum of the Tranche 2 Price Ceiling. The Current Market Price of any Common Shares at any date means the price per share equal to the volume weighted average trading price per share of such Common Shares on the NYSE during the five (5) consecutive trading days ending before such date or, if such Common Shares are not then listed on the NYSE, on the TSX during the five (5) consecutive trading days ending before such date, in each case as reported by Bloomberg Finance, L.P. in respect of the period from the scheduled open of trading until the scheduled close of trading of the primary trading session on each such trading day (or if such volume-weighted average trading price is unavailable, the market price of one such Common Share on each such trading day). The "volume-weighted average trading price" shall be determined without regard to after-hours trading or any other trading outside of the regular trading session hours. The Tranche 2 Price Ceiling shall be $27.74 (the "Current Tranche 2 Ceiling Price") multiplied by the Relative New LAC Value Ratio as defined below.
"Relative New LAC Value Ratio" represents the market capitalization of the Company relative to the combined market capitalization of the Company and Lithium Argentina following the date of the Separation, expressed as a percentage. This ratio will be calculated by determining the volume-weighted average price of the common shares of each of the Company and Lithium Argentina for the five (5) trading days immediately following the Separation, multiplied by their respective issued share capital, to establish their respective market capitalizations. The ratio would then be calculated by dividing the market capitalization figure of the Company against the aggregate market capitalization of the Company and Lithium Argentina combined. This calculation can be expressed as a formula as follows:
(A x C) / (A x C + B x D) = Relative New LAC Value Ratio
Where:
A = The Company five-day volume-weighted average trading price following Separation
B = Lithium Argentina five-day volume-weighted average trading price following Separation
C = Number of Common Shares outstanding on the date of calculation1
D = Number of Lithium Argentina Common Shares outstanding on the date of calculation1
_________________________________________
1 In connection with the Separation, the Company will issue to the holders of issued LAC Common Shares an equal number of Common Shares. As a result, upon the Separation the issued share capital of Lithium Argentina and the Company will be substantially the same, subject to minor variances as a result of the treatment and adjustments of certain convertible securities.
Illustrative Examples of Relative New LAC Value Ratio
Set forth below are three illustrative examples of a potential Relative New LAC Value Ratio:
1. Where A is $12, B is $10 and each of C and D is 160 million common shares, the formula would be:
(12 x 160,000,000) / (12 x 160,000,000 + 10 x 160,000,000) = Relative New LAC Value Ratio
1,920,000,000 / (1,920,000,000 + 1,600,000,000) = 0.54545
2. Where A is $10, B is $13 and each of C and D is 160,000,000 shares, the formula would be:
(10 x 160,000,000) / (10 x 160,000,000 + 13 x 160,000,000) = Relative New LAC Value Ratio
(1,600,000,000 / (1,600,000,000 + 2,080,000,000) = 0.43478
3. Where A is $8, B is $16 and each of C and D is 160,000,000 shares, the formula would be:
(8 x 160,000,000) / (8 x 160,000,000 + 16 x 160,000,000) = Relative New LAC Value Ratio
(1,280,000,000 / (1,280,000,000 + 2,560,000,000) = 0.33333
Illustrative Price Adjustment to Tranche 2 Price Ceiling and GM Ownership Increase
The following table provides further information about the number of Common Shares issuable pursuant to the Tranche 2 subscription by GM in the three illustrative scenarios set forth above, along with the percentage of GM's ownership of Common Shares as a result of such hypothetical subscription.
Illustrative Scenario |
Relative New LAC Value Ratio |
Current Tranche 2 Ceiling Price |
Adjusted Tranche 2 Ceiling (Current Tranche 2 Ceiling Price x Relative New LAC Value Ratio) |
Number of Common Shares Issuable (aggregate subscription proceeds of $329,852,134) |
Percentage of Common Shares Issuable upon exercise(1) |
Percentage Ownership of GM in the Company(2) |
1 | 0.54545 | $27.74 | $15.1308 | 21,800,046 | 11.991% | 20.243% |
2 | 0.43478 | $27.74 | $12.0608 | 27,349,109 | 14.598% | 22.606% |
3 | 0.33333 | $27.74 | $9.2466 | 35,672,802 | 18.231% | 25.898% |
Notes:
(1) Assumes 160,000,000 Common Shares are outstanding on the date of the Tranche 2 subscription.
(2) Assumes that on the date of the Tranche 2 subscription, GM holds approximately 15,002,243 Common Shares (being equal to the number of LAC Common Shares held as of the date hereof) and that there is an aggregate 160,000,000 Common Shares outstanding prior to the issuance of Common Shares to GM.
GM will be prohibited from acquiring Common Shares under the Tranche 2 Warrants (and the New LAC Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement, as defined below) that would result in GM owning more than 30% of the Common Shares. GM also has a right to elect not to subscribe for Common Shares to the extent that such a subscription would result in GM having to consolidate the Company's financial performance (or, prior to the Arrangement, LAC itself) in connection with GM's financial statements under U.S. GAAP.
At the Meeting, LAC Shareholders approved a resolution providing for a maximum price of $27.74 per LAC Common Share (such price being adjusted for the purchase of Company Common Shares by multiplying such price by the Relative New LAC Value Ratio) to be subscribed for by GM. As a result, the Tranche 2 AEWs will terminate and the Tranche 2 subscription is expected to be completed pursuant to the New LAC Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement.
B. Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation
The following is a summary of the material terms of the Articles. As the following is a summary, it does not contain all of the information that you may find useful. The Company refers you to the Articles, which are filed as Exhibit 1.1 hereto and are incorporated herein by reference.
Incorporation
The Company was incorporated under the BCBCA. Its British Columbia incorporation number is BC1397468.
Objects and Purposes of the Company
The Articles do not contain a description of the Company's objects and purposes.
Voting on Proposals, Arrangements, Contracts or Compensation by Directors
A director or senior officer who holds a disclosable interest (as that term is used in the BCBCA) in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter is liable to account to the Company for any profit that accrues to the director or senior officer under or as a result of the contract or transaction only if and to the extent provided in the BCBCA.
A director who holds a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter is not entitled to vote on any directors' resolution to approve that contract or transaction, unless all the directors have a disclosable interest in that contract or transaction, in which case any or all of those directors may vote on such resolution.
A director who holds a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter and who is present at the meeting of directors at which the contract or transaction is considered for approval may be counted in the quorum at the meeting whether or not the director votes on any or all of the resolutions considered at the meeting.
Under the BCBCA, a director or senior officer generally holds a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction if (a) the contract or transaction is material to the Company; (b) the Company has entered, or proposes to enter, into the contract or transaction, (c) either (i) the director or senior officer has a material interest in the contract or transaction or (ii) the director or senior officer is a director or senior officer of, or has a material interest in, a person who has a material interest in the contract or transaction, and (d) the interest is known by the director or senior officer or reasonably ought to have been known. A director or senior officer does not hold a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction merely because the contract or transaction relates to the remuneration of the director or senior officer in that person's capacity as director, officer, employee or agent of the Company or of an affiliate of the Company.
Borrowing Powers of Directors
The Articles provide that the Company, if authorized by its directors, may:
borrow money in the manner and amount, on the security, from the sources and on the terms and conditions that they consider appropriate;
issue bonds, debentures and other debt obligations either outright or as security for any liability or obligation of the Company or any other person and at such discounts or premiums and on such other terms as they consider appropriate;
guarantee the repayment of money by any other person or the performance of any obligation of any other person; and
mortgage, charge, whether by way of specific or floating charge, grant a security interest in, or give other security on, the whole or any part of the present and future assets and undertaking of the Company.
Retirement of Directors under an Age Limit
The Articles do not prescribe an age limit upon which a director must retire.
Qualifications of Directors
Under the Articles, a director is not required to hold a share in the capital of the Company as qualification for his or her office but must be qualified as required by the BCBCA to become, act or continue to act as a director.
Share Rights
See "Item 10.A. - Share Capital" above for a summary of the Company's authorized capital and the special rights and restrictions attached to the Common Shares and Preference Shares.
Conditions governing Changes in Capital and Procedures to Change the Rights of Shareholders
Under the Articles, subject to the paragraph below and the BCBCA, the Company may by ordinary resolution of its shareholders or resolution by the Board: (a) create one or more classes or series of shares or, if none of the shares of a class or series of shares are allotted or issued, eliminate that class or series of shares; (b) increase, reduce or eliminate the maximum number of shares that the Company is authorized to issue out of any class or series of shares or establish a maximum number of shares that the Company is authorized to issue out of any class or series of shares for which no maximum is established; (c) subdivide or consolidate all or any of its unissued, or fully paid issued, shares; (d) if the Company is authorized to issue shares of a class of shares with par value: (i) decrease the par value of those shares, or (ii) if none of the shares of that class of shares are allotted or issued, increase the par value of those shares; (e) change all or any of its unissued, or fully paid issued, shares with par value into shares without par value or all or any of its unissued shares without par value into shares with par value; (f) alter the identifying name of any of its shares; or (g) otherwise alter its shares or authorized share structure when required or permitted to do so by the BCBCA.
Subject to the BCBCA, the Company may by special resolution: (a) create special rights or restrictions for, and attach those special rights or restrictions to, the shares of any class or series of shares, whether or not any or all of those shares have been issued; or (b) vary or delete any special rights or restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares, whether or not any or all of those shares have been issued.
Meetings
The Articles and the BCBCA provide that annual meetings of shareholders must be held at least once in each calendar year and not more than 15 months after the last annual general meeting at such time and place as the Board may determine.
The Articles provide that if all the shareholders who are entitled to vote at an annual general meeting consent by a unanimous resolution under the BCBCA to all of the business that is required to be transacted at that annual general meeting, the annual general meeting is deemed to have been held on the date of the unanimous resolution. In such event, the shareholders must select as the Company's annual reference date a date that would be appropriate for the holding of the applicable annual general meeting.
The directors of the Company may, at any time, call a meeting of shareholders. Under the BCBCA, the shareholders who hold in the aggregate at least five percent of the Company's issued shares that carry the right to vote at a meeting may requisition directors to call a meeting of shareholders for the purposes of transacting any business that may be transacted at a general meeting.
The Articles state that the directors may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to vote at any meeting of shareholders. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is to be held by more than two months or, in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders under the BCBCA, by more than four months.
Under the Articles, if a meeting of shareholders is to consider special business, the notice of meeting must: (a) state the general nature of the special business; and (b) if the special business includes considering, ratifying adopting or authorizing any document or the signing of or giving of effect to any document, have attached to it a copy of the document or state that a copy of the document will be available for inspection by shareholders: (i) at the Company's records office, or such other reasonably accessible location in British Columbia as is specified in the notice; and (ii) during statutory business hours on any one or more specified days before the day set for the holding of the meeting. The majority of votes required for the Company to pass a special resolution at a meeting of shareholders is two-thirds of the votes cast on the resolution.
Under the Articles, the quorum for the transaction of business at a shareholders meeting is two shareholders entitled to vote at the meeting whether present in person or by proxy who hold, in the aggregate, at least 5% of the issued shares entitled to be voted at the meeting.
The Articles state that in addition to those persons who are entitled to vote at a shareholders meeting of the Company, the only other persons entitled to be present at the meeting are the directors, the president (if any), the secretary (if any), the assistant secretary (if any), any lawyer for the Company, the auditor for the Company, and any other persons invited by the Company's directors but if any of those persons does attend a meeting of shareholders, that person is not to be counted in the quorum and is not entitled to vote at the meeting unless that person is a shareholder or proxy holder entitled to vote at the meeting.
Limitations on Ownership of Securities
Neither Canadian law nor the Articles limit the right of a non-resident to hold or vote the Common Shares, other than as provided in the Investment Canada Act (the "Investment Act"). The Investment Act generally prohibits implementation of a direct reviewable investment by an individual, government or agency thereof, corporation, partnership, trust or joint venture that is not a "Canadian," as defined in the Investment Act (a "non-Canadian"), unless, after review, the minister responsible for the Investment Act is satisfied that the investment is likely to be of net benefit to Canada. An investment in the Common Shares by a non-Canadian (other than a "WTO Investor," as defined below) would be reviewable under the Investment Act if it were an investment to acquire direct control of the company, and the value of the assets of the company were C$5.0 million or more (provided that immediately prior to the implementation of the investment the company was not controlled by WTO Investors). An investment in the Common Shares by a WTO Investor (or by a non-Canadian other than a WTO Investor if, immediately prior to the implementation of the investment the Company was controlled by WTO Investors) would be reviewable under the Investment Act if it were an investment to acquire direct control of the company and the enterprise value of the company is C$1.141 billion. An investment in the Common Shares by a trade agreement investor (or by a non-Canadian other than a trade agreement investor if, immediately prior to the implementation of the investment the Company was controlled by a trade agreement investor) would be reviewable under the Investment Act if it were an investment to acquire direct control of the company and the enterprise value of the company is C$1.711 billion.
In general, an individual is a WTO Investor if the individual is a "national" of a country (other than Canada) that is a member of the World Trade Organization ("WTO Member") or has a right of permanent residence in a WTO Member. A corporation or other entity will be a "WTO Investor" if it is a "WTO Investor-controlled entity," pursuant to detailed rules set out in the Investment Act. The U.S. is a WTO Member. Trade agreement investors include entities and individuals whose country of ultimate control is party to certain trade agreements. This includes the United States, the United Kingdom and members of the European Union, among others.
A non-Canadian, regardless of the type of investor, would be deemed to acquire control of the Company for purposes of the Investment Act if the non-Canadian were to acquire a majority of the Common Shares. The acquisition of less than a majority, but at least one-third of the shares, would be presumed to be an acquisition of control of the Company, unless it could be established that the Company is not controlled in fact by the acquirer through the ownership of the shares.
Certain transactions involving the Common Shares would be exempt from the Investment Act, including:
an acquisition of the shares if the acquisition were made in the ordinary course of that person's business as a trader or dealer in securities;
an acquisition of control of the Company in connection with the realization of a security interest granted for a loan or other financial assistance and not for any purpose related to the provisions of the Investment Act; and
an acquisition of control of the Company by reason of an amalgamation, merger, consolidation or corporate reorganization, following which the ultimate direct or indirect control in fact of the Company, through the ownership of voting interests, remains unchanged.
Change in Control
There are no provisions in the Articles or in the BCBCA that would have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company, and that would operate only with respect to a merger, acquisition or corporate restructuring involving the Company or its subsidiaries.
Ownership Threshold
Neither the Articles nor the BCBCA contains any provisions governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed. Securities legislation in Canada, however, requires that the Company disclose in its information circular for its annual general meeting, holders who beneficially own more than 10% of the Company's issued and outstanding shares.
C. Material contracts
Attached as exhibits to this registration statement are the contracts the Company considers to be both material and outside the ordinary course of business and are to be performed in whole or in part after the filing of this registration statement. The Company refers you to "Item 4. Information on the Company - A. History and Development of the Company," "Item 4. Information on the Company - B. Business Overview," and "Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - B. Related Party Transactions" for a discussion of these contracts. Other than as discussed in this section or in this registration statement, the Company has no material contracts, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, to which the Company is a party.
Agreements in respect of the GM Transaction
On January 30, 2023, LAC entered into the GM Transaction Purchase Agreement pursuant to which GM will make an approximately $650 million equity investment in LAC, to be used for the development of the Thacker Pass Project. The investment is comprised of two tranches, with the approximately $320 million Tranche 1 investment for subscription receipts convertible into LAC Common Shares and warrants having been completed, and the $330 million Tranche 2 investment contemplated to be invested in the Company following the Separation. Tranche 1 of the GM Transaction was structured through the initial issuance of 15,002,243 subscription receipts by LAC to GM, whereby each subscription receipt, upon satisfaction of certain escrow release conditions, automatically converted into one unit comprised of one LAC Common Share and 79.26% of one Tranche 2 AEW with each Tranche 2 AEW exercisable into one LAC Common Share at a price of $27.74 for a term of 36 months from the date of issuance. The conversion of the subscription receipts resulted in the issuance of all shares issuable for Tranche 1 and, through the shares issuable upon exercise of the Tranche 2 AEWs, the allocation of all shares issuable under the Tranche 2 subscription. GM and LAC will implement Tranche 2 through a purchase of Common Shares under the New LAC Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement (which will result in the termination of the Tranche 2 AEWs) that provides for the purchase of approximately $330 million of Common Shares at the prevailing market price, to a maximum of $27.74 per share (adjusted for the Separation). In addition to other closing conditions, Tranche 2 will be subject to a condition that LAC secure sufficient funding to complete the development of Phase 1 of the Thacker Pass Project.
In connection with the escrow release and the issuance of the shares under Tranche 1, LAC entered into the Offtake Agreement with GM pursuant to which LAC will supply GM with lithium carbonate production from Phase 1. The price within the Offtake Agreement is based on an agreed upon price formula linked to prevailing market prices. The term of the Offtake Agreement is for 10 years from the commencement of Phase 1 production, with an option (exercisable by GM) to extend the Offtake Agreement by an additional five years. GM also has a right of first offer, under the Offtake Agreement, on the offtake of Phase 2 production.
In addition, in connection with the escrow release and the issuance of the shares under Tranche 1, LAC and GM entered into the Investor Rights Agreement pursuant to which, among other things, GM is required to "lock-up" their securities until the later of (i) one year after the Separation, or (ii) the earlier of (i) six months after the closing of Tranche 2, or (ii) the date Tranche 2 is not completed in accordance with its terms, provided that the foregoing lock-up restriction will not apply if the Separation does not occur. In addition, GM has certain board nomination rights, oversight, and securities offering participation rights, and is also subject to a standstill limitation whereby it is not able to increase its holdings beyond 20% of the issued and outstanding LAC Common Shares until a period that is the earlier of (i) five years following the effective date of the Investor Rights Agreement, and (ii) one year following the date of the commencement of commercial production for Phase 1 as outlined in the Offtake Agreement.
Completion of Tranche 2 of the GM Transaction remains subject to customary regulatory approvals, including approval of the TSX and NYSE, and other customary closing conditions. See "Item 3.D - Risk Factors - Risks Relating to the Separation." Additionally, as the Tranche 2 investment is contemplated to occur following the Separation, the transaction agreements provide that upon the Separation, the relevant agreements reflecting the Tranche 2 investment will be superseded by equivalent agreements between GM and the Company (including the New LAC Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement and, a new investor rights agreement), with maximum pricing (being $27.74 per share) being adjusted to reflect the relative value of the Company compared to the value of Lithium Argentina. See "Item 10.A. - Share Capital."
Arrangement Agreement
On May 15, 2023, LAC and the Company entered into an arrangement agreement (the "Original Arrangement Agreement"). On June 14, 2023, LAC and the Company entered into the Arrangement Agreement, which amended and restated the Original Arrangement Agreement to, among other things, include information with respect to the finalized composition of the board of directors of each of Lithium Argentina and the Company in the Plan of Arrangement.
The Arrangement Agreement provides for, among other things, the terms of the Plan of Arrangement, the conditions to its completion, actions to be taken prior to and after the Arrangement Effective Date and indemnities between the companies after the Arrangement Effective Date. A copy of the Arrangement Agreement is filed as exhibit to this registration statement.
Under the Arrangement Agreement, the parties have also agreed to enter into the Transitional Services Agreement and the Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement on the Arrangement Effective Date after completion of the Arrangement.
Pursuant to the Arrangement Agreement, each of the parties has agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts and to do all things reasonably required to complete the transactions contemplated in the Arrangement Agreement. The Arrangement Agreement provides that the obligation of LAC to complete the Arrangement is subject to receipt of a number of approvals and rulings and fulfillment of a number of conditions. Notwithstanding fulfillment of all conditions and receipt of the contemplated approvals, LAC may decide at any time prior to the Arrangement Effective Date, to terminate the Arrangement Agreement and not to proceed with the Arrangement without any further action on the part of the other parties to the Arrangement Agreement, the LAC Shareholders or the Supreme Court of British Columbia.
Further, under the Arrangement Agreement, both the Plan of Arrangement and the Tax Rulings may be amended by LAC, so long as such amendment is not materially adverse to the other parties to the Arrangement Agreement, without further notice to or approval by the other parties or the LAC Shareholders. The special resolution of the LAC Shareholders to approve the Arrangement (the "Arrangement Resolution"), which was approved by LAC Shareholders on July 31, 2023, also authorizes LAC's board of directors to amend the Plan of Arrangement without further notice to or approval by the LAC Shareholders. LAC has no present intention to amend the Plan of Arrangement. However, it is possible that a failure to complete appropriate new financing arrangements or market or other conditions could make it advisable to amend the Plan of Arrangement. In addition, it is possible that, due to further discussions with the Canada Revenue Agency in respect of its advance Tax Rulings and the IRS in respect of its advance Tax Rulings or other considerations, LAC's board of directors may determine that it is appropriate that amendments be made to the Plan of Arrangement or the Tax Rulings. LAC has also reserved the right in its sole discretion to amend the Arrangement Agreement to the extent that such amendment is necessary or advisable due to the Tax Rulings, the interim order of the Supreme Court of British Columbia in respect of the Arrangement or the Final Order.
Pursuant to the Arrangement Agreement, each of LAC and the Company has agreed to indemnify and hold harmless the other party (and its representatives) against any loss suffered or incurred resulting from, among other things, a breach of a representation, warranty or covenant or any loss suffered as a result of a claim against that other party relating to the indemnifying party or its business. In addition, the parties have agreed to enter into the Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement, which will provide for, among other things, a covenant from each of LAC and the Company that it will not take any action, omit to take any action or enter into any transaction that could cause the Arrangement or any related transaction to be treated in a manner inconsistent with the Tax Rulings. Each party has agreed that it will indemnify the other party against any loss suffered or incurred which results from the indemnifying party's breach of this covenant or certain related covenants made in the Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement.
Pursuant to the Arrangement Agreement, LAC will bear all fees, cost and expenses incurred directly in connection with the Arrangement, including financing fees, advisory and other professional expenses, printing and mailing costs associated with the information circular prepared in connection with the Meeting, accompanying form of proxy and/or voting instruction form, and any payments made to dissenting LAC Shareholders, other than fees, costs, expenses and payment obligations incurred in connection with indemnification obligations arising under the Arrangement Agreement.
Plan of Arrangement
The following description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Plan of Arrangement, a copy of which is attached as Appendix A to the Arrangement Agreement filed as an exhibit to the registration statement.
Solely for the purpose of completing the Arrangement, on the Arrangement Effective Date, except as otherwise stated in the Plan of Arrangement and except for filing elections under the Tax Act, each of the procedural transactions and events described below will occur in the following sequence effective at one-minute intervals starting at the Arrangement Effective Time, without any further authorization, act or formality by LAC, the Company or any other person:
(a) Dissenting LAC Shareholders
Each LAC Common Share held by a dissenting LAC Shareholder will be, and will be deemed to be, transferred to LAC by the holder thereof and will be cancelled, without any further authorization, act or formality, free and clear of all liens, claims and encumbrances, and LAC will be obliged to pay such dissenting LAC Shareholder an amount therefor as determined by an order of the Court in accordance with Article 3 of the Plan of Arrangement, and such dissenting LAC Shareholder will be deemed to be removed from the securities register of LAC as a holder of LAC Common Shares and will cease to be the holder of such LAC Common Shares or to have any rights as a Shareholder other than the right to be paid the fair value for such LAC Common Shares as set out in Article 3 of the Plan of Arrangement.
(b) LAC Incentive Plan and the Company's Equity Incentive Plan
(i) The terms and conditions of the Second Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan of LAC dated May 15, 2023 will be amended and restated in the form and substance set out in Exhibit II to the Plan of Arrangement.
(ii) The Company's Equity Incentive Plan will come into force and effect with the terms and conditions set out in Exhibit III to the Plan of Arrangement.
(c) Treatment of LAC Equity Awards
(i) Exchange of LAC DSUs for Company DSUs and Lithium Argentina DSUs
Holders of LAC deferred share units (the "LAC DSUs") will dispose of (i) the Butterfly Percentage (as defined in the Plan of Arrangement) of each LAC DSU to the Company for one Company DSU, and (ii) the remaining portion of each LAC DSU to LAC for one Lithium Argentina DSU, subject to adjustment.
The LAC DSUs so exchanged will be cancelled.
(ii) Exchange of LAC PSUs for Company PSUs and Lithium Argentina PSUs
Holders of LAC performance share units (the "LAC PSUs") will dispose of (i) the Butterfly Percentage of each LAC PSU to the Company for one Company PSU, and (ii) the remaining portion of each LAC PSU to LAC for one Lithium Argentina PSU, subject to adjustment.
The LAC PSUs so exchanged will be cancelled.
(iii) Exchange of LAC RSUs for Company RSUs and Lithium Argentina RSUs
Holders of LAC restricted share units (the "LAC RSUs") will dispose of (i) the Butterfly Percentage of each LAC RSU to the Company for one Company RSU, and (ii) the remaining portion of each LAC RSU to LAC for one Lithium Argentina RSU, subject to adjustment as follows.
The LAC RSUs so exchanged will be cancelled.
(d) Reorganization of LAC Share Capital
The authorized share capital of LAC will be reorganized and its Articles and Notice of Articles will be altered to create and to authorize the issuance of an unlimited number of LAC Class A Common Shares and an unlimited number of LAC's Preference Shares (the "LAC Preference Shares"), each a new class of shares, in addition to the LAC Common Shares it is authorized to issue immediately before such alteration, attaching the respective rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions set out in Exhibit I to the Plan of Arrangement.
(e) First LAC Share Exchange
Each LAC Shareholder as of the Arrangement Effective Time, other than those dissenting LAC Shareholders (each, a "Participating Shareholder") will transfer each LAC Common Share held by such Participating Shareholder to LAC in exchange for: (x) one LAC Class A Common Share; and (y) one LAC Preference Share.
(f) The Company Share Exchange
Each Participating Shareholder will transfer each LAC Preference Share held by such Participating Shareholder to the Company in exchange for one Common Share.
(g) Distribution
LAC will transfer to the Company all of the Spin-Out Business in consideration for the Company's assumption of liabilities and obligations related to the Spin-Out Business (including LAC's liabilities and obligations related to the Offtake Agreement) and the issuance of 1,000,000 Preference Shares to LAC.
(h) The Company Redemption
The Company will redeem for cancellation all of the Preference Shares held by LAC in consideration for the aggregate of, in respect of each Preference Share, the net fair market value of the Spin-Out Business, divided by the number of Preference Shares, plus all declared but unpaid dividends thereon (the "Redemption Amount"). The Company will issue the demand, non-interest bearing promissory note having a principal amount equal to the Redemption Amount (the "Redemption Note") to LAC in payment of the aggregate of the Redemption Amount.
(i) LAC Redemption
LAC will redeem for cancellation all of the LAC Preference Shares held by the Company in consideration for the aggregate of, in respect of each LAC Preference Share, the product of the butterfly percentage and the aggregate fair market value of all of the LAC Common Shares held by Participating Shareholders immediately before the First LAC Share Exchange, divided by the number of LAC Preference Shares, plus all declared but unpaid dividends thereon (the "LAC Redemption Amount"). LAC will issue the demand, non-interest bearing promissory note having a principal amount equal to the LAC Redemption Amount (the "LAC Redemption Note") to the Company in payment of the aggregate of the LAC Redemption Amount.
(j) Second LAC Share Exchange
Each Participating Shareholder will transfer each LAC Class A Common Share held by such Participating Shareholder to LAC in exchange for one LAC Common Share.
(k) Set-Off
Pursuant to a settlement agreement between LAC and the Company: (i) LAC will repay the LAC Redemption Note by transferring to the Company its Redemption Note; (ii) the Company will repay the Redemption Note by transferring to LAC its LAC Redemption Note; and (iii) each of the LAC Redemption Note and the Redemption Note will be cancelled.
(l) Name Change of LAC and Elimination of Certain Classes of Shares
The Articles and Notice of Articles of LAC (as Lithium Argentina) will be altered to:
(i) change the name of LAC (as Lithium Argentina) from "Lithium Americas Corp." to "Lithium Americas (Argentina) Corp."; and
(ii) eliminate the LAC Class A Common Shares and the LAC Preference Shares from the authorized share capital of LAC (as Lithium Argentina), such that, immediately following such alteration, LAC (as Lithium Argentina) will be authorized to issue an unlimited number of LAC Common Shares (being Lithium Argentina Common Shares).
(m) Name Change of the Company and Elimination of Certain Classes of Shares
The Articles and Notice of Articles of the Company will be altered to:
(i) change the name of the Company from "1397468 B.C. Ltd." to "Lithium Americas Corp."; and
(ii) eliminate the Preference Shares from the authorized share capital of the Company, such that, immediately following such alteration, the Company will be authorized to issue an unlimited number of Common Shares.
(n) Change in Directors
(i) the following directors of LAC will resign from the board of LAC: Fabiana Chubbs, Kelvin Dushnisky, Jonathan Evans, Yuan Gao and Jinhee Magie;
(ii) the number of directors of Lithium Argentina will be reduced to six (6) and the directors of Lithium Argentina will be Diego Lopez Casanello, Robert Doyle, George Ireland, John Kanellitsas, Franco Mignacco and Calum Morrison, such directors to hold office until the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders of Lithium Argentina or until their successors are elected or appointed;
(iii) the number of directors of the Company will be set at eight (8) and the directors of the Company will be Michael Brown, Fabiana Chubbs, Kelvin Dushnisky, Jonathan Evans, Yuan Gao, Zach Kirkman, Jinhee Magie and Philip Montgomery, such directors to hold office until the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders of the Company or until their successors are elected or appointed;
(iv) until the next annual meeting of shareholders of Lithium Argentina, the directors of Lithium Argentina will have the authority to appoint one or more additional directors on its board of directors who will hold office for a term expiring not later than the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders of Lithium Argentina or until their successors are elected or appointed, but the total number of directors so appointed may not exceed one third of the number of persons who become directors of Lithium Argentina, as contemplated by section 2.3(n)(ii) of the Plan of Arrangement; and
(v) until the next annual meeting of shareholders of the Company, the directors of the Company will have the authority to appoint one or more additional directors on its board of directors who will hold office for a term expiring not later than the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders of the Company or until their successors are elected or appointed, but the total number of directors so appointed may not exceed one third of the number of persons who become directors of the Company, as contemplated by section 2.3(n)(iii) of the Plan of Arrangement.
Lock-Up Agreement
The Arrangement is conditional upon LAC and the Company entering into a lock-up agreement (the "Ganfeng Lock-Up") with GFL International Co., Limited ("Ganfeng"), which holds 15,000,000 LAC Common Shares representing 9.4% of LAC's issued and outstanding share capital as of the date of this registration statement. The Ganfeng Lock-Up will set out the terms and conditions upon which Ganfeng will agree to, among other things: (i) not acquire any LAC Common Shares or transfer the LAC Common Shares it owns prior to the Arrangement Effective Time, (ii) not transfer any of the Lithium Argentina Common Shares and Common Shares of the Company issuable to Ganfeng pursuant the Arrangement for the 18 months following the Arrangement Effective Date (or such other period to be agreed to by the parties), except as expressly permitted by the Ganfeng Lock-Up, and (iii) abide by the other restrictions and covenants set out in the agreement.
Pursuant to the Investor Rights Agreement entered into between LAC and GM in connection with the GM Transaction, GM also agreed, among other things: (i) not to acquire any additional LAC Common Shares except as set out in the GM Transaction Purchase Agreement or in compliance with the Investor Rights Agreement, (ii) not to transfer the 15,002,243 LAC Common Shares currently held by GM prior to the Arrangement Effective Time, and (iii) not to transfer the 15,002,243 Lithium Argentina Common Shares and 15,002,243 Common Shares of the Company issuable to GM pursuant to the Arrangement from and after the Arrangement Effective Date. GM's "lock-up" obligations are valid until the later of (i) one (1) year after the Separation, or (ii) the earlier of (x) six (6) months after the closing of Tranche 2 of the placement, or (y) the date the Tranche 2 is not completed in accordance with its terms, provided that the foregoing lock-up restriction will not apply if the Arrangement does not occur.
Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement
The Arrangement Agreement provides for cross-indemnities against losses a party or any of its representatives suffers as a result of a breach of representation, warranty or covenant by another party. The Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement is expected to provide similar cross-indemnities against tax-specific claims a party or its representatives become subject to as a result of a breach of covenant by another party. The Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement will also contain certain covenants that, for a period of three years after the effective date of the Arrangement, may prohibit, except in specific circumstances, the parties from taking or failing to take certain actions that could cause the Arrangement or any transaction contemplated by the Arrangement Agreement to be taxed in a manner that is inconsistent with the Tax Rulings. In addition, the Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement will also contain certain customary covenants with respect to the filing of tax returns, payment of taxes, cooperation, assistance, document retention and certain other administration and procedural matters regarding taxes.
D. Exchange controls
There are no governmental laws, decrees, regulations or other legislation, including foreign exchange controls, in Canada which may affect the export or import of capital or that may affect the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to non-resident holders of the Company's securities. Any remittances of dividends to United States residents, however, are subject to a withholding tax pursuant to the Tax Act and the Convention Between Canada and the United States of America with Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital, signed September 26, 1980, as amended (the "Canada-U.S. Tax Convention"). Remittances of interest to U.S. residents entitled to the benefits of such Convention are generally not subject to withholding taxes except in limited circumstances involving participating interest payments. Certain other types of remittances, such as royalties paid to U.S. residents, may be subject to a withholding tax depending on all of the circumstances.
E. Taxation
The following summary of the United States federal income tax and Canadian tax consequences of receipt, ownership and disposition of the Company's shares is based upon laws, regulations, decrees, rulings, income tax conventions (treaties), administrative practice and judicial decisions in effect at the date of this registration statement. Legislative, judicial or administrative changes or interpretations may, however, be forthcoming that could alter or modify the descriptions and conclusions set forth herein. Any such changes or interpretations may be retroactive and could affect the tax consequences to holders of our shares. This summary does not purport to be a legal opinion or to address all tax aspects that may be relevant to a holder of the Common Shares. Each prospective holder is urged to consult its own tax adviser as to the particular tax consequences to such holder of the receipt, disposition and ownership of the Company's shares, including the applicability and effect of any other tax laws or tax treaties, of pending or proposed changes in applicable tax laws as of the date of this registration statement, and of any actual changes in applicable tax laws after such date.
Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following is a general summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to a U.S. Shareholder (as defined below) arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the Common Shares.
This summary is for general information purposes only and does not purport to be a complete analysis or listing of all potential U.S. federal income tax considerations that may apply to a U.S. Shareholder as a result of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the Common Shares. In addition, this summary does not take into account the individual facts and circumstances of any particular U.S. Shareholder that may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such U.S. Shareholder, including specific tax consequences to a U.S. Shareholder under an applicable tax treaty. Accordingly, this summary is not intended to be, and should not be construed as, legal or U.S. federal income tax advice with respect to any particular U.S. Shareholder. This summary does not address the U.S. federal net investment income, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences to U.S. Shareholders of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Common Shares. In addition, except as specifically set forth below, this summary does not discuss applicable tax reporting requirements. Each U.S. Shareholder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal, U.S. federal net investment income, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Common Shares.
No opinion from legal counsel or ruling from the IRS has been requested, or will be obtained, regarding the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to U.S. Shareholders as discussed in this summary. This summary is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS is not precluded from taking a position that is different from, and contrary to, the positions taken in this summary. In addition, because the authorities on which this summary is based are subject to various interpretations, the IRS and the U.S. courts could disagree with one or more of the positions taken in this summary.
Scope of this Summary
Authorities
This summary is based on the Code, Treasury Regulations (whether final, temporary, or proposed) promulgated under the Code, published rulings of the IRS, published administrative positions of the IRS, the Canada-U.S. Tax Convention, and U.S. court decisions, that are in effect and available, as of the date of this document. Any of the authorities on which this summary is based could be changed in a material and adverse manner at any time, and any such change could be applied retroactively. This summary does not discuss the potential effects, whether adverse or beneficial, of any proposed legislation that, if enacted, could be applied on a retroactive or prospective basis.
U.S. Shareholders
For purposes of this summary, the term "U.S. Shareholder" means a beneficial owner of Common Shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
a citizen or individual resident of the United States;
a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;
an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or
a trust that (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more U.S. persons for all substantial decisions or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.
U.S. Shareholders Subject to Special U.S. Federal Income Tax Rules Not Addressed
This summary does not address the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to U.S. Shareholders that are subject to special provisions under the Code, including U.S. Shareholders that: (a) are governmental organizations, tax-exempt organizations, qualified retirement plans, individual retirement accounts, or other tax-deferred accounts; (b) are financial institutions, underwriters, insurance companies, real estate investment trusts, or regulated investment companies; (c) are brokers or dealers in securities or currencies or are traders in securities that elect to apply a mark-to-market accounting method; (d) have a "functional currency" other than the U.S. dollar; (e) own Common Shares as part of a straddle, hedging transaction, conversion transaction, constructive sale, or other integrated transaction; (f) acquired Common Shares in connection with the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation for services; (g) hold Common Shares other than as a capital asset within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment purposes); (h) are subject to the alternative minimum tax or Medicare contribution tax on net investment income; (i) are partnerships and other pass-through entities (and investors in such partnerships and other entities); (j) are S corporations (and shareholders therein); (k) are subject to special tax accounting rules; (l) own, have owned or will own (directly, indirectly, or by attribution) 10% or more of the total combined voting power or value of the Company's outstanding shares; (m) are U.S. expatriates or former long-term residents of the U.S.; (n) are persons who purchase or sell their Common Shares as part of a wash sale for tax purposes (and investors therein); (o) are PFICs, controlled foreign corporations or corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax; or (p) hold Common Shares in connection with a trade or business, permanent establishment, or fixed base outside the United States or are otherwise subject to taxing jurisdictions other than, or in addition to, the United States. U.S. Shareholders that are subject to special provisions under the Code, including U.S. Shareholders described immediately above, should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, U.S. federal net investment income, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Common Shares.
If an entity or arrangement that is classified as a partnership (or other pass-through entity) for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds Common Shares, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such entity or arrangement and the owners of such entity or arrangement generally will depend on the activities of such entity or arrangement and the status of such partners (or other owners). This summary does not address the tax consequences to any such entity or arrangement or partner (or other owner). Partners (or other owners) of entities or arrangements that are classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult their own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Common Shares.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules
If the Company is considered a PFIC at any time during a U.S. Shareholder's holding period, the following sections will generally describe the potentially adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Shareholders of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Common Shares.
Based on its current and expected income, assets and activities, the Company expects that it may be a PFIC for its current tax year and may be a PFIC for subsequent tax years. No opinion of legal counsel or ruling from the IRS concerning the Company's status as a PFIC has been obtained or is currently planned to be requested. The determination of whether any corporation was, or will be, a PFIC for a tax year depends, in part, on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are subject to differing interpretations. In addition, whether any corporation will be a PFIC for any tax year depends on the income, assets and nature of the activities of such corporation over the course of each such tax year and, as a result, the Company's PFIC status for the current year and future years cannot be predicted with certainty as of the date of this document. The PFIC determination also depends on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules that are subject to differing interpretations. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Company will not be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year, or that the IRS or a court will agree with the Company's determination as to its PFIC status. Each U.S. Shareholder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the Company's status as a PFIC and the PFIC status of each of the Company's non-U.S. subsidiaries.
In any year in which the Company is classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Shareholder will be required to file an annual report with the IRS containing such information as Treasury Regulations and/or other IRS guidance may require. In addition to penalties, a failure to satisfy such reporting requirements may result in an extension of the time period during which the IRS can assess a tax. U.S. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the requirements of filing such information returns under these rules, including the requirement to file an IRS Form 8621 annually.
The Company generally will be a PFIC for any tax year in which (a) 75% or more of the Company's gross income for such tax year is passive income (the "PFIC income test") or (b) 50% or more of the value of the Company's assets either produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, based on the quarterly average of the fair market value of such assets (the "PFIC asset test"). "Gross income" generally includes sales revenues less the cost of goods sold, plus income from investments and from incidental or outside operations or sources, and "passive income" generally includes, for example, dividends, interest, certain rents and royalties, certain gains from the sale of stock and securities, and certain gains from commodities transactions. Pursuant to a "startup exception," a foreign corporation will not be a PFIC for the first taxable year the foreign corporation has gross income (the "startup year") if (1) no predecessor of the foreign corporation was a PFIC; (2) it is established to the IRS's satisfaction that the foreign corporation will not be a PFIC for either of the first two taxable years following the startup year; and (3) the foreign corporation is not in fact a PFIC for either of those years.
For purposes of the PFIC income test and PFIC asset test described above, if the Company owns, directly or indirectly, 25% or more of the total value of the outstanding shares of another corporation, the Company will be treated as if it (a) held a proportionate share of the assets of such other corporation and (b) received directly a proportionate share of the income of such other corporation. In addition, for purposes of the PFIC income test and PFIC asset test described above, "passive income" does not include any interest, dividends, rents, or royalties that are received or accrued by the Company from a "related person" (as defined in Section 954(d)(3) of the Code), to the extent such items are properly allocable to the income of such related person that is not passive income.
Under certain attribution rules, if the Company is a PFIC, U.S. Shareholders will be deemed to own their proportionate share of any of the Company's subsidiaries which are also PFICs (each, a "Subsidiary PFIC"), and will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax as discussed below, under the heading "Default PFIC Rules Under Section 1291 of the Code," on their proportionate share of any (i) distribution on the shares of a Subsidiary PFIC and (ii) disposition or deemed disposition of shares of a Subsidiary PFIC, both as if such U.S. Shareholders directly held the shares of such Subsidiary PFIC. Accordingly, U.S. Shareholders should be aware that they could be subject to tax under the PFIC rules even if no distributions are received and no redemptions or other dispositions of Common Shares are made. In addition, U.S. Shareholders may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any indirect gain realized on the stock of a Subsidiary PFIC on the sale or disposition of Common Shares.
Default PFIC Rules Under Section 1291 of the Code
If the Company is a PFIC, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Shareholder of the purchase of Common Shares and the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Common Shares will depend on whether such U.S. Shareholder makes a "qualified electing fund" or "QEF" election under Section 1295 of the Code (a "QEF Election") or makes a mark-to-market election under Section 1296 of the Code (a "Mark-to-Market Election") with respect to the Common Shares. A U.S. Shareholder that does not make either a QEF Election or a Mark-to-Market Election (a "Non-Electing U.S. Shareholder") will be subject to tax as described below.
A Non-Electing U.S. Shareholder will be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code with respect to (a) any gain recognized on the sale or other taxable disposition of Common Shares and (b) any excess distribution received on the Common Shares. A distribution generally will be an "excess distribution" to the extent that such distribution (together with all other distributions received in the current tax year) exceeds 125% of the average distributions received during the three preceding tax years (or during a U.S. Shareholder's holding period for the Common Shares, if shorter).
Under Section 1291 of the Code, any gain recognized on the sale or other taxable disposition of Common Shares of a PFIC (including an indirect disposition of shares of a Subsidiary PFIC), and any excess distribution received on such Common Shares (or a distribution by a Subsidiary PFIC to its shareholder that is deemed to be received by a U.S. Shareholder) must be ratably allocated to each day in a Non-Electing U.S. Shareholder's holding period for the Common Shares. The amount of any such gain or excess distribution allocated to the tax year of disposition or distribution of the excess distribution and to years before the entity became a PFIC, if any, would be taxed as ordinary income (and not eligible for certain preferential tax rates, as discussed below). The amounts allocated to any other tax year would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the highest tax rate applicable to ordinary income in each such year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the tax liability for each such year, calculated as if such tax liability had been due in each such year. A Non-Electing U.S. Shareholder that is not a corporation must treat any such interest paid as "personal interest," which is not deductible.
If the Company is a PFIC for any tax year during which a Non-Electing U.S. Shareholder holds Common Shares, the Company will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such Non-Electing U.S. Shareholder, regardless of whether the Company ceases to be a PFIC in one or more subsequent tax years. If the Company ceases to be a PFIC, a Non-Electing U.S. Shareholder may terminate this deemed PFIC status with respect to Common Shares by electing to recognize gain (which will be taxed under the rules of Section 1291 of the Code as discussed above) as if such Common Shares were sold on the last day of the last tax year for which the Company was a PFIC.
QEF Election
A U.S. Shareholder that makes a QEF Election for the first tax year in which its holding period of its Common Shares begins generally will not be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above with respect to its Common Shares. However, a U.S. Shareholder that makes a QEF Election will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such U.S. Shareholder's pro rata share of (a) the Company's net capital gain, which will be taxed as long-term capital gain to such U.S. Shareholder, and (b) the Company's ordinary earnings, which will be taxed as ordinary income to such U.S. Shareholder. Generally, "net capital gain" is the excess of (a) net long-term capital gain over (b) net short-term capital loss, and "ordinary earnings" are the excess of (a) "earnings and profits" over (b) net capital gain. A U.S. Shareholder that makes a QEF Election will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such amounts for each tax year in which the Company is a PFIC, regardless of whether such amounts are actually distributed to such U.S. Shareholder by the Company. However, for any tax year in which the Company is a PFIC and has no net income or gain, U.S. Shareholders that have made a QEF Election would not have any income inclusions as a result of the QEF Election. If a U.S. Shareholder that made a QEF Election has an income inclusion, such a U.S. Shareholder may, subject to certain limitations, elect to defer payment of current U.S. federal income tax on such amounts, subject to an interest charge. If such U.S. Shareholder is not a corporation, any such interest paid will be treated as "personal interest," which is not deductible.
A U.S. Shareholder that makes a timely and effective QEF Election generally (a) may receive a tax-free distribution from the Company to the extent that such distribution represents "earnings and profits" that were previously included in income by the U.S. Shareholder because of such QEF Election and (b) will adjust such U.S. Shareholder's tax basis in the Common Shares to reflect the amount included in income or allowed as a tax-free distribution because of such QEF Election. In addition, a U.S. Shareholder that makes a QEF Election generally will recognize capital gain or loss on the sale or other taxable disposition of Common Shares.
The procedure for making a QEF Election, and the U.S. federal income tax consequences of making a QEF Election, will depend on whether such QEF Election is timely. A QEF Election will be treated as "timely" for purposes of avoiding the default PFIC rules discussed above if such QEF Election is made for the first year in the U.S. Shareholder's holding period for the Common Shares in which the Company was a PFIC. A U.S. Shareholder may make a timely QEF Election by filing the appropriate QEF Election documents at the time such U.S. Shareholder files a U.S. federal income tax return for such year. In the event that the Common Shares that a U.S. Shareholder received pursuant to the Arrangement is treated as stock of a PFIC, the U.S. federal income tax treatment is not entirely clear. A U.S. Shareholder, however, can be treated as holding stock of a PFIC in periods prior to the Arrangement, and therefore may not be able to make a timely QEF Election for such stock. If a U.S. Shareholder owns PFIC stock indirectly through another PFIC, separate QEF Elections must be made for the PFIC in which the U.S. Shareholder is a direct shareholder and the Subsidiary PFIC for the QEF rules to apply to both PFICs.
A QEF Election will apply to the tax year for which such QEF Election is made and to all subsequent tax years, unless such QEF Election is invalidated or terminated or the IRS consents to revocation of such QEF Election. If a U.S. Shareholder makes a QEF Election and, in a subsequent tax year, the Company ceases to be a PFIC, the QEF Election will remain in effect (although it will not be applicable) during those tax years in which the Company was not a PFIC. Accordingly, if the Company becomes a PFIC in another subsequent tax year, the QEF Election will be effective and the U.S. Shareholder will be subject to the QEF rules described above during any subsequent tax year in which the Company qualifies as a PFIC.
For each tax year that the Company qualifies as a PFIC, as determined by the Company, the Company: (a) intends to make publicly available to U.S. Shareholders, upon their written request, a "PFIC Annual Information Statement" for the Company as described in Treasury Regulation Section 1.1295-1(g) (or any successor Treasury Regulation), and (b) upon written request, intends to use commercially reasonable efforts to provide such additional information that such U.S. Shareholder is reasonably required to obtain in connection with maintaining such QEF Election with regard to the Company. The Company may elect to provide such information on the Company's website. However, no assurances can be given that the Company will provide any such information relating to any Subsidiary PFIC and as a result, a QEF Election may not be available with respect to any Subsidiary PFIC. Because the Company may own shares in one or more Subsidiary PFICs at any time, U.S. Shareholders will continue to be subject to the rules discussed above with respect to the taxation of gains and excess distributions with respect to any Subsidiary PFIC for which the U.S. Shareholders do not obtain such required information. Each U.S. Shareholder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the availability of, and procedure for making, a QEF Election with respect to the Company and any Subsidiary PFIC.
A U.S. Shareholder makes a QEF Election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621, including a PFIC Annual Information Statement, to a timely filed U.S. federal income tax return. However, if the Company does not provide the required information with regard to the Company or any Subsidiary PFICs, U.S. Shareholders will not be able to make a QEF Election for such entity and will continue to be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above that apply to Non-Electing U.S. Shareholders with respect to the taxation of gains and excess distributions.
Mark-to-Market Election
A U.S. Shareholder may make a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to Common Shares only if the Common Shares are marketable stock. The Common Shares generally will be "marketable stock" if the Common Shares are regularly traded on (a) a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC, (b) the national market system established pursuant to Section 11A of the Exchange Act or (c) a foreign securities exchange that is regulated or supervised by a governmental authority of the country in which the market is located, provided that (i) such foreign exchange has trading volume, listing, financial disclosure, and other requirements and the laws of the country in which such foreign exchange is located, together with the rules of such foreign exchange, ensure that such requirements are actually enforced and (ii) the rules of such foreign exchange ensure active trading of listed stocks. If such stock is traded on such a qualified exchange or other market, such stock generally will be considered "regularly traded" for any calendar year during which such stock is traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. There can be no assurance that trading in the Common Shares will be sufficiently regular for the shares to qualify as marketable stock. U.S. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the marketable stock rules.
A U.S. Shareholder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to its Common Shares generally will not be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above with respect to such Common Shares. However, if a U.S. Shareholder does not make a Mark-to-Market Election beginning in the first tax year of such U.S. Shareholder's holding period for the Common Shares and such U.S. Shareholder has not made a timely QEF Election, the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above will apply to certain dispositions of, and distributions on, the Common Shares.
A U.S. Shareholder that makes a timely and effective Mark-to-Market Election will include in ordinary income, for each tax year in which the Company is a PFIC, an amount equal to the excess, if any, of (a) the fair market value of the Common Shares, as of the close of such tax year over (b) such U.S. Shareholder's tax basis in the Common Shares. A U.S. Shareholder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will be allowed a deduction in an amount equal to the excess, if any, of (i) such U.S. Shareholder's adjusted tax basis in the Common Shares, over (ii) the fair market value of such Common Shares (but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years).
A U.S. Shareholder that makes a timely and effective Mark-to-Market Election generally also will adjust such U.S. Shareholder's tax basis in the Common Shares to reflect the amount included in gross income or allowed as a deduction because of such Mark-to-Market Election. In addition, upon a sale or other taxable disposition of Common Shares, a U.S. Shareholder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will recognize ordinary income or ordinary loss (not to exceed the excess, if any, of (a) the amount included in ordinary income because of such Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years over (b) the amount allowed as a deduction because of such Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years).
A U.S. Shareholder makes a Mark-to-Market Election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621 to a timely filed U.S. federal income tax return. A timely Mark-to-Market Election applies to the tax year in which such Mark-to-Market Election is made and to each subsequent tax year, unless the Common Shares cease to be "marketable stock" or the IRS consents to revocation of such election. Each U.S. Shareholder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the availability of, and procedure for making, a Mark-to-Market Election.
Although a U.S. Shareholder may be eligible to make a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to the Common Shares, no such election may be made with respect to the stock of any Subsidiary PFIC that a U.S. Shareholder is treated as owning because such stock is not marketable. Hence, the Mark- to-Market Election will not be effective to eliminate the interest charge and other income inclusion rules described above with respect to deemed dispositions of Subsidiary PFIC stock or distributions from a Subsidiary PFIC to its shareholder.
Other PFIC Rules
Under Section 1291(f) of the Code, the IRS has issued proposed Treasury Regulations that, subject to certain exceptions, would cause a U.S. Shareholder that had not made a timely QEF Election to recognize gain (but not loss) upon certain transfers of Common Shares that would otherwise be tax-deferred (e.g., gifts and exchanges pursuant to corporate reorganizations). However, the specific U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Shareholder may vary based on the manner in which Common Shares are transferred.
If finalized in their current form, the proposed Treasury Regulations applicable to PFICs would be effective for transactions occurring on or after April 1, 1992. Because the proposed Treasury Regulations have not yet been adopted in final form, they are not currently effective, and there is no assurance that they will be adopted in the form and with the effective date proposed. Nevertheless, the IRS has announced that, in the absence of final Treasury Regulations, taxpayers may apply reasonable interpretations of the Code provisions applicable to PFICs and that it considers the rules set forth in the proposed Treasury Regulations to be reasonable interpretations of those Code provisions. The PFIC rules are complex, and the implementation of certain aspects of the PFIC rules requires the issuance of Treasury Regulations which in many instances have not been promulgated and which, when promulgated, may have retroactive effect. U.S. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors about the potential applicability of the proposed Treasury Regulations.
Certain additional adverse rules will apply with respect to a U.S. Shareholder if the Company is a PFIC, regardless of whether such U.S. Shareholder makes a QEF Election. For example under Section 1298(b)(6) of the Code, a U.S. Shareholder that uses Common Shares as security for a loan will, except as may be provided in Treasury Regulations, be treated as having made a taxable disposition of such Common Shares.
In addition, a U.S. Shareholder who acquires Common Shares from a decedent will not receive a "step up" in tax basis of such Common Shares to fair market value.
Special rules also apply to the amount of foreign tax credit that a U.S. Shareholder may claim on a distribution from a PFIC. Subject to such special rules, foreign taxes paid with respect to any distribution in respect of stock in a PFIC are generally eligible for the foreign tax credit. The rules relating to distributions by a PFIC and their eligibility for the foreign tax credit are complicated, and a U.S. Shareholder should consult with their own tax advisor regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit with respect to distributions by a PFIC.
The PFIC rules are complex, and each U.S. Shareholder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the PFIC rules (including the applicability and advisability of a QEF Election and Mark-to-Market Election) and how the PFIC rules may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Common Shares.
General Rules Applicable to the Acquisition, Ownership, and Disposition of Common Shares
The following discussion describes the general rules applicable to the ownership and disposition of the Common Shares but is subject in its entirety to the special rules described above under the heading "Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules."
Distributions on Common Shares
The Company does not anticipate making distributions with respect to the Common Shares in the foreseeable future. A U.S. Shareholder that receives a distribution, including a constructive distribution, with respect to a Common Share is required to include the amount of such distribution in gross income as a dividend (without reduction for any Canadian income tax withheld from such distribution) to the extent of the Company's current and accumulated "earnings and profits," as computed under U.S. federal income tax principles. To the extent that the amount of a distribution exceeds the current and accumulated earnings and profits of the Company, the excess would be treated as a recovery of basis to the extent of the U.S. Shareholder's tax basis in the Common Shares and then as capital gain. The Company currently does not intend to calculate its earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles. Thus, U.S. Shareholders should expect that distributions by the Company with respect to the Common Shares will be reported as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Dividends received by individuals and certain other non-corporate U.S. Shareholders on Common Shares generally are not be eligible for the "dividends received deduction" allowed to U.S. Shareholders that are treated as corporations for U.S. federal tax purposes. Subject to applicable limitations and provided the Company is eligible for the benefits of the Canada-U.S. Tax Convention, or the Common Shares are readily tradable on a United States securities market, dividends paid by the Company to non-corporate U.S. Shareholders, including individuals, generally are eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to long-term capital gains for dividends, provided certain holding period and other conditions are satisfied, including that the Company is not classified as a PFIC in the tax year of distribution or in the preceding tax year. The dividend rules are complex, and each U.S. Shareholder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the application of such rules.
Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Common Shares
Upon the sale or other taxable disposition of Common Shares, a U.S. Shareholder generally will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between (a) the amount of cash plus the fair market value of any property received and (b) such U.S. Shareholder's tax basis in such Common Shares sold or otherwise disposed of. Gain or loss recognized on such sale or other taxable disposition generally is long-term capital gain or loss if, at the time of the sale or other taxable disposition, the Common Shares have been held for more than one year. Gain or loss, as well as the holding period for the Common Shares, is determined separately for each block of Common Shares (that is, shares acquired at the same cost in a single transaction) sold or otherwise subject to a taxable disposition. Gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Shareholder generally is treated as U.S.-source gain or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. Preferential tax rates may apply to long-term capital gain of a U.S. Shareholder that is an individual, estate, or trust. There are no preferential tax rates for long-term capital gain of a U.S. Shareholder that is a corporation. Deductions for capital losses are subject to significant limitations under the Code.
Additional Tax Considerations
Receipt of Foreign Currency
The amount of any distribution paid to a U.S. Shareholder in foreign currency or on the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of Common Shares generally is equal to the U.S. dollar value of such foreign currency based on the exchange rate applicable on the date of receipt (regardless of whether such foreign currency is converted into U.S. dollars at that time). If the foreign currency received is not converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Shareholder will have a tax basis in the foreign currency equal to its U.S. dollar value on the date of receipt. Any U.S. Shareholder who receives payment in foreign currency and engages in a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the foreign currency may have a foreign currency exchange gain or loss that would be treated as ordinary income or loss, and generally is U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax credit purposes. Different rules apply to U.S. Shareholders who use the accrual method of tax accounting. Each U.S. Shareholder should consult its own U.S. tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of receiving, owning, and disposing of foreign currency.
Foreign Tax Credit
Dividends paid on the Common Shares are treated as foreign-source income that generally is treated as "passive category income" or "general category income" for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. The Code applies various complex limitations on the amount of foreign taxes that may be claimed as a credit by U.S. taxpayers. In addition, Treasury Regulations that apply to taxes paid or accrued (the "Foreign Tax Credit Regulations") impose additional requirements for Canadian withholding taxes to be eligible for a foreign tax credit, and there can be no assurance that those requirements will be satisfied.
Subject to the PFIC rules and the Foreign Tax Credit Regulations discussed above, a U.S. Shareholder that pays (whether directly or through withholding) Canadian income tax with respect to dividends paid on the Common Shares generally is entitled, at the election of such U.S. Shareholder, to receive either a deduction or a credit for such Canadian income tax paid. Generally, a credit will reduce a U.S. Shareholder's U.S. federal income tax liability on a dollar-for-dollar basis, whereas a deduction will reduce a U.S. Shareholder's income subject to U.S. federal income tax. This election is made on a year-by-year basis and applies to all foreign taxes paid or accrued (whether directly or through withholding) by a U.S. Shareholder during a year. The foreign tax credit rules are complex and involve the application of rules that depend on a U.S. Shareholder's particular circumstances. Accordingly, each U.S. Shareholder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the foreign tax credit rules.
Information Reporting; Backup Withholding Tax
Under U.S. federal income tax laws certain categories of U.S. Shareholders must file information returns with respect to their investment in, or involvement in, a foreign corporation. For example, U.S. tax return disclosure obligations (and related penalties) are imposed on U.S. Shareholders that hold certain specified foreign financial assets in excess of certain threshold amounts. The definition of specified foreign financial assets includes not only financial accounts maintained in foreign financial institutions, but also, unless held in accounts maintained by a financial institution, any stock or security issued by a non-U.S. person. U.S. Shareholders may be subject to these reporting requirements unless their Common Shares are held in an account at certain financial institutions. Penalties for failure to file certain of these information returns are substantial. U.S. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the requirements of filing information returns, including the requirement to file IRS Form 8938.
Payments made within the U.S., or by a U.S. payor or U.S. middleman, of dividends on, and proceeds arising from the sale or other taxable disposition of the Common Shares generally may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding tax, currently at the rate of 24%, if a U.S. Shareholder (a) fails to furnish its correct U.S. taxpayer identification number (generally on Form W-9), (b) furnishes an incorrect U.S. taxpayer identification number, (c) is notified by the IRS that such U.S. Shareholder has previously failed to properly report items subject to backup withholding tax, or (d) fails to certify, under penalty of perjury, that it has furnished its correct U.S. taxpayer identification number and that the IRS has not notified such
U.S. Shareholder that it is subject to backup withholding tax. However, certain exempt persons, such as U.S. Shareholders that are corporations, generally are excluded from these information reporting and backup withholding tax rules. Any amounts withheld under the U.S. backup withholding tax rules are allowed as a credit against a U.S. Shareholder's U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, or will be refunded, if such U.S. Shareholder furnishes required information to the IRS in a timely manner.
The discussion of reporting requirements set forth above is not intended to constitute a complete description of all reporting requirements that may apply to a U.S. Shareholder. A failure to satisfy certain reporting requirements may result in an extension of the time period during which the IRS can assess a tax and, under certain circumstances, such an extension may apply to assessments of amounts unrelated to any unsatisfied reporting requirement. Each U.S. Shareholder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the information reporting and backup withholding rules.
THE ABOVE SUMMARY IS NOT INTENDED TO CONSTITUTE A COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF ALL TAX CONSIDERATIONS APPLICABLE TO U.S. SHAREHOLDERS WITH RESPECT TO THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP, AND DISPOSITION OF COMMON SHARES.
U.S. SHAREHOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE TAX CONSIDERATIONS APPLICABLE TO THEM IN THEIR OWN PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES.
Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following is a summary, as of the date hereof, of the principal Canadian federal income tax considerations under the Tax Act generally applicable to a holder who acquires, as beneficial owner, Common Shares and who, at all relevant times and for the purposes of the Tax Act and any applicable income tax treaty or convention, is not, and is not deemed to be, a resident of Canada, holds the Common Shares as capital property, deals at arm's length with and is not affiliated with the Company, and does not use or hold, and is not deemed to use or hold, the Common Shares in, or in the course of, carrying on a business in Canada (a "Holder"). This summary does not apply to a Holder that carries on an insurance business in Canada and elsewhere. Such Holders should consult their own tax advisors.
This summary is based on the current provisions of the Tax Act and the regulations thereunder (the "Regulations") and an understanding of the administrative practices of the Canada Revenue Agency published in writing prior to the date hereof. This summary takes into account all specific proposals to amend the Tax Act and the Regulations publicly announced by or on behalf of the Minister of Finance (Canada) ("Tax Proposals") before the date hereof. This summary assumes that the Tax Proposals will be enacted in the form proposed; however, no assurance can be given that the Tax Proposals will be enacted in the form proposed, if at all. This summary is not exhaustive of all possible Canadian federal income tax considerations and, except as mentioned above, does not take into account or anticipate any changes in law or administrative policies, whether by legislative, regulatory, administrative or judicial decision or action, nor does it take into account any other federal or any provincial, territorial or foreign income tax legislation or considerations, which may differ significantly from the Canadian federal income tax considerations discussed herein.
This summary is of a general nature only and is not intended to be, nor should it be construed to be, legal or tax advice to any particular Holder, and no representations concerning the tax consequences to any particular Holder or prospective Holder are made. Prospective Holders should consult their own tax advisors with respect to an investment in the Common Shares having regard to their particular circumstances.
Currency Conversion
For purposes of the Tax Act, all amounts expressed in a currency other than Canadian dollars relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of Common Shares must be converted into Canadian dollars based on exchange rates as determined in accordance with the Tax Act.
Dividends on Common Shares
Dividends paid or credited or deemed to be paid or credited to a Holder by the Company on Common Shares are subject to Canadian withholding tax at the rate of 25% on the gross amount of the dividends unless such rate is reduced by the terms of an applicable tax treaty. For example, under the Canada - United States Tax Convention (1980), as amended, the rate of withholding tax on dividends paid or credited to a Holder who is a resident of the United States for purposes of the Treaty and who is fully entitled to the benefits of the Treaty (a "U.S. Holder") is 15% of the gross amount of the dividends (or 5% in the case of a U.S. Holder that is a company that beneficially owns at least 10% of the Company's Common Shares). Holders should consult their own tax advisors to determine their entitlement to relief under any applicable income tax treaty.
Disposition of Common Shares
A Holder will not be subject to tax under the Tax Act in respect of a capital gain realized by the Holder on the disposition or deemed disposition of a Common Share and capital losses arising on a disposition or deemed disposition of a Common Share will not be recognized under the Tax Act, unless the Common Share constitutes "taxable Canadian property" (as defined in the Tax Act) of the Holder at the time of disposition and the Holder is not entitled to relief under an applicable income tax treaty or convention between Canada and the country in which the Holder is resident.
Provided that the Common Shares are listed on a "designated stock exchange" for purposes of the Tax Act (which currently includes the NYSE and the TSX) at the time of disposition or deemed disposition, Common Shares generally will not constitute "taxable Canadian property" of a Holder, unless at any time during the 60-month period immediately preceding the disposition or deemed disposition, the following two conditions have been met concurrently: (a) one or any combination of (i) the Holder, (ii) persons with whom the Holder did not deal at arm's length for purposes of the Tax Act, or (iii) partnerships in which the Holder or persons described in (i) hold a membership interest directly or indirectly through one or more partnerships, owned 25% or more of the issued shares of any class of the capital stock of the Company, and (b) more than 50% of the fair market value of the Common Shares was derived directly or indirectly from one or any combination of real or immovable property situated in Canada, "Canadian resource properties" (as defined in the Tax Act), "timber resource properties" (as defined in the Tax Act) or an option in respect of, an interest in, or for civil law or a right in, any such property, whether or not such property exists. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Common Shares may also be deemed to be taxable Canadian property to a Holder for the purposes of the Tax Act in certain circumstances.
Holders who may hold Common Shares as "taxable Canadian property" should consult their own tax advisors.
F. Dividends and paying agents
The Company has no fixed dividend policy and has not declared any dividends on its Common Shares since its incorporation. The Company anticipates that all available funds will be kept as retained earnings to fund operations, used to undertake exploration and development programs on its mineral properties, and for the acquisition of additional mineral properties for the foreseeable future. Any future payment of dividends will depend, among other things, upon the Company's earnings, capital requirements and operating and financial condition. Generally, dividends can only be paid if a corporation has retained earnings. There can be no assurance that the Company will generate sufficient earnings to allow it to pay dividends.
G. Statement by experts
The carve out financial statements of the North American Division of Lithium Americas Corp. as at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 and the financial statements of 1397468 B.C. Ltd. as of March 31, 2023 and for the period from incorporation on January 23, 2023 to March 31, 2023, in this registration statement have been so included in reliance on the reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting. The address of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP is 1400 - 250 Howe Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 3S7 (PCAOB ID #271).
Certain technical disclosure included in this registration statement was derived from the "Preliminary Feasibility Study S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary for the Thacker Pass Project Humboldt County, Nevada, USA," effective December 31, 2022, filed as Exhibit 15.1 to this registration statement, prepared for LAC by M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation, EXP U.S. Services Inc., Process Engineering LLC, NewFields Mining Design & Technical Services, Wood Canada Limited, Piteau Associates, Sawtooth, a subsidiary of The North American Coal Corporation (NAC), which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of NACCO Industries, Inc. and Industrial TurnAround Corporation, each of which are independent companies and not associates or affiliates of LAC or any associated company of LAC.
H. Documents on display
When the SEC declares this registration statement effective, the Company will be subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. In accordance with these requirements the Company will file reports and other information with the SEC. You may inspect and copy any report or document that the Company files, including this registration statement and the accompanying exhibits, at the SEC's public reference facilities located at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the public reference facilities by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330, and you may obtain copies at prescribed rates. The Company's SEC filings are also available to the public at the website maintained by the SEC at http://www.sec.gov, as well as on the Company's website at www.lithiumamericas.com. Information on the Company's website does not constitute a part of this registration statement and is not incorporated by reference.
The Company will also provide without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner of the Company's Common Shares, upon written or oral request of that person, a copy of any and all of the information that has been incorporated by reference in this registration statement. Please direct such requests to 1397468 B.C. Ltd., 300 - 900 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6C 1E5.
I. Subsidiary information
Not applicable.
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk of loss associated with a counterparty's inability to fulfill its payment obligations. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, and receivables. The Company's maximum exposure to credit risk for cash, cash equivalents, and receivables is the amount disclosed in the consolidated statements of financial position. The Company limits its exposure to credit loss by placing its cash and cash equivalents with major financial institutions and invests only in short-term obligations that are guaranteed by the Canadian government or by Canadian and US chartered banks with expected credit losses estimated to be de minimis.
Management believes that the credit risk concentration with respect to financial instruments included in cash, cash equivalents, and receivables is nominal.
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The Company's approach to managing liquidity is to evaluate current and expected liquidity requirements under both normal and stressed conditions to estimate and maintain sufficient reserves of cash and cash equivalents to meet its liquidity requirements in the short and long term. The Company prepares annual budgets, which are regularly monitored and updated as considered necessary. As at December 31, 2022, the Company had a cash and cash equivalents balance of $0.6 million to settle current liabilities of $54.2 million (refer to Note 1 of the Company's carve out financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022). As at March 31, 2022, the Company had a cash and cash equivalents balance of $308.5 million to settle current liabilities of $94.2 million (refer to Note 1 of the Company's carve out financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2023).
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
Not applicable.
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
Not applicable.
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Not applicable.
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 16. [RESERVED]
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
Not applicable.
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
Not applicable.
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Not applicable.
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
Not applicable.
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
Not applicable.
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
Not applicable.
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Not applicable.
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
See Item 18.
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The financial information required by this item, including the audited carve-out financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2022, the carve-out financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2023, the audited financial statements for the period from incorporation to March 31, 2023 and the pro forma financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2023, together with the reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Chartered Professional Accountants, is set forth on pages F-1 through F-58 and are filed as part of this registration statement.
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS
# Portions of this exhibit have been redacted in compliance with Regulation S-K Items 601(a)(5) and 601(b). The Company agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon its request.
SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this registration statement on its behalf.
1397468 B.C. Ltd. | |
By: /s/ Alexi Zawadzki | |
Name: Alexi Zawadzki | |
Title: Vice President |
Date: August 21, 2023
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
LAC NORTH AMERICA (Expressed in US Dollars) |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Lithium Americas Corp.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying carve-out statements of financial position of the North American Division of Lithium Americas Corp. (LAC North America) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related carve-out statements of comprehensive loss, changes in divisional equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the carve-out financial statements). In our opinion, the carve-out financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of LAC North America as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and its financial performance and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
Basis for Opinion
These carve-out financial statements are the responsibility of LAC North America's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on LAC North America's carve-out financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to LAC North America in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits of these carve-out financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the carve-out financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the carve-out financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the carve-out financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the carve-out financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants
Vancouver, Canada
June 16, 2023
We have served as the LAC North America's auditor since 2022.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
PricewaterhouseCoopers Place, 250 Howe Street, Suite 1400, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 3S7
T: +1 604 806 7000, F: +1 604 806 7806
“PwC” refers to PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an Ontario limited liability partnership.
LAC NORTH AMERICA
CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
(Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
December 31, | December 31, | ||||||||
Note | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||
$ | $ | ||||||||
CURRENT ASSETS | |||||||||
Cash | 4 | 636 | 933 | ||||||
Accounts Receivables | 4 | 124 | |||||||
Prepaids | 1,297 | 754 | |||||||
1,937 | 1,811 | ||||||||
NON-CURRENT ASSETS | |||||||||
Property, plant and equipment | 7 | 3,936 | 3,294 | ||||||
Exploration and evaluation assets | 8 | 9,514 | 5,747 | ||||||
Investment in Green Technology Metals | 5 | 7,451 | - | ||||||
Investment in Ascend Elements | 6 | 5,000 | - | ||||||
25,901 | 9,041 | ||||||||
TOTAL ASSETS | 27,838 | 10,852 | |||||||
CURRENT LIABILITIES | |||||||||
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 9,913 | 4,214 | |||||||
Current portion of long-term liabilities | 724 | 303 | |||||||
Loans from Parent | 9 | 43,572 | - | ||||||
54,209 | 4,517 | ||||||||
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES | |||||||||
Loans from Parent | - | 40,000 | |||||||
Other liabilities | 10 | 7,568 | 7,695 | ||||||
Reclamation and remediation costs | 478 | 326 | |||||||
8,046 | 48,021 | ||||||||
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 62,255 | 52,538 | |||||||
DIVISIONAL EQUITY | |||||||||
Net parent investment | 226,009 | 150,942 | |||||||
Deficit | (260,426 | ) | (192,628 | ) | |||||
TOTAL DIVISIONAL EQUITY | (34,417 | ) | (41,686 | ) | |||||
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND DIVISIONAL EQUITY | 27,838 | 10,852 |
Subsequent events (Note 18)
Approved for issuance on June 16, 2023
On behalf of the Board of Directors:
"Fabiana Chubbs" |
"George Ireland" |
Director |
Director |
LAC NORTH AMERICA
CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
Note | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||
$ | $ | $ | ||||||||||
EXPENSES | ||||||||||||
Exploration expenditures | ||||||||||||
Engineering | 27,928 | 23,009 | 9,426 | |||||||||
Consulting, salaries and other compensation | 13,195 | 9,192 | 5,278 | |||||||||
Permitting, environmental and claim fees | 3,285 | 2,391 | 2,081 | |||||||||
Field supplies and other | 1,592 | 942 | 408 | |||||||||
Depreciation | 1,520 | 658 | 483 | |||||||||
Drilling and geological expenses | 2,110 | 1,718 | 38 | |||||||||
49,630 | 37,910 | 17,714 | ||||||||||
General and Administrative (allocation of corporate costs) | ||||||||||||
Salaries, benefits and other compensation | 5,166 | 3,577 | 4,109 | |||||||||
Office and administration | 1,790 | 1,291 | 708 | |||||||||
Professional fees | 3,426 | 1,205 | 537 | |||||||||
Investor relations, regulatory fees and travel | 845 | 512 | 305 | |||||||||
11,227 | 6,585 | 5,659 | ||||||||||
60,857 | 44,495 | 23,373 | ||||||||||
OTHER ITEMS | ||||||||||||
Loss on change in fair value of Green Technology Metals' shares | 5 | 2,564 | - | - | ||||||||
Write off of non-Thacker Pass assets | 8 | 353 | - | - | ||||||||
Other (income)/loss | (15 | ) | 2 | (1 | ) | |||||||
Finance cost | 4,039 | 2,651 | 832 | |||||||||
6,941 | 2,653 | 831 | ||||||||||
NET LOSS BEFORE DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS | 67,798 | 47,148 | 24,204 | |||||||||
(Income)/loss from discontinued operations | - | (122 | ) | 1,013 | ||||||||
NET LOSS | 67,798 | 47,026 | 25,217 |
LAC NORTH AMERICA
CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN DIVISIONAL EQUITY
(Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
Net parent investment |
Deficit | Divisional equity |
|||||
$ | $ | $ | |||||
Balance, December 31, 2019 | 127,027 | (120,385 | ) | 6,642 | |||
Net parent investment | 5,865 | - | 5,865 | ||||
Net loss | - | (25,217 | ) | (25,217 | ) | ||
Balance, December 31, 2020 | 132,892 | (145,602 | ) | (12,710 | ) | ||
Net parent investment | 18,050 | - | 18,050 | ||||
Net loss | - | (47,026 | ) | (47,026 | ) | ||
Balance, December 31, 2021 | 150,942 | (192,628 | ) | (41,686 | ) | ||
Net parent investment | 75,067 | - | 75,067 | ||||
Net loss | - | (67,798 | ) | (67,798 | ) | ||
Balance, December 31, 2022 | 226,009 | (260,426 | ) | (34,417 | ) |
LAC NORTH AMERICA
CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
Note | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||
$ | $ | $ | ||||||||||
OPERATING ACTIVITIES | ||||||||||||
Loss from continuing operations | (67,798 | ) | (47,148 | ) | (24,204 | ) | ||||||
(Income)/loss from discontinued operations | - | 122 | (1,013 | ) | ||||||||
Net loss | (67,798 | ) | (47,026 | ) | (25,217 | ) | ||||||
Items not affecting cash and other items: | ||||||||||||
Equity compensation | 11 | 2,355 | 1,797 | 1,617 | ||||||||
Depreciation | 7 | 1,520 | 658 | 483 | ||||||||
Loss on change in fair value of Green Technology Metals shares | 5 | 2,564 | - | - | ||||||||
Other items | 516 | 119 | 315 | |||||||||
Changes in working capital items: | ||||||||||||
(Increase)/decrease in receivables, prepaids and deposits | (423 | ) | (525 | ) | 175 | |||||||
Increase in accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other liabilities | 9,271 | 2,551 | 2,033 | |||||||||
Cash (used)/provided by discontinued operations | - | (511 | ) | 344 | ||||||||
Net cash used in operating activities | (51,995 | ) | (42,937 | ) | (20,250 | ) | ||||||
INVESTING ACTIVITIES | ||||||||||||
Release of restricted cash | - | 150 | 6 | |||||||||
Investment in Green Technology Metals | 5 | (10,015 | ) | - | - | |||||||
Investment in Ascend Elements | 6 | (5,000 | ) | - | - | |||||||
Additions to property, plant and equipment | (1,505 | ) | (529 | ) | (177 | ) | ||||||
Additions to exploration and evaluation assets | 8 | (4,120 | ) | (1,405 | ) | (490 | ) | |||||
Proceeds from sale of assets held for sale (discontinued operations) | - | 4,034 | - | |||||||||
Net cash (used)/provided by investing activities | (20,640 | ) | 2,250 | (661 | ) | |||||||
FINANCING ACTIVITIES | ||||||||||||
Loan from Parent | - | 23,512 | 13,492 | |||||||||
Payment of interest on loan from parent | - | (3,017 | ) | - | ||||||||
Net parent investment | 72,712 | 20,115 | 5,678 | |||||||||
Advance from mining contractor | - | - | 2,000 | |||||||||
Other | (374 | ) | 498 | (182 | ) | |||||||
Net parent investment for the year in discontinued operations | - | - | 217 | |||||||||
Net cash provided by financing activities | 72,338 | 41,108 | 21,205 | |||||||||
CHANGE IN CASH | (297 | ) | 421 | 294 | ||||||||
CASH - BEGINNING OF THE YEAR | 933 | 512 | 218 | |||||||||
CASH - END OF THE YEAR | 636 | 933 | 512 |
1. BACKGROUND AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS
The North American Division of Lithium Americas Corp. ("LAC North America") represents those North American assets and investments owned directly and indirectly by Lithium Americas Corp. ("Lithium Americas," "LAC" or the "Parent") that are to be separated from the existing group and spun out to shareholders. As at December 31, 2022, LAC North America principally held the Thacker Pass project, a sedimentary-based lithium property located in the McDermitt Caldera in Humboldt County, Nevada ("Thacker Pass"), which was in the exploration and evaluation stage. LAC North America also holds RheoMinerals Inc. ("RheoMinerals"), a wholly owned subsidiary of Lithium Nevada Corp. ("Lithium Nevada"), which operated a business that was wound down in early 2021 and is presented in these financial statements as discontinued operations.
On January 23, 2023, 1397468 B.C. Ltd. ("New LAC") was incorporated by Lithium Americas under the laws of British Columbia, as part of a reorganization of Lithium Americas which will result in the separation of Lithium Americas' North American and Argentina business units into two independent public companies (the "Separation") that include: (i) an Argentina focused lithium company owning Lithium Americas' current interest in its Argentine lithium assets, including the near-production Cauchari-Olaroz project, and (ii) a North America focused lithium company owning the Thacker Pass project and Lithium Americas' North American investments, which will be re-named "Lithium Americas Corp." upon completion of the Separation.
The Separation is to be implemented by way of a plan of arrangement under the laws of British Columbia pursuant to an arrangement agreement to be entered into between Lithium Americas and New LAC ("Arrangement"). Under the Arrangement, Lithium Americas will, among other things, contribute its interest in the Thacker Pass project, Lithium Americas' North American investments in the shares of certain companies, certain intellectual property rights, its receivable or loan to LAC North America, and a certain amount of cash to New LAC and New LAC will distribute its common shares to shareholders of Lithium Americas in a series of share exchanges.
The Separation will be pro rata to the shareholders of Lithium Americas, so that such holders will maintain the same proportionate interest in Lithium Americas and in New LAC both immediately before and immediately after the Separation.
Upon consummation of the Separation and successful listing of the common shares of New LAC on the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") and on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"), New LAC and Lithium Americas will be independent publicly traded companies. Listing will be subject to New LAC meeting the usual listing requirements of the TSX and NYSE, receiving approval of the TSX and NYSE and meeting all conditions of listing imposed by the TSX and NYSE.
The carve-out financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that LAC North America will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities. LAC North America has incurred significant operating losses to date and has not generated significant revenues from operations and has relied on financing from the Parent to fund operations either through loans or equity. As at December 31, 2022, Lithium Americas had $352,102 in cash and cash equivalents and short-term bank deposits and upon closing of the Separation, LAC North America expects the Parent to transfer a portion of its cash balance to New LAC. In addition, on January 30, 2023, LAC North America entered into a purchase agreement with General Motors Holdings LLC ("GM") pursuant to which GM will make a $650,000 investment (the "Transaction"), the proceeds of which are a transaction of LAC North America and designated to be used for the construction and development of Thacker Pass. Financial advisory fees of approximately $24,000 will be payable upon completion of the GM investment tranches.
1. BACKGROUND AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS (continued)
The Transaction is comprised of two tranches, with the $320,148 first tranche investment ("Tranche 1 investment") in the form of GM's subscription for 15,002 subscription receipts of Lithium Americas, which were automatically converted into 15,002 units comprising an aggregate of 15,002 common shares and 11,891 warrants of Lithium Americas, having been completed on February 16, 2023 and the gross proceeds released from escrow, and the approximate $330,000 second tranche investment contemplated to be invested in LAC North America following the Separation.
In addition, LAC North America is advancing an application process under the U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, which, if granted, would provide up to 75% of Thacker Pass' total capital costs for construction.
After receipt of these funds and cash transfers from the Parent, LAC North America expects to have sufficient financial resources to fund Thacker Pass expenditures and general and administrative expenditures for at least the next 12 months.
The Parent's, Division's and New LAC's head office and principal address is Suite 300, 900 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6C 1E5.
2. BASIS OF PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION
The accompanying carve-out financial statements have been prepared for the purpose of providing historical information of LAC North America. The carve-out financial statements are prepared based on International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IFRS"). Transactions and balances between LAC North America and Parent are reflected as related party transactions within these financial statements.
The accompanying carve-out financial statements include the assets, liabilities, and results of operations that are specifically identifiable to LAC North America. This includes relevant assets, liabilities and expenses of Thacker Pass, specified investments, as well as certain costs related to the management of LAC North America by Lithium Americas. Such costs have been allocated to LAC North America from the shared corporate expenses of Lithium Americas based on the estimated level of involvement of Lithium Americas management and employees with LAC North America. LAC North America has operated as a division of Lithium Americas and not as a stand-alone company. LAC North America receives service and support from Lithium Americas and is dependent upon Lithium Americas' ability to perform these services and support functions.
Allocated costs are primarily related to corporate administrative expenses and employment costs of Lithium Americas staff who provide services including accounting and finance, legal, information technology, human resources, marketing, investor relations, contract support, treasury, administrative and other corporate head office services.
Lithium Americas has centralized processes and systems for cash management, payroll, and purchasing, and manages a treasury function and keeps cash balances that are used to finance the activities of LAC North America through periodic cash calls. The results of the Parent's cash transactions on behalf of LAC North America are reflected either as loan from Parent within liabilities or as net parent investment within equity in the accompanying balance sheets based on whether the transactions were subject to the formal loan agreement with the Parent or related to amounts attributed to LAC North America from the activities of the Parent.
2. BASIS OF PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION (continued)
The net parent investment represents Lithium Americas' interest in the recorded net assets of LAC North America and the cumulative net equity investment by Lithium Americas through the dates presented. The loan balance will be contributed to the equity of New LAC at the time of closing the Arrangement.
Management believes the assumptions and allocations underlying the carve-out financial statements are reasonable and appropriate under the circumstances. The expenses and cost allocations have been determined on a basis considered by Lithium Americas to be a reasonable reflection of the utilization of services provided to or the benefit received by LAC North America during the periods presented relative to the total costs incurred by Lithium Americas.
However, the amounts recorded for these transactions and allocations are not necessarily representative of the amount that would have been reflected in the financial statements had LAC North America been an entity that operated independently of Lithium Americas.
The amounts that would have been or will be incurred on a stand-alone basis could differ from the amounts allocated due to economies of scale, management judgment, cash management and financing obtained as a stand-alone company, or other factors.
Consequently, future results of operations, should LAC North America be separated from Lithium Americas, will include costs and expenses that may be materially different than the carve-out historical results of operations, financial position, and cash flows. Accordingly, the financial statements for these periods are not necessarily indicative of the future results of operations, financial position, and cash flows of LAC North America.
Certain transactions of LAC North America have historically been included in tax returns filed by the Parent. The income tax amounts included in these financial statements have been calculated using the separate return method as if LAC North America had included such amounts in its own tax returns. The separate return method applies the accounting guidance for income taxes to the stand-alone financial statements as if LAC North America were a separate taxpayer from the Parent for the periods presented.
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
LAC North America presents tax loss carry-forward amounts that have not been utilized by the Parent only to the extent such tax attributes could be claimed on a separate income tax return as opposed to a consolidated income tax return filing with its Parent.
These carve-out financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis except as disclosed in these accounting policies.
Significant areas where accounting policy judgment is applied:
Impairment of Exploration and Evaluation Assets
The application of LAC North America's accounting policy for impairment of exploration and evaluation assets requires judgment to determine whether indicators of impairment exist including consideration of information such as the period for which LAC North America has the right to explore including expected renewals, whether substantive expenditures on further exploration and evaluation of resource properties are budgeted and evaluating the results of exploration and evaluation activities up to the reporting date.
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
Management has performed an impairment indicator assessment on LAC North America's exploration and evaluation assets and has concluded that no impairment indicators exist as of December 31, 2022.
Key Sources of Estimation Uncertainty:
The preparation of these carve-out financial statements requires management to make assumptions, estimates, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these financial statements and accompanying notes. The most significant areas requiring the use of management estimates and assumptions relate to the allocation of costs from Lithium Americas.
LAC North America bases its estimates on historical experience and various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable at the time the estimate was made. Accordingly, actual results may differ from amounts estimated in these financial statements and such differences could be material. The amounts presented in these financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for future years.
Significant accounting policies
Principles of Consolidation
These carve-out financial statements include the accounts of LAC North America including the legal entities 1339480 B.C. LTD, Lithium Nevada, KV Project LLC, and RheoMinerals, being the entities over which LAC North America has control. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.
LAC North America controls an entity when it is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to LAC North America.
Entities are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases. Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by LAC North America.
Foreign Currency Translation
Functional and Presentation Currency
Items included in the financial statements of each of LAC North America are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which each entity operates (the functional currency). The carve-out financial statements are presented in US dollars. The functional currency of LAC North America is the US dollar.
Transactions and Balances
Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are recognized in profit or loss.
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
Cash
Cash consists of cash held with banks and is subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid short-term investments which can be withdrawn at any time and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
Exploration and Evaluation Assets
Exploration expenditures excluding acquisition costs and claim maintenance costs are expensed until the establishment of technical feasibility and commercial viability. Costs incurred relating to the acquisition and claim maintenance of mineral properties, including option payments and annual fees to maintain the property in good standing are capitalized and deferred by property until the project to which they relate is sold, abandoned, impaired or placed into production. After recognition, LAC North America uses the cost model for exploration and evaluation assets.
LAC North America assesses its exploration and evaluation assets for indications of impairment on each balance sheet date and when events and circumstances indicate a risk of impairment. A property is written down or written off when LAC North America determines that an impairment of value has occurred or when exploration results indicate that no further work is warranted. Exploration and evaluation assets are tested for impairment immediately prior to reclassification to mineral property development costs.
Property, Plant and Equipment
On initial recognition, property, plant and equipment are valued at cost. Cost includes the purchase price and directly attributable cost of acquisition or construction required to bring the asset to the location and condition necessary to be capable of operating in the manner intended by LAC North America, including appropriate borrowing costs and foreign exchange losses or gains on borrowings and related cash used to construct qualifying assets as defined under IFRS.
Capitalization of costs incurred ceases when the asset is capable of operating in the manner intended by management. LAC North America applies judgment in its assessment of when the asset is capable of operating in the manner intended by management.
Property, plant and equipment are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation, less any accumulated impairment losses, with the exception of land which is not depreciated. When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items or major components.
Property, plant and equipment that are currently in use are depreciated as follows:
The assets' residual values, useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed and adjusted, if appropriate, at each financial year-end. The gain or loss arising on the disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in profit and loss.
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
Impairment of Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are assessed for impairment indicators at each reporting date or when an impairment indicator arises if not at a reporting date. If an impairment indicator is identified, an impairment assessment is carried out. If an impairment loss is identified, it is recognized for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less cost of disposal and value in use.
Fair value is determined as the amount that would be obtained from the sale of the asset in an arm's length transaction between knowledgeable and willing parties. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows (cash-generating units). These are typically individual mines, plants or development projects.
Where the factors which resulted in an impairment loss subsequently reverse, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but to an amount that does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss.
Non-current assets (or disposal groups) held for sale and discontinued operations
Non-current assets (or disposal groups) are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use and a sale is considered highly probable. They are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell, except for assets such as deferred tax assets, assets arising from employee benefits, financial assets and investment property that are carried at fair value and contractual rights under insurance contracts, which are specifically exempt from this requirement.
An impairment loss is recognised for any initial or subsequent write-down of the asset (or disposal group) to fair value less costs to sell. A gain is recognised for any subsequent increases in fair value less costs to sell of an asset (or disposal group), but not in excess of any cumulative impairment loss previously recognised. A gain or loss not previously recognised by the date of the sale of the non-current asset (or disposal group) is recognised at the date of derecognition.
Non-current assets (including those that are part of a disposal group) are not depreciated or amortised while they are classified as held for sale. Interest and other expenses attributable to the liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale continue to be recognised.
Non-current assets classified as held for sale and the assets of a disposal group classified as held for sale are presented separately from the other assets in the balance sheet. The liabilities of a disposal group classified as held for sale are presented separately from other liabilities in the balance sheet.
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
A discontinued operation is a component of the entity that has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale and that represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations, is part of a single coordinated plan to dispose of such a line of business or area of operations, or is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale. The results of discontinued operations are presented separately in the statement of profit or loss.
Leases
At inception of a contract, LAC North America assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
LAC North America assesses whether the contract involves the use of an identified asset, whether LAC North America has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset during the term of the arrangement and if LAC North America has the right to direct the use of the asset. At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains one or more lease components, LAC North America allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative standalone prices. LAC North America leases offices, buildings, equipment and cars. Lease contracts entered into LAC North America are typically made for fixed periods of 3 to 5 years. Lease terms are negotiated on an individual basis and contain a wide range of different terms and conditions.
Leases are recognized as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding liability at the date at which the leased asset is available for use by LAC North America. Each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance cost. The finance cost is charged to profit or loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period.
The right-of-use asset is depreciated over the shorter of the asset's useful life and the lease term on a straight-line basis.
Assets and liabilities arising from a lease are initially measured on a present value basis. Lease liabilities include the net present value of the following lease payments:
● fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), less any lease incentives receivable;
● variable lease payments that are based on an index or a rate;
● amounts expected to be payable by the lessee under residual value guarantees;
● the exercise price of a purchase option if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and
● payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising that option.
The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease. If that rate cannot be determined, the lessee's incremental borrowing rate is used, being the rate that the lessee would have to pay to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value in a similar economic environment with similar terms and conditions.
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
Right-of-use assets are measured at cost comprising the following:
● the amount of the initial measurement of lease liability;
● any lease payments made on or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received;
● any initial direct costs; and
● restoration costs.
Payments associated with short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognized on a straight-line basis as an expense in profit or loss. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less.
Financial Instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are recognized when LAC North America becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
On initial recognition, financial assets are classified as and measured at: amortized cost, fair value through profit or loss ("FVTPL") or fair value through other comprehensive income ("FVOCI") according to their contractual cash flow characteristics and the business models under which they are held. On initial recognition, financial liabilities are classified as and measured at: amortized cost or FVTPL. LAC North Americas' investments in equity instruments are classified as FVTPL. Investments in equity instruments are held for strategic purposes and classified as long-term.
Financial assets are measured at amortized cost if they are held for the collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows solely represent payments of principal and interest; LAC North America's intent is to hold these financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and the contractual terms give rise to cash flows on specified dates that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
Financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost unless they are required to be measured at FVTPL.
Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the assets have expired or have been transferred and LAC North America has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership.
Provisions
Provisions are recognized when LAC North America has a present obligation, legal or constructive, as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and, where appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.
Close down and restoration costs include dismantling and demolition of infrastructure and the removal of residual materials and remediation of disturbed areas. Estimated close down and restoration costs are provided for in the accounting period when the obligation arising from the related disturbance occurs, based on the net present value of estimated future costs.
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
The cost estimates are updated during the life of the operation to reflect known development, such as revisions to cost estimates and to the estimated lives of the operation and are subject to formal reviews at regular intervals. The initial closure provision together with changes resulting from changes in estimated cash flows or discount rates are capitalized within capital assets. These costs are then depreciated over the lives of the asset to which they relate, typically using the units of production method. The amortization or unwinding of the discount applied in establishing the net present value of provisions is charged to the statement of comprehensive (loss)/income as a financing cost. Provision is made for the estimated present value of the costs of environmental cleanup obligations outstanding at the statement of financial position date.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Income tax is recognized in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in equity. Current tax expense is the expected tax payable on taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at period-end, adjusted for amendments to tax payable with regards to previous years.
Deferred tax is recorded using the liability method, providing for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Temporary differences are not provided for the initial recognition of assets or liabilities that affect neither accounting or taxable loss, unless arising in a business combination, nor differences relating to investments in subsidiaries to the extent that they will probably not reverse in the foreseeable future. The amount of deferred tax provided is based on the expected manner of realization or settlement of the carrying amount of assets and liabilities, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the statement of financial position date.
A deferred tax asset is recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the asset can be utilized. To the extent that LAC North America does not consider it probable that a deferred tax asset will be recovered, the deferred tax asset is not recorded.
Equity-Based Compensation
LAC North America does not have its own equity incentive plan, however employees of LAC North America participate in the Lithium Americas plan.
The Lithium Americas equity incentive plan allows the grant of stock options, restricted share units, performance share units and deferred share units. The cost of equity-settled payment arrangements is recorded based on the estimated fair value at the grant date and charged to earnings over the vesting period.
Each tranche in an award is considered a separate award with its own vesting period and grant date fair value. The fair value of each tranche is measured at the date of grant using an appropriate pricing model, including the Black-Scholes option model for pricing options and the Monte Carlo simulation methodology for pricing performance share units. Compensation expense is recognized over the tranche's vesting period based on the number of awards expected to vest. The number of awards expected to vest is reviewed at least annually and changes due to expected forfeitures being recognized immediately.
Where equity instruments are granted to non-employees, they are recorded at the fair value of the goods or services received in the statement of comprehensive (loss)/income.
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
When the value of goods or services received in exchange for the share-based payment cannot be reliably estimated, the fair value is measured by use of a valuation model.
New IFRS Pronouncements
Amendments to IAS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements
In October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements titled Non-current liabilities with covenants. These amendments sought to improve the information that an entity provides when its right to defer settlement of a liability is subject to compliance with covenants within 12 months after the reporting period. These amendments to IAS 1 override but incorporate the previous amendments, Classification of liabilities as current or non-current, issued in January 2020, which clarified that liabilities are classified as either current or non-current, depending on the rights that exist at the end of the reporting period. Liabilities should be classified as non-current if a company has a substantive right to defer settlement for at least 12 months at the end of the reporting period. The amendments are effective January 1, 2024, with early adoption permitted. Retrospective application is required on adoption. These amendments are not expected to have a material effect on LAC North America's financial statements.
Amendment to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2 - Disclosure of Accounting Policies
In February 2021, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements and the IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements to provide guidance on the application of materiality judgments to accounting policy disclosures. The amendments to IAS 1 replace the requirement to disclose significant accounting policies with a requirement to disclose material accounting policies. Guidance and illustrative examples are added in the Practice Statement to assist in the application of the materiality concept when making judgments about accounting policy disclosures. The amendments are effective January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. Prospective application is required on adoption. These amendments are not expected to have a material effect on LAC North America's financial statements.
4. CASH
December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2021 | |||||
$ | $ | |||||
Cash | 636 | 933 | ||||
636 | 933 |
5. INVESTMENT IN GREEN TECHNOLOGY METALS
On April 28, 2022, LAC North America entered into an agreement to acquire shares of Green Technology Metals Limited (ASX: GT1) ("Green Technology Metals"), a North American focused lithium exploration and development company with hard rock spodumene assets in north-western Ontario, Canada, in a private placement for total consideration of $10,000.
As at December 31, 2022, LAC North America holds approximately 13,301 common shares of Green Technology Metals with a fair value of $7,451 determined based on the market price of Green Technology Metals' shares as of such date. A loss on change in fair value of Green Technology Metals Shares of $2,564 was recognized in the statements of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2022.
6. INVESTMENT IN ASCEND ELEMENTS
On July 18, 2022, LAC North America made a $5,000 investment in Ascend Elements, Inc. ("Ascend Elements"), a private US based lithium-ion battery recycling and engineered material company, by way of a subscription for Series C-1 preferred shares. Holders of these shares have a right to a dividend at a rate of 8% per annum of the issue price (only if and when declared by the board of Ascend Elements), preferential rights upon liquidation, a right to convert preferred shares to common shares and other customary preferences.
As at December 31, 2022, LAC North America holds approximately 806 series C-1 preferred shares of Ascend Elements with an estimated fair value of $5,000.
7. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Equipment and machinery |
Other1 | Total | |||||||
$ | $ | $ | |||||||
Cost | |||||||||
As at December 31, 2020 | 1,198 | 1,014 | 2,212 | ||||||
Additions | 119 | 2,778 | 2,897 | ||||||
Disposals | - | (452 | ) | (452 | ) | ||||
As at December 31, 2021 | 1,317 | 3,340 | 4,657 | ||||||
Additions | 1,265 | 897 | 2,162 | ||||||
As at December 31, 2022 | 2,582 | 4,237 | 6,819 |
Equipment and machinery |
Other1 | Total | |||||||
$ | $ | $ | |||||||
Accumulated depreciation | |||||||||
As at December 31, 2020 | 471 | 566 | 1,037 | ||||||
Depreciation for the year | 343 | 315 | 658 | ||||||
Disposals | - | (332 | ) | (332 | ) | ||||
As at December 31, 2021 | 814 | 549 | 1,363 | ||||||
Depreciation for the year | 748 | 772 | 1,520 | ||||||
As at December 31, 2022 | 1,562 | 1,321 | 2,883 |
Equipment and machinery |
Other1 | Total | |||||||
$ | $ | $ | |||||||
Net book value | |||||||||
As at December 31, 2020 | 727 | 448 | 1,175 | ||||||
As at December 31, 2021 | 503 | 2,791 | 3,294 | ||||||
As at December 31, 2022 | 1,020 | 2,916 | 3,936 |
1 The "Other" category includes right of use assets with a cost of $3,025 and $811 of accumulated depreciation as at December 31, 2022.
8. EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION ASSETS
Exploration and evaluation assets relating to the Thacker Pass project and other projects were as follows:
$ | |||
Exploration and evaluation assets, as at December 31, 2020 | 4,342 | ||
Additions | 1,405 | ||
Exploration and evaluation assets, as at December 31, 2021 | 5,747 | ||
Additions | 4,120 | ||
Write offs of non-Thacker Pass assets | (353 | ) | |
Exploration and evaluation assets, as at December 31, 2022 | 9,514 |
LAC North America has certain commitments for royalty and other payments to be made on the Thacker Pass project as set out below. These amounts will only be payable if LAC North America continues to hold the subject claims in the future and the royalties will only be incurred if LAC North America starts production from the Thacker Pass project.
● 20% royalty on revenue solely in respect of uranium;
● 8% gross revenue royalty on all claims up to a cumulative payment of $22,000. The royalty will then be reduced to 4% for the life of the project. LAC North America has the option at any time to reduce the royalty to 1.75% upon payment of $22,000; and
● Option payment of $138 was paid in 2022 and $2,888 is payable in 2023 to purchase water rights.
9. LOAN FROM PARENT
December 31, 2022 |
December 31, 2021 |
|||||
$ | $ | |||||
Loan from Parent | ||||||
Loan from Parent | 43,572 | 40,000 | ||||
43,572 | 40,000 |
LAC North America entered into a line of credit agreement with Lithium Americas dated effective January 1, 2020, for funding of Thacker Pass project expenditures.
The line of credit is for $40,000 in total and each drawdown has a maturity of December 31, 2023, and an interest rate of 9% per annum. As at December 31, 2022, LAC North America had drawn $40,000 from the loan from Parent and had unpaid accrued interest of $3,572.
10. OTHER LIABILITIES
December 31, 2022 |
December 31, 2021 |
|||||
$ | $ | |||||
Other liabilities | ||||||
Lease liabilities | 1,618 | 1,755 | ||||
Mining contractor liability | 5,950 | 5,940 | ||||
7,568 | 7,695 |
10. OTHER LIABILITIES (continued)
During Q2 2019, LAC North America entered into a mining design, consulting and mining operations agreement with a mining contractor for its Thacker Pass project. In accordance with the agreement, LAC North America received $3,500 from the mining contractor in seven consecutive equal quarterly instalments, with $1,500 received in 2019 and $2,000 received in 2020. These amounts are included in the mining contractor liability balance.
LAC North America will pay a success fee to the mining contractor of $4,650 payable upon achieving commercial mining milestones or repay $3,500 without interest if a final project construction decision is not made by 2024.
The mining contractor has also been providing mining design and consulting services, which are accrued and included in the mining contractor liability and are payable on or before the earlier of December 31, 2024 or 90 days after the start of production at the Thacker Pass project.
11. EQUITY COMPENSATION
Equity Incentive Plan
LAC North America's employees participate in Lithium Americas' equity incentive plan ("Plan") in accordance with the policies of the Toronto Stock Exchange whereby, from time to time, at the discretion of the Lithium Americas' Board of Directors, eligible directors, officers, employees and consultants are: (1) granted incentive stock options exercisable to purchase Lithium Americas common shares ("Stock Options"); and (2) awarded deferred share units ("DSUs"), restricted share units ("RSUs") and performance share units ("PSUs") that, subject to a recipient's deferral right in accordance with the Income Tax Act (Canada), convert automatically into Lithium Americas' common shares upon vesting.
The exercise price of each stock option is based on the fair market price of Lithium Americas common shares at the time of grant. Stock options are granted for a maximum term of five years.
Restricted Share Units
During the year ended December 31, 2022, Lithium Americas granted 101 (2021 - 91; 2020 - 232) RSUs to Lithium Nevada employees and consultants.
The total estimated fair value of the RSUs was $2,421 (2021 - $1,252; 2020 - $830) based on the market value of Lithium Americas' shares on the grant date. As at December 31, 2022, there was $1,326 (2021 - $712; 2020 - $396) of total unamortized compensation cost relating to unvested RSUs.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs of $2,146 was charged to operating expenses (2021 - $1,473; 2020 - $1,261).
11. EQUITY COMPENSATION (continued)
A summary of changes to the number of outstanding RSUs is as follows:
Number of RSUs |
Weighted average FMV price per share, (US$) |
|||||
Balance, RSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2019 | 288 | 3.39 | ||||
Converted into shares | (204 | ) | (3.02 | ) | ||
Granted | 232 | 3.40 | ||||
Forfeited | (22 | ) | (3.11 | ) | ||
Balance, RSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2020 | 294 | 3.74 | ||||
Converted into shares | (75 | ) | (8.00 | ) | ||
Granted | 91 | 14.34 | ||||
Balance, RSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2021 | 310 | 6.02 | ||||
Converted into shares | (80 | ) | (12.56 | ) | ||
Granted | 101 | 23.95 | ||||
Forfeited | (1 | ) | (12.91 | ) | ||
Balance, RSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2022 | 330 | 9.90 |
Stock Options
No stock options were granted by Lithium Americas to Lithium Nevada employees during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Stock options outstanding and exercisable held by Lithium Nevada employees as at December 31, 2022 are as follows:
Range of Exercise Prices CDN$ |
Number outstanding and exercisable as at December 31, 2022 |
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) |
Weighted Average Exercise Price CDN$ |
||||||
$8.05 - $11.07 | 120 | 0.0 | 8.30 | ||||||
120 | 0.0 | 8.30 |
A summary of changes to outstanding stock options is as follows:
Number of Options |
Weighted Average Exercise Price, (CDN$) |
|||||
Balance, stock options outstanding as at December 31, 2019 | 470 | 7.31 | ||||
Exercised | (65 | ) | (9.54 | ) | ||
Balance, stock options outstanding as at December 31, 2020 | 405 | 7.05 | ||||
Exercised | (65 | ) | (5.71 | ) | ||
Balance, stock options outstanding as at December 31, 2021 | 340 | 7.30 | ||||
Exercised | (220 | ) | (6.76 | ) | ||
Balance, stock options outstanding as at December 31, 2022 | 120 | 8.30 |
11. EQUITY COMPENSATION (continued)
The weighted average Lithium Americas share price at the time of exercise of options during the year ended December 31, 2022, was CDN$40.00 (2021 - CDN$19.80; 2020 - CDN$12.96).
During the year ended December 31, 2022, stock-based compensation expense related to stock options of $Nil was charged to operating expenses (2021 - $Nil; 2020 - $Nil).
Performance Share Units
5 PSUs were granted by Lithium Americas to Lithium Nevada employees during the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 - 12; 2020 - none). As at December 31, 2022, there was $206 of total unamortized compensation cost relating to unvested PSUs (2021 - $190; 2020 - $254).
During the year ended December 31, 2022, equity compensation expense related to PSUs of $209 was charged to operating expenses (2021 - $324; 2020 - $356). A summary of changes to the number of outstanding PSUs is as follows:
Number of PSUs | Weighted average FMV price per share, (US$) |
|||||
Balance, PSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2019 | 176 | 6.49 | ||||
Forfeited | (11 | ) | (6.52 | ) | ||
Balance, PSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2020 | 165 | 6.11 | ||||
Granted | 12 | 19.72 | ||||
Forfeited | (64 | ) | (6.52 | ) | ||
Balance, PSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2021 | 113 | 7.31 | ||||
Granted | 5 | 41.99 | ||||
Balance, PSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2022 | 118 | 8.79 |
12. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
LAC North America entered into the following transactions with related parties:
Funding from Parent company
As described in Note 2, LAC North America is funded via a loan from Lithium Americas (recorded within liabilities (Note 9)) or capital contributions (recorded within net parent investment in equity). The net parent investment represents Lithium Americas' interest in the recorded net assets of LAC North America and the cumulative net equity investment by Lithium Americas through the dates presented.
Allocation of Parent company costs
Certain costs related to LAC North America incurred by the Parent, Lithium Americas, are allocated to LAC North America and presented as general and administrative expenditures in the carve-out statement of comprehensive loss (Note 2).
13. SEGMENTED INFORMATION
LAC North America operates in one operating segment and one geographical area. Thacker Pass was in the exploration and evaluation stage for the financial reporting periods presented herein. Substantially all the assets and the liabilities of LAC North America relate to Thacker Pass.
14. DISCONTINUED OPERATION
In 2019, Lithium Americas made the strategic decision to wind-up the organoclay business in an orderly fashion, including divesting of its assets. The organoclay business was non-core to the Parent's portfolio of lithium projects. Organoclay property, plant and equipment were classified as assets held for sale as at December 31, 2020 and were recognized at the lower of its carrying value and fair value less cost to sell within the Carve-out Statements of Financial Position. On January 13, 2021, the Parent completed the sale of the organoclay property, plant and equipment for gross proceeds of $4,250.
The results from operations for the organoclay business have been presented as discontinued operations within the Carve-out Statements of Comprehensive Loss and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Years ended December 31, | |||||||||
2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||
$ | $ | $ | |||||||
ORGANOCLAY SALES | - | 18 | 670 | ||||||
COST OF SALES | |||||||||
Production costs | - | (42 | ) | (1,277 | ) | ||||
Depreciation | - | - | (33 | ) | |||||
Total cost of sales | - | (42 | ) | (1,310 | ) | ||||
GROSS LOSS | - | (24 | ) | (640 | ) | ||||
EXPENSES | |||||||||
Assets write off | - | - | (11 | ) | |||||
General, administrative, and other | - | (37 | ) | (443 | ) | ||||
- | (37 | ) | (454 | ) | |||||
Other Income | - | 25 | 81 | ||||||
Gain on Sale of Assets | - | 158 | - | ||||||
NET INCOME FROM DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS | - | 122 | (1,013 | ) | |||||
Net cash inflow from discontinued operations | - | 3,523 | 561 |
Cash inflows from discontinued operations are separately disclosed and included in cash flow from operating, investing, and financing activities within the Carve-out Statements of Cash Flows.
15. INCOME TAXES
A reconciliation of income taxes at Canadian statutory rates with reported taxes is as follows:
For the years ended December 31, | |||||||||
2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||
$ | $ | $ | |||||||
Loss from continuing operations before tax | 67,798 | 47,148 | 24,204 | ||||||
(Gain)/Loss from discontinued operations | - | (122 | ) | 1,013 | |||||
67,798 | 47,026 | 25,217 | |||||||
Statutory tax rate | 27 | % | 27 | % | 27 | % | |||
Expected income recovery at statutory tax rate | 18,305 | 12,697 | 6,809 | ||||||
Effect of lower tax rate in foreign jurisdiction | (3,241 | ) | (2,417 | ) | (1,187 | ) | |||
Change in unrecognized deferred tax assets and other | (15,064 | ) | (10,280 | ) | (5,622 | ) | |||
Tax expense | - | - | - |
The significant components of LAC North America's deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
As at December 31 | |||||||||
2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||
$ | $ | $ | |||||||
Deferred tax assets: | |||||||||
Tax loss carryforwards | 40,196 | 30,695 | 17,436 | ||||||
Exploration and evaluation assets | 3,602 | 1,173 | 584 | ||||||
Capital assets | 536 | - | 1,274 | ||||||
Investment in Green Technology Metals | 346 | - | - | ||||||
Other | 100 | 109 | 68 | ||||||
Deferred tax assets | 44,780 | 31,977 | 19,362 | ||||||
Deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||||
Other | (4,845 | ) | - | (45 | ) | ||||
Deferred tax liabilities | (4,845 | ) | - | (45 | ) | ||||
Unrecognized deferred tax assets | 39,935 | 31,977 | 19,317 |
LAC North America has non-capital loss carryforwards in the US of approximately $192,000 (2021 - $146,000; 2020 - $85,000) some of which expire in 2029 and some of which have no fixed date of expiry and are available to reduce taxable income. The resulting US deferred tax assets have not been recognized as it is not yet probable that LAC North America will generate future taxable income.
LAC North America has also generated Canadian tax loss carryforwards as a result of applying the separate return method to the tax effects of costs allocated by the Parent to LAC North America. The resulting Canadian deferred tax assets have not been recognized as it is not probable LAC North America will generate future Canadian taxable profit against which the loss carryforwards can be used.
16. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Financial instruments recorded at fair value on the carve-out statements of financial position and presented in fair value disclosures are classified using a fair value hierarchy that reflects the significance of the inputs used in making the measurements. The fair value hierarchy has the following levels:
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly; and
Level 3 - Inputs for assets and liabilities that are not based on observable market data.
The fair value hierarchy requires the use of observable market inputs whenever such inputs exist. A financial instrument is classified in the lowest level of the hierarchy for which a significant input has been considered in measuring fair value. Common shares and, preferred shares acquired as part of the Green Technology Metals and Ascend Elements investments respectively are measured at fair value on the statement of financial position on a recurring basis.
Cash, receivables, and loans from Parent are measured at amortized cost on the carve-out statement of financial position. As at December 31, 2022, the fair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost approximates their carrying value. Green Technology Metals shares are classified at level 1 of the fair value hierarchy and Ascend Elements preference shares are classified at level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (refer to Note 5 and 6 respectively).
LAC North America manages risks to minimize potential losses. The main objective of LAC North America's risk management process is to ensure that the risks are properly identified and that the capital base is adequate in relation to those risks. The principal risks which impact LAC North America's financial instruments are described below.
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk of loss associated with a counterparty's inability to fulfill its payment obligations. Financial instruments that potentially subject LAC North America to a concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and receivables. LAC North America's maximum exposure to credit risk for cash and receivables is the amount disclosed in the consolidated statements of financial position. LAC North America limits its exposure to credit loss by placing its cash with US chartered banks with expected credit losses estimated to be de minimis.
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that LAC North America will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. LAC North America's approach to managing liquidity is to evaluate current and expected liquidity requirements under both normal and stressed conditions to estimate and maintain sufficient reserves of cash to meet its liquidity requirements in the short and long term. LAC North America prepares annual budgets, which are regularly monitored and updated as considered necessary. As at December 31, 2022, LAC North America had a cash balance of $636 to settle current liabilities of $54,209 (Note 1).
17. CAPITAL DISCLOSURE
LAC North America's objectives when managing capital are to safeguard LAC North America's ability to continue as a going concern to pursue the exploration and development of its mineral properties and to maintain a flexible capital structure.
17. CAPITAL DISCLOSURE (continued)
The capital structure of LAC North America consists of net investment of Parent and loan from Parent. LAC North America manages the capital structure and makes adjustments to it in light of changes in economic conditions and the risk characteristics of the underlying assets.
Pursuant to the Arrangement, the Parent will contribute the loan from Parent to New LAC upon consummation of the Separation.
To carry out the planned exploration and development of its projects and pay for corporate and administrative costs, LAC North America will spend its existing working capital and raise additional amounts as needed and if available.
Management reviews its capital management approach on an ongoing basis and believes that this approach, given the relative size of LAC North America, is reasonable. There were no changes in LAC North America's approach to capital management during the year ended December 31, 2022.
18. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
a) On January 30, 2023, LAC North America entered into an agreement with GM, pursuant to which GM will make a $650,000 equity investment in two tranches. The proceeds from the Transaction are to be used for the development and construction of Thacker Pass. The investment from GM will support LAC North America in creating the foundation for an independent U.S. business focused on Thacker Pass and a North American lithium supply chain. On February 16, 2023, the Tranche 1 investment of $320,148 closed, following GM's purchase of 15,002 common shares of LAC at $21.34 per share. Upon funding of the first investment tranche, an offtake agreement to supply GM with lithium carbonate production from Thacker Pass (the "Offtake Agreement") and an investor rights agreement (the "Investor Rights Agreement") were entered into with GM. The net proceeds of the Tranche 1 investment, to the extent such proceeds remained unspent, will be allocated to LAC North America upon Separation.
LAC North America expects to close the second and final tranche following Lithium Americas' contemplated separation of its U.S. and Argentine businesses in the second half of 2023 and the satisfaction of certain conditions precedent to closing including the condition that LAC North America secures sufficient funding to complete the development of Phase 1 for Thacker Pass. Financial advisory fees of approximately $24,000 will be payable upon completion of the GM investment tranches.
b) On March 2, 2023, LAC North America announced the commencement of construction at the Thacker Pass Project, including site preparation, geotechnical drilling, water pipeline development and associated infrastructure, following the receipt of notice to proceed from the BLM.
c) On May 15, 2023, LAC's board of directors unanimously approved the execution of an arrangement agreement providing for the reorganization of LAC that will result in the separation of its North American and Argentine business units into two independent public companies. Completion of the Separation is subject to customary conditions and approvals, including the receipt of the Canada Revenue Agency ruling, all required third party approvals, court, tax, stock exchange (including the listing of New LAC's common shares on the TSX and the NYSE) and regulatory approvals and shareholder approval.
LAC NORTH AMERICA |
(Expressed in US Dollars) |
LAC NORTH AMERICA
CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
(Unaudited)
(Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
March 31, | December 31, | ||||||||
Note | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||
$ | $ | ||||||||
CURRENT ASSETS | |||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 4 | 308,537 | 636 | ||||||
Accounts Receivables | 38 | 4 | |||||||
Prepaids | 2,152 | 1,297 | |||||||
310,727 | 1,937 | ||||||||
NON-CURRENT ASSETS | |||||||||
Property, plant and equipment | 7 | 29,400 | 3,936 | ||||||
Exploration and evaluation assets | 8 | - | 9,514 | ||||||
Investment in Green Technology Metals | 5 | 6,637 | 7,451 | ||||||
Investment in Ascend Elements | 6 | 5,000 | 5,000 | ||||||
41,037 | 25,901 | ||||||||
TOTAL ASSETS | 351,764 | 27,838 | |||||||
CURRENT LIABILITIES | |||||||||
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 24,896 | 9,913 | |||||||
Current portion of long-term liabilities | 736 | 724 | |||||||
GM transaction derivative liability | 9 | 24,134 | - | ||||||
Loan from Parent | 10 | 44,458 | 43,572 | ||||||
94,224 | 54,209 | ||||||||
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES | |||||||||
Other liabilities | 11 | 4,974 | 7,568 | ||||||
Reclamation and remediation costs | 478 | 478 | |||||||
5,452 | 8,046 | ||||||||
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 99,676 | 62,255 | |||||||
DIVISIONAL EQUITY | |||||||||
Net parent investment | 514,231 | 226,009 | |||||||
Deficit | (262,143 | ) | (260,426 | ) | |||||
TOTAL DIVISIONAL EQUITY | 252,088 | (34,417 | ) | ||||||
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND DIVISIONAL EQUITY | 351,764 | 27,838 |
Subsequent event (Note 16)
On behalf of the Board of Directors:
"Fabiana Chubbs" |
"George Ireland" |
Director |
Director |
LAC NORTH AMERICA
CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Unaudited)
(Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||
2023 | 2022 | ||||||||
Note | $ | $ | |||||||
EXPENSES | |||||||||
Exploration expenditures | |||||||||
Engineering | 782 | 5,788 | |||||||
Consulting, salaries and other compensation | 2,503 | 2,300 | |||||||
Permitting, environmental and claim fees | 268 | 763 | |||||||
Field supplies and other | 14 | 269 | |||||||
Depreciation | 196 | 175 | |||||||
Drilling and geological expenses | 98 | 322 | |||||||
3,861 | 9,617 | ||||||||
General and Administrative (allocation of corporate costs) | |||||||||
Salaries, benefits and other compensation | 1,011 | 961 | |||||||
Office and administration | 370 | 369 | |||||||
Professional fees | 57 | 349 | |||||||
Investor relations, regulatory fees and travel | 275 | 139 | |||||||
1,713 | 1,818 | ||||||||
5,574 | 11,435 | ||||||||
OTHER ITEMS | |||||||||
Transaction costs | 4,028 | - | |||||||
Gain on change in fair value of GM transaction derivative liability | 9 | (9,060 | ) | - | |||||
Loss on change in fair value of Green Technology Metals' shares | 5 | 814 | - | ||||||
Finance cost | 370 | 996 | |||||||
Finance income | (9 | ) | (40 | ) | |||||
(3,857 | ) | 956 | |||||||
NET LOSS | 1,717 | 12,391 |
LAC NORTH AMERICA
CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN DIVISIONAL EQUITY
(Unaudited)
(Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
Net parent investment | Deficit | Divisional equity |
|||||||
$ | $ | $ | |||||||
Balance, December 31, 2021 | 150,942 | (192,628 | ) | (41,686 | ) | ||||
Net parent investment | 15,672 | - | 15,672 | ||||||
Net loss | - | (12,391 | ) | (12,391 | ) | ||||
Balance, March 31, 2022 | 166,614 | (205,019 | ) | (38,405 | ) | ||||
Balance, December 31, 2022 | 226,009 | (260,426 | ) | (34,417 | ) | ||||
Net parent investment | 288,222 | - | 288,222 | ||||||
Net loss | - | (1,717 | ) | (1,717 | ) | ||||
Balance, March 31, 2023 | 514,231 | (262,143 | ) | 252,088 |
LAC NORTH AMERICA
CARVE-OUT STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||
Note | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||
$ | $ | ||||||||
OPERATING ACTIVITIES | |||||||||
Net loss | (1,717 | ) | (12,391 | ) | |||||
Items not affecting cash and other items: | |||||||||
Equity compensation | 12 | 97 | 300 | ||||||
Depreciation | 196 | 317 | |||||||
Loss on change in fair value of Green Technology Metals shares | 5 | 814 | - | ||||||
Gain on change in fair value of GM transaction derivative liability | 9 | (9,060 | ) | 19 | |||||
Changes in working capital items: | |||||||||
Decrease in receivables, prepaids and deposits | (85 | ) | (1,207 | ) | |||||
Decrease in accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other liabilities | (8,658 | ) | 455 | ||||||
Net cash used in operating activities | (18,413 | ) | (12,507 | ) | |||||
INVESTING ACTIVITIES | |||||||||
Additions to property, plant and equipment | (9,870 | ) | (524 | ) | |||||
Additions to exploration and evaluation assets | - | (131 | ) | ||||||
Net cash used in investing activities | (9,870 | ) | (655 | ) | |||||
FINANCING ACTIVITIES | |||||||||
Net parent investment - capital contributions | 16,388 | 14,504 | |||||||
Net parent investment - gross proceeds from GM transaction | 320,148 | - | |||||||
Payment of expenses related to the GM transaction | (173 | ) | - | ||||||
Lease payments | (179 | ) | (62 | ) | |||||
Net cash provided by financing activities | 336,184 | 14,442 | |||||||
CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | 307,901 | 1,280 | |||||||
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS - BEGINNING OF THE PERIOD | 636 | 933 | |||||||
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS - END OF THE PERIOD | 308,537 | 2,213 |
1. BACKGROUND AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS
The North American Division of Lithium Americas Corp. ("LAC North America") represents those North American assets and investments owned directly and indirectly by Lithium Americas Corp. ("Lithium Americas," "LAC" or the "Parent") that are to be separated from the existing group and spun out to shareholders. As at March 31, 2023, LAC North America principally held the Thacker Pass project, a sedimentary-based lithium property located in the McDermitt Caldera in Humboldt County, Nevada ("Thacker Pass"), which is in the development stage.
On January 23, 2023, 1397468 B.C. Ltd. ("New LAC") was incorporated by Lithium Americas under the laws of British Columbia, as part of a reorganization of Lithium Americas which will result in the separation of Lithium Americas' North American and Argentina business units into two independent public companies (the "Separation") that include: (i) an Argentina focused lithium company owning Lithium Americas' current interest in its Argentine lithium assets, including the Cauchari-Olaroz project, which recently achieved first lithium production and continues to move towards full production, and (ii) a North America focused lithium company owning Thacker Pass and Lithium Americas' North American investments, which will be re-named "Lithium Americas Corp." upon completion of the Separation.
The Separation is to be implemented by way of a plan of arrangement under the laws of British Columbia pursuant to an arrangement agreement to be entered into between Lithium Americas and New LAC ("Arrangement"). Under the Arrangement, Lithium Americas will, among other things, contribute its interest in Thacker Pass, Lithium Americas' North American investments in the shares of certain companies, certain intellectual property rights, its receivable or loan to LAC North America, the remaining proceeds of an equity investment by General Motors Holdings LLC ("General Motors" or "GM") designated to be spent on Thacker Pass and a sufficient amount of cash to establish working capital at New LAC. Upon completion of the Arrangement, New LAC's common shares will be held directly by shareholders of Lithium Americas, accomplished through a series of share exchanges.
The Separation will be pro rata to the shareholders of Lithium Americas, so that such holders will maintain the same proportionate interest in Lithium Americas and in New LAC both immediately before and immediately after the Separation.
Upon consummation of the Separation and successful listing of the common shares of New LAC on the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") and on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"), New LAC and Lithium Americas will be independent publicly traded companies. Listing will be subject to New LAC meeting the usual listing requirements of the TSX and NYSE, receiving approval of the TSX and NYSE and meeting all conditions of listing imposed by the TSX and NYSE.
On January 30, 2023, LAC North America entered into a purchase agreement with General Motors pursuant to which GM has agreed to make a $650,000 investment (the "Transaction"), the proceeds of which are to be used for the construction and development of Thacker Pass. The Transaction is comprised of two tranches, with the $320,148 first tranche investment ("Tranche 1 Investment") in the form of GM's subscription for 15,002 subscription receipts of Lithium Americas, which were automatically converted into 15,002 units comprising an aggregate of 15,002 common shares and 11,891 warrants of Lithium Americas, having been completed on February 16, 2023 and the gross proceeds released from escrow.
Pursuant to agreements with GM, the warrant and second tranche subscription agreement (related to the anticipated second tranche investment of approximately $330,000 by GM) between GM and LAC will be terminated and replaced by corresponding agreements between GM and New LAC (Note 9) such that the proceeds will be received by LAC North America.
1. BACKGROUND AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS (continued)
In addition, LAC North America is advancing an application process under the U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, which, if granted, would provide up to 75% of Thacker Pass' total capital costs for construction.
The Parent's, Division's and New LAC's head office and principal address is Suite 300, 900 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6C 1E5.
2. BASIS OF PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION
The accompanying carve-out interim financial statements have been prepared for the purpose of providing historical information of LAC North America. The carve-out interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IFRS") applicable to the preparation of interim financial statements, including International Accounting Standard ("IAS") 34, Interim Financial Reporting. These carve-out interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with LAC North Americas carve-out annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 ("2022 Carve-out Financials"), which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. Transactions and balances between LAC North America and Parent are reflected as related party transactions within these financial statements.
The accompanying carve-out interim financial statements include the assets, liabilities, and results of operations that are specifically identifiable to LAC North America. This includes relevant assets, liabilities and expenses Thacker Pass, specified investments, transactions and balances arising from the GM funding, as well as certain costs related to the management of LAC North America by Lithium Americas. Such costs have been allocated to LAC North America from the shared corporate expenses of Lithium Americas based on the estimated level of involvement of Lithium Americas management and employees with LAC North America. LAC North America has operated as a division of Lithium Americas and not as a stand-alone company. LAC North America receives services and support from Lithium Americas and is dependent upon Lithium Americas' ability to perform these services and support functions.
Allocated costs are primarily related to corporate administrative expenses and employment costs of Lithium Americas staff who provide services including accounting and finance, legal, information technology, human resources, marketing, investor relations, contract support, treasury, administrative and other corporate head office services.
Lithium Americas has centralized processes and systems for cash management, payroll, and purchasing, and manages a treasury function and keeps cash balances that are used to finance the activities of LAC North America through periodic cash calls. The results of the Parent's cash transactions on behalf of LAC North America are reflected either as loan from Parent within liabilities or as net Parent investment within equity in the accompanying balance sheets based on whether the transactions were subject to the formal loan agreement with the Parent or related to amounts attributed to LAC North America from the activities of the Parent.
The net parent investment represents Lithium Americas' interest in the recorded net assets of LAC North America and the cumulative net equity investment by Lithium Americas through the dates presented. The loan from Parent balance will be contributed to the equity of New LAC at the time of closing the Arrangement.
2. BASIS OF PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION (continued)
Management believes the assumptions and allocations underlying the carve-out interim financial statements are reasonable and appropriate under the circumstances. The expenses and cost allocations have been determined on a basis considered by Lithium Americas to be a reasonable reflection of the utilization of services provided to or the benefit received by LAC North America during the periods presented relative to the total costs incurred by Lithium Americas. However, the amounts recorded for these transactions and allocations are not necessarily representative of the amount that would have been reflected in the financial statements had LAC North America been an entity that operated independently of Lithium Americas.
The amounts that would have been or will be incurred on a stand-alone basis could differ from the amounts allocated due to economies of scale, management judgment, cash management and financing obtained as a stand-alone company, or other factors.
Consequently, future results of operations, should LAC North America be separated from Lithium Americas, will include costs and expenses that may be materially different than the carve-out historical results of operations, financial position, and cash flows. Accordingly, the financial statements for these periods are not necessarily indicative of the future results of operations, financial position, and cash flows of LAC North America.
Certain transactions of LAC North America have historically been included in tax returns filed by the Parent. The income tax amounts included in these financial statements have been calculated using the separate return method as if LAC North America had included such amounts in its own tax returns. The separate return method applies the accounting guidance for income taxes to the stand-alone financial statements as if LAC North America were a separate taxpayer from the Parent for the periods presented.
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The preparation of these carve-out interim financial statements requires management to make assumptions, estimates, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these financial statements and accompanying notes. LAC North America bases its estimates on historical experience and various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable at the time the estimate was made. Accordingly, actual results may differ from amounts estimated in these financial statements and such differences could be material. The amounts presented in these financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for future years.
The nature and number of significant estimates and judgments made by management in applying the accounting policies and the key sources of estimation uncertainty are substantially the same as those that management applied to the 2022 Carve-out Financials, except as described below.
Estimation Uncertainty and Accounting policy judgments
Accounting for the Agreements with General Motors
LAC North America's accounting for the agreements with General Motors involved judgment, specifically in its assumption that its shareholders will approve an increase to GM's shareholdings in excess of 20% and the price at which common shares will be issued pursuant to the subscription agreement for the second tranche of GM's agreement; that in LAC North America's determination the Offtake Agreement represents an agreement with market selling prices; and that the Offtake is separate from the equity financing provided by GM (Note 9).
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
The fair value of the warrant and subscription agreements with GM involved estimation, which was determined using Monte Carlo simulation that required significant assumptions, including expected volatility of LAC's share price.
Commencement of Development of Thacker Pass
LAC North America determined that the technical feasibility and commercial viability of Thacker Pass had been demonstrated following the release of an independent National Instrument 43-101 feasibility study (the "Thacker Pass Feasibility Study") on January 31, 2023, the receipt of the favorable ruling from the US District Court, District of Nevada ("Federal Court") for the issuance of the Record of Decision ("ROD"), and the receipt of notice to proceed from the Bureau of Land Management ("BLM") on February 7, 2023. LAC North America entered into an engineering, procurement and construction management ("EPCM") agreement and other construction-related contracts. Construction of Thacker Pass, including site preparation, geotechnical drilling, water pipeline development and associated infrastructure has commenced. Accordingly, the capitalized costs of Thacker Pass from exploration and evaluation assets were transferred to property, plant and equipment and began to capitalize development costs starting February 1, 2023.
Concurrent with the transfer of the Thacker Pass assets from exploration and evaluation to property, plant and equipment, LAC North America completed an impairment test of Thacker Pass which compared the carrying value to the recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the greater of the value in use and the fair value less disposal costs. The fair value less disposal costs is calculated using a discounted cash flow model with feasibility study economics. The significant assumptions that impacted the fair value included future lithium prices, capital cost estimates, operating cost estimates, estimated mineral reserves and resources, and the discount rate. Based on the result of the impairment test, management concluded that there was no impairment.
New IFRS Pronouncements
Amendments to IAS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements
In October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements titled Non-current liabilities with covenants.
These amendments sought to improve the information that an entity provides when its right to defer settlement of a liability is subject to compliance with covenants within 12 months after the reporting period. These amendments to IAS 1 override but incorporate the previous amendments, Classification of liabilities as current or non-current, issued in January 2020, which clarified that liabilities are classified as either current or non-current, depending on the rights that exist at the end of the reporting period. Liabilities should be classified as non-current if a company has a substantive right to defer settlement for at least 12 months at the end of the reporting period. The amendments are effective January 1, 2024, with early adoption permitted. Retrospective application is required on adoption. These amendments are not expected to have a material effect on these carve-out interim financial statements.
Amendment to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2 - Disclosure of Accounting Policies
In February 2021, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements and the IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements to provide guidance on the application of materiality judgments to accounting policy disclosures.
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)
The amendments to IAS 1 replace the requirement to disclose significant accounting policies with a requirement to disclose material accounting policies. Guidance and illustrative examples are added in the Practice Statement to assist in the application of the materiality concept when making judgments about accounting policy disclosures. The amendments are effective January 1, 2023. These amendments did not impact these carve-out interim financial statements.
4. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | |||||
$ | $ | |||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 308,537 | 636 | ||||
308,537 | 636 |
Cash and cash equivalents include the remaining net proceeds of the Tranche 1 Investment.
5. INVESTMENT IN GREEN TECHNOLOGY METALS
On April 28, 2022, LAC North America entered into an agreement to acquire shares of Green Technology Metals Limited (ASX: GT1) ("Green Technology Metals"), a North American focused lithium exploration and development company with hard rock spodumene assets in north-western Ontario, Canada, in a private placement for total consideration of $10,000.
As at March 31, 2023, LAC North America holds approximately 13,301 common shares of Green Technology Metals with a fair value of $6,637 determined based on the market price of Green Technology Metals' shares as of such date. A loss on change in fair value of Green Technology Metals Shares of $814 was recognized in the statements of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
6. INVESTMENT IN ASCEND ELEMENTS
On July 18, 2022, LAC North America made a $5,000 investment in Ascend Elements, Inc. ("Ascend Elements"), a private US based lithium-ion battery recycling and engineered material company, by way of a subscription for Series C-1 preferred shares. Holders of these shares have a right to a dividend at a rate of 8% per annum of the issue price (only if and when declared by the board of Ascend Elements), preferential rights upon liquidation, a right to convert preferred shares to common shares and other customary preferences.
As at March 31, 2023, LAC North America holds approximately 806 series C-1 preferred shares of Ascend Elements with an estimated fair value of $5,000.
7. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Thacker Pass Project |
Equipment and machinery |
Other1 | Total | |||||||||
$ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Cost | ||||||||||||
As at December 31, 2021 | - | 1,317 | 3,340 | 4,657 | ||||||||
Additions | - | 1,265 | 897 | 2,162 | ||||||||
As at December 31, 2022 | - | 2,582 | 4,237 | 6,819 | ||||||||
Transfers from E&E (Note 8) | 9,514 | - | - | 9,514 | ||||||||
Additions | 16,168 | 16 | 124 | 16,308 | ||||||||
As at March 31, 2023 | 25,682 | 2,598 | 4,361 | 32,641 |
Thacker Pass Project |
Equipment and machinery |
Other1 | Total | |||||||||
$ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
Accumulated depreciation | ||||||||||||
As at December 31, 2021 | - | 814 | 549 | 1,363 | ||||||||
Depreciation for the year | - | 748 | 772 | 1,520 | ||||||||
As at December 31, 2022 | - | 1,562 | 1,321 | 2,883 | ||||||||
Depreciation for the period | - | 145 | 213 | 358 | ||||||||
As at March 31, 2023 | - | 1,707 | 1,534 | 3,241 |
Thacker Pass Project |
Equipment and machinery |
Other1 | Total | |||||||||
$ | $ | $ | ||||||||||
Net book value | ||||||||||||
As at December 31, 2021 | - | 503 | 2,791 | 3,294 | ||||||||
As at December 31, 2022 | - | 1,020 | 2,916 | 3,936 | ||||||||
As at March 31, 2023 | 25,682 | 891 | 2,827 | 29,400 |
1 The "Other" category includes right of use assets with a cost of $3,025 and $997 of accumulated depreciation as at March 31, 2023.
8. EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION ASSETS
Exploration and evaluation assets relating to Thacker Pass and other projects were as follows:
$ | |||
Exploration and evaluation assets, as at December 31, 2021 | 5,747 | ||
Additions | 4,120 | ||
Write off of non-Thacker Pass assets | (353 | ) | |
Exploration and evaluation assets, as at December 31, 2022 | 9,514 | ||
Additions | - | ||
Transfers to PP&E (Note 7) | (9,514 | ) | |
Total exploration and evaluation assets, as at March 31, 2023 | - |
8. EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION ASSETS (continued)
Upon commencement of development of Thacker Pass, the capitalized costs of Thacker Pass from exploration and evaluation assets were transferred to property, plant and equipment and LAC North America began to capitalize development costs starting February 1, 2023 (Note 3).
Concurrent with the transfer of the Thacker Pass assets from exploration and evaluation to property, plant and equipment, LAC North America completed an impairment test of Thacker Pass which compared the carrying value to the recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the greater of the value in use and the fair value less disposal costs. The fair value less disposal costs was calculated using a discounted cash flow model with feasibility study economics. The significant assumptions that impacted the fair value included future lithium prices, capital cost estimates, operating cost estimates, estimated mineral reserves and resources, and the discount rate. Based on the result of the impairment test, management concluded that there was no impairment.
LAC North America has certain commitments for royalty and other payments to be made on Thacker Pass as set out below. These amounts will only be payable if LAC North America continues to hold the subject claims in the future and the royalties will only be incurred if LAC North America starts production from Thacker Pass.
9. AGREEMENTS WITH GENERAL MOTORS
On January 30, 2023, LAC North America entered into an agreement with GM, pursuant to which GM has agreed to make a $650,000 equity investment in two tranches. The proceeds from the Transaction are to be used for the construction and development of Thacker Pass. On February 16, 2023, the first tranche of $320,148 closed, resulting in GM's purchase of 15,002 common shares of Lithium Americas, with the funds presented as part of the net parent investment in LAC North America. In connection with the first tranche of GM's investment, Lithium Americas and GM also entered into (a) a warrant certificate and a subscription agreement ("GM Tranche 2 Agreements"), each in relation to a second tranche investment of up to $330,000; (b) an offtake agreement to supply GM with lithium carbonate production from Thacker Pass (the "Offtake Agreement"); and (c) an investor rights agreement.
GM Tranche 2 Agreements
Pursuant to the GM Tranche 2 Agreements, upon Separation, the GM Tranche 2 Agreements are terminated and replaced by corresponding agreements between New LAC and GM. The second tranche investment will be implemented either through the exercise of the warrants or a purchase of common shares under the subscription agreement (or replacement New LAC agreements), which would result in the automatic termination of the warrants.
In accordance with the warrant certificate, GM may acquire 11,891 common shares of Lithium Americas at $27.74 per share for an aggregate purchase price of $329,852. The warrants expire in February 2026, except as described below.
9. AGREEMENTS WITH GENERAL MOTORS (continued)
Unless terminated earlier, the warrant is exercisable if the contemplated separation of the Argentine and US businesses has not occurred prior to December 31, 2023, Lithium Americas announces separation will not occur, or there has been a change of control of Lithium Americas.
Under the second tranche subscription agreement which expires in August 2024, GM will purchase common shares of Lithium Americas subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions precedent, including the condition that LAC North America secures sufficient funding to complete the development of Phase 1 for Thacker Pass ("the Funding Condition"). The subscription agreement calls for an aggregate purchase price of up to $330,000, with the number of shares to be determined using a conversion price equal to the lower of (a) the 5-day volume weighted average share price (which becomes fixed upon notice that the Funding Condition has been met) and (b) $27.74 per share, subject to approval by Lithium Americas' shareholders.
Pursuant to the GM Tranche 2 Agreements, GM's investment is limited to 19.9% of Lithium Americas' common shares. Lithium Americas is required to seek approval from its shareholders to (a) increase the maximum number of shares that can be held by GM, in which case the maximum will be 30% of issued and outstanding common shares; and (b) authorize the ceiling price of $27.74 per share in the subscription agreement. Upon approval of the ceiling price in the subscription agreement, the warrant is automatically terminated.
In the event Lithium Americas' contemplated separation of the Argentine and US businesses is completed before the closing of the second tranche, the warrants and the subscription agreement will be automatically cancelled for 1 common share each and, in their place, new warrant certificate and subscription agreements will be executed by New LAC. The terms of New LAC warrant and subscription agreement will substantially mirror the agreements previously executed by Lithium Americas, subject to the shares and price being adjusted by New LAC value ratio, such that GM's second tranche investment of up to $330,000 will be made in New LAC.
The GM Tranche 2 Agreements are treated as a single combined derivative since the Agreements may result in the issuance of a variable number of shares for the fixed subscription price, initially measured at fair value and subsequently carried at fair value through profit and loss.
LAC North America recorded the GM Tranche 2 Agreements derivative at a fair value of $33,194 and the net proceeds of Tranche 1 investment as a contribution from Parent. Financial advisory fees of approximately $16,803 and other transaction costs of $174 were accrued or paid in connection with the closing of the first tranche. The $1,760 portion of the transaction costs related to the GM Tranche 2 Agreements derivative were expensed. Transactions costs of $15,217 attributable to the GM Tranche 1 proceeds were recorded in the net parent investment. Financial advisory fees of $6,227 will become payable upon completion of the closing of the second tranche of GM's investment.
Changes in the value of the GM Tranche 2 Agreements are summarized below:
$ | |||
GM derivative liability | |||
On initial recognition as of January 30, 2023 | (33,194 | ) | |
Gain on change in fair value | 9,060 | ||
As of March 31, 2023 | (24,134 | ) |
9. AGREEMENTS WITH GENERAL MOTORS (continued)
The fair value of the derivative as of January 30, 2023 was determined using Monte Carlo simulation, with the following inputs: volatility of 58.34%, share price of $21.99, a risk-free rate of 4.77%, and an expected dividend of 0%. The fair value of the derivative as of March 31, 2023 was estimated with the following inputs: volatility of 56.32%, LAC's share price of $21.76, a risk-free rate of 4.49%, and an expected dividend of 0%. A gain on change in the fair value of the derivative for the period from issuance to March 31, 2023 of $9,060 was recognized in the statement of comprehensive loss.
Valuation of the derivative is sensitive to changes in Lithium Americas' (and, following Separation, New LAC's) share price and the assumed volatility of common shares. The gain was driven by changes in the underlying valuation assumptions, including the decrease as at March 31, 2023 compared to January 30, 2023, of Lithium Americas' market share price from $21.99 to $21.76, a decrease in volatility assumption from 58.34% to 56.32%, and a decrease in risk-free rate from 4.77% to 4.49%. A reduction/increase of Lithium Americas' share price by 10% would result in a corresponding reduction/increase of the derivative value by 40% and 46% respectively. A reduction/increase of the volatility assumption by 10% would result in a corresponding reduction/increase of the derivative value by 32% and 35% respectively.
Offtake Agreement
Pursuant to the Offtake Agreement, GM may purchase up to 100% of Thacker Pass Phase 1 production at a price based on prevailing market rates. The term of the arrangement for Phase 1 production is ten years, subject to a five-year extension at GM's option and other limited extensions. LAC North America has also granted GM a right of first refusal on Thacker Pass Phase 2 production. The volume available under the Offtake Agreement is subject to the receipt of the second tranche of GM's investment and may be reduced proportionately in certain circumstances if GM's remaining investment is less than $330,000.
10. LOAN FROM PARENT
March 31, 2023 |
December 31, 2022 |
|||||
$ | $ | |||||
Loan from Parent | ||||||
Loan from Parent | 44,458 | 43,572 | ||||
44,458 | 43,572 |
LAC North America entered into a line of credit agreement with Lithium Americas dated effective January 1, 2020, for funding of Thacker Pass expenditures. The line of credit is for $40,000 in total and each drawdown has a maturity of December 31, 2023, and an interest rate of 9% per annum. As at March 31, 2023, LAC North America had drawn $40,000 from the loan from Parent. Interest accrued on the loan as at March 31, 2023 was $4,458.
11. OTHER LIABILITIES
March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 |
|||||
$ | $ | |||||
Other liabilities | ||||||
Lease liabilities | 1,427 | 1,618 | ||||
Mining contractor liability | 3,547 | 5,950 | ||||
4,974 | 7,568 |
During Q2 2019, LAC North America entered into a mining design, consulting and mining operations agreement with a mining contractor for its Thacker Pass project which included a financing component. In accordance with the agreement, LAC North America received $3,500 from the mining contractor in seven consecutive equal quarterly instalments, with $1,500 received in 2019 and $2,000 received in 2020. These amounts are included in the mining contractor liability balance.
LAC North America will pay a success fee to the mining contractor of $4,675 upon achieving certain commercial mining milestones or repay the $3,500 advance without interest if such commercial mining milestones are not met.
12. EQUITY COMPENSATION
Equity Incentive Plan
LAC North America's employees participate in Lithium Americas' equity incentive plan ("Plan") in accordance with the policies of the TSX whereby, from time to time, at the discretion of the Lithium Americas' board of directors, eligible directors, officers, employees and consultants are: (1) granted incentive stock options exercisable to purchase Lithium Americas common shares ("Stock Options"); and (2) awarded deferred share units ("DSUs") restricted share units ("RSUs") and performance share units ("PSUs") that, subject to a recipient's deferral right in accordance with the Income Tax Act (Canada), convert automatically into Lithium Americas' common shares upon vesting.
The exercise price of each stock option is based on the fair market price of Lithium Americas common shares at the time of the grant. Stock options are granted for a maximum term of five years.
Restricted Share Units
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, Lithium Americas granted 142 (2022 - 96) RSUs to Lithium Nevada Corp. ("Lithium Nevada") employees and consultants. The total estimated fair value of the RSUs was $3,588 (2022 - $2,300) based on the market value of Lithium Americas' shares on the grant date.
As at March 31, 2023, there was $3,173 (2022 - $1,326) of total unamortized compensation cost relating to unvested RSUs. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs of $70 was charged to operating expenses (2022 - $255).
12. EQUITY COMPENSATION (continued)
A summary of changes to the number of outstanding RSUs is as follows:
Number of RSUs |
Weighted average FMV price per share, (US$) |
|||||
Balance, RSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2021 | 310 | 6.02 | ||||
Converted into shares | (80 | ) | (12.56 | ) | ||
Granted | 101 | 23.95 | ||||
Forfeited | (1 | ) | (12.91 | ) | ||
Balance, RSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2022 | 330 | 10.01 | ||||
Converted into shares | (2 | ) | (27.11 | ) | ||
Granted | 142 | 25.27 | ||||
Balance, RSUs outstanding as at March 31, 2023 | 470 | 14.23 |
Stock Options
No stock options were granted by Lithium Americas to Lithium Nevada employees during the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022. A summary of changes to outstanding stock options is as follows:
Number of Options |
Weighted Average Exercise Price, (CDN$) |
|||||
Balance, stock options outstanding as at December 31, 2021 | 340 | 7.30 | ||||
Exercised | (220 | ) | (6.76 | ) | ||
Balance, stock options outstanding as at December 31, 2022 | 120 | 8.30 | ||||
Exercised | (120 | ) | (8.30 | ) | ||
Balance, stock options outstanding as at March 31, 2023 | - | - |
The weighted average Lithium Americas share price at the time of exercise of options during the three months ended March 31, 2023, was CDN$32.15 (2022 - CDN$40.62).
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, stock-based compensation expense related to stock options of $Nil was charged to operating expenses (2022 - $Nil).
Performance Share Units
16 PSUs were granted by Lithium Americas to Lithium Nevada employees during the three months ended March 31, 2023 (2022 - 5). As at March 31, 2023, there was $724 of total unamortized compensation cost relating to unvested PSUs (2022 - $206). During the three months ended March 31, 2023, equity compensation expense related to PSUs of $27 was charged to operating expenses (2022 - $45).
12. EQUITY COMPENSATION (continued)
A summary of changes to the number of outstanding PSUs is as follows:
Number of PSUs |
Weighted average FMV price per share, ($) |
|||||
Balance, PSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2021 | 113 | 7.31 | ||||
Granted | 5 | 41.99 | ||||
Balance, PSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2022 | 118 | 8.79 | ||||
Granted | 16 | 38.84 | ||||
Balance, PSUs outstanding as at March 31, 2023 | 134 | 12.38 |
13. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
LAC North America entered into the following transactions with related parties:
Funding from Parent company
As described in Note 2, LAC North America is funded via a loan from Lithium Americas (recorded within liabilities (Note 10)) or capital contributions (recorded within net Parent investment in equity). The net Parent investment represents Lithium Americas' interest in the recorded net assets of LAC North America and the cumulative net equity investment by Lithium Americas through the dates presented.
Allocation of Parent company costs
Certain costs related to LAC North America incurred by the Parent company, Lithium Americas, are allocated to LAC North America and presented as general and administrative expenditures in the carve-out statement of comprehensive loss (Note 2).
14. SEGMENTED INFORMATION
LAC North America operates in one operating segment and one geographical area. Thacker Pass was in the exploration and evaluation phase and transferred to the development stage effective February 1, 2023. Substantially all the assets and the liabilities of LAC North America relate to Thacker Pass.
15. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Financial instruments recorded at fair value on the carve-out statements of financial position and presented in fair value disclosures are classified using a fair value hierarchy that reflects the significance of the inputs used in making the measurements. The fair value hierarchy has the following levels:
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly; and
Level 3 - Inputs for assets and liabilities that are not based on observable market data.
15. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (continued)
The fair value hierarchy requires the use of observable market inputs whenever such inputs exist. A financial instrument is classified in the lowest level of the hierarchy for which a significant input has been considered in measuring fair value. Common shares and preferred shares acquired as part of the Green Technology Metals and Ascend Elements investments respectively, and the GM Tranche 2 Agreements derivative are measured at fair value on the statement of financial position on a recurring basis.
Cash and cash equivalents, receivables, and loan from Parent are measured at amortized cost on the carve-out statement of financial position. As at March 31, 2023, the fair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost approximates their carrying value. Green Technology Metals shares are classified at level 1 of the fair value hierarchy (Note 5), the GM Tranche 2 Agreements derivative (Note 9) is classified at level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and Ascend Elements preference shares are classified at level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (Note 6).
LAC North America manages risks to minimize potential losses. The main objective of LAC North America's risk management process is to ensure that the risks are properly identified and that the capital base is adequate in relation to those risks. The principal risks which impact LAC North America's financial instruments are described below.
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk of loss associated with a counterparty's inability to fulfill its payment obligations. Financial instruments that potentially subject LAC North America to a concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and receivables. LAC North America's maximum exposure to credit risk for cash and receivables is the amount disclosed in the consolidated statements of financial position. Exposure to credit loss is limited by placing cash and cash equivalents (including the Tranche 1 Investment proceeds) with Canadian and US chartered banks with expected credit losses estimated to be de minimis.
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that LAC North America will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. LAC North America's approach to managing liquidity is to evaluate current and expected liquidity requirements under both normal and stressed conditions to estimate and maintain sufficient reserves of cash and cash equivalents to meet its liquidity requirements in the short and long term. LAC North America prepares annual budgets, which are regularly monitored and updated as considered necessary. As at March 31, 2023, LAC North America had a cash and cash equivalents of $308,537 to settle current liabilities of $94,224 (Note 1). Current liabilities include the GM Trance 2 Agreements derivative which will be settled in shares.
16. SUBSEQUENT EVENT
a) On May 15, 2023, LAC's board of directors unanimously approved the execution of an arrangement agreement providing for the reorganization of LAC that will result in the separation of its North American and Argentine business units into two independent public companies by way of plan of arrangement. The plan of arrangement was approved by the shareholders of LAC on July 31, 2023 and by final order of the Supreme Court of British Columbia issued on August 4, 2023. Completion of the Separation is subject to customary conditions and approvals, including all required third party approvals, stock exchange (including the listing of New LAC's common shares on the TSX and the NYSE) and regulatory approvals and shareholder approval.
1397468 B.C. LTD. |
(Expressed in US Dollars) |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Lithium Americas Corp.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying statement of financial position of 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (the Company) as of March 31, 2023 and the related statement of comprehensive income and changes in equity for the period from incorporation on January 23, 2023 to March 31, 2023, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2023 and its financial performance and its cash flows for the period from incorporation on January 23, 2023 to March 31, 2023 in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit of these financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants
Vancouver, Canada
June 16, 2023
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2023.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
PricewaterhouseCoopers Place, 250 Howe Street, Suite 1400, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 3S7
T: +1 604 806 7000, F: +1 604 806 7806
"PwC" refers to PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an Ontario limited liability partnership.
1397468 B.C. LTD.
STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
(Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
March 31, | |||
2023 | |||
Assets | - | ||
Liabilities and Shareholder's Equity | - |
Subsequent event (Note 5)
Approved for issuance on June 16, 2023
On behalf of the Board of Directors:
"Alexi Zawadzki"
Director
1397468 B.C. LTD.
STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
Period from incorporation on January 23, 2023, to March 31, 2023 |
|||
Revenues | - | ||
Expenses | - | ||
Net income before income tax | - | ||
Income tax expense | - | ||
Net income | - |
1397468 B.C. LTD.
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
Period from incorporation on January 23, 2023, to March 31, 2023 |
|||
Retained earnings, Beginning of period | - | ||
Retained earnings, End of period | - |
1397468 B.C. LTD.
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE PERIOD FROM INCORPORATION ON JANUARY 23, 2023 TO MARCH 31, 2023
(Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
1. BACKGROUND AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
1397468 B.C. Ltd. ("New LAC") was incorporated by Lithium Americas Corp ("Lithium Americas" or "LAC") under the laws of British Columbia on January 23, 2023, as part of a reorganization of Lithium Americas which will result in the separation of Lithium Americas' North American and Argentina business units into two independent public companies (the "Separation") that include: (i) an Argentina focused lithium company owning Lithium Americas' current interest in its Argentine lithium assets, including the near-production Cauchari-Olaroz project, and (ii) a North America focused lithium company owning the Thacker Pass project and Lithium Americas' North American investments, which will be re-named "Lithium Americas Corp." upon completion of the Separation.
The Separation is to be implemented by way of a plan of arrangement under the laws of British Columbia pursuant to an arrangement agreement to be entered into between Lithium Americas and New LAC ("Arrangement"). Under the Arrangement, Lithium Americas will, among other things, contribute its interest in the Thacker Pass project, Lithium Americas' North American investments in the shares of certain companies, certain intellectual property rights, its receivable or loan to LAC North Americas, and certain amounts of cash to New LAC and New LAC will distribute its common shares to shareholders of Lithium Americas in a series of share exchanges.
The Separation will be pro rata to the shareholders of Lithium Americas, so that such holders will maintain the same proportionate interest in Lithium Americas and in New LAC both immediately before and immediately after the Separation.
Upon consummation of the Separation and successful listing of the common shares of New LAC on the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") and on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"), New LAC and Lithium Americas will be independent publicly traded companies. Listing will be subject to New LAC meeting the usual listing requirements of the TSX and NYSE, receiving approval of the TSX and NYSE and meeting all conditions of listing imposed by the TSX and NYSE.
2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
These financial statements are prepared based on International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IFRS").
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Functional and Presentation Currency
These financial statements are presented in US dollars. The functional currency of New LAC is the US dollar.
Financial Instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are recognized when New LAC becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
4. SHARE CAPITAL
Upon New LAC's incorporation on January 23, 2023, New LAC's authorized share capital is comprised of an unlimited number of Common Shares without par value and an unlimited number of preference shares without par value ("Preference Shares"). There are no shares of any class issued or outstanding as of March 31, 2023.
As part of the Arrangement, among other things: (i) each LAC shareholder will exchange their LAC common shares for LAC class A common shares and LAC preference shares; (ii) each LAC shareholder will then transfer its LAC preference shares to New LAC in exchange for Common Shares; (iii) 1,000,000 Preference Shares will be issued to LAC in exchange for the North American business assets contributed; (vi) all Preference Shares issued to LAC will be redeemed by New LAC in consideration for an aggregate redemption amount, after which all such Preference Shares will be cancelled; and (iii) the notice of articles and articles of New LAC ("Articles") will be amended to, among other things, eliminate the Preference Shares from the authorized share capital of New LAC such that, following such amendment, New LAC will be authorized to issue only an unlimited number of Common Shares.
5. SUBSEQUENT EVENT
a) On May 15, 2023, LAC's board of directors unanimously approved the execution of the arrangement agreement in respect of the Arrangement providing for the reorganization of LAC. Completion of the Separation is subject to customary conditions and approvals, including the receipt of the Canada Revenue Agency ruling, all required third party approvals, court, tax, stock exchange (including the listing of the North American business unit company's Common Shares on the TSX and the NYSE) and regulatory approvals and shareholder approval.
1397468 B.C. LTD.
(to be renamed Lithium Americas Corp.)
PRO FORMA CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
March 31, 2023
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars)
(Unaudited)
1397468 B.C. Ltd. (to be renamed Lithium Americas Corp.)
Pro Forma Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
As at March 31, 2023
(Unaudited)
(Expressed in thousands of United States dollars)
LAC North America Note 2(a)(i) |
1397468 B.C. Ltd. Note 2(a)(ii) |
Pro Forma Adjustments Note 4 |
|
New LAC Pro Forma Notes 1 and 2 |
|||||||||||||
$ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Current assets | |||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 308,537 | - | 75,000 | (a) | 383,537 | ||||||||||||
Accounts receivable | 38 | - | - | 38 | |||||||||||||
Prepaids | 2,152 | - | - | 2,152 | |||||||||||||
310,727 | - | 75,000 | 385,727 | ||||||||||||||
Non-current assets | |||||||||||||||||
Property, plant and equipment | 29,400 | - | (581 | ) | (b) | 28,819 | |||||||||||
Investment in Green Technology Metals | 6,637 | - | - | 6,637 | |||||||||||||
Investment in Ascend Elements | 5,000 | - | - | 5,000 | |||||||||||||
41,037 | - | (581 | ) | 40,456 | |||||||||||||
Total assets | 351,764 | - | 74,419 | 426,183 | |||||||||||||
Current liabilities | |||||||||||||||||
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 24,896 | - | - | 24,896 | |||||||||||||
Current portion of long-term liabilities | 736 | - | - | 736 | |||||||||||||
GM transaction derivative liability | 24,134 | - | - | 24,134 | |||||||||||||
Loan from parent | 44,458 | - | (44,458 | ) | (b) | - | |||||||||||
94,224 | - | (44,458 | ) | 49,766 | |||||||||||||
Long-term liabilities | |||||||||||||||||
Long-term borrowing | 4,974 | - | - | 4,974 | |||||||||||||
Reclamation and remediation costs | 478 | - | - | 478 | |||||||||||||
5,452 | - | - | 5,452 | ||||||||||||||
Total liabilities | 99,676 | - | (44,458 | ) | 55,218 | ||||||||||||
Equity | |||||||||||||||||
Net parent investment | 514,231 | (514,231 | ) | (c) | - | ||||||||||||
Share capital | - | - | 634,680 | (d), (e) | 634,680 | ||||||||||||
Deficit | (262,143 | ) | - | (1,572 | ) | (e) | (263,715 | ) | |||||||||
Total shareholders' equity | 252,088 | - | 118,877 | 370,965 | |||||||||||||
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | 351,764 | - | 74,419 | 426,183 |
See accompanying notes to unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements.
1397468 B.C. Ltd. (to be renamed to Lithium Americas Corp.)
Pro Forma Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss
For the year ended December 31, 2022
(Unaudited)
(Expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except per share amounts; shares in thousands)
LAC North America Note 2(b)(i) $ |
Pro Forma Adjustments Note 4 $ |
New LAC Pro Forma Notes (1) and (2)(b) $ |
||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||
Exploration expenditures | ||||||||||
Engineering | 27,928 | - | 27,928 | |||||||
Consulting, salaries and other compensation |
13,195 | - | 13,195 | |||||||
Permitting, environmental and claim fees |
3,285 | - | 3,285 | |||||||
Field supplies and other | 1,592 | - | 1,592 | |||||||
Depreciation | 1,520 | - | 1,520 | |||||||
Drilling and geological expenses | 2,110 | - | 2,110 | |||||||
49,630 | - | 49,630 | ||||||||
General and Administrative (allocation of corporate costs) | ||||||||||
Salaries, benefits and other compensation |
5,166 | 1,572 | (e) | 6,738 | ||||||
Office and administration | 1,790 | - | 1,790 | |||||||
Professional fees | 3,426 | - | 3,426 | |||||||
Investor relations, regulatory fees and travel |
845 | - | 845 | |||||||
11,227 | 1,572 | 12,799 | ||||||||
60,857 | 1,572 | 62,429 | ||||||||
Other items | ||||||||||
Loss on change in fair value of Green Technology Metals' shares |
2,564 | - | 2,564 | |||||||
Write offs of non-Thacker Pass assets |
353 | - | 353 | |||||||
Other loss (income) | (15 | ) | - | (15 | ) | |||||
Finance cost | 4,039 | (3,572 | ) | (b) | 467 | |||||
6,941 | (3,572 | ) | 3,369 | |||||||
NET LOSS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 67,798 | (2,000 | ) | 65,798 | ||||||
BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS | 0.49 | |||||||||
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted | 133,746 |
See accompanying notes to unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements.
1397468 B.C. Ltd. (to be renamed Lithium Americas Corp.)
Pro Forma Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss
For three months ended March 31, 2023
(Unaudited)
(Expressed in thousands of United States Dollars, except per share amounts; shares in thousands)
LAC North America Three months ended March 31, 2023 Note 2(c)(i) $ |
1397468 B.C. Ltd. January 23 to March 31, 2023 Note 2(c)(ii) $ |
Pro Forma Adjustments Note 4 $ |
New LAC Pro Forma Three months ended March 31, 2023 Notes (1) and (2)(c) $ |
||||||||||
Expenses | |||||||||||||
Exploration expenditures | |||||||||||||
Engineering | 782 | - | - | 782 | |||||||||
Consulting, salaries and other compensation |
2,503 | - | - | 2,503 | |||||||||
Permitting, environmental and claim fees |
268 | - | - | 268 | |||||||||
Field supplies and other | 14 | - | - | 14 | |||||||||
Depreciation | 196 | - | - | 196 | |||||||||
Drilling and geological expenses | 98 | - | - | 98 | |||||||||
3,861 | - | - | 3,861 | ||||||||||
General and Administrative (allocation of corporate costs) | |||||||||||||
Salaries, benefits and other compensation |
1,011 | - | - | 1,011 | |||||||||
Office and administration | 370 | - | - | 370 | |||||||||
Professional fees | 57 | - | - | 57 | |||||||||
Investor relations, regulatory fees and travel |
275 | - | - | 275 | |||||||||
1,713 | - | - | 1,713 | ||||||||||
5,574 | - | - | 5,574 | ||||||||||
Other items | |||||||||||||
Transaction costs | 4,028 | - | - | 4,028 | |||||||||
Gain on change in fair value of GM transaction derivative liability |
(9,060 | ) | - | - | (9,060 | ) | |||||||
Loss on change in fair value of Green Technology Metals' shares |
814 | - | - | 814 | |||||||||
Other loss (income) | (9 | ) | - | - | (9 | ) | |||||||
Finance cost | 370 | - | (305 | ) | (b) | 65 | |||||||
(3,857 | ) | - | (305 | ) | (4,162 | ) | |||||||
Net Loss and comprehensive loss | 1,717 | - | (305 | ) | 1,412 | ||||||||
Basic and diluted loss per share | 0.01 | ||||||||||||
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted | 142,851 |
See accompanying notes to unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements.
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN OF ARRANGEMENT
1397468 B.C. Ltd. ("New LAC") was incorporated on January 23, 2023 under the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) for the purpose of consolidating the ownership of interests of Lithium Americas Corp. ("LAC") in its North American assets, in anticipation of the separation of LAC into its two business units ("the Separation") as described below.
On May 15, 2023, the Board of Directors of LAC approved a proposed reorganization that will result in the separation of LAC's North American and Argentine business units into two independent public companies. The Separation will establish two stand-alone public companies that include:
● New LAC, a North America focused lithium company to be renamed "Lithium Americas Corp.", which will own the Thacker Pass lithium project in Humboldt County, Nevada and LAC's North American investments (collectively these assets constitute the carve-out business "LAC North America"); and
● an Argentina focused lithium company "Lithium Americas (Argentina) Corp." ("Lithium Argentina") owning LAC's current interest in its Argentine lithium assets, including the Caucharí-Olaroz lithium brine project in Jujuy, Argentina, which recently achieved first lithium production and continues to move towards full production.
The Separation is to be implemented by way of a plan of arrangement under the laws of British Columbia (the "Arrangement"). Under the Arrangement, LAC shareholders will retain their proportionate interest in shares of LAC, which would become Lithium Argentina and receive newly issued shares of New LAC in proportion to their then-current ownership of LAC.
The Arrangement is subject to customary closing conditions.
Following completion of all the steps involved in the Arrangement:
● New LAC will hold all of LAC's prior interests in LAC North America and $75 million of cash to establish the working capital of New LAC (subject to adjustment by the Board of Directors of LAC if the Separation occurs subsequent to September 1, 2023);
● Each LAC shareholder will receive one common share of New LAC, along with one common share of Lithium Argentina, for each share of LAC held immediately prior to the Separation; and
● Holders of equity incentive compensation awards previously issued by LAC in the form of deferred share units ("DSUs"), restricted share units ("RSUs") and performance share units ("PSUs") will receive equity incentive awards of New LAC and Lithium Argentina, which will have substantially the same terms, subject to the economic adjustments and other necessary modifications as governed by the Arrangement, such that the total of the fair market value of the New LAC units and the fair market value of the Lithium Argentina units receivable by the holders, does not exceed the fair market value of the LAC units exchanged by such holder, as determined immediately before the exchange.
To the extent recipients of New LAC DSUs or RSUs serve as directors or employees of New LAC upon Separation, generally these awards remain subject to the vesting conditions of the original LAC awards, while their DSUs or RSUs issued to such individuals by Lithium Argentina become immediately vested and are settled in shares.
To the extent recipients of New LAC DSUs or RSUs serve as directors or employees of Lithium Argentina rather than New LAC upon Separation, generally these awards will be subject to immediate vesting and settled in shares immediately upon completion, while DSUs or RSUs issued to such individuals by Lithium Argentina will be subject to the vesting conditions of the original LAC awards.
Awards issued by New LAC and Lithium Argentina in exchange for previously outstanding PSUs issued by LAC remain subject to the time-based vesting conditions of the original LAC awards and, upon the passage of the time-based vesting conditions, will be settled by the issuance of one common share, irrespective of the performance multiplier the LAC PSU was previously subject to. Notwithstanding the foregoing, New LAC and Lithium Argentina units that replace LAC PSUs that were fully vested and outstanding prior to the Separation may be settled by New LAC and/or Lithium Argentina, as applicable, in accordance with the performance multiplier applicable to the PSUs replaced.
All options outstanding as of January 1, 2022 have been exercised as of March 31, 2023.
These pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements assume the Separation does not constitute a Change of Control as defined in LAC's Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan in effect prior to the Separation.
2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
These unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements have been compiled for the purposes of inclusion in this registration statement on Form 20-F and assume that the conditions described under the Arrangement are met. In addition, these pro forma financial statements assume all shareholders participate in the Separation transaction.
Upon completion of the Arrangement, New LAC's share structure will consist of common shares and Lithium Argentina will have no ownership in New LAC.
These unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared from information derived from, and should be read in conjunction with, the following financial statements, each prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board as applicable to annual or interim financial statements:
(i) the unaudited carve-out interim financial statements of LAC North America as at and for the three months ended March 31, 2023;
(ii) the audited carve-out financial statements of LAC North America as at and for the year ended December 31, 2022; and
(iii) the audited financial statements of New LAC as at March 31, 2023 and for the period from incorporation on January 23, 2023 to March 31, 2023.
These unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements include:
(a) An unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated statement of financial position as of March 31, 2023, combining:
(i) The unaudited carve-out statement of financial position of LAC North America as at March 31, 2023;
(ii) The audited statement of financial position of New LAC as at March 31, 2023; and
(iii) The adjustments described in Note 4.
This statement assumes that the Separation occurred on March 31, 2023.
(b) An unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2022, combining:
(i) The audited carve-out statement of comprehensive loss of LAC North America for the year ended December 31, 2022; and
(ii) The adjustments described in Note 4.
This statement assumes that the Separation occurred on January 1, 2022.
(c) An unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023, combining:
(i) The unaudited carve-out statement of comprehensive loss of LAC North America for the three months ended March 31, 2023;
(ii) The audited statement of comprehensive loss of New LAC for the period from incorporation on January 23, 2023 to March 31, 2023; and
(iii) The adjustments described in Note 4.
This statement assumes that the Separation occurred on January 1, 2022.
These unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements are provided for illustrative purposes only, and do not purport to represent the financial position that would have resulted had the Separation been consummated on the dates indicated or the future financial position or results of operations of New LAC. Actual amounts recorded upon completion of the Separation will differ from those recorded in the unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements and such differences could be material.
Management has determined that no material Autonomous Entity Adjustments are required in these unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements to reflect the operations and financial position of New LAC as an autonomous entity, on the basis that the historical financial statements of LAC North America include an allocation representing such costs in the periods presented, as a result of the significant historical dedication of LAC’s management, governance and other corporate resources with respect to the Thacker Pass project. Under the Arrangement Agreement, the parties have agreed to enter into the Transitional Services Agreement upon completion of the Arrangement, pursuant to which it is expected that, on an interim basis, each of New LAC and Lithium Argentina will provide to each other certain assistance and services from time to time in order to facilitate the orderly transfer of each entity into fully independent public companies. It is expected that, pursuant to the Transitional Services Agreement, detailed schedules will be prepared including the terms for each scope of services provided between the entities, and the related costs reimbursable by Lithium Argentina to the Company, and the Company to Lithium Argentina. Unless terminated earlier or extended by mutual agreement of the parties thereto, it is expected that the schedules to the Transitional Services Agreement will expire in three to 12 months following the Arrangement Effective Date. The terms of the schedules and the Transitional Services Agreement have not yet been finalized.
Management has not presented any Management’s Adjustments as defined in Regulation S-X, Article 11, 11-02(7), reflecting synergies or dis-synergies of the Separation.
3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The accounting policies used in preparing the unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements are set out in the audited carve-out financial statements of LAC North America as at and for the year ended December 31, 2022, the unaudited carve-out financial statements of LAC North America as at and for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and the audited financial statements of New LAC as at March 31, 2023 and for the period from incorporation on January 23, 2023 to March 31, 2023.
These pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements assume New LAC will recognize the assets and liabilities of LAC North America at the historical carrying amounts in LAC's consolidated financial statements.
4. PRO FORMA ASSUMPTIONS AND TRANSACTION ACCOUNTING ADJUSTMENTS
The unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements reflect adjustments to give effect to the Separation. Assumptions and transaction adjustments made are as follows:
a) To reflect the transfer of $75 million from LAC to New LAC pursuant to the Arrangement. In the event the Separation takes effect later than September 1, 2023, the amount of cash to be transferred is subject to adjustment at the discretion of the LAC Board.
b) To reflect the transfer, pursuant to the Arrangement, to New LAC of LAC's receivable owing from a subsidiary of LAC North America, and to remove associated interest cost recognized by LAC North America, including amounts capitalized within property, plant and equipment.
c) To eliminate LAC North America's net parent investment.
d) To record the initial capital of New LAC, establishing share capital based on LAC's historical carrying value of net assets, net of the historical deficit. New LAC may consider further designation of equity reserves upon completion of the Separation.
e) To reflect the impact of accelerated vesting related to individuals who were employees of subsidiaries of LAC during the periods presented including:
(i) compensation expense as a result of the accelerated vesting of Lithium Argentina RSUs received by individuals employed by subsidiaries of LAC North America during the periods presented; and
(ii) the issuance of New LAC shares in settlement of New LAC RSUs received by individuals employed by subsidiaries associated with LAC's Argentina business as of and during the periods presented. The New LAC RSUs of this group are accelerated and assumed to be immediately settled in shares at the time of the Separation.
At the time of the Separation, most directors and most employees of LAC (other than the subsidiary employees discussed above) will generally assume director or employment roles with only one of New LAC or Lithium Argentina. Role changes of LAC directors and employees are not assumed to have retroactive effect. Directors and employees of LAC are assumed to have served in a director or employee capacity with respect to New LAC and Lithium Argentina throughout the periods presented. At the time of such future role changes, DSUs and RSUs held by these individuals will be subject to accelerated vesting, a portion of which will be attributed to New LAC. These unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial do not give effect to the acceleration of vesting or settlement of these instruments resulting from such role changes. LAC's unrecognized compensation expense associated with LAC directors and employees at March 31, 2023 is $13,984. Outstanding DSUs, RSUs and PSUs issued by LAC, as well as the corresponding units to be issued by New LAC and Lithium Argentina are disclosed in the Information Circular.
5. PRO FORMA COMMON SHARES ISSUED AND OUTSTANDING
New LAC has authorized an unlimited number of common shares.
Pro forma common shares issued and outstanding had the Separation occurred as at December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2023, respectively, are as follows:
December 31, 2022 (000's) |
December 31, 2021 (000's) |
March 31, 2023 (000's) |
|
Common shares issued on incorporation | - | - | - |
Common shares issuable pursuant to the Arrangement, based on LAC shares outstanding at the balance sheet date | 135,035 | 120,831 | 151,063 |
Common shares issuable upon the assumed settlement of New LACRSUs received by individuals employed by subsidiaries of the Argentine business | 33 | 41 | 63 |
Pro forma common shares issued and outstanding | 135,068 | 120,872 | 151,126 |
The pro forma common shares issued and outstanding do not give effect to (i) additional shares issuable upon the acceleration or settlement of DSUs or RSUs that will arise in connection with future role changes of directors or employees of LAC or (ii) any voluntary settlement by New LAC or holders of vested awards.
6. PRO FORMA LOSS PER SHARE
Pro forma basic and diluted loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2022 and the three months ended March 31, 2023 are calculated based upon the weighted average number of New LAC common shares that would have been outstanding had the Separation occurred on January 1, 2022.
Pro forma basic and diluted loss per share for the additional periods representing the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are calculated based upon the weighted average number of New LAC common shares that would have been outstanding had the Separation occurred on January 1, 2020.
Year ended December 31, 2022 |
Year ended December 31, 2021 |
Year ended December 31, 2020 (i) |
Three months ended March 31, 2023 |
|
Weighted average number of LAC common shares outstanding and equivalent New LAC shares resulting from the separation | 133,709 | 118,808 | 91,831 | 142,801 |
Pro forma effect of assumed settlement of New LAC RSUs received by individuals employed by subsidiaries associated with the Argentine business | 37 | 39 | 39 | 50 |
Pro forma weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 133,746 | 118,847 | 91,870 | 142,851 |
Net loss of LAC North America | $ 67,798 | $ 47,026 | $ 25,217 | $ 1,717 |
Pro forma effect of accelerated vesting of Lithium Argentina RSUs received by individuals employed by LAC North America (i) | 1,572 | - | 1,572 | - |
Pro forma effect of removing interest costs due to LAC | (3,572) | (2,359) | (638) | (305) |
Pro forma net loss attributable to shareholders of New LAC | $ 65,798 | $ 44,667 | $ 26,151 | $ 1,412 |
Pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share | $ 0.49 | $ 0.38 | $ 0.28 | $ 0.01 |
(i) Had the Separation occurred on January 1,2020 rather than January 1, 2022, the pro forma adjustment related to additional compensation of $1,572 reflected in the year ended December 31, 2022 in the table above would have been recorded on January 1, 2020 rather than January 1, 2022.
The pro forma weighted average common shares outstanding does not give effect to (i) additional shares issuable upon the acceleration or settlement of DSUs or RSUs that will occur in connection with future role changes of directors or employees of LAC or (ii) any voluntary settlement by New LAC or holders of vested awards.
These resolutions have been received for deposit at the Records Office on June 22, 2023. |
1397468 B.C. LTD.
(the "Corporation")
AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLES OF THE CORPORATION
BY RESOLUTIONS IN WRITING OF THE SOLE DIRECTOR
DATED effective June 22 , 2023
The undersigned, being the sole director of the Corporation, hereby consents to and adopts in writing the following resolutions.
BE IT RESOLVED AS RESOLUTIONS IN WRITING AS FOLLOWS:
Amendment to Articles
1. In accordance with Section 9.4 of the Articles of the Corporation, the Corporation is hereby authorized to amend its Articles as follows:
Amend the first sentence of Article 9.1 to read as follows:
"Subject to Article 9.2 and the Business Corporations Act, the Company may by ordinary resolution or resolution by the board of directors:"
Amend Article 11.3 to read as follows:
"Subject to the special rights and restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares, the quorum for the transaction of business at a meeting of shareholders is two shareholders entitled to vote at the meeting whether in person or by proxy who hold, in the aggregate, at least 5% of the issued shares entitled to be voted at the meeting."
2. The Articles of the Corporation be and hereby are altered accordingly, and any one director or officer of the Corporation is hereby authorized and directed to, in accordance with section 259(4) of the BCBCA, deposit these resolutions with the Corporation's records office.
3. The foregoing alteration to the Articles shall not be effective until these resolutions have been deposited with the Corporation's records office.
General
4. Any director or officer of the Corporation is hereby authorized to take all such further actions and to execute and deliver all such further agreements, notices, filings, certificates, undertakings, instruments and documents, for and on behalf of the Corporation and under its corporate seal or otherwise, as such person may determine to be necessary, proper or advisable in order to give effect to the foregoing resolutions and to fully carry out the intent and accomplish the purpose of such resolutions, such approval and determination to be conclusively evidenced by such person's execution and delivery thereof or the taking of such actions.
2
5. Any and all actions taken by the Corporation or any officer or the director of the Corporation prior to the adoption of these resolutions and for the purposes described herein are hereby approved, ratified, adopted and confirmed.
6. These resolutions may be executed in one or more counterparts and delivered by electronic means, including portable document format (PDF), each of which when so executed and delivered shall be deemed to be an original, and all such counterparts together shall constitute one instrument.
[Remainder of page left intentionally blank]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the foregoing resolutions are authorized by the undersigned directors as of the date first written above.
/s/ Alexi Zawadzki |
ALEXI ZAWADZKI |
[Signature Page - Spinco Sole Director Resolution re Amendment of Articles]
These Articles have been amended pursuant to Directors Resolution passed on June 22, 2023. |
1397468 B.C. Ltd. |
(the "Company") |
Incorporation Number: BC1397468
ARTICLES
- 2 -
ARTICLES
OF
1397468 B.C. LTD.
(the "Company")
The Company will have as its Articles on incorporation the following Articles.
Full name and signature of each Incorporator |
Date of Signing | |
Name: Jonathan Evans | ||
January 23 , 2023. | ||
Signature: | /s/ Jonathan Evans | |
1. INTERPRETATION
1.1 Definitions
In these Articles, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "board of directors", "directors" and "board" mean the directors or sole director of the Company for the time being;
(2) "Business Corporations Act" means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) as amended from time to time and includes all regulations as amended from time to time made pursuant to that Act;
(3) "legal personal representative" means the personal or other legal representative of the shareholder;
(4) "registered address" of a shareholder means the shareholder's address as recorded in the central securities register;
(5) "seal" means the seal of the Company, if any.
1.2 Business Corporations Act and Interpretation Act Definitions Applicable
The definitions in the Business Corporations Act and the definitions and rules of construction in the Interpretation Act, with the necessary changes, so far as applicable, and unless the context requires otherwise, apply to these Articles as if they were an enactment. If there is a conflict between a definition in the Business Corporations Act and a definition or rule in the Interpretation Act relating to a term used in these Articles, the definition in the Business Corporations Act will prevail in relation to the use of the term in these Articles. If there is a conflict or inconsistency between these Articles and the Business Corporations Act, the Business Corporations Act will prevail.
- 3 -
2. SHARES AND SHARE CERTIFICATES
2.1 Authorized Share Structure
The authorized share structure of the Company consists of shares of the class or classes and series, if any, described in the Notice of Articles of the Company.
2.2 Form of Share Certificate
Each share certificate issued by the Company must comply with, and be signed as required by, the Business Corporations Act.
2.3 Shareholder Entitled to Certificate or Acknowledgment
Each shareholder is entitled, without charge, to (a) one share certificate representing the shares of each class or series of shares registered in the shareholder's name or (b) a non-transferable written acknowledgment of the shareholder's right to obtain such a share certificate, provided that in respect of a share held jointly by several persons, the Company is not bound to issue more than one share certificate and delivery of a share certificate for a share to one of several joint shareholders or to one of the shareholders' duly authorized agents will be sufficient delivery to all.
2.4 Delivery by Mail
Any share certificate or non-transferable written acknowledgment of a shareholder's right to obtain a share certificate may be sent to the shareholder by mail at the shareholder's registered address and neither the Company nor any director, officer or agent of the Company is liable for any loss to the shareholder because the share certificate or acknowledgement is lost in the mail or stolen.
2.5 Replacement of Worn Out or Defaced Certificate or Acknowledgement
If the directors are satisfied that a share certificate or a non-transferable written acknowledgment of the shareholder's right to obtain a share certificate is worn out or defaced, they must, on production to them of the share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, and on such other terms, if any, as they think fit:
(1) order the share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, to be cancelled; and
(2) issue a replacement share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be.
2.6 Replacement of Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificate or Acknowledgment
If a share certificate or a non-transferable written acknowledgment of a shareholder's right to obtain a share certificate is lost, stolen or destroyed, a replacement share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, must be issued to the person entitled to that share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, if the directors receive:
(1) proof satisfactory to them that the share certificate or acknowledgment is lost, stolen or destroyed; and
(2) any indemnity the directors consider adequate.
2.7 Splitting Share Certificates
If a shareholder surrenders a share certificate to the Company with a written request that the Company issue in the shareholder's name two or more share certificates, each representing a specified number of shares and in the aggregate representing the same number of shares as the share certificate so surrendered, the Company must cancel the surrendered share certificate and issue replacement share certificates in accordance with that request.
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2.8 Certificate Fee
There must be paid to the Company, in relation to the issue of any share certificate under Articles 2.5, 2.6 or 2.7, the amount, if any and which must not exceed the amount prescribed under the Business Corporations Act, determined by the directors.
2.9 Recognition of Trusts
Except as required by law or statute or these Articles, no person will be recognized by the Company as holding any share upon any trust, and the Company is not bound by or compelled in any way to recognize (even when having notice thereof) any equitable, contingent, future or partial interest in any share or fraction of a share or (except as by law or statute or these Articles provided or as ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction) any other rights in respect of any share except an absolute right to the entirety thereof in the shareholder.
3. ISSUE OF SHARES
3.1 Directors Authorized
Subject to the Business Corporations Act and the rights of the holders of issued shares of the Company, the Company may issue, allot, sell or otherwise dispose of the unissued shares, and issued shares held by the Company, at the times, to the persons, including directors, in the manner, on the terms and conditions and for the issue prices (including any premium at which shares with par value may be issued) that the directors may determine. The issue price for a share with par value must be equal to or greater than the par value of the share.
3.2 Commissions and Discounts
The Company may at any time pay a reasonable commission or allow a reasonable discount to any person in consideration of that person purchasing or agreeing to purchase shares of the Company from the Company or any other person or procuring or agreeing to procure purchasers for shares of the Company.
3.3 Brokerage
The Company may pay such brokerage fee or other consideration as may be lawful for or in connection with the sale or placement of its securities.
3.4 Conditions of Issue
Except as provided for by the Business Corporations Act, no share may be issued until it is fully paid. A share is fully paid when:
(1) consideration is provided to the Company for the issue of the share by one or more of the following:
(a) past services performed for the Company;
(b) property;
(c) money; and
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(2) the value of the consideration received by the Company equals or exceeds the issue price set for the share under Article 3.1.
3.5 Share Purchase Warrants and Rights
Subject to the Business Corporations Act, the Company may issue share purchase warrants, options and rights upon such terms and conditions as the directors determine, which share purchase warrants, options and rights may be issued alone or in conjunction with debentures, debenture stock, bonds, shares or any other securities issued or created by the Company from time to time.
4. SHARE REGISTERS
4.1 Central Securities Register
As required by and subject to the Business Corporations Act, the Company must maintain in British Columbia a central securities register, which may be kept in electronic form. The directors may, subject to the Business Corporations Act, appoint an agent to maintain the central securities register. The directors may also appoint one or more agents, including the agent which keeps the central securities register, as transfer agent for its shares or any class or series of its shares, as the case may be, and the same or another agent as registrar for its shares or such class or series of its shares, as the case may be. The directors may terminate such appointment of any agent at any time and may appoint another agent in its place.
4.2 Closing Register
The Company must not at any time close its central securities register.
5. SHARE TRANSFERS
5.1 Registering Transfers
The Company must register a transfer of a share of the Company if either:
(1) the Company or the transfer agent or registrar for the class or series of share to be transferred has received:
(a) in the case where the Company has issued a share certificate in respect of the share to be transferred, that share certificate and a written instrument of transfer (which may be on a separate document or endorsed on the share certificate) made by the shareholder or other appropriate person or by an agent who has actual authority to act on behalf of that person;
(b) in the case of a share that is not represented by a share certificate (including an uncertificated share within the meaning of the Business Corporations Act and including the case where the Company has issued a non-transferable written acknowledgement of the shareholder's right to obtain a share certificate in respect of the share to be transferred), a written instrument of transfer, made by the shareholder or other appropriate person or by an agent who has actual authority to act on behalf of that person; and
(c) such other evidence, if any, as the Company or the transfer agent or registrar for the class or series of share to be transferred may require to prove the title of the transferor or the transferor's right to transfer the share, that the written instrument of transfer is genuine and authorized and that the transfer is rightful or to a protected purchaser; or
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(2) all the preconditions for a transfer of a share under the Securities Transfer Act (British Columbia) (the "Securities Transfer Act") have been met and the Company is required under the Securities Transfer Act to register the transfer.
5.2 Form of Instrument of Transfer
The instrument of transfer in respect of any share of the Company must be either in the form, if any, on the back of the Company's share certificates or in any other form that may be approved by the directors from time to time.
5.3 Transferor Remains Shareholder
Except to the extent that the Business Corporations Act otherwise provides, the transferor of shares is deemed to remain the holder of the shares until the name of the transferee is entered in a securities register of the Company in respect of the transfer.
5.4 Signing of Instrument of Transfer
If a shareholder, or his or her duly authorized attorney, signs an instrument of transfer in respect of shares registered in the name of the shareholder, the signed instrument of transfer constitutes a complete and sufficient authority to the Company and its directors, officers and agents to register the number of shares specified in the instrument of transfer or specified in any other manner, or, if no number is specified, all the shares represented by the share certificates or set out in the written acknowledgments deposited with the instrument of transfer:
(1) in the name of the person named as transferee in that instrument of transfer; or
(2) if no person is named as transferee in that instrument of transfer, in the name of the person on whose behalf the instrument is deposited for the purpose of having the transfer registered.
5.5 Enquiry as to Title Not Required
Neither the Company nor any director, officer or agent of the Company is bound to inquire into the title of the person named in the instrument of transfer as transferee or, if no person is named as transferee in the instrument of transfer, of the person on whose behalf the instrument is deposited for the purpose of having the transfer registered or is liable for any claim related to registering the transfer by the shareholder or by any intermediate owner or holder of the shares, of any interest in the shares, of any share certificate representing such shares or of any written acknowledgment of a right to obtain a share certificate for such shares.
5.6 Transfer Fee
There must be paid to the Company, in relation to the registration of any transfer, the amount, if any, determined by the directors.
6. TRANSMISSION OF SHARES
6.1 Legal Personal Representative Recognized on Death
In case of the death of a shareholder, the legal personal representative, or if the shareholder was a joint holder, the surviving joint holder, will be the only person recognized by the Company as having any title to the shareholder's interest in the shares. Before recognizing a person as a legal personal representative, the directors may require proof of appointment by a court of competent jurisdiction, a grant of letters probate, letters of administration or such other evidence or documents as the directors consider appropriate.
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6.2 Rights of Legal Personal Representative
The legal personal representative of a shareholder has the rights, privileges and obligations that attach to the shares held by the shareholder, including the right to transfer the shares in accordance with these Articles, the Business Corporations Act and applicable securities legislation, if appropriate evidence of appointment or incumbency within the meaning of the Securities Transfer Act has been deposited with the Company. This Article 6.2 does not apply in the case of the death of a shareholder with respect to shares registered in the shareholder's name and the name of another person in joint tenancy.
7. PURCHASE OF SHARES
7.1 Company Authorized to Purchase Shares
Subject to Article 7.2, the special rights and restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series and the Business Corporations Act, the Company may, if authorized by the directors, purchase or otherwise acquire any of its shares at the price and upon the terms specified in such resolution.
7.2 Purchase When Insolvent
The Company must not make a payment or provide any other consideration to purchase or otherwise acquire any of its shares if there are reasonable grounds for believing that:
(1) the Company is insolvent; or
(2) making the payment or providing the consideration would render the Company insolvent.
7.3 Sale and Voting of Purchased Shares
If the Company retains a share redeemed, purchased or otherwise acquired by it, the Company may sell, gift or otherwise dispose of the share, but, while such share is held by the Company, it:
(1) is not entitled to vote the share at a meeting of its shareholders;
(2) must not pay a dividend in respect of the share; and
(3) must not make any other distribution in respect of the share.
8. BORROWING POWERS
The Company, if authorized by the directors, may:
(1) borrow money in the manner and amount, on the security, from the sources and on the terms and conditions that they consider appropriate;
(2) issue bonds, debentures and other debt obligations either outright or as security for any liability or obligation of the Company or any other person and at such discounts or premiums and on such other terms as they consider appropriate;
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(3) guarantee the repayment of money by any other person or the performance of any obligation of any other person; and
(4) mortgage, charge, whether by way of specific or floating charge, grant a security interest in, or give other security on, the whole or any part of the present and future assets and undertaking of the Company.
9. ALTERATIONS
9.1 Alteration of Authorized Share Structure
Subject to Article 9.2 and the Business Corporations Act, the Company may by ordinary resolution:
(1) create one or more classes or series of shares or, if none of the shares of a class or series of shares are allotted or issued, eliminate that class or series of shares;
(2) increase, reduce or eliminate the maximum number of shares that the Company is authorized to issue out of any class or series of shares or establish a maximum number of shares that the Company is authorized to issue out of any class or series of shares for which no maximum is established;
(3) subdivide or consolidate all or any of its unissued, or fully paid issued, shares;
(4) if the Company is authorized to issue shares of a class of shares with par value:
(a) decrease the par value of those shares; or
(b) if none of the shares of that class of shares are allotted or issued, increase the par value of those shares;
(5) change all or any of its unissued, or fully paid issued, shares with par value into shares without par value or any of its unissued shares without par value into shares with par value;
(6) alter the identifying name of any of its shares; or
(7) otherwise alter its shares or authorized share structure when required or permitted to do so by the Business Corporations Act.
and, if applicable, alter its Notice of Articles and, if applicable, its Articles, accordingly.
9.2 Special Rights and Restrictions
Subject to the Business Corporations Act, the Company may by special resolution:
(1) create special rights or restrictions for, and attach those special rights or restrictions to, the shares of any class or series of shares, whether or not any or all of those shares have been issued; or
(2) vary or delete any special rights or restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares, whether or not any or all of those shares have been issued.
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9.3 Change of Name
The Company may by consent resolution of the directors or by special resolution authorize an alteration of its Notice of Articles in order to change its name or adopt or change any translation of that name.
9.4 Other Alterations
If the Business Corporations Act does not specify the type of resolution and these Articles do not specify another type of resolution, the Company may by resolution of the board of directors or by special resolution alter these Articles.
10. MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS
10.1 Annual General Meetings
Unless an annual general meeting is deferred or waived in accordance with the Business Corporations Act, the Company must hold its first annual general meeting within 18 months after the date on which it was incorporated or otherwise recognized, and after that must hold an annual general meeting at least once in each calendar year and not more than 15 months after the last annual reference date at such time and place, whether in or outside British Columbia, whether as an electronic or partially electronic or in-person meeting pursuant to section 166 of the Business Corporations Act, as may be determined by the directors.
10.2 Resolution Instead of Annual General Meeting
If all the shareholders who are entitled to vote at an annual general meeting consent by a unanimous resolution under the Business Corporations Act to all of the business that is required to be transacted at that annual general meeting, the annual general meeting is deemed to have been held on the date of the unanimous resolution. The shareholders must, in any unanimous resolution passed under this Article 10.2, select as the Company's annual reference date a date that would be appropriate for the holding of the applicable annual general meeting.
10.3 Calling of Meetings of Shareholders
The directors may, at any time, call a meeting of shareholders, to be held at such time and place, whether in or outside of British Columbia, whether as an electronic or partially electronic or in- person meeting, pursuant to section 166 of the Business Corporations Act, as may be determined by the directors.
10.4 Notice for Meetings of Shareholders
The Company must send notice of the date, time and location of any meeting of shareholders, whether the meeting is being held, as an electronic or partially electronic or in-person meeting, pursuant to section 166 of the Business Corporations Act, in the manner provided in these Articles, or in such other manner, if any, as may be prescribed by ordinary resolution (whether previous notice of the resolution has been given or not), to each shareholder entitled to attend the meeting, to each director and to the auditor of the Company, unless these Articles otherwise provide, at least the following number of days before the meeting:
(1) if and for so long as the Company is a public company, 21 days;
(2) otherwise, 10 days.
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10.5 Record Date for Notice
The directors may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to notice of any meeting of shareholders. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is to be held by more than two months or, in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders under the Business Corporations Act, by more than four months. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is held by fewer than:
(1) if and for so long as the Company is a public company, 21 days;
(2) otherwise, 10 days.
If no record date is set, the record date is 5 p.m. on the day immediately preceding the first date on which the notice is sent or, if no notice is sent, the beginning of the meeting.
10.6 Record Date for Voting
The directors may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to vote at any meeting of shareholders. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is to be held by more than two months or, in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders under the Business Corporations Act, by more than four months. If no record date is set, the record date is 5 p.m. on the day immediately preceding the first date on which the notice is sent or, if no notice is sent, the beginning of the meeting.
10.7 Failure to Give Notice and Waiver of Notice
The accidental omission to send notice of any meeting to, or the non-receipt of any notice by, any of the persons entitled to notice does not invalidate any proceedings at that meeting. Any person entitled to notice of a meeting of shareholders may, in writing or otherwise, waive or reduce the period of notice of such meeting.
10.8 Notice of Special Business at Meetings of Shareholders
If a meeting of shareholders is to consider special business within the meaning of Article 11.1, the notice of meeting must:
(1) state the general nature of the special business; and
(2) if the special business includes considering, approving, ratifying, adopting or authorizing any document or the signing of or giving of effect to any document, have attached to it a copy of the document or state that a copy of the document will be available for inspection by shareholders:
(a) at the Company's records office, or at such other reasonably accessible location in British Columbia as is specified in the notice; and
(b) during statutory business hours on any one or more specified days before the day set for the holding of the meeting.
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11. PROCEEDINGS AT MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS
11.1 Special Business
At a meeting of shareholders, the following business is special business:
(1) at a meeting of shareholders that is not an annual general meeting, all business is special business except business relating to the conduct of or voting at the meeting;
(2) at an annual general meeting, all business is special business except for the following:
(a) business relating to the conduct of or voting at the meeting;
(b) consideration of any financial statements of the Company presented to the meeting;
(c) consideration of any reports of the directors or auditor;
(d) the setting or changing of the number of directors;
(e) the election or appointment of directors;
(f) the appointment of an auditor
(g) the setting or approval of auditor renumeration;
(h) business arising out of a report of the directors not requiring the passing of a special resolution or an exceptional resolution;
(i) any non-binding advisory vote (i) proposed by the Company, (ii) required by the rules of any stock exchange on which securities of the Company are listed, or (iii) required by applicable Canadian securities legislation;
(j) any other business which, under these Articles or the Business Corporations Act, may be transacted at a meeting of shareholders without prior notice of the business being given to the shareholders.
11.2 Special Majority
The majority of votes required for the Company to pass a special resolution at a meeting of shareholders is two-thirds of the votes cast on the resolution.
11.3 Quorum
Subject to the special rights and restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares, the quorum for the transaction of business at a meeting of shareholders is two shareholders entitled to vote at the meeting whether in person or by proxy who hold, in the aggregate, at least 25% of the issued shares entitled to be voted at the meeting.
11.4 One Shareholder May Constitute Quorum
If there is only one shareholder entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders:
(1) the quorum is one person who is, or who represents by proxy, that shareholder, and
(2) that shareholder, present in person or by proxy, may constitute the meeting.
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11.5 Other Persons May Attend
The directors, the president (if any), the secretary (if any), the assistant secretary (if any), any lawyer for the Company, the auditor of the Company and any other persons invited by the directors are entitled to attend any meeting of shareholders, but if any of those persons does attend a meeting of shareholders, that person is not to be counted in the quorum and is not entitled to vote at the meeting unless that person is a shareholder or proxy holder entitled to vote at the meeting.
11.6 Requirement of Quorum
No business, other than the election of a chair of the meeting and the adjournment of the meeting, may be transacted at any meeting of shareholders unless a quorum of shareholders entitled to vote is present at the commencement of the meeting, but such quorum need not be present throughout the meeting.
11.7 Lack of Quorum
If, within one-half hour from the time set for the holding of a meeting of shareholders, a quorum is not present:
(1) in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders, the meeting is dissolved, and
(2) in the case of any other meeting of shareholders, the meeting stands adjourned to the same day in the next week at the same time and place.
11.8 Lack of Quorum at Succeeding Meeting
If, at the meeting to which the meeting referred to in Article 11.7(2) was adjourned, a quorum is not present within one-half hour from the time set for the holding of the meeting, the person or persons present and being, or representing by proxy, one or more shareholders entitled to attend and vote at the meeting constitute a quorum.
11.9 Chair
The following individual is entitled to preside as chair at a meeting of shareholders:
(1) the chair of the board, if any; or
(2) if the chair of the board is absent or unwilling to act as chair of the meeting, the president, if any.
11.10 Selection of Alternate Chair
If, at any meeting of shareholders, there is no chair of the board or president present within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting, or if the chair of the board and the president are unwilling to act as chair of the meeting, or if the chair of the board and the president have advised the secretary, if any, or any director present at the meeting, that they will not be present at the meeting, the directors present must choose one of their number to be chair of the meeting or if all of the directors present decline to take the chair or fail to so choose or if no director is present, the shareholders entitled to vote at the meeting who are present in person or by proxy may choose any person present at the meeting to chair the meeting.
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11.11 Adjournments
The chair of a meeting of shareholders may, and if so directed by the meeting must, adjourn the meeting from time to time and from place to place, but no business may be transacted at any adjourned meeting other than the business left unfinished at the meeting from which the adjournment took place.
11.12 Notice of Adjourned Meeting
It is not necessary to give any notice of an adjourned meeting or of the business to be transacted at an adjourned meeting of shareholders except that, when a meeting is adjourned for 30 days or more, notice of the adjourned meeting must be given as in the case of the original meeting.
11.13 Decisions by Show of Hands or Poll
Subject to the Business Corporations Act, every motion put to a vote at a meeting of shareholders will be decided on a show of hands unless a poll, before or on the declaration of the result of the vote by show of hands, is directed by the chair or demanded by at least one shareholder entitled to vote who is present in person or by proxy.
11.14 Declaration of Result
The chair of a meeting of shareholders must declare to the meeting the decision on every question in accordance with the result of the show of hands or the poll, as the case may be, and that decision must be entered in the minutes of the meeting. A declaration of the chair that a resolution is carried by the necessary majority or is defeated is, unless a poll is directed by the chair or demanded under Article 11.13, conclusive evidence without proof of the number or proportion of the votes recorded in favour of or against the resolution.
11.15 Motion Need Not be Seconded
No motion proposed at a meeting of shareholders need be seconded unless the chair of the meeting rules otherwise, and the chair of any meeting of shareholders is entitled to propose or second a motion.
11.16 Casting Vote
In case of an equality of votes, the chair of a meeting of shareholders does not, either on a show of hands or on a poll, have a second or casting vote in addition to the vote or votes to which the chair may be entitled as a shareholder.
11.17 Manner of Taking Poll
Subject to Article 11.18, if a poll is duly demanded at a meeting of shareholders:
(1) the poll must be taken:
(a) at the meeting, or within seven days after the date of the meeting, as the chair of the meeting directs; and
(b) in the manner, at the time and at the place that the chair of the meeting directs;
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(2) the result of the poll is deemed to be the decision of the meeting at which the poll is demanded; and
(3) the demand for the poll may be withdrawn by the person who demanded it.
11.18 Demand for Poll on Adjournment
A poll demanded at a meeting of shareholders on a question of adjournment must be taken immediately at the meeting.
11.19 Chair Must Resolve Dispute
In the case of any dispute as to the admission or rejection of a vote given on a poll, the chair of the meeting must determine the dispute, and his or her determination made in good faith is final and conclusive.
11.20 Casting of Votes
On a poll, a shareholder entitled to more than one vote need not cast all the votes in the same way.
11.21 Demand for Poll
No poll may be demanded in respect of the vote by which a chair of a meeting of shareholders is elected.
11.22 Demand for Poll Not to Prevent Continuance of Meeting
The demand for a poll at a meeting of shareholders does not, unless the chair of the meeting so rules, prevent the continuation of a meeting for the transaction of any business other than the question on which a poll has been demanded.
11.23 Retention of Ballots and Proxies
The Company must, for at least three months after a meeting of shareholders, keep each ballot cast on a poll and each proxy voted at the meeting, and, during that period, make them available for inspection during normal business hours by any shareholder or proxyholder entitled to vote at the meeting. At the end of such three month period, the Company may destroy such ballots and proxies.
12. VOTES OF SHAREHOLDERS
12.1 Number of Votes by Shareholder or by Shares
Subject to any special rights or restrictions attached to any shares and to the restrictions imposed on joint shareholders under Article 12.3:
(1) on a vote by show of hands, every person present who is a shareholder or proxy holder and entitled to vote on the matter has one vote; and
(2) on a poll, every shareholder entitled to vote on the matter has one vote in respect of each share entitled to be voted on the matter and held by that shareholder and may exercise that vote either in person or by proxy.
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12.2 Votes of Persons in Representative Capacity
A person who is not a shareholder may vote at a meeting of shareholders, whether on a show of hands or on a poll, and may appoint a proxy holder to act at the meeting, if, before doing so, the person satisfies the chair of the meeting, or the directors, that the person is a legal personal representative or a trustee in bankruptcy for a shareholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting.
12.3 Votes by Joint Holders
If there are joint shareholders registered in respect of any share:
(1) any one of the joint shareholders may vote at any meeting, either personally or by proxy, in respect of the share as if that joint shareholder were solely entitled to it; or
(2) if more than one of the joint shareholders is present at any meeting, personally or by proxy, and more than one of them votes in respect of that share, then only the vote of the joint shareholder present whose name stands first on the central securities register in respect of the share will be counted.
12.4 Legal Personal Representatives as Joint Shareholders
Two or more legal personal representatives of a shareholder in whose sole name any share is registered are, for the purposes of Article 12.3, deemed to be joint shareholders.
12.5 Representative of a Corporate Shareholder
If a corporation, that is not a subsidiary of the Company, is a shareholder, that corporation may appoint a person to act as its representative at any meeting of shareholders of the Company, and:
(1) for that purpose, the instrument appointing a representative must:
(a) be received at the registered office of the Company or at any other place specified, in the notice calling the meeting, for the receipt of proxies, at least the number of business days specified in the notice for the receipt of proxies, or if no number of days is specified, two business days before the day set for the holding of the meeting; or
(b) be provided, at the meeting, to the chair of the meeting or to a person designated by the chair of the meeting;
(2) if a representative is appointed under this Article 12.5:
(a) the representative is entitled to exercise in respect of and at that meeting the same rights on behalf of the corporation that the representative represents as that corporation could exercise if it were a shareholder who is an individual, including, without limitation, the right to appoint a proxy holder; and
(b) the representative, if present at the meeting, is to be counted for the purpose of forming a quorum and is deemed to be a shareholder present in person at the meeting.
Evidence of the appointment of any such representative may be sent to the Company by written instrument, fax or any other method of transmitting legibly recorded messages.
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12.6 Proxy Provisions Do Not Apply to All Companies
If and for so long as the Company is a public company or a pre-existing reporting company which has the Statutory Reporting Company Provisions as part of its Articles or to which the Statutory Reporting Company Provisions apply, Articles 12.7 to 12.14 apply only insofar as they are not inconsistent with any securities legislation in any province or territory of Canada or in the federal jurisdiction of the United States or in any states of the United States that is applicable to the Company and insofar as they are not inconsistent with the regulations and rules made and promulgated under that legislation and all administrative policy statements, blanket orders and rulings, notices and other administrative directions issued by securities commission or similar authorities appointed under that legislation.
12.7 Appointment of Proxy Holders
Every shareholder of the Company, including a corporation that is a shareholder but not a subsidiary of the Company, entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders of the Company may, by proxy, appoint one or more (but not more than five) proxy holders to attend and act at the meeting in the manner, to the extent and with the powers conferred by the proxy.
12.8 Alternate Proxy Holders
A shareholder may appoint one or more alternate proxy holders who need not be shareholders to act in the place of an absent proxy holder.
12.9 Deposit of Proxy
A proxy for a meeting of shareholders must:
(1) be received at the registered office of the Company or at any other place specified, in the notice calling the meeting, for the receipt of proxies, at least the number of business days specified in the notice, or if no number of days is specified, two business days before the day set for the holding of the meeting; or
(2) unless the notice provides otherwise, be provided, at the meeting, to the chair of the meeting or to a person designated by the chair of the meeting.
A proxy may be sent to the Company by written instrument, fax or any other method of transmitting legibly recorded messages.
12.10 Validity of Proxy Vote
A vote given in accordance with the terms of a proxy is valid notwithstanding the death or incapacity of the shareholder giving the proxy and despite the revocation of the proxy or the revocation of the authority under which the proxy is given, unless notice in writing of that death, incapacity or revocation is received:
(1) at the registered office of the Company, at any time up to and including the last business day before the day set for the holding of the meeting at which the proxy is to be used; or
(2) by the chair of the meeting, before the vote is taken.
12.11 Form of Proxy
A proxy, whether for a specified meeting or otherwise, must be either in the following form or in any other form approved by the directors or the chair of the meeting:
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[name of company] (the "Company") |
The undersigned, being a shareholder of the Company, hereby appoints [name] or, failing that person, [name], as proxy holder for the undersigned to attend, act and vote for and on behalf of the undersigned at the meeting of shareholders of the Company to be held on [month, day, year] and at any adjournment of that meeting.
Number of shares in respect of which this proxy is given (if no number is specified, then this proxy if given in respect of all shares registered in the name of the shareholder): ______________________
Signed [month, day, year] | |
[Signature of shareholder] | |
[Name of shareholder-printed] | |
12.12 Revocation of Proxy
Subject to Article 12.14, every proxy may be revoked by an instrument in writing that is:
(1) received at the registered office of the Company at any time up to and including the last business day before the day set for the holding of the meeting at which the proxy is to be used; or
(2) provided, at the meeting, to the chair of the meeting.
12.13 Revocation of Proxy Must Be Signed
An instrument referred to in Article 12.13 must be signed as follows:
(1) if the shareholder for whom the proxy holder is appointed is an individual, the instrument must be signed by the shareholder or his or her legal personal representative or trustee in bankruptcy;
(2) if the shareholder for whom the proxy holder is appointed is a corporation, the instrument must be signed by the corporation or by a representative appointed for the corporation under Article 12.5.
12.14 Production of Evidence of Authority to Vote
The chair of any meeting of shareholders may, but need not, inquire into the authority of any person to vote at the meeting and may, but need not, demand from that person production of evidence as to the existence of the authority to vote.
13. DIRECTORS
13.1 First Directors; Number of Directors
The first directors are the persons designated as directors of the Company in the Notice of Articles that applies to the Company when it is recognized under the Business Corporations Act. The number of directors, excluding additional directors appointed under Article 14.8, is set at:
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(1) subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), the number of directors that is equal to the number of the Company's first directors;
(2) if the Company is a public company, the greater of three and the most recently set of:
(a) the number of directors set by ordinary resolution (whether or not previous notice of the resolution was given); and
(b) the number of directors set under Article 14.4;
(3) if the Company is not a public company, the most recently set of:
(a) the number of directors set by ordinary resolution (whether or not previous notice of the resolution was given); and
(b) the number of directors set under Article 14.4.
13.2 Change in Number of Directors
If the number of directors is set under Articles 13.1(2)(a) or 13.1(3)(a):
(1) the shareholders may elect or appoint the directors needed to fill any vacancies in the board of directors up to that number;
(2) if the shareholders do not elect or appoint the directors needed to fill any vacancies in the board of directors up to that number contemporaneously with the setting of that number, then the directors may appoint, or the shareholders may elect or appoint, directors to fill those vacancies.
13.3 Directors' Acts Valid Despite Vacancy
An act or proceeding of the directors is not invalid merely because fewer than the number of directors set or otherwise required under these Articles is in office.
13.4 Qualifications of Directors
A director is not required to hold a share in the capital of the Company as qualification for his or her office but must be qualified as required by the Business Corporations Act to become, act or continue to act as a director.
13.5 Remuneration of Directors
The directors are entitled to the remuneration for acting as directors, if any, as the directors may from time to time determine. If the directors so decide, the remuneration of the directors, if any, will be determined by the shareholders. That remuneration may be in addition to any salary or other remuneration paid to any officer or employee of the Company as such, who is also a director.
13.6 Reimbursement of Expenses of Directors
The Company must reimburse each director for the reasonable expenses that he or she may incur in and about the business of the Company.
13.7 Special Remuneration for Directors
If any director performs any professional or other services for the Company that in the opinion of the directors are outside the ordinary duties of a director, or if any director is otherwise specially occupied in or about the Company's business, he or she may be paid remuneration fixed by the directors, or, at the option of that director, fixed by ordinary resolution, and such remuneration may be either in addition to, or in substitution for, any other remuneration that he or she may be entitled to receive.
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13.8 Gratuity, Pension or Allowance on Retirement of Director
Unless otherwise determined by ordinary resolution, the directors on behalf of the Company may pay a gratuity or pension or allowance on retirement to any director who has held any salaried office or place of profit with the Company or to his or her spouse or dependants and may make contributions to any fund and pay premiums for the purchase or provision of any such gratuity, pension or allowance.
14. ELECTION AND REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS
14.1 Election at Annual General Meeting
At every annual general meeting and in every unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 10.2:
(1) the shareholders entitled to vote at the annual general meeting for the election of directors must elect, or in the unanimous resolution appoint, a board of directors consisting of the number of directors for the time being set under these Articles; and
(2) all the directors cease to hold office immediately before the election or appointment of directors under paragraph (1), but are eligible for re-election or re-appointment.
14.2 Consent to be a Director
No election, appointment or designation of an individual as a director is valid unless:
(1) that individual consents to be a director in the manner provided for in the Business Corporations Act;
(2) that individual is elected or appointed at a meeting at which the individual is present and the individual does not refuse, at the meeting, to be a director; or
(3) with respect to first directors, the designation is otherwise valid under the Business Corporations Act.
14.3 Failure to Elect or Appoint Directors
If:
(1) the Company fails to hold an annual general meeting, and all the shareholders who are entitled to vote at an annual general meeting fail to pass the unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 10.2, on or before the date by which the annual general meeting is required to be held under the Business Corporations Act; or
(2) the shareholders fail, at the annual general meeting or in the unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 10.2, to elect or appoint any directors;
then each director then in office continues to hold office until the earlier of:
(3) the date on which his or her successor is elected or appointed; and
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(4) the date on which he or she otherwise ceases to hold office under the Business Corporations Act or these Articles.
14.4 Places of Retiring Directors Not Filled
If, at any meeting of shareholders at which there should be an election of directors, the places of any of the retiring directors are not filled by that election, those retiring directors who are not re- elected and who are asked by the newly elected directors to continue in office will, if willing to do so, continue in office to complete the number of directors for the time being set pursuant to these Articles until further new directors are elected at a meeting of shareholders convened for that purpose. If any such election or continuance of directors does not result in the election or continuance of the number of directors for the time being set pursuant to these Articles, the number of directors of the Company is deemed to be set at the number of directors actually elected or continued in office.
14.5 Directors May Fill Casual Vacancies
Any casual vacancy occurring in the board of directors may be filled by the directors.
14.6 Remaining Directors Power to Act
The directors may act notwithstanding any vacancy in the board of directors but, if the Company has fewer directors in office than the number set pursuant to these Articles as the quorum of directors, the directors may only act for the purposes of appointing directors up to that number, summoning a meeting of shareholders for the purpose of filling any vacancies on the board of directors, or, subject to the Business Corporations Act, for any other purpose.
14.7 Shareholders May Fill Vacancies
If the Company has no directors or fewer directors in office than the number set pursuant to these Articles as the quorum of directors, the shareholders may elect or appoint directors to fill any vacancies on the board of directors.
14.8 Additional Directors
Notwithstanding Articles 13.1 and 13.2, between annual general meetings or unanimous resolutions contemplated by Article 10.2, the directors may appoint one or more additional directors, but the number of additional directors appointed under this Article 14.8 must not at any time exceed:
(1) one-third of the number of first directors, if, at the time of the appointments, one or more of the first directors have not yet completed their first term of office; or
(2) in any other case, one-third of the number of the current directors who were elected or appointed as directors other than under this Article 14.8.
Any director so appointed ceases to hold office immediately before the next election or appointment of directors under Article 14.1(1), but is eligible for re-election or re-appointment.
14.9 Ceasing to be a Director
A director ceases to be a director when:
(1) the term of office of the director expires;
(2) the director dies;
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(3) the director resigns as a director by notice in writing provided to the Company or a lawyer for the Company; or
(4) the director is removed from office pursuant to Articles 14.10 or 14.11.
14.10 Removal of Director by Shareholders
The Company may remove any director before the expiration of his or her term of office by special resolution. In that event, the shareholders may elect, or appoint by ordinary resolution, a director to fill the resulting vacancy. If the shareholders do not elect or appoint a director to fill the resulting vacancy contemporaneously with the removal, then the directors may appoint or the shareholders may elect, or appoint by ordinary resolution, a director to fill that vacancy.
14.11 Removal of Director by Directors
The directors may remove any director before the expiration of his or her term of office if the director is convicted of an indictable offence, or if the director ceases to be qualified to act as a director of a company and does not promptly resign, and the directors may appoint a director to fill the resulting vacancy.
14.12 Advance Notice of Nominations of Directors
(1) In this Article 14.12,
(a) "Applicable Securities Laws" means the Securities Act and the applicable securities legislation of each province and territory of Canada, as amended, of which the Company is a reporting issuer or equivalent, from time to time, along with the rules, regulations and forms made or promulgated under any such statute and the published national instruments, multilateral instruments, policies, bulletins and notices of the related securities commission and similar regulatory authority of the applicable provinces and territories of Canada;
(b) "Company Email Address" means the business email address of the Company as specified on the Company's profile on SEDAR;
(c) "Company Fax Number" means the fax number of the Company as specified on the Company's profile on SEDAR;
(d) "Head Office" means the head office address of the Company as specified on the Company's profile on SEDAR;
(e) "Meeting of Shareholders" means such annual shareholders meeting or special shareholders meeting, whether general or not, at which one or more persons are nominated for election to the board of directors by a Nominating Shareholder;
(f) "Nominating Shareholder" has the meaning set out in Article 14.12(2)(c);
(g) "Notice Date" has the meaning set out in Article 14.12(4)(a);
(h) "Public Announcement" shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by a national news service in Canada, or in a document publicly filed by the Company on SEDAR;
(i) "Securities Act" means the British Columbia Securities Act or any successor thereto;
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(j) "SEDAR" means the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval at www.sedar.com or any successor filing service for the dissemination of public company disclosure documents in Canada;
(k) "Shareholder Notice" has the meaning set out in Article 14.12(3)(a);
(2) Subject only to the Business Corporations Act, only persons who are nominated in accordance with this Article 14.12 shall be eligible for election as directors of the Company. Nominations of persons for election to the board of directors may be made for any Meeting of Shareholders:
(a) by or at the direction of the board of directors or an authorized officer of the Company, including pursuant to a notice of meeting;
(b) by or at the direction or request of one or more shareholders pursuant to a proposal made in accordance with the provisions of the Business Corporations Act, or a requisition of the shareholders made in accordance with the provisions of the Business Corporations Act; or
(c) by any person (a "Nominating Shareholder"):
(i) who, on the record date for notice of such meeting, is entered in the securities register as a holder of one or more shares carrying the right to vote at such meeting or who beneficially owns shares that are entitled to be voted at such meeting; and
(ii) who complies with the notice procedures set forth below in this Article 14.12.
(3) In addition to any other applicable requirements, a Nominating Shareholder must give the following in order to nominate persons for election as directors timely notice of the nomination in proper written form to the secretary of the Company at the Head Office in accordance with this Article 14.12 ("Shareholder Notice").
(4) To be timely, the Shareholder Notice must be given:
(a) in the case of an annual general meeting (which may also be an annual and special meeting of shareholders), not less than 30 days prior to the date of the annual general meeting; provided, however, that in the event that the annual general meeting is to be held on a date that is less than 50 days after the date (the "Notice Date") on which the first Public Announcement of the date of the annual general meeting was made, the Shareholder Notice may be given not later than 5:00 p.m. in the time zone of the Head Office on the tenth (10th) day following the Notice Date; or
(b) in the case of a special meeting (which is not also an annual meeting of shareholders) called for the purpose of electing directors (whether or not called for other purposes), not later than 5:00 p.m. in the time zone of the Head Office on the fifteenth (15th) day following the first Public Announcement of the date of the special meeting.
(5) To be in proper written form, the Shareholder Notice must set forth:
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(a) as to each person whom the Nominating Shareholder proposes to nominate for election as a director:
(i) the name, age, business address and residential address of the person;
(ii) the principal occupation or employment of the person;
(iii) the class or series and number of shares in the capital of the Company which are controlled or which are owned beneficially or of record by the person as of the record date of notice for the Meeting of Shareholders (if such date shall then have been made publicly available and shall have occurred) and as of the date of such notice;
(iv) a statement as to whether such person would be "independent" of the Company (within the meaning of section 1.4 and 1.5 of National Instrument 52-110 - Audit Committees of the Canadian Securities Administrators, as such provisions may be amended from time to time) if elected as a director at such meeting and the reasons and basis for such determination;
(v) any other information relating to the person that would be required to be disclosed in a dissident's proxy circular in connection with solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to the Business Corporations Act and Applicable Securities Laws;
(b) as to the Nominating Shareholder giving the Shareholder Notice,
(i) any information relating to such Nominating Shareholder that would be required to be made in a dissident's proxy circular in connection with solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to the Business Corporations Act and Applicable Securities Laws; and
(ii) the class or series and number of shares in the capital of the Company which are controlled or which are owned beneficially or of record by the Nominating Shareholder as of the record date of notice for the Meeting of Shareholders (if such date shall than have been made publicly available and shall have occurred) and as of the date of such notice.
(6) No person shall be eligible for election as a director of the Company unless nominated in accordance with the provisions of this Article 14.12; provided, however, that nothing in this Article 14.12 shall be deemed to preclude discussion by a shareholder (as distinct from the nomination of directors) at a meeting of shareholders of any matter in respect of which it would have been entitled to submit a proposal pursuant to the provisions of the Business Corporations Act.
(7) The chair of the meeting shall have the power and duty to determine whether a nomination was made in accordance with the procedures set forth in the foregoing provisions and, if any proposed nomination is not in compliance with such foregoing provisions, to declare that such defective nomination be disregarded.
(8) Notwithstanding any other provision of these Articles, notice or any delivery given to the secretary of the Company pursuant to this Article 14.12 may only be given by mail, personal delivery, facsimile transmission or email and shall be deemed to have been given and made only at the time it is sent by mail to the Head Office, served by personal delivery to the Head Office, sent by email to the Company Email Address or sent by facsimile transmission to the Company Fax Number (provided that receipt of confirmation of such transmission has been received); provided that if such delivery or electronic communication is made on a day which is a not a business day or later than 5:00 p.m. in the time zone of the Head Office on a day which is a business day, then such delivery or electronic communication shall be deemed to have been made on the subsequent day that is a business day.
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(9) This Article 14.12 only applies to the Company if and for so long as it is a public company.
(10) Notwithstanding the foregoing, the board of directors may, in their sole discretion, waive any requirement in this Article 14.12 by resolution of the board of directors.
15. POWERS AND DUTIES OF DIRECTORS
15.1 Powers of Management
The directors must, subject to the Business Corporations Act and these Articles, manage or supervise the management of the business and affairs of the Company and have the authority to exercise all such powers of the Company as are not, by the Business Corporations Act or by these Articles, required to be exercised by the shareholders of the Company.
15.2 Appointment of Attorney of Company
The directors may from time to time, by power of attorney or other instrument, under seal if so required by law, appoint any person to be the attorney of the Company for such purposes, and with such powers, authorities and discretions (not exceeding those vested in or exercisable by the directors under these Articles and excepting the power to fill vacancies in the board of directors, to remove a director, to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the directors, to appoint or remove officers appointed by the directors and to declare dividends) and for such period, and with such remuneration and subject to such conditions as the directors may think fit. Any such power of attorney may contain such provisions for the protection or convenience of persons dealing with such attorney as the directors think fit. Any such attorney may be authorized by the directors to sub-delegate all or any of the powers, authorities and discretions for the time being vested in him or her.
15.3 Remuneration of the auditor
The directors may set the remuneration of the auditor without the prior approval of the shareholders.
16. DISCLOSURE OF INTEREST OF DIRECTORS
16.1 Obligation to Account for Profits
A director or senior officer who holds a disclosable interest (as that term is used in the Business Corporations Act) in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter is liable to account to the Company for any profit that accrues to the director or senior officer under or as a result of the contract or transaction only if and to the extent provided in the Business Corporations Act.
16.2 Restrictions on Voting by Reason of Interest
A director who holds a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter is not entitled to vote on any directors' resolution to approve that contract or transaction, unless all the directors have a disclosable interest in that contract or transaction, in which case any or all of those directors may vote on such resolution.
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16.3 Interested Director Counted in Quorum
A director who holds a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter and who is present at the meeting of directors at which the contract or transaction is considered for approval may be counted in the quorum at the meeting whether or not the director votes on any or all of the resolutions considered at the meeting.
16.4 Disclosure of Conflict of Interest or Property
A director or senior officer who holds any office or possesses any property, right or interest that could result, directly or indirectly, in the creation of a duty or interest that materially conflicts with that individual's duty or interest as a director or senior officer, must disclose the nature and extent of the conflict as required by the Business Corporations Act.
16.5 Director Holding Other Office in the Company
A director may hold any office or place of profit with the Company, other than the office of auditor of the Company, in addition to his or her office of director for the period and on the terms (as to remuneration or otherwise) that the directors may determine.
16.6 No Disqualification
No director or intended director is disqualified by his or her office from contracting with the Company either with regard to the holding of any office or place of profit the director holds with the Company or as vendor, purchaser or otherwise, and no contract or transaction entered into by or on behalf of the Company in which a director is in any way interested is liable to be voided for that reason.
16.7 Professional Services by Director or Officer
Subject to the Business Corporations Act, a director or officer, or any person in which a director or officer has an interest, may act in a professional capacity for the Company, except as auditor of the Company, and the director or officer or such person is entitled to remuneration for professional services as if that director or officer were not a director or officer.
16.8 Director or Officer in Other Corporations
A director or officer may be or become a director, officer or employee of, or otherwise interested in, any person in which the Company may be interested as a shareholder or otherwise, and, subject to the Business Corporations Act, the director or officer is not accountable to the Company for any remuneration or other benefits received by him or her as director, officer or employee of, or from his or her interest in, such other person.
17. PROCEEDINGS OF DIRECTORS
17.1 Meetings of Directors
The directors may meet together for the conduct of business, adjourn and otherwise regulate their meetings as they think fit, and meetings of the directors held at regular intervals may be held at the place, at the time and on the notice, if any, as the directors may from time to time determine.
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17.2 Voting at Meetings
Questions arising at any meeting of directors are to be decided by a majority of votes and, in the case of an equality of votes, the chair of the meeting does not have a second or casting vote.
17.3 Chair of Meetings
The following individual is entitled to preside as chair at a meeting of directors:
(1) the chair of the board, if any;
(2) in the absence of the chair of the board, the president, if any, if the president is a director; or
(3) any other director chosen by the directors if:
(a) neither the chair of the board nor the president, if a director, is present at the meeting within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting;
(b) neither the chair of the board nor the president, if a director, is willing to chair the meeting; or
(c) the chair of the board and the president, if a director, have advised the secretary, if any, or any other director, that they will not be present at the meeting.
17.4 Meetings by Telephone or Other Communications Medium
A director may participate in a meeting of the directors or of any committee of the directors in person or by telephone if all directors participating in the meeting, whether in person or by telephone or other communications medium, are able to communicate with each other. A director may participate in a meeting of the directors or of any committee of the directors by a communications medium other than telephone if all directors participating in the meeting, whether in person or by telephone or other communications medium, are able to communicate with each other. A director who participates in a meeting in a manner contemplated by this Article 17.4 is deemed for all purposes of the Business Corporations Act and these Articles to be present at the meeting and to have agreed to participate in that manner.
17.5 Calling of Meetings
A director may, and the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Company, if any, on the request of a director must, call a meeting of the directors at any time.
17.6 Notice of Meetings
Other than for meetings held at regular intervals as determined by the directors pursuant to Article 18.1, reasonable notice of each meeting of the directors, specifying the place, day and time of that meeting must be given to each of the directors and the alternate directors by any method set out in Article 23.1 or orally or by telephone.
17.7 When Notice Not Required
It is not necessary to give notice of a meeting of the directors to a director or an alternate director if:
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(1) the meeting is to be held immediately following a meeting of shareholders at which that director was elected or appointed, or is the meeting of the directors at which that director is appointed; or
(2) the director or alternate director, as the case may be, has waived notice of the meeting. 18.8 Meeting Valid Despite Failure to Give Notice
The accidental omission to give notice of any meeting of directors to, or the non-receipt of any notice by, any director or alternate director, does not invalidate any proceedings at that meeting.
17.8 Waiver of Notice of Meetings
Any director or alternate director may send to the Company a document signed by him or her waiving notice of any past, present or future meeting or meetings of the directors and may at any time withdraw that waiver with respect to meetings held after that withdrawal. After sending a waiver with respect to all future meetings and until that waiver is withdrawn, no notice of any meeting of the directors need be given to that director and, unless the director otherwise requires by notice in writing to the Company, to his or her alternate director, and all meetings of the directors so held are deemed not to be improperly called or constituted by reason of notice not having been given to such director or alternate director.
17.9 Quorum
The quorum necessary for the transaction of the business of the directors is a majority of the number of directors in office or such other number as the directors may determine from time to time.
17.10 Validity of Acts Where Appointment Defective
Subject to the Business Corporations Act, an act of a director or officer is not invalid merely because of an irregularity in the election or appointment or a defect in the qualification of that director or officer.
17.11 Consent Resolutions in Writing
A resolution of the directors or of any committee of the directors may be passed without a meeting:
(1) in all cases, if each of the directors entitled to vote on the resolution consents to it in writing; or
(2) in the case of a resolution to approve a contract or transaction in respect of which a director has disclosed that he or she has or may have a disclosable interest, if each of the other directors who are entitled to vote on the resolution consents to it in writing.
A consent in writing under this Article may be by signed document, fax, email or any other method of transmitting legibly recorded messages. A consent in writing may be in two or more counterparts which together are deemed to constitute one consent in writing. A resolution of the directors or of any committee of the directors passed in accordance with this Article 17.11 is effective on the date stated in the consent in writing or on the latest date stated on any counterpart and is deemed to be a proceeding at a meeting of directors or of the committee of the directors and to be as valid and effective as if it had been passed at a meeting of the directors or of the committee of the directors that satisfies all the requirements of the Business Corporations Act and all the requirements of these Articles relating to meetings of the directors or of a committee of the directors.
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18. EXECUTIVE AND OTHER COMMITTEES
18.1 Appointment and Powers of Executive Committee
The directors may, by resolution, appoint an executive committee consisting of the director or directors that they consider appropriate, and this committee has, during the intervals between meetings of the board of directors, all of the directors' powers, except:
(1) the power to fill vacancies in the board of directors;
(2) the power to remove a director;
(3) the power to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the directors; and
(4) such other powers, if any, as may be set out in the resolution or any subsequent directors' resolution.
18.2 Appointment and Powers of Other Committees
The directors may, by resolution:
(1) appoint one or more committees (other than the executive committee) consisting of the director or directors that they consider appropriate;
(2) delegate to a committee appointed under paragraph (1) any of the directors' powers, except:
(a) the power to fill vacancies in the board of directors;
(b) the power to remove a director;
(c) the power to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the directors; and
(d) the power to appoint or remove officers appointed by the directors; and
(3) make any delegation referred to in paragraph (2) subject to the conditions set out in the resolution or any subsequent directors' resolution.
18.3 Obligations of Committees
Any committee appointed under Articles 18.1 or 18.2, in the exercise of the powers delegated to it, must:
(1) conform to any rules that may from time to time be imposed on it by the directors; and
(2) report every act or thing done in exercise of those powers at such times as the directors may require.
18.4 Powers of Board
The directors may, at any time, with respect to a committee appointed under Articles 18.1 or 18.2:
(1) revoke or alter the authority given to the committee, or override a decision made by the committee, except as to acts done before such revocation, alteration or overriding;
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(2) terminate the appointment of, or change the membership of, the committee; and
(3) fill vacancies in the committee.
18.5 Committee Meetings
Subject to Article 18.3(1) and unless the directors otherwise provide in the resolution appointing the committee or in any subsequent resolution, with respect to a committee appointed under Articles 18.1 or 18.2:
(1) the committee may meet and adjourn as it thinks proper;
(2) the committee may elect a chair of its meetings but, if no chair of a meeting is elected, or if at a meeting the chair of the meeting is not present within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting, the directors present who are members of the committee may choose one of their number to chair the meeting;
(3) a majority of the members of the committee constitutes a quorum of the committee; and
(4) questions arising at any meeting of the committee are determined by a majority of votes of the members present, and in case of an equality of votes, the chair of the meeting does not have a second or casting vote.
19. OFFICERS
19.1 Directors May Appoint Officers
The directors may, from time to time, appoint such officers, if any, as the directors determine and the directors may, at any time, terminate any such appointment.
19.2 Functions, Duties and Powers of Officers
The directors may, for each officer:
(1) determine the functions and duties of the officer;
(2) entrust to and confer on the officer any of the powers exercisable by the directors on such terms and conditions and with such restrictions as the directors think fit; and
(3) revoke, withdraw, alter or vary all or any of the functions, duties and powers of the officer.
19.3 Qualifications
No officer may be appointed unless that officer is qualified in accordance with the Business Corporations Act. One person may hold more than one position as an officer of the Company. Any person appointed as the chair of the board or as a managing director must be a director. Any other officer need not be a director.
19.4 Remuneration and Terms of Appointment
All appointments of officers are to be made on the terms and conditions and at the remuneration (whether by way of salary, fee, commission, participation in profits or otherwise) that the directors thinks fit and are subject to termination at the pleasure of the directors, and an officer may in addition to such remuneration be entitled to receive, after he or she ceases to hold such office or leaves the employment of the Company, a pension or gratuity.
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20. INDEMNIFICATION
20.1 Definitions
In this Article 20:
(1) "eligible penalty" means a judgment, penalty or fine awarded or imposed in, or an amount paid in settlement of, an eligible proceeding;
(2) "eligible proceeding" means a legal proceeding or investigative action, whether current, threatened, pending or completed, in which a director, former director or alternate director of the Company (an "eligible party") or any of the heirs and legal personal representatives of the eligible party, by reason of the eligible party being or having been a director or alternate director of the Company:
(a) is or may be joined as a party; or
(b) is or may be liable for or in respect of a judgment, penalty or fine in, or expenses related to, the proceeding;
(3) "expenses" has the meaning set out in the Business Corporations Act.
20.2 Mandatory Indemnification of Directors and Former Directors
Subject to the Business Corporations Act, the Company must indemnify a director, former director or alternate director of the Company and his or her heirs and legal personal representatives against all eligible penalties to which such person is or may be liable, and the Company must, after the final disposition of an eligible proceeding, pay the expenses actually and reasonably incurred by such person in respect of that proceeding. Each director and alternate director is deemed to have contracted with the Company on the terms of the indemnity contained in this Article 20.2.
20.3 Indemnification of Other Persons
Subject to any restrictions in the Business Corporations Act, the Company may indemnify any person.
20.4 Non-Compliance with Business Corporations Act
The failure of a director, alternate director or officer of the Company to comply with the Business Corporations Act or these Articles does not invalidate any indemnity to which he or she is entitled under this Part.
20.5 Company May Purchase Insurance
The Company may purchase and maintain insurance for the benefit of any person (or his or her heirs or legal personal representatives) who:
(1) is or was a director, alternate director, officer, employee or agent of the Company;
(2) is or was a director, alternate director, officer, employee or agent of a corporation at a time when the corporation is or was an affiliate of the Company;
(3) at the request of the Company, is or was a director, alternate director, officer, employee or agent of a corporation or of a partnership, trust, joint venture or other unincorporated entity;
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(4) at the request of the Company, holds or held a position equivalent to that of a director, alternate director or officer of a partnership, trust, joint venture or other unincorporated entity;
against any liability incurred by him or her as such director, alternate director, officer, employee or agent or person who holds or held such equivalent position.
21. DIVIDENDS
21.1 Payment of Dividends Subject to Special Rights
The provisions of this Article 21 are subject to the rights, if any, of shareholders holding shares with special rights as to dividends.
21.2 Declaration of Dividends
Subject to the Business Corporations Act, the directors may from time to time declare and authorize payment of such dividends as they may deem advisable.
21.3 No Notice Required
The directors need not give notice to any shareholder of any declaration under Article 21.2.
21.4 Record Date
The directors may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to receive payment of a dividend. The record date must not precede the date on which the dividend is to be paid by more than two months. If no record date is set, the record date is 5 p.m. on the date on which the directors pass the resolution declaring the dividend.
21.5 Manner of Paying Dividend
A resolution declaring a dividend may direct payment of the dividend wholly or partly by the distribution of specific assets or of fully paid shares or of bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company, or in any one or more of those ways.
21.6 Settlement of Difficulties
If any difficulty arises in regard to a distribution under Article 21.5, the directors may settle the difficulty as they deem advisable, and, in particular, may:
(1) set the value for distribution of specific assets;
(2) determine that cash payments in substitution for all or any part of the specific assets to which any shareholders are entitled may be made to any shareholders on the basis of the value so fixed in order to adjust the rights of all parties; and
(3) vest any such specific assets in trustees for the persons entitled to the dividend.
21.7 When Dividend Payable
Any dividend may be made payable on such date as is fixed by the directors.
21.8 Dividends to be Paid in Accordance with Number of Shares
All dividends on shares of any class or series of shares must be declared and paid according to the number of such shares held.
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21.9 Receipt by Joint Shareholders
If several persons are joint shareholders of any share, any one of them may give an effective receipt for any dividend, bonus or other money payable in respect of the share.
21.10 Dividend Bears No Interest
No dividend bears interest against the Company.
21.11 Fractional Dividends
If a dividend to which a shareholder is entitled includes a fraction of the smallest monetary unit of the currency of the dividend, that fraction may be disregarded in making payment of the dividend and that payment represents full payment of the dividend.
21.12 Payment of Dividends
Any dividend or other distribution payable in cash in respect of shares may be paid by cheque, made payable to the order of the person to whom it is sent, and mailed to the address of the shareholder, or in the case of joint shareholders, to the address of the joint shareholder who is first named on the central securities register, or to the person and to the address the shareholder or joint shareholders may direct in writing. The mailing of such cheque will, to the extent of the sum represented by the cheque (plus the amount of the tax required by law to be deducted), discharge all liability for the dividend unless such cheque is not paid on presentation or the amount of tax so deducted is not paid to the appropriate taxing authority.
21.13 Capitalization of Surplus
Notwithstanding anything contained in these Articles, the directors may from time to time capitalize any surplus of the Company and may from time to time issue, as fully paid, shares or any bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company as a dividend representing the surplus or any part of the surplus.
22. DOCUMENTS, RECORDS AND REPORTS
22.1 Recording of Financial Affairs
The directors must cause adequate accounting records to be kept to record properly the financial affairs and condition of the Company and to comply with the Business Corporations Act.
22.2 Inspection of Accounting Records
Unless the directors determine otherwise, or unless otherwise determined by ordinary resolution, no shareholder of the Company is entitled to inspect or obtain a copy of any accounting records of the Company.
23. NOTICES
23.1 Method of Giving Notice
Unless the Business Corporations Act or these Articles provides otherwise, a notice, statement, report or other record required or permitted by the Business Corporations Act or these Articles to be sent by or to a person may be sent by any one of the following methods:
(1) mail addressed to the person at the applicable address for that person as follows:
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(a) for a record mailed to a shareholder, the shareholder's registered address;
(b) for a record mailed to a director or officer, the prescribed address for mailing shown for the director or officer in the records kept by the Company or the mailing address provided by the recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class;
(c) in any other case, the mailing address of the intended recipient;
(2) delivery at the applicable address for that person as follows, addressed to the person:
(a) for a record delivered to a shareholder, the shareholder's registered address;
(b) for a record delivered to a director or officer, the prescribed address for delivery shown for the director or officer in the records kept by the Company or the delivery address provided by the recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class;
(c) in any other case, the delivery address of the intended recipient;
(3) sending the record by fax to the fax number provided by the intended recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class;
(4) sending the record by email to the email address provided by the intended recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class;
(5) physical delivery to the intended recipient.
23.2 Deemed Receipt of Mailing
A record that is mailed to a person by ordinary mail to the applicable address for that person referred to in Article 23.1 is deemed to be received by the person to whom it was mailed on the day, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays excepted, following the date of mailing.
23.3 Certificate of Sending
A certificate signed by the secretary, if any, or other officer of the Company or of any other corporation acting in that behalf for the Company stating that a notice, statement, report or other record was addressed as required by Article 23.1, prepaid and mailed or otherwise sent as permitted by Article 23.1 is conclusive evidence of that fact.
23.4 Notice to Joint Shareholders
A notice, statement, report or other record may be provided by the Company to the joint shareholders of a share by providing the notice to the joint shareholder first named in the central securities register in respect of the share.
23.5 Notice to Trustees
A notice, statement, report or other record may be provided by the Company to the persons entitled to a share in consequence of the death, bankruptcy or incapacity of a shareholder by:
(1) mailing the record, addressed to them:
(a) by name, by the title of the legal personal representative of the deceased or incapacitated shareholder, by the title of trustee of the bankrupt shareholder or by any similar description; and
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(b) at the address, if any, supplied to the Company for that purpose by the persons claiming to be so entitled; or
(2) if an address referred to in paragraph (1)(b) has not been supplied to the Company, by giving the notice in a manner in which it might have been given if the death, bankruptcy or incapacity had not occurred.
24. SEAL
24.1 Who May Attest Seal
Except as provided in Articles 24.2 and 24.3, the Company's seal, if any, must not be impressed on any record except when that impression is attested by the signatures of:
(1) any two directors;
(2) any officer, together with any director;
(3) if the Company only has one director, that director; or
(4) any one or more directors or officers or persons as may be determined by the directors. 25.2 Sealing Copies
For the purpose of certifying under seal a certificate of incumbency of the directors or officers of the Company or a true copy of any resolution or other document, despite Article 24.1, the impression of the seal may be attested by the signature of any director or officer.
24.2 Mechanical Reproduction of Seal
The directors may authorize the seal to be impressed by third parties on share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company as they may determine appropriate from time to time. To enable the seal to be impressed on any share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company, whether in definitive or interim form, on which facsimiles of any of the signatures of the directors or officers of the Company are, in accordance with the Business Corporations Act or these Articles, printed or otherwise mechanically reproduced, there may be delivered to the person employed to engrave, lithograph or print such definitive or interim share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities one or more unmounted dies reproducing the seal and the chair of the board or any senior officer together with the secretary, treasurer, secretary-treasurer, an assistant secretary, an assistant treasurer or an assistant secretary-treasurer may in writing authorize such person to cause the seal to be impressed on such definitive or interim share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities by the use of such dies. Share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities to which the seal has been so impressed are for all purposes deemed to be under and to bear the seal impressed on them.
25. PROHIBITIONS
25.1 Definitions
In this Article 25:
(1) "designated security" means:
(a) a voting security of the Company;
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(b) a security of the Company that is not a debt security and that carries a residual right to participate in the earnings of the Company or, on the liquidation or winding up of the Company, in its assets; or
(c) a security of the Company convertible, directly or indirectly, into a security described in paragraph (a) or (b);
(2) "security" has the meaning assigned in the Securities Act (British Columbia);
(3) "voting security" means a security of the Company that:
(a) is not a debt security, and
(b) carries a voting right either under all circumstances or under some circumstances that have occurred and are continuing.
25.2 Application
Article 25.3 does not apply to the Company if and for so long as it is a public company or a pre- existing reporting company which has the Statutory Reporting Company Provisions as part of its Articles or to which the Statutory Reporting Company Provisions apply.
25.3 Consent Required for Transfer of Shares or Designated Securities
No share or designated security may be sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of without the consent of the directors and the directors are not required to give any reason for refusing to consent to any such sale, transfer or other disposition.
26. SPECIAL RIGHTS AND RESTRICTIONS ATTACHED TO COMMON SHARES
26.1 Common Share Special Rights and Restrictions
The Common Shares Without Par Value (the "Common Shares") have attached to them the special rights and restrictions set out in this Article 26.
26.2 Payment of Dividends
The holders of the Common Shares will be entitled to receive dividends if, as and when declared by the board of directors of the Company out of the assets of the Company properly applicable to the payment of dividends in such amounts and payable in such manner as the board of directors of the Company may from time to time determine. Subject to the rights of the holders of any other class of shares of the Company entitled to receive dividends in priority to the holders of the Common Shares, the board of directors of the Company may in its sole discretion declare dividends on the Common Shares to the exclusion of any other class of shares of the Company.
26.3 Participation upon Liquidation, Dissolution or Winding Up
In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or other distribution of assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, no amount will be paid and no property or assets of the Company will be distributed to the holders of the Common Shares unless the holders of the Preference Shares have received from the property and assets of the Company the amount to which they are entitled pursuant to these Articles and thereafter the holders of the Common Shares will be entitled to all remaining property and assets of the Company on a share for share basis.
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26.4 Voting Rights
The holders of the Common Shares will be entitled to receive notice of and to attend all meetings of the shareholders of the Company and to one vote in respect of each Common Share held at all such meetings, except for meetings at which or for matters with respect to which only holders of another specified class or series of shares of the Company are entitled to vote separately as a class or series.
27. SPECIAL RIGHTS AND RESTRICTIONS ATTACHED TO THE PREFERENCE SHARES
27.1 Preference Share Special Rights and Restrictions
The Preference Shares Without Par Value (the "Preference Shares") have attached to them the special rights and restrictions set out in this Article 27.
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27.2 Non-Cumulative Dividends
The holders of the Preference Shares will be entitled to receive non-cumulative dividends if, as and when declared by the board of directors of the Company out of the assets of the Company properly applicable to the payment of dividends in such amounts and payable in such manner as the board of directors of the Company may from time to time determine. The board of directors of the Company may in its sole discretion declare non-cumulative dividends on the Preference Shares to the exclusion of any other class of shares of the Company.
27.3 Redemption by Company
Subject to the provisions of the Business Corporations Act, the Company may redeem at any time the whole or from time to time any part of the then outstanding Preference Shares on payment of an amount for each share to be redeemed equal to the Redemption Price (as hereinafter defined), plus all declared and unpaid dividends thereon, the whole constituting and being herein referred to as the "Redemption Amount". The Redemption Amount will be paid in cash money or, at the discretion of the Company, by the issuance of one or more promissory notes.
27.4 Redemption at Option of Holder
A holder of Preference Shares will be entitled to require the Company to redeem, subject to the requirements of the Business Corporations Act, at any time the whole or from time to time any part of the Preference Shares then held by such holder by delivering an irrevocable request in writing specifying that the holder desires to have all or any part of the Preference Shares registered in such holder's name redeemed by the Company, together with the share certificate or certificates, if any, representing the Preference Shares which the registered holder desires to have the Company redeem. Upon receipt of such a request together with the share certificate or certificates representing the Preference Shares, if the Preference Shares which the holder desires to have the Company redeem are certificated, the Company will redeem such Preference Shares by paying to such holder the Redemption Amount for each such Preferred Share being redeemed. The Preference Shares will be redeemed and the holder of such shares will cease to be entitled to dividends and will not be entitled to exercise any of the rights of a holder of Preference Shares in respect thereof unless payment of the Redemption Amount is not made on the date specified for redemption, in which event the rights of the holder of the said Preference Shares will remain unaffected.
27.5 Redemption Price
In these Articles, the term "Redemption Price" in respect of each Preference Share means an amount equal to: (i) the net fair market value of all of the Distribution Property (as defined in the plan of arrangement involving Lithium Americas Corp., its shareholders and the Company), divided by (ii) the number of Preference Shares issued and outstanding, plus all declared but unpaid dividends thereon.
For purposes of subsection 191(4) of the Income Tax Act (Canada) the amount specified in respect of each Preference Share will be the amount specified by an officer or director of the Company in a certificate that is made (i) effective concurrently with the issuance of such Preference Share and (ii) pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors of the Company authorizing the issuance of such Preference Share, such amount to be expressed as a dollar amount (and not as a formula) that is not higher than the net fair market value of the consideration for which such Preference Share is issued.
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27.6 Cancellation
Any Preference Shares that are redeemed by the Company pursuant to any of the provisions of these Articles will for all purposes be considered to have been redeemed on, and will be cancelled concurrently with, the payment by the Company to or to the benefit of the holder thereof of the Redemption Amount.
27.7 Participation upon Liquidation, Dissolution or Winding Up
In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or other distribution of property or assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, each holder of a Preference Share will be entitled in respect of each such share to receive from the property and assets of the Company an amount equal to the Redemption Amount in respect of that share before any amount will be paid or any property or asset of the Company distributed to the holders of the Common Shares, following which payment the holders of the Preference Shares will not be entitled to share any further in the distribution of the property or assets of the Company.
27.8 Voting Rights
The holders of the Preference Shares will not be entitled to receive notice of or to attend or vote at any meetings of the shareholders of the Company and will not have any voting rights, except as required by applicable law.
27.9 No Dilution
For so long as any Preference Shares are outstanding, the Company will not (i) declare or pay any dividend on the Common Shares, or (ii) redeem or purchase for cancellation or otherwise any of the Common Shares.
Certain identified information has been omitted from this exhibit because it is not material and would be competitively harmful if publicly disclosed. [Redacted] indicates that information has been omitted.
EXECUTION VERSION
MASTER PURCHASE AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT is made January 30, 2023
BETWEEN:
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the Province of British Columbia
(the "Corporation")
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GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC, a company organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware
(the "Investor").
RECITALS:
A. The Investor has agreed to make investments in the Corporation and SpinCo (as defined herein) in the aggregate amount of US$650,000,000, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein and in the Subscription Receipt Agreement, the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement and the Warrant Certificate (each as defined herein).
B. The initial tranche to be invested by the Investor shall be a subscription for Subscription Receipts (as defined herein) of the Corporation for an aggregate subscription price of US$320,147,865.62 pursuant to the terms of this Agreement.
C. The Investor shall make a further investment in the Corporation or SpinCo in the amount of US$329,852,134.38.
D. In conjunction with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, the Investor and the Corporation shall enter into the Offtake Agreement (as defined herein).
E. The Investor and the Corporation have agreed to enter into this Agreement to record their agreement in respect of these matters.
NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of, and in reliance on, the premises, representations, warranties, covenants and agreements set forth in this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements (as defined herein and incorporated by reference), the parties hereby agree as follows:
ARTICLE 1
INTERPRETATION
1.1 Definitions
In this Agreement, unless otherwise provided:
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(a) "Accredited Investor Status Certificate" means a U.S. accredited investor status certificate in the form attached as Schedule A hereto;
(b) "Affiliate" means, as to any specified Person, any other Person who directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, (a) controls such specified Person, (b) is controlled by such specified Person, or (c) is under common control with such specified Person;
(c) "Agreement" means this master purchase agreement, together with the Schedules, and all permitted amendments hereto or restatements hereof;
(d) "Ancillary Agreements" means the Offtake Agreement, the Investor Rights Agreement, the Subscription Receipt Agreement, the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement and the Warrant Certificate;
(e) "Anti-Corruption Laws" means all Applicable Laws related to the prevention of bribery, corruption (governmental or commercial), kickbacks, money laundering, or similar unlawful or unethical conduct including, without limitation, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) as amended and the U.K. Bribery Act;
(f) "Applicable Laws" means, with respect to any Person, property, transaction event or other matter, (i) all laws, statutes, codes, ordinances, decrees, rules, regulations, by-laws, Orders and principles of common law and equity enacted, promulgated, issued, released, or imposed by any Governmental Entity, including Securities Laws, and/or (ii) any policy, practice, protocol, requirement, standard or guideline of any Governmental Entity, in each case relating or applicable to such Person, property, transaction, event or other matter;
(g) "Argentina Projects" means (i) the Cauchari-Olaroz project in Juyjuy Province, Argentina owned by Minera Exar S.A., (ii) the Pastos Grandes project in Salta Province, Argentina owned by Proyecto Pastos Grandes S.A., and (iii) following completion of the acquisition of Arena Minerals Inc. by the Corporation, the Sal de la Puna project in Salta Province, Argentina owned by Puna Argentina S.A.U.;
(h) "Authorizations" means, with respect to any Person, any Order, Permit, approval, consent, waiver, licence or similar authorization issued by, or required to be obtained from, any Governmental Entity having jurisdiction over the Person;
(i) "BCBCA" means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia);
(j) "Board" means the board of directors of the Corporation;
(k) "Business Day" means any day, other than (a) a Saturday, Sunday or statutory holiday in the Province of British Columbia, the City of New York or the City of Detroit and (b) a day on which banks are generally closed in the Province of British Columbia, the City of New York or the City of Detroit;
(l) "CFIUS" means the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, and each member agency thereof, acting in such capacity;
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(m) "CFPOA" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(mm) hereof;
(n) "Change of Control" means (A) the acquisition by any means, including, without limitation, acquisition of equity, a statutory plan of arrangement, merger or business combination, by any Person, directly or indirectly, of more than 50% of the total voting power of the outstanding voting stock of the Corporation, or (B) the acquisition by any Person, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of the Corporation;
(o) "Circular" means the notice of the GM Transaction Shareholder Meeting and accompanying management information circular, including all schedules, appendices and exhibits thereto and enclosures therewith and including such additional disclosure and matters to be presented for consideration by the Corporation's Shareholders as may be determined by the Corporation in its sole discretion, to be sent to the Corporation Shareholders in connection with the GM Transaction Shareholder Meeting, as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time;
(p) "Claim" means any cause of action, action, claim, demand, lawsuit, audit, hearing, examination, investigation, proceeding, arbitration, or other litigation or proceeding (whether civil, criminal, administrative, or investigative), including, for greater certainty, any proceeding or investigation by or before a Governmental Entity;
(q) [Redacted]
(r) "Common Shares" means common shares in the capital of the Corporation;
(s) "Contract" means any agreement, indenture, contract, lease, deed of trust, licence, option, instruments, arrangement, understanding or other commitment, whether written or oral;
(t) "control" (including the terms "controlled by", "controlling", and "under common control with") means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct, or cause the direction of, the management policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or credit arrangement, as trustee or executor, or otherwise;
(u) "Convertible Notes" means the Corporation's US$258,750,000 aggregate principal amount 1.75% convertible senior notes due 2027;
(v) "Corporation Annual Financial Statements" means the consolidated audited financial statements of the Corporation for the financial years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 including the notes thereto;
(w) "Corporation Equity Incentive Plan" means the amended and restated equity incentive plan of the Corporation, as approved by its shareholders on May 7, 2020;
(x) "Corporation Financial Statements" means, collectively, the Corporation Annual Financial Statements and the Corporation Interim Financial Statements;
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(y) "Corporation Indemnified Parties" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 10.2(a) hereof;
(z) "Corporation Interim Financial Statements" means the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Corporation as at and for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 including the notes thereto;
(aa) "Corporation Shareholders" means the registered and/or beneficial holders of Common Shares;
(bb) "Direct Claim" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 10.3(a);
(cc) "Disclosure Documents" means all information and documents relating to the Corporation (and its predecessors) that are, or become, publicly available on SEDAR or with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on EDGAR or otherwise available to the public, including financial statements, press releases, material change reports, prospectuses, information circulars and technical reports since January 1, 2021;
(dd) "Disclosure Letter" means the disclosure letter of the Corporation delivered to the Investor concurrently with the execution of this Agreement;
(ee) "Environmental Laws" means all Applicable Laws relating to worker health and safety, pollution, natural resources, protection and preservation of the natural environment or any species that might make use of it or the generation, production, import, export, use, handling, storage, treatment, transportation, disposal or release of Hazardous Materials, including under common law, and all Authorizations issued pursuant to such Applicable Laws;
(ff) "Environmental Permits" includes all Orders, Permits, certificates, approvals, consents, registrations and licences issued by, or required to be obtained from, any authority of competent jurisdiction under any Environmental Law;
(gg) "ERISA" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(ii) hereof;
(hh) "Escrow Release Conditions" means, collectively, each of the following conditions (which conditions may be waived by the Investor in its sole discretion):
(i) (A) the representations and warranties of the Corporation contained in Sections 3.1(a)(Due Authorization), 3.1(b) (Organization and Existence) and 3.1(f) (Subsidiaries) of this Agreement shall be true and correct in all respects as at the Escrow Release Time, with the same force and effect as if made on and as at the Escrow Release Time, except for such representations and warranties which are in respect of a specific date in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct, in all respects, as of such date, and (B) the other representations and warranties of the Corporation contained in this Agreement shall be true and correct in all material respects (or, as regards specific representations and warranties if qualified by materiality or Material Adverse Change, in all respects) as at the Escrow Release Time, with the same force and effect as if made on and as at the Escrow Release Time, except for such representations and warranties which are in respect of a specific date in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct, in all material respects (or, as regards specific representations and warranties if qualified by materiality, in all respects), as of such date;
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(ii) the Corporation shall have performed or complied with, in all respects, all of its obligations, covenants and agreements under this Agreement required to be performed or complied with prior to the Escrow Release Time;
(iii) [Redacted]
(iv) the U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada shall have issued its ruling(s) in the ROD Proceedings on the merits and remedy as to whether to vacate the ROD, such ruling(s) shall not have vacated the ROD, and the Corporation and the relevant Subsidiaries shall be ready, willing, and able to commence construction of the Thacker Pass Project (including possession of all applicable land use Permits in connection therewith);
(v) [Redacted]
(vi) [Redacted]
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(vii) no Material Adverse Change shall have occurred;
(viii) the Corporation shall have provided the Investor with the following opinions:
(A) a legal opinion, in a form satisfactory to the Investor, acting reasonably, as to the Applicable Laws in the State of Nevada and the ownership of the Thacker Pass Project and the Corporation's interest therein; and
(B) legal opinions, in form satisfactory to the Investor, acting reasonably, as to the Applicable Laws in Argentina and the ownership of the Argentina Projects and the Corporation's interest therein (excluding the Sal de la Puna project in Salta Province, Argentina).
(ii) "Escrow Release Date" means the date the Escrowed Funds are released by the Subscription Receipt Agent to the Corporation and the Subscription Receipts are converted into Units in accordance with the terms of the Subscription Receipt Agreement;
(jj) "Escrow Release Deadline" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Subscription Receipt Agreement;
(kk) "Escrow Release Notice" means a written notice in substantially the form set out in the schedules to the Subscription Receipt Agreement executed by the Corporation and the Investor confirming that the Escrow Release Conditions have been satisfied or waived in accordance with the Subscription Receipt Agreement;
(ll) "Escrow Release Time" means 10:00 a.m. (Vancouver time) on the Escrow Release Date;
(mm) "Escrowed Funds" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.1 hereof;
(nn) "Existing Instrument" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(c) hereof;
(oo) "FCPA" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(mm) hereof;
(pp) "FEOC" means a (A) Person who is a "foreign entity of concern," as such term is defined in Section 30D of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or (B) a Person "linked to or subject to influence by hostile or non-likeminded regimes or states," as such concept is used in the Policy Regarding Foreign Investments from State-Owned Enterprises in Critical Minerals under the Investment Canada Act, or, in each case, under any successor or similar policies promulgated by either the Canadian or United States government in respect of critical minerals policy;
(qq) "Funding Commitment Amount" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 8.1 hereof;
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(rr) "GDPR" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(ss) hereof;
(ss) "GM Transaction Resolutions" means resolutions of the Corporation Shareholders approving, inter alia,
(i) the price at which Common Shares (or SpinCo Shares, if applicable) will be issued pursuant to the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement; and
(ii) the ability of the Investor to become a holder of in excess of 20% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares (or 20% of the issued and outstanding SpinCo Shares, if applicable),
and otherwise to be presented and conducted (including the exclusion from voting of Common Shares held by the Investor) in a manner and form required in order to support TSX conditional approval of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;
(tt) "GM Transaction Shareholder Meeting" means a meeting of the Corporation Shareholders, including any adjournment or postponement thereof, to be called and held to consider, in addition to any other matters that may be presented for consideration by the Corporation's shareholders, the GM Transaction Resolutions;
(uu) "Government Official" means any official (elected or appointed), officer, or employee of a Governmental Entity or any department, agency or instrumentality thereof, including any employee, representative, or agent (paid or unpaid) of a state-owned or controlled entity, public international organization, political party or organization or candidate thereof, or any person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of any such Governmental Entity, department, agency, instrumentality, public international organization, political party, organization, or candidate;
(vv) "Governmental Entity" means any domestic or foreign federal, provincial, regional, state, municipal or other government, governmental department, agency, authority or body (whether administrative, legislative, executive or otherwise), court, tribunal, commission or commissioner, bureau, minister or ministry, board or agency, or other regulatory authority, including any securities regulatory authorities and stock exchange;
(ww) "Hazardous Materials" means any pollutant, contaminant or hazardous or toxic substance, material or waste that is regulated by or forms the basis of liability under, any Environmental Law, including, without limitation, (i) any material, substance or waste that is defined as a "hazardous waste", "hazardous material", "hazardous substance", "extremely hazardous waste", "restricted hazardous waste", "pollutant", "contaminant", "hazardous constituent", "special waste", "toxic substance" or other similar term or phrase under any Environmental Law, (ii) petroleum, petroleum hydrocarbons, petroleum products, crude oil or any fraction or by-product derivatives thereof, (iii) asbestos, (iv) polychlorinated biphenyls, or (v) any radioactive substance;
(xx) "IFRS" means International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board and any interpretations thereof issued by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee;
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(yy) "Indemnified Party" means, in the case of Losses for which indemnification is provided under Section 10.1(a)(i), any of the Corporation Indemnified Parties, or in the case of Losses for which indemnification is provided under Section 10.1, any of the Investor Indemnified Parties;
(zz) "Indemnifying Party" means either the Corporation or the Investor, as applicable;
(aaa) "Intellectual Property" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(cc);
(bbb) "Investor Indemnified Parties" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 10.2(a) hereof;
(ccc) "Investor Rights Agreement" means the investor rights agreement between the Corporation and the Investor in the form attached as Schedule F;
(ddd) "IT Systems and Data" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(rr);
(eee) "Lien" means any mortgage, charge, pledge, hypothec, security interest, lien (statutory or otherwise), imperfection of title, encroachment, lease, license, easement, right-of-way, condition, restriction, or adverse right or claim, or other third-party interest or encumbrance of any kind;
(fff) "Loss" means any loss, liability, Claim, damage, cost, and expense whatsoever (including reasonable legal, consultant, expert, and other professional advisor fees and expenses), including any amounts paid in settlement of any investigation, order, litigation, proceeding or Claim;
(ggg) "Material Adverse Change" means any action, change, fact, event, circumstance or state of circumstances which, alone or in conjunction with other action, change, fact, event, circumstance or state of circumstances, is or could reasonably be expected to be, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the business, affairs, operations, properties, assets, liabilities (contingent or otherwise), capital, prospects, results of operations or condition (financial or otherwise) of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, provided that in no event shall any matter resulting from the following be deemed a Material Adverse Change:
(i) changes in the regulatory accounting requirements applicable to the Corporation or the Subsidiaries;
(ii) changes in general economic or political conditions (whether international, national or local);
(iii) changes (including changes of Applicable Laws) generally affecting the industry or industries in which the Corporation or the Subsidiaries operate;
(iv) acts of war, sabotage or terrorism, pandemic, epidemic or natural disasters;
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(v) shortages or price changes with respect to raw materials, metals or products used, produced or sold in connection with the business of the members of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries;
(vi) the announcement or consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;
(vii) any action taken (or omitted to be taken) at the express written request or with the express written consent of the Investor;
(viii) any action taken by the Corporation or the Subsidiaries that is required pursuant to this Agreement; or
(ix) any failure by the Corporation or the Subsidiaries to meet any internal or published projections or forecasts for any period (it being understood that the underlying cause of the failure, if any, to meet such projections or forecasts shall be taken into account in determining whether a Material Adverse Change has occurred or could occur);
provided, however, that any action, change, fact, event, circumstance or state of circumstances resulting from the matters referred to in clauses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) above shall be excluded only to the extent such matters do not disproportionately impact the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, as compared to other Persons operating in the same industry or industries in which the Corporation or the Subsidiaries operate;
(hhh) "Material Contract" means each Contract that is material to the business, affairs or operations of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole;
(iii) "Mining Rights" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(p) hereof;
(jjj) "NYSE" means the New York Stock Exchange;
(kkk) "OFAC" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(oo) hereof;
(lll) "Offtake Agreement" means the Lithium Offtake Agreement between the Corporation and the Investor in the form attached as Schedule D;
(mmm) "Order" means any order, directive, judgment, decree, injunction, decision, ruling, award or writ of any Governmental Entity;
(nnn) "Ordinary Course", when used in relation to the taking of any action by any Person, means that the action is consistent with the past practices of such Person, or its business, is taken in the ordinary course of normal day-to-day operations of such Person, or its business and is consistent with reasonable, industry standard actions by the Corporation including in furtherance of (i) capital-raising activities of the Corporation; (ii) the preparation for, and execution of, the Separation Transaction, including retaining and transitioning employees, officers and directors for each of the Corporation and SpinCo; or (iii) any Specified Matters that may arise in respect of the Corporation;
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(ooo) "Outside Date" means March 15, 2023;
(ppp) "Permit" means any permit, license, approval, or other authorization required to be obtained by any Governmental Entity.
(qqq) "Permitted Liens" means, in respect of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, any one or more of the following:
(i) Liens or deposits for Taxes or charges for electricity, gas, power, water and other utilities (A) which are not yet due and payable or delinquent or (B) which are being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings and in respect of which the applicable Governmental Entity is prevented from taking collection action during the valid contest of such amounts and in respect of which reserves have been provided in the most recently published consolidated financial statements of the Corporation in accordance with IFRS;
(ii) inchoate or statutory Liens of contractors, subcontractors, mechanics, workers, suppliers, materialmen, carriers and others in respect of the construction, maintenance, repair or operation of the assets of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, provided that such Liens are related to obligations not yet due or delinquent, are not registered against title to any assets of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries and in respect of which adequate holdbacks are being maintained as required by Applicable Laws or as imposed by any Governmental Entity having jurisdiction over real property;
(iii) municipal by-laws, regulations, ordinances, zoning law, building or land use restrictions and other limitations imposed by any Governmental Entity having jurisdiction over real property provided that the same does not materially impair the use, marketability or development of real property as presently used or planned to be used;
(iv) customary rights of general application reserved to or vested in any Governmental Entity to control or regulate any interest in the facilities in which the Corporation or the Subsidiaries conduct their business, provided that such Liens, encumbrances, exceptions, agreements, restrictions, limitations, contracts and rights (A) were not incurred in connection with any indebtedness, and (B) do not materially impair or add material cost to the value or use of the subject property;
(v) Liens incurred, created and granted in the ordinary course of business to a public utility, municipality or Governmental Entity in connection with operations conducted with respect to the assets of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, but only to the extent those Liens relate to costs and expenses for which payment is not yet due or delinquent;
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(vi) easements, rights of way, restrictions, restrictive covenants, servitudes and similar rights in land including rights of way and servitudes for highways and other roads, railways, sewers, drains, gas and oil pipelines, gas and water mains, electric light, power, telephone, telegraph or cable television conduits, poles, wires and cables, that in each case do not materially impair the use of such property as it is being used on the date of this Agreement;
(vii) such other imperfections or irregularities of title or Liens as do not individually or in the aggregate materially detract from the value or materially and adversely affect the use of the properties or assets subject thereto or affected thereby or otherwise materially impair business operations at such properties;
(viii) any Liens, other than those described above, that are (A) registered or of record as of the date hereof against title to real property comprising the assets of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries in the applicable land registry offices or recording offices, or (B) registered or recorded, as of the date hereof, against the assets of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries in a public personal property registry, or similar registry systems;
(ix) Liens granted in connection with any project financing obtained by the Corporation; and
(x) Liens that could not result in an aggregate liability in excess of $35,000,000.
(rrr) "Person" means and includes any individual, corporation, limited partnership, general partnership, joint stock corporation, limited liability corporation, joint venture, association, corporation, trust, bank, trust corporation, pension fund, business trust or other organization, whether or not a legal entity, and any Governmental Entity;
(sss) "Privacy Laws" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(ss) hereof;
(ttt) "Purchased Share" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.1 hereof;
(uuu) "Regulation M" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(tt) hereof;
(vvv) "Release" means any release, spill, emission, leaking, pumping, pouring, injection, deposit, disposal, emptying, escaping, discharge, dispersal, dumping, leaching or migration of Hazardous Materials into the environment;
(www) "ROD" means the Thacker Pass Lithium Mine Project Record of Decision and Plan of Operations Approval (BLM, Jan. 15, 2021);
(xxx) "ROD Proceedings" means the judicial review of the ROD;
(yyy) "ROFO Provisions" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Offtake Agreement.
(zzz) "Sanctioned Person" means any Person: (i) who is a restricted or prohibited Person as designated or included in any list of designated or restricted parties under any export control or economic sanctions laws of the United States or any other applicable Sanctions Authority; (ii) a Person domiciled, organized, or resident in, a Sanctioned Territory; or (iii) an entity owned or controlled by any of the foregoing Persons in clauses (i) or (ii) hereof;
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(aaaa) "Sanctioned Territory" means at any time, a country or territory which is, or whose government is, the subject of Sanctions broadly prohibiting dealings with such country, territory or government (at the time of this Agreement, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria, the Crimea region of Ukraine, the so-called Donetsk People's Republic and the so-called Luhansk People's Republic);
(bbbb) "Sanctions" means the economic sanctions laws, trade embargoes, export controls or restrictive measures administered, enacted or enforced by any Sanctions Authority;
(cccc) "Sanctions Authority" means the United States government and any of its agencies (including, without limitation, OFAC, BIS, the U.S. State Department and the U.S. Department of Commerce), the European Union and each of its member states, the United Nations Security Council, the United Kingdom, the Canadian government, or any other Governmental Entity with jurisdiction over the parties to this Agreement;
(dddd) "Schedules" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 1.3 hereof;
(eeee) "Securities Laws" means, the securities laws, regulations and rules of each of the states, provinces and territories of Canada and the United States, and the blanket rulings and policies and written interpretations of, and multilateral or national instruments adopted by, the securities regulatory authorities of Canada and the United States and each of their respective states, provinces and territories, as well as the rules and policies of the TSX and the NYSE and any other stock or securities exchange, marketplace or trading market upon which the securities of the Corporation are listed for trading;
(ffff) "Separation Outside Date" means December 31, 2023;
(gggg) "Separation Transaction" means a plan of arrangement of the Corporation under Section 288 of the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia), pursuant to which the Corporation will effect a separation into two operating businesses, one of which is owned by SpinCo and consists of, inter alia, the Thacker Pass Project, and one of which continues to be held by the Corporation and consists of, inter alia, the Argentina Projects, with holders of Common Shares receiving new common shares of the Corporation and SpinCo Shares on a proportionate basis and with SpinCo becoming a reporting issuer in Canada with its common shares listed for trading on one or more stock exchanges;
(hhhh) "Specified Matters" means any action, investigation, review, or inquiry involving the Corporation or its shareholders at any time prior to the Tranche 1 Closing Date relating to foreign investment law matters, which for greater certainty includes (i) the receipt by the Corporation of any notice under the Investment Canada Act or any request for information in relation to any matter under review under Part IV.1 of the Investment Canada Act; and (ii) the receipt by the Corporation of any request for information from CFIUS pursuant to the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, and the implementing regulations thereof;
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(iiii) "SpinCo" means 1397468 B.C. Ltd.;
(jjjj) "SpinCo Shares" means common shares in the capital of SpinCo;
(kkkk) "SpinCo Subscription Agreement" means the subscription agreement of SpinCo and the Investor contemplated in Section 6.5 of the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement;
(llll) "SpinCo Warrants" means common share purchase warrants exercisable into SpinCo Shares to be issued by SpinCo pursuant to the terms of a warrant certificate as based substantially on the terms of the Warrant Certificate with such equitable adjustments as are necessary to give effect to the Separation Transaction;
(mmmm) "Subscription Receipt" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.1 hereof;
(nnnn) "Subscription Receipt Agent" means Computershare Trust Company of Canada;
(oooo) "Subscription Receipt Agreement" means the subscription receipt agreement, dated as of the Tranche 1 Closing Date, by and among the Corporation, the Investor and the Subscription Receipt Agent in substantially the form attached as Schedule G;
(pppp) "Subsidiaries" means the following subsidiaries of the Corporation: 2265866 Ontario, Inc., Millennial Lithium Corp., Proyecto Pastos Grandes S.A., Minera Exar S.A.,1339480 B.C. Ltd., Lithium Nevada Corp., KV Project LLC, Potassium S.A. and SpinCo;
(qqqq) "subsidiary" has meaning ascribed to such term in the BCBCA. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for the purposes of this Agreement, Minera Exar S.A. shall be deemed to be a subsidiary of the Corporation;
(rrrr) "Survival Date" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 10.5 hereof;
(ssss) "Tax" or "Taxes" includes any federal, state, provincial, local, foreign and other taxes, duties, fees, premiums, assessments, imposts, levies, expansion fees and other charges of any kind whatsoever imposed by any Governmental Entity, including all interest, penalties, fines, additions to tax or other additional amounts imposed by any Governmental Entity in respect thereof, and including those levied on, or measured by, or referred to as, income, gross receipts, profits, windfall, royalty, capital, transfer, land transfer, sales, goods and services, harmonized sales, use, value-added, excise, stamp, withholding, business, franchising, property, development, occupancy, employer health, payroll, employment, health, social services, net proceeds, ad valorem, bank shares, alternative or add-on minimum, environmental, transaction, lease, occupation, severance, energy, unemployment, workers' compensation, capital gains, special assessment, digital services, escheat, unclaimed property, capital stock, disability, production, utility, intangible property, estimated, education and social security taxes, all surtaxes, all customs duties and import and export taxes, countervail and anti-dumping, all licence, franchise and registration fees and all employment insurance, health insurance and Canada and other pension plan premiums or contributions imposed by any Governmental Entity, and any transferee or successor liability in respect of any of the foregoing;
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(tttt) "Tax Returns" includes all returns, reports, declarations, elections, notices, filings, forms, statements and other documents (whether in tangible, electronic or other form) and including any amendments, schedules, attachments, supplements, appendices and exhibits thereto, made, prepared, filed or required by a Governmental Entity to be made, prepared or filed under Applicable Law in respect of Taxes;
(uuuu) "Thacker Pass Project" means the Corporation's lithium project property located in Humboldt County, Nevada;
(vvvv) "Thacker Pass Properties" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(w);
(wwww) "Third Party" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 10.3(a);
(xxxx) "Third Party Claim" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 10.3(a);
(yyyy) "Threatened Release" means a substantial likelihood of a sudden Release that requires immediate action to prevent or mitigate damage to the environment that may result from such Release;
(zzzz) "Tranche 1 Closing" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 5.1;
(aaaaa) "Tranche 1 Closing Date" means the third Business Day following the satisfaction or waiver of all of the Tranche 1 Closing conditions set forth in Section 4.1 and Section 4.2 of this Agreement (excluding conditions that, by their terms, are to be satisfied at the Tranche 1 Closing), or such other time and date as may be mutually agreed by the Corporation and the Investor;
(bbbbb) "Tranche 1 Closing Time" means 10:00 a.m. (Vancouver time) on the Tranche 1 Closing Date;
(ccccc) "Tranche 1 Investment" means the subscription for the Subscription Receipts at the Tranche 1 Subscription Price;
(ddddd) "Tranche 1 Subscription Price" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.1
hereof;
(eeeee) "Tranche 2 Investment" means the subscription for Common Shares of the Corporation, pursuant to the terms of the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement;
(fffff) "Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement" means the subscription agreement between the Corporation and the Investor in the form attached as Schedule E;
(ggggg) "Transfer Restrictions" means the transfer restrictions contained in Section 5.3 of the Investor Rights Agreement;
(hhhhh) "TSX" means the Toronto Stock Exchange;
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(iiiii) "United States" means the United States of America, its territories and possessions, any State of the United States and the District of Columbia;
(jjjjj) "Units" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.1 hereof;
(kkkkk) "Unpatented Claims" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.1(w);
(lllll) "U.S. GAAP" means United States generally accepted accounting principles in effect from time to time;
(mmmmm) "U.S. Person" has the meaning set forth in Rule 902(k) of Regulation S under the U.S. Securities Act. Without limiting the foregoing, but for greater clarity in this Agreement, a U.S. Person includes, subject to the exclusions set forth in Regulation S, (i) any natural person resident in the United States, (ii) any partnership or corporation organized or incorporated under the laws of the United States, (iii) any estate or trust of which any executor, administrator or trustee is a U.S. Person, (iv) any discretionary account or similar account (other than an estate or trust) held by a dealer or other fiduciary organized, incorporated, or (if an individual) resident in the United States, and (v) any partnership or corporation organized or incorporated under the laws of any non-U.S. jurisdiction which is formed by a U.S. Person principally for the purpose of investing in securities not registered under the U.S. Securities Act, unless it is organized or incorporated, and owned, by U.S. accredited investors who are not natural persons, estates or trusts;
(nnnnn) "U.S. Securities Act" means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended;
(ooooo) "Warrant Certificate" means the warrant certificate between the Corporation and the Investor in the form attached as Schedule C;
(ppppp) "Warrant Shares" has the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 5.2(d);
(qqqqq) "Warrants" means the share purchase warrants of the Corporation issued to the Investor, with each whole warrant being exercisable to purchase one (1) Common Share pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Certificate; and
(rrrrr) [Redacted]
1.2 Interpretation
For purposes of this Agreement:
(a) words (including defined terms) using or importing the singular number include the plural and vice versa, words importing one gender only shall include all genders;
(b) the headings used in this Agreement are for ease of reference only and shall not affect the meaning or the interpretation of this Agreement;
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(c) all accounting terms not defined in this Agreement shall have the meanings generally ascribed to them under IFRS;
(d) the phrases "to the knowledge of", "to the best knowledge of", or "of which they are aware", or other similar expressions limiting the scope of any representation, warranty, acknowledgement, covenant or statement made by a party to this Agreement, means that such party has reviewed all records, documents and other information currently in their possession or under their control which would be regarded as reasonably relevant to the matter and has, where applicable, made appropriate enquiries of the senior officers of the Corporation;
(e) unless otherwise specified, all references in this Agreement to the symbol "$" are to the lawful money of the United States of America;
(f) the use of "including" or "include" will in all cases mean "including, without limitation" or "include, without limitation," respectively;
(g) reference to any Person includes such Person's successors and assigns to the extent such successors and assigns are permitted by the terms of any applicable Contract, and reference to a Person in a particular capacity excludes such Person in any other capacity or individually;
(h) reference to any Contract (including this Agreement), document, or instrument shall mean such Contract, document, or instrument as amended or modified and in effect from time to time in accordance with the terms thereof and, if applicable, the terms of this Agreement;
(i) reference to any statute means such statute as amended from time to time and includes any successor legislation thereto and any regulations promulgated thereunder;
(j) the phrases "hereunder," "hereof," "hereto," and words of similar import shall refer to this Agreement as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section, paragraph, or clause of, or Exhibit or Schedule to, this Agreement; and
(k) references to time are to the local time in Vancouver, British Columbia.
1.3 Schedules
The following schedules attached to this Agreement (the "Schedules") form part of this Agreement:
Schedule A | - | U.S. Accredited Investor Status Certificate |
Schedule B | - | Registration Instructions |
Schedule C | - | Warrant Certificate |
Schedule D | - | Offtake Agreement |
Schedule E | - | Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement |
Schedule F | - | Investor Rights Agreement |
Schedule G | - | Subscription Receipt Agreement |
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ARTICLE 2
TRANCHE 1 AND TRANCHE 2 INVESTMENTS
2.1 Tranche 1 Investment
Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, the Investor agrees to subscribe for and purchase from the Corporation at the Tranche 1 Closing Time 15,002,243 subscription receipts ("Subscription Receipts") for aggregate consideration of US$320,147,865.62 (the "Tranche 1 Subscription Price"). Upon satisfaction of the Escrow Release Conditions, execution and delivery of the Ancillary Agreements and delivery of the duly executed Escrow Release Notice to the Subscription Receipt Agent, each Subscription Receipt shall be automatically converted into one unit ("Unit"), comprised of one Common Share (each, a "Purchased Share") and 79.26% of one Warrant. The Investor shall purchase the Subscription Receipts and pay the Tranche 1 Subscription Price at the Tranche 1 Closing, by wire transfer of immediately available funds to an account designated in writing by the Corporation.
The Subscription Receipt Agreement provides that, upon the Tranche 1 Closing, the Tranche 1 Subscription Price shall be deposited in escrow with the Subscription Receipt Agent in accordance with the provisions of the Subscription Receipt Agreement. The Subscription Receipt Agent shall deposit the Tranche 1 Subscription Price in an interest-bearing account (the Tranche 1 Subscription Price, together with all interest and other income earned thereon, if any, are referred to herein as the "Escrowed Funds").
The Escrowed Funds shall be released to the Corporation in accordance with the Subscription Receipt Agreement, provided that the Escrow Release Conditions have been satisfied or waived prior to the Escrow Release Deadline. In the event that the Escrow Release Conditions are not satisfied or waived by the Escrow Release Deadline, the Escrowed Funds shall be returned to the Investor and the Subscription Receipts shall be cancelled.
The foregoing description of the Subscription Receipts is a summary only and is subject to the detailed provisions of the Subscription Receipt Agreement pursuant to which the Subscription Receipts are governed.
2.2 Tranche 2 Investment
Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement and the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement, the Investor agrees to subscribe for and purchase the securities to be sold pursuant to the Tranche 2 Investment.
2.3 Deliveries upon satisfaction of the Escrow Release Conditions
Upon the satisfaction by the Corporation, or waiver by the Investor, of all Escrow Release Conditions, each of Corporation and Investor will:
(a) execute and deliver to the Subscription Receipt Agent the Escrow Release Notice; and
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(b) concurrently with the completion of the exercise of the subscription receipts for Common Shares and Warrants and release of applicable funds, each party will execute and deliver the following Ancillary Agreements:
(i) the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement;
(ii) the Warrant Certificate;
(iii) the Investor Rights Agreement; and
(iv) the Offtake Agreement.
ARTICLE 3
REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND
AUTHORIZATIONS
3.1 Representations and Warranties of the Corporation
The Corporation hereby represents and warrants to the Investor as follows and acknowledges that the Investor is relying on such representations and warranties in connection with the transactions contemplated herein:
(a) this Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Corporation and constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Corporation enforceable against the Corporation in accordance with its terms, and will not violate or conflict with the constating documents of the Corporation or the terms of any restriction, agreement or undertaking to which the Corporation is subject;
(b) the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries has been duly incorporated or organized, as the case may be, and is validly existing as a corporation, partnership or limited liability company, as applicable, in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization and has the power and authority (corporate or other) to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business. The Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries is qualified as a corporation, partnership or limited liability company, as applicable, to transact business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of business, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing would not result in a Material Adverse Change, and has all requisite power and authority to conduct its business and to own, lease and operate its property and assets and to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under this Agreement. All of the issued and outstanding capital stock or other equity or ownership interests of each of the Subsidiaries have been duly authorized and validly issued, are fully paid and non-assessable and, except for Minera Exar S.A. (which is not wholly-owned) are owned by the Corporation, directly or through Subsidiaries, free and clear of any security interest, mortgage, pledge, lien, encumbrance or adverse claim. None of the outstanding capital stock or equity interest in any Subsidiary was issued in violation of pre-emptive or similar rights of any security holder of such Subsidiary. The constitutive or organizational documents of each of the Subsidiaries comply in all material respects with the requirements of applicable laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation or organization and are in full force and effect;
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(c) neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries is in violation of its charter or by-laws, partnership agreement or operating agreement or similar organizational documents, as applicable, or is in default (or, with the giving of notice or lapse of time, would be in default) under any indenture, loan, credit agreement, note, lease, license agreement, contract, franchise or other instrument (including, without limitation, any pledge agreement, security agreement, mortgage or other instrument or agreement evidencing, guaranteeing, securing or relating to indebtedness) to which the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or by which it or any of them may be bound, or to which any of their respective properties or assets are subject (each, an "Existing Instrument"), except for such defaults as would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change. The Corporation's execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and, at the Tranche 1 Closing, the Subscription Receipt Agreement, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, including the issuance and sale of the Subscription Receipts and the Units, (i) have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action and will not result in any violation of the provisions of the charter or by-laws, partnership agreement or operating agreement or similar organizational documents, as applicable, of the Corporation or any Subsidiary, (ii) will not conflict with or constitute a breach of or default under, or result in the creation or imposition of any Lien upon any property or assets of the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries pursuant to, or require the consent of any other party to, any Existing Instrument, except as would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change, and (iii) will not result in any violation of any Applicable Laws with respect to the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries that would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. Except as otherwise disclosed in Section 3.1(c) of the Disclosure Letter, no consent, approval, authorization or other order of, or registration or filing with, any court or other Governmental Entity is required for the Corporation's execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby;
(d) the entering into of this Agreement and the exercise of the rights and performance of the obligations hereunder and thereunder by the Corporation do not and will not: (i) conflict with or result in a default under any agreement, Material Contracts, mortgage, bond or other instrument to which the Corporation or any Subsidiary is a party; or (ii) conflict with or violate any Applicable Laws, in each case other than a conflict, default or violation that would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change;
(e) the authorized capital of the Corporation consists of an unlimited number of common shares without par value. As of the date of this Agreement, there were (i) 135,035,193 Common Shares issued and outstanding all of which have been authorized and validly issued and are fully paid and non-assessable, (ii) outstanding options, restricted share units, performance share units and deferred share units under the Corporation Equity Incentive Plan providing for the issuance of up to 4,776,147 Common Shares upon the exercise or settlement thereof, and (iii) the Convertible Notes. Other than pursuant to the terms of the Convertible Notes, there is no outstanding contractual obligation of the Corporation to repurchase, redeem or otherwise acquire any Common Shares or any convertible securities issued by the Corporation. Except as disclosed in the preceding sentences of this Section 3.1(e) and except as disclosed in Section 3.1(e) of the Disclosure Letter, and subject to options, restricted share units, performance share units and deferred share units to new hires and other employees in the ordinary course under the Corporation Equity Incentive Plan, the Corporation and each Subsidiary have no other outstanding agreement, subscription, warrant, option, right or commitment (nor has it granted any right or privilege capable of becoming an agreement, subscription, warrant, option, right or commitment) obligating the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries to issue or sell any Common Shares or other securities, including any security or obligation (including through voting agreements or voting trusts) of any kind convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any Common Shares, other securities of the Corporation or securities of any of the Subsidiaries;
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(f) except Minera Exar S.A. and as set forth in Section 3.1(f) of the Disclosure Letter, the Corporation legally and beneficially, directly or indirectly, owns 100% of the issued and outstanding equity securities (including for greater certainty, any securities convertible into equity securities) of the Subsidiaries. The Corporation does not beneficially own or exercise control or direction (including through voting agreements or voting trusts) over any outstanding voting shares of any Person other than the Subsidiaries;
(g) the Corporation Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS applied on a basis consistent with those of previous periods and in accordance with Applicable Laws except (i) as otherwise stated in the notes to such statements or, in the case of the Corporation Annual Financial Statements, in the auditor's report thereon and (ii) except that the Corporation Interim Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS applicable to the preparation of interim financial statements, including International Accounting Standard 34, Interim Financial Reporting, and are subject to normal period-end adjustments and may omit notes which are not required by Applicable Laws or IFRS. The Corporation Financial Statements, together with the related management's discussion and analysis, present fairly, in all material respects, the assets, liabilities and financial condition of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries as at the respective dates thereof and the losses, comprehensive losses, results of operations, changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries for the periods covered thereby (subject, in the case of the Corporation Interim Financial Statements, to normal period end adjustments). There are no outstanding loans made by the Corporation or the Subsidiaries to any director or officer of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries. Neither the Corporation nor its Subsidiaries (excluding Minera Exar S.A.) have any liabilities, except (i) liabilities reflected on, or reserved against, in the Corporation Financial Statements; (ii) liabilities that have arisen since the date of the Corporation Interim Financial Statements in the Ordinary Course consistent with past practice, none of which is a liability resulting from or arising out of any breach of contracts, breach of warranty, tort infringement, misappropriation, or violation of Applicable Law; and (iii) liabilities set forth on Section 3.1(g) of the Disclosure Letter;
(h) the Corporation and each of its Subsidiaries make and keep accurate books and records and maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that: (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management's general or specific authorization; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS and to maintain accountability for assets; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management's general or specific authorization; and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences;
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(i) since the filing of its most recent Corporation Interim Financial Statements, there has been no Material Adverse Change and neither the Corporation nor the Subsidiaries has:
(i) paid or declared any dividend or incurred any material capital expenditure or made any commitment therefor, except in the Ordinary Course;
(ii) incurred any obligation or liability, direct or indirect, contingent or otherwise, except in the Ordinary Course;
(iii) entered into any material transaction, except in each case as disclosed in the Disclosure Documents, elsewhere in this Agreement or in the Ordinary Course; or
(iv) sold, leased, licensed, transferred, or otherwise disposed of, or incurred any Lien (other than a Permitted Lien) on, any of its properties or assets, except in the Ordinary Course;
(j) the Corporation and the Subsidiaries (excluding Minera Exar S.A.), on a consolidated basis, have established and maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in applicable Securities Laws) that (i) are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Corporation in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or submitted by it under applicable Securities Laws is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in applicable Securities Laws and include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Corporation in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or submitted under applicable Securities Laws is accumulated and communicated to the Corporation's management, including its certifying officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure; (ii) have been evaluated by management of the Corporation for effectiveness in accordance with applicable Securities Laws as of the end of the Corporation's most recent audited fiscal year; and (iii) are effective in all material respects to perform the functions for which they were established as of the end of the Corporation's most recent audited fiscal year. Since the end of the Corporation's most recent audited fiscal year up to the end of the Corporation's most recent reported interim financial period, other than as may be publicly disclosed by the Corporation, there have been no significant limitations or material weaknesses, in each case, in the Corporation's design of its internal control over financial reporting (whether or not remediated) and no change in the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting;
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(k) PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Chartered Professional Accountants, which has expressed its opinion with respect to the Corporation Annual Financial Statements, are independent auditors with respect to the Corporation as required under applicable Securities Laws. There has not been a "reportable event" (within the meaning of National Instrument 51-102 - Continuous Disclosure Obligations) between the Corporation and PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP;
(l) except Minera Exar S.A., no Subsidiary is prohibited or restricted, directly or indirectly, from paying dividends to the Corporation, or from making any other distribution with respect to such Subsidiary's equity securities or from repaying to the Corporation or any other Subsidiary any amounts that may from time to time become due under any loans or advances to such Subsidiary from the Corporation or from transferring any property or assets to the Corporation or to any other Subsidiary;
(m) the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries have not committed an act of bankruptcy, are not insolvent, have not proposed a compromise or arrangement to creditors generally, have not had a petition or a receiving Order in bankruptcy filed against any of them, have not made a voluntary assignment in bankruptcy, have not taken any proceedings with respect to a compromise or arrangement, have not taken any proceedings to be declared bankrupt or wound-up, have not taken any proceedings to have a receiver appointed for any of property and have not had any execution or distress become enforceable or become levied upon any of property. The Corporation has, and will at the Tranche 1 Closing Date have, sufficient working capital to satisfy its obligations under this Agreement and has sufficient capital to satisfy the "going concern" test under IFRS;
(n) subject to the disclosures made in Section 3.1(n) of the Disclosure Letter, the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries are, and, since January 1, 2021 have been, in material compliance with all Applicable Laws, and there is no Claim now pending or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, threatened, against or affecting the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, which would reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change and neither the Corporation nor any of the Subsidiaries are, to the knowledge of the Corporation, under any investigation with respect to, have been charged or to the knowledge of the Corporation threatened to be charged with, or have received notice of, any violation, potential violation or investigation of any Applicable Law or a disqualification by a Governmental Entity. No material labour dispute with current and former employees of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries exists, or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, is imminent and, to the knowledge of the Corporation, there is no existing, threatened or imminent labour disturbance or union organizing campaign by the employees of any of the principal suppliers, manufacturers or contractors of the Corporation that would have a Material Adverse Change;
(o) except as set forth in Section 3.1(o) of the Disclosure Letter, each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries holds all necessary and material licences, Permits, approvals, consents, certificates, registrations and authorizations, whether governmental, regulatory or otherwise, to enable its business to be carried on as presently conducted and its property and assets to be owned, leased and operated, and the same are validly existing and in good standing and none of the same contain or is subject to any term, provision, condition or limitation which may adversely change, in a material manner, or terminate such licence, Permit, approval, consent, certification, registration or authorization by virtue of the completion of the transactions contemplated hereby;
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(p) except as set forth in Section 3.1(p) of the Disclosure Letter, the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole (i) own, lease, license, control or otherwise have legal rights to, through unpatented mining claims and millsites, fee lands, mining or mineral leases, exploration and mining permits, mineral concessions or otherwise (collectively, "Mining Rights"), all of the rights, titles and interests materially necessary or appropriate to authorize and enable the appropriate Subsidiary to access and carry on the material mineral exploration and/or mining, development and commissioning activities as currently being undertaken or as planned at the Argentina Projects (excluding the Sal de la Puna project in Salta Province, Argentina) and at the Thacker Pass Project, and (ii) are not in material default of such rights, titles and interests. All work required to be performed and payments required to be made in relation to those Mining Rights in order to maintain the Corporation's interest therein, if any, have been paid to date, performed or are in the process of being performed in accordance with Applicable Laws and the Corporation and each Subsidiary has complied in all material respects with all Applicable Laws in connection therewith as well as with regard to legal, contractual obligations to third parties (including third party Contracts) in connection therewith, except in respect of non-material Mining Rights that the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries intends to abandon or relinquish, and except for any non-compliance which would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change;
(q) all exploration and development operations on the properties of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, including all operations and activities relating to the construction, development and commissioning of the Argentina Projects (excluding the Sal de la Puna project in Salta Province, Argentina) and the Thacker Pass Project, have been conducted in all material respects in accordance with good exploration, development and engineering practices, and all Applicable Laws pertaining to workers' compensation and health and safety have been complied with in all material respects;
(r) other than as set forth in Section 3.1(r) of the Disclosure Letter, the Corporation or its Subsidiaries own, lease, control or otherwise have legal rights to all material Mining Rights under valid, subsisting and enforceable title documents or other recognized and enforceable agreements or instruments, sufficient to permit the Corporation or its Subsidiaries, as applicable, and subject to the nature and scope of the relevant project, to access, explore for, and/or mine and develop the mineral deposits relating thereto, and, other than as set forth in Section 3.1(r) the Disclosure Letter, no material commission, royalty, license fee or similar payment to any person with respect to the Mining Rights is payable, except which would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change. All material Mining Rights in which the Corporation or its Subsidiaries hold an interest or right have been validly registered and recorded in accordance in all material respects with all Applicable Laws and are valid and subsisting. The Corporation and its Subsidiaries have or expect to obtain in the Ordinary Course all necessary surface rights, access rights and other necessary rights and interests relating to the Mining Rights granting the Corporation or its Subsidiaries the right and ability to access, explore for, mine and develop the mineral deposits as are appropriate in view of the rights and interests therein of the Corporation or its Subsidiaries, with only such exceptions as do not unreasonably interfere with the use made by the Corporation or its Subsidiaries of the rights or interest so held; and each of the documents, agreements and instruments and obligations relating thereto referred to above is currently in good standing in the name of the Corporation or its Subsidiaries, as applicable, except where the failure to be in good standing would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change;
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(s) the disclosure of the Mining Rights of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries as reflected in the Corporation Annual Financial Statements as at and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, or as described in the annual information form of the Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed on March 16, 2022, constitutes an accurate description, in all material respects, of all material Mining Rights held by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, and the Corporation has no knowledge of any Claim or the basis for any Claim, including a Claim with respect to aboriginal or native rights, that would reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change on the right thereof to use, transfer or otherwise explore for, develop and mine mineral deposits with respect to such Mining Rights;
(t) with respect to each Material Contract: (i) such Material Contract is in full force and effect and is a valid and binding agreement of the applicable Corporation or Subsidiary, enforceable in accordance with its terms, except as the enforcement thereof may be limited by bankruptcy laws, other similar laws affecting creditors' rights and general principles of equity affecting the availability of specific performance and other equitable remedies; (ii) the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries (as applicable) is not in breach, violation or default in any material respect, nor has such Corporation or Subsidiary received any written notice of breach of, violation of or default under (or of any condition which with the passage of time or the giving of notice would cause a breach or default under), such Material Contract; (iii) to the Corporation's knowledge, no other party is in breach or default in any material respect under such Material Contract; and (iv) the Corporation or Subsidiary (as applicable) has not received any written notice from any counterparty thereto to terminate (other than Material Contracts that are expiring pursuant to their terms) or not renew any Material Contract. Except for the acquisition of Arena Minerals Inc., the Corporation and the Subsidiaries do not have any Contracts of any nature whatsoever to acquire, be acquired by, merge or enter into any business combination or joint venture agreement with any entity, or to acquire any other business or operations;
(u) other than as would not result in a Material Adverse Change:
(i) all Taxes due and payable by the Corporation and the Subsidiaries have been paid. All Tax Returns required to be filed by the Corporation and the Subsidiaries have been duly and timely filed with all appropriate Governmental Entities and all such Tax Returns, declarations, remittances and filings are complete and accurate in all material respects;
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(ii) no audit or examination of any Tax of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries, other than income tax ruling applications in respect of the Separation Transaction, is currently in progress or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, threatened; and there are no material issues or disputes outstanding with any Governmental Entity respecting any Taxes that have been paid, or may be payable, by the Corporation or any Subsidiaries. All deficiencies proposed as a result of any audits have been paid, reserved against, settled, or, as disclosed, are being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings. No Claim or assertion has been made, or has been threatened, by any Governmental Entity against the Corporation or any Subsidiaries in any jurisdiction where the Corporation or such Subsidiary does not currently file a Tax Return that it is or may be subject to Tax by such jurisdiction;
(iii) none of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries (A) have entered into a written agreement or waiver extending any statute of limitations relating to the assessment, payment or collection of Taxes or the filing of Tax Returns that has not expired or (B) is presently contesting any Tax liability before any Governmental Entity, court, tribunal or other applicable agency;
(iv) all Taxes that the Corporation and the Subsidiaries are (or were) required by Applicable Law to withhold or collect in connection with amounts paid, credited or owing to any Person (including any employee, independent contractor, creditor, stockholder, member or other third party) have been duly withheld or collected, and have been duly and timely paid over to the proper Governmental Entity to the extent due and payable. Each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries has properly collected and remitted sales, use, value-added, goods and services, GST/HST, property, and similar Taxes with respect to sales, services, and similar transaction;
(v) none of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries (A) has been a member of any affiliated group filing or required to file a consolidated, combined, unitary, or other similar Tax Return (other than any such group of which the Corporation or such Subsidiary is the common parent) or (B) has any liability for the Taxes of any Person as a transferee or successor or by contract (other than ordinary course of business agreements, such as leases or loans, the focus of which is not Taxes);
(vi) there are no Liens for Taxes (other than Permitted Liens) upon any of the assets of the Corporation or any Subsidiaries;
(vii) none of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries will be required to include any item of income in, or exclude any item of deduction from, taxable income for any taxable period (or portion thereof) ending after the Tranche 1 Closing Date as a result of any of the following that occurred or exists on or prior to the Tranche 1 Closing Date: (A) a change in method of accounting; (B) an agreement with any taxing authority or Governmental Entity; (C) an installment sale or open transaction; or (D) a prepaid amount;
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(viii) none of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries has any permanent establishment or otherwise has become subject to Tax in a jurisdiction other than the country of its formation or where it is filing Tax returns;
(ix) except in respect of the Separation Transaction where the Corporation and SpinCo are expected to execute a mutual tax indemnity, none of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries is a party to, or bound by, any Tax sharing, allocation or indemnity agreement, arrangement or similar Contract;
(x) each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries has complied with all transfer pricing rules (including maintaining appropriate documents for all transfer pricing arrangements for purposes of Section 482 of the Code, section 247 of the Income Tax Act (Canada), or any similar provision in the Tax law of another jurisdiction);
(xi) there is no power of attorney given by or binding upon the Corporation or any Subsidiaries with respect to Taxes for any period for which the statute of limitations (including any waivers or extensions) has not yet expired;
(v) each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries is in full compliance with all terms and conditions of any Tax exemption, Tax holiday or other Tax reduction agreement or order of a taxing authority, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will not have any adverse effect on the continued validity and effectiveness of any such Tax exemption, Tax holiday or other Tax reduction agreement or order;
(w) other than as set forth in Section 3.1(w) of the Disclosure Letter, with respect to the interests in real property comprising the Thacker Pass Project (the "Thacker Pass Properties"), (i) one of the Subsidiaries has good and marketable title to all of that portion of the Thacker Pass Properties comprised of fee lands, free and clear of all Liens other than Permitted Liens, and (ii) with respect to the unpatented mining claims and millsites comprising a portion of the Thacker Pass Project (collectively, the "Unpatented Claims"), subject to the paramount title of the United States of America, one of the Subsidiaries holds good record title to and a valid possessory interest in the Unpatented Claims, free and clear of all Liens other than Permitted Liens, and (A) that Subsidiary is in exclusive possession thereof; (B) all such Unpatented Claims were located, staked, filed and recorded on available public domain land in material compliance with all Applicable Laws; (C) annual assessment work (if applicable) sufficient to satisfy the requirements of Applicable Laws was timely and properly performed on or for the benefit of all such Unpatented Claims and affidavits evidencing such work were timely recorded and filed with the appropriate Governmental Entities, or claim maintenance fees required to be paid under Applicable Laws in lieu of the performance of assessment work in order to maintain the Unpatented Claims have been timely and properly paid and affidavits or other notices evidencing such payments as required under Applicable Laws have been timely and properly filed and recorded; (D) there are no material conflicts between the Unpatented Claims and unpatented mining claims or millsites owned by third parties; and (E) there are Claims pending or, to the knowledge of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries, threatened against or affecting any of the Unpatented Claims;
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(x) other than as set forth in Section 3.1(x) of the Disclosure Letter, with respect to the water rights for water use at the Thacker Pass Project:
(i) the Corporation holds good and valid title to or has an irrevocable option to purchase those water rights, free and clear of all Liens other than Permitted Liens;
(ii) each of the water rights is approved, valid and in good standing in the records of the Nevada State Engineer's Office;
(iii) the water rights are adequate, assuming that the existing and future sources can produce the full permitted annual volume and peak flows, for the development and operation of the Thacker Pass Project as contemplated by the Corporation;
(iv) one of the Subsidiaries or the current owner of the water rights has acted with reasonable diligence to work toward placing the water rights to beneficial use, and none of the water rights is presently subject to forfeiture or partial forfeiture from any non-use; and
(v) none of the Subsidiaries or the Corporation has received or has knowledge of any written notices from the Nevada State Engineer or any other Governmental Entities respect to any violations, deficiencies or expired deadlines concerning the water rights;
(y) Computershare Investor Services Inc. is duly appointed as the registrar and transfer agent of the Common Shares;
(z) the Corporation is a "reporting issuer" within the meaning of applicable Securities Laws in all provinces and territories of Canada, and not on the list of reporting issuers in default under applicable Securities Laws, and no securities commission or similar regulatory or Governmental Entity has issued any order preventing or suspending trading of any securities of the Corporation, and the Corporation is not in default of any material provision of applicable Securities Laws. The Common Shares are listed on the TSX and NYSE and trading in the Common Shares on the TSX and the NYSE is not currently halted or suspended. No delisting, suspension of trading or cease trading order with respect to any securities of the Corporation is pending or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, threatened. Neither the Corporation nor its Subsidiaries have received notice of any Claim, inquiry, review or investigation (formal or informal) of the Corporation or its Subsidiaries by any securities commission or similar regulatory authority under applicable Securities Laws or by the TSX or the NYSE that is in effect or ongoing or expected to be implemented or undertaken. The Common Shares are registered under Section 12(b) of the U.S. Exchange Act and the Corporation is in compliance in all material respects with applicable Securities Laws. None of the Subsidiaries are subject to any continuous or periodic, or other disclosure requirements under any Securities Laws in any jurisdiction. The Corporation has filed all documents required to be filed by it in accordance with applicable Securities Laws and the rules and policies of the TSX and the NYSE. Other than as disclosed in Section 3.1(z) of the Disclosure Letter, the documents and information comprising the Disclosure Documents, as at the respective dates they were filed, were in compliance in all material respects with applicable Securities Laws and, where applicable, the rules and policies of the TSX and the NYSE and did not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The Corporation has not filed any confidential material change report that at the date hereof remains confidential;
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(aa) the proven and probable mineral reserves and mineral resources, as set forth in Section 3.1 (aa) of the Disclosure Letter, were in all material respects prepared in accordance with sound mining, engineering, geosciences and other applicable industry standards and practices, and in all material respects in accordance with all Applicable Laws, including the requirements of National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects. There has been no material reduction in the aggregate amount of estimated mineral reserves, estimated mineral resources or mineralized material of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries, or any of their joint ventures, taken as a whole, from the amounts most recently set forth in Section 3.1 (aa) of the Disclosure Letter;
(bb) section 3.1(bb) of the Disclosure Letter sets forth a correct list of all material Permits and all such material Permits are in full force and effect, and the Corporation and its Subsidiaries have performed all of its and their obligations under and are, other than as disclosed in Section 3.1(bb) of the Disclosure Letter, and have been, in material compliance with all such Permits. The Corporation and its Subsidiaries are not in violation of, or in material default under, any of the Permits and the Corporation and its Subsidiaries have not received any written or, to its and their knowledge, oral notice from any Governmental Entity (i) indicating or alleging that the Corporation or its Subsidiaries do not possess any material Permit required to own, lease, and operate its properties and assets or to conduct the business as currently conducted or (ii) threatening or seeking to withdraw, revoke, terminate, or suspend any of its or their material Permits. None of the Corporation nor its Subsidiaries' Permits will be subject to withdrawal, revocation, termination, or suspension as a result of the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;
(cc) each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries owns or possesses the right to use (i) all patents, patent applications, patent disclosures, and inventions and all improvements thereto (whether or not patentable or reduced to practice), continuations, divisionals, continuations-in-part, revisions, provisionals and patents issuing on any of the foregoing, and any renewals, reexaminations, substitutions, extensions, reissues and counterparts of any of the foregoing, together with all prosecution files, utility models and invention disclosures, (ii) all trademarks, service marks, product and service names, brands, trade dress, logos, trade names, designs, business symbols, corporate names, and other indicia of source or business identifiers, whether registered or unregistered, (including all rights to sue in passing off), and all applications, registrations and renewals and extensions of or in connection therewith and common law trademarks and service marks, together with all of the goodwill associated with any of the foregoing, (iii) all copyrights, moral rights, topography rights, rights in databases and design rights, and all applications, registrations, renewals and reversions of or in connection therewith, and all works of authorship (published and unpublished), including rights in software, (iv) domain names, domain name registrations, websites, website content, and social media identifiers, names and tags (including accounts therefor and registrations thereof), (v) all trade secrets, proprietary information, data, know-how and other confidential business or technical information (including research and development, compositions, industrial designs, industrial property, manufacturing and production processes, technical data, designs, specifications and business and marketing plans and proposals), (vi) publicity and privacy rights, (vii) all other forms of rights in technology (whether or not embodied in any tangible form) and including all tangible embodiments of the foregoing, and (viii) all other intellectual property, proprietary and other rights and forms of protection of a similar nature or having equivalent or similar effect to any of these anywhere in the world, (collectively, "Intellectual Property") necessary to permit the Corporation and the Subsidiaries to conduct their business as currently conducted and planned to be conducted. Neither the Corporation nor any of the Subsidiaries has received any notice nor does or has the business of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries infringed or conflicted with rights of others with respect to any Intellectual Property, and neither the Corporation nor any of the Subsidiaries have knowledge of any facts or circumstances that would render any Intellectual Property owned by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries invalid or inadequate to protect the interests of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries therein;
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(dd) the Corporation and its Subsidiaries take and have taken commercially reasonable steps to protect and maintain the Intellectual Property owned by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries and the confidentiality of trade secrets and material confidential information included therein, and none of the Corporation or its Subsidiaries have disclosed any such confidential Intellectual Property to any third party other than pursuant to a written confidentiality agreement (and other than to legal counsel who are bound by professional obligations of confidentiality), pursuant to which such third party agrees to protect such confidential information;
(ee) neither the execution, delivery, or performance of this Agreement nor the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will, with or without notice or lapse of time, result in, or give any other Person the right or option to cause or declare, (i) a loss of, or Lien on, any Intellectual Property owned by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries; (ii) a breach of any Material Contract related to Intellectual Property; (iii) the release, disclosure, or delivery of any Intellectual Property owned by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, by or to any escrow agent or other Person; or (iv) the grant, assignment, or transfer to any other Person of any license or other right or interest under, to, or in any of the Intellectual Property owned by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries;
(ff) all Persons who have contributed, developed or conceived any Intellectual Property owned by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries have done so pursuant to a valid and enforceable agreement or other legal obligation that protects the confidential information of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries and grants the Corporation and its Subsidiaries exclusive ownership of the Person's contribution, development or conception;
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(gg) (i) the Corporation and each Subsidiary, their respective properties and assets, and the business, affairs and operations of each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, have been in compliance in all material respects with all Environmental Laws and Environmental Permits; (ii) neither the Corporation nor the Subsidiaries are in material violation of any regulation relating to the Release or Threatened Release of Hazardous Materials; (iii) each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries has complied in all material respects with all reporting and monitoring requirements under all Environmental Laws and Environmental Permits; and (iv) there are no events or circumstances that might reasonably be expected to form the basis of an order for clean up or remediation, or a Claim by any private party or Governmental Entity, against or affecting the Corporation or the Subsidiaries relating to Hazardous Materials or any Environmental Laws; and (v) there are no Environmental Permits which either the Corporation or the Subsidiaries do not have which are necessary to conduct the business, affairs and operations of each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries as presently conducted or as planned, except for such Environmental Permits which if not obtained would not have a Material Adverse Change. Except as set forth on Section 3.1(gg) of the Disclosure Letter, the Corporation and each Subsidiary has, collectively, obtained or possess all material Permits required by Applicable Law and/or expects to receive all renewals for material Permits, including all material Environmental Permits, to own, lease, and operate its properties and assets and to conduct the business as currently conducted or proposed to be conducted by the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, including access to and the construction, commissioning and operation of the Argentina Projects (excluding the Sal de la Puna project in Salta Province, Argentina) and the Thacker Pass Project. Each material Environmental Permit, is valid, subsisting and in good standing and neither the Corporation nor any such Subsidiary is in default or breach of any material Environmental Permit, and no proceeding is pending or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, threatened to revoke or limit any material Environmental Permit. No approval, consent or authorization of any aboriginal or native group is pending for the operation of the businesses carried on or proposed to be commenced by the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries, including access to and the construction, commissioning and operation of the Argentina Projects (excluding the Sal de la Puna project in Salta Province, Argentina) and the Thacker Pass Project. Neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries has used, except in material compliance with all Environmental Laws and Environmental Permits, any property or facility which it owns or leases or previously owned or leased, to generate, manufacture, process, distribute, use, treat, store, dispose of, transport or handle any Hazardous Materials, except where such use would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. Neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries, including if applicable, any predecessor companies, have received any notice of, or been prosecuted for an offence alleging, material non-compliance with any Environmental Law, and neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries, including if applicable, any predecessor companies, have settled any allegation of material non-compliance short of prosecution. There are no orders or directions relating to environmental matters requiring any material work, repairs, construction or capital expenditures to be made with respect to any of the assets of the Corporation or any Subsidiary, nor has the Corporation or any Subsidiary received notice of any of the same. Except as ordinarily or customarily required by applicable Environmental Permits, neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice or Claim wherein it is alleged or stated that it is potentially responsible in a material amount for a federal, provincial, state, municipal or local clean-up site or corrective action under any Environmental Laws. There are no environmental audits, evaluations, assessments, studies or tests relating to the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries except for ongoing assessments conducted by or on behalf of the Corporation in the ordinary course;
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(hh) in the Ordinary Course, the Corporation conducts a periodic review of the effect of Environmental Laws on the business, operations and properties of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, in the course of which it identifies and evaluates associated costs and liabilities (including, without limitation, any capital or operating expenditures required for clean-up, closure of properties or compliance with Environmental Laws or any Permit, license or approval, any related constraints on operating activities and any potential liabilities to third parties). No facts or circumstances have come to the Corporation's attention that could result in costs or liabilities that would reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change;
(ii) neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries sponsors or maintains or has any obligation to make contributions to any "pension plan" (as defined in Section 3(2) of ERISA) subject to the standards of Section 302 of the United States Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended ("ERISA"). Each material plan for bonus, stock purchase, profit sharing, stock option, deferred compensation, severance or termination pay, insurance, medical, hospital, dental, vision care, drug, sick leave, disability, salary continuation, legal benefits, unemployment benefits, vacation, incentive or otherwise contributed to, or required to be contributed to, by the Corporation or its Subsidiaries for the benefit of any current or former director, officer or employee of the Corporation or its Subsidiaries, as applicable (the "Employee Plans"), has been maintained in all material respects in accordance with its terms and with the requirements prescribed by any and all Applicable Laws in respect of such Employee Plans;
(jj) other than fees to be paid to the Corporation's financial advisors in connection with the advisory services rendered by them in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement as disclosed in Section 3.1(jj) of the Disclosure Letter, there is no broker, finder or other party or Person, that is entitled to receive from the Corporation any brokerage or finder's fee or other fee or commission as a result of any transactions contemplated by this Agreement;
(kk) the Corporation does not have any outstanding extension of credit, in the form of a personal loan, to or for any director or executive officer of the Corporation except for such extensions of credit as are expressly permitted by Section 13(k) of the Exchange Act;
(ll) each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries are insured by recognized and reputable institutions with policies in such amounts and with such deductibles and covering such risks as are generally deemed adequate and customary for their businesses including, but not limited to, policies covering real and personal property owned or leased by the Corporation and the Subsidiaries against theft, damage, destruction, acts of vandalism and earthquakes. The Corporation has no reason to believe that it or any of the Subsidiaries will not be able (i) to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such policies expire, or (ii) to obtain comparable coverage from similar institutions as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct its business as now conducted and at a cost that would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change. Neither the Corporation nor the Subsidiaries has been denied any insurance coverage which it has sought or for which it has applied;
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(mm) neither the Corporation nor any of the Subsidiaries nor any director, officer, or employee of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries, nor to the knowledge of the Corporation, any agent, affiliate or other person acting on behalf of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries has, in the course of its actions for, or on behalf of, the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries (i) used any corporate funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expenses relating to political activity; (ii) made or taken any act in furtherance of an offer, promise, or authorization of any direct or indirect unlawful payment or benefit to any foreign or domestic government official or employee, including of any government-owned or controlled entity or public international organization, or any political party, party official, or candidate for political office; (iii) violated or is in violation of any provision of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the "FCPA"), the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (Canada) (the "CFPOA"), the UK Bribery Act 2010, or any other applicable anti-bribery or anti-corruption law; or (iv) made, offered, authorized, requested, or taken an act in furtherance of any unlawful bribe, rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful payment or benefit. The Corporation and the Subsidiaries and, to the knowledge of the Corporation, the Corporation's affiliates have conducted their respective businesses in compliance with the FCPA and CFPOA and have instituted and maintain (or are in the process of instituting and maintaining) policies and procedures designed to ensure, and which are reasonably expected to ensure, continued compliance therewith;
(nn) the operations of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries are, and have been conducted at all times, in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (Canada) and the money laundering statutes of all applicable jurisdictions, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar applicable rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the "Money Laundering Laws") and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, threatened;
(oo) neither the Corporation, the Subsidiaries, directors, officers, or employees, nor, to the knowledge of the Corporation, after reasonable inquiry, any agent, affiliate or other person acting on behalf of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries is currently the subject or the target of any U.S. Sanctions administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFAC") or the U.S. Department of State, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, Her Majesty's Treasury of the United Kingdom, or other relevant Sanctions Authority; nor is the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject or the target of Sanctions, including, without limitation, Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Russia and Syria; and the Corporation will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of this offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, or any joint venture partner or other person or entity, for the purpose of financing the activities of or business with any person, or in any country or territory, that at the time of such financing, is the subject or the target of Sanctions or in any other manner that will result in a violation by any person (including any person participating in the transaction whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise) of applicable Sanctions. For the past five years, the Corporation and its subsidiaries have not knowingly engaged in and are not now knowingly engaged in any dealings or transactions with any person that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject or the target of Sanctions or with any sanctioned country;
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(pp) neither the Corporation, nor any of its Subsidiaries or their respective directors, officers, or employees, nor any direct or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, indirect owner of one percent (1%) or more interest in the Corporation as of the date of this Agreement, or any direct or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, indirect owner that may acquire five percent (5%) or more interest in the Corporation after the date of this Agreement: (i) is a Sanctioned Person; or (ii) to the best knowledge of the Corporation, acts under the direction of, on behalf of, or for the benefit of a Sanctioned Person;
(qq) the Corporation is in compliance, in all material respects, with all applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder;
(rr) except as disclosed in Section 3.1(rr) of the Disclosure Letter, there has been no material security breach or other material compromise of or relating to any of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries' information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data (including the data of their respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained by or on behalf of them), equipment or technology (collectively, "IT Systems and Data") and (i) the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries have not been notified of, and have no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in, any material security breach or other material compromise to their IT Systems and Data; (ii) the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries are presently in material compliance with all Applicable Laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or Governmental Entity, internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification, except as would not, in the case of this clause (ii), reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change; and (iii) the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries have implemented backup and disaster recovery technology consistent with industry standards and practices;
(ss) the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries are, and at all prior times were, in material compliance with all applicable state and federal data privacy and security laws and regulations, including without limitation the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, and the Corporation and the Subsidiaries have taken commercially reasonable actions to prepare to comply with, and since May 25, 2018, have been and currently are in material compliance with, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") (EU 2016/679), to the extent the GDPR applies to the Corporation (collectively, the "Privacy Laws"). To ensure compliance with the Privacy Laws, the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries have in place, comply with, and take appropriate steps reasonably designed to ensure compliance in all material respects with their policies and procedures relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, disclosure, handling, and analysis of personal data (the "Policies"). The Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries have at all times made all material disclosures to users or customers required by Applicable Laws and regulatory rules or requirements, and none of such disclosures made or contained in any Policy have, to the knowledge of the Corporation, been inaccurate or in violation of any applicable laws and regulatory rules or requirements in any material respect. The Corporation further certifies that neither it nor any of the Subsidiaries (i) has received notice of any actual or potential liability under or relating to, or actual or potential violation of, any of the Privacy Laws, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in any such notice; (ii) is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation, or other corrective action pursuant to any Privacy Law; or (iii) is a party to any order, decree, or agreement that imposes any obligation or liability under any Privacy Law, except with respect to subsection (i), (ii) and (iii) as would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change;
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(tt) the Corporation believes that it was a "passive foreign investment company" ("PFIC") as defined in Section 1297 of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") for its tax year ended December 31, 2021, and based on current business plans and financial expectations, the Corporation expects that it may be a PFIC for the tax year ended December 30, 2022 and for its current tax year and may be a PFIC in future tax years;
(uu) neither the Corporation nor any of the Subsidiaries have taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that might reasonably be expected to cause or result in stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Common Shares or of any "reference security" (as defined in Rule 100 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act ("Regulation M")) with respect to the Common Shares, whether to facilitate the sale or resale of the Common Shares or otherwise, and has taken no action which would directly or indirectly violate Regulation M;
(vv) the Corporation is not, and will not be, either after receipt of payment for the Units or after the application of the proceeds therefrom, required to register as an "investment company" under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended;
(ww) there are no business relationships or related-party transactions involving the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries or any other Person required to be disclosed under Securities Laws which have not been disclosed;
(xx) except as disclosed in Section 3.1(xx) of the Disclosure Letter, none of the directors, officers or employees of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries or any associate or Affiliate of any of the foregoing has any interest, direct or indirect, in any material transaction or any proposed transaction with the Corporation or the Subsidiaries;
(yy) the Subscription Receipts, at the Tranche 1 Closing, and the Purchased Shares and Warrants, at the Escrow Release Date, shall be duly authorized, validly issued, and with respect to such Purchased Shares, fully paid and non-assessable common shares of the Corporation and the provisions thereof shall conform in all material respects with their descriptions in this Agreement and the Subscription Receipt Agreement;
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(zz) none of the outstanding Common Shares were issued in violation of any pre-emptive rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities of the Corporation. Other than the Convertible Notes, there are no authorized or outstanding options, warrants, pre-emptive rights, rights of first refusal or other rights to purchase, or equity or debt securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for, any shares of the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries;
(aaa) the issue of the Subscription Receipts will not be subject to any pre-emptive right, rights of first refusal or other contractual right to purchase securities granted by the Corporation or to which the Corporation is subject;
(bbb) the Corporation has complied, or will comply, with all Applicable Laws in connection with the offer, sale and issuance of the Subscription Receipts. The Corporation has obtained or will obtain prior to Tranche 1 Closing all necessary approvals, consents and acceptances of the appropriate regulatory authorities required to be made or obtained by the Corporation in connection with the sale of the Subscription Receipts as herein contemplated, including the conditional approvals of the TSX and the NYSE;
(ccc) the Corporation and its Subsidiaries have to their knowledge provided truthful and materially complete information to CFIUS and Canadian Governmental Authorities with respect to inquiries or requests that the Corporation or its Subsidiaries have received, including all Specified Matters;
(ddd) to the Corporation's knowledge, there are no undisclosed facts or circumstances which may constitute a Material Adverse Change; and
(eee) as of the date of this Agreement, neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries is in receipt of any oral or written offer, indication of interest, proposal or inquiry relating to any (i) direct or indirect acquisition of an equity interest (whether by merger, consolidation, stock sale or other business combination) in the Corporation's Thacker Pass Project or assets related thereto, (ii) acquisition of any of the voting equity interests of the Corporation through a primary issuance for cash proceeds, (iii) offtake or similar arrangement with respect to production at the Thacker Pass Project, (iv) tender offer or exchange offer by the Corporation that if consummated would result in any person or that person's affiliates beneficially acquiring any of the voting equity interests of the Corporation, (v) merger, consolidation, other business combination or similar transaction involving the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries, pursuant to which such person would own any of the consolidated assets, net revenues or net income of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, or (vi) liquidation or dissolution (or the adoption of a plan of liquidation or dissolution) of the Corporation or the declaration or payment of an extraordinary dividend (whether in cash or other property) by the Corporation, in all cases of clauses (i)-(vi), where such transaction is to be entered into with any FEOC.
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3.2 Representations and Warranties of the Investor
The Investor hereby represents and warrants to the Corporation as follows and acknowledges that the Corporation is relying on such representations and warranties in connection with the transactions contemplated herein:
(a) this Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Investor and constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Investor enforceable against the Investor in accordance with its terms, subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent conveyance, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally, and will not violate or conflict with the constating documents of the Investor or the terms of any restriction, agreement or undertaking to which the Investor is subject;
(b) the Investor has been duly incorporated and is validly existing as a limited liability company under the Applicable Laws of the jurisdiction in which it was formed, and no steps or proceedings have been taken by any Person, voluntary or otherwise, requiring or authorizing the dissolution or winding up of the Investor, and the Investor has the necessary corporate power and authority to execute and deliver the Agreement and to observe and perform its covenants and obligations hereunder and thereunder and has taken all necessary action in respect thereof;
(c) the Investor is subscribing for the Subscription Receipts as principal for its own account and not as agent for the benefit of any other Person (within the meaning of Securities Laws);
(d) the Investor is not a "bad actor" within the meaning of Rule 506(d) promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act;
(e) neither the Investor nor any of its Affiliates owns or controls, directly or indirectly any Common Shares;
(f) the Investor is acquiring the Purchased Shares for investment purposes only and has no current intention to sell or otherwise dispose of the Purchased Shares; and
(g) the Investor has not received or been provided with a prospectus or an offering memorandum (as such term is defined in the Securities Act (Ontario)).
3.3 Acknowledgements and Authorizations of the Investor
The Investor hereby acknowledges and agrees as follows:
(a) no applicable securities regulatory authority (or authorities) or regulator, agency, Governmental Entity, regulatory body, stock exchange or other regulatory body has reviewed or passed on the investment merits of the Subscription Receipts;
(b) the Subscription Receipts will be subject to a restricted period on resale prescribed by Section 2.5 of National Instrument 45-102 - Resale of Securities and the Investor Rights Agreement;
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(c) the certificate representing the Purchased Shares, when issued, will bear or be bound by, a legend substantially in the form set out in Schedule A hereto, as well as any legends prescribed by the Securities Laws of Canada and the United States and the policies of the TSX and NYSE; and
(d) the Warrants, when issued, will bear or be bound by, a legend substantially in the form set out in the Warrant Certificate, as well as any legends prescribed by the Securities Laws of Canada and the United States and the policies of the TSX and NYSE.
ARTICLE 4
CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO TRANCHE 1 CLOSING
4.1 Investor's Conditions Precedent to Tranche 1 Closing
The Investor's obligation under this Agreement to purchase the Subscription Receipts, shall be subject to the following conditions (which conditions may be waived by the Investor in its sole discretion):
(a) (i) the representations and warranties of the Corporation contained in Sections 3.1(a) (Due Authorization), 3.1(b) (Organization and Existence) and 3.1(f) (Subsidiaries) of this Agreement shall be true and correct in all respects as at the Tranche 1 Closing Time, with the same force and effect as if made on and as at the Tranche 1 Closing Time, except for such representations and warranties which are in respect of a specific date in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct, in all respects, as of such date, and (ii) the other representations and warranties of the Corporation contained in this Agreement shall be true and correct in all material respects (or, as regards specific representations and warranties if qualified by materiality or Material Adverse Change, in all respects) as at the Tranche 1 Closing Time, with the same force and effect as if made on and as at the Tranche 1 Closing Time, except for such representations and warranties which are in respect of a specific date in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct, in all material respects (or, as regards specific representations and warranties if qualified by materiality, in all respects), as of such date;
(b) the Corporation shall have performed or complied with, in all respects, all of its obligations, covenants and agreements under this Agreement required to be performed or complied with prior to the Tranche 1 Closing;
(c) the Investor shall have received at the Tranche 1 Closing a certificate from a senior officer of the Corporation (on the Corporation's behalf and without personal liability), in form and substance satisfactory to the Investor, acting reasonably, confirming satisfaction of the conditions referred to in Sections 4.1(a) and 4.1(b);
(d) there shall be no issued Order, injunction, judgment or ruling filed, entered, issued, or imposed by any Governmental Entity reasonably expected to have the effect of enjoining, delaying, restricting, preventing, or making illegal the consummation of the transactions contemplated in this Agreement or any Ancillary Agreement or claiming that such transactions contemplated hereby or thereby are improper and no Applicable Law shall have been enacted or shall be deemed applicable to any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any Ancillary Agreement which makes the consummation of any of such transactions illegal;
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(e) no Material Adverse Change shall have occurred;
(f) the Common Shares shall continue to be listed for trading on the TSX and the NYSE as at the Tranche 1 Closing Date;
(g) the Corporation shall not be the subject of a cease trading order (including a management cease trade order) made by any applicable securities regulatory authority (or authorities) or regulator in Canada or the United States or other Governmental Entity;
(h) the Corporation shall have made and/or obtained the necessary filings, approvals, consents and acceptances of the appropriate regulatory authorities required to be made or obtained by the Corporation in connection with the sale of the Subscription Receipts and the issuance of Purchased Shares and Warrants on conversion of the Subscription Receipts as herein contemplated, including the conditional approval of the TSX and the authorization of the NYSE; and
(i) the Investor shall have received the closing deliveries set forth in Section 5.2.
If any of the foregoing conditions has not been fulfilled by the Outside Date, the Investor may elect not to complete the Tranche 1 Investment by notice in writing to the Corporation. The Investor may waive compliance with any condition in whole or in part, without prejudice to its rights in the event of non-fulfilment of any other condition, in whole or in part, or to its rights to recover damages for the breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or condition contained in this Agreement.
4.2 Corporation's Conditions Precedent to Tranche 1 Closing
The Corporation's obligation under this Agreement to issue and sell the Subscription Receipts, is subject to the following conditions (which conditions may be waived by the Corporation in its sole discretion):
(a) (i) the representations and warranties of the Investor contained in Sections 3.2(a) (Due Authorization) of this Agreement shall be true and correct in all respects as at the Tranche 1 Closing Time, with the same force and effect as if made on and as at the Tranche 1 Closing Time, except for such representations and warranties which are in respect of a specific date in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct, in all respects, as of such date, and (ii) the other representations and warranties of the Investor contained in this Agreement shall be true and correct in all material respects (or, as regards specific representations and warranties if qualified by materiality, in all respects) as at the Tranche 1 Closing Time, with the same force and effect as if made on and as at the Tranche 1 Closing Time, except for such representations and warranties which are in respect of a specific date in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct, in all material respects (or, as regards specific representations and warranties if qualified by materiality, in all respects), as of such date, after giving effect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;
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(b) the Investor shall have performed or complied with, in all respects, all of its obligations, covenants and agreements under this Agreement required to be performed or complied with prior to the Tranche 1 Closing;
(c) the Corporation shall have received a certificate from an officer of the Investor (on the Investor's behalf and without personal liability), in form and substance satisfactory to the Corporation, acting reasonably, confirming the conditions referred to in Sections 4.2(a) and 4.2(b);
(d) there shall be no issued Order, injunction, judgment or ruling filed, entered, issued, or imposed by any Governmental Entity reasonably expected to have the effect of enjoining, delaying, restricting, preventing, or making illegal the consummation of the transactions contemplated in this Agreement or any Ancillary Agreement or claiming that such transactions contemplated hereby or thereby are improper and no Applicable Law shall have been enacted or shall be deemed applicable to any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any Ancillary Agreement which makes the consummation of any of such transactions illegal;
(e) the Corporation shall have made and/or obtained the necessary filings, approvals, consents and acceptances of the appropriate regulatory authorities required to be made or obtained by the Corporation in connection with the sale of the Subscription Receipts as herein contemplated, including the conditional approval of the TSX and the authorization of the NYSE; and
(f) the Corporation shall have received the closing deliveries set forth in Section 5.3.
If any of the foregoing condition has not been fulfilled by the Tranche 1 Closing Date, the Corporation may elect not to complete the Tranche 1 Investment by notice in writing to the Investor. The Corporation may waive compliance with any condition in whole or in part if they see fit to do so, without prejudice to their rights in the event of non-fulfilment of any other condition, in whole or in part, or to their rights to recover damages for the breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or condition contained in this Agreement.
ARTICLE 5
TRANCHE 1 CLOSING
5.1 Time and Place of Tranche 1 Closing
The closing of the subscription and issuance of the Subscription Receipts (the "Tranche 1 Closing") shall take place remotely by exchange of documents and signatures (or their electronic counterparts) at the Tranche 1 Closing Time, or at such other place, date or time as agreed upon by the Investor and the Corporation.
5.2 Corporation's Tranche 1 Closing Deliveries
At or prior to the Tranche 1 Closing Time, the Corporation shall deliver to the Investor the following:
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(a) a certificate of good standing of the Corporation dated within two (2) Business Days prior to the Tranche 1 Closing Date issued pursuant to the BCBCA;
(b) a certificate dated the date of Tranche 1 Closing addressed to the Investor and signed by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Corporation (in each case without personal liability) in form and content satisfactory to the Investor and counsel to the Investor (each acting reasonably), certifying with respect to:
(i) the currently effective constating documents of the Corporation;
(ii) the necessary corporate approvals of the Corporation for the offering of the Subscription Receipts and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement; and
(iii) an incumbency and signatures of signing persons of authority and officers of the Corporation;
(c) a corporate law and Securities Law opinion from the Corporation's legal counsel, in a form satisfactory to the Investor, acting reasonably, as to certain matters relating to the Corporation, the distribution of the Subscription Receipts and the issuance of the Purchased Shares and the Warrant Certificates, an exemption to the registration requirements under Securities Laws and other related matters;
(d) evidence of the conditional approval of the TSX and the authorization of the NYSE with respect to the sale of the Subscription Receipts and the listing of the Purchased Shares (together with the Common Shares underlying the Warrants (the "Warrant Shares")) as herein contemplated;
(e) the Subscription Receipt Agreement duly executed by the Corporation;
(f) the Subscription Receipts, which shall be delivered on the Tranche 1 Closing Date as directed by Investor, by way of certificate representing the Subscription Receipts duly executed by the Corporation and registered in accordance with the instructions in Schedule B hereto, or as may be subsequently directed by the Investor in writing; and
(g) such further certificates and other documentation from the Corporation as may be contemplated herein or as the Investor may reasonably request.
5.3 Investor's Tranche 1 Closing Deliveries.
At or prior to the Tranche 1 Closing Time, the Investor shall deliver to the Corporation, the following:
(a) a completed Accredited Investor Status Certificate, in the form attached hereto as Schedule A and completed registration details as set forth in Schedule B;
(b) the Subscription Receipt Agreement duly executed by the Investor;
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(c) the Tranche 1 Subscription Price by wire transfer of immediately available funds to an account designated by the Subscription Receipt Agent not less than two (2) Business Days prior to the Tranche 1 Closing Date; and
(d) such further certificates and other documentation from the Investor as may be contemplated herein or as the Corporation may reasonably request.
ARTICLE 6
COVENANTS
6.1 Actions to Satisfy Tranche 1 Closing Conditions
Each of the parties shall take commercially reasonable efforts to ensure satisfaction of each of the conditions for which they are responsible for performing, delivering or satisfying set forth in Article 4 and make all of their respective deliveries set forth in Article 5 prior to the Outside Date.
6.2 Actions to Satisfy Escrow Release Conditions
The Corporation shall take commercially reasonable efforts to seek satisfaction of the Escrow Release Conditions as soon as is reasonably practicable (and in any event not later than the Escrow Release Deadline) and provide written notice to the Investor that the Escrow Release Conditions have been met.
6.3 Consents, Approvals and Authorizations
(a) The Corporation covenants that it shall prepare, file and diligently pursue until received all necessary consents, approvals and authorizations of any Person and make such necessary filings, as are required to be obtained under Applicable Laws with respect to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.
(b) The Corporation shall keep the Investor fully informed regarding the status of such consents, approvals and authorizations, and the Investor, its representatives and counsel shall have the right to provide input into any applications for approval and related correspondence, which will be incorporated by the Corporation, acting reasonably. The Corporation will provide notice to the Investor (and its counsel) of any proposed substantive discussions with the TSX or the NYSE in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. On the date all such consents, approvals and authorizations have been obtained by the Corporation and all such filings have been made by the Corporation, the Corporation shall notify the Investor of same.
(c) Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Corporation shall promptly make all filings required by the TSX and the NYSE. If the approval or authorization of either of the TSX and the NYSE is "conditional approval" subject to the making of customary deliveries to the TSX or the NYSE after the Tranche 1 Closing Time, the Corporation shall ensure that such filings are made as promptly as practicable after such date and in any event within the time frame contemplated in the conditional approval letter from the TSX or the approval letter of the NYSE, as applicable.
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(d) Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, each of Corporation and Investor shall use its reasonable best efforts to (i) promptly file, or cause to be filed, any notification required to be made to any Governmental Entity pursuant to the applicable antitrust or competition laws of any jurisdiction regarding the transactions contemplated hereby; (ii) supply as promptly as practicable any additional information and documentary material that may be requested or required by such Governmental Entity; and (iii) take all commercially reasonable steps to cause the expiration or termination of any applicable waiting or review periods and obtain all requisite approvals and authorizations under any competition or antitrust law as necessary to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby. Each of Corporation and Investor (i) shall cooperate with the other party in connection with any filing or submission made pursuant to this section and keep the other party informed in all material respects of any material communication received by such party from, or given by such party to, any Governmental Entity regarding any filings contemplated hereby, (ii) provide the other party notice and an opportunity to participate in any oral communications with such Governmental Entity to the extent not prohibited by that Governmental Entity, and (iii) provide the other party the opportunity to review and comment on any substantive communications with such Governmental Entity and consider the other party's comments reasonably and in good faith.
(e) The Corporation shall, as promptly as practicable after the date hereof, seek, and continue to use commercially reasonable efforts to seek until obtained, the consent of each Person which is required in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, but excluding, for greater certainty, the preparation or filing of a prospectus, offering memorandum, registration statement or similar document in any jurisdiction.
6.4 Ordinary Course of Business
(a) Except as contemplated or permitted by this Agreement, from the date hereof until the earlier of the Escrow Release Time and the termination of this Agreement, the Corporation and its Subsidiaries shall conduct its business in the Ordinary Course in material compliance with Applicable Laws, including using commercially reasonable efforts to maintain and preserve intact the current organization and business of the Corporation in all material respects, preserve and maintain all of its Permits, and preserve the rights, goodwill and relationships of counterparties of Material Contracts. Without limiting the foregoing, the Corporation covenants and agrees with the Investor the Corporation will not, from the date hereof and ending on the earlier of the Escrow Release Time and the termination of this Agreement, except with the prior written consent of the Investor, or as set forth in Section 6.4(a) of the Disclosure Letter:
(i) split, combine or reclassify any of the outstanding Common Shares;
(ii) redeem, purchase or offer to purchase any Common Shares or Convertible Notes;
(iii) amalgamate, merge or consolidate with any other Person;
(iv) perform any act or enter into any transaction or negotiation which might materially adversely interfere or be materially inconsistent with the consummation of the Tranche 1 Investment or the Tranche 2 Investment (which for greater certainty does not include a Change of Control);
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(v) make or award any increases in salary, incentive compensation or other bonuses to executives of the Corporation or its Subsidiaries (other than in the Ordinary Course); or
(vi) agree or commit to do any of the foregoing.
6.5 Access to Information
Until the earlier of the Escrow Release Time and the termination of this Agreement, the Corporation shall:
(a) provide the Investor, its designees and its representatives with reasonable access, upon reasonable notice during normal business hours, to the Corporation's and its Subsidiaries' books and records and executive management so that the Investor may conduct reasonable inspections, investigations and audits relating to the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, including as to the internal accounting controls and operations of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries;
(b) deliver to the Investor, immediately following receipt thereof, a copy of any notice, letter, correspondence or other communication from any Governmental Entity or any Claim or filing involving the Corporation, in each case, in respect of the Corporation's potential, actual or alleged violation of any and all laws applicable to the business, affairs and operations of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries anywhere in the world, and any responses by the Corporation in respect thereto;
(c) for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 and subsequent reporting periods, deliver to the Investor, as promptly as practicable following the end of each fiscal quarter and fiscal year, an unaudited reconciliation of the Corporation's quarterly publicly issued financial statements with respect to such fiscal quarter and audited reconciliation of the Corporation's annually publicly issued financial statements with respect to such fiscal year to U.S. GAAP, if it was reasonably determined by the Investor in consultation with its auditor that this information is necessary for the Investor's financial reporting, accounting or tax purposes; and
(d) deliver to the Investor, as promptly as practicable, such information and documentation relating to the Corporation and its Affiliates as the Investor may reasonably request from the Corporation from time to time for purposes of complying with the Investor's U.S. tax reporting obligations with respect to its ownership of the Corporation.
6.6 Notice
Until the earlier of the Escrow Release Time and the termination of this Agreement, the Corporation shall promptly notify the Investor of the occurrence, or failure to occur, of any event or state of facts which occurrence or failure would, or would be reasonably likely to:
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(a) cause any of the representations or warranties of the Corporation contained in Section 3.1 of this Agreement to be untrue or inaccurate at any time from the date of this Agreement to Escrow Release Time; or
(b) result in the failure of the Corporation comply with any covenant or agreement to be complied with by the Corporation pursuant to the terms of this Agreement.
6.7 Anti-bribery and Corruption Compliance
Until the earlier of the Escrow Release Time and the termination of this Agreement:
(a) the Corporation shall cause its employees, directors, officers, and to the best of its ability, agents, and any person acting on its behalf to comply, with applicable Anti-Corruption Laws;
(b) neither the Corporation, the Subsidiaries, nor any of its or their employees, directors, officers, or to the knowledge of the Corporation, any agents, or any person acting on its behalf shall:
(i) give, promise to give, or offer to give, any payment, loan, gift, donation, or anything else of value (including a facilitation payment) directly or indirectly, whether in cash or in kind, to or for the benefit of, any Government Official or any other Person while knowing or having reason to know that all or a portion of such money or thing of value will be offered, given, or promised, directly or indirectly, to any such Government Official or to any other Person for the purpose of: (A) improperly influencing any action or decision of any Government Official in their official capacity, including a decision to fail to perform official functions, (B) inducing any government official or other person to act in violation of their lawful duty, (C) securing any improper advantage or (D) persuading any Government Official or other person to use their influence with any Governmental Entity or any government-owned person to effect or influence any act or decision of such Governmental Entity or government-owned person; and
(ii) accept, receive, agree to accept, or authorize the acceptance of any contribution, payment, gift, entertainment, money, anything of value, or other advantage in violation of applicable Anti-Corruption Laws.
(c) the Corporation shall (and shall cause its Subsidiaries to) institute and maintain policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure compliance with all applicable Anti-Corruption Laws, including records of payments to any third parties or Persons (including, without limitation, agents, consultants, representatives, and distributors) and Government Officials. As soon as practicable after the date of this Agreement, and in any event within 30 days after the date on which the Corporation adopts an anti-corruption compliance policy, the Corporation shall provide a copy of such policy to the Investor, together with the resolutions of the Board or other relevant official document evidencing the Corporation's adoption of such policy. Upon reasonable request, the Corporation agrees to provide responsive information to the Investor concerning its compliance with Anti-Corruption Laws. The Corporation shall promptly notify the Investor if the Corporation becomes aware of any material violation of Anti-Corruption Laws.
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6.8 Trade and Sanctions Compliance
Until the earlier of the Escrow Release Time and the termination of this Agreement:
(a) the Corporation shall and shall cause its Subsidiaries and its and their respective employees, directors, officers, and to the best of its ability, its and their respective agents, and any person acting on its or their behalf to comply with all applicable Sanctions;
(b) neither the Corporation, nor any of its Subsidiaries or their respective directors, officers, or employees: (i) shall be a Sanctioned Person; or (ii) to the best knowledge of the Corporation, shall act under the direction of, on behalf of, or for the benefit of a Sanctioned Person;
(c) the Corporation shall, as soon as practicable (and in any event no later than January 1, 2024) institute and maintain a risk-based compliance program to ensure compliance with Sanctions by itself, its Subsidiaries' and each of their respective directors', officers', and employees', and any other Person acting on their respective behalf. The compliance program shall include risk-based policies, procedures, controls, training, monitoring, oversight and appropriate resourcing following guidance provided by OFAC, BIS and any other relevant Sanctions Authority. As soon as practicable after the date of this Agreement, and in any event within 30 days after the date on which the Corporation adopts such policy, the Corporation shall provide a copy of such policy to the Investor, together with the resolutions of the Board or other relevant official document evidencing the Corporation's adoption of such policy. Upon reasonable request, the Corporation agrees to provide responsive information to the Investor concerning its compliance with Sanctions. The Corporation shall promptly notify the Investor if the Corporation becomes aware of any material violation of Sanctions; and
(d) the Corporation shall not, and shall cause its Subsidiaries and its and their respective employees, directors or officers not to conduct any business transaction or activity with a Sanctioned Person or Sanctioned Territory.
This Section 6.8 shall not be interpreted or applied in relation to the Corporation to the extent that the representations made under this Section 6.8 violate, or would result in a breach of the Foreign Extraterritorial Measures Act (Canada).
6.9 Anti-Money Laundering Compliance.
Until the earlier of the Escrow Release Time and the termination of this Agreement:
(a) the Corporation shall cause its employees, directors, officers, and to the best of its ability its agents, and any person acting on its behalf to comply with all applicable Anti-Money Laundering Laws; and
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(b) the Corporation shall as soon as practicable (and in any event no later than January 1, 2024) institute and maintain policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with any applicable Anti-Money Laundering Laws by itself, its Subsidiaries' and each of their respective directors', officers', and employees', and any other Person acting on their respective behalf's compliance with any applicable Anti-Money Laundering Laws. As soon as practicable after the date of this Agreement, and in any event within 30 days after the date on which the Corporation adopts such policy, the Corporation shall provide a copy of such policy to the Investor, together with the resolutions of the Board or other relevant official document evidencing the Corporation's adoption of such policy. Upon reasonable request, the Corporation agrees to provide responsive information to the Investor concerning its compliance with Anti-Money Laundering Laws. The Corporation shall promptly notify the Investor if the Corporation becomes aware of any material violation of Anti-Money Laundering Laws.
6.10 Foreign Investment Review
Until the earlier of the Escrow Release Time and the termination of this Agreement:
(a) prior to making, or accepting, any ownership investment after the date hereof, the Corporation shall, as applicable under the relevant laws and regulations, and unless the Investor has agreed otherwise, take such steps as are at that time available under the Investment Canada Act to obtain certainty prior to completion regarding the status of the investment under the national security review provisions of the Investment Canada Act;
(b) notwithstanding the foregoing or anything to the contrary set forth in this Agreement, the Corporation and its Subsidiaries agree to cooperate with any inquiry by CFIUS or Canadian Governmental Authorities, with respect to the Corporation's business (or that of its Subsidiaries) or any past or new investment the Corporation or its Subsidiaries have received or undertaken, or receive or undertake, including by providing any information and documentary material lawfully required or requested by CFIUS or Canadian Governmental Authorities, after due discussion with CFIUS or Canadian Governmental Authorities. Without limiting the foregoing, following the conclusion of any applicable appeal or review process, the Corporation and its Subsidiaries shall take any and all actions to comply with any valid order, writ, judgment, ruling, assessment, injunction, decree, stipulation, determination, undertaking, commitment, mitigation measure, agreement, or award entered by or with CFIUS or any Canadian Governmental Entity with respect to any such investment the Corporation or its Subsidiaries have received or undertaken, or receive or undertake;
(c) the Corporation and its Subsidiaries shall promptly inform the Investor of any such inquiry, and keep Investor reasonably informed regarding the existence of, and efforts to address and resolve, any action, investigation, review, or inquiry of any kind, including but not limited to formal, informal, written, or oral, involving the Corporation or its Subsidiaries relating to any developments in any regulatory process resulting from such inquiry;
(d) in the event that, CFIUS requests that the Corporation or its Subsidiaries submit a joint voluntary notice ("Joint Notice") with respect to any previous investment they have received, the Corporation shall promptly inform the Investor, consult with the Investor regarding responding to CFIUS, and prepare and submit a Joint Notice to CFIUS, or take other necessary and appropriate action to respond to such request;
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(e) in the event that CFIUS initiates a unilateral review of any previous investment the Corporation or its Subsidiaries have received, the Corporation shall promptly inform the Investor, consult with the Investor in connection with responding to such action by CFIUS, and take necessary and appropriate action in order to resolve CFIUS concerns;
(f) as applicable under relevant law, the Corporation and its Subsidiaries shall provide or cause to be provided commercially reasonable assurances or agreements as required by CFIUS or the President of the United States, or the applicable Minister under the Investment Canada Act, including entering into a mitigation agreement, letter of assurance, national security agreement, or other similar arrangement or agreement; provided however, that such assurance or agreement does not have a material adverse effect on the Corporation or its Subsidiaries;
(g) the Corporation and its Subsidiaries shall provide, to the best of its and their knowledge, truthful and materially complete information to CFIUS and Canadian Governmental Authorities with respect to inquiries or requests that the Corporation or its Subsidiaries have received or may receive, as applicable; and
(h) the Corporation and its Subsidiaries shall promptly advise the Investor of the receipt of any communication from CFIUS or a Canadian Governmental Entity relating to the Investor, shall consult with the Investor prior to communicating with CFIUS or a Canadian Governmental Entity relating to the Investor, and shall obtain the Investor's consent before providing any information specifically related to the Investor to CFIUS or a Canadian Governmental Entity.
6.11 Separation Transaction
In no event shall the Corporation consummate the Separation Transaction at any time prior to the Escrow Release Time.
ARTICLE 7
POST-TRANCHE 1 COVENANTS
7.1 GM Transaction Shareholder Meeting
Subject to the terms of this Agreement, the Corporation shall:
(a) in conjunction with or prior to holding its next annual general meeting of Corporation Shareholders or the meeting of the Corporation Shareholders to approve the Separation Transaction, convene and conduct the GM Transaction Shareholder Meeting in accordance with the Corporation's constating documents and Applicable Laws;
(b) not adjourn, postpone or cancel (or propose or permit the adjournment, postponement or cancellation of) the GM Transaction Shareholder Meeting except as required for quorum purposes (in which case the meeting shall be adjourned and not cancelled), by Applicable Law, by a Governmental Entity or by a valid shareholder action; and
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(c) promptly advise the Investor as frequently as the Investor may reasonably request as to the aggregate tally of the proxies received by the Corporation in respect of the GM Transaction Resolutions.
7.2 Circular for GM Transaction Shareholder Meeting
(a) The Corporation shall, in connection with the GM Transaction Shareholder Meeting: (i) prepare the Circular together with any other documents required by Applicable Laws, (ii) file the Circular in all jurisdictions where the same is required to be filed and (iii) mail the Circular as required under Applicable Laws.
(b) The Corporation shall ensure that the Circular (i) complies in all material respects with all Applicable Laws and contains sufficient detail to permit the Corporation Shareholders to form a reasoned judgment concerning the matters to be placed before them in respect of the GM Transaction Resolutions, and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, shall ensure that the Circular will not contain any misrepresentation; and (ii) contains a statement that the Board after consulting with outside legal and financial advisors, has unanimously determined that the GM Transaction Resolutions are in the best interests of the Corporation, and unanimously recommends that the Corporation's Shareholders vote in favour of the GM Transaction Resolutions, and that each of the directors and senior officers of the Corporation have agreed to vote their shares in favour of the GM Transaction Resolutions.
(c) The Investor shall provide the Corporation, on a timely basis, with all information regarding the Investor and its Affiliates as required by Applicable Laws for inclusion in the Circular and in any amendments or supplements to the Circular. The Investor shall ensure that such information does not contain any misrepresentation concerning the Investor or its Affiliates.
(d) The Investor and its legal counsel shall be given a reasonable opportunity to review and comment on the draft Circular prior to the Circular being printed and filed with any Governmental Entity, and the Corporation shall give reasonable consideration to any comments made by the Investor and its legal counsel. The Corporation shall provide the Investor with final copies of the Circular prior to the mailing to the Corporation Shareholders.
(e) The Corporation and the Investor shall each promptly notify the other if at any time before the GM Transaction Shareholder Meeting either becomes aware that the Circular contains a misrepresentation as it relates to the GM Transaction Resolutions, or otherwise requires an amendment or supplement, and the parties shall co-operate in the preparation of any amendment or supplement to the Circular as required or appropriate, and the Corporation shall promptly mail or otherwise publicly disseminate any such amendment or supplement to the Circular to the Corporation Shareholders and, if required by Applicable Laws, file the same with any Governmental Entity and as otherwise required.
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7.3 Separation Transaction
The Investor acknowledges and agrees that Corporation may undertake the Separation Transaction at any time in its discretion following the Escrow Release Date until the Separation Outside Date, and that the parties intend for the investments of the Investor in either the Corporation or SpinCo as described herein to occur irrespective of whether the Separation Transaction will occur. The Corporation further covenants and agrees that it will cause SpinCo to be the entity that holds the Thacker Pass Project as the separate business in connection with any Separation Transaction. If the Corporation has not completed the Separation Transaction by the Separation Outside Date, the Corporation agrees to not proceed with any Separation Transaction without the Investor's prior written consent.
7.4 Separation Transaction Adjustments
At the same time as the completion of the Separation Transaction the Offtake Agreement will be assigned to SpinCo and forthwith upon completion of the Separation Transaction:
(a) the Investor and SpinCo will enter into a subscription agreement on the same terms as the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement as amended on the mutual agreement of the parties to reflect SpinCo as the issuer;
(b) SpinCo will issue to the Investor the SpinCo Warrants;
(c) SpinCo and the Investor will enter into a new investor rights agreement in accordance with the Investors Rights Agreement; and
(d) SpinCo shall become a party to this Agreement by executing a joinder to this Agreement as more particularly described in Section 10.8.
7.5 Use of Proceeds
The Corporation shall use the Tranche 1 Subscription Price in respect of development and construction activities relating to the Thacker Pass Project. For the avoidance of doubt, in no event would the Corporation use the Tranche 1 Subscription Price to pay any dividends on the Common Shares, effect any buybacks of Common Shares or repay outstanding debt obligations including the Convertible Notes.
ARTICLE 8
BALANCE OF FUNDING COMMITMENT
8.1 Balance of Funding Commitment
The parties acknowledge and agree that:
(a) it is their mutual intention that the investments of the Investor with the Corporation and/or SpinCo will amount to US$650,000,000 in the aggregate (the "Funding Commitment Amount"). To the extent that after giving effect to the Tranche 1 Investment and the Tranche 2 Investment (or the exercise of the Warrant Certificate) the aggregate funding does not amount to US$650,000,000, the parties shall use reasonable commercial efforts to identify, negotiate and settle on arm's length commercial terms, one or more additional investments in the Corporation (if the Separation Transaction has not occurred) or in SpinCo (if the Separation Transaction has occurred) that will result in the Investor's total investment amounting to the Funding Commitment Amount, which may include, by way of example, an obligation of the Investor to advance funds under an unsecured convertible loan agreement or an advance that represents pre-payment for delivery of offtake from the Thacker Pass Project pursuant to an unsecured pre-paid offtake agreement; and
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(b) in the event that the parties, after negotiating in good faith in accordance with Section 8.1(a), do not reach an agreement as to such additional investments in the Corporation (if the Separation Transaction has not occurred) or in SpinCo (if the Separation Transaction has occurred), then
(i) if the failure to achieve the Funding Commitment Amount arises as a result of the limitation set forth in Section 2.2(b)(i) of the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement (or in the corresponding provision of the SpinCo Subscription Agreement) and the Investor is not willing to waive such limitation, then the modification to offtake entitlement under Section 1.1 of the Offtake Agreement will apply; or
(ii) if the failure to achieve the Funding Commitment Amount arises as a result of the limitation set forth in Section 2.2(b)(ii) of the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement (or in the corresponding provision of the SpinCo Subscription Agreement) and the Corporation, or SpinCo, as the case may be, is not willing to waive such limitation, then the modification to offtake entitlement under Section 1.1 of the Offtake Agreement will not apply.
ARTICLE 9
TERMINATION
9.1 Termination
This Agreement shall terminate upon:
(a) the date on which this Agreement is terminated by the mutual consent of the parties;
(b) written notice by either party to the other in the event the Tranche 1 Closing has not occurred on or prior to the Outside Date, except that the right to terminate this Agreement under this Section 9.1(b) shall not be available to any party whose failure to fulfill any of its obligations or breach of any of its representations, warranties or covenants under this Agreement has been the cause of, or resulted in, the failure of the Tranche 1 Closing to occur by such date;
(c) by either party if any Governmental Entity of competent jurisdiction issues an Order permanently restraining, enjoining, or otherwise prohibiting the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and such Order becomes final and non-appealable; provided, however, that the right to terminate this Agreement under this Section 9.1(c) shall not be available to a party whose failure to perform its covenants or agreements contained in this Agreement has been the cause of or has resulted in the imposition of such Order or the failure of such Order to be resisted, resolved, or lifted;
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(d) by the Investor, if Corporation breaches or fails to perform in any material respect any of its representations, warranties, covenants, or agreements contained in this Agreement, which breach or failure to perform (i) would result in a failure of a condition set forth in Section 4.1 and (ii) (A) if capable of being cured, has not been cured by the Corporation by the earlier of the Outside Date and the date that is thirty (30) days after the Corporation's receipt of written notice from the Investor stating the Investor's intention to terminate this Agreement pursuant to this Section 9.1(d) and the basis for such termination or (B) is incapable of being cured; or
(e) by the Corporation, if the Investor breaches or fails to perform in any material respect any of its representations, warranties, covenants, or agreements contained in this Agreement, which breach or failure to perform (i) would result in a failure of a condition set forth in Section 4.2 and (ii) (A) if capable of being cured, has not been cured by the Investor by the earlier of the Outside Date and the date that is thirty (30) days after the Investor's receipt of written notice from the Corporation stating the Corporation's intention to terminate this Agreement pursuant to this Section 9.1(e) and the basis for such termination or (B) is incapable of being cured; or
(f) the date on which this Agreement is terminated by written notice of the Investor on the dissolution or bankruptcy of the Corporation or the making by the Corporation of an assignment under the provisions of the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (Canada) or the taking of any proceeding by or involving the Corporation under the Companies Creditors' Arrangement Act (Canada) or any similar legislation of any jurisdiction.
9.2 Effect of Termination
In the event of the termination of this Agreement as provided in this Article 9, this Agreement shall become void and of no further force or effect without liability of any party (or any Corporation, SpinCo or Investor shareholder, director, officer, employee, agent, consultant or representative of such party) to any other party to in connection with this Agreement, except that no such termination shall relieve any party from liability for damages to another party resulting from a willful and material breach of this Agreement prior to the date of termination.
ARTICLE 10
INDEMNIFICATION
10.1 Indemnification by the Corporation
(a) Subject to Section 10.8, the Corporation shall indemnify and save harmless the Investor and each of its directors, officers and employees (collectively referred to as the "Investor Indemnified Parties") from and against any Losses which may be made or brought against the Investor Indemnified Parties, or which they may suffer or incur, directly or indirectly, as a result of or in connection with or relating to:
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(i) any non-fulfilment or breach of any covenant or agreement on the part of the Corporation contained in this Agreement; or
(ii) any misrepresentation or any incorrectness in or breach of any representation or warranty of the Corporation contained in this Agreement as of the date of the Tranche 1 Closing Time or the Escrow Release Time, with the same force and effect as if made on and as at the date of the Tranche 1 Closing Time or the Escrow Release Time, as applicable, except for such representations and warranties which are in respect of a specific date in which case as of such date.
(b) The Corporation's obligations under Section 10.1(a) shall be subject to the following limitations:
(i) the Survival Date, in accordance with Section 10.5;
(ii) the Corporation's total liability shall be limited to the extent provided under Section 10.8;
(iii) the Corporation shall not be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive or aggravated damages, including damages for loss of profits and lost business opportunities or damages calculated by reference to any purchase price methodology;
(iv) the Corporation shall not be liable for any amount under this Article 10 to the extent an Investor Indemnified Party has made a claim of indemnity under the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement and no provision of this Agreement shall be construed to provide an indemnity or other recovery for any costs, damages, or other amounts for which an Investor Indemnified Party has been fully compensated under any other provision of this Agreement or under any other agreement or action at law or equity.
10.2 Indemnification by the Investor
(a) The Investor shall indemnify and save harmless the Corporation and its directors, officers and employees (collectively referred to as the "Corporation Indemnified Parties") from and against any Losses which may be made or brought against the Corporation Indemnified Parties, or which they may suffer or incur, directly or indirectly, as a result of or in connection with or relating to:
(i) any non-fulfilment or breach of any covenant or agreement on the part of the Investor contained in this Agreement; or
(ii) any misrepresentation or any incorrectness in or breach of any representation or warranty of the Investor contained in this Agreement as of the date of the Tranche 1 Closing Time or the Escrow Release Time, with the same force and effect as if made on and as at the date of the Tranche 1 Closing Time or the Escrow Release Time, as applicable, except for such representations and warranties which are in respect of a specific date in which case as of such date.
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(b) The Investor's obligations under Section 10.2(a) shall be subject to the Survival Date, in accordance with Section 10.5.
10.3 Indemnification Procedure
(a) Promptly, and in any event within 20 days, after receipt by an Indemnified Party of notice of the commencement of any action, such Indemnified Party shall, if a Claim in respect thereof is to be made against any Indemnifying Party, notify the Indemnifying Party of the commencement thereof. Such notice shall specify whether the Claim arises as a result of a claim by a third party Person (a "Third Party") against the Indemnified Party (a "Third Party Claim") or whether the Claim does not so arise (a "Direct Claim"), and shall also include a description of the Loss in reasonable detail including the sections of this Agreement which form the basis for such Loss, copies of all material written evidence of such Loss in the possession of the Indemnified Party and the actual or estimated amount of the damages that have been or will sustained by any Indemnified Party, including reasonable supporting documentation therefor; provided that the failure to so notify the Indemnifying Party shall not relieve such Indemnifying Party of its obligations hereunder unless and to the extent the Indemnifying Party is actually and materially prejudiced by such failure to so notify.
(b) With respect to any Direct Claim, following receipt of notice from the Indemnified Party of the Claim, the Indemnifying Party shall have sixty (60) days to make such investigation of the Claim as is considered necessary or desirable. For the purpose of such investigation, the Indemnified Party shall make available to the Indemnifying Party the information relied upon by the Indemnified Party to substantiate the Claim, together with all such other information as the Indemnifying Party may reasonably request. If both parties agree at or prior to the expiration of such sixty-day period (or any mutually agreed upon extension thereof) to the validity and amount of such Claim, the Indemnifying Party shall immediately pay to the Indemnified Party the full agreed upon amount of the Claim. If following the expiration of the sixty-day period (or any mutually agreed upon extension thereof) the parties cannot agree to the validity and amount of such Claim, the Indemnified Party and the appropriate Indemnifying Party shall proceed to establish the merits and amount of such Claim (by confidential arbitration in accordance with Section 11.6) and, within five (5) Business Days following the final determination of the merits and amount, if any, of such Claim, the Indemnifying Party shall pay to the Indemnified Party in immediately available funds an amount equal to such Claim as determined hereunder.
(c) With respect to any Third Party Claim, following the receipt of notice of any Third Party Claim to the Indemnifying Party under Section 10.3(a), the Indemnifying Party shall have the right, by notice to the Indemnified Party given not later than 30 days after receipt of the notice described in Section 10.3(a), to assume the control, defence, compromise or settlement of the Claim, provided that such assumption shall, by its terms, be without cost to the Indemnified Party and provided the Indemnifying Party acknowledges in writing its obligation to indemnify the Indemnified Party in accordance with the terms of this Article.
(d) Upon the assumption of control of any Claim by the Indemnifying Party as set out in Section 10.3(a), the Indemnifying Party shall diligently proceed with the defence, compromise or settlement of the Claim at its sole expense, including, if necessary, employment of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified Party and, in connection therewith, the Indemnified Party shall cooperate fully, but at the expense of the Indemnifying Party with respect to any out-of-pocket expenses incurred, to make available to the Indemnifying Party all pertinent information and witnesses under the Indemnified Party's control, make such assignments and take such other steps as in the opinion of counsel for the Indemnifying Party are reasonably necessary to enable the Indemnifying Party to conduct such defence. The Indemnified Party shall also have the right to participate in the negotiation, settlement or defence of any Claim at its own expense.
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(e) The final determination of any Claim pursuant to this Section, including all related costs and expenses, shall be binding and conclusive upon the parties as to the validity or invalidity, as the case may be, of such Claim against the Indemnifying Party.
(f) If the Indemnifying Party does not assume control of a Claim as permitted in Section 10.3(a), the obligation of the Indemnifying Party to indemnify the Indemnified Party in respect of such Claim shall terminate if the Indemnified Party settles such claim without the consent of the Indemnifying Party.
(g) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 10.3, the indemnity obligations in this Article 10 shall cease to apply to the extent that a court of competent jurisdiction in a final judgment that has become non-appealable shall have determined that any Losses to which an Indemnified Party may be subject were caused solely by the negligence, fraud or wilful misconduct of the Indemnified Party.
(h) Except for any Claims arising from negligence, fraud or wilful misconduct of the Indemnifying Party, the rights to indemnification set forth in this Article 10 shall be the sole and exclusive remedy of the Indemnified Parties (including pursuant to any statutory provision, tort or common law) in respect of:
(i) any non-fulfilment or breach of any covenant or agreement on the part of the Corporation contained in this Agreement; or
(ii) any misrepresentation or any incorrectness in or breach of any representation or warranty of the Corporation contained in this Agreement.
(i) An Indemnified Party shall not be entitled to double recovery for any loss even though such loss may have resulted from the breach of one or more representations, warranties or covenants in this Agreement.
10.4 Contribution
If the indemnification provided for in this Article 10 is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be unavailable to a Indemnified Party with respect to any Losses referred to herein, the Indemnifying Party, in lieu of indemnifying such Indemnified Party hereunder, shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such Indemnified Party as a result of such Loss in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative fault of the Indemnifying Party on the one hand and of the Indemnified Party on the other in connection with matters that resulted in such Loss, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative fault of the Indemnifying Party and of the Indemnified Party shall be determined by reference to, among other things, the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement, omission or fault.
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10.5 Survival
Each party hereto acknowledges that the representations, warranties and agreements made by it herein are made with the intention that they may be relied upon by the other party. The parties further agree that the representations, warranties, covenants and agreements shall survive the purchase and sale of the Subscription Receipts and shall continue in full force and effect for a period ending on the date that is twelve (12) months following the Escrow Release Date, notwithstanding any subsequent disposition by the Investor of the Subscription Receipts or any termination of this Agreement; provided, however, that the representations and warranties of the Corporation set forth in Sections 3.1(a) (Due Authorization), 3.1(b) (Organization and Existence), 3.1(c) (Non-Contravention), 3.1(d) (No Violation) and 3.1(f) (Subsidiaries) of this Agreement and the representations of the Investor set forth in Section 3.2(a) (Due Authorization) of this Agreement shall survive indefinitely (the survival date of each representation, warranty, covenant and agreement herein as set forth above is referred to as the "Survival Date"). This Agreement shall be binding upon and shall enure to the benefit of the parties hereto, their respective successors, assigns and legal representatives. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the provisions contained in this Agreement related to indemnification or contribution obligations shall survive and continue in full force and effect, indefinitely, provided that, no Claim for indemnity pursuant to this Article 10 may be made after the Survival Date for the applicable representation, warranty, covenant or agreement unless notice of the Claim was provided to the Indemnifying Party on or prior to the Survival Date.
10.6 Duty to Mitigate
Nothing in this Agreement shall in any way restrict or limit the general obligation at law of a party hereto to mitigate any loss which it may suffer or incur by reason of a breach of any representation, warranty or covenant of that other party under this Agreement. If any Loss can be reduced by any recovery, settlement, or payment by or against any other Person, a party hereto shall take all appropriate steps to enforce such recovery, settlement or payment. If the Indemnified Party fails to make all commercially reasonably efforts to mitigate any Loss, then the Indemnifying Party shall not be required to indemnify any Indemnifying Party for the Loss that could have been avoided if the Indemnified Party had made such efforts.
10.7 Trustee
Each party hereto hereby acknowledges and agrees that, with respect to this Article 10, the Investor is contracting on its own behalf and as agent for the other Investor Indemnified Parties referred to in this Article 10 and the Corporation is acting on its own behalf and as agent for the other Corporation Indemnified Parties referred to in this Article 10. In this regard, the Investor shall act as trustee for such Investor Indemnified Parties of the covenants of the Corporation under this Article 10 with respect to such Investor Indemnified Parties and accepts these trusts and shall hold and enforce those covenants on behalf of such Investor Indemnified Parties, and the Corporation shall act as trustee for such Corporation Indemnified Parties of the covenants of the Investor under this Article 10 with respect to such Corporation Indemnified Parties and accepts these trusts and shall hold and enforce those covenants on behalf of such Corporation Indemnified Parties.
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10.8 Effect of Separation Transaction
Upon completion of the Separation Transaction, SpinCo shall become a party to this Agreement by executing a joinder to this Agreement pursuant to Section 7.4 and the Corporation's liability thereafter will be (subject to the limits on liability set out in this Article 10) limited to amounts that have not been satisfied by execution against SpinCo by the Investor. Prior to being entitled to making any claim against the Corporation, the Investor will be required to exhaust its recourse against SpinCo in accordance with Applicable Law. All obligations of SpinCo hereunder will cease (except to the extent a claim has been made against it by the Investor) on the date that falls twelve (12) months following the Escrow Release Date.
ARTICLE 11
GENERAL PROVISIONS
11.1 Expenses
Each party shall bear its own fees and expenses incurred in connection with this Agreement.
11.2 Time of the Essence
Time shall be of the essence of this Agreement.
11.3 Further Acts
Each of the parties shall promptly do, make, execute, deliver, or cause to be done, made, executed or delivered, all such further acts, documents and things as the other parties may reasonably require from time to time for the purpose of giving effect to this Agreement.
11.4 Enurement
This Agreement shall enure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties and their respective successors, permitted assigns and legal representatives.
11.5 Governing Law
This Agreement shall be interpreted and enforced in accordance with, and the respective rights and obligations of the parties shall be governed by, the laws of the Province of British Columbia and the federal laws of Canada applicable in that province.
11.6 Dispute Resolution by Binding Arbitration
Any dispute, controversy, or claim arising out of, relating to, or in connection with this Agreement, including with respect to the formation, applicability, breach, termination, validity or enforceability thereof, shall be resolved by confidential arbitration. The arbitration shall be conducted by three (3) arbitrators and administered by the International Centre for Dispute Resolution in accordance with its International Dispute Resolution Procedures in effect at the time of the arbitration, except as they may be modified herein or by mutual agreement of the parties. Each party shall designate one (1) arbitrator, with the third arbitrator to be designated by the parties by agreement, or failing such agreement, by the two party-appointed arbitrators. The seat of the arbitration shall be Toronto, Canada and it shall be conducted in the English language. Notwithstanding Section 11.5, the arbitration and this agreement to arbitrate shall be governed by Ontario's International Commercial Arbitration Act, 2017, S.O. 2017, c. 2, Sched. 5. The arbitration award shall be final and binding on the parties, and the parties undertake to carry out any award without delay. Judgment upon the award may be entered by any court having jurisdiction over the award or over the relevant party or its assets. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event either party seeks injunctive relief, they may seek to have that dispute determined by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice or any other court of competent jurisdiction.
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11.7 Severability
If any term or other provision of this Agreement is invalid, illegal or incapable of being enforced under any Applicable Law or as a matter of public policy, all other conditions and provisions of this Agreement shall nevertheless remain in full force and effect. Upon such determination that any term or other provision is invalid, illegal or incapable of being enforced, the parties shall negotiate in good faith to modify this Agreement so as to effect the original intent of the parties as closely as possible in a mutually acceptable manner in order that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement be consummated as originally contemplated to the greatest extent possible.
11.8 Entire Agreement
This Agreement, the provisions contained in this Agreement, and the agreements and other documents to be delivered pursuant to this Agreement, constitute the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter thereof and supersede all prior communications, proposals, representations and agreements, whether oral or written, with respect to the subject matter thereof.
11.9 Notices
Any notice or other communication to be given hereunder shall be in writing and shall, in the case of notice to the Investor, be addressed to:
General Motors Holdings LLC
300 Renaissance Center
Detroit, Michigan
USA 48265-3000
Attention: John Stapleton, Vice President,
Global Financial Strategy and FP&A
Email: [Redacted]
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with copies to:
General Motors Holdings LLC
300 Renaissance Center
Detroit, Michigan
USA 48265-3000
Attention: Lead Counsel, Corporate Development & Global M&A
Email: [Redacted]
Mayer Brown LLP
Two Palo Alto Square, #300
3000 El Camino Real
Palo Alto, California
USA 94306
Attention: Nina Flax and Peter Wolf
Email: [Redacted]
and in the case of notice to the Corporation shall be addressed to:
Lithium Americas Corp.
900 West Hastings Street, Suite 300
Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada V6C 1E5
Attention: Jonathan Evans, President & Chief Executive Officer
Email: [Redacted]
with copies to (which shall not constitute notice):
Lithium Americas Corp.
900 West Hastings Street, Suite 300
Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada V6C 1E5
Attention: Director, Legal Affairs and Corporate Secretary
Email: [Redacted]
Cassels Brock & Blackwell LLP
2200 HSBC Building, 885 West Georgia Street
Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 3E8 Canada
Attention: David Redford
Email: [Redacted]
and each notice or communication shall be personally delivered (including by courier service) to the addressee or sent by electronic transmission to the addressee, and (i) a notice or communication which is personally delivered shall, if delivered before 5:00 p.m. on a Business Day, be deemed to be given and received on that day and, in any other case, be deemed to be given and received on the first Business Day following the day on which it is delivered; and (ii) a notice or communication which is sent by electronic transmission shall, if sent on a Business Day before 5:00 p.m., be deemed to be given and received on that day and, in any other case, be deemed to be given and received on the first Business Day following the day on which it is sent. Either party hereto may at any time change its address for service from time to time by notice given in accordance with this Section 11.9.
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11.10 Amendment; Waiver
No provision of this Agreement may be amended or modified except by a written instrument signed by both parties. No waiver by any party of any provision hereof shall be effective unless explicitly set forth in writing and executed by the party so waiving. The waiver by either party hereto of a breach of any provision of this Agreement shall not operate or be construed as a waiver of any other subsequent breach.
11.11 Assignment; No Third-Party Beneficiaries
This Agreement shall not be assigned by any party hereto without the prior written consent of the other party. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Investor may assign and transfer all of its rights, benefits, duties and obligations under this Agreement in their entirety, without the consent of the Corporation, to any Affiliate of the Investor that is "related" to the Investor (as defined in the Income Tax Act (Canada)) at the time of the assignment and transfer until the Transfer Restrictions no longer apply; provided that no such assignment shall relieve the Investor of any of its obligations hereunder and provided that such Affiliate first agrees in writing with the Corporation to be bound by the terms of this Agreement. Except as provided in Article 10 with respect to indemnification, this Agreement is for the sole benefit of the parties and their permitted successors and assigns and nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to or shall confer upon any other Person any legal or equitable right, benefit or remedy of any nature whatsoever under or by reason of this Agreement.
11.12 Public Notices/Press Releases
The Investor and the Corporation shall each be permitted to publicly announce the transactions contemplated hereby following the execution of this Agreement by the Investor and the Corporation, and the context, text and timing of each party's announcement shall be approved by the other party in advance, acting reasonably.
No party shall:
(a) issue any press release or otherwise make public announcements with respect to this Agreement without the consent of the other party (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed); or
(b) make any regulatory filing with any Governmental Entity with respect thereto without prior consultation with the other party; provided, however, that, this Section 11.12 shall be subject to each party's overriding obligation to make any disclosure or regulatory filing required under Applicable Laws and the party making such requisite disclosure or regulatory filing shall use all commercially reasonable efforts to give prior oral and written notice to the other party and reasonable opportunity to review and comment on the requisite disclosure or regulatory filing before it is made; provided, further, that, except as required by Applicable Law, in no circumstance shall any such disclosure by, or regulatory filing of, the Corporation or any of its Affiliates include the name of the Investor or its Affiliates without the Investor's prior written consent, in its sole discretion.
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11.13 Public Disclosure
During the period from the date of this Agreement to the Escrow Release Time, the Corporation shall provide prior notice to the Investor of any public disclosure that it proposes to make which includes the name of the Investor or any of its Affiliates, together with a draft copy of such disclosure; provided that, except as required by Applicable Law, in no circumstance shall any public disclosure of the Corporation or any of its Affiliates include the name of the Investor or any of its Affiliates without the Investor's prior written consent, in its sole discretion.
11.14 Counterparts
This Agreement may be executed in several counterparts (including by means of electronic communication), each of which when so executed shall be deemed to be an original and shall have the same force and effect as an original, and such counterparts together shall constitute one and the same instrument.
[The remainder of this page is intentionally left blank.]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties have signed this Agreement as of the date first written above.
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. | |
Per: | (signed) Jonathan Evans |
Name: Jonathan Evans | |
Title: President & Chief Executive Officer | |
GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC | |
Per: | (signed) John Stapleton |
Name: John Stapleton | |
Title: Vice President, Global Financial Strategy and FP&A |
[Signature page to Master Purchase Agreement]
SCHEDULE A
U.S. ACCREDITED INVESTOR STATUS CERTIFICATE
In addition to the representations, warranties, acknowledgments and agreements contained in the master purchase agreement (the "subscription") to which this U.S. Accredited Investor Status Certificate ("Certificate") is attached, the Investor hereby represents, warrants and certifies to the Corporation that the Investor is purchasing the securities set out in the subscription as principal, that the Investor is a resident of the jurisdiction of its disclosed address set out in the subscription and:
1. The Investor hereby represents, warrants, acknowledges and agrees to and with the Corporation that the Investor:
(a) is a U.S. Person resident of the jurisdiction of its disclosed address set out in the subscription;
(b) has such knowledge and experience in financial and business matters as to be capable of evaluating the merits and risks of the transactions detailed in the subscription and it is able to bear the economic risk of loss arising from such transactions;
(c) is acquiring the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants, or Warrant Shares for its own account, for investment purposes only and not with a view to any resale, distribution or other disposition of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants, or Warrant Shares in violation of the United States securities laws and, in particular, it has no intention to distribute either directly or indirectly any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants, or Warrant Shares in the United States or to U.S. Persons; provided, however, that the Investor may sell or otherwise dispose of any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants, or Warrant Shares pursuant to registration thereof under the U.S. Securities Act, and any applicable State securities laws or if an exemption from such registration requirements is available or registration is otherwise not required under the U.S. Securities Act;
(d) is not acquiring the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants, or Warrant Shares as a result of any form of general solicitation or general advertising, as such terms are defined for purposes of Regulation D under the U.S. Securities Act, including without limitation any advertisement, article, notice or other communication published in any newspaper, magazine or similar media or broadcast over radio or television or other form of telecommunications, or published or broadcast by means of the Internet or any other form of electronic display, or any seminar or meeting whose attendees have been invited by general solicitation or general advertising;
(e) understands the offer and sale of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants, or Warrant Shares have not been and will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act or the securities laws of any state of the United States and that the sale contemplated hereby is being made in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Rule 506(b) of Regulation D and/or Section 4(a)(2) of the U.S. Securities Act and applicable State securities laws;
(f) satisfies one or more of the categories indicated below (check appropriate box):
☐ Category 1: An organization described in Section 501(c)(3) of the United States Internal Revenue Code, a corporation, a Massachusetts or similar business trust, partnership or limited liability company, not formed for the specific purpose of acquiring the Subscription Receipts offered, with total assets in excess of $5,000,000;
☐ Category 2: A natural person whose individual net worth, or joint net worth with that person's spouse, on the date of purchase exceeds $1,000,000 excluding the value of the primary residence of that person;
Note: For purposes of calculating "net worth" under this paragraph:
(i) The person's primary residence shall not be included as an asset;
(ii) Indebtedness that is secured by the person's primary residence, up to the estimated fair market value of the primary residence at the time of the sale of securities, shall not be included as a liability (except that if the amount of such indebtedness outstanding at the time of the sale of securities exceeds the amount outstanding 60 days before such time, other than as a result of the acquisition of the primary residence, the amount of such excess shall be included as a liability); and
(iii) Indebtedness that is secured by the person's primary residence in excess of the estimated fair market value of the primary residence at the time of the sale of securities shall be included as a liability.
☐ Category 3: A natural person who had an individual income in excess of $200,000 in each of the two most recent years or joint income with that person's spouse in excess of $300,000 in each of those years and has a reasonable expectation of reaching the same income level in the current year;
☐ Category 4: A bank as defined under Section (3)(a)(2) of the U.S. Securities Act or savings and loan association or other institution as defined in Section 3(a)(5)(A) of the U.S. Securities Act, whether acting in its individual or fiduciary capacity; a broker or dealer registered pursuant to Section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (United States); an insurance company as defined in Section 2(13) of the U.S. Securities Act; an investment company registered under the United States Investment Company Act of 1940 or a business development company as defined in Section 2(a)(48) of such act; a Small Business Investment Company licensed by the U.S. Small Business Administration under Section 301(c) or (d) of the United States Small Business Investment Act of 1958; a plan established and maintained by a state, its political subdivisions, or an agency or instrumentality of a state or its political subdivisions, for the benefit of its employees if the plan has total assets in excess of $5,000,000; an employee benefit plan within the meaning of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (United States) if investment decision is made by a plan fiduciary, as defined in Section 3(21) of such act, which is either a bank, savings and loan association, insurance company or registered investment adviser, or if the employee benefit plan has total assets in excess of $5,000,000, or, if a self-directed plan, with investment decisions made solely by persons that are accredited investors;
☐ Category 5: A private business development company as defined in Section 202(a)(22) of the United States Investment Advisers Act of 1940;
☐ Category 6: A director or executive officer of the Corporation;
☐ Category 7: A trust that (a) has total assets in excess of $5,000,000, (b) was not formed for the specific purpose of acquiring the Subscription Receipts and (c) is directed in its purchases of securities by a person who has such knowledge and experience in financial and business matters that he or she is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of an investment in the Subscription Receipts as described in Rule 506(b)(2)(ii) under the U.S. Securities Act;
☐ Category 8: An entity in which all of the equity owners are accredited investors;
☐ Category 9: Any entity, of a type not listed above, not formed for the specific purpose of acquiring the securities offered, owning investments in excess of US$5,000,000;
☐ Category 10: Any private business development company as defined in Section 202(a)(22) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940;
☐ Category 11: A natural person holding in good standing one or more professional certifications or designations or credentials from an accredited educational institution that the Commission has designated as qualifying an individual for accredited investor status;
☐ Category 12: A natural person who is a "knowledgeable employee," as defined in rule 3c-5(a)(4) under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (17 CFR 270.3c-5(a)(4)), of the issuer of the securities being offered or sold where the issuer would be an investment company, as defined in section 3 of such act, but for the exclusion provided by either section 3(c)(1) or section 3(c)(7) of such act;
☐ Category 13: A "family office," as defined in rule 202(a)(11)(G)-1 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (17 CFR 275.202(a)(11)(G)-1): (i) With assets under management in excess of US$5,000,000, (ii) that was not formed for the specific purpose of acquiring the securities offered, and whose prospective investment is directed by a person who has such knowledge and experience in financial and business matters that such family office is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of the prospective investment; or
☐ Category 14: A "family client," as defined in rule 202(a)(11)(G)-1 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (17 CFR 275.202(a)(11)(G)-1), of a family office meeting the requirements in paragraph (a)(12) of this section and whose prospective investment in the issuer is directed by such family office pursuant to paragraph (a)(12)(iii).
2. The Investor acknowledges and agrees that:
(a) the Investor will not engage in any directed selling efforts (as defined in Rule 902 promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act) in connection with the resale of any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Warrants, Purchased Shares or Warrant Shares pursuant to Rule 904 promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act; provided, however, that the Investor may sell or otherwise dispose of any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Warrants, Purchased Shares or Warrant Shares pursuant to registration thereof under the U.S. Securities Act and any applicable State securities laws or if an exemption from such registration requirements is available or registration is otherwise not required under the U.S. Securities Act;
(b) if the Investor decides to offer, sell or otherwise transfer any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants, Warrant Shares it will not offer, sell or otherwise transfer any of such securities, directly or indirectly, unless:
(i) the sale is to the Corporation;
(ii) the sale is made pursuant to the registration requirments under the U.S. Securities Act;
(iii) the sale is made pursuant to the requirements of Rule 904 promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act;
(iv) the sale is made pursuant to the exemption from the registration requirements under the U.S. Securities Act provided by Rule 144 thereunder if available and in accordance with any applicable State securities laws; or
(v) the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants, Warrant Shares are sold in a transaction that does not require registration under the U.S. Securities Act or any applicable State securities law, and it has prior to such sale furnished to the Corporation an opinion of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Corporation;
(c) upon the issuance thereof, and until such time as the same is no longer required under the applicable requirements of the U.S. Securities Act or applicable State securities laws, the certificates or ownership statements (including any confirmation under the Direct Registration System (DRS) maintained by the Corporation, its transfer agent or the warrant agent, if and as applicable) representing any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants, Warrant Shares will bear a legend in substantially the following form:
"THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREBY [for Subscription Receipts/Warrants add: AND THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE PURSUANT HERETO / UPON EXERCISE HEREOF] HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE "U.S. SECURITIES ACT") OR UNDER THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE HOLDER HEREOF, BY PURCHASING SUCH SECURITIES, AGREES FOR THE BENEFIT OF LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. AND ITS SUCCESSORS (THE "CORPORATION") THAT SUCH SECURITIES MAY BE OFFERED, SOLD, PLEDGED OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED ABSENT SUCH REGISTRATION ONLY (A) TO THE CORPORATION; (B) OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES IN ACCORDANCE WITH RULE 904 OF REGULATION S UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH LOCAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS; (C) IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT PROVIDED BY RULE 144 THEREUNDER, IF AVAILABLE, AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS; OR (D) IN A TRANSACTION THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT OR ANY APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS, AND, IN THE CASE OF CLAUSE (C) OR (D), THE HOLDER HAS PRIOR TO SUCH TRANSFER FURNISHED TO THE CORPORATION AN OPINION OF COUNSEL OF RECOGNIZED STANDING IN FORM AND SUBSTANCE REASONABLY SATISFACTORY TO THE CORPORATION TO SUCH EFFECT. DELIVERY OF THIS CERTIFICATE MAY NOT CONSTITUTE GOOD DELIVERY IN SETTLEMENT OF TRANSACTIONS ON STOCK EXCHANGES IN CANADA."
and provided that if any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants, Warrant Shares are being sold by the Investor in an off-shore transaction and in compliance with the requirements of Rule 904 of Regulation S, the legend set forth above may be removed by providing such evidence as the Corporation or its transfer agent may from time to time reasonably prescribe (which may include an opinion of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Corporation and its transfer agent), to the effect that the sale of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants, Warrant Shares is being made in compliance with Rule 904 of Regulation S;
and provided further, that if any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants, Warrant Shares are being sold pursuant to Rule 144 of the U.S. Securities Act and in compliance with any applicable State securities laws, the legend may be removed by delivery to the Corporation's transfer agent of an opinion reasonably satisfactory to the Corporation and its transfer agent to the effect that the legend is no longer required under applicable requirements of the U.S. Securities Act and State securities laws;
(d) the Corporation may make a notation on its records or instruct the registrar and transfer agent of the Corporation in order to implement the restrictions on transfer set forth and described herein and the subscription;
(e) the Investor understands and agrees that the financial statements of the Corporation have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, which differ in some respects from United States generally accepted accounting principles, and thus may not be comparable to financial statements of United States companies;
(f) the Investor understands that the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants and Warrant Shares are "restricted securities" under applicable federal securities laws and that the U.S. Securities Act and the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") provide in substance that the Investor may dispose of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants and Warrant Shares only pursuant to an effective registration statement under the U.S. Securities Act or an exemption therefrom, and, other than as set out herein or in the Investor Rights Agreement, the Investor understands that the Corporation has no obligation to register the offer or sale of any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Warrants, Warrant Shares or the Purchased Shares or to take action so as to permit sales pursuant to the U.S. Securities Act (including Rule 144 thereunder). Accordingly, the Investor understands that absent registration, under the rules of the SEC, the Investor may be required to hold the Purchased Shares, Units, Warrants, Warrant Shares indefinitely or to transfer the Purchased Shares, Units, Warrants, Warrant Shares in the United States or to U.S. Persons in "private placements" which are exempt from registration under the U.S. Securities Act, in which event the transferee may acquire "restricted securities" subject to the same limitations as in the hands of the Investor. As a consequence, the Investor understands that it must bear the economic risks of the investment in the Subscription Receipts, Purchased Shares, Units, Warrants, and Warrant Shares for an indefinite period of time.
(g) the Investor understands and acknowledges that the Corporation is not obligated to remain a "foreign issuer" (as defined in Rule 902(e) of Regulation S);
(h) the Investor understands and agrees that there may be material tax consequences to the Investor of an acquisition, disposition or exercise of any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Purchased Shares, Warrants or Warrant Shares and the Corporation gives no opinion and makes no representation with respect to the tax consequences to the Investor under United States, state, local or foreign tax law of the Investor's acquisition or disposition of such Units, and in particular, no determination has been made whether the Corporation will be a "passive foreign investment company" ("PFIC") within the meaning of Section 1291 of the United States Internal Revenue Code (the "Code"), provided, however, the Corporation agrees that it shall provide to the Investor, upon written request, all of the information that would be required for United States income tax reporting purposes by a United States security holder making an election to treat the Corporation as a "qualified electing fund" for the purposes of the Code, should the Corporation determine that the Corporation is a PFIC in any calendar year following the Investor's purchase of the Subscription Receipts; and
(i) the funds representing the Tranche 1 Subscription Price which will be advanced by the Investor to the Corporation hereunder will not represent proceeds of crime for the purposes of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (the "PATRIOT Act") and the Investor acknowledges that the Corporation may in the future be required by law to disclose the Investor's name and other information relating to the subscription and the Investor's subscription hereunder, on a confidential basis, pursuant to the PATRIOT Act, and that no portion of the Tranche 1 Subscription Price to be provided by the Investor (i) has been or will be derived from or related to any activity that is deemed criminal under the laws of the United States of America, or any other jurisdiction, or (ii) is being tendered on behalf of a person or entity who has not been identified to or by the Investor, and it shall promptly notify the Corporation if the Investor discovers that any of such representations ceases to be true and provide the Corporation with appropriate information in connection therewith.
* * * * * * *
The representations, warranties, statements and certification made in this Certificate are true and accurate as of the date of this Certificate.
Capitalized terms not specifically defined in this Certificate have the meaning ascribed to them in the subscription to which this Certificate is attached.
The Investor acknowledges and agrees that the Corporation will and can rely on this Certificate in connection with the Investor's subscription.
IN WITNESS, the undersigned has executed this Certificate as of the ____ day of _________, 2023.
GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC | |
Per: | |
Name: John Stapleton | |
Title: Vice President, Global Financial Strategy and FP&A |
SCHEDULE B
REGISTRATION INSTRUCTIONS
[Redacted]
SCHEDULE C
WARRANT CERTIFICATE
(See Attached)
SCHEDULE C - FORM OF WARRANT CERTIFICATE
THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREBY AND THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE UPON EXERCISE HEREOF HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE "U.S. SECURITIES ACT") OR UNDER THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE HOLDER HEREOF, BY PURCHASING SUCH SECURITIES, AGREES FOR THE BENEFIT OF LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. AND ITS SUCCESSORS (THE "CORPORATION") THAT SUCH SECURITIES MAY BE OFFERED, SOLD, PLEDGED OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED ABSENT SUCH REGISTRATION ONLY (A) TO THE CORPORATION; (B) OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES IN ACCORDANCE WITH RULE 904 OF REGULATION S UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH LOCAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS; (C) IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT PROVIDED BY RULE 144 THEREUNDER, IF AVAILABLE, AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS; OR (D) IN A TRANSACTION THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT OR ANY APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS, AND, IN THE CASE OF CLAUSES (C) OR (D), THE HOLDER HAS PRIOR TO SUCH TRANSFER FURNISHED TO THE CORPORATION AN OPINION OF COUNSEL OF RECOGNIZED STANDING IN FORM AND SUBSTANCE REASONABLY SATISFACTORY TO THE CORPORATION TO SUCH EFFECT. DELIVERY OF THIS CERTIFICATE MAY NOT CONSTITUTE GOOD DELIVERY IN SETTLEMENT OF TRANSACTIONS ON STOCK EXCHANGES IN CANADA.
UNLESS PERMITTED UNDER SECURITIES LEGISLATION, THE HOLDER OF THIS SECURITY MUST NOT TRADE THE SECURITY BEFORE [●], 2023.
THE WARRANTS EVIDENCED HEREBY ARE EXERCISABLE ONLY PRIOR TO 5:00 P.M., VANCOUVER TIME, ON THE EXPIRATION DATE, AFTER WHICH TIME THE WARRANTS EVIDENCED HEREBY SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE VOID AND OF NO FURTHER FORCE OR EFFECT.
[●], 2023
COMMON SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT CERTIFICATE
To Purchase 11,890,848 Common Shares of LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.
Warrant Certificate No. [●] |
Certificate for 11,890,848 Warrants, each entitling the holder to acquire one (1) Common Share (as hereinafter defined and subject to adjustment as set out herein). |
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT, FOR VALUE RECEIVED, GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC, 300 Renaissance Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA, 48265-3000 (the "Holder"), or its permitted assigns, is entitled, during the Exercise Period (as hereinafter defined), to purchase from Lithium Americas Corp., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the province of British Columbia (the "Corporation" or the "Issuer"), the Warrant Shares (as hereinafter defined and subject to adjustment as set out herein), at the then Current Warrant Price for each Warrant (as hereinafter defined) exercised for aggregate proceeds of US$329,852,123.52 (subject to the Maximimum Issuance Limitation (as hereinafter defined) and Section 8.1 of the Master Purchase Agreement), all on and subject to the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth.
The Corporation shall treat the Holder as the absolute owner of this Warrant Certificate for all purposes and the Corporation shall not be affected by any notice or knowledge to the contrary. The Holder shall be entitled to the rights evidenced by this Warrant Certificate and the receipt by the Holder of the Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise hereof shall be a good discharge to the Corporation and the Corporation shall not be bound to inquire into the title of the Holder.
Nothing contained herein shall confer any right upon the Holder to subscribe for or purchase any Warrant Shares at any time after the Expiration Date, and from and after the Expiration Date these Warrants and all rights hereunder shall be void and of no value.
1. Definitions. As used in this Warrant Certificate, the following terms have the respective meanings set forth below:
"Affiliate" means, as to any specified Person, any other Person who directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, (a) controls such specified Person, (b) is controlled by such specified Person, or (c) is under common control with such specified Person;
"Business Day" means any day, other than (a) a Saturday, Sunday or statutory holiday in the Province of British Columbia, the City of New York or the City of Detroit and (b) a day on which banks are generally closed in the Province of British Columbia, the City of New York or the City of Detroit;
"Change of Control" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
"Change of Control Notice" means a notice of a potential Change of Control; "Closing Date" means [●], 2023;1
"Common Shares" means common shares in the capital of the Corporation;
"Common Shares Deemed Outstanding" means, at any given time, the sum of (a) the number of shares of Common Shares actually outstanding at such time, plus (b) the number of shares of Common Shares issuable upon exercise, conversion or exchange of Convertible Securities actually outstanding at such time (treating as actually outstanding any Convertible Securities issuable upon exercise of options actually outstanding at such time), in each case, regardless of whether the Convertible Securities are actually exercisable at such time; provided, that Common Shares Deemed Outstanding at any given time shall not include shares owned or held by or for the account of the Corporation or any of its wholly-owned subsidiaries;
______________________________
1 Date to be the date of the Escrow Release Date.
"Convertible Securities" means securities (including options) that are exchangeable, convertible or exercisable into Common Shares;
"Corporation" means Lithium Americas Corp., a corporation incorporated under the laws of the Province of British Columbia and its successors and permitted assigns;
"Current Market Price" means of the Common Shares (or SpinCo Shares, as applicable) at any date means the price per share equal to the volume weighted average trading price of the Common Shares (or SpinCo Shares, as applicable) on the NYSE during the five (5) consecutive trading days ending before such date or, if the Common Shares (or SpinCo Shares, as applicable) are not then listed on the NYSE, the TSX during the five (5) consecutive trading days ending before such date; in each case as reported by Bloomberg Finance L.P. in respect of the period from the scheduled open of trading until the scheduled close of trading of the primary trading session on each such trading day (or if such volume-weighted average trading price is unavailable, the market price of one Common Share or SpinCo Share, as applicable, on each such trading day). The "volume-weighted average trading price" shall be determined without regard to after-hours trading or any other trading outside of the regular trading session hours;
"Current Warrant Price" means, in respect of a Warrant Share at any date herein specified, the price at which a Warrant Share may be purchased pursuant to this Warrant Certificate on such date. Unless the Current Warrant Price is adjusted pursuant to the terms herein (including in connection with the consummation of the Separation Transaction as set out herein), the Current Warrant Price shall be US$27.74 per Warrant Share;
"Deemed Exercise Event" has the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.2(a);
"Exercise Period" means the period during which the Warrants are exercisable pursuant to Section 2.1;
"Expiration Date" means the earlier of (i) [insert the date following 36 months from the Closing Date], and (ii) the Mandatory Cancellation Date;
"GM Transaction Resolutions" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
"GM Transaction Shareholder Meeting" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
"Governmental Entity" means any domestic or foreign federal, provincial, regional, state, municipal or other government, governmental department, agency, authority or body (whether administrative, legislative, executive or otherwise), court, tribunal, commission or commissioner, bureau, minister or ministry, board or agency, or other regulatory authority, including any securities regulatory authorities and stock exchange;
"Holder" has the meaning ascribed thereto on page 1 hereof;
"Investor Rights Agreement" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Master Purchase Agreement;
"Mandatory Cancellation Date" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 4.10;
"Master Purchase Agreement" means the master purchase agreement between the Holder and the Corporation dated as of January 30, 2023;
"Maximum Issuance Limitation" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.4;
"NYSE" means the New York Stock Exchange;
"Other Exchange" means any other recognized North American stock exchange or quotation system;
"Other Property" has the meaning set forth in Section 4.5;
"Person" means and includes any individual, corporation, limited partnership, general partnership, joint stock corporation, limited liability corporation, joint venture, association, corporation, trust, bank, trust corporation, pension fund, business trust or other organization, whether or not a legal entity, and any Governmental Entity;
"Relative SpinCo Value Ratio" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement;
"Securities Laws" means, the securities laws, regulations and rules of each of the states, provinces and territories of Canada and the United States, and the blanket rulings and policies and written interpretations of, and multilateral or national instruments adopted by, the securities regulatory authorities of Canada and the United States and each of their respective states, provinces and territories, as well as the rules and policies of the TSX, the NYSE and any other stock or securities exchange, marketplace or trading market upon which the securities of the Corporation are listed for trading;
"Separation Transaction" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
"Separation Outside Date" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
"Share Pricing Resolution" means GM Transaction Resolution pertaining to the price at which Common Shares, or SpinCo Shares, will be issued pursuant to the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement or the SpinCo Subscription Agreement, as applicable;
"SpinCo" means 1397468 B.C. Ltd.;
"SpinCo Shares" means common shares in the capital of SpinCo;
"SpinCo Subscription Agreement" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement;
"Tranche 2 Holder Closing Documentation" means the deliverables set out in Section 5.3 of the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement;
"Tranche 2 Investment" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
"Tranche 2 Issuer Closing Documentation" means the deliverables set out in Section 5.2 of the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement;
"Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement" means the Subscription Agreement between the Holder and the Corporation dated as of [●], 2023;
"Transfer" means any permitted disposition of any Warrant or of any interest therein but, for greater certainty, does not include the exercise of the Warrants;
"Transfer Restrictions" means the transfer restrictions contained in Section 5.3 of the Investor Rights Agreement;
"TSX" means the Toronto Stock Exchange;
"Warrant Certificate" means a certificate issued by the Corporation and representing the Warrants, including for certainty, this certificate;
"Warrant Election Notice" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement;
"Warrant Exercise Form" means the subscription form attached as Exhibit A hereto;
"Warrant Price" means an amount equal to (a) the number of Warrant Shares being purchased upon exercise of this Warrant Certificate pursuant to Section 2.1, multiplied by (b) the Current Warrant Price;
"Warrant Shares" means the 11,890,848 Common Shares to be purchased upon the due and valid exercise of the Warrants represented by this Warrant Certificate, subject to adjustment as provided herein and consummation of the Separation Transaction as set out herein; and
"Warrants" means the common share purchase warrants represented by this Warrant Certificate and all warrants issued upon Transfer, division or combination of, or in substitution for, any part thereof.
2. Exercise of Warrants.
2.1 Voluntary Exercise.
(a) From and after the issuance hereof and until the Expiration Date (the "Exercise Period"), the Holder may exercise all, but not less than all, of the Warrants, subject to the Maximum Issuance Limitation on any Business Day, for all of the Warrant Shares purchasable hereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing or anything herein to the contrary, the Warrants shall only be exerciseable if (i) the Separation Transaction has not occurred prior to the Separation Outside Date, (ii) the Corporation announces that the Separation Transaction shall not occur, or (iii) the Investor has received a Change of Control Notice from the Corporation.
(b) In order to exercise the Warrants, the Holder shall deliver to the Issuer at its principal office or at the office or agency designated by the Issuer pursuant to Section 14.2 the written notice of the Holder's election to exercise the Warrants in the form of the Warrant Exercise Form, duly completed and executed by the Holder or its agent or attorney.
2.2 Deemed Exercise.
(a) The Holder will be deemed to exercise all, and not less than all, of the Warrants, subject to the Maximum Issuance Limitation, upon the date the Holder has delivered the Warrant Election Notice pursuant to Section 2.3 of the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement (the "Deemed Exercise Event").
2.3 Closing of Exercise
(a) Upon the occurrence of the Deemed Exercise Event, the parties shall complete the exercise of the Warrants thereafter by delivery of the following:
(1) the Holder shall deliver to the Issuer payment of the Warrant Price in United States dollars by wire transfer of immediately available funds to the account of the Issuer;
(2) the Holder shall deliver to the Issuer the Tranche 2 Holder Closing Documentation;
(3) the Issuer shall deliver to the Holder the Tranche 2 Issuer Closing Documentation;
(4) the Issuer shall execute or cause to be executed and deliver or cause to be delivered to the Holder by mail, at the address or addresses specified in the Warrant Exercise Form, a certificate or certificates representing the aggregate number of Warrant Shares issuable upon such exercise in accordance with the registration instructions set forth in Schedule B to the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement, or as the Holder may otherwise subsequently direct the Issuer in writing. The share certificate or certificates so delivered shall be, to the extent possible, in such denomination or denominations as the Holder shall request in the notice and shall be registered in the name of the Holder; and
(5) if the Warrants are not exercised in full, the Issuer shall deliver to the Holder a replacement Warrant Certificate representing the unexercised Warrants.
(b) A Warrant shall be deemed to have been exercised and such certificate or certificates representing the applicable aggregate number of Warrant Shares issuable upon such exercise shall be deemed to have been issued, and the Holder or any other Person so designated to be named therein shall be deemed to have become a Holder of record of such Warrant Shares for all purposes, as of the date when the Holder has delivered the Warrant Exercise Form in accordance with Section 2.1(b) or the Deemed Exercise Event, as applicable, and paid the Warrant Price.
2.4 Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2.1 to 2.3:
(i) if the TSX does not grant conditional approval to permit the Holder to acquire in the aggregate more than 19.9% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares, the Holder will not be entitled to exercise Warrants, and the Issuer will not issue Warrant Shares to Holder hereunder, that will result in the Holder owning, together with Common Shares already owned or controlled on the date of exercise of the Warrants hereunder, more than 19.9% of issued and outstanding share capital of the Issuer; and
(ii) if the Corporation obtains conditional approval from the TSX and authorization from the NYSE if applicable, to permit the Holder to acquire in the aggregate more than 19.9% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares (including through shareholder approval of the applicable GM Transaction Resolution), then the maximum number of Common Shares issuable hereunder shall be the lesser of:
(A) the maximum amount that Holder may hold that will not reasonably be expected to result in the Holder having to consolidate the Corporation's financial performance in connection with preparing the Holder's financial statements under U.S. GAAP, unless the Holder consents otherwise; and
(B) the number of Common Shares that will, upon completion of the Tranche 2 Investment, result in the Holder holding 30% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares of the Corporation
(in either (i) or (ii) above, the "Maximum Issuance Limitation").
2.5 Any certificate representing Warrant Shares issued upon the exercise of this Warrant Certificate prior to four months and one day after the Closing Date will bear the following legends, to the extent such legends remain applicable at the time of such exercise:
UNLESS PERMITTED UNDER SECURITIES LEGISLATION, THE HOLDER OF THIS SECURITY MUST NOT TRADE THE SECURITY BEFORE [●], 2023.
THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE ARE LISTED ON THE TORONTO STOCK EXCHANGE ("TSX"); HOWEVER, THE SAID SECURITIES CANNOT BE TRADED THROUGH THE FACILITIES OF TSX SINCE THEY ARE NOT FREELY TRANSFERABLE, AND CONSEQUENTLY ANY CERTIFICATE REPRESENTING SUCH SECURITIES IS NOT "GOOD DELIVERY" IN SETTLEMENT OF TRANSACTIONS ON THE TSX.
The following legend will be placed on the certificates representing the Warrant Shares upon the issuance thereof, until such time as the same is no longer required under the applicable requirements of the U.S. Securities Act or applicable U.S. Securities Laws and regulations:
THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREBY HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE "U.S. SECURITIES ACT") OR UNDER THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE HOLDER HEREOF, BY PURCHASING SUCH SECURITIES, AGREES FOR THE BENEFIT OF LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. AND ITS SUCCESSORS (THE "CORPORATION") THAT SUCH SECURITIES MAY BE OFFERED, SOLD, PLEDGED OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED ABSENT SUCH REGISTRATION ONLY (A) TO THE CORPORATION; (B) OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES IN ACCORDANCE WITH RULE 904 OF REGULATION S UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH LOCAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS; (C) IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT PROVIDED BY RULE 144 THEREUNDER, IF AVAILABLE, AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS; OR (D) IN A TRANSACTION THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT OR ANY APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS, AND, IN THE CASE OF CLAUSES (C) OR (D), THE HOLDER HAS PRIOR TO SUCH TRANSFER FURNISHED TO THE CORPORATION AN OPINION OF COUNSEL OF RECOGNIZED STANDING IN FORM AND SUBSTANCE REASONABLY SATISFACTORY TO THE CORPORATION TO SUCH EFFECT. DELIVERY OF THIS CERTIFICATE MAY NOT CONSTITUTE GOOD DELIVERY IN SETTLEMENT OF TRANSACTIONS ON STOCK EXCHANGES IN CANADA.
2.6 The Warrants represented hereby and the securities issuable upon the exercise of the Warrants represented hereby have not been and will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act or the Securities Laws of any state. The Warrants represented hereby may not be exercised by or for the account of a U.S. Person or a Person in the United States without registration under the U.S. Securities Act and all applicable state Securities Laws or unless an exemption from such registration is available and, upon request by the Corporation, the holder has provided the Corporation with a written opinion of United States legal counsel or other evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Corporation to such effect. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a holder who checks box 3 of the Warrant Exercise Form and represents, warrants and certifies to the Corporation that (a) it purchased the Warrants from the Corporation pursuant to the Master Purchase Agreement, (b) it is exercising the Warrants for its own account, (c) it is an "accredited investor" (as defined in Rule 501(a) of Regulation D under the U.S. Securities Act) on the date of exercise, and (d) the representations and warranties of the holder set forth in the Master Purchase Agreement (other than representations regarding the holder's ownership of the Corporation's equity securities at the time of entry into the Master Purchase Agreement) remain true and correct on the date of exercise, shall not be required to deliver a written opinion of United States counsel upon exercise of the Warrant. The Warrant Shares shall bear the legend set forth in Warrant Exercise Form. As used herein, the terms "United States" and "U.S. Person" have the meaning ascribed thereto in Regulation S under the U.S. Securities Act.
2.7 Restrictions on Exercise Amount. In the event the Corporation is prohibited from issuing Warrant Shares as a result of any restrictions or prohibitions under applicable law or the rules or regulations of any stock exchange, interdealer quotation system or other self-regulatory organization, the Corporation shall as soon as possible take such commercially reasonable action to authorize the issuance of the full number of Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant Certificate.
2.8 Investment Purposes. The Holder confirms that Holder is subscribing for the Warrants as principal for its own account and not as agent for the benefit of any other Person (within the meaning of Securities Laws) for investment purposes only and has no current intention to sell or otherwise dispose of the Warrants.
3. Transfer, Division and Combination.
3.1 Transfer. The Warrants shall not be transferrable by the Holder, except with the prior written consent of the Corporation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Holder may assign and transfer all of its rights, benefits, duties and obligations under this Certificate in their entirety, without the consent of the Corporation, to an Affiliate of the Holder; provided that no such assignment shall relieve the Holder of any of its obligations hereunder. The Corporation may not transfer all or any interest in this Warrant Certificate, except as explicitly set forth in Section 4 and 5 of this Warrant Certificate.
Any Transfer of the Warrants and all rights hereunder, in accordance with the foregoing provisions, shall be registered on the books of the Corporation to be maintained for such purpose, upon surrender of this Warrant Certificate at the principal office of the Corporation or the office or agency designated by the Corporation pursuant to Section 14.2, together with a written assignment of the Warrants substantially in the form of Exhibit B hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent or attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon the making of such Transfer. Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Corporation shall execute and deliver a new Warrant Certificate in the name of the assignee or assignees and in the denomination specified in such instrument of assignment and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant Certificate evidencing the number of Warrants not so assigned, and this Warrant Certificate shall promptly be cancelled. Following a Transfer that complies with the requirements of this Section 3.1, the Warrants may be exercised by a new Holder for the purchase of Warrant Shares regardless of whether the Corporation issued or registered a new Warrant Certificate on the books of the Corporation.
The Warrants are, and Warrant Shares will be, "restricted securities" within the meaning of Rule 144(a)(3) under the U.S. Securities Act, and, if in the future the Holder decides to offer, resell, pledge or otherwise transfer such securities, it will do so only (a) to the Corporation; (b) outside the United States in compliance with Rule 904 of Regulation S under the U.S. Securities Act, and in compliance with applicable local laws and regulations; (c) in compliance with (i) Rule 144A under the U.S. Securities Act, if available, to a Person the seller reasonably believes is a "qualified institutional buyer" (as defined in Rule 144A under the U.S. Securities Act) that is purchasing for its own account or for the account of one or more "qualified institutional buyers" and to whom notice is given that the offer, sale, pledge or transfer is being made in reliance upon Rule 144A under the U.S. Securities Act, or (ii) Rule 144 under the U.S. Securities Act, if available, and, in each case, in compliance with any applicable state Securities Laws of the United States; or (d) in another transaction that does not require registration under the U.S. Securities Act or any applicable state Securities Laws of the United States, after (A) in the case of proposed transfers pursuant to (b) above, providing to Computershare Investor Services Inc., as transfer agent for the Corporation, (i) a declaration in the form that Computershare Investor Services Inc., as transfer agent for the Corporation, may reasonably prescribe from time to time, and (ii) if required by Computershare Investor Services Inc., as transfer agent for the Corporation, an opinion of counsel, of recognized standing reasonably satisfactory to the Corporation, or other evidence satisfactory to the Corporation, that the proposed transfer may be effected without registration under the U.S. Securities Act, and (B) in the case of proposed transfers pursuant to (c)(ii) or (d) above, providing to Computershare Investor Services Inc., as transfer agent for the Corporation, and to the Corporation, an opinion of counsel of recognized standing reasonably satisfactory to the Corporation, to the effect that the proposed transfer may be effected without registration under the U.S. Securities Act.
4. Warrant Adjustments.
4.1 Adjustments. The number of Warrant Shares for which the Warrants are exercisable, and the price at which such shares may be purchased upon exercise of the Warrants, shall be subject to adjustment from time to time as set forth in this Section 4, excluding any adjustments to be made in connection with the Separation Transaction, which will be governed by the provisions of Section 5. The Corporation shall give the Holder notice of any event described below which requires an adjustment pursuant to this Section 4 in accordance with Section 6.1 and 6.2.
4.2 Share Dividends, Subdivisions and Combinations. If at any time while the Warrants are outstanding the Corporation shall:
(a) declare a dividend in Common Shares or Convertible Securities or make a distribution of Common Shares or Convertible Securities on all or substantially all of its outstanding Common Shares,
(b) subdivide its outstanding Common Shares into a larger number of Common Shares, or
(c) combine its outstanding Common Shares into a smaller number of Common Shares,
then, on the record date for such event or, if no record date is fixed, the effective date of such event, in each case:
(1) the Current Warrant Price shall be adjusted so that it will equal the rate determined by multiplying the Current Warrant Price in effect immediately prior to such date by a fraction, of which the numerator shall be the total number of Common Shares Deemed Outstanding on such date before giving effect to such event, and of which the denominator shall be the total number of Common Shares Deemed Outstanding on such date after giving effect to such event, and
(2) the number of Warrant Shares purchasable upon the subsequent exercise of the Warrants shall be simultaneously adjusted or readjusted, as the case may be, by multiplying the number of Warrant Shares purchasable upon the exercise of the Warrants immediately prior to such adjustment or readjustment by a fraction which shall be the reciprocal of the fraction used in the adjustment or readjustment of the Current Warrant Price.
Any adjustment made pursuant to clause (a) of this paragraph shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution, and any adjustment pursuant to clauses (b) or (c) of this paragraph shall become effective immediately after the effective date of such subdivision or combination.
4.3 Rights Offering. If at any time while the Warrants are outstanding the Corporation shall fix a record date for the issuance of rights, options or warrants to all or substantially all the holders of Common Shares entitling them, for a period expiring not more than 45 days after the record date, to subscribe for or purchase Common Shares or Convertible Securities at a price per Common Share (or having a conversion price per Common Share) less than 95% of the Current Market Price as at the record date (the issuance of any such rights, options or warrants being a "Rights Offering"), then the Current Warrant Price shall be adjusted effective immediately after the record date so that it shall equal the price determined by multiplying the Current Warrant Price in effect on the record date of such Rights Offering by a fraction:
(a) the numerator of which shall be the number of Common Shares Deemed Outstanding on the record date plus a number of Common Shares equal to the number arrived at by dividing the aggregate price of the total number of additional Common Shares offered for subscription or purchase (or the aggregate conversion price of the Convertible Securities so offered) by the Current Market Price; and
(b) the denominator shall be the number of Common Shares Deemed Outstanding on the record date plus the total number of additional Common Shares offered by subscription or purchase (or into which the Convertible Securities so offered are convertible);
to the extent that any such rights, options or warrants are not so issued or are not exercised prior to the expiration thereof, the Current Warrant Price shall be readjusted to the Current Warrant Price which would then be in effect if the record date had not been fixed or the Current Warrant Price which would then be in effect based upon the number of Common Shares (or Convertible Securities) actually issued upon the exercise of such rights, options and warrants, as the case may be, but subject to any other adjustment required hereunder by reason of any event arising after the record date.
4.4 Special Distribution. If at any time while the Warrants are outstanding the Corporation shall issue or distribute to all or substantially all the holders of Common Shares:
(a) shares of any class other than Common Shares (excluding for the avoidance of doubt any SpinCo Shares or other securities of SpinCo issued pursuant to the Separation Transaction), or
(b) rights, options or warrants (other than (i) pursuant to a employee stock option plan or employee share purchase plan or other employment incentive, (ii) rights, options or warrants exercisable not more than 45 days from the date of issue to purchase Common Shares at a price per Common Share equal to or greater than the Current Warrant Price or to purchase Convertible Securities having a conversion price per Common Share equal to or greater than the Current Warrant Price or (iii) as provided for in Section 4.3), or
(c) evidences of indebtedness, or
(d) any other assets (other than a cash dividend payable out of the earnings or earned surplus legally available for the payment of dividends under the laws of the jurisdiction of incorporation of the Corporation)
and, in any of those cases, the issuance or distribution does not constitute a distribution to which Sections 4.2 or 4.3 applies (any of such events being herein called a "Special Distribution"), then the Current Warrant Price shall be adjusted effective immediately after the record date at which the holders of Common Shares are determined for purposes of the Special Distribution to a price which is the product of:
(i) the Current Warrant Price in effect on such record date; and
(ii) a fraction:
(1) the numerator shall be the number of Common Shares Deemed Outstanding on the record date multiplied by the Current Market Price on the record date, less the fair market value (as determined by the directors acting in good faith with a view to the interests of all of the security holders of the Corporation, including the Holder) of the shares, evidences of indebtedness, assets or property, or rights, options or warrants so distributed; and
(2) the denominator shall be the number of Common Shares Deemed Outstanding on the record date multiplied by such Current Market Price.
to the extent that the Special Distribution is not so made or to the extent that any rights, options or warrants so distributed are not exercised, the Current Warrant Price shall be readjusted to the Current Warrant Price which would then be in effect based upon such shares, rights, options, warrants, evidences of indebtedness or assets actually distributed or based upon the number of Common Shares or Convertible Securities actually delivered upon the exercise of such rights, options or warrants, as the case may be, but subject to any other adjustment required hereunder by reason of any event arising after the record date.
4.5 Reorganization, Reclassification, Merger, Consolidation or Disposition of Assets.
(a) If there shall occur a reclassification or redesignation of Common Shares at any time or a change of the Common Shares into other shares or other securities or any other capital reorganization (other than a share dividend, subdivision or combination referred to in Section 4.1), or a consolidation, amalgamation, arrangement or merger of the Corporation with or into any other corporation or other entity (other than a consolidation, amalgamation, arrangement or merger which does not result in any reclassification or redesignation of the Common Shares or a change of the Common Shares into other securities), or a transfer of all or substantially all of the undertaking or assets of the Corporation to another corporation or other entity (any of such events being herein called a "Capital Reorganization"), and, pursuant to the terms of such Capital Reorganization, common shares of the successor or acquiring corporation, or any cash, shares or other securities or property of any nature whatsoever (including warrants or other subscription or purchase rights) in addition to or in lieu of common shares of the successor or acquiring corporation (any such consideration other than Common Shares, the "Other Property"), are to be received by or distributed to the holders of Common Shares, then the Holder of the Warrants shall have the right thereafter to receive, and still accept upon the exercise of the Warrant in lieu of the Common Shares to which such Holder was therefore entitled to receive, the number of Common Shares and the Other Property receivable upon or as a result of such Capital Reorganization by a holder of the number of Common Shares into which the Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such event.
(b) Subject to the prior written approval of the principal stock exchange or over-the-counter market on which the Common Shares are then listed or quoted for trading, appropriate adjustments shall be made as a result of any such Capital Reorganization in the application of the provisions set forth in this Section 4.4 with respect to the rights and interests thereafter of the Holder to the end that the provisions set forth in this Section 4.4 shall thereafter correspondingly be made applicable as nearly as may reasonably be possible in relation to any shares, other securities or Other Property thereafter deliverable upon the exercise of any Warrant. Any such adjustments shall be made by and set forth in terms and conditions supplemental hereto approved by the board of directors of the Corporation, acting reasonably and in good faith. The foregoing provisions of this Section 4 shall similarly apply to successive Capital Reorganization transactions.
4.6 Other Provisions Applicable to Adjustments. The following provisions shall be applicable to the making of adjustments of the number of Common Shares into which the Warrants are exercisable and the Current Warrant Price provided for in Section 4:
(a) The adjustments required by Section 4 shall be made whenever and as often as any specified event requiring an adjustment shall occur, subject to the following subsections of this Section 4, and for the purpose of any adjustment, any specified event shall be deemed to have occurred at the close of business on the date of its occurrence.
(b) No adjustment in the Current Warrant Price is required to be made unless such adjustment would result in a change of at least 1% in the prevailing Current Warrant Price and no adjustment in the Current Warrant Price is required to be made unless such adjustment would result in a change of at least one one-hundredth of a Warrant Share upon exercise of the Warrants; provided, however, that any adjustments which, except for the provisions of this subsection, would otherwise have been required to be made, will be carried forward and taken into account in any subsequent adjustments, and in any case, prior to exercise.
(c) In computing adjustments under this Section 4, fractional interests of less than 0.5 of one Common Share shall be rounded down, and fractional interests of 0.5 or more of one Common Share shall be rounded up, in each case to the nearest whole share.
(d) If the Corporation undertakes a transaction contemplated under this Section 4 and as a result takes a record of the holders of its Common Shares for the purpose of entitling them to receive a dividend or distribution or subscription or purchase rights or other benefits contemplated under this Section 4 and shall, thereafter and before the distribution to shareholders thereof, legally abandon its plan to pay or deliver such dividend, distribution, subscription or purchase rights or other benefits contemplated under this Section 4, then thereafter no adjustment shall be required by reason of the taking of such record and any such adjustment previously made in respect thereof shall be rescinded and annulled.
(e) If at any time a question or dispute arises with respect to adjustments provided for in Section 4, such question or dispute will be conclusively determined by the independent auditor of the Corporation or, if they are unable or unwilling to act, by such other firm of independent chartered professional accountants that is a participant of the Canadian Public Accountability Board, as may be selected by action of the Holder and any such determination, subject to regulatory approval and absent manifest error, will be binding upon the Corporation and the Holder. The Corporation will provide such independent auditor or chartered professional accountant with access to all necessary records of the Corporation.
(f) In the absence of a resolution of the directors of the Corporation fixing a record date for any event which would require any adjustment to these Warrants, the Corporation will be deemed to have fixed as the record date therefor the date on which the event is effected.
(g) In any case that an adjustment pursuant to Section 4 shall become effective immediately after a record date for or an effective date of an event referred to herein, the Corporation may defer, until the occurrence of such event, issuing to the Holder of these Warrants, if exercised after such record date or effective date and before the occurrence and consummation of such event, the additional Warrant Shares or other securities or property issuable upon such exercise by reason of the adjustment required by such event, provided, however, that the Corporation will deliver to the Holder an appropriate instrument evidencing the Holder's right to receive such additional Warrant Shares or other securities or property upon the occurrence and consummation of such event and the right to receive any dividend or other distribution in respect of such additional Warrant Shares or other securities or property declared in favour of the holders of record of Common Shares or of such other securities or property on or after the Expiration Date or such later date as the Holder would, but for the provisions of this subsection, have become the holder of record of such additional Warrant Shares or of such other securities or property.
4.7 No Adjustments. No adjustment in the Current Warrant Price or number of Warrants issuable hereunder shall be made in respect of the Separation Transaction (provided a warrant certificate is issued by SpinCo for the purchase of SpinCo Shares as contemplated in Section 5).
4.8 Other Action Affecting Common Shares. If and whenever at any time after the date hereof and prior to the Expiration Date, the Corporation takes any action affecting its Common Shares to which the foregoing provisions of this Section 4 are not strictly applicable, or if strictly applicable would not fairly adjust the rights of the Holder against dilution in accordance with the intent and purposes thereof, or would otherwise materially affect the rights of the Holder hereunder, then the Corporation shall execute and deliver to the Holder an amendment hereto providing for an adjustment in the application of such provisions so as to adjust such rights as aforesaid in such a manner as the board of directors of the Corporation may determine to be equitable in the circumstances, acting reasonably and in good faith, but subject in all cases to any necessary regulatory approval.
4.9 Common Share Transfer Taxes. The issue of share certificates upon exercise of the Warrants shall be made without charge to the Holder for any stamp or issuance tax in respect of such issue. The Corporation shall not, however, be required to pay any tax which may be payable in respect of any Transfer involved in the issue and delivery of shares in any name other than that of the Holder, and the Corporation shall not be required to issue or deliver any such share certificate unless and until the Person or Persons requesting the issue thereof shall have paid to the Corporation the amount of such tax or shall have established to the satisfaction of the Corporation that such tax has been paid.
4.10 Deemed Termination. This Warrant Certificate will terminate automatically and with immediate effect upon the date (the "Mandatory Cancellation Date") either:
(a) the Holder or any other Person subscribes for and purchases Common Shares pursuant to the terms of the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement;
(b) the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement is terminated pursuant to its terms; or
(c) the Share Pricing Resolution is approved at the GM Transaction Shareholder Meeting.
5. SpinCo Warrants.
5.1 Warrants to be issued by SpinCo. If the Warrants hereunder have not been exercised prior to the Separation Transaction, the parties agree that in connection with the Separation Transaction, the Holder of this Warrant Certificate shall exercise this Warrant Certificate to acquire one (1) Common Share.
The parties further acknowledge and agree that immediately after the Separation Transaction, the Corporation shall cause SpinCo to provide the Holder with new warrant certificate on substantially the terms of this Warrant Certificate (the "SpinCo Warrant Certificate") with such equitable adjustments as are necessary to give effect to the Separation Transaction, including as further provided in Section 5.2.
5.2 Terms of SpinCo Warrant Certificate. The SpinCo Warrant Certificate shall be on substantially the terms of this Warrant Certificate with certain necessary modifications, including the following:
(a) all references to the "Corporation" and to the "Issuer" in this Warrant Certificate shall refer to SpinCo;
(b) all references to the "Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement" in this Warrant Certificate shall refer to the SpinCo Subscription Agreement;
(c) the SpinCo Warrant Certificate shall entitle the holder to acquire SpinCo Shares, with (i) each Warrant being exercisable to acquire one (1) SpinCo Share; (ii) the Current Warrant Price for the exercise of each Warrant being adjusted to a price equal to the Current Warrant Price immediately prior to such adjustment multiplied by the Relative SpinCo Value Ratio; and (iii) the number of Warrants represented by this Certificate being adjusted to equal the number of Warrants outstanding immediately prior to the Separation Transaction divided by the Relative SpinCo Value Ratio (in each case of clause (ii) and (iii) subject to adjustment in the event that Common Shares and SpinCo Shares and are not issued on one-for-one basis in connection with the Separation Transaction);
(d) the definition of Warrant Shares shall be replaced with the following: ""Warrant Shares" means the SpinCo Shares to be purchased upon the due and valid exercise of the Warrants represented by this Warrant Certificate, subject to adjustment as provided herein"; and
(e) all references to the Separation Transaction or to the rights and obligations of the Corporation or the Holder in respect of the Separation Transaction shall be removed.
6. Notices to Warrant Holders.
6.1 The Corporation will from time to time, immediately after the occurrence of any event which requires an adjustment or readjustment as provided in Section 4, forthwith give notice to the Holder specifying the event in reasonable detail requiring such adjustment or readjustment and the results thereof, including the resulting Current Warrant Price.
6.2 No Rights as Shareholder. This Warrant Certificate does not entitle the Holder to any voting or other rights as a shareholder of the Corporation prior to due exercise and payment of the Warrant Price in accordance with the terms hereof.
7. No Impairment. The Corporation shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its constating documents or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant Certificate, but will at all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate to protect the rights of the Holder against impairment. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Corporation will (a) take all such commercially reasonable action as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Corporation may validly and legally issue fully paid and non-assessable Common Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant Certificate, and (b) use its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations, exemptions or consents from any public regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof as may be necessary to enable the Corporation to perform its obligations under this Warrant Certificate (other than the filing of a prospectus or registration statement). Upon the request of the Holder, the Corporation will at any time during the period the Warrants are outstanding acknowledge in writing, in form satisfactory to the Holder, the continuing validity of the Warrants and the obligations of the Corporation hereunder.
8. Reservation and Authorization of Common Shares; Registration With Approval of Any Governmental Entity. From and after the Closing Date, the Corporation shall at all times reserve and keep available for issue upon the exercise of Warrants such number of its authorized but unissued Common Shares as will be sufficient to permit the exercise in full of all outstanding Warrants. All Common Shares which shall be so issuable, when issued upon exercise of any Warrant and payment therefor in accordance with the terms of such Warrant, shall be duly and validly issued and fully paid and non-assessable. Before taking any action which would cause an adjustment reducing the Current Warrant Price below the then par value, if any, of the Common Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, the Corporation shall take any corporate action which may be necessary in order that the Corporation may validly and legally issue fully paid and non-assessable shares of such Common Shares at such adjusted Current Warrant Price. Before taking any action which would result in an adjustment in the number of Common Shares for which this Warrant Certificate is exercisable or in the Current Warrant Price, the Corporation shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations or exemptions thereof, or consents thereto, as may be necessary from any public regulatory body or bodies having jurisdiction thereof (other than filing a prospectus or registration statement).
9. If Share Transfer Books Closed. The Corporation shall not be required to deliver certificates for Warrant Shares while the share transfer books of the Corporation are properly closed, including prior to any meeting of shareholders or for the payment of dividends or for any other purpose and in the event of the surrender of any Warrant in accordance with the provisions hereof, and the making of any subscription and payment for the Warrant Shares called for thereby during any such period delivery of certificates for Warrant Shares may be postponed for a period of three (3) Business Days after the date of the re-opening of said share transfer books.
10. Supplying Information. Upon any default by the Corporation of its obligations hereunder, the Corporation shall cooperate with the Holder in supplying such information as may be reasonably necessary for the Holder to complete and file any information reporting forms presently or hereafter required by applicable Securities Laws as a condition to the availability of an exemption from such Securities Laws for the sale of any Warrant or Warrant Shares issued upon exercise of a Warrant.
11. Loss or Mutilation. Upon receipt by the Corporation from the Holder of evidence reasonably satisfactory to it of the ownership of and the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant Certificate and indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it and reimbursement to the Corporation of all reasonable expenses incidental thereto and in case of mutilation upon surrender and cancellation hereof, the Corporation will execute and deliver in lieu hereof a new Warrant Certificate of like tenor to the Holder; provided, however, that in the case of mutilation, no indemnity shall be required if this Warrant Certificate in identifiable form is surrendered to the Corporation for cancellation.
12. Office of the Corporation. As long the Warrants remain outstanding, the Corporation shall maintain an office or agency (which may be the principal executive offices of the Corporation) where the Warrants may be presented for exercise, registration of Transfer, division or combination as provided in this Warrant Certificate.
13. Limitation of Liability. No provision hereof, in the absence of affirmative action by the Holder to purchase Common Shares, and no enumeration herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder hereof, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder for the purchase price of any Common Shares, whether such liability is asserted by the Corporation or by creditors of the Corporation.
14. Miscellaneous.
14.1 Non-waiver. No course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on the part of the Holder shall operate as a waiver of such right.
14.2 Notice Generally. Any notice or other communication to be given hereunder shall be in writing and shall, in the case of notice to the Holder, be addressed to:
General Motors Holdings LLC
300 Renaissance Center
Detroit, Michigan
USA, 48265-3000
Attention: John Stapleton, Vice President, Global Financial Strategy and FP&A
Email: [Redacted]
with copies to:
General Motors Holdings LLC
300 Renaissance Center
Detroit, Michigan
USA 48265-3000
Attention: Lead Counsel, Corporate Development & Global M&A
Email: [Redacted]
Mayer Brown LLP
Two Palo Alto Square, #300
3000 El Camino Real
Palo Alto, California
USA 94306
Attention: Nina Flax and Peter Wolf
Email: [Redacted]
and in the case of notice to the Corporation shall be addressed to:
Lithium Americas Corp.
900 West Hastings Street, Suite 300
Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada V6C 1E5
Attention: Jonathan Evans, President & Chief Executive Officer
Email: [Redacted]
with copies to (which shall not constitute notice):
Lithium Americas Corp.
900 West Hastings Street, Suite 300
Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada V6C 1E5
Attention: Director, Legal Affairs and Corporate Secretary
Email: [Redacted]
Cassels Brock & Blackwell LLP
2200 HSBC Building, 885 West Georgia Street
Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 3E8 Canada
Attention: David Redford
Email: [Redacted]
and each notice or communication shall be personally delivered (including by courier service) to the addressee or sent by electronic transmission to the addressee, and (i) a notice or communication which is personally delivered shall, if delivered before 5:00 p.m. on a Business Day, be deemed to be given and received on that day and, in any other case, be deemed to be given and received on the first Business Day following the day on which it is delivered; and (ii) a notice or communication which is sent by electronic transmission shall, if sent on a Business Day before 5:00 p.m., be deemed to be given and received on that day and, in any other case, be deemed to be given and received on the first Business Day following the day on which it is sent. Either party hereto may at any time change its address for service from time to time by notice given in accordance with this Section 14.2.
14.3 Successors and Assigns. This Warrant Certificate shall not be assigned by any party hereto without the prior written consent of the other party. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Holder may assign and transfer all of its rights, benefits, duties and obligations under this Warrant Certificate in their entirety, without the consent of the Corporation, to any Affiliate of the Holder that is "related" to the Holder (as defined in the Income Tax Act (Canada)) at the time of the assignment and transfer until the Transfer Restrictions no longer apply; provided that no such assignment shall relieve the Holder of any of its obligations hereunder and provided that such Affiliate first agrees in writing with the Corporation to be bound by the terms of this Warrant Certificate.
14.4 Amendment. This Warrant Certificate may be modified or amended or the provisions of this Warrant Certificate waived only with the written consent of both the Corporation and the Holder. Any such amendment under this Section 14.4 will be subject to the prior approval of the TSX, the NYSE and any applicable Other Exchange having jurisdiction.
14.5 Severability. Wherever possible, each provision of this Warrant Certificate shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if any provision of this Warrant Certificate shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be modified to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provision or the remaining provisions of this Warrant Certificate.
14.6 Headings. The headings used in this Warrant Certificate are for the convenience of reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant Certificate.
14.7 Governing Law. This Warrant Certificate shall be construed and governed by the laws of the Province of British Columbia and the federal laws of Canada applicable in that province.
14.8 Jurisdiction and Venue. Any dispute, controversy, or claim arising out of, relating to, or in connection with this Warrant Certificate, including with respect to the formation, applicability, breach, termination, validity or enforceability thereof, shall be resolved by confidential arbitration. The arbitration shall be conducted by three (3) arbitrators and administered by the International Centre for Dispute Resolution in accordance with its International Dispute Resolution Procedures in effect at the time of the arbitration, except as they may be modified herein or by mutual agreement of the parties. Each party shall designate one (1) arbitrator, with the third arbitrator to be designated by the parties by agreement, or failing such agreement, by the two party-appointed arbitrators. The seat of the arbitration shall be Toronto, Canada and it shall be conducted in the English language. Notwithstanding Section 14.7, the arbitration and this agreement to arbitrate shall be governed by Ontario's International Commercial Arbitration Act, 2017, S.O. 2017, c. 2, Sched. 5. The arbitration award shall be final and binding on the parties, and the parties undertake to carry out any award without delay. Judgment upon the award may be entered by any court having jurisdiction over the award or over the relevant party or its assets. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event either party seeks injunctive relief, they may seek to have that dispute determined by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice or any other court of competent jurisdiction.
[Signature Page Follows]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Lithium Americas Corp. has caused this Warrant Certificate to be executed by its duly authorized officer.
Dated: ________________, 2023.
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. | |
By: | |
Name: Jonathan Evans | |
Title: President & Chief Executive Officer |
Acknowledged and agreed to as of ________________, 2023 by
GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC | |
By: | |
Name: John Stapleton | |
Title: Vice President | |
Global Financial Strategy and FP&A |
[Signature page to Warrant]
EXHIBIT A
WARRANT EXERCISE FORM
[To be executed only upon exercise of Warrant]
To: Lithium Americas Corp. (the "Corporation")
The undersigned registered owner of these Warrants exercises Warrants for the purchase of ________________ Common Shares of the Corporation ("Common Shares"), and herewith makes payment therefor, all at the price and on the terms and conditions specified in this Warrant Certificate and requests that certificates for the Common Shares hereby purchased (and any securities or other property issuable upon such exercise) be issued in the name of and delivered to ____________________________________________________ and whose address is ___________________________________________________________, and, if such Common Shares shall not include all of the Common Shares issuable as provided in this Warrant Certificate, that a new Warrant Certificate of like tenor and date for the balance of the Common Shares issuable hereunder be delivered to the undersigned.
In connection with the exercise of the Warrants, the undersigned represents, warrants and certifies to the Corporation that after giving effect to this exercise of the Warrants, the beneficial owner of the Common Shares, together with any person acting jointly or in concert with the holder, would in the aggregate beneficially own (including deemed beneficial ownership, as such term is described in Multilateral Instrument 62-104 Take-Over Bids and Issuer Bids), or exercise control or direction over, directly or indirectly, _________________________________________________ (insert number) voting or equity securities of the Corporation.
In connection with the exercise of the Warrants, the undersigned represents, warrants and certifies to the Corporation as follows (check one):
☐ 1. The undersigned (i) is not a U.S. person, (ii) is not exercising the Warrants within the United States or for the account or benefit of a U.S. person or a person in the United States, (iii) is not executing this Warrant Exercise Form with the intent to distribute either directly or indirectly any of the Common Shares acquired hereunder in the United States, and (iv) has in all other respects complied with the terms of Regulation S promulgated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "U.S. Securities Act");
☐ 2. The undersigned is delivering a written opinion of U.S. counsel to the effect that the securities issuable upon the exercise hereof have been registered under the U.S. Securities Act or are exempt from registration thereunder; or
☐ 3. The undersigned or an Affiliate thereof (i) purchased the Warrants directly from the Corporation pursuant to a master purchase agreement for its own account; (ii) is exercising the Warrants for its own account; (iii) was an "accredited investor," as defined in Rule 501(a) of Regulation D under the U.S. Securities Act, on the date the Warrant was purchased from the Corporation, if applicable, and is an "accredited investor" on the date of exercise; and (iv) the representations and warranties of the holder set forth in such master purchase agreement (other than representations regarding the holder's ownership of the Corporation's equity securities at the time of entry into such master purchase agreement), and if applicable as if made by the Affiliate, remain true and correct on the date hereof.
The terms "U.S. person" and "United States" are as defined in Regulation S under the U.S. Securities Act.
The undersigned holder understands that unless Box 1 above is checked, the certificate representing the Common Shares issued upon exercise of this Warrant Certificate will bear a legend set forth below:
THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREBY HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE "U.S. SECURITIES ACT") OR UNDER THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE HOLDER HEREOF, BY PURCHASING SUCH SECURITIES, AGREES FOR THE BENEFIT OF LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. AND ITS SUCCESSORS (THE "CORPORATION") THAT SUCH SECURITIES MAY BE OFFERED, SOLD, PLEDGED OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED ABSENT SUCH REGISTRATION ONLY (A) TO THE CORPORATION; (B) OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES IN ACCORDANCE WITH RULE 904 OF REGULATION S UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH LOCAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS; (C) IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT PROVIDED BY RULE 144 THEREUNDER, IF AVAILABLE, AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS; OR (D) IN A TRANSACTION THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT OR ANY APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS, AND, IN THE CASE OF CLAUSES (C) OR (D), THE HOLDER HAS PRIOR TO SUCH TRANSFER FURNISHED TO THE CORPORATION AN OPINION OF COUNSEL OF RECOGNIZED STANDING IN FORM AND SUBSTANCE REASONABLY SATISFACTORY TO THE CORPORATION TO SUCH EFFECT. DELIVERY OF THIS CERTIFICATE MAY NOT CONSTITUTE GOOD DELIVERY IN SETTLEMENT OF TRANSACTIONS ON STOCK EXCHANGES IN CANADA.
In addition, the undersigned holder understands that the certificates representing the Common Shares issued on the exercise of this Warrant Certificate may bear the legend contained in and as per Section 2.5 of this Warrant Certificate.
Signature
Executed this ______ day of _____________.
(Name of Registered Owner) |
(Signature of Registered Owner) |
(Street Address) |
(State) (Zip Code) |
NOTICE: The signature on this subscription must correspond with the name as written upon the face of the Warrant in every particular, without alteration or enlargement or any change whatsoever.
EXHIBIT B
ASSIGNMENT FORM
FOR VALUE RECEIVED the undersigned registered owner of this Warrant Certificate for the purchase of Common Shares of Lithium Americas Corp. hereby sells, assigns and transfers unto the Assignee named below all of the rights of the undersigned under this Warrant Certificate, with respect to the number of Common Shares set forth below:
(Name and Address of Assignee) |
(Number of Common Shares) |
and does hereby irrevocably constitute and appoint ____________ attorney-in-fact to register such transfer on the books of the Corporation, maintained for the purpose, with full power of substitution in the premises.
In connection with this transfer: (check one):
☐ The undersigned transferee hereby certifies that (i) it is not a U.S. person, (ii) it was not offered the Warrants while in the United States and did not execute this certificate while within the United States, (iii) it is not acquiring any of the Warrants represented by this Warrant Certificate by or on behalf of any person within the United States, (iv) it is not executing this Warrant Certificate with the intent to distribute either directly or indirectly such securities in the United States, and (v) it has in all other respects complied with the terms of Regulation S of the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "U.S. Securities Act"), or any successor rule or regulation of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission as presently in effect.
☐ The undersigned (i) is acquiring the Warrants for its own account and (ii) is an "accredited investor," as defined in Rule 501(a) of Regulation D under the U.S. Securities Act.
☐ The undersigned transferee is delivering a written opinion of United States legal counsel, reasonably satisfactory to the Corporation, to the effect that this transfer of Warrants have been registered under the U.S. Securities Act or are exempt from registration thereunder.
Dated: | Dated: | |||
(Print Name and Title) | (Print Name and Title of Transferee) | |||
(Signature) | (Signature of Transferee) | |||
(Witness) | (Witness) |
The signature of the Holder to this assignment must correspond exactly with the name of the Holder as set forth on the face of this Warrant Certificate in every particular, without alteration or enlargement or any change whatsoever or this transfer form must be signed by a duly authorized trustee, executor, administrator, curator, guardian, attorney of the holder or a duly authorized signing officer in the case of a corporation. The signature must be guaranteed by a Canadian chartered bank or by a Canadian trust company or by a medallion signature guarantee from a member of a recognized Signature Medallion Guarantee Program.
SCHEDULE D
OFFTAKE AGREEMENT
(See Attached)
[REDACTED] - COMMERCIALLY SENSITIVE INFORMATION
SCHEDULE E
TRANCHE 2 SUBSCRIPTION AGREEMENT
(See Attached)
SCHEDULE E - FORM OF TRANCHE 2 SUBSCRIPTION AGREEMENT
SUBSCRIPTION AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT is made [●] 2023
AMONG:
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the Province of British Columbia
(the "Corporation")
- and -
GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC, a limited liability company organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware
(the "Investor").
RECITALS:
A. The Investor has agreed to make investments in the Corporation in the aggregate amount of up to US$650,000,000, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Master Purchase Agreement, the Subscription Receipt Agreement, this Agreement and the Warrant Certificate.
B. The Investor has completed the Tranche 1 Investment under the Master Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which it subscribed for Subscription Receipts (as defined herein) having an aggregate subscription price of US$320,147,865.62.
C. The Investor has agreed to make a further investment in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement.
D. If the Separation Transaction is completed the Investor will acquire one (1) Common Share of the Corporation.
NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of, and in reliance on, the premises, representations, warranties, covenants and agreements set forth in this Agreement, the parties hereby agree as follows:
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ARTICLE 1
INTERPRETATION
1.1 Definitions
Terms not defined herein shall have the meaning ascribed to them in the Master Purchase Agreement. In addition, in this Agreement, unless otherwise provided:
(a) "Affiliate" means, as to any specified Person, any other Person or entity who directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, (a) controls such specified Person, (b) is controlled by such specified Person, or (c) is under common control with such specified Person;
(b) "Agreement" means this subscription agreement, together with the Schedules, and all permitted amendments hereto or restatements hereof;
(c) "Ancillary Agreements" means the Master Purchase Agreement, Offtake Agreement, the Investor Rights Agreement, the Subscription Receipt Agreement and the Warrant Certificate;
(d) "Applicable Laws" means, with respect to any Person, property, transaction event or other matter, (i) all laws, statutes, codes, ordinances, decrees, rules, regulations, by-laws, Orders and principles of common law and equity enacted, promulgated, issued, released, or imposed by any Governmental Entity, including Securities Laws, and/or (ii) any policy, practice, protocol, requirement, standard or guideline of any Governmental Entity, in each case relating or applicable to such Person, property, transaction, event or other matter;
(e) "Argentina Projects" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(f) "Authorizations" means, with respect to any Person, any Order, Permit, approval, consent, waiver, licence or similar authorization issued by, or required to be obtained from, any Governmental Entity having jurisdiction over the Person;
(g) "Available Capital" means, with respect to the Corporation, the sum of (i) cash and cash equivalents held by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries and reserved for the development of the Thacker Pass Project; (ii) all credit available to be drawn (whether or not subject to conditions) on all loans and credit facilities whose use of proceeds entitles the Corporation to allocate the proceeds for the development of the Thacker Pass Project, including any loan or credit facility provided by the United States Department of Energy; and (iii) the gross proceeds of all outstanding funding obligations from the Investor and its Affiliates pursuant to the Master Purchase Agreement, the Warrants, this Agreement or otherwise (including under Article 8 of the Master Purchase Agreement);
(h) "BCBCA" means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia);
(i) "Business Day" means any day, other than (a) a Saturday, Sunday or statutory holiday in the Province of British Columbia, the City of New York or the City of Detroit and (b) a day on which banks are generally closed in the Province of British Columbia, the City of New York or the City of Detroit;
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(j) "Change of Control" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(k) "Change of Control Notice" means a notice of a potential Change of Control;
(l) "Claim" means any cause of action, action, claim, demand, lawsuit, audit, proceeding or arbitration, including, for greater certainty, any proceeding or investigation by a Governmental Entity;
(m) "Common Shares" means common shares in the capital of the Corporation;
(n) "Contract" means any agreement, indenture, contract, lease, deed of trust, licence, option, instruments, arrangement, understanding or other commitment, whether written or oral;
(o) "control" (including the terms "controlled by", "controlling", and "under common control with") means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct, or cause the direction of, the management policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or credit arrangement, as trustee or executor, or otherwise;
(p) "Corporation Indemnified Parties" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 8.2(a) hereof;
(q) "Corporation Interim Financial Statements" means the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Corporation as at and for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 including the notes thereto;
(r) "Current Market Price" of the Common Shares (or SpinCo Shares, as applicable) at any date means the price per share equal to the volume weighted average trading price per share of the Common Shares (or SpinCo Shares, as applicable) on the NYSE during the five (5) consecutive trading days ending before such date or, if the Common Shares (or SpinCo Shares, as applicable) are not then listed on the NYSE, on the TSX during the five (5) consecutive trading days ending before such date, in each case as reported by Bloomberg Finance, L.P. in respect of the period from the scheduled open of trading until the scheduled close of trading of the primary trading session on each such trading day (or if such volume-weighted average trading price is unavailable, the market price of one Common Share or SpinCo Share, as applicable, on each such trading day). The "volume-weighted average trading price" shall be determined without regard to after-hours trading or any other trading outside of the regular trading session hours;
(s) "Direct Claim" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 8.3(a);
(t) "Disclosure Documents" means all information and documents relating to the Corporation (and its predecessors) that are, or become, publicly available on SEDAR or with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on EDGAR or otherwise available to the public, including financial statements, press releases, material change reports, prospectuses, information circulars and technical reports since January 1, 2021;
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(u) "Escrow Release Date" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Subscription Receipt Agreement;
(v) "GM Transaction Resolutions" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(w) "Governmental Entity" means any domestic or foreign federal, provincial, regional, state, municipal or other government, governmental department, agency, authority or body (whether administrative, legislative, executive or otherwise), court, tribunal, commission or commissioner, bureau, minister or ministry, board or agency, or other regulatory authority, including any securities regulatory authorities and stock exchange.
(x) "IFRS" means International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board and any interpretations thereof issued by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee;
(y) "Indemnified Party" means, in the case of Losses for which indemnification is provided under Section 8.2, any of the Corporation Indemnified Parties, or in the case of Losses for which indemnification is provided under Section 8.1, any of the Investor Indemnified Parties;
(z) "Indemnifying Party" means either the Corporation or the Investor, as applicable;
(aa) "Investor Indemnified Parties" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 8.1(a) hereof;
(bb) "Investor Rights Agreement" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(cc) "Loss" means any actual and incurred loss, liability, Claim, damage and expense whatsoever (including reasonable legal fees and expenses), including any amounts paid in settlement of any investigation, order, litigation, proceeding or Claim;
(dd) "Master Purchase Agreement" means the master purchase agreement between the Corporation and the Investor dated January 30, 2023;
(ee) "Material Adverse Change" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(ff) "NYSE" means the New York Stock Exchange;
(gg) "Offtake Agreement" means the offtake agreement between the Corporation and the Investor dated [⬤];
(hh) "Order" means any order, directive, judgment, decree, injunction, decision, ruling, award or writ of any Governmental Entity;
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(ii) "Outside Date" means the date that is 18 months following the Escrow Release Date;
(jj) "Permit" means any permit, license, approval, or other authorization required to be obtained by any Governmental Entity.
(kk) "Person" means and includes any individual, corporation, limited partnership, general partnership, joint stock corporation, limited liability corporation, joint venture, association, corporation, trust, bank, trust corporation, pension fund, business trust or other organization, whether or not a legal entity, and any Governmental Entity;
(ll) "Purchased Shares" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.1 hereof;
(mm) "Relative SpinCo Value Ratio" means the SpinCo Market Capitalization divided by the sum of the RemainCo Market Capitalization and the SpinCo Market Capitalization;
(nn) "RemainCo Market Capitalization" means the number of issued and outstanding Common Shares multiplied by the Current Market Price of such Common Shares on the sixth trading day immediately following completion of the Separation Transaction;
(oo) "Schedules" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 1.2(e) hereof;
(pp) "Securities Laws" means, the securities laws, regulations and rules of each of the states, provinces and territories of Canada and the United States, and the blanket rulings and policies and written interpretations of, and multilateral or national instruments adopted by, the securities regulatory authorities of Canada and the United States and each of their respective states, provinces and territories, as well as the rules and policies of the TSX and the NYSE and any other stock or securities exchange, marketplace or trading market upon which the securities of the Corporation are listed for trading;
(qq) "Separation Outside Date" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(rr) "Separation Transaction" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(ss) "Separation Transaction Completion Date" means the date on which the Separation Transaction is completed;
(tt) "SpinCo" means 1397468 B.C. Ltd.;
(uu) "SpinCo Market Capitalization" means the number of issued and outstanding SpinCo Shares multiplied by the Current Market Price of such SpinCo Shares on the sixth trading day immediately following completion of the Separation Transaction;
(vv) "SpinCo Shares" means common shares in the capital of SpinCo;
(ww) "SpinCo Subscription Agreement" has the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 6.5 hereof;
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(xx) "Subscription Receipt Agent" means Computershare Trust Company of Canada;
(yy) "Subscription Receipt Agreement" means the subscription receipt agreement among the Corporation, the Investor and the Subscription Receipt Agent dated as of [●], 2023;
(zz) "Subscription Receipts" means the subscription receipts of the Corporation issued to the Investor pursuant to the Master Purchase Agreement and Subscription Receipt Agreement;
(aaa) "Subsidiaries" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(bbb) "Survival Date" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 8.5 hereof;
(ccc) "Thacker Pass Development Plan Funding" means the estimated capital cost for the development of the Thacker Pass Project, amounting to US$2,268.0 million as at the date hereof, as may be modified from time to time by the Corporation with the prior written consent of the Investor (not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed);
(ddd) "Thacker Pass Project" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(eee) "Third Party" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 8.3(a);
(fff) "Third Party Claim" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 8.3(a);
(ggg) "TP Available Capital Notice" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 4.1(m) hereof;
(hhh) "Tranche 2 Closing" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 5.1;
(iii) "Tranche 2 Closing Date" means the ten (10) Business Days following the satisfaction or waiver of the last of the conditions precedent in Article 4, or such other time and date as may be mutually agreed by the Corporation and the Investor;
(jjj) "Tranche 2 Closing Time" means 10:00 a.m. (Vancouver time) on the Tranche 2 Closing Date;
(kkk) "Tranche 2 Investment" means the subscription for the Purchased Shares for the Tranche 2 Subscription Price;
(lll) "Tranche 2 Price Ceiling" means, in respect of a subscription for Purchased Shares, US$27.74 per Common Share, subject to adjustment in the event of the occurrence of any alteration to the Common Shares contemplated by Section 4 of the Warrant Certificate;
(mmm) "Tranche 2 Subscription Price" means the Current Market Price of the Purchased Shares as at the date that the TP Available Capital Notice is delivered by the Corporation to the Investor to a maximum of the Tranche 2 Price Ceiling;
(nnn) "Transfer Restrictions" means the transfer restrictions contained in Section 5.3 of the Investor Rights Agreement;
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(ooo) "TSX" means the Toronto Stock Exchange;
(ppp) "United States" means the United States of America, its territories and possessions, any State of the United States and the District of Columbia;
(qqq) "U.S. Person" has the meaning set forth in Rule 902(k) of Regulation S under the U.S. Securities Act. Without limiting the foregoing, but for greater clarity in this Agreement, a U.S. Person includes, subject to the exclusions set forth in Regulation S, (i) any natural person resident in the United States, (ii) any partnership or corporation organized or incorporated under the laws of the United States, (iii) any estate or trust of which any executor, administrator or trustee is a U.S. Person, (iv) any discretionary account or similar account (other than an estate or trust) held by a dealer or other fiduciary organized, incorporated, or (if an individual) resident in the United States, and (v) any partnership or corporation organized or incorporated under the laws of any non-U.S. jurisdiction which is formed by a U.S. Person principally for the purpose of investing in securities not registered under the U.S. Securities Act, unless it is organized or incorporated, and owned, by U.S. accredited investors who are not natural persons, estates or trusts;
(rrr) "U.S. Securities Act" means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended;
(sss) "Warrant Certificate" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(ttt) "Warrant Election Notice" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.3 hereof;
(uuu) "Warrants" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Master Purchase Agreement; and
(vvv) "Water Pollution Control Permit" means Permit no. NEV2O2O 104, issued by the State of Nevada, Division of Environmental Protection - Bureau of Mining Regulation and Reclamation, dated February 25, 2022.
1.2 Interpretation
For the purposes of this Agreement:
(a) words (including defined terms) using or importing the singular number include the plural and vice versa, words importing one gender only shall include all genders;
(b) the headings used in this Agreement are for ease of reference only and shall not affect the meaning or the interpretation of this Agreement;
(c) all accounting terms not defined in this Agreement shall have the meanings generally ascribed to them under IFRS;
(d) the phrases "to the knowledge of", "to the best knowledge of", or "of which they are aware", or other similar expressions limiting the scope of any representation, warranty, acknowledgement, covenant or statement made by a party to this Agreement, means that such party has reviewed all records, documents and other information currently in their possession or under their control which would be regarded as reasonably relevant to the matter and has, where applicable, made appropriate enquiries of the senior officers of the Corporation;
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(e) unless otherwise specified, all references in this Agreement to the symbol "$" are to the lawful money of the United States of America;
(f) the use of "including" or "include" will in all cases mean "including, without limitation" or "include, without limitation," respectively;
(g) reference to any Person includes such Person's successors and assigns to the extent such successors and assigns are permitted by the terms of any applicable Contract, and reference to a Person in a particular capacity excludes such Person in any other capacity or individually;
(h) reference to any Contract (including this Agreement), document, or instrument shall mean such Contract, document, or instrument as amended or modified and in effect from time to time in accordance with the terms thereof and, if applicable, the terms of this Agreement;
(i) reference to any statute means such statute as amended from time to time and includes any successor legislation thereto and any regulations promulgated thereunder;
(j) the phrases "hereunder," "hereof," "hereto," and words of similar import shall refer to this Agreement as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section, paragraph, or clause of, or Exhibit or Schedule to, this Agreement; and
(k) references to time are to the local time in Vancouver, British Columbia.
1.3 Schedules
The following schedules attached to this Agreement (the "Schedules") form part of this Agreement:
Schedule A | - | U.S. Accredited Investor Status Certificate |
Schedule B | - | Registration Instructions |
ARTICLE 2
TRANCHE 2 SUBSCRIPTION
2.1 Tranche 2 Subscription
Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, at the Tranche 2 Closing Date, the Investor agrees to subscribe for and purchase US$329,852,134.38 of Common Shares (the "Purchased Shares") at a price per Purchased Share equal to the Tranche 2 Subscription Price, subject to the limitations under Section 2.2, the election contemplated by Section 2.3 and the fulfilment of the conditions precedent contained herein. In no event shall the Tranche 2 Closing Date occur prior to the first to occur of: (A) the Separation Outside Date, (B) the date on which Corporation announces that the Separation Transaction shall not occur, and (C) the date on which Investor receives a Change of Control Notice from the Corporation.
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Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, if the Separation Transaction is completed prior to the Tranche 2 Closing, the Investor agrees to subscribe for and purchase one (1) Common Share and Sections 6.4 and 6.5 shall become operative.
The Investor shall purchase the Purchased Shares and pay the Tranche 2 Subscription Price at the Tranche 2 Closing, by wire transfer of immediately available funds to an account designated in writing by the Corporation.
2.2 Subscription Limitations
Notwithstanding the obligation of the Investor set forth in Section 2.1, the maximum number of Purchased Shares subscribed for hereunder and previously acquired pursuant to the Master Purchase Agreement and the Warrant Certificate shall be subject to the following limitations:
(a) if the TSX does not grant conditional approval to permit the Investor to acquire in the aggregate more than 19.9% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares, then the maximum number of Common Shares that may be acquired will amount to 19.9% of issued and outstanding share capital of the Corporation as at the Tranche 2 Closing Date; and
(b) if the Corporation obtains conditional approval from the TSX, and authorization from NYSE, as applicable, to permit the Investor to acquire in the aggregate more than 19.9% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares (including through shareholder approval of the applicable GM Transaction Resolution), then the maximum number of Common Shares issuable hereunder shall be the lesser of:
(i) the maximum amount that Investor may hold that will not reasonably be expected to result in Investor having to consolidate the Corporation's financial performance in connection with preparing the Investor's financial statements under U.S. GAAP, unless the Investor consents otherwise; and
(ii) the number of Common Shares that will, upon completion of the Tranche 2 Investment, result in the Investor holding 30% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares.
2.3 Warrant Exercise Election
The Investor may, provided the Warrant Certificate has not been terminated by operation of its terms thereunder, (i) at any time following delivery by the Corporation to the Investor of the TP Available Capital Notice through to two Business Days prior to the Tranche 2 Closing Date or (ii) within ten (10) Business Days following receipt of a Change of Control Notice from the Corporation, elect to exercise the Warrants in lieu, and in satisfaction in full, of its obligation to complete the Tranche 2 Investment hereunder by written notice to the Corporation (the "Warrant Election Notice").
Upon receipt of the Warrant Election Notice and provided that Investor duly completes the exercise of such Warrants, including payment of the applicable exercise price, the Investor and the Corporation shall be relieved of all obligations in respect of the Tranche 2 Investment hereunder; provided, however, that notwithstanding the foregoing, if an exercise of such Warrant is being made following receipt of a Change of Control Notice, such exercise may at the election of the Investor be conditioned upon the consummation of the Change of Control transaction, in which case such exercise shall not need to be completed until immediately prior to the consummation of such Change of Control transaction. If no Warrant Election Notice is received by the Corporation prior to the Tranche 2 Closing, then the Investor shall have deemed have elected to subscribe for the Purchased Shares of the Corporation pursuant to the terms hereof.
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If the Investor otherwise exercises the Warrants, the Investor and the Corporation shall be relieved of all obligations in respect of the Tranche 2 Investment hereunder.
ARTICLE 3
REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
AND AUTHORIZATIONS
3.1 Representations and Warranties of the Corporation
The Corporation hereby represents and warrants to the Investor as follows and acknowledges that the Investor is relying on such representations and warranties in connection with the transactions contemplated herein1:
(a) [this Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Corporation and constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Corporation enforceable against the Corporation in accordance with its terms, and will not violate or conflict with the constating documents of the Corporation or the terms of any restriction, agreement or undertaking to which the Corporation is subject;
(b) the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries has been duly incorporated or organized, as the case may be, and is validly existing as a corporation, partnership or limited liability company, as applicable, in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization and has the power and authority (corporate or other) to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business. The Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries is qualified as a corporation, partnership or limited liability company, as applicable, to transact business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of business, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing would not result in a Material Adverse Change, and has all requisite power and authority to conduct its business and to own, lease and operate its property and assets and to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under this Agreement. All of the issued and outstanding capital stock or other equity or ownership interests of each of the Subsidiaries have been duly authorized and validly issued, are fully paid and non-assessable and, except for Minera Exar S.A. (which is not wholly-owned) are owned by the Corporation, directly or through Subsidiaries, free and clear of any security interest, mortgage, pledge, lien, encumbrance or adverse claim. None of the outstanding capital stock or equity interest in any Subsidiary was issued in violation of pre-emptive or similar rights of any security holder of such Subsidiary. The constitutive or organizational documents of each of the Subsidiaries comply in all material respects with the requirements of applicable laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation or organization and are in full force and effect;
______________________________
1 Parties agree to review and update representations and warranties and the disclosure letter prior to signing to update where necessary to ensure accuracy, provided that the scope and content of the representations shall remain as set out herein.
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(c) neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries is in violation of its charter or by-laws, partnership agreement or operating agreement or similar organizational documents, as applicable, or is in default (or, with the giving of notice or lapse of time, would be in default) under any indenture, loan, credit agreement, note, lease, license agreement, contract, franchise or other instrument (including, without limitation, any pledge agreement, security agreement, mortgage or other instrument or agreement evidencing, guaranteeing, securing or relating to indebtedness) to which the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or by which it or any of them may be bound, or to which any of their respective properties or assets are subject (each, an "Existing Instrument"), except for such defaults as would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change. The Corporation's execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, including the issuance and sale of the Purchased Shares, (i) have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action and will not result in any violation of the provisions of the charter or by-laws, partnership agreement or operating agreement or similar organizational documents, as applicable, of the Corporation or any Subsidiary, (ii) will not conflict with or constitute a breach of or default under, or result in the creation or imposition of any Lien upon any property or assets of the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries pursuant to, or require the consent of any other party to, any Existing Instrument, except as would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change, and (iii) will not result in any violation of any Applicable Laws with respect to the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries that would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. Except as otherwise disclosed in Section 3.1(c) of the Disclosure Letter, no consent, approval, authorization or other order of, or registration or filing with, any court or other Governmental Entity is required for the Corporation's execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby;
(d) the entering into of this Agreement and the exercise of the rights and performance of the obligations hereunder and thereunder by the Corporation do not and will not: (i) conflict with or result in a default under any agreement, Material Contracts, mortgage, bond or other instrument to which the Corporation or any Subsidiary is a party; or (ii) conflict with or violate any Applicable Laws, in each case other than a conflict, default or violation that would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change;
(e) the authorized capital of the Corporation consists of an unlimited number of common shares without par value. As of the date of this Agreement, there were (i) [●] Common Shares issued and outstanding all of which have been authorized and validly issued and are fully paid and non-assessable, (ii) outstanding options, restricted share units, performance share units and deferred share units under the Corporation Equity Incentive Plan providing for the issuance of up to [●] Common Shares upon the exercise or settlement thereof, and (iii) the Convertible Notes. Other than pursuant to the terms of the Convertible Notes, there is no outstanding contractual obligation of the Corporation to repurchase, redeem or otherwise acquire any Common Shares or any convertible securities issued by the Corporation. Except as disclosed in the preceding sentences of this Section 3.1(e) and except as disclosed in Section 3.1(e) of the Disclosure Letter, and subject to options, restricted share units, performance share units and deferred share units to new hires and other employees in the ordinary course under the Corporation Equity Incentive Plan, the Corporation and each Subsidiary have no other outstanding agreement, subscription, warrant, option, right or commitment (nor has it granted any right or privilege capable of becoming an agreement, subscription, warrant, option, right or commitment) obligating the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries to issue or sell any Common Shares or other securities, including any security or obligation (including through voting agreements or voting trusts) of any kind convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any Common Shares, other securities of the Corporation or securities of any of the Subsidiaries;
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(f) except Minera Exar S.A. and as set forth in Section 3.1(f) of the Disclosure Letter, the Corporation legally and beneficially, directly or indirectly, owns 100% of the issued and outstanding equity securities (including for greater certainty, any securities convertible into equity securities) of the Subsidiaries. The Corporation does not beneficially own or exercise control or direction (including through voting agreements or voting trusts) over any outstanding voting shares of any Person other than the Subsidiaries;
(g) the Corporation Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS applied on a basis consistent with those of previous periods and in accordance with Applicable Laws except (i) as otherwise stated in the notes to such statements or, in the case of the Corporation Annual Financial Statements, in the auditor's report thereon and (ii) except that the Corporation Interim Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS applicable to the preparation of interim financial statements, including International Accounting Standard 34, Interim Financial Reporting, and are subject to normal period-end adjustments and may omit notes which are not required by Applicable Laws or IFRS. The Corporation Financial Statements, together with the related management's discussion and analysis, present fairly, in all material respects, the assets, liabilities and financial condition of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries as at the respective dates thereof and the losses, comprehensive losses, results of operations, changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries for the periods covered thereby (subject, in the case of the Corporation Interim Financial Statements, to normal period end adjustments). There are no outstanding loans made by the Corporation or the Subsidiaries to any director or officer of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries. Neither the Corporation nor its Subsidiaries (excluding Minera Exar S.A.) have any liabilities, except (i) liabilities reflected on, or reserved against, in the Corporation Financial Statements; (ii) liabilities that have arisen since the date of the Corporation Interim Financial Statements in the Ordinary Course consistent with past practice, none of which is a liability resulting from or arising out of any breach of contracts, breach of warranty, tort infringement, misappropriation, or violation of Applicable Law; and (iii) liabilities set forth on Section 3.1(g) of the Disclosure Letter;
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(h) the Corporation and each of its Subsidiaries make and keep accurate books and records and maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that: (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management's general or specific authorization; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS and to maintain accountability for assets; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management's general or specific authorization; and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences;
(i) since the filing of its most recent Corporation Interim Financial Statements, there has been no Material Adverse Change and neither the Corporation nor the Subsidiaries has:
(i) paid or declared any dividend or incurred any material capital expenditure or made any commitment therefor, except in the Ordinary Course;
(ii) incurred any obligation or liability, direct or indirect, contingent or otherwise, except in the Ordinary Course;
(iii) entered into any material transaction, except in each case as disclosed in the Disclosure Documents, elsewhere in this Agreement or in the Ordinary Course; or
(iv) sold, leased, licensed, transferred, or otherwise disposed of, or incurred any Lien (other than a Permitted Lien) on, any of its properties or assets, except in the Ordinary Course;
(j) the Corporation and the Subsidiaries (excluding Minera Exar S.A.), on a consolidated basis, have established and maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in applicable Securities Laws) that (i) are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Corporation in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or submitted by it under applicable Securities Laws is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in applicable Securities Laws and include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Corporation in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or submitted under applicable Securities Laws is accumulated and communicated to the Corporation's management, including its certifying officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure; (ii) have been evaluated by management of the Corporation for effectiveness in accordance with applicable Securities Laws as of the end of the Corporation's most recent audited fiscal year; and (iii) are effective in all material respects to perform the functions for which they were established as of the end of the Corporation's most recent audited fiscal year. Since the end of the Corporation's most recent audited fiscal year up to the end of the Corporation's most recent reported interim financial period, other than as may be publicly disclosed by the Corporation, there have been no significant limitations or material weaknesses, in each case, in the Corporation's design of its internal control over financial reporting (whether or not remediated) and no change in the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting;
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(k) PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Chartered Professional Accountants, which has expressed its opinion with respect to the Corporation Annual Financial Statements, are independent auditors with respect to the Corporation as required under applicable Securities Laws. There has not been a "reportable event" (within the meaning of National Instrument 51-102 - Continuous Disclosure Obligations) between the Corporation and PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP;
(l) except Minera Exar S.A., no Subsidiary is prohibited or restricted, directly or indirectly, from paying dividends to the Corporation, or from making any other distribution with respect to such Subsidiary's equity securities or from repaying to the Corporation or any other Subsidiary any amounts that may from time to time become due under any loans or advances to such Subsidiary from the Corporation or from transferring any property or assets to the Corporation or to any other Subsidiary;
(m) the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries have not committed an act of bankruptcy, are not insolvent, have not proposed a compromise or arrangement to creditors generally, have not had a petition or a receiving Order in bankruptcy filed against any of them, have not made a voluntary assignment in bankruptcy, have not taken any proceedings with respect to a compromise or arrangement, have not taken any proceedings to be declared bankrupt or wound-up, have not taken any proceedings to have a receiver appointed for any of property and have not had any execution or distress become enforceable or become levied upon any of property. The Corporation has, and will at the Tranche 2 Closing Date have, sufficient working capital to satisfy its obligations under this Agreement and has sufficient capital to satisfy the "going concern" test under IFRS;
(n) subject to the disclosures made in Section 3.1(n) of the Disclosure Letter, the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries are, and, since January 1, 2021 have been, in material compliance with all Applicable Laws, and there is no Claim now pending or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, threatened, against or affecting the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, which would reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change and neither the Corporation nor any of the Subsidiaries are, to the knowledge of the Corporation, under any investigation with respect to, have been charged or to the knowledge of the Corporation threatened to be charged with, or have received notice of, any violation, potential violation or investigation of any Applicable Law or a disqualification by a Governmental Entity. No material labour dispute with current and former employees of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries exists, or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, is imminent and, to the knowledge of the Corporation, there is no existing, threatened or imminent labour disturbance or union organizing campaign by the employees of any of the principal suppliers, manufacturers or contractors of the Corporation that would have a Material Adverse Change;
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(o) except as set forth in Section 3.1(o) of the Disclosure Letter, each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries holds all necessary and material licences, Permits, approvals, consents, certificates, registrations and authorizations, whether governmental, regulatory or otherwise, to enable its business to be carried on as presently conducted and its property and assets to be owned, leased and operated, and the same are validly existing and in good standing and none of the same contain or is subject to any term, provision, condition or limitation which may adversely change, in a material manner, or terminate such licence, Permit, approval, consent, certification, registration or authorization by virtue of the completion of the transactions contemplated hereby;
(p) except as set forth in Section 3.1(p) of the Disclosure Letter, the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole (i) own, lease, license, control or otherwise have legal rights to, through unpatented mining claims and millsites, fee lands, mining or mineral leases, exploration and mining permits, mineral concessions or otherwise (collectively, "Mining Rights"), all of the rights, titles and interests materially necessary or appropriate to authorize and enable the appropriate Subsidiary to access and carry on the material mineral exploration and/or mining, development and commissioning activities as currently being undertaken or as planned at the Argentina Projects (excluding the Sal de la Puna project in Salta Province, Argentina) and at the Thacker Pass Project, and (ii) are not in material default of such rights, titles and interests. All work required to be performed and payments required to be made in relation to those Mining Rights in order to maintain the Corporation's interest therein, if any, have been paid to date, performed or are in the process of being performed in accordance with Applicable Laws and the Corporation and each Subsidiary has complied in all material respects with all Applicable Laws in connection therewith as well as with regard to legal, contractual obligations to third parties (including third party Contracts) in connection therewith, except in respect of non-material Mining Rights that the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries intends to abandon or relinquish, and except for any non-compliance which would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change;
(q) all exploration and development operations on the properties of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, including all operations and activities relating to the construction, development and commissioning of the Argentina Projects (excluding the Sal de la Puna project in Salta Province, Argentina) and the Thacker Pass Project, have been conducted in all material respects in accordance with good exploration, development and engineering practices, and all Applicable Laws pertaining to workers' compensation and health and safety have been complied with in all material respects;
(r) other than as set forth in Section 3.1(r) of the Disclosure Letter, the Corporation or its Subsidiaries own, lease, control or otherwise have legal rights to all material Mining Rights under valid, subsisting and enforceable title documents or other recognized and enforceable agreements or instruments, sufficient to permit the Corporation or its Subsidiaries, as applicable, and subject to the nature and scope of the relevant project, to access, explore for, and/or mine and develop the mineral deposits relating thereto, and, other than as set forth in Section 3.1(r) the Disclosure Letter, no material commission, royalty, license fee or similar payment to any person with respect to the Mining Rights is payable, except which would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change. All material Mining Rights in which the Corporation or its Subsidiaries hold an interest or right have been validly registered and recorded in accordance in all material respects with all Applicable Laws and are valid and subsisting. The Corporation and its Subsidiaries have or expect to obtain in the Ordinary Course all necessary surface rights, access rights and other necessary rights and interests relating to the Mining Rights granting the Corporation or its Subsidiaries the right and ability to access, explore for, mine and develop the mineral deposits as are appropriate in view of the rights and interests therein of the Corporation or its Subsidiaries, with only such exceptions as do not unreasonably interfere with the use made by the Corporation or its Subsidiaries of the rights or interest so held; and each of the documents, agreements and instruments and obligations relating thereto referred to above is currently in good standing in the name of the Corporation or its Subsidiaries, as applicable, except where the failure to be in good standing would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change;
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(s) the disclosure of the Mining Rights of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries as reflected in the Corporation Annual Financial Statements as at and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, or as described in the annual information form of the Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed on March 16, 2022, constitutes an accurate description, in all material respects, of all material Mining Rights held by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, and the Corporation has no knowledge of any Claim or the basis for any Claim, including a Claim with respect to aboriginal or native rights, that would reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change on the right thereof to use, transfer or otherwise explore for, develop and mine mineral deposits with respect to such Mining Rights;
(t) with respect to each Material Contract: (i) such Material Contract is in full force and effect and is a valid and binding agreement of the applicable Corporation or Subsidiary, enforceable in accordance with its terms, except as the enforcement thereof may be limited by bankruptcy laws, other similar laws affecting creditors' rights and general principles of equity affecting the availability of specific performance and other equitable remedies; (ii) the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries (as applicable) is not in breach, violation or default in any material respect, nor has such Corporation or Subsidiary received any written notice of breach of, violation of or default under (or of any condition which with the passage of time or the giving of notice would cause a breach or default under), such Material Contract; (iii) to the Corporation's knowledge, no other party is in breach or default in any material respect under such Material Contract; and (iv) the Corporation or Subsidiary (as applicable) has not received any written notice from any counterparty thereto to terminate (other than Material Contracts that are expiring pursuant to their terms) or not renew any Material Contract. Except for the acquisition of Arena Minerals Inc., the Corporation and the Subsidiaries do not have any Contracts of any nature whatsoever to acquire, be acquired by, merge or enter into any business combination or joint venture agreement with any entity, or to acquire any other business or operations;
(u) other than as would not result in a Material Adverse Change:
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(i) all Taxes due and payable by the Corporation and the Subsidiaries have been paid. All Tax Returns required to be filed by the Corporation and the Subsidiaries have been duly and timely filed with all appropriate Governmental Entities and all such Tax Returns, declarations, remittances and filings are complete and accurate in all material respects;
(ii) no audit or examination of any Tax of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries, other than income tax ruling applications in respect of the Separation Transaction, is currently in progress or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, threatened; and there are no material issues or disputes outstanding with any Governmental Entity respecting any Taxes that have been paid, or may be payable, by the Corporation or any Subsidiaries. All deficiencies proposed as a result of any audits have been paid, reserved against, settled, or, as disclosed, are being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings. No Claim or assertion has been made, or has been threatened, by any Governmental Entity against the Corporation or any Subsidiaries in any jurisdiction where the Corporation or such Subsidiary does not currently file a Tax Return that it is or may be subject to Tax by such jurisdiction;
(iii) none of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries (A) have entered into a written agreement or waiver extending any statute of limitations relating to the assessment, payment or collection of Taxes or the filing of Tax Returns that has not expired or (B) is presently contesting any Tax liability before any Governmental Entity, court, tribunal or other applicable agency;
(iv) all Taxes that the Corporation and the Subsidiaries are (or were) required by Applicable Law to withhold or collect in connection with amounts paid, credited or owing to any Person (including any employee, independent contractor, creditor, stockholder, member or other third party) have been duly withheld or collected, and have been duly and timely paid over to the proper Governmental Entity to the extent due and payable. Each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries has properly collected and remitted sales, use, value-added, goods and services, GST/HST, property, and similar Taxes with respect to sales, services, and similar transaction;
(v) none of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries (A) has been a member of any affiliated group filing or required to file a consolidated, combined, unitary, or other similar Tax Return (other than any such group of which the Corporation or such Subsidiary is the common parent) or (B) has any liability for the Taxes of any Person as a transferee or successor or by contract (other than ordinary course of business agreements, such as leases or loans, the focus of which is not Taxes);
(vi) there are no Liens for Taxes (other than Permitted Liens) upon any of the assets of the Corporation or any Subsidiaries;
(vii) none of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries will be required to include any item of income in, or exclude any item of deduction from, taxable income for any taxable period (or portion thereof) ending after the Tranche 2 Closing Date as a result of any of the following that occurred or exists on or prior to the Tranche 2 Closing Date: (A) a change in method of accounting; (B) an agreement with any taxing authority or Governmental Entity; (C) an installment sale or open transaction; or (D) a prepaid amount;
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(viii) none of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries has any permanent establishment or otherwise has become subject to Tax in a jurisdiction other than the country of its formation or where it is filing Tax returns;
(ix) except in respect of the Separation Transaction where the Corporation and SpinCo are expected to execute a mutual tax indemnity, none of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries is a party to, or bound by, any Tax sharing, allocation or indemnity agreement, arrangement or similar Contract;
(x) each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries has complied with all transfer pricing rules (including maintaining appropriate documents for all transfer pricing arrangements for purposes of Section 482 of the Code, section 247 of the Income Tax Act (Canada), or any similar provision in the Tax law of another jurisdiction);
(xi) there is no power of attorney given by or binding upon the Corporation or any Subsidiaries with respect to Taxes for any period for which the statute of limitations (including any waivers or extensions) has not yet expired;
(v) each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries is in full compliance with all terms and conditions of any Tax exemption, Tax holiday or other Tax reduction agreement or order of a taxing authority, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will not have any adverse effect on the continued validity and effectiveness of any such Tax exemption, Tax holiday or other Tax reduction agreement or order;
(w) other than as set forth in Section 3.1(w) of the Disclosure Letter, with respect to the interests in real property comprising the Thacker Pass Project (the "Thacker Pass Properties"), (i) one of the Subsidiaries has good and marketable title to all of that portion of the Thacker Pass Properties comprised of fee lands, free and clear of all Liens other than Permitted Liens, and (ii) with respect to the unpatented mining claims and millsites comprising a portion of the Thacker Pass Project (collectively, the "Unpatented Claims"), subject to the paramount title of the United States of America, one of the Subsidiaries holds good record title to and a valid possessory interest in the Unpatented Claims, free and clear of all Liens other than Permitted Liens, and (A) that Subsidiary is in exclusive possession thereof; (B) all such Unpatented Claims were located, staked, filed and recorded on available public domain land in material compliance with all Applicable Laws; (C) annual assessment work (if applicable) sufficient to satisfy the requirements of Applicable Laws was timely and properly performed on or for the benefit of all such Unpatented Claims and affidavits evidencing such work were timely recorded and filed with the appropriate Governmental Entities, or claim maintenance fees required to be paid under Applicable Laws in lieu of the performance of assessment work in order to maintain the Unpatented Claims have been timely and properly paid and affidavits or other notices evidencing such payments as required under Applicable Laws have been timely and properly filed and recorded; (D) there are no material conflicts between the Unpatented Claims and unpatented mining claims or millsites owned by third parties; and (E) there are Claims pending or, to the knowledge of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries, threatened against or affecting any of the Unpatented Claims;
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(x) other than as set forth in Section 3.1(x) of the Disclosure Letter, with respect to the water rights for water use at the Thacker Pass Project:
(i) the Corporation holds good and valid title to or has an irrevocable option to purchase those water rights, free and clear of all Liens other than Permitted Liens;
(ii) each of the water rights is approved, valid and in good standing in the records of the Nevada State Engineer's Office;
(iii) the water rights are adequate, assuming that the existing and future sources can produce the full permitted annual volume and peak flows, for the development and operation of the Thacker Pass Project as contemplated by the Corporation;
(iv) one of the Subsidiaries or the current owner of the water rights has acted with reasonable diligence to work toward placing the water rights to beneficial use, and none of the water rights is presently subject to forfeiture or partial forfeiture from any non-use; and
(v) none of the Subsidiaries or the Corporation has received or has knowledge of any written notices from the Nevada State Engineer or any other Governmental Entities respect to any violations, deficiencies or expired deadlines concerning the water rights;
(y) Computershare Investor Services Inc. is duly appointed as the registrar and transfer agent of the Common Shares;
(z) the Corporation is a "reporting issuer" within the meaning of applicable Securities Laws in all provinces and territories of Canada, and not on the list of reporting issuers in default under applicable Securities Laws, and no securities commission or similar regulatory or Governmental Entity has issued any order preventing or suspending trading of any securities of the Corporation, and the Corporation is not in default of any material provision of applicable Securities Laws. The Common Shares are listed on the TSX and NYSE and trading in the Common Shares on the TSX and the NYSE is not currently halted or suspended. No delisting, suspension of trading or cease trading order with respect to any securities of the Corporation is pending or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, threatened. Neither the Corporation nor its Subsidiaries have received notice of any Claim, inquiry, review or investigation (formal or informal) of the Corporation or its Subsidiaries by any securities commission or similar regulatory authority under applicable Securities Laws or by the TSX or the NYSE that is in effect or ongoing or expected to be implemented or undertaken. The Common Shares are registered under Section 12(b) of the U.S. Exchange Act and the Corporation is in compliance in all material respects with applicable Securities Laws. None of the Subsidiaries are subject to any continuous or periodic, or other disclosure requirements under any Securities Laws in any jurisdiction. The Corporation has filed all documents required to be filed by it in accordance with applicable Securities Laws and the rules and policies of the TSX and the NYSE. Other than as disclosed in Section 3.1(z) of the Disclosure Letter, the documents and information comprising the Disclosure Documents, as at the respective dates they were filed, were in compliance in all material respects with applicable Securities Laws and, where applicable, the rules and policies of the TSX and the NYSE and did not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The Corporation has not filed any confidential material change report that at the date hereof remains confidential;
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(aa) the proven and probable mineral reserves and mineral resources, as set forth in Section 3.1(aa) of the Disclosure Letter, were in all material respects prepared in accordance with sound mining, engineering, geosciences and other applicable industry standards and practices, and in all material respects in accordance with all Applicable Laws, including the requirements of National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects. There has been no material reduction in the aggregate amount of estimated mineral reserves, estimated mineral resources or mineralized material of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries, or any of their joint ventures, taken as a whole, from the amounts most recently set forth in Section 3.1(aa) of the Disclosure Letter;
(bb) section 3.1(bb) of the Disclosure Letter sets forth a correct list of all material Permits and all such material Permits are in full force and effect, and the Corporation and its Subsidiaries have performed all of its and their obligations under and are, other than as disclosed in Section 3.1(bb) of the Disclosure Letter, and have been, in material compliance with all such Permits. The Corporation and its Subsidiaries are not in violation of, or in material default under, any of the Permits and the Corporation and its Subsidiaries have not received any written or, to its and their knowledge, oral notice from any Governmental Entity (i) indicating or alleging that the Corporation or its Subsidiaries do not possess any material Permit required to own, lease, and operate its properties and assets or to conduct the business as currently conducted or (ii) threatening or seeking to withdraw, revoke, terminate, or suspend any of its or their material Permits. None of the Corporation nor its Subsidiaries' Permits will be subject to withdrawal, revocation, termination, or suspension as a result of the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;
(cc) each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries owns or possesses the right to use (i) all patents, patent applications, patent disclosures, and inventions and all improvements thereto (whether or not patentable or reduced to practice), continuations, divisionals, continuations-in-part, revisions, provisionals and patents issuing on any of the foregoing, and any renewals, reexaminations, substitutions, extensions, reissues and counterparts of any of the foregoing, together with all prosecution files, utility models and invention disclosures, (ii) all trademarks, service marks, product and service names, brands, trade dress, logos, trade names, designs, business symbols, corporate names, and other indicia of source or business identifiers, whether registered or unregistered, (including all rights to sue in passing off), and all applications, registrations and renewals and extensions of or in connection therewith and common law trademarks and service marks, together with all of the goodwill associated with any of the foregoing, (iii) all copyrights, moral rights, topography rights, rights in databases and design rights, and all applications, registrations, renewals and reversions of or in connection therewith, and all works of authorship (published and unpublished), including rights in software, (iv) domain names, domain name registrations, websites, website content, and social media identifiers, names and tags (including accounts therefor and registrations thereof), (v) all trade secrets, proprietary information, data, know-how and other confidential business or technical information (including research and development, compositions, industrial designs, industrial property, manufacturing and production processes, technical data, designs, specifications and business and marketing plans and proposals), (vi) publicity and privacy rights, (vii) all other forms of rights in technology (whether or not embodied in any tangible form) and including all tangible embodiments of the foregoing, and (viii) all other intellectual property, proprietary and other rights and forms of protection of a similar nature or having equivalent or similar effect to any of these anywhere in the world, (collectively, "Intellectual Property") necessary to permit the Corporation and the Subsidiaries to conduct their business as currently conducted and planned to be conducted. Neither the Corporation nor any of the Subsidiaries has received any notice nor does or has the business of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries infringed or conflicted with rights of others with respect to any Intellectual Property, and neither the Corporation nor any of the Subsidiaries have knowledge of any facts or circumstances that would render any Intellectual Property owned by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries invalid or inadequate to protect the interests of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries therein;
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(dd) the Corporation and its Subsidiaries take and have taken commercially reasonable steps to protect and maintain the Intellectual Property owned by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries and the confidentiality of trade secrets and material confidential information included therein, and none of the Corporation or its Subsidiaries have disclosed any such confidential Intellectual Property to any third party other than pursuant to a written confidentiality agreement (and other than to legal counsel who are bound by professional obligations of confidentiality), pursuant to which such third party agrees to protect such confidential information;
(ee) neither the execution, delivery, or performance of this Agreement nor the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will, with or without notice or lapse of time, result in, or give any other Person the right or option to cause or declare, (i) a loss of, or Lien on, any Intellectual Property owned by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries; (ii) a breach of any Material Contract related to Intellectual Property; (iii) the release, disclosure, or delivery of any Intellectual Property owned by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, by or to any escrow agent or other Person; or (iv) the grant, assignment, or transfer to any other Person of any license or other right or interest under, to, or in any of the Intellectual Property owned by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries;
(ff) all Persons who have contributed, developed or conceived any Intellectual Property owned by the Corporation and its Subsidiaries have done so pursuant to a valid and enforceable agreement or other legal obligation that protects the confidential information of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries and grants the Corporation and its Subsidiaries exclusive ownership of the Person's contribution, development or conception;
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(gg) (i) the Corporation and each Subsidiary, their respective properties and assets, and the business, affairs and operations of each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, have been in compliance in all material respects with all Environmental Laws and Environmental Permits; (ii) neither the Corporation nor the Subsidiaries are in material violation of any regulation relating to the Release or Threatened Release of Hazardous Materials; (iii) each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries has complied in all material respects with all reporting and monitoring requirements under all Environmental Laws and Environmental Permits; and (iv) there are no events or circumstances that might reasonably be expected to form the basis of an order for clean up or remediation, or a Claim by any private party or Governmental Entity, against or affecting the Corporation or the Subsidiaries relating to Hazardous Materials or any Environmental Laws; and (v) there are no Environmental Permits which either the Corporation or the Subsidiaries do not have which are necessary to conduct the business, affairs and operations of each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries as presently conducted or as planned, except for such Environmental Permits which if not obtained would not have a Material Adverse Change. Except as set forth on Section 3.1(gg) of the Disclosure Letter, the Corporation and each Subsidiary has, collectively, obtained or possess all material Permits required by Applicable Law and/or expects to receive all renewals for material Permits, including all material Environmental Permits, to own, lease, and operate its properties and assets and to conduct the business as currently conducted or proposed to be conducted by the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, including access to and the construction, commissioning and operation of the Argentina Projects (excluding the Sal de la Puna project in Salta Province, Argentina) and the Thacker Pass Project. Each material Environmental Permit, is valid, subsisting and in good standing and neither the Corporation nor any such Subsidiary is in default or breach of any material Environmental Permit, and no proceeding is pending or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, threatened to revoke or limit any material Environmental Permit. No approval, consent or authorization of any aboriginal or native group is pending for the operation of the businesses carried on or proposed to be commenced by the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries, including access to and the construction, commissioning and operation of the Argentina Projects (excluding the Sal de la Puna project in Salta Province, Argentina) and the Thacker Pass Project. Neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries has used, except in material compliance with all Environmental Laws and Environmental Permits, any property or facility which it owns or leases or previously owned or leased, to generate, manufacture, process, distribute, use, treat, store, dispose of, transport or handle any Hazardous Materials, except where such use would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. Neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries, including if applicable, any predecessor companies, have received any notice of, or been prosecuted for an offence alleging, material non-compliance with any Environmental Law, and neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries, including if applicable, any predecessor companies, have settled any allegation of material non-compliance short of prosecution. There are no orders or directions relating to environmental matters requiring any material work, repairs, construction or capital expenditures to be made with respect to any of the assets of the Corporation or any Subsidiary, nor has the Corporation or any Subsidiary received notice of any of the same. Except as ordinarily or customarily required by applicable Environmental Permits, neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice or Claim wherein it is alleged or stated that it is potentially responsible in a material amount for a federal, provincial, state, municipal or local clean-up site or corrective action under any Environmental Laws. There are no environmental audits, evaluations, assessments, studies or tests relating to the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries except for ongoing assessments conducted by or on behalf of the Corporation in the ordinary course;
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(hh) in the Ordinary Course, the Corporation conducts a periodic review of the effect of Environmental Laws on the business, operations and properties of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries, in the course of which it identifies and evaluates associated costs and liabilities (including, without limitation, any capital or operating expenditures required for clean-up, closure of properties or compliance with Environmental Laws or any Permit, license or approval, any related constraints on operating activities and any potential liabilities to third parties). No facts or circumstances have come to the Corporation's attention that could result in costs or liabilities that would reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change;
(ii) neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries sponsors or maintains or has any obligation to make contributions to any "pension plan" (as defined in Section 3(2) of ERISA) subject to the standards of Section 302 of the United States Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended ("ERISA"). Each material plan for bonus, stock purchase, profit sharing, stock option, deferred compensation, severance or termination pay, insurance, medical, hospital, dental, vision care, drug, sick leave, disability, salary continuation, legal benefits, unemployment benefits, vacation, incentive or otherwise contributed to, or required to be contributed to, by the Corporation or its Subsidiaries for the benefit of any current or former director, officer or employee of the Corporation or its Subsidiaries, as applicable (the "Employee Plans"), has been maintained in all material respects in accordance with its terms and with the requirements prescribed by any and all Applicable Laws in respect of such Employee Plans;
(jj) other than fees to be paid to the Corporation's financial advisors in connection with the advisory services rendered by them in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement as disclosed in Section 3.1(jj) of the Disclosure Letter, there is no broker, finder or other party or Person, that is entitled to receive from the Corporation any brokerage or finder's fee or other fee or commission as a result of any transactions contemplated by this Agreement;
(kk) the Corporation does not have any outstanding extension of credit, in the form of a personal loan, to or for any director or executive officer of the Corporation except for such extensions of credit as are expressly permitted by Section 13(k) of the Exchange Act;
(ll) each of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries are insured by recognized and reputable institutions with policies in such amounts and with such deductibles and covering such risks as are generally deemed adequate and customary for their businesses including, but not limited to, policies covering real and personal property owned or leased by the Corporation and the Subsidiaries against theft, damage, destruction, acts of vandalism and earthquakes. The Corporation has no reason to believe that it or any of the Subsidiaries will not be able (i) to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such policies expire, or (ii) to obtain comparable coverage from similar institutions as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct its business as now conducted and at a cost that would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change. Neither the Corporation nor the Subsidiaries has been denied any insurance coverage which it has sought or for which it has applied;
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(mm) neither the Corporation nor any of the Subsidiaries nor any director, officer, or employee of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries, nor to the knowledge of the Corporation, any agent, affiliate or other person acting on behalf of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries has, in the course of its actions for, or on behalf of, the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries (i) used any corporate funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expenses relating to political activity; (ii) made or taken any act in furtherance of an offer, promise, or authorization of any direct or indirect unlawful payment or benefit to any foreign or domestic government official or employee, including of any government-owned or controlled entity or public international organization, or any political party, party official, or candidate for political office; (iii) violated or is in violation of any provision of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the "FCPA"), the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (Canada) (the "CFPOA"), the UK Bribery Act 2010, or any other applicable anti-bribery or anti-corruption law; or (iv) made, offered, authorized, requested, or taken an act in furtherance of any unlawful bribe, rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful payment or benefit. The Corporation and the Subsidiaries and, to the knowledge of the Corporation, the Corporation's affiliates have conducted their respective businesses in compliance with the FCPA and CFPOA and have instituted and maintain (or are in the process of instituting and maintaining) policies and procedures designed to ensure, and which are reasonably expected to ensure, continued compliance therewith;
(nn) the operations of the Corporation and the Subsidiaries are, and have been conducted at all times, in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (Canada) and the money laundering statutes of all applicable jurisdictions, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar applicable rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the "Money Laundering Laws") and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, threatened;
(oo) neither the Corporation, the Subsidiaries, directors, officers, or employees, nor, to the knowledge of the Corporation, after reasonable inquiry, any agent, affiliate or other person acting on behalf of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries is currently the subject or the target of any U.S. Sanctions administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFAC") or the U.S. Department of State, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, Her Majesty's Treasury of the United Kingdom, or other relevant Sanctions Authority; nor is the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject or the target of Sanctions, including, without limitation, Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Russia and Syria; and the Corporation will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of this offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, or any joint venture partner or other person or entity, for the purpose of financing the activities of or business with any person, or in any country or territory, that at the time of such financing, is the subject or the target of Sanctions or in any other manner that will result in a violation by any person (including any person participating in the transaction whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise) of applicable Sanctions. For the past five years, the Corporation and its subsidiaries have not knowingly engaged in and are not now knowingly engaged in any dealings or transactions with any person that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject or the target of Sanctions or with any sanctioned country;
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(pp) neither the Corporation, nor any of its Subsidiaries or their respective directors, officers, or employees, nor any direct or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, indirect owner of one percent (1%) or more interest in the Corporation as of the date of this Agreement, or any direct or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, indirect owner that may acquire five percent (5%) or more interest in the Corporation after the date of this Agreement: (i) is a Sanctioned Person; or (ii) to the best knowledge of the Corporation, acts under the direction of, on behalf of, or for the benefit of a Sanctioned Person;
(qq) the Corporation is in compliance, in all material respects, with all applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder;
(rr) except as disclosed in Section 3.1(rr) of the Disclosure Letter, there has been no material security breach or other material compromise of or relating to any of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries' information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data (including the data of their respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained by or on behalf of them), equipment or technology (collectively, "IT Systems and Data") and (i) the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries have not been notified of, and have no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in, any material security breach or other material compromise to their IT Systems and Data; (ii) the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries are presently in material compliance with all Applicable Laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or Governmental Entity, internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification, except as would not, in the case of this clause (ii), reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change; and (iii) the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries have implemented backup and disaster recovery technology consistent with industry standards and practices;
(ss) the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries are, and at all prior times were, in material compliance with all applicable state and federal data privacy and security laws and regulations, including without limitation the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, and the Corporation and the Subsidiaries have taken commercially reasonable actions to prepare to comply with, and since May 25, 2018, have been and currently are in material compliance with, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") (EU 2016/679), to the extent the GDPR applies to the Corporation (collectively, the "Privacy Laws"). To ensure compliance with the Privacy Laws, the Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries have in place, comply with, and take appropriate steps reasonably designed to ensure compliance in all material respects with their policies and procedures relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, disclosure, handling, and analysis of personal data (the "Policies"). The Corporation and each of the Subsidiaries have at all times made all material disclosures to users or customers required by Applicable Laws and regulatory rules or requirements, and none of such disclosures made or contained in any Policy have, to the knowledge of the Corporation, been inaccurate or in violation of any applicable laws and regulatory rules or requirements in any material respect. The Corporation further certifies that neither it nor any of the Subsidiaries (i) has received notice of any actual or potential liability under or relating to, or actual or potential violation of, any of the Privacy Laws, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in any such notice; (ii) is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation, or other corrective action pursuant to any Privacy Law; or (iii) is a party to any order, decree, or agreement that imposes any obligation or liability under any Privacy Law, except with respect to subsection (i), (ii) and (iii) as would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Change;
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(tt) the Corporation believes that it was a "passive foreign investment company" ("PFIC") as defined in Section 1297 of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") for its tax year ended December 31, 2021, and based on current business plans and financial expectations, the Corporation expects that it may be a PFIC for the tax year ended December 30, 2022 and for its current tax year and may be a PFIC in future tax years;
(uu) neither the Corporation nor any of the Subsidiaries have taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that might reasonably be expected to cause or result in stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Common Shares or of any "reference security" (as defined in Rule 100 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act ("Regulation M")) with respect to the Common Shares, whether to facilitate the sale or resale of the Common Shares or otherwise, and has taken no action which would directly or indirectly violate Regulation M;
(vv) the Corporation is not, and will not be, either after receipt of payment for Purchased Shares or after the application of the proceeds therefrom, required to register as an "investment company" under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended;
(ww) there are no business relationships or related-party transactions involving the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries or any other Person required to be disclosed under Securities Laws which have not been disclosed;
(xx) except as disclosed in Section 3.1(xx) of the Disclosure Letter, none of the directors, officers or employees of the Corporation or the Subsidiaries or any associate or Affiliate of any of the foregoing has any interest, direct or indirect, in any material transaction or any proposed transaction with the Corporation or the Subsidiaries;
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(yy) the Purchased Shares, at the Tranche 2 Closing, shall be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable common shares of the Corporation and the provisions thereof shall conform in all material respects with their descriptions in this Agreement;
(zz) none of the outstanding Common Shares were issued in violation of any pre-emptive rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities of the Corporation. Other than the Convertible Notes, there are no authorized or outstanding options, warrants, pre-emptive rights, rights of first refusal or other rights to purchase, or equity or debt securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for, any shares of the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries;
(aaa) the issue of the Purchased Shares will not be subject to any pre-emptive right, rights of first refusal or other contractual right to purchase securities granted by the Corporation or to which the Corporation is subject;
(bbb) the Corporation has complied, or will comply, with all Applicable Laws in connection with the offer, sale and issuance of the Purchased Shares. The Corporation has obtained or will obtain prior to Tranche 2 Closing all necessary approvals, consents and acceptances of the appropriate regulatory authorities required to be made or obtained by the Corporation in connection with the sale of the Purchased Shares as herein contemplated, including the conditional approvals of the TSX and the NYSE;
(ccc) the Corporation and its Subsidiaries have to their knowledge provided truthful and materially complete information to CFIUS and Canadian Governmental Authorities with respect to inquiries or requests that the Corporation or its Subsidiaries have received, including all Specified Matters;
(ddd) to the Corporation's knowledge, there are no undisclosed facts or circumstances which may constitute a Material Adverse Change; and
(eee) as of the date of this Agreement, neither the Corporation nor any of its Subsidiaries is in receipt of any oral or written offer, indication of interest, proposal or inquiry relating to any (i) direct or indirect acquisition of an equity interest (whether by merger, consolidation, stock sale or other business combination) in the Corporation's Thacker Pass Project or assets related thereto, (ii) acquisition of any of the voting equity interests of the Corporation through a primary issuance for cash proceeds, (iii) offtake or similar arrangement with respect to production at the Thacker Pass Project, (iv) tender offer or exchange offer by the Corporation that if consummated would result in any person or that person's affiliates beneficially acquiring any of the voting equity interests of the Corporation, (v) merger, consolidation, other business combination or similar transaction involving the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries, pursuant to which such person would own any of the consolidated assets, net revenues or net income of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, or (vi) liquidation or dissolution (or the adoption of a plan of liquidation or dissolution) of the Corporation or the declaration or payment of an extraordinary dividend (whether in cash or other property) by the Corporation, in all cases of clauses (i)-(vi), where such transaction is to be entered into with any FEOC; and
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(fff) SpinCo has been duly incorporated or otherwise organized and is validly existing as a corporation under the Applicable Laws of the jurisdiction in which it was incorporated, or otherwise organized, as the case may be, and no steps or proceedings have been taken by any Person, voluntary or otherwise, requiring or authorizing the dissolution or winding up of SpinCo.]
3.2 Representations and Warranties of the Investor
The Investor hereby represents and warrants to the Corporation as follows and acknowledges that the Corporation is relying on such representations and warranties in connection with the transactions contemplated herein:
(a) this Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Investor and constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Investor enforceable against the Investor in accordance with its terms, subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent conveyance, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally, and will not violate or conflict with the constating documents of the Investor or the terms of any restriction, agreement or undertaking to which the Investor is subject;
(b) the Investor has been duly incorporated and is validly existing as a limited liability company under the Applicable Laws of the jurisdiction in which it was formed, and no steps or proceedings have been taken by any Person, voluntary or otherwise, requiring or authorizing the dissolution or winding up of the Investor, and the Investor has the necessary corporate power and authority to execute and deliver the Agreement and to observe and perform its covenants and obligations hereunder and thereunder and has taken all necessary action in respect thereof;
(c) the Investor is subscribing for the Purchased Shares as principal for its own account and not as agent for the benefit of any other Person (within the meaning of Securities Laws) for investment purposes only and has no current intention to sell or otherwise dispose of the Purchased Shares;
(d) the Investor is not a "bad actor" within the meaning of Rule 506(d) promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act; and
(e) the Investor has not received or been provided with a prospectus or an offering memorandum (as such term is defined in the Securities Act (Ontario)).
3.3 Acknowledgements and Authorizations of the Investor
The Investor hereby acknowledges and agrees as follows:
(a) no applicable securities regulatory authority (or authorities) or regulator, agency, Governmental Entity, regulatory body, stock exchange or other regulatory body has reviewed or passed on the investment merits of the Purchased Shares;
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(b) the Purchased Shares will be subject to a restricted period on resale prescribed by Section 2.5 of National Instrument 45-102 - Resale of Securities and the Investor Rights Agreement; and
(c) the certificate representing the Purchased Shares, when issued, will bear or be bound by, a legend substantially in the form set out in Schedule A hereto, as well as any legends prescribed by the Securities Laws of Canada and the United States and the policies of the TSX and NYSE.
ARTICLE 4
CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO TRANCHE 2 CLOSING
4.1 Investor's Conditions Precedent to Tranche 2 Closing
The Investor's obligation under this Agreement to purchase the Purchased Shares, shall be subject to the following conditions (which conditions may be waived by the Investor in its sole discretion):
(a) (i) the representations and warranties of the Corporation contained in Sections 3.1(a) (Due Authorization), 3.1(b) (Organization and Existence) and 3.1(d) (Subsidiaries) of this Agreement shall be true and correct in all respects as at the Tranche 2 Closing Time, with the same force and effect as if made on and as at the Tranche 2 Closing Time, except for such representations and warranties which are in respect of a specific date in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct, in all respects, as of such date, and (ii) the other representations and warranties of the Corporation contained in this Agreement shall be true and correct in all material respects (or, as regards specific representations and warranties if qualified by materiality or Material Adverse Change, in all respects) as at the Tranche 2 Closing Time, with the same force and effect as if made on and as at the Tranche 2 Closing Time, except for such representations and warranties which are in respect of a specific date in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct, in all material respects (or, as regards specific representations and warranties if qualified by materiality, in all respects), as of such date;
(b) (i) the Investor Rights Agreement and the Offtake Agreement shall remain in full force and effect and (ii) the Corporation shall have performed or complied with, in all respects, all of its obligations, covenants and agreements under this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements required to be performed or complied with prior to the Tranche 2 Closing;
(c) the Investor shall have received a certificate from a senior officer of the Corporation (on the Corporation's behalf and without personal liability), in form and substance satisfactory to the Investor, acting reasonably, confirming satisfaction of the conditions referred to in Sections 4.1(a) and 4.1(b);
(d) there shall be no issued Order, injunction, judgment or ruling filed, entered, issued, or imposed by any Governmental Entity reasonably expected to have the effect of enjoining, delaying, restricting, preventing, or making illegal the consummation of the transactions contemplated in this Agreement or any Ancillary Agreement or claiming that such transactions contemplated hereby or thereby are improper and no Applicable Law shall have been enacted or shall be deemed applicable to any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any Ancillary Agreement which makes the consummation of any of such transactions illegal;
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(e) the Corporation shall hold or possess the required federal and state land use permits and the Water Pollution Control Permit necessary for the development and operation of the Thacker Pass Project;
(f) there shall not be in effect and continuing any Order, injunction, judgement or ruling imposed by any Governmental Entity which materially enjoins, restricts, prevents, or makes illegal the construction, development or operation of the Thacker Pass Project and no Applicable Law shall have been enacted or deemed applicable to the Thacker Pass Project which makes illegal the construction, development or operation of the Thacker Pass Project;
(g) no Material Adverse Change shall have occurred;
(h) the Common Shares shall continue to be listed for trading on the TSX and the NYSE as at the Tranche 2 Closing Date;
(i) the Corporation shall not be the subject of a cease trading order (including a management cease trade order) made by any applicable securities regulatory authority (or authorities) or regulator in Canada or the United States or other Governmental Entity;
(j) the Corporation shall have made and/or obtained the necessary filings, approvals, consents and acceptances of the appropriate regulatory authorities required to be made or obtained by the Corporation in connection with the sale of the Purchased Shares as herein contemplated, including any required conditional approval of the TSX and any required authorization of the NYSE;
(k) the Corporation shall have secured sufficient Available Capital to complete the Thacker Pass Development Plan Funding, and shall have delivered to Investor a certificate from the chief financial officer of the Corporation certifying that it has secured all such Available Capital (the "TP Available Capital Notice");
(l) all necessary filings required under any applicable competition or antitrust laws shall have been made and the expiration or termination of any applicable waiting or review periods under any competition or antitrust Applicable Laws has occurred and all requisite approvals and authorizations under any competition or antitrust competition or antitrust Applicable Laws have been obtained, in each case to the extent necessary to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby in compliance with such competition or antitrust Applicable Laws; and
(m) the Investor shall have received the closing deliveries set forth in Section 5.2.
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If any of the foregoing conditions has not been fulfilled by the Outside Date, the Investor may elect not to complete the Tranche 2 Investment by notice in writing to the Corporation. The Investor may waive compliance with any condition in whole or in part, without prejudice to its rights in the event of non-fulfilment of any other condition, in whole or in part, or to its rights to recover damages for the breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or condition contained in this Agreement.
4.2 Issuer's Conditions Precedent to Tranche 2 Closing
The Corporation's obligation under this Agreement to issue and sell the Purchased Shares, is subject to the following conditions (which conditions may be waived by the Corporation in its sole discretion):
(a) the representations and warranties of the Investor contained in this Agreement shall be true and correct in all material respects (or, as regards specific representations and warranties if qualified by materiality, in all respects) as at the Tranche 2 Closing Time, with the same force and effect as if made on and as at the Tranche 2 Closing Time, except for such representations and warranties which are in respect of a specific date in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct, in all material respects (or, as regards specific representations and warranties if qualified by materiality, in all respects), as of such date, after giving effect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;
(b) the Investor shall have performed or complied with, in all respects, all of its obligations, covenants and agreements under this Agreement and the Ancillary Agreements required to be performed or complied with prior to the Tranche 2 Closing;
(c) the Corporation shall have received a certificate from an officer of the Investor (on the Investor's behalf and without personal liability), in form and substance satisfactory to the Corporation, acting reasonably, confirming the conditions referred to in Sections 4.2(a) and 4.2(b);
(d) there shall be no issued Order, injunction, judgment or ruling filed, entered, issued, or imposed by any Governmental Entity reasonably expected to have the effect of enjoining, delaying, restricting, preventing, or making illegal the consummation of the transactions contemplated in this Agreement or any Ancillary Agreement or claiming that such transactions contemplated hereby or thereby are improper and no Applicable Law shall have been enacted or shall be deemed applicable to any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any Ancillary Agreement which makes the consummation of any of such transactions illegal;
(e) the Corporation shall have made and/or obtained the necessary filings, approvals, consents and acceptances of the appropriate regulatory authorities required to be made or obtained by the Corporation in connection with the sale of the Purchased Shares as herein contemplated, including any required conditional approval of the TSX and any required authorization of the NYSE; and
(f) the Corporation shall have received the closing deliveries set forth in Section 5.3.
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If any of the foregoing condition has not been fulfilled by the Tranche 2 Closing Date, the Corporation may elect not to complete the Tranche 2 Investment by notice in writing to the Investor. The Corporation may waive compliance with any condition in whole or in part if they see fit to do so, without prejudice to their rights in the event of non-fulfilment of any other condition, in whole or in part, or to their rights to recover damages for the breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or condition contained in this Agreement.
ARTICLE 5
TRANCHE 2 CLOSING
5.1 Time and Place of Tranche 2 Closing
The closing of the subscription and issuance of the Purchased Shares (the "Tranche 2 Closing") shall take place remotely by exchange of documents and signatures (or their electronic counterparts) at the Tranche 2 Closing Time, or at such other place, date or time as agreed upon by the Investor and the Corporation.
5.2 Issuer's Tranche 2 Closing Deliveries
At or prior to the Tranche 2 Closing Time, the Corporation shall deliver to the Investor the following:
(a) a certificate of good standing of the Corporation dated within two (2) Business Days of the Tranche 2 Closing Date issued pursuant to the BCBCA;
(b) a certificate dated the date of Tranche 2 Closing addressed to the Investor and signed by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Corporation (in each case without personal liability) in form and content satisfactory to the Investor and counsel to the Investor (each acting reasonably), certifying with respect to:
(i) the currently effective constating documents of the Corporation;
(ii) the necessary corporate approvals of the Corporation for the offering and issuance of the Purchased Shares and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement; and
(iii) an incumbency and signatures of signing persons of authority and officers of the Corporation;
(c) a corporate law and Securities Law opinion from the Corporation's legal counsel, in a form satisfactory to the Investor, acting reasonably, as to certain matters relating to the Corporation, the distribution of the Purchased Shares, an exemption to the registration requirements under Securities Laws and other related matters;
(d) legal opinions, in form satisfactory to the Investor, acting reasonably, as to the Applicable Laws in Argentina and the ownership of the Argentina Projects and the Corporation's interest therein;
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(e) a legal opinion, in a form satisfactory to the Investor, acting reasonably, as to the Applicable Laws in the State of Nevada and the ownership of the Thacker Pass Project and the Corporation's interest therein;
(f) evidence of any required conditional approval of the TSX and any required authorization of the NYSE with respect to the sale and the listing of the Purchased Shares as herein contemplated;
(g) share certificate(s) or Direct Registration System statement(s) representing the Purchased Shares and registered in accordance with the registration instructions set forth in Schedule B hereto, or as may be otherwise subsequently directed by the Investor in writing; and
(h) such further certificates and other documentation from the Corporation as may be contemplated herein or as the Investor may reasonably request.
5.3 Investor's Tranche 2 Closing Deliveries.
At or prior to the Tranche 2 Closing Time, the Investor shall deliver to the Corporation, the following:
(a) a completed Accredited Investor Status Certificate, in the form attached hereto as Schedule A and completed registration details as set forth in Schedule B;
(b) the Tranche 2 Subscription Price by wire transfer of immediately available funds to an account designated by the Corporation; and
(c) such further certificates and other documentation from the Investor as may be contemplated herein or as the Corporation may reasonably request.
ARTICLE 6
COVENANTS
6.1 Actions to Satisfy Tranche 2 Closing Conditions
Each of the parties shall take commercially reasonable efforts to ensure satisfaction of each of the conditions for which they are responsible for performing, delivering or satisfying set forth in Article 4 and make all of their respective deliveries set forth in Article 5 as soon as practicable and prior to the Outside Date.
6.2 Consents, Approvals and Authorizations
(a) The Corporation covenants that it shall prepare, file and diligently pursue until received all necessary consents, approvals and authorizations of any Person and make such necessary filings, as are required to be obtained under Applicable Laws with respect to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.
(b) The Corporation shall keep the Investor fully informed regarding the status of such consents, approvals and authorizations, and the Investor, its representatives and counsel shall have the right to provide input into any applications for approval and related correspondence, which will be incorporated by the Corporation, acting reasonably. The Corporation will provide notice to the Investor (and its counsel) of any proposed substantive discussions with the TSX or the NYSE in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. On the date all such consents, approvals and authorizations have been obtained by the Corporation and all such filings have been made by the Corporation, the Corporation shall notify the Investor of same.
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(c) Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Corporation shall promptly make all filings required by the TSX and the NYSE. If the approval or authorization of either of the TSX and the NYSE is "conditional approval" subject to the making of customary deliveries to the TSX or the NYSE after the Tranche 2 Closing Time, the Corporation shall ensure that such filings are made as promptly as practicable after such date and in any event within the time frame contemplated in the conditional approval letter from the TSX or the authorization from the NYSE, as applicable.
(d) The Corporation shall, as promptly as practicable after the date hereof, seek, and continue to use commercially reasonable efforts to seek until obtained, the consent of each Person which is required in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, but excluding, for greater certainty, the preparation or filing of a prospectus, offering memorandum, registration statement or similar document in any jurisdiction.
6.3 Notice
Until the earlier of the Tranche 2 Closing Time and the termination of this Agreement, the Corporation shall promptly notify the Investor of the occurrence, or failure to occur, of any event or state of facts which occurrence or failure would, or would be reasonably likely to:
(a) cause any of the representations or warranties of the Corporation contained in Section 3.1 of this Agreement to be untrue or inaccurate in any material respect at any time from the date of this Agreement to the Tranche 2 Closing Time; or
(b) result in the failure of the Corporation to comply in any material respect with any covenant or agreement to be complied with by the Corporation pursuant to the terms of this Agreement.
6.4 Separation Transaction Share Purchase and Warrant Exercise
Provided the Tranche 2 Closing has not occurred, prior to the completion of the Separation Transaction, the Investor and the Corporation acknowledge and agree that, concurrently with the completion of the Separation Transaction, the Investor shall subscribe for one (1) Purchased Share at its then Current Market Price and shall exercise the Warrants to purchase, in aggregate, one (1) Purchased Share.
6.5 SpinCo Subscription Agreement
The parties hereby agree that prior to the Separation Transaction Completion Date, they shall use good faith efforts to settle the terms of a subscription agreement between SpinCo and Investor for the purchase of SpinCo Shares (the "SpinCo Subscription Agreement"). The parties further acknowledge and agree that the SpinCo Subscription Agreement shall provide for an aggregate subscription amount equal to the Tranche 2 Investment and be on substantially the same terms as this Agreement with certain necessary modifications, including the following:
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(a) adjustment to the representations and warranties to reflect the resulting division of assets and changes in the Corporation and SpinCo arising from the Separation Transaction;
(b) references herein to the "Purchased Shares" shall be reflected as SpinCo Shares;
(c) the Current Market Price shall be in respect of SpinCo Shares;
(d) the Tranche 2 Price Ceiling shall be the Relative SpinCo Value Ratio multiplied by the Tranche 2 Price Ceiling (subject to adjustment in the event that Common Shares and SpinCo Shares and are not issued on one-for-one basis in connection with the Separation Transaction); and
(e) all references to the Separation Transaction or to the rights and obligations of the Corporation or the Investor in respect of the Separation Transaction shall be removed.
The parties further acknowledge and agree that immediately after the Separation Transaction Completion Date, the Investor shall, and Corporation shall cause SpinCo to, execute and deliver the SpinCo Subscription Agreement and, provided the transactions in Section 6.4 have been completed, the parties agree that all rights and obligations under this Agreement shall have been completed, other than the rights and obligations described in this Section 6.5, and that no other rights and obligations shall exist. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the parties will remain liable for all breaches of this Agreement prior to the execution of the SpinCo Subscription Agreement.
6.6 Change of Control
If the Corporation becomes subject to a binding agreement or otherwise announces a Change of Control or a Third Party announces an intention to complete a Change of Control, the Corporation shall provide a Change of Control Notice to the Investor at least sixty (60) days prior to the date of the closing of the Change of Control transaction. Upon receipt of such Change of Control Notice, the Investor may (but shall not be obligated to) waive the conditions precedent in its favour contained in Section 4.1, in which case the parties shall proceed to complete the Tranche 2 Investment prior to the consummation of the Change of Control and the Change of Control Notice shall be deemed to serve as the TP Available Capital Notice for the purpose of determining the Tranche 2 Subscription Price.
ARTICLE 7
TERMINATION
7.1 Termination
This Agreement shall terminate upon:
(a) the date on which this Agreement is terminated by the mutual consent of the parties;
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(b) written notice by either party to the other upon completion of a Change of Control in the event the Tranche 2 Closing has not occurred prior to the completion of such Change of Control;
(c) written notice by either party to the other in the event the Tranche 2 Closing has not occurred on or prior to the Outside Date, except that the right to terminate this Agreement under this Section 7.1(c) shall not be available to any party whose failure to fulfill any of its obligations or breach of any of its representations, warranties or covenants under this Agreement has been the cause of, or resulted in, the failure of the Tranche 2 Closing to occur by such date;
(d) by either party if any Governmental Entity of competent jurisdiction issues an Order permanently restraining, enjoining, or otherwise prohibiting the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and such Order becomes final and non-appealable; provided, however, that the right to terminate this Agreement under this Section 7.1(d) shall not be available to a party whose failure to perform its covenants or agreements contained in this Agreement has been the cause of or has resulted in the imposition of such Order or the failure of such Order to be resisted, resolved, or lifted;
(e) by the Investor, if Corporation breaches or fails to perform in any material respect any of its representations, warranties, covenants, or agreements contained in this Agreement, which breach or failure to perform (i) would result in a failure of a condition set forth in Section 4.1 and (ii) (A) if capable of being cured, has not been cured by the Corporation by the earlier of the Outside Date and the date that is thirty (30) days after the Corporation's receipt of written notice from the Investor stating the Investor's intention to terminate this Agreement pursuant to this Section 7.1(e) and the basis for such termination or (B) is incapable of being cured;
(f) by the Corporation, if the Investor breaches or fails to perform in any material respect any of its representations, warranties, covenants, or agreements contained in this Agreement, which breach or failure to perform (i) would result in a failure of a condition set forth in Section 4.2 and (ii) (A) if capable of being cured, has not been cured by the Investor by the earlier of the Outside Date and the date that is thirty (30) days after the Investor's receipt of written notice from the Corporation stating the Corporation's intention to terminate this Agreement pursuant to this Section 7.1(f) and the basis for such termination or (B) is incapable of being cured; or
(g) the date on which this Agreement is terminated by written notice of the Investor on the dissolution or bankruptcy of the Corporation or the making by the Corporation of an assignment under the provisions of the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (Canada) or the taking of any proceeding by or involving the Corporation under the Companies Creditors' Arrangement Act (Canada) or any similar legislation of any jurisdiction.
7.2 Effect of Termination
In the event of the termination of this Agreement as provided in this Article 7, this Agreement shall become void and of no further force or effect without liability of any party (or any Corporation or Investor shareholder, director, officer, employee, agent, consultant or representative of such party) to any other party to in connection with this Agreement, except that no such termination shall relieve any party from liability for damages to another party resulting from a willful and material breach of this Agreement prior to the date of termination.
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ARTICLE 8
INDEMNIFICATION
8.1 Indemnification by the Corporation
(a) The Corporation shall indemnify and save harmless the Investor and each of its directors, officers and employees (collectively referred to as the "Investor Indemnified Parties") from and against any Losses which may be made or brought against the Investor Indemnified Parties, or which they may suffer or incur, directly or indirectly, as a result of or in connection with or relating to:
(i) any non-fulfilment or breach of any covenant or agreement on the part of the Corporation contained in this Agreement; or
(ii) any misrepresentation or any incorrectness in or breach of any representation or warranty of the Corporation contained in this Agreement as of the date of the Tranche 2 Closing Time, with the same force and effect as if made on and as at the date of the Tranche 2 Closing Time, except for such representations and warranties which are in respect of a specific date in which case as of such date.
(b) The Corporation's obligations under Section 8.1(a) shall be subject to the following limitations:
(i) the Survival Date, in accordance with Section 8.5;
(ii) the Corporation shall not be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive or aggravated damages, including damages for loss of profits and lost business opportunities or damages calculated by reference to any purchase price methodology; and
(iii) the Corporation shall not be liable for any amount under this Article 8 to the extent an Investor Indemnified Party has been fully compensated for a Loss under any other provision of this Agreement, or the Master Purchase Agreement or under any other agreement or action at law or equity.
8.2 Indemnification by the Investor
(a) The Investor shall indemnify and save harmless the Corporation and its directors, officers and employees (collectively referred to as the "Corporation Indemnified Parties") from and against any Losses which may be made or brought against the Corporation Indemnified Parties, or which they may suffer or incur, directly or indirectly, as a result of or in connection with or relating to:
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(i) any non-fulfilment or breach of any covenant or agreement on the part of the Investor contained in this Agreement; or
(ii) any misrepresentation or any incorrectness in or breach of any representation or warranty of the Investor contained in this Agreement or given at the Tranche 2 Closing Time.
(b) The Investor's obligations under Section 8.2(a) shall be subject to the Survival Date in accordance with Section 8.5.
8.3 Indemnification Procedure
(a) Promptly, and in any event within 20 days, after receipt by an Indemnified Party of notice of the commencement of any action, such Indemnified Party shall, if a Claim in respect thereof is to be made against any Indemnifying Party, notify the Indemnifying Party of the commencement thereof. Such notice shall specify whether the Claim arises as a result of a claim by a third party Person (a "Third Party") against the Indemnified Party (a "Third Party Claim") or whether the Claim does not so arise (a "Direct Claim"), and shall also include a description of the Loss in reasonable detail including the sections of this Agreement which form the basis for such Loss, copies of all material written evidence of such Loss in the possession of the Indemnified Party and the actual or estimated amount of the damages that have been or will sustained by any Indemnified Party, including reasonable supporting documentation therefor; provided that the failure to so notify the Indemnifying Party shall not relieve such Indemnifying Party of its obligations hereunder unless and to the extent the Indemnifying Party is actually and materially prejudiced by such failure to so notify.
(b) With respect to any Direct Claim, following receipt of notice from the Indemnified Party of the Claim, the Indemnifying Party shall have sixty (60) days to make such investigation of the Claim as is considered necessary or desirable. For the purpose of such investigation, the Indemnified Party shall make available to the Indemnifying Party the information relied upon by the Indemnified Party to substantiate the Claim, together with all such other information as the Indemnifying Party may reasonably request. If both parties agree at or prior to the expiration of such sixty-day period (or any mutually agreed upon extension thereof) to the validity and amount of such Claim, the Indemnifying Party shall immediately pay to the Indemnified Party the full agreed upon amount of the Claim. If following the expiration of the sixty-day period (or any mutually agreed upon extension thereof) the parties cannot agree to the validity and amount of such Claim, the Indemnified Party and the appropriate Indemnifying Party shall proceed to establish the merits and amount of such Claim (by confidential arbitration in accordance with Section 9.6) and, within five (5) Business Days following the final determination of the merits and amount, if any, of such Claim, the Indemnifying Party shall pay to the Indemnified Party in immediately available funds an amount equal to such Claim as determined hereunder.
(c) With respect to any Third Party Claim, following the receipt of notice of any Third Party Claim to the Indemnifying Party under Section 8.3(a), the Indemnifying Party shall have the right, by notice to the Indemnified Party given not later than 30 days after receipt of the notice described in Section 8.3(a), to assume the control, defence, compromise or settlement of the Claim, provided that such assumption shall, by its terms, be without cost to the Indemnified Party and provided the Indemnifying Party acknowledges in writing its obligation to indemnify the Indemnified Party in accordance with the terms of this Article.
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(d) Upon the assumption of control of any Claim by the Indemnifying Party as set out in Section 8.3(b), the Indemnifying Party shall diligently proceed with the defence, compromise or settlement of the Claim at its sole expense, including, if necessary, employment of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified Party and, in connection therewith, the Indemnified Party shall cooperate fully, but at the expense of the Indemnifying Party with respect to any out-of-pocket expenses incurred, to make available to the Indemnifying Party all pertinent information and witnesses under the Indemnified Party's control, make such assignments and take such other steps as in the opinion of counsel for the Indemnifying Party are reasonably necessary to enable the Indemnifying Party to conduct such defence. The Indemnified Party shall also have the right to participate in the negotiation, settlement or defence of any Claim at its own expense.
(e) The final determination of any Claim pursuant to this Section 8.3, including all related costs and expenses, shall be binding and conclusive upon the parties as to the validity or invalidity, as the case may be, of such Claim against the Indemnifying Party.
(f) If the Indemnifying Party does not assume control of a Claim as permitted in Section 8.3(b), the obligation of the Indemnifying Party to indemnify the Indemnified Party in respect of such Claim shall terminate if the Indemnified Party settles such claim without the consent of the Indemnifying Party.
(g) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 8.3, the indemnity obligations in this Article 8 shall cease to apply to the extent that a court of competent jurisdiction in a final judgment that has become non-appealable shall have determined that any Losses to which an Indemnified Party may be subject were caused solely by the negligence, fraud or wilful misconduct of the Indemnified Party.
(h) Except for any Claims arising from negligence, fraud or wilful misconduct of the Indemnifying Party, the rights to indemnification set forth in this Article 8 shall be the sole and exclusive remedy of the Indemnified Parties (including pursuant to any statutory provision, tort or common law) in respect of:
(i) any non-fulfilment or breach of any covenant or agreement on the part of the Corporation contained in this Agreement; or
(ii) any misrepresentation or any incorrectness in or breach of any representation or warranty of the Corporation contained in this Agreement.
(i) An Investor Indemnified Party shall not be entitled to double recovery for any loss even though such loss may have resulted from the breach of one or more representations, warranties or covenants in this Agreement.
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8.4 Contribution
If the indemnification provided for in this Article 8 is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be unavailable to a Indemnified Party with respect to any Losses referred to herein, the Indemnifying Party, in lieu of indemnifying such Indemnified Party hereunder, shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such Indemnified Party as a result of such Loss in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative fault of the Indemnifying Party on the one hand and of the Indemnified Party on the other in connection with matters that resulted in such Loss, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative fault of the Indemnifying Party and of the Indemnified Party shall be determined by reference to, among other things, the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement, omission or fault.
8.5 Survival
Each party hereto acknowledges that the representations, warranties and agreements made by it herein are made with the intention that they may be relied upon by the other party. The parties further agree that the representations, warranties, covenants and agreements shall survive the purchase and sale of the Purchased Shares and shall continue in full force and effect for a period ending on the date that is twelve (12) months following the Tranche 2 Closing, notwithstanding any subsequent disposition by the Investor of the Purchased Shares or any termination of this Agreement; provided, however, that the representations and warranties of the Corporation set forth in Sections 3.1(a), 3.1(b), 3.1(c), and 3.1(h) of this Agreement and the representations of the Investor set forth in Section 3.2 of this Agreement shall survive indefinitely (the survival date of each representation, warranty, covenant and agreement herein as set forth above is referred to as the "Survival Date"). This Agreement shall be binding upon and shall enure to the benefit of the parties hereto, their respective successors, assigns and legal representatives. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the provisions contained in this Agreement related to indemnification or contribution obligations shall survive and continue in full force and effect, indefinitely, provided that, no Claim for indemnity pursuant to this Article 8 may be made after the Survival Date for the applicable representation, warranty, covenant or agreement unless notice of the Claim was provided to the Indemnifying Party on or prior to the Survival Date.
8.6 Duty to Mitigate
Nothing in this Agreement shall in any way restrict or limit the general obligation at law of a party hereto to mitigate any loss which it may suffer or incur by reason of a breach of any representation, warranty or covenant of that other party under this Agreement. If any Loss can be reduced by any recovery, settlement, or payment by or against any other Person, a party hereto shall take all appropriate steps to enforce such recovery, settlement or payment. If the Indemnified Party fails to make all commercially reasonably efforts to mitigate any Loss then the Indemnifying Party shall not be required to indemnify any Indemnifying Party for the Loss that could have been avoided if the Indemnified Party had made such efforts.
8.7 Trustee
Each party hereto hereby acknowledges and agrees that, with respect to this Article 8, the Investor is contracting on its own behalf and as agent for the other Investor Indemnified Parties referred to in this Article 8 and the Corporation is acting on its own behalf and as agent for the other Corporation Indemnified Parties referred to in this Article 8. In this regard, the Investor shall act as trustee for such Investor Indemnified Parties of the covenants of the Corporation under this Article 8 with respect to such Investor Indemnified Parties and accepts these trusts and shall hold and enforce those covenants on behalf of such Investor Indemnified Parties, and the Corporation shall act as trustee for such Corporation Indemnified Parties of the covenants of the Investor under this Article 8 with respect to such Corporation Indemnified Parties and accepts these trusts and shall hold and enforce those covenants on behalf of such Corporation Indemnified Parties.
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ARTICLE 9
GENERAL PROVISIONS
9.1 Expenses
Each party shall bear its own fees and expenses incurred in connection with this Agreement.
9.2 Time of the Essence
Time shall be of the essence of this Agreement.
9.3 Further Acts
Each of the parties shall promptly do, make, execute, deliver, or cause to be done, made, executed or delivered, all such further acts, documents and things as the other parties may reasonably require from time to time for the purpose of giving effect to this Agreement.
9.4 Enurement
This Agreement shall enure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties and their respective successors, permitted assigns and legal representatives.
9.5 Governing Law
This Agreement shall be construed and governed by the laws of the Province of British Columbia and the federal laws of Canada applicable in that province.
9.6 Jurisdiction and Venue
Any dispute, controversy, or claim arising out of, relating to, or in connection with this Agreement, including with respect to the formation, applicability, breach, termination, validity or enforceability thereof, shall be resolved by confidential arbitration. The arbitration shall be conducted by three (3) arbitrators and administered by the International Centre for Dispute Resolution in accordance with its International Dispute Resolution Procedures in effect at the time of the arbitration, except as they may be modified herein or by mutual agreement of the parties. Each party shall designate one (1) arbitrator, with the third arbitrator to be designated by the parties by agreement, or failing such agreement, by the two party-appointed arbitrators. The seat of the arbitration shall be Toronto, Canada and it shall be conducted in the English language. Notwithstanding Section 9.5, the arbitration and this agreement to arbitrate shall be governed by Ontario's International Commercial Arbitration Act, 2017, S.O. 2017, c. 2, Sched. 5. The arbitration award shall be final and binding on the parties, and the parties undertake to carry out any award without delay. Judgment upon the award may be entered by any court having jurisdiction over the award or over the relevant party or its assets. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event either party seeks injunctive relief, they may seek to have that dispute determined by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice or any other court of competent jurisdiction.
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9.7 Severability
If any term or other provision of this Agreement is invalid, illegal or incapable of being enforced under any Applicable Law or as a matter of public policy, all other conditions and provisions of this Agreement shall nevertheless remain in full force and effect. Upon such determination that any term or other provision is invalid, illegal or incapable of being enforced, the parties shall negotiate in good faith to modify this Agreement so as to effect the original intent of the parties as closely as possible in a mutually acceptable manner in order that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement be consummated as originally contemplated to the greatest extent possible.
9.8 Entire Agreement
This Agreement, the provisions contained in this Agreement, and the agreements and other documents to be delivered pursuant to this Agreement, constitute the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter thereof and supersede all prior communications, proposals, representations and agreements, whether oral or written, with respect to the subject matter thereof.
9.9 Notices
Any notice or other communication to be given hereunder shall be in writing and shall, in the case of notice to the Investor, be addressed to:
General Motors Holdings LLC
300 Renaissance Center
Detroit, Michigan
USA 48265-3000
Attention: John Stapleton, Vice President, Global Financial Strategy and FP&A
Email: [Redacted]
with copies to:
General Motors Holdings LLC
300 Renaissance Center
Detroit, Michigan
USA 48265-3000
Attention: Lead Counsel, Corporate Development & Global M&A
Email: [Redacted]
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Mayer Brown LLP
Two Palo Alto Square, #300
3000 El Camino Real
Palo Alto, California
USA 94306
Attention: Nina Flax and Peter Wolf
Email: [Redacted]
and in the case of notice to the Corporation shall be addressed to:
Lithium Americas Corp.
900 West Hastings Street, Suite 300
Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada V6C 1E5
Attention: Jonathan Evans, President & Chief Executive Officer
Email: [Redacted]
with copies to (which shall not constitute notice):
Lithium Americas Corp.
900 West Hastings Street, Suite 300
Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada V6C 1E5
Attention: Director, Legal Affairs and Corporate Secretary
Email: [Redacted]
Cassels Brock & Blackwell LLP
2200 HSBC Building, 885 West Georgia Street
Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 3E8 Canada
Attention: David Redford
Email: [Redacted]
and each notice or communication shall be personally delivered (including by courier service) to the addressee or sent by electronic transmission to the addressee, and (i) a notice or communication which is personally delivered shall, if delivered before 5:00 p.m. on a Business Day, be deemed to be given and received on that day and, in any other case, be deemed to be given and received on the first Business Day following the day on which it is delivered; and (ii) a notice or communication which is sent by electronic transmission shall, if sent on a Business Day before 5:00 p.m., be deemed to be given and received on that day and, in any other case, be deemed to be given and received on the first Business Day following the day on which it is sent. Either party hereto may at any time change its address for service from time to time by notice given in accordance with this Section 9.9.
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9.10 Amendment; Waiver
No provision of this Agreement may be amended or modified except by a written instrument signed by both parties. No waiver by any party of any provision hereof shall be effective unless explicitly set forth in writing and executed by the party so waiving. The waiver by either party hereto of a breach of any provision of this Agreement shall not operate or be construed as a waiver of any other subsequent breach.
9.11 Assignment
This Agreement shall not be assigned by any party hereto without the prior written consent of the other party. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Investor may assign and transfer all of its rights, benefits, duties and obligations under this Agreement in their entirety, without the consent of the Corporation, to any Affiliate of the Investor that is "related" to the Investor (as defined in the Income Tax Act (Canada)) at the time of the assignment and transfer until the Transfer Restrictions no longer apply; provided that no such assignment shall relieve the Investor of any of its obligations hereunder and provided that such Affiliate first agrees in writing with the Corporation to be bound by the terms of this Agreement.
9.12 No Third-Party Beneficiaries
Except as provided in Article 8 with respect to indemnification, this Agreement is for the sole benefit of the parties and their permitted successors and assigns and nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to or shall confer upon any other Person any legal or equitable right, benefit or remedy of any nature whatsoever under or by reason of this Agreement.
9.13 Public Notices/Press Releases
The Investor and the Corporation shall each be permitted to publicly announce the transactions contemplated hereby following the execution of this Agreement by the Investor and the Corporation, and the context, text and timing of each party's announcement shall be approved by the other party in advance, acting reasonably.
No party shall:
(a) issue any press release or otherwise make public announcements with respect to this Agreement without the consent of the other party (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed); or
(b) make any regulatory filing with any Governmental Entity with respect thereto without prior consultation with the other party; provided, however, that, this Section 9.13 shall be subject to each party's overriding obligation to make any disclosure or regulatory filing required under Applicable Laws and the party making such requisite disclosure or regulatory filing shall use all commercially reasonable efforts to give prior oral and written notice to the other party and reasonable opportunity to review and comment on the requisite disclosure or regulatory filing before it is made; provided, further, that, except as required by Applicable Law, in no circumstance shall any such disclosure by, or regulatory filing of, the Corporation or any of its Affiliates include the name of the Investor or its Affiliates without the Investor's prior written consent, in its sole discretion.
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9.14 Public Disclosure
During the period from the date of this Agreement to the Tranche 2 Closing, the Corporation shall provide prior notice to the Investor of any public disclosure that it proposes to make which includes the name of the Investor or any of its Affiliates, together with a draft copy of such disclosure; provided that, except as required by Applicable Law, in no circumstance shall any public disclosure of the Corporation or any of its Affiliates include the name of the Investor or any of its Affiliates without the Investor's prior written consent, in its sole discretion.
9.15 Counterparts
This Agreement may be executed in several counterparts (including by means of electronic communication), each of which when so executed shall be deemed to be an original and shall have the same force and effect as an original, and such counterparts together shall constitute one and the same instrument.
[The remainder of this page is intentionally left blank.]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties have signed this Agreement as of the date first written above.
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. | |
Per: | |
Name: Jonathan Evans | |
Title: President & Chief Executive Officer | |
GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC | |
Per: | |
Name: John Stapleton | |
Title: Vice President, Global Financial Strategy and FP&A | |
[Signature page to Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement]
SCHEDULE A
U.S. ACCREDITED INVESTOR STATUS CERTIFICATE
In addition to the representations, warranties, acknowledgments and agreements contained in the subscription agreement, dated [∙], 2023, among the Corporation and the Investor (the "subscription"), to which this U.S. Accredited Investor Status Certificate (this "Certificate") is attached:
1. The Investor hereby represents, warrants, acknowledges and agrees to and with the Corporation that the Investor:
(a) is a U.S. Person resident of the jurisdiction of its disclosed address set out in the subscription;
(b) has such knowledge and experience in financial and business matters as to be capable of evaluating the merits and risks of the transactions detailed in the subscription and it is able to bear the economic risk of loss arising from such transactions;
(c) is acquiring the Purchased Shares for its own account, for investment purposes only and not with a view to any resale, distribution or other disposition of the Purchased Shares in violation of the United States securities laws and, in particular, it has no intention to distribute either directly or indirectly any of the Purchased Shares in the United States or to U.S. Persons; provided, however, that the Investor may sell or otherwise dispose of any of the Purchased Shares pursuant to registration thereof under the U.S. Securities Act, and any applicable State securities laws or if an exemption from such registration requirements is available or registration is otherwise not required under the U.S. Securities Act;
(d) is not acquiring the Purchased Shares as a result of any form of general solicitation or general advertising, as such terms are defined for purposes of Regulation D under the U.S. Securities Act, including without limitation any advertisement, article, notice or other communication published in any newspaper, magazine or similar media or broadcast over radio or television or other form of telecommunications, or published or broadcast by means of the Internet or any other form of electronic display, or any seminar or meeting whose attendees have been invited by general solicitation or general advertising;
(e) understands the offer and sale of the Purchased Shares have not been and will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act or the securities laws of any state of the United States and that the sale contemplated hereby is being made in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Rule 506(b) of Regulation D and/or Section 4(a)(2) of the U.S. Securities Act and applicable State securities laws;
(f) satisfies one or more of the categories indicated below (check appropriate box):
☐ Category 1: An organization described in Section 501(c)(3) of the United States Internal Revenue Code, a corporation, a Massachusetts or similar business trust, partnership or limited liability company, not formed for the specific purpose of acquiring the Purchased Shares offered, with total assets in excess of $5,000,000;
☐ Category 2: A natural person whose individual net worth, or joint net worth with that person's spouse, on the date of purchase exceeds $1,000,000 excluding the value of the primary residence of that person;
Note: For purposes of calculating "net worth" under this paragraph:
(i) The person's primary residence shall not be included as an asset;
(ii) Indebtedness that is secured by the person's primary residence, up to the estimated fair market value of the primary residence at the time of the sale of securities, shall not be included as a liability (except that if the amount of such indebtedness outstanding at the time of the sale of securities exceeds the amount outstanding 60 days before such time, other than as a result of the acquisition of the primary residence, the amount of such excess shall be included as a liability); and
(iii) Indebtedness that is secured by the person's primary residence in excess of the estimated fair market value of the primary residence at the time of the sale of securities shall be included as a liability.
☐ Category 3: A natural person who had an individual income in excess of $200,000 in each of the two most recent years or joint income with that person's spouse in excess of $300,000 in each of those years and has a reasonable expectation of reaching the same income level in the current year;
☐ Category 4: A bank as defined under Section (3)(a)(2) of the U.S. Securities Act or savings and loan association or other institution as defined in Section 3(a)(5)(A) of the U.S. Securities Act, whether acting in its individual or fiduciary capacity; a broker or dealer registered pursuant to Section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (United States); an insurance company as defined in Section 2(13) of the U.S. Securities Act; an investment company registered under the United States Investment Company Act of 1940 or a business development company as defined in Section 2(a)(48) of such Act; a Small Business Investment Company licensed by the U.S. Small Business Administration under Section 301(c) or (d) of the United States Small Business Investment Act of 1958; a plan established and maintained by a state, its political subdivisions, or an agency or instrumentality of a state or its political subdivisions, for the benefit of its employees if the plan has total assets in excess of $5,000,000; an employee benefit plan within the meaning of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (United States) if investment decision is made by a plan fiduciary, as defined in Section 3(21) of such Act, which is either a bank, savings and loan association, insurance company or registered investment adviser, or if the employee benefit plan has total assets in excess of $5,000,000, or, if a self-directed plan, with investment decisions made solely by persons that are accredited investors;
☐ Category 5: A private business development company as defined in Section 202(a)(22) of the United States Investment Advisers Act of 1940;
☐ Category 6: A director or executive officer of the Corporation;
☐ Category 7: A trust that (a) has total assets in excess of $5,000,000, (b) was not formed for the specific purpose of acquiring the Purchased Shares and (c) is directed in its purchases of securities by a person who has such knowledge and experience in financial and business matters that he or she is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of an investment in the Purchased Shares as described in Rule 506(b)(2)(ii) under the U.S. Securities Act; or
☐ Category 8: An entity in which all of the equity owners are accredited investors.
☐ Category 9: Any entity, of a type not listed above, not formed for the specific purpose of acquiring the securities offered, owning investments in excess of US$5,000,000;
☐ Category 10: Any private business development company as defined in Section 202(a)(22) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940;
☐ Category 11: A natural person holding in good standing one or more professional certifications or designations or credentials from an accredited educational institution that the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") has designated as qualifying an individual for accredited investor status;
☐ Category 12: A natural person who is a "knowledgeable employee," as defined in rule 3c-5(a)(4) under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (17 CFR 270.3c-5(a)(4)), of the issuer of the securities being offered or sold where the issuer would be an investment company, as defined in section 3 of such Act, but for the exclusion provided by either section 3(c)(1) or section 3(c)(7) of such Act;
☐ Category 13: A "family office," as defined in rule 202(a)(11)(G)-1 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (17 CFR 275.202(a)(11)(G)-1): (i) With assets under management in excess of US$5,000,000, (ii) that was not formed for the specific purpose of acquiring the securities offered, and whose prospective investment is directed by a person who has such knowledge and experience in financial and business matters that such family office is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of the prospective investment; or
☐ Category 14: A "family client," as defined in rule 202(a)(11)(G)-1 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (17 CFR 275.202(a)(11)(G)-1)), of a family office meeting the requirements in paragraph (a)(12) of this section and whose prospective investment in the issuer is directed by such family office pursuant to paragraph (a)(12)(iii).
2. The Investor acknowledges and agrees that:
(a) the Investor will not engage in any "directed selling efforts" (as defined in Rule 902 promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act) in connection with the resale of any of the Purchased Shares pursuant to Rule 904 promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act; provided, however, that the Investor may sell or otherwise dispose of any of the Purchased Shares pursuant to registration thereof under the U.S. Securities Act and any applicable State securities laws or if an exemption from such registration requirements is available or registration is otherwise not required under the U.S. Securities Act;
(b) if the Investor decides to offer, sell or otherwise transfer any of the Purchased Shares, it will not offer, sell or otherwise transfer any of such securities, directly or indirectly, unless:
(i) the sale is to the Corporation;
(ii) the sale is made pursuant to the registration requirements under the U.S. Securities Act;
(iii) the sale is made pursuant to the requirements of Rule 904 promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act;
(iv) the sale is made pursuant to the exemption from the registration requirements under the U.S. Securities Act provided by Rule 144 thereunder if available and in accordance with any applicable State securities laws; or
(v) the Purchased Shares are sold in a transaction that does not require registration under the U.S. Securities Act or any applicable State securities law, and it has prior to such sale furnished to the Corporation an opinion of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Corporation;
(c) upon the issuance thereof, and until such time as the same is no longer required under the applicable requirements of the U.S. Securities Act or applicable State securities laws, the certificates representing any of the Purchased Shares will bear a legend in substantially the following form:
"THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREBY HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE "U.S. SECURITIES ACT") OR UNDER THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE HOLDER HEREOF, BY PURCHASING SUCH SECURITIES, AGREES FOR THE BENEFIT OF LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. AND ITS SUCCESSORS (THE "CORPORATION") THAT SUCH SECURITIES MAY BE OFFERED, SOLD, PLEDGED OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED ABSENT SUCH REGISTRATION ONLY (A) TO THE CORPORATION; (B) OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES IN ACCORDANCE WITH RULE 904 OF REGULATION S UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH LOCAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS; (C) IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT PROVIDED BY RULE 144 THEREUNDER, IF AVAILABLE, AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS; OR (D) IN A TRANSACTION THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT OR ANY APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS, AND, IN THE CASE OF CLAUSES (C) OR (D), THE HOLDER HAS PRIOR TO SUCH TRANSFER FURNISHED TO THE CORPORATION AN OPINION OF COUNSEL OF RECOGNIZED STANDING IN FORM AND SUBSTANCE REASONABLY SATISFACTORY TO THE CORPORATION TO SUCH EFFECT. DELIVERY OF THIS CERTIFICATE MAY NOT CONSTITUTE GOOD DELIVERY IN SETTLEMENT OF TRANSACTIONS ON STOCK EXCHANGES IN CANADA."
and provided that if any of the Purchased Shares are being sold by the Investor in an off-shore transaction and in compliance with the requirements of Rule 904 of Regulation S, the legend set forth above may be removed by providing such evidence as the Corporation or its transfer agent may from time to time reasonably prescribe (which may include an opinion of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Corporation and its transfer agent), to the effect that the sale of the Purchased Shares is being made in compliance with Rule 904 of Regulation S;
and provided further, that if any of the Purchased Shares are being sold pursuant to Rule 144 of the U.S. Securities Act and in compliance with any applicable State securities laws, the legend may be removed by delivery to the Corporation's transfer agent of an opinion reasonably satisfactory to the Corporation and its transfer agent to the effect that the legend is no longer required under applicable requirements of the U.S. Securities Act and State securities laws;
(d) the Corporation may make a notation on its records or instruct the registrar and transfer agent of the Corporation in order to implement the restrictions on transfer set forth and described herein and the subscription;
(e) the Investor understands and agrees that the financial statements of the Corporation have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, which differ in some respects from United States generally accepted accounting principles, and thus may not be comparable to financial statements of United States companies;
(f) the Investor understands that the Purchased Shares are "restricted securities" under applicable federal securities laws and that the U.S. Securities Act and the rules of the SEC provide in substance that the Investor may dispose of the Purchased Shares only pursuant to an effective registration statement under the U.S. Securities Act or an exemption therefrom, and, other than as set out herein or in the Investor Rights Agreement, the Investor understands that the Corporation has no obligation to register the offer or sale of any of the Purchased Shares or to take action so as to permit sales pursuant to the U.S. Securities Act (including Rule 144 thereunder). Accordingly, the Investor understands that absent registration, under the rules of the SEC, the Investor may be required to hold the Purchased Shares indefinitely or to transfer the Purchased Shares in the United States or to U.S. Persons in "private placements" which are exempt from registration under the U.S. Securities Act, in which event the transferee may acquire "restricted securities" subject to the same limitations as in the hands of the Investor. As a consequence, the Investor understands that it must bear the economic risks of the investment in the Purchased Shares for an indefinite period of time;
(g) the Investor understands and acknowledges that the Corporation is not obligated to remain a "foreign issuer" (as defined in Rule 902(e) of Regulation S);
(h) the Investor understands and agrees that there may be material tax consequences to the Investor of an acquisition, disposition or exercise of any of the Purchased Shares, and the Corporation gives no opinion and makes no representation with respect to the tax consequences to the Investor under United States, state, local or foreign tax law of the Investor's acquisition or disposition of such Purchased Shares, and in particular, no determination has been made whether the Corporation will be a "passive foreign investment company" ("PFIC") within the meaning of Section 1291 of the United States Internal Revenue Code (the "Code"), provided, however, the Corporation agrees that it shall provide to the Investor, upon written request, all of the information that would be required for United States income tax reporting purposes by a United States security holder making an election to treat the Corporation as a "qualified electing fund" for the purposes of the Code, should the Corporation determine that the Corporation is a PFIC in any calendar year following the Investor's purchase of the Purchased Share; and
(i) the funds representing the Tranche 2 Subscription Price which will be advanced by the Investor to the Corporation hereunder will not represent proceeds of crime for the purposes of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (the "PATRIOT Act") and the Investor acknowledges that the Corporation may in the future be required by law to disclose the Investor's name and other information relating to the subscription and the Investor's subscription hereunder, on a confidential basis, pursuant to the PATRIOT Act, and that no portion of the Tranche 2 Subscription Price to be provided by the Investor (i) has been or will be derived from or related to any activity that is deemed criminal under the laws of the United States of America, or any other jurisdiction, or (ii) is being tendered on behalf of a person or entity who has not been identified to or by the Investor, and it shall promptly notify the Corporation if the Investor discovers that any of such representations ceases to be true and provide the Corporation with appropriate information in connection therewith.
* * * * * * *
The representations, warranties, statements and certification made in this Certificate are true and accurate as of the date of this Certificate.
Capitalized terms not specifically defined in this Certificate have the meaning ascribed to them in the subscription to which this Certificate is attached.
The Investor acknowledges and agrees that the Corporation will and can rely on this Certificate in connection with the Investor's subscription.
IN WITNESS, the undersigned has executed this Certificate as of the ____ day of _________, _____.
GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC | |
Per: | |
Name: John Stapleton | |
Title: Vice President | |
Global Financial Strategy and FP&A |
SCHEDULE B
REGISTRATION INSTRUCTIONS
[Redacted]
SCHEDULE F
INVESTOR RIGHTS AGREEMENT
(See Attached)
REDACTED - COMMERCIALLY SENSITIVE INFORMATION
SCHEDULE G
SUBSCRIPTION RECEIPT AGREEMENT
(See Attached)
SCHEDULE G - FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION RECEIPT AGREEMENT
SUBSCRIPTION RECEIPT AGREEMENT
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.
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GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC
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COMPUTERSHARE TRUST COMPANY OF CANADA
Dated as of [●], 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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THIS SUBSCRIPTION RECEIPT AGREEMENT1 made as of [●], 2023.
AMONG:
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP., a corporation existing under the laws of the Province of British Columbia
(the "Corporation")
AND
GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC, a limited liability company existing under the laws of the State of Delaware
(the "Investor")
AND
COMPUTERSHARE TRUST COMPANY OF CANADA, a trust company existing under the laws of Canada
(the "Subscription Receipt Agent")
WHEREAS in connection with the Master Purchase Agreement (as defined herein) between the Corporation and the Investor, the Corporation is proposing to issue 15,002,243 Subscription Receipts (as defined herein) at the Subscription Receipt Purchase Price (as defined herein), with each Subscription Receipt representing the right to receive one Unit (as defined herein) in the manner herein set forth;
AND WHEREAS each Unit shall be comprised of one Underlying Share and 0.7926 Warrant;
AND WHEREAS the Corporation and the Investor have agreed that:
(a) pending the satisfaction of the Release Conditions, the Subscription Proceeds (as defined herein) are to be delivered to and held by the Subscription Receipt Agent as escrow agent hereunder and deposited with an Approved Bank (as defined herein) in the manner set forth herein;
(b) upon receipt by the Subscription Receipt Agent of the Release Certificate (as defined herein), confirming that the Release Conditions have been satisfied on or prior to the Escrow Release Deadline, the Subscription Receipt Agent will release (i) the Subscription Proceeds (as defined herein) to the Corporation; and (ii) the Earned Interest (as defined herein) to the Investor;
______________________________
1 This remains document subject to comment by Computershare and the parties will work in good faith to address any such comments to the reasonable satisfaction of each party.
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(c) if the Release Conditions are satisfied on or before the Escrow Release Deadline, the Investor will be entitled to receive, without payment of any additional consideration or further action, one Unit for each Subscription Receipt held; and
(d) if a Termination Event (as defined herein) occurs, the Investor shall be entitled to have the Subscription Proceeds paid back to it together with the Earned Interest (as defined herein), less any applicable withholding taxes;
AND WHEREAS the Subscription Receipt Agent has agreed to receive the Subscription Proceeds and hold the Escrowed Funds as subscription receipt agent;
AND WHEREAS all acts and deeds necessary have been done and performed to make the Subscription Receipts when issued as provided in this Agreement, legal, valid and binding upon the Corporation with the benefits of and subject to the terms of this Agreement;
AND WHEREAS the foregoing recitals are made as statements of fact by the Corporation and the Investor and not by the Subscription Receipt Agent.
NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the covenants of the parties it is hereby agreed and declared as follows:
ARTICLE 1
INTERPRETATION
1.1 Definitions
In this Agreement, including the recitals and schedules hereto, and in all agreements supplemental hereto:
(a) "Affiliate" means, as to any specified Person, any other Person who directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, (a) controls such specified Person, (b) is controlled by such specified Person, or (c) is under common control with such specified Person;
(b) "Agreement" means this subscription receipt agreement, as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time;
(c) "Applicable Law" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(d) "Applicable Legislation" means the provisions of any statute of Canada or a province thereof, and the regulations and rules under any such named or other statute, relating to agreements such as this Agreement or to the rights, duties and obligations of persons serving in a similar role as the Subscription Receipt Agent under this Agreement, to the extent that such provisions are at the time in force and applicable to this Agreement;
(e) "Approved Bank" has the meaning set forth in Section 5.2;
(f) "Business Day" means any day, other than (a) a Saturday, Sunday or statutory holiday in the Province of British Columbia, the City of New York or the City of Detroit and (b) a day on which banks are generally closed in the Province of British Columbia, the City of New York or the City of Detroit;
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(g) "Common Shares" means the common shares in the capital of the Corporation;
(h) "Counsel" means a barrister or solicitor or a firm of barristers and solicitors retained by the Subscription Receipt Agent or retained by the Corporation and acceptable to the Subscription Receipt Agent;
(i) "Court" has the meaning set forth in Section 7.7(a);
(j) "DRS Advice" means a direct registration system advice evidencing ownership of securities in the Subscription Receipt Agent's or any of its affiliates' book-based registration system;
(k) "Earned Interest" means the interest credited in accordance with Section 5.2 of this Agreement on the deposit of the Subscription Proceeds with an Approved Bank between the Subscription Receipt Closing Date and the earlier of: (i) the Escrow Release Date; and (ii) the Termination Date;
(l) "Escrow Release Conditions" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(m) "Escrow Release Date" means the date the Corporation and the Investor deliver the Release Certificate in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, provided that if the Release Certificate is not received on a Business Day or is received after 5:00 p.m. (Vancouver time) on a Business Day then the Escrow Release Date shall be the next Business Day following the date of such receipt;
(n) "Escrow Release Deadline" means 5:00 p.m. (Vancouver time) on December 31, 2023 or such other later date as is agreed by the Corporation and the Investor, but in any event not on or after the closing of the Separation Transaction;
(o) "Escrowed Funds" means the Subscription Proceeds and all Earned Interest if any earned thereon;
(p) "Governmental Entity" means any domestic or foreign federal, provincial, regional, state, municipal or other government, governmental department, agency, authority or body (whether administrative, legislative, executive or otherwise), court, tribunal, commission or commissioner, bureau, minister or ministry, board or agency, or other regulatory authority, including any securities regulatory authorities and stock exchange;
(q) "Master Purchase Agreement" means the Master Purchase Agreement dated January 30, 2023 between the Corporation and the Investor;
(r) "NYSE" means the New York Stock Exchange;
(s) "Permitted Assign" has the meaning set forth in Section 2.7(a);
(t) "Person" means and includes any individual, corporation, limited partnership, general partnership, joint stock corporation, limited liability corporation, joint venture, association, corporation, trust, bank, trust corporation, pension fund, business trust or other organization, whether or not a legal entity, and any Governmental Entity;
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(u) "Release Certificate" means a certificate executed by the Corporation and by the Investor in the form attached as Schedule "B" hereto and addressed to the Subscription Receipt Agent confirming that the Release Conditions have been satisfied or waived;
(v) "Release Conditions" means the occurrence of the following events:
(i) each of the Escrow Release Conditions set out in the Master Purchase Agreement shall have been satisfied or waived; and
(ii) the Corporation and the Investor have delivered the Release Certificate to the Subscription Receipt Agent confirming that the conditions set forth in (i) above have been satisfied;
(w) "Separation Transaction" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(x) "Shareholder" means a holder of record of one or more Common Shares;
(y) "SpinCo" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(z) "Subscription Proceeds" means US$320,147,865.62;
(aa) "Subscription Receipt Agent" means Computershare Trust Company of Canada, in its capacity hereunder and any lawful successors or permitted assigns hereto appointed hereunder from time to time;
(bb) "Subscription Receipt Certificate" means a certificate issued on or after the Subscription Receipt Closing Date to evidence Subscription Receipts, substantially in the form of the certificate attached as Schedule "A" hereto;
(cc) "Subscription Receipt Closing Date" means [●], 2023 or such other date as may be agreed to by the Investor and the Corporation, but in any event not on or after the closing of the Separation Transaction;
(dd) "Subscription Receipt Purchase Price" means US$21.34 , being the purchase price per Subscription Receipt;
(ee) "Subscription Receipts" means the subscription receipts of the Corporation issued hereunder and to be issued in the form of Subscription Receipt Certificates and evidencing the rights set out in Section 2.2 hereof;
(ff) "Successor Corporation" has the meaning set forth in Section 6.1;
(gg) "Termination Date" means the date on which the Termination Event occurs;
(hh) "Termination Event" means any one of:
(i) the failure of the Corporation and the Investor to satisfy the Release Conditions prior to the Escrow Release Deadline; or
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(ii) the termination of the Master Purchase Agreement prior to the Escrow Release Deadline as notified to Subscription Receipt Agent by the Investor and the Corporation;
(ii) "Tranche 1 Investment" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(jj) "TSX" means the Toronto Stock Exchange;
(kk) "Underlying Shares" means the Common Shares issuable to the Investor upon conversion of the Subscription Receipts without payment of any additional consideration in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement;
(ll) "United States" means the United States of America, its territories and possessions, any state of the United States, and the District of Columbia;
(mm) "Units" means the units issuable to the Investor upon conversion of the Subscription Receipts without payment of any additional consideration in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement, with each unit being comprised of one Underlying Share and 0.7926 Warrant;
(nn) "U.S. Securities Act" means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended;
(oo) "Warrant Certificate" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
(pp) "Warrant Shares" means the Common Shares issuable upon the exercise of the Warrants;
(qq) "Warrants" means the warrants issuable to the Investor upon conversion of the Subscription Receipts without payment of any additional consideration in accordance with the terms of this Agreement; and
(rr) "written order of the Corporation", "written request of the Corporation", "written consent of the Corporation" and "certificate of the Corporation" mean, respectively, a written order, request, consent and certificate signed in the name of the Corporation by its Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer, or a director, and may consist of one or more instruments so executed.
1.2 Gender and Number
Unless herein otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires, words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa and words importing gender include all genders.
1.3 Interpretation not Affected by Headings, etc.
The division of this Agreement into Articles and Sections, the provision of a table of contents and the insertion of headings are for convenience of reference only and shall not affect the construction or interpretation of this Agreement.
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1.4 Day not a Business Day
In the event that any day on or before which any action is required to be taken hereunder is not a Business Day, then such action shall be required to be taken at or before the requisite time on the next succeeding day that is a Business Day.
1.5 Time of the Essence
Time shall be of the essence of this Agreement and the Subscription Receipt Certificates.
1.6 Currency
Except as otherwise stated, all references to "$" or "dollars" herein refer to United States dollars.
1.7 Severability
In the event that any provision hereof shall be determined to be invalid or unenforceable in any respect, such determination shall not affect such provision in any other respect or any other provision hereof, all of which shall remain in full force and effect.
1.8 Conflicts
In the event of any conflict between the provisions of this Agreement and the Subscription Receipt Certificates, the provisions of this Agreement will govern.
1.9 Applicable Law
This Agreement and the Subscription Receipts issued hereunder shall be construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the Province of British Columbia and the federal laws applicable therein and shall be treated in all respects as British Columbia contracts. Each of the parties irrevocably and unconditionally (i) submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Province of British Columbia over any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement, (ii) waives any objection that it might otherwise be entitled to assert to the jurisdiction of such courts and (iii) agrees not to assert that such courts are not a convenient forum for the determination of any such action or proceeding.
ARTICLE 2
ISSUE OF SUBSCRIPTION RECEIPTS
2.1 Issue of Subscription Receipts
(a) 15,002,243 Subscription Receipts are hereby created and authorized to be issued, upon the terms and conditions herein set forth, at a price of US$21.34 for each Subscription Receipt. Subscription Receipt Certificates evidencing the Subscription Receipts shall be executed by the Corporation in the name of the Investor and delivered to the Investor, all in accordance with Section 2.5.
2.2 Description of the Subscription Receipts
(a) The Subscription Receipts entitle the Investor to receive: (i) if the Release Conditions are satisfied on or before the Escrow Release Deadline, for no additional consideration or further action, 15,002,243 Units and the Earned Interest; or (ii) upon the occurrence of a Termination Event, within three (3) Business Days thereafter, an amount equal to the Escrowed Funds, all in a manner and on the terms and conditions set out in this Agreement;
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(b) the Subscription Receipts shall be issued in certificated form and evidenced by the delivery of one or more Subscription Receipt Certificates. The Subscription Receipt Certificates shall be substantially in the form attached hereto as Schedule A", subject to the provisions of this Agreement, with such additions, variations and changes as may be required or permitted by the terms of this Agreement, shall bear such legends distinguishing letters and numbers as the Corporation may prescribe, and shall be issuable in whole number denominations;
(c) the Subscription Receipts shall only be automatically converted into Units upon satisfaction of the Release Conditions on or before the Escrow Release Deadline; and
(d) no fractional Subscription Receipts shall be issued or otherwise provided for hereunder and any fractional Subscription Receipts shall be rounded down to the nearest whole Subscription Receipt without compensation therefor.
2.3 Closing to Occur Prior to the Separation Transaction
The Investor and the Corporation acknowledge and agree that the Escrow Release Date shall occur prior to the completion of the Separation Transaction and the Underlying Shares will not be convertible or exchangeable into shares of SpinCo other than as may be contemplated by the Separation Transaction.
2.4 Investor not a Shareholder
Nothing in this Agreement or in the holding of a Subscription Receipt evidenced by a Subscription Receipt Certificate or otherwise, shall confer or be construed as conferring upon the Investor any right or interest whatsoever as a Shareholder or as any other security holder of the Corporation, including, but not limited to, the right to vote at, to receive notice of, or to attend, meetings of Shareholders or any other proceedings of the Corporation or the right to receive dividends and other distributions of other security holders. For the avoidance of doubt, no dividends shall be payable to the Investor in its capacity as a holder of Subscription Receipts.
2.5 Signing of Subscription Receipt Certificates
The Subscription Receipt Certificates shall be signed by any one of the directors or officers of the Corporation and need not be under the seal of the Corporation. The signatures of any such director or officer may be mechanically reproduced electronically and Subscription Receipt Certificates bearing such electronic signatures shall be binding upon the Corporation as if they had been manually signed by such director or officer. Notwithstanding that any person whose manual or electronic signature appears on any Subscription Receipt Certificate as a director or officer may no longer hold office at the date of such Subscription Receipt Certificate or at the date of certification or delivery thereof, any Subscription Receipt Certificate signed as aforesaid shall be valid and binding upon the Corporation and the Investor shall be entitled to the benefits of this Agreement and the Subscription Receipt Certificates in question.
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2.6 Issue in Substitution for Subscription Receipt Certificates Lost, etc.
(a) If any Subscription Receipt Certificate becomes mutilated or is lost, destroyed or stolen, the Corporation, subject to Applicable Law and Section 2.6(b), shall issue a new Subscription Receipt Certificate of like denomination, date and tenor as the one mutilated, lost, destroyed or stolen in exchange for and in place of and upon cancellation of such mutilated Subscription Receipt Certificate, or in lieu of and in substitution for such lost, destroyed or stolen Subscription Receipt Certificate, and the substituted Subscription Receipt Certificate shall be substantially in the form set out in Schedule "A" hereto and the Subscription Receipts evidenced thereby shall be entitled to the benefits hereof and shall rank equally in accordance with its terms with all other Subscription Receipts issued hereunder by the Corporation.
(b) The applicant for the issue of a new Subscription Receipt Certificate pursuant to this Section 2.6 shall bear the reasonable cost of the issue thereof and in case of loss, destruction or theft, shall, as a condition precedent to the issue thereof, furnish to the Corporation such evidence of ownership and of the loss, destruction or theft of the Subscription Receipt Certificate so lost, destroyed or stolen as shall be satisfactory to the Corporation and such applicant may also be required to furnish an indemnity and a surety bond in amount and form satisfactory to the Corporation and shall pay the reasonable charges of the Corporation in connection therewith.
2.7 Transfer and Ownership of Subscription Receipts
(a) The Subscription Receipts may only be transferred to an Affiliate of the Investor (a "Permitted Assign") in connection with the Investor's assignment of the Master Purchase Agreement in accordance with its terms. Any Permitted Assign to whom the Subscription Receipts are transferred shall agree to be bound by the terms of this Agreement as if it had originally been party to this Agreement and the Investor and the Permitted Assign shall be jointly and severally liable for the obligations of the Permitted Assign hereunder.
(b) The Corporation and the Subscription Receipt Agent shall deem and treat the Investor as the beneficial owner of the Subscription Receipts for all purposes.
(c) Subject to the provisions of this Agreement and Applicable Law, the Investor shall be entitled to rights and privileges attaching to the Subscription Receipts.
2.8 Corporation to seek NYSE Authorization and TSX Conditional Approval
(a) The Corporation agrees to make applications to the TSX for conditional approval and the NYSE for authorization, as applicable, for the issuance of the Subscription Receipts and the listing of the Underlying Shares and Warrant Shares on the TSX and the NYSE. The Corporation will use its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain such conditional approval and authorization, and satisfy all of the conditions of such conditional approval and authorization as may be required by the TSX and the NYSE, respectively.
(b) Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement, including but not limited to Article 3, in order to comply with the policies of the TSX and the NYSE, the Corporation agrees to the following:
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(i) when the Corporation reasonably expects the Release Conditions to be met, the Corporation will, without delay, provide the TSX and, if applicable, the NYSE with written notice to that effect specifying the expected Escrow Release Date; and
(ii) in the event that the Termination Event occurs, the Corporation will, on the Termination Date, give notice to the TSX and, if applicable, the NYSE that the Investor will be paid the amounts set forth in Section 5.4(b) on the third Business Day following the Termination Date.
2.9 U.S. Securities Matters
The Subscription Receipts and the Units issuable upon automatic conversion of the Subscription Receipts have not been and will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act.
Upon the issuance thereof, and until such time as the same is no longer required under the applicable requirements of the U.S. Securities Act or applicable State securities laws, the certificates or ownership statements (including any confirmation under the Direct Registration System (DRS) maintained by the Corporation, its transfer agent or the warrant agent, if and as applicable) representing any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Common Shares, Warrants or Warrant Shares will bear a legend in substantially the following form:
"THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREBY [for Subscription Receipts/Warrants add: AND THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE PURSUANT HERETO / UPON EXERCISE HEREOF] HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE "U.S. SECURITIES ACT") OR UNDER THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE HOLDER HEREOF, BY PURCHASING SUCH SECURITIES, AGREES FOR THE BENEFIT OF LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. AND ITS SUCCESSORS (THE "CORPORATION") THAT SUCH SECURITIES MAY BE OFFERED, SOLD, PLEDGED OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED ABSENT SUCH REGISTRATION ONLY (A) TO THE CORPORATION; (B) OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES IN ACCORDANCE WITH RULE 904 OF REGULATION S UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH LOCAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS; (C) IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT PROVIDED BY RULE 144 THEREUNDER, IF AVAILABLE, AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS; OR (D) IN A TRANSACTION THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT OR ANY APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS, AND, IN THE CASE OF PARAGRAPH (C) OR (D), THE HOLDER HAS PRIOR TO SUCH TRANSFER FURNISHED TO THE CORPORATION AN OPINION OF COUNSEL OF RECOGNIZED STANDING IN FORM AND SUBSTANCE REASONABLY SATISFACTORY TO THE CORPORATION TO SUCH EFFECT. DELIVERY OF THIS CERTIFICATE MAY NOT CONSTITUTE GOOD DELIVERY IN SETTLEMENT OF TRANSACTIONS ON STOCK EXCHANGES IN CANADA."
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and provided that if any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Common Shares, Warrants or Warrant Shares are being sold by the Investor in an off-shore transaction and in compliance with the requirements of Rule 904 of Regulation S, the legend set forth above may be removed by providing such evidence as the Corporation or its transfer agent may from time to time reasonably prescribe (which may include an opinion of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Corporation and its transfer agent), to the effect that the sale of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Common Shares, Warrants or Warrant Shares is being made in compliance with Rule 904 of Regulation S;
and provided further, that if any of the Subscription Receipts, Units, Common Shares, Warrants or Warrant Shares are being sold pursuant to Rule 144 of the U.S. Securities Act and in compliance with any applicable State securities laws, the legend may be removed by delivery to the Corporation's transfer agent of an opinion reasonably satisfactory to the Corporation and its transfer agent to the effect that the legend is no longer required under applicable requirements of the U.S. Securities Act and State securities laws.
ARTICLE 3
SATISFACTION OF RELEASE CONDITIONS
OR PAYMENT UPON TERMINATION EVENT
3.1 Satisfaction of Release Conditions
Upon the satisfaction of the Release Conditions on or before the Escrow Release Deadline, the following shall occur in the following order:
(a) the Investor and the Corporation shall forthwith deliver to the Subscription Receipt Agent the Release Certificate and the Subscription Receipt Agent shall act and rely solely and absolutely on the Release Certificate;
(b) the Subscription Receipt Agent shall release the Escrowed Funds pursuant to Section 5.3 hereof and concurrently therewith the Corporation shall issue and deliver the Units upon the automatic conversion of the Subscription Receipts all in accordance with Section 3.2; and
(c) the Corporation shall, as soon as reasonably practicable, issue a press release confirming that the Escrowed Funds have been released, the Subscription Receipts have been deemed to be converted as at the Escrow Release Date and the Tranche 1 Investment has been completed.
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3.2 Issue and Delivery of Units
(a) If the Release Conditions are satisfied on or prior to the Escrow Release Deadline, the Subscription Receipts shall be automatically converted on the Escrow Release Date for no additional consideration and without further action on the part of the Investor and the Units underlying the Subscription Receipts shall be deemed to be issued to the Investor on the Escrow Release Date in accordance with the rights of the Investor as described in Section 2.2(a) hereof.
(b) Upon the deemed issuance of the Units pursuant to the Subscription Receipts, the Corporation shall have couriered to the Investor share certificates or DRS Advices representing the Underlying Shares and the Warrant Certificate in respect of the Warrants to which the Investor is entitled no later than the third Business Day following the Escrow Release Date.
(c) Effective immediately after the Units have been deemed to be issued as contemplated in this Section 3.2, the Subscription Receipts relating thereto shall be void and of no value or effect.
(d) If any instrument is required to be filed with, or any permission, order or ruling is required to be obtained from, any securities administrator, regulatory agency or governmental authority in Canada or any other step is required under any federal or provincial law of Canada or any federal or state law of the United States before the Units issuable upon the automatic conversion of the Subscription Receipts may be issued or delivered to the Investor, the Corporation covenants that it will use its commercially reasonable efforts to file such instrument, obtain such permission, order or ruling or take all such other actions, at its expense, as is required or appropriate in the circumstances.
(e) The Corporation will give written notice of the issue of the Units issuable upon the automatic conversion of the Subscription Receipts in such detail as may be required, to each securities regulatory agency or government authority in Canada in each jurisdiction in which there is legislation requiring the giving of any such notice.
(f) Under no circumstances shall the Corporation be obliged to issue any fractional Units or make any payment of cash or other consideration in lieu thereof upon the automatic conversion of one or more Subscription Receipts. To the extent that the holder of one or more Subscription Receipts would otherwise have been entitled to receive on the automatic conversion thereof a fraction of a Unit, such fraction shall be rounded down to the nearest whole number.
3.3 Events on Termination
If a Termination Event occurs:
(a) the Corporation shall forthwith notify the Subscription Receipt Agent thereof in writing;
(b) each Subscription Receipt shall be automatically terminated and cancelled and the Investor shall be entitled from and after the date falling three (3) Business Days after the Termination Date to payment of the Escrowed Funds; and
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(c) the Subscription Receipt Agent shall make the payment contemplated by Section 5.4 hereof.
ARTICLE 4
RIGHTS AND COVENANTS OF THE CORPORATION
4.1 General Covenants of the Corporation
(a) So long as any Subscription Receipts remain outstanding the Corporation covenants as follows:
(i) it will reserve and conditionally allot and keep available sufficient unissued Underlying Shares and Warrant Shares to enable it to satisfy its obligations pursuant to the Subscription Receipts and Warrants;
(ii) it will cause the Underlying Shares and Warrants to be issued pursuant to the conversion of the Subscription Receipts and the certificates representing such Underlying Shares and Warrants to be issued in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement and the Warrant Certificate and all Underlying Shares will be fully paid and non-assessable Common Shares and all Warrants that are issued pursuant to the Subscription Receipts will be duly and validly created in accordance with the terms of the Warrant Certificate;
(iii) it will perform and carry out all of the acts or things to be done by it as provided in this Agreement; and
(iv) it will make all requisite filings, including filings with appropriate securities commissions and stock exchanges, in connection with the issue of the Units pursuant to the conversion of the Subscription Receipts;
(b) In addition, the Corporation covenants with the Subscription Receipt Agent and the Investor that for so long as any Subscription Receipts remain outstanding, it will not do any of the following without the consent of the Investor and then only in accordance with the approval of and in compliance with the rules of the TSX and the NYSE:
(i) (A) subdivide or redivide the outstanding Common Shares into a greater number of Common Shares; (B) reduce or combine the outstanding Common Shares into a lesser number of Common Shares; or (C) reclassify the outstanding Common Shares, change the Common Shares into other shares or otherwise reorganize the shares of the Corporation;
(ii) issue or distribute to all or substantially all of the holders of Common Shares: (A) shares of any class, rights, options or warrants to acquire Common Shares or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Shares; (B) evidence of the Corporation's indebtedness; or (C) any property or other assets;
(iii) undertake (A) any reorganization of the Corporation or any consolidation, amalgamation, arrangement, merger or other form of business combination of the Corporation with or into any other Person or other entity other than a direct or indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Corporation; or (B) any sale, lease, exchange or transfer of the undertaking or assets of the Corporation as an entirety or substantially as an entirety to any other Person or entity or a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Corporation;
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(iv) take any other action that would otherwise ordinarily require an adjustment to the number of Units, the Underlying Shares or Warrants issuable for each one Subscription Receipt held other than in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Master Purchase Agreement; or
(v) consummate the Separation Transaction on or prior to the Escrow Release Date.
4.2 Subscription Receipt Agent's Remuneration and Expenses
The Corporation covenants that it will pay (and shall be responsible for the payments thereof) to the Subscription Receipt Agent from time to time, reasonable remuneration for its services under this Agreement and will pay or reimburse the Subscription Receipt Agent upon its request for all reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances incurred or made by the Subscription Receipt Agent in the administration or execution of its duties as set out in this Agreement (including the reasonable compensation and the disbursements of its Counsel and all other advisors and assistants not regularly in its employ) both before any default under this Agreement and thereafter until all duties of the Subscription Receipt Agent under this Agreement shall be finally and fully performed. Any amount owing under this Section 4.2 and unpaid thirty (30) days after request for such payment will bear interest from the expiration of such thirty (30) days at a rate per annum equal to the then current rate charged by the Subscription Receipt Agent, payable on demand. This Section shall survive the resignation of the Subscription Receipt Agent and/or the termination of this Agreement.
ARTICLE 5
ESCROWED FUNDS
5.1 Deposit of Subscription Proceeds
(a) The Investor agrees to deliver the Subscription Proceeds to the Subscription Receipt Agent on the Subscription Receipt Closing Date by way of electronic wire transfer in immediately available funds, and upon receipt of such funds, the Subscription Receipt Agent shall deliver a signed receipt acknowledging receipt of the Subscription Proceeds and shall confirm that such funds have been deposited in a segregated account designated as "Lithium Americas Corp.". The Subscription Receipt Agent shall immediately place such funds in a segregated account in accordance with the provisions of this Article 5. The Corporation acknowledges and agrees that it is a condition of the payment by the Investor of the aggregate Subscription Receipt Purchase Price that the Escrowed Funds are held by the Subscription Receipt Agent in accordance with the provisions of this Article 5. The Corporation further acknowledges and confirms that it has no interest in the Escrowed Funds unless and until the Release Certificate is delivered to the Subscription Receipt Agent (at or before the Escrow Release Deadline). The Subscription Receipt Agent shall retain the Escrowed Funds for the benefit of the Investor and, upon the delivery of the Release Certificate to the Subscription Receipt Agent (at or before the Escrow Release Deadline), retroactively for the benefit of the Corporation in accordance with the provisions of this Article 5.
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(b) The Corporation hereby:
(i) acknowledges that the amounts received by the Subscription Receipt Agent pursuant to paragraph 5.1(a) represents payment in full of the Subscription Receipt Purchase Price for 15,002,243 Subscription Receipts; and
(ii) irrevocably directs the Subscription Receipt Agent to retain such amounts in accordance with the terms of this Agreement pending payment of such amounts in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.
5.2 Placement of Escrowed Funds
Until released in accordance with this Agreement, the Escrowed Funds shall be recorded in the segregated internal trust account records of the Subscription Receipt Agent, which account record shall be designated in the name of the Corporation, and the Escrowed Funds shall be deposited in one or more trust accounts to be maintained by the Subscription Receipt Agent in the name of the Subscription Receipt Agent at one or more banks listed in Schedule "C" (each such bank, an "Approved Bank"). The Subscription Receipt Agent shall credit to the Escrowed Funds the amount of Earned Interest, if any, earned by the Subscription Receipt Agent on such deposited monies. Such Earned Interest shall be credited by the Subscription Receipt Agent to the Escrowed Funds within three (3) Business Days of each month-end. Notwithstanding the foregoing, (i) in no event will the Subscription Receipt Agent be obligated to pay or credit any amount on account of interest that exceeds the amount of interest earned from the Approved Bank(s) on the Escrowed Funds, as determined by the Subscription Receipt Agent; and (ii) if an account at any Approved Bank into which the Escrowed Funds or any part thereof has been deposited bears a negative interest rate or there is otherwise any fee or other charge assessed on the account or in respect of the amount of cash on deposit, the cost, as determined by the Subscription Receipt Agent, shall be deducted from the Escrowed Funds.
All amounts held by the Subscription Receipt Agent pursuant to this Agreement shall be held by the Subscription Receipt Agent for the benefit of the Investor and the delivery of the Escrowed Funds to the Subscription Receipt Agent shall not give rise to a debtor-creditor or other similar relationship between the Subscription Receipt Agent and the Investor. The amounts held by the Subscription Receipt Agent pursuant to this Agreement are the sole risk of the Investor and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Subscription Receipt Agent shall have no responsibility or liability for any diminution of the Escrowed Funds which may result from any deposit made with an Approved Bank pursuant to this Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 including any losses resulting from a default by the Approved Bank or other credit losses (whether or not resulting from such a default) and any credit or other losses on any deposit liquidated or sold prior to maturity. The parties hereto acknowledge and agree that the Subscription Receipt Agent acts prudently in depositing the Escrowed Funds at any Approved Bank, and that the Subscription Receipt Agent is not required to make any further inquiries in respect of any such bank.
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5.3 Release of Escrowed Funds Upon Receipt of Release Certificate
As soon as practicable upon receipt of the Release Certificate, and in any event within one (1) Business Day thereafter, provided that receipt of the Release Certificate occurs prior to 5:00 p.m. (EST) on the prior Business Day, the Subscription Receipt Agent shall:
(a) liquidate any deposit with an Approved Bank of the Subscription Proceeds;
(b) pay the Subscription Proceeds that comprises a portion of the Escrowed Funds to the Corporation or as may otherwise be directed by the Corporation in the Release Certificate; and
(c) pay the Earned Interest that comprises a portion of the Escrowed Funds to the Investor or as may otherwise be directed by the Investor in the Release Certificate.
5.4 Release of Escrowed Funds on Termination Event
(a) Upon the occurrence of a Termination Event, the Subscription Receipt Agent shall forthwith provide to the Investor, the Escrowed Funds.
(b) Payment made in accordance with this Article 5 shall be made in accordance with Section 5.7 hereof. All Subscription Receipts shall be deemed to have been cancelled on the Termination Date and shall upon such cancellation have no further force and effect whatsoever.
5.5 Direction
In order to permit the Subscription Receipt Agent to carry out its obligations under this Article 5, the Corporation hereby specifically authorizes and directs the Subscription Receipt Agent to make any stipulated payment or to take any stipulated action in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.
5.6 Early Termination of any Deposit of the Escrowed Funds
In making any payment pursuant to this Agreement, the Subscription Receipt Agent has the authority to liquidate any deposit with an Approved Bank in order to make payments contemplated under this Article 5 and shall not be liable for any loss sustained in the escrow account for early termination of any deposit of the Escrowed Funds necessary to enable the Subscription Receipt Agent to make such payment.
5.7 Method of Disbursement and Delivery
(a) All disbursements of money made in accordance with the provisions of this Article 5 shall be made by wire transfer as may be directed by the Corporation or the Investor, as the case may be, less all amounts required to be withheld by law, including without limitation, under the Income Tax Act (Canada).
(b) If the Subscription Receipt Agent delivers any such payment as required under Subsection 5.7(a), the Subscription Receipt Agent shall have no further obligation or liability for the amount represented thereby, unless any such payment is not paid on due presentation; provided that in the event of the non-receipt of such wire transfer by the payee, the Subscription Receipt Agent, upon being furnished with reasonable evidence of such non-receipt and funding and indemnity reasonably satisfactory to it, shall initiate a new wire transfer for the amount of such wire transfer.
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5.8 Miscellaneous
(a) The Subscription Receipt Agent will disburse monies according to this Agreement only to the extent that monies have been deposited with it. The Subscription Receipt Agent shall not, under any circumstances, be required to disburse funds in excess of the amounts on deposit with it at the time of such disbursement.
(b) The Subscription Receipt Agent shall not be responsible for any losses which may occur as a result of where the Escrowed Funds have been deposited with an Approved Bank in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.
(c) In addition to the other rights granted to the Investor in this Agreement, until the release of the Escrowed Funds, the Investor has a claim against the Escrowed Funds, which claim shall subsist until such time as the Escrowed Funds are released upon satisfaction of the Release Conditions on or prior to the Escrow Release Deadline in accordance with the terms of this Agreement. In the event that, prior to the release of the Escrowed Funds or the issuance of the Units in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, the Corporation: (i) makes a general assignment for the benefit of creditors or any proceeding is instituted by the Corporation seeking relief on behalf thereof as a debtor, or to adjudicate the Corporation a bankrupt or insolvent, or seeking liquidation, winding-up, reorganization, arrangement, adjustment or composition of the Corporation or the debts of the Corporation under any law relating to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or relief of debtors, or seeking appointment of a receiver, receiver and manager, trustee, custodian or similar official for the Corporation or any substantial part of the property and assets of the Corporation or the Corporation takes any corporate action to authorize any of the actions set forth above; or (ii) shall be declared insolvent, or a receiver, receiver and manager, trustee, custodian or similar official is appointed for the Corporation or any substantial part of its property and assets of the Corporation or an encumbrancer shall legally take possession of any substantial part of the property or assets of the Corporation or a distress or execution or any similar process is levied or enforced against such property and assets and remains unsatisfied for such period as would permit such property or such part thereof to be sold thereunder, the right of the Investor to be issued Units upon the automatic conversion of the Subscription Receipts of the Investor will terminate and the Investor will be entitled to assert a claim against the Escrowed Funds held in escrow and the Corporation in an amount equal to the Escrowed Funds, less any withholding tax or charges required to be withheld in respect thereof.
(d) The Subscription Receipt Agent shall be entitled to act and rely absolutely on the Release Certificate and shall be entitled to release the Escrowed Funds upon the receipt of the Release Certificate as provided for in this Agreement.
(e) The Subscription Receipt Agent shall be entitled to deduct and withhold from any amount released pursuant to this Agreement all taxes which may be required to be deducted or withheld under any provision of applicable tax law. All such withheld amounts will be treated as having been delivered to the party entitled to the amount released in respect of which such tax has been deducted or withheld and remitted to the appropriate taxing authority.
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(f) The Corporation, the Investor and the Subscription Receipt Agent acknowledge and agree that for all U.S. income tax purposes the Investor shall be regarded as the owner of the Escrowed Funds at all times prior to the Escrow Release Date or the Termination Date, as applicable. The Investor and the Corporation agree to provide the Subscription Receipt Agent with their certified tax identification numbers and others forms, documents and information that the Subscription Receipt Agent may request in order to fulfill any tax reporting function. The Subscription Receipt Agent shall cause all information returns, slips and all other tax filings required to be prepared in respect to the Earned Interest as prescribed by Applicable Law.
ARTICLE 6
SUCCESSOR CORPORATION
6.1 Successor Corporation
In the case of the consolidation, amalgamation, merger or transfer of the undertaking or assets of the Corporation as an entirety or substantially as an entirety to another corporation ("Successor Corporation"), the Successor Corporation resulting from such consolidation, amalgamation, merger or transfer (if not the Corporation) shall expressly assume, by supplemental agreement satisfactory in form to the Subscription Receipt Agent and executed and delivered to the Subscription Receipt Agent, the due and punctual performance and observance of each and every covenant and condition of this Agreement to be performed and observed by the Corporation and the Successor Corporation shall by supplemental agreement satisfactory in term to the Investor and the Subscription Receipt Agent and executed and delivered to the Investor and the Subscription Receipt Agent, expressly assuming those obligations.
ARTICLE 7
CONCERNING THE SUBSCRIPTION RECEIPT AGENT
7.1 Applicable Legislation
(a) If and to the extent that any provision of this Agreement limits, qualifies or conflicts with a mandatory requirement of the Applicable Legislation, such mandatory requirement shall prevail.
(b) The Corporation, the Investor and the Subscription Receipt Agent agree that each will, at all times in relation to this Agreement and any action to be taken hereunder, observe and comply with and be entitled to the benefits of the Applicable Legislation.
7.2 Rights and Duties of Subscription Receipt Agent
(a) The Subscription Receipt Agent shall have no duties except those which are expressly set forth herein, and it shall not be bound by any notice of a claim or demand with respect to, or any waiver, modification, amendment, termination or rescission of this Agreement, unless received by it in writing, and signed by the parties hereto and if its duties herein are affected, unless it shall have given its prior written consent thereto.
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(b) The Subscription Receipt Agent shall retain the right not to act and shall not be held liable for refusing to act unless it has received clear and reasonable instructions in writing which comply with the terms of this Agreement. Such documentation must not require the exercise of any discretion or independent judgment.
(c) Any certificate of a party referred to herein, unless otherwise specified, shall, in the case of the Corporation, refer to a certificate signed in the name of the Corporation by any officer or director of the Corporation, and, in the case of any other party, refer to a certificate of an authorized officer of such party.
(d) In the exercise of the rights and duties prescribed or conferred by the terms of this Agreement, the Subscription Receipt Agent shall act honestly and in good faith and shall exercise that degree of care, diligence and skill that a reasonably prudent subscription receipt agent would exercise in comparable circumstances. No provision of this Agreement shall be construed to relieve the Subscription Receipt Agent from, or require any other person to indemnify the Subscription Receipt Agent against liability for its own gross negligence, wilful misconduct or fraud.
(e) The obligation of the Subscription Receipt Agent to commence or continue any act, action or proceeding in connection herewith, including without limitation, for the purpose of enforcing any right of the Subscription Receipt Agent, the Investor or the Corporation hereunder is on the condition that the Subscription Receipt Agent shall have received the Investor's request or Corporation's request, as the case may be, specifying the act, action or proceeding which the Subscription Receipt Agent is requested to take and, when required by notice to the Investor or the Corporation, as the case may be, by the Subscription Receipt Agent, the Subscription Receipt Agent is furnished by the Investor, or the Corporation, as the case may be, with sufficient funds to commence or continue such act, action or proceeding and an indemnity reasonably satisfactory to the Subscription Receipt Agent to protect and hold it harmless against the costs, charges, expenses and liabilities to be incurred thereby and any loss and damage it may suffer by reason thereof. No provision of this Agreement will require the Subscription Receipt Agent to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur financial liability in the performance of any of its duties or in the exercise of any of its rights or powers unless it is so indemnified and funded.
(f) Every provision of this Agreement that by its terms relieves the Subscription Receipt Agent of liability or entitles it to rely upon any evidence submitted to it is subject to the provisions of the Applicable Legislation.
(g) The Subscription Receipt Agent shall not be liable for any error in judgment or for any act done or step taken or omitted by it in good faith or for any mistake, in fact or law, or for anything which it may do or refrain from doing in connection therewith, except arising out of its own gross negligence, wilful misconduct, bad faith or fraud.
(h) In the event of any disagreement arising regarding the terms of this Agreement, the Subscription Receipt Agent shall be entitled, at its option, to refuse to comply with any or all demands whatsoever until the dispute is settled, either by agreement amongst the various parties or by a court of competent jurisdiction.
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(i) The Subscription Receipt Agent shall not be bound to give any notice or do or take any act, action or proceeding by virtue of the powers conferred on it hereby unless and until it shall have been required so to do under the terms hereof; nor shall the Subscription Receipt Agent be required to take notice of any default hereunder, unless and until notified in writing of such default, which notice shall distinctly specify the default desired to be brought to the attention of the Subscription Receipt Agent and in the absence of any such notice the Subscription Receipt Agent may for all purposes of this Agreement conclusively assume that no default has been made in the observance or performance of any of the representations, warranties, covenants, agreements or conditions contained therein. Any such notice shall in no way limit any discretion herein given to the Subscription Receipt Agent to determine whether or not the Subscription Receipt Agent shall take action with respect to any default.
(j) The Subscription Receipt Agent shall not incur any liability or responsibility whatsoever or be in any way responsible for the consequence of any breach on the part of the Corporation of any obligations, warranty or of the covenants herein contained or of any acts of any directors, officers, employees, agents or servants of the Corporation.
7.3 Indemnification
In addition to and without limiting any protection of the Subscription Receipt Agent hereunder or otherwise by law, the Corporation shall at all times indemnify the Subscription Receipt Agent and its Affiliates, their successors and assigns, and each of their directors, officers, employees and agents (the "Indemnified Parties") and save them harmless from and against all claims, demands, losses, actions, causes of action, suits, proceedings, liabilities, damages, costs, charges, assessments, judgments and expenses (including expert consultant and legal fees and disbursements on a solicitor and client basis) whatsoever arising in connection with this Agreement including, without limitation, those arising out of or related to actions taken or omitted to be taken by the Indemnified Parties and expenses incurred in connection with the enforcement of this indemnity, which the Indemnified Parties, or any of them, may suffer or incur, whether at law or in equity, in any way caused by or arising, directly or indirectly, in respect of any act, deed, matter or thing whatsoever made, done, acquiesced in or omitted in or about or in relation to the execution of the Subscription Receipt Agent's duties, and including any services that the Subscription Receipt Agent may provide in connection with or in any way relating to this Agreement (unless arising from Subscription Receipt Agent's gross negligence, wilful misconduct or bad faith) and including any action or liability brought against or incurred by the Indemnified Parties in relation to or arising out of any breach by the Corporation. Notwithstanding any other provision hereof, the Corporation agrees that its liability hereunder shall be absolute and unconditional regardless of the correctness of any representations of any third parties and regardless of any liability of third parties to the Indemnified Parties, and shall accrue and become enforceable without prior demand or any other precedent action or proceeding. Notwithstanding any other provision hereof, this indemnity shall survive the resignation or removal of the Subscription Receipt Agent and the termination or discharge of this Agreement.
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7.4 Evidence, Experts and Advisers
(a) In addition to the reports, certificates, opinions and other evidence required by this Agreement, the Corporation and the Investor shall furnish to the Subscription Receipt Agent such additional evidence of compliance with any provision hereof, and in such form, as may be prescribed by Applicable Legislation or as the Subscription Receipt Agent may reasonably require by written notice to the Corporation and the Investor.
(b) In the exercise of its rights and duties hereunder, the Subscription Receipt Agent may, if it is acting in good faith, rely as to the truth of the statements and the accuracy of the opinions expressed in statutory declarations, opinions, reports, written requests, consents, or orders of the Corporation and the Investor, certificates of the Corporation and the Investor or other evidence furnished to the Subscription Receipt Agent pursuant to a request of the Subscription Receipt Agent, Applicable Legislation or a provision hereto.
(c) Whenever it is provided in this Agreement or under Applicable Legislation that the Corporation and the Investor shall deposit with the Subscription Receipt Agent resolutions, certificates, reports, opinions, requests, orders or other documents, it is intended that the truth and accuracy thereof be conditions precedent to the right of the Corporation and the Investor to have the Subscription Receipt Agent take the action to be based thereon.
(d) The Subscription Receipt Agent may employ or retain such Counsel, accountants, appraisers or other experts or advisers as it may reasonably require for the purpose of determining and discharging its right and duties hereunder and may pay reasonable remuneration for all services and disbursements for all services so performed by any of them, without taxation of costs of any Counsel, and shall not be responsible for any misconduct or negligence on the part of any of them. The Corporation shall pay or reimburse the Subscription Receipt Agent for any reasonable fees of such Counsel, accountants, appraisers, or other experts or advisors.
(e) The Subscription Receipt Agent may act and rely and shall be protected in acting or not acting and relying in good faith on the opinion or advice of or information obtained from any Counsel, accountant, appraiser, engineer or other expert or adviser, whether retained or employed by the Corporation or by the Subscription Receipt Agent, in relation to any matter arising in the administration of the duties and obligations hereof.
(f) Whenever Applicable Legislation requires that evidence referred to in Subsection 7.4(a) be in the form of a statutory declaration, the Subscription Receipt Agent may accept such statutory declaration in lieu of a certificate of the Corporation or the Investor required by any provision hereof. Any such statutory declaration may be made by one or more of the Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer or Corporate Secretary of the Corporation or the Investor, as the case may be, or by any other officer(s) or director(s) of the Corporation or the Investor, as the case may be, to whom such authority is delegated by the directors of the Corporation or the Investor, as the case may be, from time to time. In addition, the Subscription Receipt Agent may act and rely and shall be protected in acting and relying upon any resolution, certificate, direction, instruction, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, letter, telegram, cablegram or other paper or document believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed, sent or presented by or on behalf of the proper party or parties.
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(g) Proof of the execution of any document or an instrument in writing may be made by the certificate of a notary, solicitor or commissioner for oaths, or other officer with similar powers, that the Person signing such instrument acknowledged to him the execution thereof, or by an affidavit of a witness to such execution or in any other manner which the Subscription Receipt Agent may consider adequate and may include a certificate of incumbency of such party together with a certified resolution authorizing the Person who signs such instrument to sign such instrument.
7.5 Subscription Receipt Agent Not Required to Give Security
The Subscription Receipt Agent shall not be required to give any bond or security in respect of the performance of its duties hereunder and the exercise of its powers as provided for in this Agreement.
7.6 Protection of Subscription Receipt Agent
By way of supplement to the provisions of any Applicable Legislation it is expressly declared and agreed as follows:
(a) the Subscription Receipt Agent shall not be liable for or by reason of, or required to substantiate, any statements of fact, representation, or recitals in this Agreement or in the Subscription Receipts (except the representation contained in Section 7.8 or in the certificate of the Subscription Receipt Agent on the Subscription Receipt Certificates) or be required to verify the same;
(b) nothing herein contained shall impose any obligation on the Subscription Receipt Agent to see to or to require evidence of the registration or filing (or renewal thereof) of this Agreement or any instrument ancillary or supplemental hereto;
(c) the Subscription Receipt Agent shall not be bound to give notice to any person or persons of the execution hereof;
(d) the Subscription Receipt Agent, in its personal or any other capacity, may buy, lend upon and deal in securities of the Corporation and generally may contract and enter into financial transactions with the Corporation or any related corporation without being liable to account for any profit made thereby;
(e) the Subscription Receipt Agent will disburse funds in accordance with the provisions hereof only to the extent that funds have been deposited with it. The Subscription Receipt Agent shall not under any circumstances be required to disburse funds in excess of the amounts on deposit (including any Earned Interest) with the Subscription Receipt Agent at the time of disbursement;
(f) notwithstanding the foregoing or any other provision of this Agreement, any liability of the Subscription Receipt Agent shall be limited, in the aggregate, to the amount of annual retainer fees paid by the Corporation to the Subscription Receipt Agent under this Agreement in the twelve (12) months immediately prior to the Subscription Receipt Agent receiving the first notice of the claim. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, and whether such losses or damages are foreseeable or unforeseeable, the Subscription Receipt Agent shall not be liable under any circumstances whatsoever for any (a) breach by any other party of securities law or other rule of any securities regulatory authority, (b) lost profits or (c) special, indirect, incidental, consequential, exemplary, aggravated or punitive losses or damages; and
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(g) the Subscription Receipt Agent shall be protected in acting upon any written notice, request, waiver, consent, certificate, receipt, statutory declaration or other paper or document furnished to it hereunder, not only as to its due execution and the validity and the effectiveness of its provisions but also as to the truth and acceptability of any information therein contained which it in good faith believes to be genuine and what it purports to be.
7.7 Replacement of Subscription Receipt Agent; Successor by Merger
(a) The Subscription Receipt Agent may resign from its duties and be discharged from all further duties and liabilities hereunder, subject to this Section 7.7, by giving to the Corporation not less than 60 days' prior notice in writing or such shorter prior notice as the Corporation may accept as sufficient. The Investor and the Corporation shall have power at any time to remove the Person then appointed as "Subscription Receipt Agent" hereunder (the "Existing Agent") and to appoint a new Person in its stead (the "Successor Agent"). In the event of the Existing Agent resigning or being removed as aforesaid or being dissolved, becoming bankrupt, going into liquidation or otherwise becoming incapable of acting hereunder, the Corporation shall forthwith appoint a Successor Agent; failing such appointment by the Corporation, the Existing Agent or the Investor may apply to a justice of the British Columbia Supreme Court (the "Court") on such notice as such justice may direct, for the appointment of a Successor Agent. Any Successor Agent appointed under any provision of this Section 7.7 shall be a corporation authorized to carry on the business of a trust company in the Province of British Columbia and, if required by the Applicable Legislation for any other provinces, in such other provinces. On any such appointment the Successor Agent shall be vested with the same powers, rights, duties and responsibilities as if it had been originally named as the "Subscription Receipt Agent" hereunder.
(b) Upon the appointment of a Successor Agent, the Corporation shall promptly notify the Investor thereof.
(c) Any corporation into or with which the Subscription Receipt Agent may be merged or consolidated or amalgamated, or any corporation resulting therefrom to which the Subscription Receipt Agent shall be a party, or any corporation succeeding to the corporate trust business of the Subscription Receipt Agent shall be the successor to the Subscription Receipt Agent hereunder without any further act on its part or any of the parties hereto, provided that such corporation would be eligible for appointment as a Successor Agent under Subsection 7.7(a).
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7.8 Role and Capacity of Subscription Receipt Agent
Without limiting the generality of Section 1.3 hereof, the parties agree that Computershare Trust Company of Canada has been appointed to receive and hold the Subscription Proceeds as subscription receipt agent, and that references herein (including the Schedules hereto) to Computershare Trust Company of Canada as the "Subscription Receipt Agent" are for convenience only and are not to be construed as implying the existence of, or imposing, a trust relationship as between Computershare Trust Company of Canada and one or more of the Corporation and the Investor. No trust is intended to be or will be created hereby and the Subscription Receipt Agent shall owe no duties hereunder as a trustee.
Based on and subject to the foregoing, the Subscription Receipt Agent hereby accepts the duties in this Agreement and its appointment hereunder and agrees to perform the same upon the terms and conditions herein set forth. The Subscription Receipt Agent accepts the duties and responsibilities under this Agreement solely as custodian, bailee and agent.
7.9 Documents, Moneys, etc. Held by Subscription Receipt Agent
Any securities, documents of title or other instruments that may at any time be held by the Subscription Receipt Agent hereunder may be placed in the deposit vaults of the Subscription Receipt Agent or of any Canadian bank for safekeeping. Unless herein otherwise expressly provided, including for certainty the provisions of Article 5, any moneys held, pending the application or withdrawal thereof under any provisions of this Agreement, shall be deposited in an Approved Bank.
7.10 Books and Records
The Subscription Receipt Agent shall maintain accurate books, records and accounts of the transactions effected or controlled by the Subscription Receipt Agent hereunder and the receipt, investment, re-investment and disbursement of the property hereunder and shall provide to the Corporation records and statements thereof periodically upon written request.
7.11 Not Bound to Act
The Subscription Receipt Agent shall retain the right not to act and shall not be liable for refusing to act if, due to a lack of information or for any other reason whatsoever, the Subscription Receipt Agent, in its sole judgment, determines that such act might cause it to be in non-compliance with any applicable anti-money laundering, economic sanction or anti-terrorist legislation, regulation or guideline. Further, should the Subscription Receipt Agent, in its sole judgment, determine at any time that its acting under this Agreement has resulted in its being in non-compliance with any applicable anti-money laundering, economic sanction or anti-terrorist legislation, regulation or guideline, then it shall have the right to resign on ten (10) days' written notice to the Corporation and the Investor, provided: (i) that the Subscription Receipt Agent's written notice shall describe the circumstances of such non-compliance; and (ii) that if such circumstances are rectified to the Subscription Receipt Agent's satisfaction within such ten (10) day period, then such resignation shall not be effective.
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7.12 Privacy
The parties acknowledge that the Subscription Receipt Agent may, in the course of providing services hereunder, collect or receive financial and other personal information about such parties and/or their representatives, as individuals, or about other individuals related to the subject matter hereof, and use such information for the following purposes: (i) to provide the services required under this Agreement and other services that may be requested from time to time; (ii) to help the Subscription Receipt Agent manage its servicing relationships with such individuals; (iii) to meet the Subscription Receipt Agent's legal and regulatory requirements; and (iv) if social insurance numbers are collected by the Subscription Receipt Agent, to perform tax reporting and to assist in verification of an individual's identity for security purposes.
Each party acknowledges and agrees that the Subscription Receipt Agent may receive, collect, use and disclose personal information provided to it or acquired by it in the course of this Agreement for the purposes described above and, generally, in the manner and on the terms described in its Privacy Code, which the Subscription Receipt Agent shall make available on its website www.computershare.com or upon request, including revisions thereto. The Subscription Receipt Agent may transfer personal information to other companies in or outside of Canada that provide data processing and storage or other support in order to facilitate the services it provides. Further, each party agrees that it shall not provide or cause to be provided to the Subscription Receipt Agent any personal information relating to an individual who is not a party to this Agreement unless that party has assured itself that such individual understands and has consented to the aforementioned terms, uses and disclosures.
7.13 Third Party Interests
Each party to this Agreement hereby represents to the Subscription Receipt Agent that any account to be opened by, or interest to be held by the Subscription Receipt Agent in connection with this Agreement, for or to the credit of such party, either (i) is not intended to be used by or on behalf of any third party; or (ii) is intended to be used by or on behalf of a third party, in which case such party hereto agrees to complete and execute forthwith a declaration in the Subscription Receipt Agent's prescribed form in accordance with the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (Canada) and the regulations thereto, or in such other form as may be satisfactory to it, as to the particulars of such third party.
ARTICLE 8
GENERAL
8.1 Notice to the Corporation, the Subscription Receipt Agent and the Investor
(a) Unless herein otherwise expressly provided, any notice to be given hereunder to the Corporation, the Subscription Receipt Agent or the Investor shall be deemed to be validly given if delivered, sent by registered letter, first class mail, postage prepaid or email:
If to the Corporation: | Lithium Americas Corp. 900 West Hastings Street, Suite 300 Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6C 1E5 |
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and any such notice delivered in accordance with the foregoing shall be deemed to have been received on the date of delivery or, if mailed, on the fifth Business Day following the date of the postmark on such notice or, if sent by email, on the next Business Day following the date of transmission provided that its contents are transmitted and received completely and accurately.
(b) The Corporation, the Subscription Receipt Agent or the Investor, as the case may be, may from time to time notify the other in the manner provided in Subsection 8.1(a) of a change of address which, from the effective date of such notice and until changed by like notice, shall be the address of the Corporation, the Subscription Receipt Agent or the Investor, as the case may be, for all purposes of this Agreement.
(c) If, by reason of a strike, lockout or other work stoppage, actual or threatened, involving postal employees, any notice to be given to the Subscription Receipt Agent, the Corporation or the Investor hereunder could reasonably be considered unlikely to reach its destination, such notice shall be valid and effective only if it is delivered to the named officer of the party to which it is addressed or, if it is delivered to such party at the appropriate address provided in Subsection 8.1(a), by email or other means of prepaid, transmitted and recorded communication.
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8.2 Ownership of Subscription Receipts
The Corporation and the Subscription Receipt Agent may deem and treat the Investor as the absolute owner thereof for all purposes, and the Corporation and the Subscription Receipt Agent shall not be affected by any notice or knowledge to the contrary except where the Corporation or the Subscription Receipt Agent is required to take notice by statute or by order of a court of competent jurisdiction. The Investor shall be entitled to the rights evidenced by its Subscription Receipts free from all equities or rights of set off or counterclaim. The receipt of any such Investor for the Underlying Shares and Warrants representing the Units which may be acquired pursuant to the automatic conversion of Subscription Receipts shall be a good discharge to the Corporation for the same.
8.3 Force Majeure
None of the parties shall be liable to the other parties, or held in breach of this Agreement, if prevented, hindered, or delayed in the performance or observance of any provision contained herein by reason of act of God, riots, terrorism, acts of war, epidemics, governmental action or judicial order, earthquakes, or any other similar causes (including, but not limited to, mechanical, electronic or communication interruptions, disruptions or failures). Performance times under this Agreement shall be extended for a period of time equivalent to the time lost because of any delay that is excusable under this Section.
8.4 Counterparts
This Agreement may be executed in several counterparts, each of which when so executed shall be deemed to be an original and such counterparts together shall constitute one and the same instrument and notwithstanding their date of execution they shall be deemed to be dated as of the date hereof. Each of the parties to this Agreement will be entitled to rely on delivery of an email copy of this Agreement and acceptance by each party of any such email copy will be legally effective to create a valid and binding agreement between the parties hereto in accordance with the terms hereof.
8.5 Satisfaction and Discharge of Agreement
Upon the earlier of: (i) the issue of certificates or DRS Advices representing the Underlying Shares and the Warrant Certificate representing the Warrants and payment of all monies as provided in Section 5.3 upon satisfaction of the Release Conditions; and (ii) the payment of all monies pursuant to Section 5.4(a) hereof upon the occurrence of a Termination Event, this Agreement shall cease to be of any force and effect and the Subscription Receipt Agent, on demand of the Corporation and at the cost and expense of the Corporation and upon delivery to the Subscription Receipt Agent of a certificate of the Corporation stating that all conditions precedent to the satisfaction and discharge of this Agreement have been complied with, shall execute proper instruments acknowledging satisfaction of and discharging this Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the indemnities provided to the Subscription Receipt Agent by the Corporation hereunder shall remain in full force and effect and survive the termination of this Agreement.
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8.6 Provisions of Agreement and Subscription Receipts for the Sole Benefit of Parties
Nothing in this Agreement or in the Subscription Receipt Certificates, expressed or implied, shall give or be construed to give to any person other than the parties hereto any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under this Agreement, or under any covenant or provision herein or therein contained, all such covenants and provisions being for the sole benefit of the parties hereto and the Investor.
8.7 Agreement to Prevail
To the extent of any discrepancy or inconsistency between the terms and conditions of this Agreement and the Subscription Receipt Certificate, the terms of this Agreement will prevail.
[REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereto have executed this Agreement under their respective corporate seals and the hands of their proper officers in that behalf.
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. | ||
By: | ||
Authorized Signatory | ||
COMPUTERSHARE TRUST COMPANY OF CANADA |
||
By: | ||
Authorized Signatory | ||
By: | ||
Authorized Signatory | ||
GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC | ||
By: | ||
Authorized Signatory |
SCHEDULE "A"
This is Schedule "A" to the Subscription Receipt Agreement (the "Agreement") dated [●], 2023 among Lithium Americas Corp., General Motors Holdings LLC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada
FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION RECEIPT CERTIFICATE
THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREBY AND THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE PURSUANT HERETO HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE "U.S. SECURITIES ACT") OR UNDER THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE OF THE UNITED STATES. THE HOLDER HEREOF, BY PURCHASING SUCH SECURITIES, AGREES FOR THE BENEFIT OF LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. AND ITS SUCCESSORS (THE "CORPORATION") THAT SUCH SECURITIES MAY BE OFFERED, SOLD, PLEDGED OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED ABSENT SUCH REGISTRATION ONLY (A) TO THE CORPORATION; (B) OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES IN ACCORDANCE WITH RULE 904 OF REGULATION S UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH LOCAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS; (C) IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT PROVIDED BY RULE 144 THEREUNDER, IF AVAILABLE, AND IN COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS; OR (D) IN A TRANSACTION THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE REGISTRATION UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT OR ANY APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS, AND, IN THE CASE OF PARAGRAPH (C) OR (D), THE HOLDER HAS PRIOR TO SUCH TRANSFER FURNISHED TO THE CORPORATION AN OPINION OF COUNSEL OF RECOGNIZED STANDING IN FORM AND SUBSTANCE REASONABLY SATISFACTORY TO THE CORPORATION TO SUCH EFFECT. DELIVERY OF THIS CERTIFICATE MAY NOT CONSTITUTE GOOD DELIVERY IN SETTLEMENT OF TRANSACTIONS ON STOCK EXCHANGES IN CANADA.
SUBSCRIPTION RECEIPT TO UNITS OF
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.
Subscription Receipt Certificate No. [⬤] | 15,002,243 Subscription Receipts |
THIS CERTIFIES THAT General Motors Holdings LLC (the "holder") is the registered holder of 15,002,243 Subscription Receipts represented hereby.
The Subscription Receipts represented by this Subscription Receipt Certificate were issued pursuant to a Subscription Receipt Agreement dated [●], 2023 among Lithium Americas Corp., General Motors Holdings LLC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada (the "Agreement").
Capitalized terms used in the Agreement have the same meaning herein as therein, unless otherwise defined.
Each Subscription Receipt entitles the holder:
(a) if the Release Conditions are satisfied prior to 5:00 p.m. (Vancouver time) on December 31, 2023 (the "Escrow Release Deadline"), to receive, for no additional consideration and without further action, one Unit, subject to adjustment as set forth in the Agreement and the Earned Interest; or
(b) if a Termination Event occurs, to receive from the Corporation an amount equal to the Subscription Receipt Purchase Price together with the Earned Interest, subject to any withholding taxes, all in the manner and on the terms and conditions set out in the Agreement.
The Subscription Receipts represented hereby are issued under and pursuant to the Agreement. Reference is hereby made to the Agreement and any and all other instruments supplemental or ancillary thereto for a full description of the rights of the holders of the Subscription Receipts and the terms and conditions upon which such Subscription Receipts are, or are to be, issued and held, all to the same effect as if the provisions of the Agreement and all instruments supplemental or ancillary thereto were herein set forth, and to all of which provisions the holder of these Subscription Receipts by acceptance hereof are subject.
In the event of any inconsistency between the terms set forth in this Subscription Receipt Certificate and the terms of the Agreement, the terms of the Agreement shall govern.
Following the satisfaction of the Release Conditions the Subscription Receipts represented by this Subscription Receipt Certificate shall be automatically converted without any further action on the part of the holder, including the payment of any additional consideration, for Units on the Escrow Release Date.
The Agreement provides for adjustments to the right of subscription, including the amount of and kind of securities or other property issuable upon the automatic conversion of the Subscription Receipts, upon the happening of certain stated events, including the subdivision or consolidation of the Units, certain distributions of Units or securities convertible into Units or of other securities or assets of the Corporation, certain offerings or rights, warrants or options, and certain capital reorganizations.
The Subscription Receipts and the Units issuable upon the automatic conversion of these Subscription Receipts have not been and will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act, or under the securities laws of any state or other jurisdiction of the United States, and may not be offered, sold or transferred within the United States unless registered under the U.S. Securities Act and states securities laws or an exemption from registration is available.
The holding of the Subscription Receipts evidenced by this Subscription Receipt Certificate shall not constitute the holder hereof a Shareholder or entitle such holder to any right or interest (including for certainty any dividend payments) in respect thereof except as herein and in the Agreement expressly provided.
Time shall be of the essence hereof. This Subscription Receipt Certificate is governed by the laws of the Province of British Columbia and the federal laws of Canada applicable therein.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Corporation has caused this Subscription Receipt Certificate to be signed by a duly authorized representative as of ___________, 2023.
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. | ||
By: | ||
Name: | ||
Title: |
SCHEDULE "B"
This is Schedule "B" to the Subscription Receipt Agreement dated [●], 2023 among Lithium Americas Corp., General Motors Holdings LLC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada.
FORM OF RELEASE CERTIFICATE
TO: COMPUTERSHARE TRUST COMPANY OF CANADA
This Release Certificate is being provided pursuant to Section 3.1(a) of the Subscription Receipt Agreement ("Agreement") made as of dated [●], 2023 among Lithium Americas Corp., General Motors Holdings LLC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada.
Capitalized terms not defined herein have the meaning ascribed to them in the Agreement.
The Corporation and the Investor, hereby confirm that the Release Conditions (other than delivery of this Release Certificate) have been satisfied and hereby direct you to:
(i) pay the Subscription Proceeds to the Corporation in the following manner:
[NTD:insert LAC wire transfer details]; and
(ii) pay the Earned Interest to the Investor in the following manner:
[NTD:insert GM wire transfer details].
DATED this ___ day of ________________, 2023.
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. | |
Per: | |
Name: | |
Title: | |
GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC | |
Per: | |
Name: | |
Title: |
SCHEDULE "C"
This is Schedule "C" to the Subscription Receipt Agreement dated [●], 2023 among Lithium Americas Corp., General Motors Holdings LLC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada.
US$ APPROVED BANKS
Relevant S&P Issuer Credit | |
Bank | Rating |
(as at January 1st, 2023) | |
Bank of America NA | A+ |
Bank of Montreal | A+ |
The Bank of Nova Scotia | A+ |
Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ | A |
BMO Harris Bank | A+ |
BNP Paribas | A+ |
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce | A+ |
Santander UK Plc | A |
Société Générale | A |
Certain identified information has been omitted from this exhibit because it is not material and would be
competitively harmful if publicly disclosed. [Redacted] indicates that information has been omitted.
EXECUTION VERSION
INVESTOR RIGHTS AGREEMENT
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.
and
GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC
February 16, 2023
INVESTOR RIGHTS AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT made the 16th day of February, 2023.
BETWEEN:
GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC,
a limited liability company existing under the Laws of Delaware,
(the "Investor"),
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LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.,
a corporation existing under the Laws of British Columbia,
(the "Corporation").
A. WHEREAS the Corporation and the Investor have entered into a master purchase agreement dated January 30, 2023 (as amended, the "Master Purchase Agreement") pursuant to which, among other things, the Corporation has agreed to issue to the Investor 15,002,243 units of the Corporation, each such unit consisting of one Common Share (as defined herein) and 79.26% of one common share purchase warrant of the Corporation and the Investor has agreed to subscribe for additional Common Shares pursuant to the Second Tranche Subscription Agreement (as defined herein);
B. AND WHEREAS on February 28, 2022 the Corporation first publicly announced (the "Initial Announcement") that it had started the process of exploring the separation of its U.S. and Argentina operations and available alternatives and, subsequently, on November 3, 2022, the Corporation publicly announced that it intended to advance a reorganization that would result in the separation of its North American Business (as defined herein) and its Argentinian Business (as defined herein) into two independent public companies (the "Separation");
C. AND WHEREAS, in connection with the implementation of the Separation, the Corporation and, upon its incorporation, Spinco (as defined herein) intend to enter into an arrangement agreement (as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the "Arrangement Agreement") providing for an arrangement (the "Arrangement") of the Corporation under section 288 of the Act (as defined herein), pursuant to which, among other things:
(i) the Corporation will complete the Separation; and
(ii) holders of the outstanding Common Shares immediately prior to the Effective Time (as defined herein), excluding any Dissenting Shareholders (as defined herein), will be issued, through a series of transactions, Spinco Common Shares (as defined herein), all on the terms and subject to the conditions to be set out in the Arrangement Agreement;
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D. AND WHEREAS the Investor is the registered holder and sole beneficial owner of 15,002,243 Common Shares (together with any substituted, reclassified or replacement shares, the "Subject Shares") representing approximately 9.999% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares, and will subsequently, pursuant to the Arrangement at or following the Effective Time (as defined herein), become the registered holder and sole beneficial owner of the same number of Spinco Common Shares issuable to the Investor pursuant to the Arrangement (the Subject Shares and Spinco Common Shares, collectively, the "Locked-up Shares");
E. AND WHEREAS in consideration of the Investor's agreement to (i) complete the subscription pursuant to the Master Purchase Agreement, (ii) not acquire any additional Common Shares except as set out in the Master Purchase Agreement or in compliance with this Agreement, (iii) not transfer the Subject Shares prior to the Effective Time, and (iv) not transfer the Locked-up Shares from and after the Effective Date, except as expressly set out herein, the Corporation has agreed to grant certain rights set out herein to the Investor, on the terms and subject to the conditions set out herein;
F. AND WHEREAS as of the date of this Agreement, the Investor or its Affiliates (as defined herein) do not own directly or indirectly, nor do they have direction or control of any, Common Shares other than the Subject Shares.
NOW THEREFORE THIS AGREEMENT WITNESSES THAT in consideration of the respective covenants and agreements of the parties herein contained and for other good and valuable consideration (the receipt and sufficiency of which are acknowledged by each party), the parties agree as follows:
ARTICLE 1
INTERPRETATION
1.1 Defined Terms
For the purposes of this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires, the following terms shall have the respective meanings set out below and grammatical variations of such terms shall have corresponding meanings:
"2.5% Threshold" means that the Investor and its Affiliates own, directly or indirectly, (i) until the completion or termination of the Second Tranche Investment, any of the issued and outstanding Common Shares, and (ii) following completion of the Second Tranche Investment, 2.5% or more of the issued and outstanding Common Shares excluding any Incentive Securities issued after the date of this Agreement and any Pending Top-Up Securities, in each case, on the relevant date.
"5% Threshold" means that the Investor and its Affiliates own, directly or indirectly, (i) until the completion or termination of the Second Tranche Investment, any of the issued and outstanding Common Shares, and (ii) following completion of the Second Tranche Investment, 5% or more of the issued and outstanding Common Shares excluding any Incentive Securities issued after the date of this Agreement and any Pending Top-Up Securities, in each case, on the relevant date.
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"10% Threshold" means that the Investor and its Affiliates own, directly or indirectly, (i) until the completion or termination of the Second Tranche Investment, any of the issued and outstanding Common Shares, and (ii) following completion of the Second Tranche Investment, 10% or more of the issued and outstanding Common Shares excluding any Incentive Securities issued after the date of this Agreement and any Pending Top-Up Securities, in each case, on the relevant date.
"Act" means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia).
"Advanced Offering Notice" shall have the meaning set out in Section 3.2.
"Affiliate" means, as to any specified Person, any other Person who directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, (a) controls such specified Person, (b) is controlled by such specified Person, or (c) is under common control with such specified Person.
"Anti-Corruption Laws" means all applicable Laws related to the prevention of bribery, corruption (governmental or commercial), kickbacks, money laundering, or similar unlawful or unethical conduct including, without limitation, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) as amended and the U.K. Bribery Act.
"Anti-Money Laundering Laws" means the Patriot Act, the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986, the Bank Secrecy Act, Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering Act) and Terrorism Financing Act of 2001 (Canada), as amended, the regulations and rules promulgated under each of the foregoing and any other applicable Laws concerning or relating to terrorism financing or money laundering of the jurisdictions in which the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries operate.
"Applicable Securities Laws" means, collectively, all applicable securities Laws of each of the Reporting Jurisdictions and the respective rules and regulations under such Laws together with applicable published instruments, notices and orders of the securities regulatory authorities in the Reporting Jurisdictions, and the rules and policies of the Exchanges and any other market or marketplace on which securities of the Corporation are traded, listed or quoted.
"Argentinian Business" means, except as specified below, all of the businesses carried on by the Corporation and its Affiliates in Argentina, including its interest and business operations in the Caucharí-Olaroz Project and the Pastos Grandes Project, its interest in Exar Capital B.V., 2265866 Ontario Inc., Millennial Lithium Corp, and Arena Minerals Inc., and the Subsidiaries thereof, and includes all the assets and liabilities pertaining to the foregoing or otherwise held by any of them immediately prior to the Effective Time (including workforce and working capital); provided, however, that the term "Argentinian Business" shall not include the North American Business or any portion thereof.
"Arrangement" shall have the meaning set forth in Recital C.
"Arrangement Agreement" shall have the meaning set forth in Recital C.
"Arrangement Resolution" means the special resolution of the shareholders of the Corporation approving the Arrangement.
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"BIS" means the U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security.
"Blackout Period" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 9.1(d)(ii).
"Board" means the board of directors of the Corporation.
"Business Day" means any day, other than (a) a Saturday, Sunday or statutory holiday in the Province of British Columbia, the City of New York or the City of Detroit and (b) a day on which banks are generally closed in the Province of British Columbia, the City of New York or the City of Detroit.
"Canadian Base Shelf Prospectus" has the meaning ascribed thereto in National Instrument 44-102 - Shelf Distributions.
"Canadian Prospectus" means a prospectus, as such term is used in National Instrument 41-101 - General Prospectus Requirements, including all amendments and supplements thereto, and includes a preliminary prospectus, a (final) prospectus and, collectively, a Canadian Base Shelf Prospectus and a Canadian Shelf Prospectus Supplement.
"Canadian Securities Authorities" means any of the securities commissions or similar securities regulatory authorities in each of the provinces and territories of Canada in which the Corporation is a reporting issuer (or analogous status).
"Canadian Securities Laws" means all applicable Canadian securities Laws, the respective regulations, rules and orders made thereunder, and all applicable policies and notices issued by the Canadian Securities Authorities in the applicable jurisdictions in Canada.
"Canadian Shelf Prospectus Supplement" has the meaning given to it in National Instrument 44-102 - Shelf Distributions.
"CFIUS" means the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, and each member agency thereof, acting in such capacity.
"Change of Control" means (A) the acquisition by any means, including, without limitation, acquisition of equity, a statutory plan of arrangement, merger or business combination, by any Person, directly or indirectly, of more than 50% of the total voting power of the outstanding voting stock of the Corporation, or (B) the acquisition by any Person, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of the Corporation.
"Cleansing Announcement" means a public announcement which shall: (a) be prepared by the Corporation in consultation with the Investor; (b) contain the Cleansing Information; and (c) be generally disclosed to the marketplace in accordance with Section 7.4(a).
"Cleansing Blackout Period" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 7.4(b)(i).
"Cleansing Document" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 7.4(a).
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"Cleansing Information" means any and all material non-public information relating to the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries that: (a) is known to the Investor; and (b) could, without a Cleansing Announcement, prevent the Investor from trading its Common Shares under Applicable Securities Laws, as determined in the sole discretion of the Investor.
"Common Shares" means the common shares in the capital of the Corporation.
"Competitor" means a Person engaged, directly or indirectly (including through any partnership, limited liability company, corporation, joint venture or similar arrangement (whether now existing or formed hereafter)), in the business of the exploration, development or operation of lithium mines, provided that the Investor and its Affiliates will not in any event be deemed a Competitor.
"Confidential Information" means any and all information about the Discloser or any of its Affiliates which is furnished by it or any of its Representatives to the Recipient or any of its Affiliates or Representatives, whenever furnished and regardless of the manner in which it is furnished (orally, in writing, electronically, etc.), including information regarding the business and affairs of the Discloser and its Affiliates, their plans, strategies, operations, financial information (whether historical or forecasted), business methods, systems, practices, analyses, compilations, forecasts, studies, designs, processes, procedures, formulae, improvements, trade secrets and other documents and information prepared or furnished by the Discloser, an Affiliate of the Discloser or any of their Representatives; provided, however, that Confidential Information shall not include, and no obligation under Section 7.3 shall be imposed on, information that: (a) was known by or in the Recipient's possession before disclosure by or on behalf of the Discloser; (b) is or becomes generally available to the public or known within either party's industry other than as a result of a breach of this Agreement by the Recipient, its Affiliates or their Representatives; (c) is or becomes available to the Recipient or its Affiliates on a non- confidential basis from a third party; or (d) is or was independently developed by the Recipient or its Affiliates without reference to or use of the Confidential Information of the Discloser.
"Consideration Securities" means any Common Shares and/or Equity Securities issued (a) in connection with bona fide bank debt, equipment financing or non-equity interim financing transactions with lenders to the Corporation, in each case, with an equity component; or (b) in connection with bona fide acquisitions (including acquisitions of assets or rights under a license or otherwise), mergers or similar business combination transactions or joint ventures undertaken and completed by the Corporation.
"Corporation" shall have the meaning set forth in the preambles hereto.
"Corporation Information" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 7.3(c).
"Demand Registration" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 9.1(b).
"Designated Registrable Securities" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 9.1(c).
"Discloser" means the party or its Affiliate that discloses its Confidential Information to the other party or its Affiliate or Representatives (provided that providing information directly to an Affiliate or Representative of a party shall be deemed to be a provision of such information to such party).
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"Dissenting Shareholder" means a registered holder of Common Shares who has duly and validly exercised dissent rights in respect of the Arrangement Resolution in strict compliance with such dissent rights and who has not withdrawn or been deemed to have withdrawn such exercise of dissent rights prior to the Effective Date, but only in respect of such Common Shares for which dissent rights are validly exercised and not withdrawn or deemed to have been withdrawn by such registered holder of Common Shares.
"Distribution" means a distribution of Registrable Securities to the public by way of (a) a Prospectus under Canadian Securities Laws in any applicable jurisdictions in Canada, (b) a Registration Statement under the U.S. Securities Laws in the United States or (c) a combination of (a) and (b).
"Effective Date" means the date on which the Arrangement becomes effective.
"Effective Time" means 12:01 a.m. (Vancouver time) on the Effective Date, or such other time as the Corporation and Spinco agree to in writing.
"Equity Securities" means: (a) any Common Shares, preferred shares or other equity securities of the Corporation; (b) any securities convertible, exercisable or exchangeable, with or without consideration, into any Common Shares, preferred shares or other equity securities of the Corporation; (c) any securities carrying any warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase any Common Shares, preferred shares or other equity securities of the Corporation; or (d) any such warrant or right.
"ESSH Committee" shall have the meaning set out in Section 4.1.
"Exchanges" means the Toronto Stock Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange or such other principal stock exchange(s) on which the Common Shares are listed.
"Exercise Notice" shall have the meaning set out in Section 3.4.
"FEOC" means a (A) Person who is a "foreign entity of concern," as such term is defined in Section 30D of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or (B) a Person "linked to or subject to influence by hostile or non-likeminded regimes or states," as such concept is used in the Policy Regarding Foreign Investments from State-Owned Enterprises in Critical Minerals under the Investment Canada Act, or, in each case, under any successor or similar policies promulgated by either the Canadian or United States government in respect of critical minerals policy.
"FINRA" means the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.
"Free Writing Prospectus" means a Corporation free writing prospectus, as defined in Rule 433 under the U.S. Securities Act, relating to an offer of the Common Shares.
"GM Competitor" means any OEM or any Affiliate of any OEM.
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"Government Official" means any official (elected or appointed), officer, or employee of a Governmental Entity or any department, agency or instrumentality thereof, including any employee, representative, or agent (paid or unpaid) of a state-owned or controlled entity, public international organization, political party or organization or candidate thereof, or any person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of any such Governmental Entity, department, agency, instrumentality, public international organization, political party, organization, or candidate.
"Governmental Entity" means any domestic or foreign federal, provincial, regional, state, municipal or other government, governmental department, agency, authority or body (whether administrative, legislative, executive or otherwise), court, tribunal, commission or commissioner, bureau, minister or ministry, board or agency, or other regulatory authority, including any securities regulatory authorities and stock exchange.
"Incentive Securities" means any Common Shares and/or Equity Securities issued or issuable (a) pursuant to any Share Incentive Plan; or (b) on the exercise of any Right.
"Initial Announcement" shall have the meaning set forth in Recital B.
"Investor" shall have the meaning set forth in the Recital A.
"Investor Information" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 7.3(b).
"Investor Nominee" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 2.2.
"Issuance" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 3.1.
"Joint Notice" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 8.1(d).
"Law" means any law, statute, regulation, ordinance, rule, code, requirement, executive order or rule of law (including common law) enacted, promulgated, issued, released, or imposed by any Governmental Entity.
"Lender" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 5.3(d)(vi).
"Loan" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 5.3(d)(vi).
"Lock-Up Outside Date" means the later of (i) the first anniversary of the Effective Date, provided the Effective Date occurs prior to the Separation Outside Date, and (ii) the earlier of (A) six months after the date of the Second Tranche Investment, and (B) the date on which the Second Tranche Subscription Agreement or the Spinco Second Tranche Subscription Agreement, as applicable, is not completed in accordance with its terms, other than as a result of the exercise of the Warrants, provided, however that, notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event shall the "Lock-Up Outside Date" be later than (x) the date on which the Corporation publicly discloses that the Separation will not occur, or (y) the Separation Outside Date if the Separation is not completed prior to the Separation Outside Date.
"Locked-up Shares" shall have the meaning set forth in Recital D.
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"Losses" shall have the meaning set out in Section 9.7(a).
"Master Purchase Agreement" shall have the meaning set forth in Recital A.
"MJDS" means the multijurisdictional disclosure system established by the United States and Canada.
"North American Business" means all of the businesses carried on by 1339480 B.C. Ltd. and its Affiliates in North America with respect to the exploration and development of the Thacker Pass Project and includes all the assets and liabilities pertaining to the foregoing or otherwise held by any of them immediately prior to the Effective Time (including workforce and working capital) and the Corporation's interest in Green Technology Metals Limited and Ascend Elements, Inc.
"Notice Period" shall have the meaning set out in Section 3.4.
"OEM" means (i) an original equipment manufacturer of vehicles (whether gas or electric powered) that are used primarily on public roads, streets, or highways (whether sold direct or through franchised dealers), or any Person that controls or owns substantially all of the equity interests in an original equipment manufacturer of, vehicles (whether gas or electric powered) that are used primarily on public roads, streets, or highways (whether sold direct or through franchised dealers) including, without limitation, any affiliate, subsidiary, or entity similar to or in competition with an entity that has a trademark, service mark, or band owned or operated by [Redacted]; or (ii) a distributor, seller, contract manufacturer, or other entity that manufactures, has manufactured, or otherwise purchases vehicles that are used to provide (whether directly or through independent contractors) services to, or deliver goods for, third parties including, without limitation, such services that quality or otherwise constitute transportation as a service, mobility as a service, shared autonomous vehicles, logistics, transportation, or other types of services.
"OFAC" means the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control.
"Offered Securities" means any Equity Securities issued by the Corporation.
"Offering" shall have the meaning set out in Section 3.1.
"Offering Notice" shall have the meaning set out in Section 3.1.
"Offtake Agreement" means the Lithium Offtake Agreement, dated as of February 16, 2023, by and between the Corporation and the Investor, as may be amended, superseded or replaced.
"Offtaker" means the Investor for so long as it, or any of its Affiliates, is a party to the Offtake Agreement or has a commitment to purchase lithium-based production from the Corporation or any of its Affiliates under a long-term (greater than one year) offtake agreement for no less than [Redacted].
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"Offtake Cleansing Blackout Period" shall have the meaning set out in Section 7.4(b)(i).
"Participation Right" shall have the meaning set out in Section 3.3.
"Participation Right Entitlement" means, in respect of each Offering in which an Offering Notice is (or is required to be) delivered, the proportion of the Offered Securities equal to the Percentage of Outstanding Common Shares.
"Pending Top-Up Securities" means Top-Up Securities in respect of which the Top-Up Right remains exercisable.
"Percentage of Outstanding Common Shares" means the percentage equal to the quotient obtained when (i) the aggregate number of Relevant Shares is divided by (ii) the aggregate number of issued and outstanding Common Shares excluding any Incentive Securities issued after the date of this Agreement and any Pending Top-Up Securities, in each case, as at the time of calculation.
"Person" means and includes any individual, corporation, limited partnership, general partnership, joint stock corporation, limited liability corporation, joint venture, association, corporation, trust, bank, trust corporation, pension fund, business trust or other organization, whether or not a legal entity, and any Governmental Entity.
"Piggyback Registrable Securities" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 9.2(a).
"Piggyback Registration" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 9.2(a).
"Prospectus" means (a) a Prospectus under Canadian Securities Laws in any applicable jurisdictions in Canada, (b)(i) the prospectus included in any Registration Statement, all amendments and supplements to such prospectus, including post-effective amendments and supplements, and all other material incorporated by reference in such prospectus, and (ii) any Free Writing Prospectus, or (c) a combination of (a) and (b). "Purchase" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 5.3(a).
"Recipient" means the party that receives (or whose Affiliate or Representative receives) Confidential Information from the other party or its Affiliate or Representative (provided that the receipt of information by an Affiliate or Representative of a party shall be deemed to be the receipt of such information by such party).
"Registrable Securities" means:
(i) any Common Shares issued to or held by the Investor; and
(ii) any Common Shares issued to the Investor in connection with a stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization, conversion or other similar distribution with respect to, in exchange for, or in replacement of the securities referred to in clause (i) above.
"Registration" shall mean a Demand Registration, Piggyback Registration, or Shelf Registration, as the case may be.
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"Registration Expenses" means the reasonable fees, disbursements and expenses of one set of legal counsel in each Reporting Jurisdiction to the Investor and all expenses incurred by the Corporation in connection with a Registration, including (without limitation): (i) all fees, disbursements and expenses payable to any underwriter for an underwritten offering, agent for an agency offering or their respective counsel; (ii) all fees, disbursements and expenses of counsel and the auditor to the Corporation (including the expenses of any audit and/or "comfort" letter) and fees, disbursements and expenses of any other special experts retained by the Corporation; (iii) all expenses in connection with the preparation, translation, printing and filing of any Prospectus, and the mailing and delivering of copies thereof; (iv) all qualification or filing fees of any Canadian Securities Authority and any U.S. Securities Authority, as applicable; (v) all transfer agents', depositaries' and registrars' fees and the fees of any other agent appointed by the Corporation in connection with a Registration; (vi) all fees and expenses payable in connection with the listing of any Registrable Securities on any stock exchange on which the Common Shares are then listed; (vii) all printing, copying, mailing, messenger and delivery expenses; and (viii) all costs and expenses associated with the conduct of any "road show" or other marketing activities related to such Registration.
"Registration Statement" means any registration statement of the Corporation filed with, or to be filed with, the SEC under the U.S. Securities Act including the related Prospectus, amendments and supplements to such registration statement, include pre- and post- effective amendments, and all exhibits and all material incorporated by reference in such registration statement, other than a registration statement (and related Prospectus) filed on Form S-4, Form F-4 or Form S-8 or any successor form thereto.
"Regulation FD" means Regulation FD (17 CFR §243.100, et seq.) promulgated by the SEC.
"Relevant Shares" means the aggregate number of Common Shares acquired by the Investor pursuant to the terms of the Master Purchase Agreement (which, for greater clarity includes the Subject Shares and any Common Shares issued as part of the Second Tranche Investment) and as a result of the exercise of the Participation Right and the exercise of the Top-Up Right, in each case in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.
"Reorganization" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 10.2.
"Reporting Jurisdictions" means each of the provinces of Canada, the United States and each of the states of the United States.
"Representatives" means a party's and its Affiliates' directors, officers, employees, lawyers, independent accountants, financial advisors, consultants, bankers, technical advisors, or other agents.
"Request" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 9.1(c).
"Restricted Party" means any (a) Sanctioned Person, (b) a FEOC, or (c) a Competitor.
"Right" means a right granted by the Corporation to holders of Common Shares to purchase additional Common Shares and/or other securities of the Corporation.
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"Rules" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 1.4(b).
"Sanctioned Person" means any Person: (a) who is a restricted or prohibited Person as designated or included in any list of designated or restricted parties under any export control or economic sanctions Laws of the United States or any other applicable Sanctions Authority; (b) a Person domiciled, organized, or resident in, a Sanctioned Territory; or (c) an entity owned or controlled by any of the foregoing Persons in clauses (a) or (b) hereof.
"Sanctioned Territory" means at any time, a country or territory which is, or whose government is, the subject of Sanctions broadly prohibiting dealings with such country, territory or government (at the time of this Agreement, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria, the Crimea region of Ukraine, the so-called Donetsk People's Republic and the so-called Luhansk People's Republic).
"Sanctions" means the economic sanctions Laws, trade embargoes, export controls or restrictive measures administered, enacted or enforced by any Sanctions Authority.
"Sanctions Authority" means the United States government and any of its agencies (including, without limitation, OFAC, BIS, the U.S. State Department and the U.S. Department of Commerce), the European Union and each of its member states, the United Nations Security Council, the United Kingdom, the Canadian government, or any other Governmental Entity with jurisdiction over the parties to this Agreement.
"SEC" means the Securities and Exchange Commission or any successor agency having jurisdiction under the U.S. Securities Act.
"Second Tranche Investment" means the subscription for Common Shares pursuant to the terms of the Second Tranche Subscription Agreement, which for greater clarity includes any Common Shares issued upon the exercise of the Warrants, or the subscription for SpinCo Common Shares pursuant to the terms of the Spinco Second Tranche Subscription Agreement, which for greater clarity includes any Spinco Common Shares issued upon the exercise of the Spinco Warrants.
"Second Tranche Subscription Agreement" means the subscription agreement between the Corporation and the Investor in the form attached as Schedule E to the Master Purchase Agreement.
"Separation" shall have the meaning set forth in Recital B.
"Separation Outside Date" means December 31, 2023.
"Share Incentive Plan" means any plan of the Corporation in effect from time to time pursuant to which Common Shares may be issued, or options or other securities convertible or exercisable into or exchangeable for Common Shares may be granted, to directors, officers, employees, and/or consultants, of the Corporation and/or its Subsidiaries, including, for greater certainty, the amended equity incentive plan approved by shareholders of the Corporation at the special meeting of the shareholders held on May 7, 2020.
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"Shelf Registration" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 9.2(b)(i).
"Shelf Registration Statement" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 9.2(b)(i).
"Shelf Underwritten Offering" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 9.2(b)(iv).
"Spinco" means 1397468 B.C. Ltd.
"Spinco Common Shares" means common shares in the capital of Spinco.
"Spinco Second Tranche Subscription Agreement" means the subscription agreement to be entered into between Spinco and the Investor in the event that the Separation is completed, substantially in the same form as the Second Tranche Subscription Agreement, mutatis mutandis with such equitable adjustments to give effect to the Separation.
"Spinco Warrant Certificates" means the warrant certificates to be entered into between Spinco and the Investor in the event that the Separation is completed, substantially in the same form as the Warrant Certificate, mutatis mutandis with such equitable adjustments to give effect to the Separation.
"Spinco Warrants" means the share purchase warrants of Spinco issued to the Investor, with each whole warrant being exercisable to purchase one (1) Spinco Common Share pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Certificate.
"Subject Shares" shall have the meaning set forth in Recital D.
"Subsidiary" has the meaning ascribed to such term in National Instrument 45-106 - Prospectus Exemptions.
"Top-Up Right" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 3.6(a).
"Top-Up Right Acceptance Notice" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 3.6(e). "Top-Up Right Notice Period" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 3.6(e). "Top-Up Right Offer Notice" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 3.6(d).
"Top-Up Securities" means any Equity Securities issued pursuant to at-the-market offerings undertaken by the Corporation.
"Transaction Agreements" means the Master Purchase Agreement, the subscription receipt agreement between the Corporation, the Investor and Computershare Trust Company of Canada in the form attached as Schedule G to the Master Purchase Agreement, the Second Tranche Subscription Agreement or Spinco Second Tranche Subscription Agreement (as applicable), the Warrant Certificate or Spinco Warrant Certificate (as applicable), and this Agreement.
"Transfer" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 5.3(a).
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"Triggering Transaction" means a transaction that would, if consummated, result in the issuance of Consideration Securities.
"U.S. Exchange Act" means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
"U.S. GAAP" means the United States generally accepted accounting principles in effect from time to time.
"U.S. Securities Act" means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
"U.S. Securities Authorities" means any of the securities commissions or similar securities regulatory authorities in the United States and each of the states in the United States.
"U.S. Securities Laws" means, collectively, the U.S. Securities Act, the U.S. Exchange Act, the applicable securities Laws of each of the states of the United States and the respective regulations, instruments and rules made under those securities Laws, together with all applicable published policy statements, notices, blanket orders and rulings of the U.S. Securities Authorities and the applicable rules and requirements of any United States national securities exchange.
"Warrant Certificate" means the warrant certificate between the Corporation and the Investor in the form attached as Schedule C to the Master Purchase Agreement.
"Warrants" means the share purchase warrants of the Corporation issued to the Investor, with each whole warrant being exercisable to purchase one (1) Common Share pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Certificate.
1.2 Rules of Construction
Except as may be otherwise specifically provided in this Agreement and unless the context otherwise requires, in this Agreement:
(a) the terms "Agreement", "this Agreement", "the Agreement", "hereto", "hereof", "herein", "hereby", "hereunder" and similar expressions refer to this Agreement in its entirety and not to any particular provision hereof;
(b) references to an "Article" or "Section" followed by a number or letter refer to the specified Article or Section to this Agreement;
(c) the division of this Agreement into Articles and Sections and the insertion of headings are for convenience of reference only and shall not affect the construction or interpretation of this Agreement;
(d) words importing the singular number only shall include the plural and vice versa and words importing the use of any gender shall include all genders;
(e) the word "including" is deemed to mean "including without limitation";
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(f) the terms "party" and "the parties" refer to a party or the parties to this Agreement;
(g) any reference to this Agreement means this Agreement as amended, modified, replaced or supplemented from time to time;
(h) any reference to a statute, regulation or rule shall be construed to be a reference thereto as the same may from time to time be amended, re-enacted or replaced, and any reference to a statute shall include any regulations or rules made thereunder;
(i) all dollar amounts refer to United States dollars;
(j) all references to a percentage ownership of shares shall be calculated on a non- diluted basis;
(k) any time period within which a payment is to be made or any other action is to be taken hereunder shall be calculated excluding the day on which the period commences and including the day on which the period ends; and
(l) whenever any action is required to be taken or period of time is to expire on a day other than a Business Day, such action shall be taken or period shall expire on the next following Business Day.
1.3 Entire Agreement
This Agreement, the other Transaction Agreements and the Offtake Agreement constitute the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof and supersede all prior agreements, understandings, negotiations and discussions, whether written or oral. There are no conditions, covenants, agreements, representations, warranties or other provisions, express or implied, collateral, statutory or otherwise, relating to the subject matter hereof except as provided in the aforesaid agreements.
1.4 Governing Law and Submission to Jurisdiction
(a) This Agreement shall be interpreted and enforced in accordance with, and the respective rights and obligations of the parties shall be governed by, the Laws of the Province of British Columbia and the federal Laws of Canada applicable in that province.
(b) Any dispute, controversy, or claim arising out of, relating to, or in connection with this Agreement, including with respect to the formation, applicability, breach, termination, validity or enforceability thereof, shall be resolved by confidential arbitration. The arbitration shall be conducted by three (3) arbitrators and administered by the International Centre for Dispute Resolution in accordance with its International Dispute Resolution Procedures in effect at the time of the arbitration, except as they may be modified herein or by mutual agreement of the parties. Each party shall designate one (1) arbitrator, with the third arbitrator to be designated by the parties by agreement, or failing such agreement, by the two party- appointed arbitrators. The seat of the arbitration shall be Toronto, Canada and it shall be conducted in the English language. Notwithstanding Section 1.4(a), the arbitration and this agreement to arbitrate shall be governed by Ontario's International Commercial Arbitration Act, 2017, S.O. 2017, c. 2, Sched. 5. The arbitration award shall be final and binding on the parties, and the parties undertake to carry out any award without delay. Judgment upon the award may be entered by any court having jurisdiction over the award or over the relevant party or its assets. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event either party seeks injunctive relief, they may seek to have that dispute determined by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice or any other court of competent jurisdiction.
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1.5 Severability
If any provision of this Agreement is determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, all other provisions of this Agreement shall nevertheless remain in full force and effect so long as the economic or legal substance of the transactions contemplated hereby is not affected in any manner materially adverse to either party hereto. Upon such determination that any term or other provision is invalid, illegal or incapable of being enforced, the parties hereto shall negotiate in good faith to modify this Agreement so as to effect the original intent of the parties hereto as closely as possible in an acceptable manner to the end that transactions contemplated hereby are fulfilled to the extent possible.
ARTICLE 2
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
2.1 Condition to Exercise of Representation Right
Investor shall be entitled (but not obligated) to exercise the director representation right pursuant to this Article 2 unless and until such time as Investor fails at any time to meet the 10% Threshold.
2.2 Representation Right
Subject to Section 2.1, the Investor shall be entitled (but not obligated) to designate one nominee (an "Investor Nominee") for election to the Board in accordance with the following:
(a) Investor shall, from time to time, provide notice to the Corporation of its Investor Nominee, as well as such other information as may be reasonably requested by the Corporation to effect the appointment as set out in this Section 2.2(a), and the Corporation shall thereafter take all steps as may be necessary to include the Investor Nominee on the management slate for the next election of directors of the Corporation and shall solicit proxies in favour of the election of such Investor Nominee at such meetings;
(b) the Investor Nominee must be duly qualified to serve as a director pursuant to the Act and Applicable Securities Laws;
(c) the Investor Nominee shall be subject to corporate Law requirements and policies applicable to directors of the Corporation;
(d) in connection with the election of an Investor Nominee, the Corporation shall advise the Investor of the date on which proxy solicitation materials are to be mailed
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for the purposes of any meeting of shareholders at which directors of the Corporation are to be elected at least fifteen Business Days prior to such mailing date and the Investor shall advise the Corporation of its Investor Nominee at least ten (10) Business Days prior to the mailing date. If the Investor does not advise the Corporation of the identity of any Investor Nominee prior to such deadline, then the Investor shall be deemed to have nominated its incumbent nominee; and
(e) in the event that any Investor Nominee shall cease to serve as a director of the Corporation, whether due to such Investor Nominee's death, disability, resignation or removal, the Investor shall be entitled (but not obligated) to designate a replacement Investor Nominee to fill the vacancy created by such death, disability, resignation or removal and the Corporation shall take all reasonable steps as may be necessary to nominate and recommend the appointment of the Investor Nominee to the Board of the Corporation after receiving notice of such designation.
2.3 Management to Endorse and Vote
The Corporation agrees that management of the Corporation shall, in respect of every meeting of the shareholders at which directors of the Corporation are to be elected, and at every reconvened meeting following an adjournment thereof or postponement thereof, endorse and recommend any Investor Nominee identified in the proxy materials for election to the Board.
2.4 Directors' Liability Insurance & Indemnification Agreement
For so long as an Investor Nominee is serving on the Board, the Corporation shall not cease to maintain a directors and officers liability insurance policy having a policy limit in an amount of at least $20 million unless approved by such Investor Nominee, shall include the Investor as an additional insured in such policy, and shall, upon Investor's request, deliver to Investor a certification that such a directors and officers liability insurance policy remains in effect. An Investor Nominee shall be entitled to the benefit of such directors and officers liability insurance policy on the same terms and conditions to which other directors of the Corporation are entitled. Additionally, the Corporation shall enter into a customary indemnification agreement with each Investor Nominee in a form and substance reasonably acceptable to Investor.
2.5 Board Size and Operations
The Corporation agrees and undertakes that, so long as the Investor meets the 10% Threshold:
(a) all notices of Board meetings shall be delivered by hand or transmitted by facsimile or e-mail at least five (5) Business Days prior to the date of the Board meeting. However, emergency Board meetings may be called by the Chairman of the Board in the case of a situation involving matters upon which prompt action is deemed necessary by giving notice at least two (2) Business Days prior to the date of such Board meeting (unless less notice is required in the circumstances). All notices of Board meetings shall specify the time, date and place of the Board meeting and contain a brief but complete summary of all business on the agenda of the Board meeting;
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(b) the Investor Nominee (or the Investor's observer, if applicable) shall be reimbursed by the Corporation for the reasonable travel and other expenses incurred in connection with attending any Board meetings;
(c) the Investor Nominee shall be entitled to the same board compensation as other non-management board members (unless waived by the Investor);
(d) any director may participate in a Board meeting by means of a telephonic, electronic or other communication facility. A director participating by such means is deemed to be present at the Board meeting; and
(e) the Corporation shall not cause or allow the size of the Board to increase to more than 10 directors without the Investor's prior written consent.
2.6 Observer Right
Provided the Investor either (i) meets the 10% Threshold, or (ii) both meets the 5% Threshold and is an Offtaker, at any time where there is not an Investor Nominee appointed to the Board (for any reason), the Investor shall have the right (but not an obligation) to designate a Representative to attend all meetings of the Board in a nonvoting observer capacity and, in this respect, the Corporation shall give such Representative copies of all notices, minutes, consents, and other materials that it provides to members of the Board at the same time and in the same manner as provided to such members.
ARTICLE 3
PARTICIPATION AND TOP-UP RIGHTS
3.1 Notice of Issuances
Subject to Sections 3.2 and 3.7 and Section 14 and Section 16.7 of the Offtake Agreement, if the Corporation proposes to issue (the "Issuance") any Offered Securities pursuant to a debt or Equity Securities financing (public offering or a private placement) or a Triggering Transaction (each, an "Offering") at any time after the date hereof the Corporation shall, as soon as possible, but in any event no later than the date on which the Corporation files a preliminary prospectus, Registration Statement or other offering document in connection with an Issuance that constitutes a public offering of Offered Securities, and no later than the completion date of an Issuance that constitutes a private offering of Offered Securities or closing of a Triggering Transaction, give written notice of the Issuance (the "Offering Notice") to the Investor including, to the extent known by the Corporation, full particulars of the Offering, including the number of Offered Securities, the number of Offered Securities that would allow the Investor to maintain its Participation Right Entitlement upon completion of the Offering, the rights, privileges, restrictions, terms and conditions of the Offered Securities, the price per Offered Security to be issued under the Offering (which, in the case of a Triggering Transaction, would be equal to the price at which the Consideration Securities are issued under the Triggering Transaction, subject to compliance with Applicable Securities Laws), the expected use of proceeds of the Offering (if applicable), and the expected closing date of the Offering, together with any term sheet or other document to be utilized by the Corporation in connection with the Offering.
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3.2 Advanced Offering Notice
Subject to Section 3.7, if the Corporation proposes to conduct an Offering, the Corporation may, in advance of the Offering Notice contemplated in Section 3.1, give written notice of the proposed future Issuance (an "Advanced Offering Notice") to the Investor. The Advanced Offering Notice must include the estimated particulars of the Offering, including the proposed size of the Offering (which can be in a range), the nature of the Offering, the rights, privileges, restrictions, terms and conditions of the Offered Securities, a proposal relating to the determination of the price per Offered Security to be issued under the Offering, the expected use of proceeds of the Offering (if applicable), and the expected closing date of the Offering. In the event such an Advanced Offering Notice is provided to the Investor, the Corporation may, at least 20 days but no later than 60 days following the Advanced Offering Notice, provide a subsequent Offering Notice with respect to the Offering that does not materially deviate from the terms set forth in the initial Advanced Offering Notice and the applicable Notice Period with respect to such Offering shall be as set out in Section 3.4(a). The Corporation may provide a maximum of two (2) Advanced Offering Notices per fiscal year of the Corporation.
3.3 Grant of Participation Right
The Corporation agrees that, subject to Section 3.7 and the receipt of all required regulatory approvals, the Investor (directly or through an Affiliate) has the right (the "Participation Right") upon receipt of an Offering Notice, to subscribe for and to be issued as part of an Offering at the subscription price per Offered Security pursuant to the Offering, payable in cash, and otherwise on substantially the same terms and conditions of the Offering:
(a) in the case of an Offering of Common Shares, up to such number of Common Shares that shall allow the Investor to maintain its Participation Right Entitlement upon completion of the Offering; and
(b) in the case of an Offering of Offered Securities (other than Common Shares), up to such number of Offered Securities that shall (assuming conversion, exercise or exchange of all of the convertible, exercisable or exchangeable Offered Securities issued in connection with the Offering and issuable pursuant to this Section 3.3) allow the Investor to maintain its Participation Right Entitlement upon completion of the Offering.
If the consideration payable in connection with the Offering is not cash, the deemed price per Common Share for such consideration will be determined by the Board of Directors of the Corporation, with reference to the relevant agreement(s) between the parties in respect of the Offering, and the Investor shall only have to pay cash equal to such deemed price per Common Share in connection with the exercise of its Participation Right.
3.4 Exercise Notice
If the Investor wishes to exercise the Participation Right, the Investor shall give written notice to the Corporation (the "Exercise Notice") of its intention to exercise such right and of the number of Offered Securities the Investor wishes to purchase, and shall subscribe to the Offering within:
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(a) if an Advanced Offering Notice was provided prior to the Offering Notice in accordance with Section 3.2, three (3) Business Days of an Offering Notice, or
(b) if an Advanced Offering Notice was not provided prior to the Offering Notice, twenty (20) Business Days after the date of receipt of an Offering Notice
(in each case, the "Notice Period"),
failing which the Investor shall not be entitled to exercise the Participation Right in respect of such Offering or Issuance. The Corporation must complete the Offering within thirty (30) days of the expiry of the Notice Period; provided that the completion of such Offering is upon the same terms and conditions as those set out in the Offering Notice provided to the Investor by the Corporation and provided further that following expiry of such thirty (30) day period, the Corporation shall not thereafter proceed with such Offering without providing the Investor with another opportunity to exercise its Participation Right.
3.5 Issuance of Participation Right Offered Securities
(a) If the Corporation receives an Exercise Notice from the Investor within the applicable Notice Period, then the Corporation shall, subject to the receipt and continued effectiveness of all required approvals (including the approval(s) of the Exchanges and any required approvals under Applicable Securities Laws and any shareholder approval), which approvals the Corporation shall use reasonable best efforts to promptly obtain (including by applying for any necessary price protection confirmations, seeking shareholder approval (if required) in the manner described below, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause management and each member of the Board to vote their Common Shares and all votes received by proxy in favour of the issuance of the Offered Securities to the Investor), issue to the Investor, against payment of the subscription price payable in respect thereof and, subject to paragraph (b) below, concurrently with the completion of the Offering or as soon as practicable thereafter, that number of Common Shares or other Offered Securities, as applicable, set forth in the Exercise Notice.
(b) If the Corporation is required by the Exchanges to seek shareholder approval for the issuance of the Offered Securities to the Investor, then the Corporation shall call and hold a meeting of its shareholders to consider the issuance of the Offered Securities to the Investor as soon as reasonably practicable, and in any event such meeting shall be held within 90 days after the date that the Corporation is advised that it shall require shareholder approval, and shall recommend approval of the issuance of the Offered Securities and shall solicit proxies in support thereof. The Corporation shall be entitled to complete an Offering in tranches, such that the Corporation may issue Offered Securities to non-Investor subscribers prior to fulfilling conditions imposed upon the issuance of Offered Securities to Investor (including shareholder approvals imposed by the Exchanges).
3.6 Grant of Top-Up Right
(a) The Investor shall have a right (the "Top-Up Right") to subscribe for Common Shares in respect of any Top-Up Securities that the Corporation may, from time to time, issue after the date of this Agreement, subject to any approvals of the Exchanges as may then be applicable. The number of Common Shares that may be subscribed for by the Investor pursuant to the Top-Up Right shall be equal to up to the Percentage of Outstanding Common Shares expressed as a percentage of the Top-Up Securities.
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(b) The Top-Up Right may be exercised annually as set out in Section 3.6(d). The Top- Up Right shall be effected through subscriptions for Common Shares of the Corporation for a price per Common Share equal to the volume weighted average price of the Common Shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange for the five trading days preceding the delivery of the Top-Up Right Acceptance Notice to the Corporation and shall be subject to approval by the Exchanges.
(c) In the event that any exercise of a Top-Up Right shall be subject to the approval of the Corporation's shareholders, the Corporation shall recommend the approval of such Top-Up Right at the next meeting of shareholders that is convened by the Corporation in order to allow the Investor to exercise its Top-Up Right and shall solicit proxies in support thereof.
(d) Within 60 days following the end of each fiscal year of the Corporation, the Corporation shall send a written notice to the Investor (the "Top-Up Right Offer Notice") specifying: (i) the number of Top-Up Securities issued during such fiscal year; (ii) the expected use of proceeds from any exercise of the Top-Up Right by the Investor; (iii) the total number of the then issued and outstanding Common Shares (which shall include any securities to be issued to Persons having similar participation rights); and (iv) the Percentage of Outstanding Common Shares beneficially owned by the Investor (based on the last publicly reported ownership figures of the Investor and the number of issued and outstanding Common Shares in (iii) above) assuming the Investor did not exercise its Top-Up Right.
(e) The Investor shall have a period of 15 Business Days from the date of the Top-Up Right Offer Notice (the "Top-Up Right Notice Period") to notify the Corporation in writing (the "Top-Up Right Acceptance Notice") of the exercise, in full or in part, of its Top-Up Right. The Top-Up Right Acceptance Notice shall specify the number of Common Shares subscribed for the by the Investor pursuant to the Top- Up Right. If the Investor fails to deliver a Top-Up Right Acceptance Notice within the Top-Up Right Notice Period, then the Top-Up Right of the Investor in respect of the issuances of Top-Up Securities during the applicable fiscal year is extinguished. If the Investor gives a Top-Up Right Acceptance Notice, the sale of the Top-Up Securities to the Investor shall be completed as soon as reasonably practicable thereafter.
3.7 Termination of Participation Right and Top-Up Right
The Investor shall not be entitled to exercise the Participation Right and Top-Up Right under this Article 3, and all of the Investor's rights under this Article 3 shall terminate on the later to occur of (i) the Lock-Up Outside Date, and (ii) the date on which the Investor ceases to either (i) meet the 10% Threshold, or (ii) both meet the 5% Threshold and is an Offtaker.
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ARTICLE 4
ESSH COMMITTEE
4.1 Appointment to ESSH Committee
For so long as an Investor Nominee is serving on the Board, such Investor Nominee shall be entitled in such Investor Nominee's discretion to be a member of the environmental, sustainability, safety and health committee (or any successor committee of the Board responsible for reviewing and monitoring environmental, social and governance matters of the Corporation, the "ESSH Committee").
4.2 Observer Right
At any time where there is not an Investor Nominee member of the ESSH Committee (for any reason), the Corporation shall invite a Representative of the Investor to attend all meetings of the ESSH Committee in a nonvoting observer capacity and, in this respect, shall give such Representative copies of all notices, minutes, consents, and other materials that it provides to members of the ESSH Committee at the same time and in the same manner as provided to such members.
4.3 Responsibilities
The Corporation shall cause the charter of the ESSH Committee to provide that the ESSH Committee shall have a mandate to review issues related to permitting, environmental and social matters affecting the Corporation, including responsible sourcing of materials and any other key initiatives brought before the ESSH by any member or observer of the ESSH Committee, which committee will provide updated, written reports, information and recommendations to the Board in respect of such matters.
4.4 Meetings
The Investor Nominee or the Investor's observer, as applicable, will not receive any remuneration in consideration for attendance at any ESSH Committee meeting, but will be reimbursed for any expenses in respect of attending such meetings in accordance with the reimbursement policies of the Corporation then in effect. Neither the Corporation nor any of its Affiliates shall be required to pay any compensation to the nominees or observers of the Investor to the ESSH Committee.
ARTICLE 5
COVENANTS OF THE INVESTOR
5.1 Operational Support
[Redacted]
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5.2 Voting Support
At the meeting of shareholders of the Corporation held to consider and, if deemed advisable, approve the Separation and related matters in substantially the same form in all material respects as previously provided on or before the date of this Agreement to the Investor, the Investor covenants and agrees to vote or cause to be voted any Common Shares that are held or controlled by the Investor on the record date for such shareholder meeting for the Separation and for the election of management's nominees for directors of the Corporation and, if applicable, for Spinco, unless the Investor determines, acting reasonably, that a matter presented for approval contravenes one or more terms and conditions of the Transaction Agreements or the Offtake Agreement, provided that the Corporation provides the Investor with prior notice of the candidates for management's nominees and no such nominee is employed by or otherwise represents the interests of a Restricted Party or a GM Competitor.
5.3 Restrictions on Transfer
The parties hereby acknowledge, agree and confirm their intention that the Separation occur on a tax deferred basis in accordance with paragraph 55(3)(b) of the Income Tax Act (Canada) and in conformity with an income tax ruling to be obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency by the Corporation, and in furtherance thereof, the Investor hereby irrevocably and unconditionally covenants, undertakes and agrees as follows:
(a) except as expressly permitted by Section 5.3(d), until the Lock-Up Outside Date, none of the Investor or any of its Affiliates shall, directly or indirectly, purchase or acquire any Common Shares (a "Purchase"), or assign, sell, transfer, offer, contract to sell, accept an offer to purchase, gift, pledge, encumber, hypothecate, provide a security interest in respect of, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, whether by actual disposition or effective economic disposition pursuant to any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any interest in, or economic consequences of ownership of any of the Relevant Shares (a "Transfer");
(b) except as expressly permitted by Section 5.3(d), until the Lock-Up Outside Date, the Investor shall not, directly or indirectly (w) Transfer any of the Locked-up Shares, (x) Transfer any property acquired in substitution for any Locked-up Shares, (y) Purchase or Transfer any property 10% or more of the fair market value of which is or may be derived from any Locked-up Shares (or any property acquired in substitution for such property), or (z) commence, participate in or in any way support any transaction or series of transactions (other than the Arrangement) pursuant to which control of the Corporation or Spinco is acquired by any person or group of persons;
(c) following the Lock-Up Outside Date and except as expressly permitted by Section 5.3(d), unless and until such time as Investor fails at any time to meet the 5% Threshold, none of the Investor or any of its Affiliates shall knowingly, Transfer:
(i) any Locked-up Shares or Relevant Shares to a Restricted Party; or
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(ii) Equity Securities representing more than 5% of the then issued and outstanding Common Shares to any one Person, including such Person's Affiliates and any joint actors;
provided that any Transfer that takes place through the facilities of a stock exchange of which the Common Shares are listed or through a transaction facilitated by a broker dealer without disclosure being made to the Investor of the purchaser of such securities, shall not constitute a breach of this Section 5.3(c); and
(d) the restrictions and limitations in Section 5.3(a), Section 5.3(b) and Section 5.3(c) shall not apply to:
(i) any Transfer if the Separation does not occur prior the Separation Outside Date or the date on which the Corporation publicly discloses that the Separation will not occur on or before the Separation Outside Date;
(ii) any Purchase or Transfer of any securities pursuant to the Arrangement the exercise of any right pursuant to this Agreement, the Master Purchase Agreement, the Second Tranche Subscription Agreement or the Spinco Second Tranche Subscription Agreement (as applicable), or the Warrant Certificate or the Spinco Warrant Certificate (as applicable);
(iii) any Transfer, from and after the Initial Announcement until the Lock-Up Outside Date, to any Affiliate of the Investor that is "related" to the Investor (as defined in the Income Tax Act (Canada)) at the time of the Transfer until the Lock-up Outside Date, provided that such Affiliate first agrees in writing with the Corporation and Spinco to be bound by the terms of this Agreement;
(iv) any Transfer pursuant to a bona fide third party "take-over bid" (as defined in National Instrument 62-104 Take-over Bids and Issuer Bids) provided that (A) such take-over bid is made to all shareholders of the Corporation or Spinco, as the case may be, (B) the take-over bid is recommended for acceptance by the board of directors of the Corporation or Spinco, as the case may be, and (C) in the event that the take-over bid is not completed in accordance with the terms recommended to shareholders by the board of directors of the Corporation or Spinco, as the case may be, the Locked-up Shares will remain subject to the restrictions and limitations contained in Section 5.3(a), Section 5.3(b) and Section 5.3(c);
(v) any Transfer pursuant to or in accordance with any "business combination" (as defined in Multilateral Instrument 61-101 Protection of Minority Security Holders in Special Transactions) involving the Corporation or Spinco, as the case may be, provided that (A) such business combination is recommended for acceptance by the board of directors of the Corporation or Spinco, as the case may be and (B) in the event that the business combination is not completed in accordance with the terms recommended to shareholders by the board of directors of the Corporation or Spinco, as the case may be, the Locked-up Shares will remain subject to the restrictions and limitations contained in Section 5.3(a), Section 5.3(b) and Section 5.3(c); and
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(vi) any Transfer in connection with the Investor pledging or hypothecating any Locked-up Shares in favour of a third party lender (a "Lender") as security for a bona fide loan (a "Loan"), provided that, any such Transfer shall be on terms and conditions acceptable to the board of directors of the Corporation or Spinco, as the case may be, acting reasonably, and without limitation, it will be deemed to be reasonable for the board of directors of the Corporation or Spinco, as the case may be, to require, as conditions of providing consent to any such Transfer, that (i) the Lender first agrees in writing with the Corporation and Spinco to be bound by the terms of this Agreement, (ii) the Corporation or Spinco, as the case may be, will have a contractual right with the Lender to cure any default or event of default by the Investor under the Loan before the Lender will have any right to Transfer any Locked-up Shares, and (iii) upon the repayment of the Loan, the Locked-up Shares will remain subject to the restrictions and limitations contained in Section 5.3(a), Section 5.3(b) and Section 5.3(c).
The parties agree to cooperate with each other to consider an extension to the Lock-up Outside Date and modifications to the restrictions in this Section 5.3, if and to the extent the Canada Revenue Agency has indicated that it is unwilling to issue a favourable income tax ruling on the basis of the Lock-up Outside Date and transfer restrictions contemplated hereby.
5.4 Standstill
(a) Until the date that is the earlier to occur of (i) the date that is five (5) years from the date of this Agreement, and (ii) the date that is one (1) year following the Phase One Effective Date (as defined in the Offtake Agreement), the Investor will not, alone or in concert with others, without the prior written consent of Corporation or as otherwise expressly permitted under this Agreement:
(i) effect, seek, offer or propose, or in any way advise or encourage any other Person to effect, seek, offer or propose (in each case, whether publicly or otherwise):
(A) any take-over bid, merger, amalgamation, plan of arrangement, reorganization or other business combination involving the Corporation or any of its assets;
(B) any recapitalization, restructuring, liquidation, dissolution, disposition of a material portion of the assets or other extraordinary transaction with respect to the Corporation or any of its assets;
(ii) directly or indirectly make, or in any way participate in, any solicitation of proxies to vote, or seek to advise or influence any other Person with respect to the voting of any voting securities of the Corporation;
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(iii) otherwise act in a manner to seek to control the management, Board or the policies of the Corporation beyond the board and committee representation provided in this Agreement;
(iv) enter into any arrangements, understandings or agreements, whether written or oral, with, or advise, finance, aide, encourage or act in concert with, any other Persons in connection with any of the foregoing;
(v) make any public announcement of any intention to do or take any of the foregoing or take any action that could require the Corporation to make a public announcement with respect to any of the foregoing; or
(vi) attempt to induce any party not to make or conclude any proposal with respect to the Corporation by threatening or indicating that Investor may take any of the foregoing actions.
(b) Investor will not, alone or in concert with others, without the prior written consent of Corporation or as otherwise expressly permitted under this Agreement, Purchase any Equity Securities (i) until the completion or termination of the Second Tranche Investment, and (ii) following completion or termination of the Second Tranche Investment, that would result in the Investor owning, or exercising control over, more than 20% of the then outstanding Common Shares.
(c) Notwithstanding the foregoing, the limitations and prohibitions set forth in this Section 5.4 shall not apply to any confidential offer or proposal made by the Investor or its Affiliates to the Board and shall no longer apply from the earliest of (i) the date the Corporation enters into a definitive agreement with a third party that provides for an acquisition of, or business combination with, the Corporation where the securityholders of the Corporation would own less than 50% of the voting securities of the surviving Corporation, (ii) the date the Corporation enters into a definitive agreement with a third party that provides for an acquisition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Corporation; or (iii) the date a third party enters into a definitive agreement to acquire, or acquires, "beneficial ownership" (as such term is defined in the Securities Act (British Columbia), as amended) of more than 50% of the voting securities of the Corporation. In the event that the proposed transaction in (i), (ii) or (iii) is terminated, the limitations and prohibitions set forth in this Section 5.4 shall be reinstated.
ARTICLE 6
COMPLIANCE OBLIGATIONS OF THE CORPORATION
6.1 Anti-bribery and Corruption Compliance
For so long as the Investor or any of its Affiliates is a shareholder of the Corporation, and in connection with the Corporation carrying out its related responsibilities:
(a) the Corporation shall cause its employees, directors, officers, and to the best of its ability, agents, and any person acting on its behalf to comply, with applicable Anti- Corruption Laws;
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(b) neither the Corporation, nor any of its employees, directors, officers, or to the knowledge of the Corporation, any agents, or any person acting on its behalf shall:
(i) give, promise to give, or offer to give, any payment, loan, gift, donation, or anything else of value (including a facilitation payment) directly or indirectly, whether in cash or in kind, to or for the benefit of, any Government Official or any other person while knowing or having reason to know that all or a portion of such money or thing of value will be offered, given, or promised, directly or indirectly, to any such Government Official or to any other person for the purpose of: (A) improperly influencing any action or decision of any Government Official in their official capacity, including a decision to fail to perform official functions, (B) inducing any Government Official or other person to act in violation of their lawful duty, (C) securing any improper advantage or (D) persuading any Government Official or other person to use their influence with any Governmental Entity or any government-owned person to effect or influence any act or decision of such Governmental Entity or government-owned person;
(ii) accept, receive, agree to accept, or authorize the acceptance of any contribution, payment, gift, entertainment, money, anything of value, or other advantage in violation of applicable Anti-Corruption Laws; and
(c) the Corporation shall institute and maintain policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure compliance with all applicable Anti-Corruption Laws including records of payments to third parties (including, without limitation, agents, consultants, representatives, and distributors) and Government Officials. As soon as practicable after the date of this Agreement, and in any event within 30 days after the date on which the Corporation adopts an anti-corruption compliance policy, the Corporation shall provide a copy of such policy to the Investor, together with the resolutions of the Board or other relevant official document evidencing the Corporation's adoption of such policy. Upon reasonable request, the Corporation agrees to provide responsive information to the Investor concerning its compliance with Anti-Corruption Laws. The Corporation shall promptly notify the Investor if the Corporation becomes aware of any material violation of Anti-Corruption Laws.
6.2 Trade and Sanctions Compliance
(a) For so long as the Investor or any of its Affiliates is a shareholder of the Corporation, and in connection with the Corporation carrying out its related responsibilities:
(i) the Corporation shall and shall cause its Subsidiaries and its and their respective employees, directors, officers, and to the best of its ability, its and their respective agents, and any person acting on its or their behalf to comply with all applicable Sanctions;
(ii) the Corporation shall, as soon as practicable (and in any event no later than January 1, 2024) institute and maintain a risk-based compliance program to ensure compliance with Sanctions by itself, its Subsidiaries, and each of their respective directors, officers, and employees, and any other Person acting on their respective behalf. The compliance program shall include risk-based policies, procedures, controls, training, monitoring, oversight and appropriate resourcing following guidance provided by OFAC, BIS and any other relevant Sanctions Authority. As soon as practicable after the date of this Agreement, and in any event within 30 days after the date on which the Corporation adopts such policy, the Corporation shall provide a copy of such policy to the Investor, together with the resolutions of the Board or other relevant official document evidencing the Corporation's adoption of such policy. Upon reasonable request, the Corporation agrees to provide responsive information to the Investor concerning its compliance with Sanctions. The Corporation shall promptly notify the Investor if the Corporation becomes aware of any material violation of Sanctions;
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(iii) the Corporation shall not, and shall cause its Subsidiaries and its and their respective employees, directors or officers not to conduct any business transaction or activity with a Sanctioned Person or Sanctioned Territory; and
(iv) neither the Corporation, nor any of its Subsidiaries or their respective directors, officers, or employees: (i) shall be a Sanctioned Person; or (ii) to the best knowledge of the Corporation, shall act under the direction of, on behalf of, or for the benefit of a Sanctioned Person.
(b) As of the date of this Agreement:
(i) neither the Corporation, nor any of its Subsidiaries, or its or their respective employees, directors or officers conducts any business transaction or activity with a Sanctioned Person or Sanctioned Territory; and
(ii) neither the Corporation, nor any of its Subsidiaries or their respective directors, officers, or employees, nor any direct or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, indirect owner of one percent (1%) or more interest in the Corporation as of the date of this Agreement, or any direct or, to the knowledge of the Corporation, indirect owner that may acquire five percent (5%) or more interest in the Corporation after the date of this Agreement: (i) is a Sanctioned Person; or (ii) to the best knowledge of the Corporation, acts under the direction of, on behalf of, or for the benefit of a Sanctioned Person.
(c) This Section 6.2 shall not be interpreted or applied in relation to the Corporation to the extent that the representations made under this Section 6.2 violate, or would result in a breach of the Foreign Extraterritorial Measures Act (Canada).
6.3 Anti-Money Laundering Compliance
For so long as the Investor or any of its Affiliates is a shareholder of the Corporation, and in connection with the Corporation carrying out its related responsibilities:
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(a) the Corporation shall cause its employees, directors, officers, and to the best of its ability its agents, and any person acting on its behalf to comply with all applicable Anti-Money Laundering Laws; and
(b) the Corporation shall as soon as practicable (and in any event no later than January 1, 2024) institute and maintain policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with any applicable Anti-Money Laundering Laws by itself, its Subsidiaries' and each of their respective directors, officers, and employees, and any other Person acting on their respective behalf.
ARTICLE 7
INFORMATION RIGHTS
7.1 Information and Inspection Rights
In the case of (x) Sections 7.1(a), 7.1(b) and 7.1(c), for so long as the Investor either (i) meets the 5% Threshold or (ii) both meets the 2.5% Threshold and is an Offtaker, (y) in the case of Section 7.1(d), for so long as the Investor must account for under the equity method under U.S. GAAP, and (z) and in the case of Section 7.1(e), for so long as the Investor or any of its Affiliates is a shareholder of the Corporation, the Corporation shall provide the Investor, its designees and its Representatives with reasonable access upon reasonable notice during normal business hours, to:
(a) provide the Investor, its designees and its Representatives with reasonable access, upon reasonable notice during normal business hours, to the Corporation's and its Subsidiaries' books and records and executive management so that the Investor may conduct reasonable inspections, investigations and audits relating to the Corporation and its Subsidiaries, including as to the internal accounting controls and operations of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries;
(b) allow the Investor, its designees and its Representatives, upon reasonable notice during normal business hours, to conduct a minimum of four (4) site visits per year at the Corporation's and its Subsidiaries' properties;
(c) deliver to Investor, forthwith following receipt thereof, a copy of any notice, letter, correspondence or other communication from a Governmental Entity or any litigation proceedings or filings involving the Corporation, in each case, in respect of the Corporation's potential, actual or alleged material violation of any and all Laws applicable to the business, affairs and operations of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries anywhere in the world, and any responses by the Corporation in respect thereto;
(d) for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 and subsequent reporting periods, deliver to the Investor, as promptly as practicable following the end of each fiscal quarter and fiscal year, an unaudited reconciliation of the Corporation's quarterly publicly issued financial statements with respect to such fiscal quarter and audited reconciliation of the Corporation's annually publicly issued financial statements with respect to such fiscal year to U.S. GAAP, if it was reasonably determined by the Investor in consultation with its auditor, that this information is necessary for the Investor's financial reporting, accounting or tax purposes; and
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(e) deliver to Investor, as promptly as practicable, such information and documentation relating to the Corporation and its Affiliates as the Investor may reasonably request from the Corporation from time to time for purposes of complying with the Investor's U.S. tax reporting obligations with respect to its ownership of the Corporation.
7.2 Maintenance of Internal Controls
The Corporation shall, and shall cause each of its Subsidiaries to: (a) make and keep books, records and accounts which, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Corporation and such Subsidiaries; and (b) devise and maintain a system of internal controls over financial reporting sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that: (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management's general or specific authorization; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary: (A) to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS or any other criteria applicable to such statements and (B) to maintain accountability for assets.
7.3 Confidentiality
Subject to any rights granted pursuant to any of the Transaction Agreements or the Offtake Agreement:
(a) the Recipient shall hold the Confidential Information in confidence and shall not disclose the Confidential Information to third parties without the prior written consent of the Discloser provided that the Recipient may disclose the Confidential Information to its and its Affiliates' directors, officers, employees and Representatives who have a need to know the Confidential Information. Notwithstanding the foregoing, but subject to clause (b) of this Section 7.3, no consent of the Discloser shall be required for the Recipient to disclose Confidential Information of the Discloser if such disclosure is required by Applicable Securities Laws, including, for greater certainty, the rules of any stock exchange upon which securities of the Recipient or any of its Affiliates are traded; provided, further, that the Recipient shall (i) give prior written notice to the Discloser and an opportunity for the Discloser to review and comment on the requisite disclosure before it is made, including an opportunity for the Discloser to prevent such disclosure, and (ii) use its best efforts to incorporate the Discloser's comments or limit such disclosure, by seeking confidential treatment or otherwise. Further, in the event the Recipient is requested or required (including by interrogatories, subpoena or similar process) to disclose any Confidential Information of the Discloser, the Recipient shall provide the Discloser with prompt written notice of such request (if legally permitted) so the Discloser may consider whether it wishes to seek an appropriate protective order. In the absence of a protective order, the Recipient shall disclose only such Confidential Information as is legally required and shall use commercially reasonable efforts to ensure the confidentiality of any such Confidential Information that is disclosed;
(b) the Corporation shall not, and shall ensure that its Affiliates shall not, publicly disclose any information regarding the Investor or Investor's performance under the Offtake Agreement (collectively, the "Investor Information") without the prior written consent of the Investor, provided, that no consent of the Investor shall be required for the Corporation to disclose Investor Information if such disclosure is required by Applicable Securities Laws, including, for greater certainty, the rules of any stock exchange upon which securities of the Corporation or any of its Affiliates are traded, provided that the Corporation shall (i) give prior written notice to the Investor and an opportunity for the Investor to review and comment on the requisite disclosure before it is made, including an opportunity for the Investor to prevent such disclosure and (ii) use its best efforts to incorporate the Investor's comments or limit such disclosure, by seeking confidential treatment or otherwise;
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(c) the Investor shall not, and shall ensure that its Affiliates shall not, publicly disclose any information regarding the Corporation or Corporation's performance under the Offtake Agreement (collectively, the "Corporation Information") without the prior written consent of the Corporation, provided, that no consent of the Corporation shall be required for the Corporation to disclose Corporation Information if such disclosure is required by Applicable Securities Laws, including, for greater certainty, the rules of any stock exchange upon which securities of the Investor or any of its Affiliates are traded, provided that the Investor shall (i) give prior written notice to the Corporation and an opportunity for the Corporation to review and comment on the requisite disclosure before it is made, including an opportunity for the Corporation to prevent such disclosure and (ii) use its best efforts to incorporate the Corporation's comments or limit such disclosure, by seeking confidential treatment or otherwise; and
(d) each party's obligations under this Section 7.3 shall survive for a period of two years following the date of termination of this Section 7.3.
7.4 Cleansing Announcements
(a) Subject to Section 7.4(b) and for so long as the Investor meets the 5% Threshold or is an Offtaker, upon receipt by the Corporation of a written notice from the Investor advising the Corporation that: (i) the Investor has determined that transacting in Equity Securities in the Corporation could reasonably be expected to trigger a violation of, or any liability to the Investor under, Applicable Securities Laws; and (ii) the Investor wishes to sell Equity Securities beneficially owned by the Investor, then, as soon as practicable, and no later than 9:00 a.m. (New York Time) on the seventh (7th) day following receipt by the Corporation of the written notice from the Investor outlining the material non-public information relating to the Corporation or any of its Subsidiaries known to the Investor, the Corporation shall, through a press release or other public announcement (each, a "Cleansing Document") in compliance with Regulation FD, make the Cleansing Announcement, including filing a copy of the Cleansing Document on the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval.
(b) The obligation for the Corporation to make a Cleansing Announcement under Section 7.4(a) shall not apply:
(i) if the Board determines in good faith, after consultation with its financial and legal advisors, that the making of such Cleansing Announcement
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would: (A) in the case of information derived from the Investor's role as Offtaker, have a material adverse effect on the Corporation; provided that the obligation of the Corporation to make a Cleansing Announcement in such case shall be deferred for a period of not more than ninety (90) days from the date of the receipt of the written notice from the Investor in Section 7.4(a)(ii) (such 90-day period is referred to herein as a "Offtake Cleansing Blackout Period"), provided, that after any initial Offtake Cleansing Blackout Period, the Corporation may not invoke a subsequent Offtake Cleansing Blackout Period until 12 months have elapsed from the end of any previous Offtake Cleansing Blackout Period; or (B) in the case of information that is not derived from the Investor's role as Offtaker, be prejudicial to the Corporation, provided that the obligation of the Corporation to make a Cleansing Announcement in such case shall be deferred for a period of not more than fourteen (14) days from the date of the receipt of the written notice from the Investor in Section 7.4(a)(ii) (such 14-day period is referred to herein as a "Cleansing Blackout Period"); provided, that after any initial Cleansing Blackout Period, the Corporation may not invoke a subsequent Cleansing Blackout Period in respect of the same matter until 12 months have elapsed from the end of any previous Cleansing Blackout Period; or
(ii) during any periodic blackout period imposed by Corporation pursuant to its disclosure policy for as long as the Investor Nominee is serving as a director of the Corporation or the Investor has elected to exercise its right to have a Representative serve as a non-voting observer of the Board.
7.5 Privilege
The provision of any information pursuant to this Article 7 shall not be deemed a waiver of any privilege, including privileges arising under or related to the attorney-client privilege or any other applicable privilege.
ARTICLE 8
ADDITIONAL COVENANTS
8.1 Foreign Investment Review
(a) Prior to making, or accepting, any ownership investment after the date hereof, the Corporation shall, as applicable under the relevant laws and regulations, and unless the Investor has agreed otherwise, take such steps as are at that time available under the Investment Canada Act to obtain certainty prior to completion regarding the status of the investment under the national security review provisions of the Investment Canada Act.
(b) Notwithstanding the foregoing or anything to the contrary set forth in this Agreement, the Corporation and its Subsidiaries agree to cooperate with any inquiry by CFIUS or Canadian Governmental Entities with respect to the Corporation's business (or that of its Subsidiaries) or any past or new investment the Corporation or its Subsidiaries have received or undertaken, or receive or undertake, including by providing any information and documentary material
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lawfully required or requested by CFIUS or Canadian Governmental Entities, after due discussion with CFIUS or Canadian Governmental Entities. Without limiting the foregoing, following the conclusion of any applicable appeal or review process, the Corporation and its Subsidiaries shall take any and all actions to comply with any valid order, writ, judgment, ruling, assessment, injunction, decree, stipulation, determination, undertaking, commitment, mitigation measure, agreement, or award entered by or with CFIUS or any Canadian Governmental Entity with respect to any such investment the Corporation or its Subsidiaries have received or undertaken, or receive or undertake.
(c) The Corporation and its Subsidiaries shall promptly inform the Investor of any such inquiry, and keep Investor reasonably informed regarding the existence of, and efforts to address and resolve, any action, investigation, review, or inquiry of any kind, including but not limited to formal, informal, written, or oral, involving the Corporation or its Subsidiaries relating to any developments in any regulatory process resulting from such inquiry.
(d) In the event that CFIUS requests that the Corporation or its Subsidiaries submit a joint voluntary notice ("Joint Notice") with respect to any previous investment they have received, the Corporation shall promptly inform the Investor, consult with the Investor regarding responding to CFIUS, and prepare and submit a Joint Notice to CFIUS, or take other necessary and appropriate action to respond to such request.
(e) In the event that CFIUS initiates a unilateral review of any previous investment the Corporation or its Subsidiaries have received, the Corporation shall promptly inform the Investor, consult with the Investor in connection with responding to such action by CFIUS, and take necessary and appropriate action in order to resolve CFIUS's concerns.
(f) As applicable under relevant law, the Corporation and its Subsidiaries shall provide or cause to be provided commercially reasonable assurances or agreements as required by CFIUS or the President of the United States, or the applicable Minister under the Investment Canada Act, including entering into a mitigation agreement, letter of assurance, national security agreement, or other similar arrangement or agreement; provided however, that such assurance or agreement does not have a material adverse effect on the Corporation or its Subsidiaries.
(g) The Corporation represents and warrants that it and its Subsidiaries have provided, and covenants to provide, to the best of its knowledge, truthful and complete information to CFIUS and Canadian Governmental Entities with respect to inquiries or requests that the Corporation or its Subsidiaries have received or may receive, as applicable.
(h) The Corporation and its Subsidiaries shall promptly advise the Investor of the receipt of any communication from CFIUS or a Canadian Governmental Entity relating to the Investor and shall consult with and obtain the consent of the Investor prior to communicating with CFIUS or a Canadian Governmental Entity relating to the Investor.
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8.2 Restrictions on Transactions with FEOCs
For so long as the Investor meets the 10% Threshold or is an Offtaker, the Corporation shall not enter into any agreement in respect of, or otherwise support or recommend, any Change of Control to a Sanctioned Person or a FEOC without the Investor's prior written consent.
ARTICLE 9
REGISTRATION RIGHTS
9.1 Demand Registration Rights
(a) For so long as the Investor meets the 2.5% Threshold, the Investor may require the Corporation to register all or a portion of the Registrable Securities then held by the Investor and its Affiliates by filing a Registration Statement and a Prospectus and taking such other steps as may be necessary to facilitate a Distribution of all or any portion of the Registrable Securities held by the Investor or its Affiliates.
(b) Any such registration effected pursuant to this Section 9.1 is referred to herein as a "Demand Registration."
(c) Any such request shall be made by a notice in writing (a "Request") to the Corporation and shall specify the number and the class or classes of Registrable Securities to be sold (the "Designated Registrable Securities") by the Investor, the intended method of disposition, whether such offer and sale shall be made by an underwritten public offering and the jurisdiction(s) in which the filing is to be effected. The Corporation shall, subject to Applicable Securities Laws, use its commercially reasonable efforts to file within 30 days after receipt of the Request: (i) a Registration Statement in compliance with applicable U.S. Securities Laws and (ii) a Prospectus in compliance with applicable Canadian Securities Laws, in order to permit the Distribution of all of the Designated Registrable Securities of the Investor specified in a Request. The parties shall cooperate in a timely manner in connection with such Distribution and the procedures in Schedule A shall apply.
(d) The Corporation shall not be obliged to effect:
(i) more than two Demand Registrations in any twelve (12) month period; provided that for purposes of this Section 9.1, a Demand Registration pursuant to which the Designated Registrable Securities are to be sold shall not be considered as having been effected until (1) the Registration Statement has been declared effective by the SEC and (2) a receipt has been issued by the Canadian Securities Authorities for the Prospectus and has not been withdrawn or suspended; or
(ii) a Demand Registration in the event the Corporation determines in its good faith judgment, after consultation with its financial and legal advisors, that (A) either (I) the effect of the filing of a Registration Statement and Prospectus would have a material adverse effect on the Corporation because such action would materially interfere with a material acquisition, reorganization or similar material transaction involving the Corporation; or (II) there exists at the time material non-public information relating to the Corporation the disclosure of which would be materially adverse to the Corporation, and (B) that it is therefore in the best interests of the Corporation to defer the filing of a Registration Statement and Prospectus at such time, in which case the Corporation's obligations under this Section 9.1 shall be deferred for a period of not more than ninety (90) days from the date of receipt of the Request of the Investor (such 90-day period is referred to herein as a "Blackout Period"); provided, that after any initial Blackout Period, the Corporation may not invoke a subsequent Blackout Period until 12 months have elapsed from the end of any previous Blackout Period; provided, further, that the Corporation shall not register any securities for its own account or that of any other stockholder during such 90-day period other than pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-8 or other registration solely relating to an offering or sale to employees or directors of the Corporation pursuant to any employee stock plan or other employee benefit arrangement.
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(e) In the case of an underwritten public offering of Registrable Securities initiated pursuant to this Section 9.1, the Investor shall have the right to select the managing underwriter(s) or managing agent(s) and the counsel retained which shall perform such offering.
(f) The Investor shall have the right to withdraw its request for inclusion of its Registrable Securities in any Registration Statement and Prospectus pursuant to this Section 9.1 without incurring any liability to the Corporation or any other Person by giving written notice to the Corporation of its request to withdraw; provided, however, that:
(i) such request must be made in writing ten (10) Business Days prior to the execution of the underwriting agreement (or such other similar agreement) with respect to such offering; and
(ii) such withdrawal shall be irrevocable.
(g) For the avoidance of doubt, the registration rights granted pursuant to the provisions of this Section 9.1 shall be in addition to the registration rights granted pursuant to Section 9.2, below.
9.2 Piggyback and Shelf Registration Rights
(a) Piggyback Registration. Each time the Corporation elects to proceed with the preparation and filing of (i) a Registration Statement under any U.S. Securities Laws or (ii) a Prospectus under any Canadian Securities Laws, in each case in connection with a proposed Distribution of any of its securities, whether by the Corporation or any of its security holders, the Corporation shall give written notice thereof to the Investor as soon as practicable. In such event, the Investor shall be entitled, by notice in writing given to the Corporation within twenty (20) days (except in the case of a "bought deal" in which case the Investor shall have only twenty-four (24) hours) after the receipt of any such notice by the Investor, to require that the Corporation cause any or all of the Registrable Securities held by the Investor (the "Piggyback Registrable Securities") to be included in such Prospectus (such qualification being hereinafter referred to as a "Piggyback Registration"). Notwithstanding the foregoing:
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(i) in the event the lead underwriter or lead agent for the offering advises the Corporation and the Investor that in its good faith opinion, the inclusion of such Registrable Securities may materially and adversely affect the price or success of the offering, the Corporation shall include in such Registration, in the following priority: (i) first, such number of securities the Corporation proposes to sell; (ii) second, a number of Piggyback Registrable Securities requested by the Investor to be included in such Piggyback Registration to the extent that such lead underwriter or lead agent reasonably believes such securities may be included in the offering without materially and adversely affecting the price or success of the offering; and (iii) third, such number of other securities requested by any other shareholder of the Corporation to be included in such Piggyback Registration to the extent that such lead underwriter or lead agent reasonably believes such securities may be included in the offering without materially and adversely affecting the price or success of the offering;
(ii) the Corporation may at any time before the effective date of such Registration Statement, and without the consent of the Investor, abandon the proposed offering in which the Investor has requested to participate; and
(iii) the Investor shall have the right to withdraw its request for inclusion of its Piggyback Registrable Securities in any Registration Statement and Prospectus pursuant to this Section 9.2 without incurring any liability to the Corporation or any other Person by giving written notice to the Corporation of its request to withdraw; provided, however, that:
such request must be made in writing five (5) Business Days prior to the execution of the underwriting agreement (or such other similar agreement) with respect to such offering; and
such withdrawal shall be irrevocable and, after making such withdrawal, the Investor shall no longer have any right to include its Piggyback Registrable Securities in the offering pertaining to which such withdrawal was made.
(b) Shelf Registration
(i) The Investor shall, subject to Section 9.1(d), have the right to require the Corporation at any time and from time to time to file a Registration Statement, including a Registration Statement covering the resale of all Registrable Securities on a delayed or continuous basis, pursuant to MJDS or on Form F-3 or Registration Statement that may be available at such time (a "Shelf Registration Statement"), and if necessary pursuant to the MJDS in connection therewith, to file a Canadian Prospectus pursuant to the provisions of National Instrument 44-102 - Shelf Distributions, which, for greater certainty, shall include BC Instrument 45-503 - Exemption from Certain Prospectus Requirements for Canadian Well-known Seasoned Issuers, and take such other steps as may be necessary to register the Distribution in the United States of all or any portion of the Registrable Securities held by the Investor (a "Shelf Registration"), by giving a notice with the information required in Section 9.1(c) to the Corporation.
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(ii) Upon exercise of a Shelf Registration right as set forth in Section 9.2(b)(i), the Corporation shall, and subject to Applicable Securities Laws, use its commercially reasonable efforts to file within 30 days after receipt of the Request a Shelf Registration Statement relating to such Shelf Registration and cause such Shelf Registration Statement to become effective under the U.S. Securities Act, and, as required, prepare and file a preliminary Canadian Base Shelf Prospectus (if applicable) and a final Canadian Base Shelf Prospectus relating to such Shelf Registration and secure the issuance of a receipt for such preliminary Canadian Base Shelf Prospectus (if applicable) and final Canadian Base Shelf Prospectus, and promptly thereafter take such other steps as may be necessary in order to permit the Distribution in the United States of all or any portion of the Registrable Securities of the shareholders requested to be included in such Shelf Registration.
(iii) Upon filing any Shelf Registration Statement and, if required, a Canadian Base Shelf Prospectus, the Corporation shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep such Shelf Registration Statement effective with the SEC and, if required such Canadian Base Shelf Prospectus effective with the applicable Canadian Securities Authorities, respectively, at all times and to re-file such Shelf Registration Statement or renew such Canadian Base Shelf Prospectus upon its expiration by filing a preliminary Canadian Base Shelf Prospectus (if applicable) and final Canadian Base Shelf Prospectus, and to cooperate in any shelf take-down, whether or not underwritten, by amending or supplementing any Shelf Registration Statement or Canadian Base Shelf Prospectus related to such Shelf Registration as may be reasonably requested by the Investor or as otherwise required, until such time as all Registrable Securities that could be sold pursuant to such Shelf Registration Statement have been sold, are no longer outstanding or otherwise cease to be "Registrable Securities".
(iv) For so long as the Investor meets the 2.5% Threshold, and at any time that a Shelf Registration Statement is effective, if the Investor delivers a notice to the Corporation stating that it intends to effect an underwritten public offering of all or part of the Registrable Securities included on the Shelf Registration Statement (a "Shelf Underwritten Offering"), then the Corporation shall file a prospectus supplement to the Shelf Registration Statement and any applicable Canadian Prospectus as may be necessary to enable such Registrable Securities to be distributed pursuant to the Shelf Underwritten Offering, which Shelf Underwritten Offering shall be deemed a "Demand Registration" for all purposes in this Agreement. Such notice shall include substantially the same information as required by Section 9.1(c) for a Request and shall be considered a "Request" for all purposes in this Agreement, to the extent the applicable as the context may require. The Investor's rights to request a Shelf Underwritten Offering under the Shelf Registration Statement with respect to the Registrable Securities held by the Investor shall be in addition to the other registration rights provided in this Article 9; provided that the Corporation shall not be obligated to effect any such Shelf Underwritten Offering for any of the reasons set forth in Section 9.1(d) for a Demand Registration, mutatis mutandis. In addition, the provisions of Section 9.1(e) shall apply to any Shelf Underwritten Offering, mutatis mutandis. The Corporation and the Investor shall cooperate in a timely manner in connection with any such Shelf Underwritten Offering and the procedures in Schedule A shall apply to such Shelf Underwritten Offering.
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9.3 Expenses
All Registration Expenses incident to the performance of or compliance with this Article 9 by the parties shall be borne by the Corporation other than any and all commissions payable to any underwriter for an underwritten offering or agent for an agency offering that are attributable to the Registrable Securities to be sold by the Investor pursuant to any Demand Registration or Piggyback Registration, which commissions shall be borne by the Investor.
9.4 Other Sales
After receipt by the Corporation of a Request, the Corporation shall not, without the prior written consent of the Investor, authorize, issue or sell any Common Shares or Equity Securities in any jurisdiction or agree to do so or publicly announce any intention to do so (except for securities issued pursuant to any legal obligations in effect on the date of the Request or pursuant to any stock option plan or equity incentive plan) until the date which is the later of (a)(i) the date on which the Registration Statement has been declared effective by the SEC and (ii) the date on which a receipt or decision document is issued for the Prospectus filed in connection with such Demand Registration, and (b) the completion of the offering contemplated by the Demand Registration; provided, however, that the Corporation further agrees to execute such agreements as may be reasonably requested by the underwriters in connection with any underwritten offering effected pursuant to this Article 9, which agreements may subject the Corporation to a longer lock-up period.
9.5 Future Registration Rights
The Corporation shall not (a) grant any registration rights to third parties which are more favorable than or inconsistent with the rights granted to the Investor hereunder, or (b) enter into any agreement, take any action, or permit any change to occur, with respect to its securities that violates or subordinates the rights granted to the Investor hereunder.
9.6 Preparation; Reasonable Investigation
In connection with the preparation and filing of any Registration Statement or Prospectus as herein contemplated, the Corporation shall give the Investor, its underwriters for an underwritten offering or agents for an agency offering, and their respective counsel, auditors and other Representatives, the opportunity to participate in the preparation of such documents and each amendment thereof or supplement thereto, and shall insert therein such material, furnished to the Corporation in writing, which in the reasonable judgment of the Investor and its counsel should be included. The Corporation shall give the Investor and the underwriters or agents such reasonable and customary access to the books and records of the Corporation and its Subsidiaries and such reasonable and customary opportunities to discuss the business of the Corporation with its officers and auditors as shall be necessary in the reasonable opinion of the Investor, such underwriters or agents and their respective counsel. The Corporation shall cooperate with the Investor and its underwriters or agents in the conduct of all reasonable and customary due diligence which the Investor, such underwriters or agents and their respective counsel may reasonably require in order to conduct a reasonable investigation for purposes of establishing a due diligence defence as contemplated by the Applicable Securities Laws and in order to enable such underwriters or agents to execute any certificate required to be executed by them for inclusion in each such document.
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9.7 Indemnification
(a) In connection with any Demand Registration, Piggyback Registration and Shelf Registration, the Corporation shall indemnify and hold harmless the Investor, each underwriter or agent involved in the Distribution of Registrable Securities thereunder, each of their respective members, directors, officers, employees and agents, and each Person, if any, who controls such Investor, underwriter or agent within the meaning of the U.S. Securities Act or the U.S. Exchange Act against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities (including reasonable counsels' fees) ("Losses"), joint or several, to which the Investor, or such underwriter or agent or controlling Person or any of their directors, officers, employees or agents may become subject, insofar as such Losses, (or actions in respect thereof) (i) arise out of or are based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of any material fact contained in any Registration Statement or Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereof, (ii) or arise out of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or (iii) arise out of or are based upon any violation or alleged violation by the Corporation (or any of its agents or Affiliates) of any Applicable Securities Law, and the Corporation will pay to each the Investor, underwriter, agent or controlling Person any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred thereby in connection with investigating or defending any claim or proceeding from which Losses may result, as such expenses are incurred; provided, however, that the Corporation shall not be liable in any such case if and to the extent that any such Losses arise out of or are based upon actions or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished by the Investor, such underwriter or agent or such controlling Person expressly for use in connection with such registration; provided further, however, that the indemnity agreement contained in this Section 9.7(a) shall not apply to amounts paid in settlement of any such claim or proceeding if such settlement is effected without the consent of the Corporation, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld.
(b) In connection with any Demand Registration, Piggyback Registration and Shelf Registration, the Investor shall indemnify and hold harmless the Corporation, its directors, each officer who has signed the Registration Statement, and each underwriter or agent involved in the Distribution of Registrable Securities thereunder, and each Person, if any, who controls such Investor, underwriter or agent within the meaning of the U.S. Securities Act or the U.S. Exchange Act to the same extent as the indemnity referred to in clause (a) above from the Corporation to the Investor, but only to the extent that any such Losses arise out of or are based upon actions or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished by the Investor; provided, however, that the indemnity agreement contained in this Section 9.7(b) shall not apply to amounts paid in settlement of any such claim or proceeding if such settlement is effected without the consent of the Investor, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld; provided further, however, that in no event shall the aggregate amounts payable by the Investor by way of indemnity or contribution under Section 9.7(b) and 9.7(d) exceed the proceeds from the offering received by the Investor (net of any commissions paid by the Investor), except in the case of fraud or willful misconduct by the Investor.
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(c) Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section 9.7 of notice of the commencement of any action (including any governmental action) for which a party may be entitled to indemnification hereunder, such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against any indemnifying party under this Section 9.7, give the indemnifying party notice of the commencement thereof. The indemnifying party shall have the right to participate in such action and, to the extent the indemnifying party so desires, participate jointly with any other indemnifying party to which notice has been given, and to assume the defense thereof with counsel mutually satisfactory to the parties; provided, however, that an indemnified party (together with all other indemnified parties that may be represented without conflict by one counsel) shall have the right to retain one separate counsel, with the reasonable fees and expenses to be paid by the indemnifying party, if representation of such indemnified party by the counsel retained by the indemnifying party would be inappropriate due to actual or potential differing interests between such indemnified party and any other party represented by such counsel in such action. The failure to give notice to the indemnifying party within a reasonable time of the commencement of any such action shall relieve such indemnifying party of any liability to the indemnified party under this Section 9.7, only to the extent that such failure materially prejudices the indemnifying party's ability to defend such action. The failure to give notice to the indemnifying party will not relieve it of any liability that it may have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this Section 9.7.
(d) To provide for just and equitable contribution to joint liability under the U.S. Securities Act in any case in which either: (i) any party otherwise entitled to indemnification hereunder makes a claim for indemnification pursuant to this Section 9.7 but it is judicially determined (by the entry of a final judgment or decree by a court of competent jurisdiction and the expiration of time to appeal or the denial of the last right of appeal) that such indemnification may not be enforced in such case, notwithstanding the fact that this Section 9.7 provides for indemnification in such case, or (ii) contribution under the U.S. Securities Act may be required on the part of any party hereto for which indemnification is provided under this Section 9.7, then, and in each such case, such parties will contribute to the aggregate losses, claims, damages, liabilities, or expenses to which they may be subject (after contribution from others) in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative fault of each of the indemnifying party and the indemnified party in connection with the statements, omissions, or other actions that resulted in such loss, claim, damage, liability, or expense, as well as to reflect any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative fault of the indemnifying party and of the indemnified party shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or allegedly untrue statement of a material fact, or the omission or alleged omission of a material fact, relates to information supplied by the indemnifying party or by the indemnified party and the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to information, and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission; provided, however, that, in any such case (x) the Investor will not be required to contribute any amount in excess of the public offering price of all such Registrable Securities offered and sold by the Investor pursuant to such Registration Statement or Prospectus, and (y) no Person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the U.S. Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution from any Person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation; and provided further that in no event shall the Investor's liability pursuant to this Section 9.7(d), when combined with the amounts paid or payable by the Investor pursuant to Section 9.7(b), exceed the proceeds from the offering received by the Investor (net of any commission paid by the Investor), except in the case of willful misconduct or fraud by the Investor.
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(e) Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent that the provisions on indemnification and contribution contained in the underwriting agreement entered into in connection with the underwritten public offering are in conflict with the foregoing provisions, the provisions in the underwriting agreement shall control; provided, however, that any matter expressly provided for or addressed by the foregoing provisions that is not expressly provided for or addressed by the underwriting agreement shall be controlled by the foregoing provisions.
(f) Unless otherwise superseded by an underwriting agreement entered into in connection with the underwritten public offering, the obligations of the Corporation and the Investor under this Section 9.7 shall survive the completion of any offering of Registrable Securities in a registration under this Article 9, and otherwise shall survive the termination of this Agreement or any provision(s) of this Agreement.
9.8 Sale by Affiliates
If any Registrable Securities to be sold pursuant to any Demand Registration or Piggyback Registration are owned by an Affiliate of the Investor, all references to the Investor in this Article 9 and Schedule A shall be deemed, for the purpose of such Demand Registration or Piggyback Registration, to include both the Investor and/or the Affiliates.
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9.9 Rule 144 and Regulation S
The Corporation shall use commercially reasonable efforts to file the reports required to be filed by it under the U.S. Securities Act and the U.S. Exchange Act and the rules and regulations adopted by the SEC thereunder (or, if the Corporation is not required to file such reports, it will, upon the request of the Investor, make publicly available such necessary information for so long as necessary to permit sales that would otherwise be permitted by this Agreement pursuant to Rule 144 or Regulation S under the U.S. Securities Act, as such rules may be amended from time to time or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the SEC), and it will take such further action as the Investor may reasonably request, all to the extent required from time to time to enable the Investor to sell Registrable Securities without registration under the U.S. Securities Act in transactions that would otherwise be permitted by this Agreement and within the limitation of the exemptions provided by (i) Rule 144 or Regulation S under the U.S. Securities Act, as such rules may be amended from time to time, or (ii) any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the SEC. Upon the reasonable request of the Investor, the Corporation will deliver to the Investor a written statement as to whether it has complied with such requirements and, if not, the specifics thereof.
ARTICLE 10
MISCELLANEOUS
10.1 Notices
(a) Any notice or other communication required or permitted to be given hereunder shall be in writing and shall be delivered in person, transmitted by fax or e-mail or similar means of recorded electronic communication or sent by registered mail, charges prepaid, addressed as follows:
(i) in the case of the Investor:
General Motors Holdings LLC
300 Renaissance Center
Detroit, MI 48265
Attention: Executive Director, Corporate Development
Email: [Redacted]
With a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:
General Motors Holdings LLC
300 Renaissance Center
Detroit, MI 48265
Attention: Lead Counsel, Corporate Development and Global M&A
Email: [Redacted]
(ii) in the case of the Corporation:
Lithium Americas Corp.
Suite 300, 900 W Hastings Street
Vancouver, BC V6C 1E5
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Attention: Jonathan Evans, President and CEO
Email: [Redacted]
(b) Any such notice or other communication shall be deemed to have been given and received on the day on which it was delivered or transmitted (or, if such day is not a Business Day or if delivery or transmission is made on a Business Day after 5:00 p.m. (Toronto time) at the place of receipt, then on the next following Business Day) or, if mailed, on the third Business Day following the date of mailing; provided, however, that if at the time of mailing or within three Business Days thereafter there is or occurs a labour dispute or other event which might reasonably be expected to disrupt the delivery of documents by mail, any notice or other communication hereunder shall be delivered or transmitted by means of recorded electronic communication as aforesaid.
(c) Either party may at any time change its address for service from time to time by giving notice to the other party in accordance with this Section 10.1.
10.2 Changes in Capital of the Corporation or Reorganization of the Corporation
At all times after the occurrence of any event which results in a change to the Common Shares, this Agreement will forthwith be amended and modified as necessary in order that it will apply with full force and effect, with appropriate changes, to all new securities into which the Common Shares are so changed and the parties will execute and deliver a supplemental agreement giving effect to and evidencing such necessary amendments and modifications.
Concurrent with the consummation of any reorganization, spin-off, split-off, corporate rearrangement or other similar event involving the Corporation or a Subsidiary (including the Separation) (a "Reorganization"), (i) the Corporation shall, or shall cause its Subsidiary to, execute and deliver an agreement identical to this Agreement (other than changes necessary to reflect the parties and type of securities) to the Investor with respect to all securities received by the Investor in connection with such Reorganization; and (ii) Section 8.2 herein shall have no further force or effect in this Agreement and will only be effective in the identical agreement to be entered into by the Corporation's Subsidiary.
10.3 Non-Circumvention
The Corporation shall not take any actions or do any things for the purpose of circumventing the rights of the Investor under Article 3, including by way of the issuance of a debt or equity interest in a Subsidiary or Affiliate for the purpose of avoiding the application of Article 3. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Investor acknowledges and agrees that an issuance of a debt or equity interest in a Subsidiary or Affiliate of the Corporation may be undertaken for a valid business purpose and will not, in itself, be a circumvention of the Investor's rights hereunder.
10.4 Termination
This Agreement shall terminate and neither party shall have any further rights or obligations hereunder upon the later to occur of (a) the Lock-Up Outside Date and (b) the Investor ceasing to meet the 2.5% Threshold; provided that the rights and obligations of the parties under (x) Section 7.3 and Article 8 of this Agreement shall survive so long as Investor is an Offtaker or owns Common Shares (y) Section 7.4 of this Agreement shall survive so long as Investor is an Offtaker and holds any Common Shares, and (z) Section 7.1 (as it relates to clause (d) and (e) thereto) and Article 9 shall survive for the periods set forth therein.
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10.5 Amendments and Waivers
No amendment or waiver of any provision of this Agreement shall be binding on either party unless consented to in writing by such party. No waiver of any provision of this Agreement shall constitute a waiver of any other provision, nor shall any waiver of any provision of this Agreement constitute a continuing waiver unless otherwise expressly provided.
10.6 Assignment
Neither party may assign any of its rights or benefits under this Agreement, or delegate any of its duties or obligations, except with the prior written consent of the other party. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Investor may assign and transfer all of its rights, benefits, duties and obligations under this Agreement in their entirety, without the consent of the Corporation, to an Affiliate of the Investor, provided that (i) any such assignee shall, prior to any such transfer, agree to be bound by all of the covenants of the Investor contained herein and comply with the provisions of this Agreement, and shall deliver to the Corporation a duly executed undertaking to such effect in form and substance satisfactory to the Corporation, acting reasonably, and (ii) such assignment and transfer shall not release the Investor from liability for its obligations under this Agreement.
10.7 Successors and Assigns
This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and shall be binding on and enforceable by and against the parties and their respective successors and permitted assigns. In the event any Person acquires the Corporation, whether by merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of the Corporation's assets or similar business combination transaction and, as a result of such transaction, the Investor receives securities of the successor or acquiring Person (or one or more of its Affiliates), the successor or acquiring Person (or its applicable Affiliates) must, as a condition to the consummation of such transaction, agree in writing to assume the Corporation's rights and obligations under Section 7.1 (as it relates to clause (d) and (e) thereto) and Article 9 of this Agreement, mutatis mutandis.
10.8 No Third Party Beneficiaries
Except as provided in Section 2.4, Section 2.5 and Section 4.4 (with respect to the Investor Nominee and the Investor's appointed observer, as applicable), this Agreement is solely for the benefit of the parties and their respective successors and permitted assigns, and nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to or will confer on any other Person any legal or equitable right, benefit, or remedy of any nature whatsoever under or by reason of this Agreement.
10.9 Expenses
Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement, each party shall pay for its own costs and expenses incurred in connection with the negotiation, preparation, execution and performance of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated herein, including the fees and expenses of legal counsel, financial advisors, accountants, consultants and other professional advisors.
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10.10 Further Assurances
Each of the parties hereto shall, from time to time hereafter and upon any reasonable request of the other, promptly do, execute, deliver or cause to be done, executed and delivered all further acts, documents and things as may be required or necessary for the purposes of giving effect to this Agreement.
10.11 Right to Injunctive Relief
The parties agree that any breach of the terms of this Agreement by either party would result in immediate and irreparable injury and damage to the other party which could not be adequately compensated by damages. The parties therefore also agree that in the event of any such breach or any anticipated or threatened breach by the defaulting party, the other party shall be entitled to equitable relief, including by way of temporary or permanent injunction or specific performance, without having to prove damages, in addition to any other remedies (including damages) to which such other party may be entitled at law or in equity.
10.12 Counterparts
This Agreement and all documents contemplated by or delivered under or in connection with this Agreement may be executed and delivered in any number of counterparts, with the same effect as if each party had signed and delivered the same document, and all counterparts shall be construed together to be an original and shall constitute one and the same agreement.
[Signature page to immediately follow this page.]
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF this Agreement has been executed by the parties.
GENERAL MOTORS HOLDINGS LLC
By: (signed) John Stapleton
Name: John Stapleton
Title: Vice President, Global Financial
Strategy and FP&A
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.
By: (signed) Jonathan Evans
Name: Jonathan Evans
Title: President & Chief Executive
Officer
SCHEDULE A
REGISTRATION PROCEDURES
(a) Upon receipt of a Request from the Investor, the Corporation shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect the Distribution of Registrable Securities of the Investor, and pursuant thereto the Corporation shall use its reasonable best efforts to as expeditiously as possible:
(i) following the Corporation's receipt of the Request in respect of the exercise of a Demand Registration right pursuant to Section 9.1(a) or a Shelf Registration right pursuant to Section 9.2(b) (and in any event within 21 days of a Shelf Registration right pursuant to Section 9.2(b)) in respect of a Distribution in the United States, as applicable, prepare and file with the SEC a Registration Statement or Registration Statements on such form as shall be available for the sale of the Registrable Securities by the Investor or by the Corporation in accordance with the intended method or methods of distribution thereof (which may be a Registration Statement filed on Form F-10 under the MJDS (if then available)), make all required filings with FINRA, and, if such Registration Statement is not automatically effective upon filing, use its reasonable best efforts to cause such Registration Statement to be declared effective as soon as practicable and to remain effective as provided herein; provided, however, before filing a Registration Statement or Prospectus or any amendments or supplements thereto (including Free Writing Prospectuses) and, to the extent reasonably practicable, documents that would be incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference in a Registration Statement filed pursuant to a Demand Registration, the Corporation shall furnish or otherwise make available to the Investor, its counsel and the managing underwriter(s), if any, copies of all such documents proposed to be filed (including exhibits thereto), which documents will be subject to the reasonable review and comment of the Investor and counsel, and such other documents reasonably requested by the Investor and counsel, including any comment letter from the SEC, and, if requested by the Investor or counsel, provide the Investor or counsel, as applicable, reasonable opportunity to participate in the preparation of such Registration Statement and each Prospectus included therein and such other opportunities to conduct a reasonable investigation within the meaning of the U.S. Securities Act, including reasonable access to the Corporation's books and records, officers, accountants and other advisors. The Corporation will include comments to any Registration Statement and any amendments or supplements thereto from the Investor or its counsel, or the managing underwriters, if any, as reasonably requested on a timely basis;
(ii) prepare and file with the SEC such amendments, including post-effective amendments, and supplements to such Registration Statement and the Prospectus used in connection therewith and such Free Writing Prospectuses and U.S. Exchange Act reports as may be necessary to keep such Registration Statement continuously effective during the applicable period provided herein and comply in all material respects with the provisions of the U.S. Securities Act with respect to the disposition of all securities covered by such Registration Statement; and cause the related Prospectus to be supplemented by any prospectus supplement as may be necessary to comply with the provisions of the U.S. Securities Act with respect to the disposition of the securities covered by such Registration Statement, and as so supplemented to be filed pursuant to Rule 424 (or any similar provisions then in force) under the U.S. Securities Act in each case, until such time as all of such securities have been disposed of in accordance with the intended method or methods of disposition by the Investor set forth in such Registration Statement or otherwise cease to be "Registrable Securities";
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(iii) prepare and file with the Canadian Securities Authorities as soon as practicable following the Corporation's receipt of the Request, a Prospectus relating to the applicable Demand Registration, Piggyback Registration or Shelf Registration and any other documents reasonably necessary, including amendments and supplements in respect of those documents, to permit the Distribution and, in so doing, act as expeditiously as is practicable and in good faith to settle all deficiencies and obtain those receipts and clearances and provide those undertakings and commitments as may be reasonably required by the Canadian Securities Authorities, all as may be necessary to permit the Distribution of such securities in compliance with applicable Canadian Securities Laws, and furnish to the Investor and the managing underwriters or underwriters, if any, copies of such Canadian Prospectuses and any amendments or supplements in the form filed with the Canadian Securities Authorities, promptly after the filing of such Canadian Prospectuses, amendments or supplements;
(iv) subject to applicable Canadian Securities Laws, keep the Prospectus effective until the Investor has completed the Distribution described in the Prospectus;
(v) notify the Investor and the managing underwriter(s) or managing agent(s), if any, and (if requested) confirm such advice in writing, as soon as practicable after notice thereof is received by the Corporation (A) when the Registration Statement, Prospectus or any amendment thereto has been filed, and, to furnish the Investor and managing underwriter(s) or managing agent(s) with copies thereof, (B) of any request by the SEC for amendments to the Registration Statement or related Prospectus or for additional information, (C) of any request by the Canadian Securities Authorities for amendments to the Prospectus or for additional information, (D) of the issuance by the SEC of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of such Registration Statement or the initiation or threatening of any proceedings for that purpose, (E) of the issuance by the Canadian Securities Authorities of any stop order or cease trade order relating to the Prospectus or any order preventing or suspending the use of any Prospectus or the initiation or threatening for any proceedings for such purposes, and (F) of the receipt by the Corporation of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification of the Registrable Securities for Distribution in any jurisdiction or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose;
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(vi) promptly notify the Investor and the managing underwriter(s), if any, (A) at any time the representations and warranties contemplated by any underwriting agreement, securities/sale agreement, or other similar agreement, relating to the offering shall cease to be true and correct in all material respects, and (B) the happening of any event as a result of which the Registration Statement or Prospectus contains any untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (in the case of the Prospectus, in light of the circumstances under which it was made) not misleading or, if for any other reason it shall be necessary during such time period to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus in order to comply with the Applicable Securities Laws and, in either case as promptly as practicable thereafter, prepare and file with the SEC or Canadian Securities Authorities and furnish without charge to the Investor and the managing underwriter(s) or managing agent(s), if any, a supplement or amendment to such Registration Statement or Prospectus, which shall correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance;
(vii) use commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop order, cease trade order or other order suspending the use of any Registration Statement or Prospectus or suspending any qualification of the Registrable Securities covered by the Registration Statement or Prospectus and, if any such order is issued, to obtain the withdrawal of any such order;
(viii) furnish to the Investor and each managing underwriter or managing agent, without charge, as applicable, one executed copy and as many conformed copies as they may reasonably request, of the Registration Statement and Prospectus and any amendment thereto, including financial statements and schedules, all documents incorporated therein by reference, and provide the Investor and its counsel with an opportunity to review, and provide comments to the Corporation on the Registration Statement and Prospectus;
(ix) deliver to the Investor and the underwriters for an underwritten offering or the agents for an agency offering, if any, without charge, as many copies of the Registration Statement and Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto as such Persons may reasonably request (it being understood that the Corporation consents to the use of the Registration Statement and Prospectus or any amendment thereto by the Investor and the underwriters or agents, if any, in connection with the Distribution of the Registrable Securities covered by the Registration Statement or Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto) and such other documents as the Investor may reasonably request in order to facilitate the Distribution of the Registrable Securities by such Person;
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(x) use its commercially reasonable efforts to qualify, and cooperate with the Investor, the managing underwriter or managing agent, if any, and their respective counsel in connection with the qualification of such Registrable Securities for Distribution in compliance with the Applicable Securities Laws as any such Person, underwriter or agent reasonably requests in writing; and
(xi) in connection with any underwritten offering or agency offering, enter into customary agreements, including an underwriting agreement or agency agreement, as applicable, such agreement to be satisfactory in substance and form to each of the Investor and the Corporation and the underwriters or agents, each acting reasonably, and to contain such representations and warranties by the Corporation and such other terms as are generally prevailing in agreements of these types, it being understood for the avoidance of doubt that the Investor shall not be required to make any representations or warranties to or agreements with the Corporation or the underwriters' or agents' other than representations, warranties or agreements regarding the Investor and the Corporation's intended method of distribution and any other representation required by Law or as are generally prevailing in such underwriting or agency agreements for secondary offerings, as the case may be, and furnish to the underwriters or agents and the Investor, among other things:
an opinion of counsel representing the Corporation for the purposes of such registration, addressed to the underwriters or agents, in form and substance as is customarily given by company counsel to the underwriters in an underwritten public offering or agents in an agency public offering;
such corporate certificates, satisfactory to the managing underwriter or underwriters acting reasonably, as are customarily furnished in securities offerings, and, in each case, covering substantially the same matters as are customarily covered in such documents in the relevant jurisdictions and such other matters as the managing underwriter or underwriters may reasonably request; and
a "comfort letter" dated such date from the independent public accountants retained by the Corporation, addressed to the underwriters or agents, in form and substance as is customarily given in an underwritten or agency public offering, as applicable, provided that the Investor has made such representations and furnished such undertakings as the independent public accountants may reasonably require;
(xii) as promptly as practicable after filing with the SEC or Canadian Securities Authorities, any document which is incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus, provide copies of such document to counsel for the Investor and to the managing underwriters or managing agents, if any;
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(xiii) provide a transfer agent and registrar for all Registrable Securities registered pursuant to this Agreement and provide a CUSIP number for all Registrable Securities, not later than the closing date of the offering;
(xiv) make reasonably available its employees and personnel for participation in "road shows" and other marketing efforts and otherwise provide reasonable assistance to the underwriters or agents (taking into account the needs of the Corporation's businesses and the requirements of the marketing process) in the marketing of Registrable Securities in any underwritten or agency offering;
(xv) promptly prior to the filing of any document which is to be incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus, provide copies of such document to counsel for the Investor and to each lead underwriter or lead agent, if any, and make the Corporation's Representatives reasonably available for discussion of such document and make such changes in such document concerning the Investor prior to the filing thereof as counsel for the Investor or underwriters or agents may reasonably request;
(xvi) cooperate with the Investor and the lead underwriter or lead agent, if any, to facilitate the timely preparation and delivery of certificates not bearing any restrictive legends representing the Registrable Securities to be sold, and cause such Registrable Securities to be issued in such denominations and registered in such names in accordance with the underwriting agreement prior to any sale of Registrable Securities to the underwriters or agents or, if not an underwritten or agency offering, in accordance with the instructions of the sellers of Registrable Securities at least three (3) Business Days prior to any sale of Registrable Securities and instruct any transfer agent and registrar of Registrable Securities to release any stop transfer orders in respect thereof;
(xvii) cooperate with the Investor and each underwriter or agent participating in the disposition of such Registrable Securities and their respective counsel in connection with any filings required to be made with FINRA;
(xviii) in the case of a Distribution under a Registration Statement, otherwise use its commercially reasonable efforts to comply with all applicable rules and regulations of the SEC (including Regulation M), and make available, as soon as reasonably practicable (but no more than 18 months after the effective date of the Registration Statement or such later date as provided by Section 11(d) of the U.S. Securities Act), an earnings statement covering the period of at least 12 months beginning with the first day of the Corporation's first full calendar quarter after the effective date of the Registration Statement (or such later date as provided by Section 11(d) of the U.S. Securities Act), which earnings statement will satisfy the provisions of Section 11(a) of the U.S. Securities Act and Rule 158 thereunder;
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(xix) take all such other commercially reasonable actions as are necessary or advisable in order to expedite or facilitate the Distribution of such Registrable Securities; and
(xx) take such other actions and execute and deliver such other documents as may be reasonably necessary to give full effect to the rights of the Investor under this Agreement.
(b) The Corporation may require the Investor, as to which any Registration is being effected, to furnish to the Corporation such information regarding the Distribution of such securities and such other information relating to such Person and its ownership of Registrable Securities as the Corporation may from time to time reasonably request in writing. The Investor agrees to furnish such information to the Corporation and to cooperate with the Corporation as necessary to enable the Corporation to comply with the provisions of this Agreement. The Investor shall notify the Corporation immediately upon the occurrence of any event as a result of which any of the aforesaid Registration Statement or Prospectuses includes an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (in the case of the Prospectus, in light of the circumstances under which they are made) not misleading.
AMENDED AND RESTATED
ARRANGEMENT AGREEMENT
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.
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1397468 B.C. LTD.
June 14, 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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AMENDED AND RESTATED ARRANGEMENT AGREEMENT
This Amended and Restated Arrangement Agreement made as of the 14th day of June, 2023,
BETWEEN:
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP., a corporation
existing under the laws of the Province of British Columbia,
(hereinafter referred to as "LAC")
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1397468 B.C. LTD., a corporation existing
under the laws of the Province of British Columbia,
(hereinafter referred to as "Spinco")
WHEREAS the Parties hereto entered into an Arrangement Agreement dated May 15, 2023 (the "Original Agreement") and the Parties wish to amend and restate the Original Agreement in its entirety;
AND WHEREAS the Parties hereto propose to carry out an Arrangement (as hereinafter defined) under the BCBCA (as hereinafter defined) substantially on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Plan of Arrangement annexed hereto as Appendix A, whereby LAC will reorganize its share capital, the North American Business of LAC will be acquired by Spinco and a series of share exchanges and redemptions will take place as a result of which each shareholder of LAC will have the same percentage shareholding in each of LAC and Spinco immediately upon the completion of the Arrangement following the Effective Time (as hereinafter defined) on the Effective Date (as hereinafter defined);
AND WHEREAS the LAC Board of Directors has unanimously determined, after consultation with its legal and financial advisors and having received the Fairness Opinions (as hereinafter defined) in oral form, that the Arrangement is in the best interests of LAC and that the consideration to be received by the LAC Shareholders (as hereinafter defined) pursuant to the Arrangement is fair, from a financial point of view, to the LAC Shareholders;
AND WHEREAS the LAC Board of Directors has approved the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and unanimously determined to recommend approval of the Arrangement pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement (as hereinafter defined) to the LAC Shareholders;
AND WHEREAS in furtherance of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the Plan of Arrangement, the LAC Board of Directors has agreed to submit the Plan of Arrangement to the LAC Shareholders and the Court (as hereinafter defined) for approval in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement;
AND WHEREAS all of the directors (who will stand for election at the next annual meeting) and senior officers of LAC have entered into voting support agreements pursuant to which such individuals have irrevocably agreed to, among other things, support the Arrangement and vote their Common Shares (as hereinafter defined) in favour of the transactions contemplated herein;
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AND WHEREAS in addition to a voting support agreement, it is proposed that Ganfeng (as hereinafter defined) will enter into the Ganfeng Lock-up (as hereinafter defined) pursuant to which it will agree to, among other things, (i) not acquire any Common Shares or transfer such shares prior to the Effective Time, (ii) not transfer any Common Shares or Spinco Common Shares issuable to Ganfeng pursuant to the Arrangement from and after the date of the Ganfeng Lock-up and for a period of time following the Effective Date, except as expressly permitted by the Ganfeng Lock-up, and (iii) abide by the other restrictions and covenants set forth in such agreement;
AND WHEREAS GM (as hereinafter defined) has entered into the Investor Rights Agreement pursuant to which it has agreed to, among other things, (i) vote or cause to be voted its Common Shares in favour of the Arrangement, (ii) certain restrictions on the acquisition of securities of LAC, (iii) certain restrictions on the disposition of securities of LAC and on the disposition of securities of Spinco, and (iv) abide by the other restrictions and covenants set forth in such agreement;
NOW THEREFORE THIS AGREEMENT WITNESSES that, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements hereinafter set forth and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged by each party, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:
ARTICLE 1
INTERPRETATION
1.1 Definitions
In this Agreement, other than Appendix A, unless there is something in the subject matter or context inconsistent therewith, the following terms have the following meanings and grammatical variations of those terms have the corresponding meanings:
"Affiliate" has the meaning given to that term in the BCBCA; provided, however, that, for all purposes hereunder (and whether for or in respect of a period prior to, at or after the Effective Time), the determination of whether a Person is an "Affiliate" is to be made immediately after giving effect to the Arrangement.
"Agreement" means this amended and restated arrangement agreement, including all schedules and appendices attached hereto, as may be amended, modified and/or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms.
"Applicable Law" means, with respect to any Person, any domestic or foreign federal, national, state, provincial or local law (statutory, common or otherwise), statute, constitution, treaty, convention, ordinance, code, rule, regulation, order, injunction, judgment, bylaw, decree, ruling or other similar requirement enacted, adopted, promulgated or applied by a Governmental Authority that is binding upon or applicable to such Person or its business, undertaking, property or securities and, to the extent they have the force of law, policies, guidelines, notices and protocols of any Governmental Authority, unless expressly specified otherwise.
"Argentinian Business" means, except as specified below, all of the businesses carried on by LAC and its Affiliates, including its interests and business operations in the Caucharí-Olaroz Project, the Pastos Grandes Project and the Sal de la Puna project, its interest in Exar Capital B.V., 2265866 Ontario Inc., Millennial Lithium Corp, and Arena Minerals Inc., and the subsidiaries thereof, and further including all the assets and liabilities pertaining to the foregoing or otherwise held by any of them immediately prior to the Effective Time (including workforce and working capital); provided, however, that the term "Argentinian Business" shall not include the North American Business or any portion thereof.
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"Arrangement" means the arrangement of LAC under section 288 of the BCBCA, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Plan of Arrangement.
"Arrangement Equity Awards" mean Arrangement Deferred Share Units and Arrangement Restricted Share Rights as such terms are defined in the LAC Equity Incentive Plan and the Spinco Equity Incentive Plan, as applicable.
"Arrangement Filings" means the filings that are required under the BCBCA to be made with the Registrar in order for the Arrangement to be effective, including the records and information required by the Registrar pursuant to Part 9, Division 5 of the BCBCA and the Final Order.
"Arrangement Resolution" means the special resolution of the LAC Shareholders approving the Arrangement to be considered at the Meeting as required by the BCBCA and the Interim Order, substantially in the form and content attached as Appendix B hereto.
"Articles" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Plan of Arrangement.
"BCBCA" means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia).
"Board" or "Board of Directors" means the Board of Directors of LAC.
"Business Day" means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or any other day on which major banks are closed for business in the City of Vancouver, British Columbia.
"Circular" means the notice of Meeting and accompanying management information circular of LAC, including all schedules, appendices and exhibits thereto and all information incorporated by reference therein, to be sent to LAC Shareholders in connection with the Meeting, as amended, modified and/or supplemented from time to time in accordance with this Agreement.
"Claim" means any act, omission or state of facts, or any demand, action, suit, proceeding, claim, assessment, judgment, settlement or other compromise relating thereto, which may give rise to a right of indemnification under Article 6.
"Common Shares" means the common shares without par value of LAC as constituted immediately before the First LAC Share Exchange (as such term is defined in the Plan of Arrangement) and as constituted immediately after the Second LAC Share Exchange (as such term is defined in the Plan of Arrangement), as the context requires.
"Confidential Information" means all data, documents and other information regarding the assets, liabilities, business or operations, or financial or tax affairs, of a Party (including information transmitted in written, electronic, magnetic or other form, information transmitted orally and information gathered by a Party through visual inspections or observation or by any other means) which information, by its nature, or by the nature of the circumstances surrounding its disclosure, ought in good faith to be treated as confidential (including the confidential information of third parties), whether or not such information is explicitly designated as being confidential; provided, however, that, for purposes of this Agreement, the term "Confidential Information" shall not include Industry Know-How.
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"Convertible Notes" means the U.S.$258,750,000 aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes of LAC which are unsecured, bear interest at a rate of 1.75% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears, and mature on January 15, 2027.
"Court" means the Supreme Court of British Columbia and any applicable appellate court of competent jurisdiction.
"CRA" means the Canada Revenue Agency.
"Direct Claim" means any claim by an Indemnified Person against an Indemnifier which does not result from a Third Party Claim.
"Disclosing Party" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 8.9(d) of this Agreement.
"Dispute Notice" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 6.3(a) of this Agreement.
"Dissent Rights" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Plan of Arrangement.
"Dissenting Shareholder" means a registered holder of Common Shares who has duly and validly exercised the Dissent Rights in respect of the Arrangement Resolution in strict compliance with the Dissent Rights and who has not withdrawn or been deemed to have withdrawn such exercise of Dissent Rights prior to the Effective Date, but only in respect of such Common Shares for which Dissent Rights are validly exercised and not withdrawn or deemed to have been withdrawn by such registered holder of Common Shares.
"Distribution Securities" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.9 of this Agreement.
"Effective Date" means the third Business Day after the date upon which the Parties have confirmed in writing (such confirmation not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed) that all conditions to the completion of the Plan of Arrangement have been satisfied or waived in accordance with this Agreement and all documents and instruments required under this Agreement, the Plan of Arrangement and the Final Order have been delivered.
"Effective Time" means 12:01 a.m. on the Effective Date, or such other time as the Parties agree to in writing before the Effective Date.
"Excess" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 6.7 of this Agreement.
"Fairness Opinion(s)" means (i) the opinion of Stifel Nicolaus Canada Inc. and (ii) the opinion of BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc. each addressed to the Board to the effect that, as of the date of each such opinion, subject to the assumptions, limitations and qualifications contained therein, the consideration to be received by LAC Shareholders pursuant to the Arrangement is fair, from a financial point-of-view, to the LAC Shareholders.
"Final Order" means the final order of the Court to be made pursuant to section 291 of the BCBCA in form and substance acceptable to LAC, acting reasonably, approving the Arrangement, as such order may be varied, amended or supplemented by the Court with the consent of LAC, acting reasonably, at any time prior to the Effective Date or, if appealed, then, unless such appeal is withdrawn or denied, as affirmed or varied, amended or supplemented on appeal.
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"Ganfeng" means GFL International Co., Limited. and includes its successors and permitted assigns.
"Ganfeng Lock-Up" means the lock-up agreement to be entered into among LAC, Spinco and Ganfeng, providing for, among other things, the lock-up of the Common Shares and Spinco Common Shares held by or to be issued to Ganfeng pursuant to the Arrangement, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in such agreement.
"GM" means General Motors Holdings LLC, and includes its successors and permitted assigns.
"GM Transaction Resolutions" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement.
"GM Warrants" means the 11,890,848 warrants of LAC, with each whole warrant being exercisable to purchase one (1) Common Share pursuant to the terms of the GM Warrant Certificate.
"GM Warrant Certificate" the warrant certificate between LAC and GM in the form attached to the Master Purchase Agreement representing the GM Warrants.
"Governmental Authority" means any (a) international, multinational, federal, national, provincial, territorial, state, regional, municipal, local or other government, governmental or public department, central bank, court, tribunal, arbitral body, commission, commissioner, board, bureau, minister, ministry or agency, domestic or foreign, (b) any subdivision, agent, commission, board, or authority or representative of any of the foregoing, (c) any quasi-governmental or private body exercising any regulatory, self-regulatory, expropriation, executive, administrative or taxing authority under or for the account of any of the foregoing, or (d) any stock exchange, including the TSX and NYSE.
"Indemnified Person" means each Person entitled to indemnification pursuant to Article 6.
"lndemnifier" means any Party who is obligated to provide indemnification under Article 6.
"Indemnity Payment" means any amount required to be paid by an Indemnifier to an Indemnified Person pursuant to Article 6.
"Industry Know-How" means (i) any information available to a member of the general public in any form or format; and (ii) any information, knowledge, education, training or experience of individuals who have had access to the Restricted Information or the Shared Information that would be known to any individual skilled in the art (namely, an individual who understands as a practical matter the problem to be overcome, how different devices or methods may work, and the likely effect of using them) who has not had access to the Restricted Information or the Shared Information, as the case may be.
"Intended U.S. Tax Treatment" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.10 of this Agreement.
"Interim Order" means the interim order of the Court in respect of the Arrangement and providing for, among other things, the calling and holding of the Meeting, in form and substance acceptable to LAC, acting reasonably, as such order may be varied, amended or supplemented by the Court with the consent of LAC, acting reasonably.
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"Investor Rights Agreement" means the investor rights agreement between LAC and GM dated February 16, 2023.
"IRS" means the United States Internal Revenue Service.
"Judgment Conversion Date" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 6.10(a)(ii) of this Agreement.
"Judgment Currency" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 6.10(a) of this Agreement.
"LAC" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the preamble to this Agreement, and includes its successors and permitted assigns.
"LAC Class A Common Shares" means the Class A voting common shares without par value of LAC having the rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions set out in Exhibit I to the Plan of Arrangement.
"LAC Equity Incentive Plan" means LAC's second amended and restated equity incentive plan dated May 15, 2023, as amended.
"LAC Information" means any Confidential Information that relates solely to the Argentinian Business or LAC, or any other Person that operates a portion of such business, and prior to the Effective Date, the Thacker Pass Co Information.
"LAC Preference Shares" means the preference shares without par value of LAC having the rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions set out in Exhibit I to the Plan of Arrangement.
"LAC Shareholders" means all Persons holding Common Shares, whether registered or beneficial (unless otherwise specified) at the applicable time and "LAC Shareholder" means any one of them.
"Lithium Argentina Equity Awards" means, collectively, Lithium Argentina RSUs, Lithium Argentina PSUs and Lithium Argentina DSUs, as such terms are defined in the Plan of Arrangement.
"Loss" means any loss, liability, damage, cost, expense, charge, fine, penalty or assessment of whatever nature or kind, including Taxes, the reasonable out-of-pocket costs and expenses of any action, suit, proceeding, demand, assessment, judgment, settlement or compromise relating thereto, fines and penalties and reasonable legal fees (on a solicitor and its own client basis) and expenses incurred in connection therewith, excluding loss of profits and consequential damages.
"Master Purchase Agreement" means the master purchase agreement between LAC and GM dated January 30, 2023.
"Material Adverse Effect" means, in respect of any Person, any fact or state of facts, change, event, occurrence, effect, or circumstance that, individually or in the aggregate with any other such fact, state of facts, changes, events, occurrences, effects or circumstances has, or would reasonably be expected to have, a material and adverse effect upon the business, operations, assets, properties, liabilities (whether absolute, accrued, contingent or otherwise), capitalization, financial condition or results of operation of such Person and its Affiliates considered as a whole.
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"Material Fact" has the meaning given to that term in the Securities Act (British Columbia), provided that, with respect to any documents filed or furnished by LAC or Spinco with or to the SEC, "Material Fact" includes a fact that is "material", where "material has the meaning set out in the U.S. Exchange Act.
"Meeting" means the annual and special meeting of LAC Shareholders, including any adjournments or postponements thereof in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, to be called and held in accordance with the Interim Order to consider and to vote on, inter alia, the Arrangement Resolution, the GM Transaction Resolutions and for any other purposes as may be set out in the Circular and consented to by LAC in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.
"Meeting Materials" means the Circular and the accompanying form of proxy and/or voting instruction form to be sent to LAC Shareholders in respect of the Meeting.
"Misrepresentation" means an untrue statement of a Material Fact or an omission to state a Material Fact that is required to be stated or that is necessary to make a statement not misleading in the light of circumstances in which it was made.
"North American Business" means all of the businesses carried on by Thacker Pass Co and its Affiliates with respect to the exploration and development of the Thacker Pass Project and includes all the assets and liabilities pertaining to the foregoing or otherwise held by any of them immediately prior to the Effective Time (including workforce and working capital) and LAC's interest in Green Technology Metals Limited and Ascend Elements, Inc.
"Notice of Articles" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Plan of Arrangement.
"Notice Period" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 6.3(a) of this Agreement.
"NYSE" means the New York Stock Exchange.
"Offtake Agreement" means the offtake agreement between LAC and GM dated February 16, 2023.
"Old LAC Equity Awards" means, collectively, the Old LAC DSUs, Old LAC PSUs and Old LAC RSUs, as such terms are defined in the Plan of Arrangement.
"Party" means a party to this Agreement and "Parties" means all of the parties to this Agreement.
"Person" includes any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, unincorporated association, unincorporated syndicate, unincorporated organization, trust, body corporate, company, corporation, trustee, executor, administrator, legal representative, government (including Governmental Authority) or any other entity, whether or not having legal status.
"Plan of Arrangement" means the plan of arrangement under section 288 of the BCBCA, including all exhibits attached thereto, substantially in the form and content attached as Appendix A hereto, as may be amended, modified and/or supplemented in accordance with this Agreement, the terms thereof, or at the direction of the Court in the Final Order (with the consent of LAC, acting reasonably).
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"Prime Rate" means, at any particular time, the annual floating rate of interest established, quoted or announced from time to time by the Bank of Montreal, Main Branch, in the City of Vancouver, British Columbia (the "Bank") (and reported to the Bank of Canada), as its reference rate of interest payable by its borrowers on Canadian dollar commercial loans made by the Bank to such borrowers in Canada and designated as its "prime rate".
"Recovery" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 6.7 of this Agreement.
"Registrar" means the Registrar of Companies under the BCBCA.
"Representatives" means, with respect to a Party, collectively, its Affiliates and subsidiaries and its and their directors, officers, employees, consultants and agents at any time and its and their respective heirs, executors, administrators and other legal representatives.
"Restricted Information" means, with respect to LAC, the LAC Information and, with respect to Spinco, from and after the Effective Date, the Thacker Pass Co Information and, for greater certainty, shall include any Restricted Information of a Party provided to the other Party pursuant to Section 8.3 or any other provision of this Agreement or the transactions or other agreements contemplated herein.
"SEC" means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
"Separated Business" means, with respect to LAC, the Argentinian Businesses and, with respect to Spinco, the North American Business.
"Shared Information" means any Confidential Information, except for LAC Information and Thacker Pass Co Information, that has been shared or has been exchanged between LAC and Spinco (or their respective Affiliates) at or prior to the Effective Time.
"Spinco" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the preamble to this Agreement, and includes its successors and permitted assigns.
"Spinco Common Shares" means the common shares without par value of Spinco as constituted immediately before the Effective Time.
"Spinco Equity Awards" means, collectively, the Spinco RSUs, Spinco PSUs and Spinco DSUs, as such terms are defined in the Plan of Arrangement.
"Spinco Equity Incentive Plan" means Spinco's equity incentive plan set out in Exhibit III to the Plan of Arrangement.
"Spinco Preference Shares" means the preference shares without par value of Spinco as constituted immediately before the Effective Time.
"Subsidiary" has the meaning given to that term in the BCBCA; provided, however, that, for all purposes hereunder (and whether for or in respect of a period prior to, at or after the Effective Time), the determination of whether a Person is a "Subsidiary" is to be made immediately after giving effect to the Arrangement.
"Tax Act" means the Income Tax Act (Canada).
"Taxes" means all income taxes, capital taxes, stamp taxes, charges to tax, withholdings, sales and use taxes, value added taxes, goods and services taxes, and all penalties, interest and other payments thereon or in respect thereof, including a payment under the Tax Act, the U.S. Code, or any other federal, provincial, territorial, state, municipal, local or foreign tax law, in each case, as amended.
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"Tax Gross-Up" means, with respect to any particular Indemnity Payment, such additional amount as is necessary to place the Indemnified Person in the same after tax position as it would have been in had such Indemnity Payment been received tax free. The Tax Gross-Up amount will be calculated by using the applicable combined federal and provincial income tax rate and/or the foreign tax rate applicable to the Indemnified Person and, except as provided in Section 6.8, without regard to any losses, credits, refunds or deductions that the Indemnified Person may have that could affect the amount of tax payable on any such Indemnity Payment.
"Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement" means the tax co-operation and indemnification agreement to be made between LAC and Spinco, in the form and content and on terms and conditions to be agreed upon by the Parties.
"Tax Rulings" means the advance income tax rulings and opinions from each of the CRA (with respect to such tax ruling, the "Canadian Tax Ruling") and the IRS (with respect to such tax ruling, the "U.S. Tax Ruling"), in the form requested in the applications made on behalf of LAC (collectively, the "Tax Ruling Applications"), as the same may be amended, modified and/or supplemented from time to time at the request of the CRA or the IRS, as applicable, or at the request of LAC, in each case, confirming the applicable Canadian and U.S. federal income tax consequences of the spin-off by LAC of the North American Business under the Arrangement and certain other transactions.
"Thacker Pass Co" means 1339480 B.C. Ltd., and includes its successors and permitted assigns.
"Thacker Pass Co Information" means any Confidential Information that relates solely to the North American Business or Thacker Pass Co, or any other Person that operates a portion of such business.
"Thacker Pass Co Shares" means common shares without par value in the capital of Thacker Pass Co.
"Thacker Pass Project" means LAC's lithium project property located in Humboldt County, Nevada as described in the technical report titled "Feasibility Study National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report for the Thacker Pass Project, Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" with an effective date of November 2, 2022 filed by LAC at www.sedar.com.
"Third Party Beneficiaries" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 8.12 of this Agreement.
"Third Party Claims" means any claim asserted against an Indemnified Person that is paid or payable to or claimed by any Person who is not a Party.
"Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement.
"Transaction Costs" means all fees, costs and expenses incurred directly in connection with the Arrangement, including financing fees, advisory and other professional expenses, printing and mailing costs associated with the Meeting Materials and any payments made to Dissenting Shareholders, but specifically excludes fees, costs, expenses and payment obligations incurred in connection with an obligation to indemnify in Article 6.
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"Transaction Personal information" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 8.14 of this Agreement.
"Transitional Services Agreement" means the transitional services agreement to be made between LAC and Spinco, providing for the provision of certain transitional services and facilities between the Parties, which agreement is to be in the form and content and on terms and conditions to be agreed upon by the Parties.
"Treasury Regulations" means the final, temporary or proposed U.S. federal income tax regulations promulgated under the U.S. Code, as such tax regulations may be amended from time to time.
"TSX" means the Toronto Stock Exchange.
"U.S. Code" means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
"U.S. Exchange Act" means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
"U.S. Securities Act" means the United States Securities Act of 1933.
1.2 Interpretation Not Affected by Headings, etc.
The division of this Agreement into Articles, Sections, and other portions and the insertion of headings are for convenience of reference only and will not affect the construction or interpretation hereof. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to an "Article", "Section" and "Appendix" followed by a number and/or a letter refer to the specified Article or Section of or Appendix to this Agreement. The terms "hereof", "herein" and "hereunder" and similar expressions refer to this Agreement and not to any particular Article, Section, Appendix or other portion hereof.
1.3 Rules of Construction
In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires, (a) words importing the singular number include the plural and vice versa, (b) words importing any gender include all genders, including the neuter gender, and (c) the words "include", "includes" and "including" will be deemed to be followed by the words "without limitation" and the words "the aggregate of", "the total of", "the sum of" or a phrase of similar meaning means "the aggregate (or total or sum), without duplication, of".
1.4 Currency
Unless otherwise stated, all references in this Agreement to sums of money are expressed in lawful money of Canada and "$" refers to Canadian dollars. In the event that any amounts are required to be converted from a foreign currency to Canadian dollars or vice versa, such amounts shall be converted using the most recent closing exchange rate of the Bank of Canada available before the relevant calculation date.
1.5 Date for Action and Computation of Time
If the date on which any action is required or permitted to be taken hereunder by a Person is not a Business Day, such action will be required or permitted to be taken on the next succeeding day which is a Business Day. Unless otherwise specified, a period of time is to be computed as beginning on the day following the event that began the period and ending at 5:00 p.m. on the last day of the period, if the last day of the period is a Business Day, or at 5:00 p.m. on the next Business Day if the last day of the period is not a Business Day.
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1.6 References to Days, Statutes, etc.
(a) In this Agreement, references to days means calendar days, unless otherwise specified.
(b) In this Agreement, unless something in the subject matter or context is inconsistent therewith or unless otherwise herein provided, a reference to any law, statute, regulation, direction, code or instrument is to that law, statute, regulation, direction, code or instrument as now enacted or as the same may from time to time be amended, re-enacted or replaced, and in the case of a reference to a law, statute or code, includes any regulations, rules, policies or directions made thereunder. Any reference in this Agreement to a Person includes its heirs, administrators, executors, legal personal representatives, predecessors, successors and permitted assigns. References to any agreement, contract or document are to that agreement, contract or document as amended, modified or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms.
1.7 Time
Time will be of the essence in every matter or action contemplated hereunder. All times expressed herein are to local Vancouver, British Columbia time, unless otherwise specified.
1.8 Appendix
The following Appendices are attached to this Agreement and form an integral part hereof:
Appendix A - Plan of Arrangement
Appendix B - Arrangement Resolution
ARTICLE 2
THE ARRANGEMENT
2.1 Arrangement
(a) Each of the Parties hereby agrees that the Arrangement will be implemented in accordance with and subject to the terms and conditions contained in this Agreement and the Plan of Arrangement.
(b) Following the execution of this Agreement, LAC will, at a time to be determined exclusively by LAC, file, proceed with and diligently prosecute an application pursuant to Part 9, Division 5 of the BCBCA for the Interim Order as contemplated in Section 2.3.
(c) After obtaining the Interim Order, LAC will, at a time to be determined exclusively by LAC, convene and hold the Meeting for the purpose of considering, inter alia, the Arrangement Resolution.
(d) If the Interim Order and the approval of the LAC Shareholders as set out in the Interim Order are obtained, LAC will, at a time to be determined exclusively by LAC, thereafter take all commercially reasonable steps necessary or desirable to submit the Arrangement to the Court and apply for the Final Order and, to the extent within its power and is commercially reasonable, carry out the terms of the Interim Order.
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(e) Subject to (i) obtaining the Final Order and (ii) the satisfaction (or waiver, if applicable) of the other conditions herein contained in favour of each of the Parties, LAC will, at a time to be determined exclusively by LAC, file, pursuant to the BCBCA, the Arrangement Filings to give effect to the Arrangement and implement the Plan of Arrangement.
2.2 Effective Date and Effective Time
The Arrangement will become effective on the Effective Date and the steps to be carried out pursuant to the Arrangement will become effective commencing at the Effective Time and in the order set out therein.
2.3 Interim Order
The petition for the application referred to in Section 2.1(b) will request that the Interim Order provide, among other things:
(a) for the classes of Persons to whom notice is to be provided in respect of the Arrangement and the Meeting and for the manner in which such notice is to be provided;
(b) confirmation of the record date for the purposes of determining the LAC Shareholders entitled to receive notice of and vote at the Meeting in accordance with the Interim Order;
(c) for the calling and holding of the Meeting for the purpose of, among other things, considering the Arrangement Resolution;
(d) that the requisite shareholder approval for the Arrangement Resolution will be at least two-thirds of the votes cast by the LAC Shareholders present in person or represented by proxy at the Meeting and entitled to vote at the Meeting (and, if required, minority approval pursuant to Multilateral Instrument 61-101 - Protection of Minority Security Holders in Special Transactions);
(e) for the grant of Dissent Rights only as provided in Section 3.1 of the Plan of Arrangement;
(f) that, subject to the discretion of the Court, the Meeting may be held as an electronic-only or partially electronic Meeting and that LAC Shareholders that participate in the Meeting by electronic means will be deemed to be present at the Meeting, including for purposes of establishing quorum;
(g) that, if an electronic-only Meeting is held with the approval of the Court, such Meeting will be deemed to be held at the location of LAC's registered office;
(h) that the Meeting may be adjourned or postponed from time to time by LAC, in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, without the need for additional approval of the Court;
(i) that the Parties intend to rely upon the exemption provided by section 3(a)(10) of the U.S. Securities Act, as contemplated under Section 2.9 hereof, subject to and conditioned on the Court's determination that the Arrangement is substantively and procedurally fair to the LAC securityholders who are entitled to receive Distribution Securities pursuant to the Arrangement, to implement the transactions contemplated hereby in respect of the LAC Shareholders and the holders of Old LAC Equity Awards;
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(j) for the notice requirements with respect to the presentation of the application to the Court for the Final Order;
(k) that each LAC Shareholder, holder of Old LAC Equity Awards and any other affected Person will have the right to appear before the Court at the hearing of the Court to approve the application for the Final Order so long as they enter a response within the prescribed time and in accordance with the procedures set out in the Interim Order;
(l) that, subject to the foregoing and in all other respects, other than as ordered by the Court, for the Meeting to be called, held and conducted in accordance with the provisions of the BCBCA, the Articles and Notice of Articles of LAC and the Interim Order; and
(m) for such other matters as LAC may reasonably require.
2.4 Meeting Materials
At a time to be determined exclusively by LAC, LAC will prepare and will print and make available, directly or indirectly, copies of the Meeting Materials (and any necessary amendments, modifications or supplements to the Circular), together with any other documents required by Applicable Laws in connection with the Meeting, to all holders of LAC Common Shares and holders of other securities of LAC, if applicable, as required by the Interim Order and in accordance with Applicable Laws. Spinco will cooperate with LAC in all aspects of the preparation of the Circular, and any amendments, modifications or supplements thereto. LAC will cause the Meeting Materials and other documentation required in connection with the Meeting to be sent to each holder of Common Shares and filed as required by the Interim Order and Applicable Laws. Each Party will cause the Circular to be prepared and delivered in compliance, in all material respects, with the Interim Order and Applicable Laws, and provide the LAC Shareholders with sufficient information to permit the LAC Shareholders to form a reasoned judgment concerning the matters to be placed before the Meeting. The Parties will ensure the Circular does not, at the time of its mailing, contain any Misrepresentation and each Party will promptly notify the other Party if it becomes aware that the Circular contains a Misrepresentation or otherwise requires an amendment, modification or supplement, in which case Spinco will cooperate with LAC in the preparation of any such amendment, modification or supplement as LAC may require or request. LAC may, in its sole discretion elect to send Meeting Materials in accordance with section 9.1 of National Instrument 51-102 Continuous Disclosure Obligations or alternatively use "Notice and Access" as contemplated by section 9.1.1 of such instrument.
2.5 Court Proceedings
Spinco will cooperate with and assist LAC in, and hereby consents to LAC, seeking the Interim Order and the Final Order, including by providing LAC on a timely basis with any information as reasonably requested by LAC or as required by Applicable Law to be supplied by Spinco in connection therewith. Without limiting the foregoing, unless otherwise required or requested by LAC, in its exclusive determination, the Parties will: (i) ensure that all material filed with the Court in connection with the Arrangement is consistent with this Agreement and the Plan of Arrangement; (ii) oppose any proposal from any Person that the Final Order contain any provision inconsistent with this Agreement or the Plan of Arrangement; (iii) if at any time after the issuance of the Final Order and prior to the Effective Date, LAC is required by the terms of the Final Order or by Applicable Law to return to Court with respect to the Final Order, to do so in cooperation with LAC; and (iv) not file any material with the Court in connection with the Arrangement or serve any such material, or agree to amend, modify or supplement any material so filed or served, except as contemplated by this Agreement or with LAC's prior written consent, in its exclusive determination.
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2.6 Other Effective Date Obligations
Forthwith upon completion of the Arrangement, the Parties agree to complete the following matters:
(a) LAC and Spinco will enter into the Transitional Services Agreement; and
(b) LAC and Spinco will enter into the Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement.
2.7 Sole Discretion of LAC
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, or the adoption of the Arrangement Resolution by the LAC Shareholders, the obligations of LAC under this Article 2 and elsewhere in this Agreement are subject to:
(a) LAC's sole and absolute right to determine whether to proceed with the Arrangement and to determine the timing of the completion of the Arrangement, or any prior condition thereto;
(b) LAC's sole and absolute right to terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 7.2; and
(c) LAC's sole and absolute right to amend this Agreement, the Plan of Arrangement or the Tax Rulings, as applicable, pursuant to Section 7.1.
The Board will have the authority to revoke the Arrangement Resolution at any time prior to the Effective Time without notice to or the further approval of the LAC Shareholders, Spinco or any other Person and without liability to any Person.
2.8 Convertible Securities and Tranche 2 Subscription
In connection with the Arrangement:
(a) LAC will continue to be solely responsible for the Convertible Notes and such notes will be adjusted in accordance with their terms and be convertible solely into Common Shares;
(b) if the GM Warrants have not been exercised prior to the Effective Time, on or prior to the Effective Time, LAC will cause the holder of the GM Warrant Certificate to exercise the GM Warrant Certificate to acquire one (1) Common Share as contemplated by the GM Warrant Certificate; and
(c) provided the closing contemplated under the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement has not occurred, on or prior to the Effective Time, LAC will cause the counterparty to the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement to subscribe for one (1) Common Share at its then current market price as contemplated by the Tranche 2 Subscription Agreement.
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2.9 U.S. Securities Law Matters
The Parties agree that the Arrangement will be carried out with the intention that the Common Shares, LAC Class A Common Shares, LAC Preference Shares, Spinco Common Shares, Lithium Argentina Equity Awards and Spinco Equity Awards (collectively, the "Distribution Securities") issued as part or upon completion of the Arrangement to LAC Shareholders and other securityholders will be issued by LAC and Spinco in reliance on the exemption from the registration requirements of the U.S. Securities Act provided by section 3(a)(10) thereof. In order to ensure the availability of the exemption under section 3(a)(10) of the U.S. Securities Act, the Parties agree that the Arrangement will be carried out on the following basis:
(a) the Arrangement will be subject to the approval of the Court and the Court will hold a hearing required to approve the procedural and substantive fairness of the terms and conditions of the Arrangement to the Persons receiving Distribution Securities pursuant to the Arrangement;
(b) prior to the hearing required to approve the Arrangement, the Court will be advised as to the intention of the Parties to rely on the exemption under section 3(a)(10) of the U.S. Securities Act;
(c) the Court will be required to satisfy itself as to the substantive and procedural fairness of the terms and conditions of the Arrangement to the LAC Shareholders and other LAC securityholders entitled to receive Distribution Securities;
(d) LAC will ensure that each Person entitled to receive Distribution Securities as part or upon completion of the Arrangement will be given adequate notice advising them of their right to attend the hearing of the Court to give approval of the Arrangement and providing them with sufficient information necessary for them to exercise that right;
(e) the Person entitled to receive Distribution Securities as part or upon completion of the Arrangement will be advised that the Distribution Securities issued in the Arrangement have not been registered under the U.S. Securities Act and will be issued in reliance on the exemption under section 3(a)(10) of the U.S. Securities Act;
(f) the Final Order approving the Arrangement that is obtained from the Court will expressly state that the terms and conditions of the Arrangement are approved by the Court as being fair, substantively and procedurally, to the LAC Shareholders and other LAC securityholders entitled to receive Distribution Securities;
(g) the hearing of the Court to give approval of the Arrangement will be open to any LAC securityholders entitled to receive Distribution Securities and there will not be any improper impediments to the appearance by those securityholders at the hearing;
(h) the Interim Order approving the Meeting will specify that each LAC Shareholder and other LAC securityholders entitled to receive Distribution Securities will have the right to appear before the Court at the hearing of the Court to give approval of the Arrangement so long as the Person enters an appearance within a reasonable time and in accordance with the requirements of section 3(a)(10) under the U.S. Securities Act; and
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(i) the Final Order will include a statement substantially to the following effect:
"This Order will serve as a basis of a claim to an exemption, pursuant to section 3(a)(10) of the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, from the registration requirements otherwise imposed by that act, regarding the issuance of Distribution Securities pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement."
2.10 Intended U.S. Tax Treatment
The Parties hereto agree that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, certain of the transactions pursuant to the Arrangement will be treated as an integrated series of steps constituting a reorganization within the meaning of section 368 of the U.S. Code and a distribution by LAC of the stock of SpinCo (constituting "control" of SpinCo, within the meaning of section 368(c) of the U.S. Code) that, together with the other members of the SpinCo "separate affiliated group" (within the meaning of section 355(b)(3) of the U.S. Code), conducts the North American Business, to which section 355(a) of the U.S. Code applies (the "Intended U.S. Tax Treatment"), and that this Agreement is intended to be, and is hereby adopted as, a "plan of reorganization" within the meaning of Treasury Regulations section 1.368-2(g). No Party hereto nor any of their respective Affiliates will take any position for U.S. federal, state, local or non-U.S. income or franchise tax purposes, or any other tax reporting position, which is inconsistent with the foregoing unless required to do so by Applicable Law.
ARTICLE 3
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES
3.1 Representations and Warranties of LAC
LAC represents and warrants to Spinco as follows and acknowledges that Spinco is relying on such representations and warranties in connection with entering into, and the performance of its obligations under, this Agreement and consummating the Arrangement:
(a) LAC is validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the Province of British Columbia, has all requisite power and authority to own, lease and operate its assets and properties and conduct its business as now owned, leased and conducted, and is duly registered or otherwise qualified as a corporation to do business in each jurisdiction in which the nature of its business makes such registration or qualification necessary and where the failure to be so qualified would have a Material Adverse Effect on LAC;
(b) LAC has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into this Agreement and, subject to obtaining the required LAC Shareholder approval of the Arrangement, to perform its obligations hereunder. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by LAC and is a legal, valid and binding obligation of LAC, enforceable against LAC by Spinco in accordance with its terms, subject to bankruptcy, fraudulent transfer, moratorium, reorganization or similar Applicable Laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and the availability of equitable remedies and the enforceability of any limitations of liability or other exculpatory provisions or indemnities that purport to limit or exculpate a Party from or indemnify such Party for, liabilities imposed by Applicable Law on such Party;
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(c) except as disclosed to Spinco or except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on LAC and its subsidiaries, considered as a whole, the execution and delivery of this Agreement by LAC and the consummation of the Arrangement will not:
(i) result in the breach or violation of any of the provisions of, or constitute a default under, or contravene or cause the acceleration of any obligation of LAC or its Affiliates under:
(A) any provision of the constating documents, Articles, Notice of Articles or resolutions of the board of directors (or any committee thereof) or LAC Shareholders;
(B) any material judgment, decree, order or award of any Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over or binding upon LAC or its Affiliates or their respective properties and assets;
(C) any licence, permit, approval, consent or authorization held by LAC or its Affiliates, as applicable, that is necessary to the operation of their business;
(D) any Applicable Law in respect of LAC or any of its Affiliates; or
(E) any other contract, agreement or instrument that is material to LAC or its Affiliates, considered as a whole, or their business; or
(ii) give rise to any right of termination or acceleration of any third party indebtedness of LAC or its Affiliates, or cause any such indebtedness to come due before its stated maturity; and
(d) except as disclosed to Spinco or as contemplated in this Agreement, the Interim Order or the Final Order, there is no requirement for LAC to make any filing with, give any notice to or obtain any licence, permit, certificate, registration, authorization, consent or approval of, any Governmental Authority as a condition to the lawful consummation of the Arrangement where failure to comply would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on LAC.
3.2 Representations and Warranties of LAC with Respect to Thacker Pass Co
LAC represents and warrants to Spinco as follows and acknowledges that Spinco is relying on such representations and warranties in connection with entering into, and the performance of its obligations under, this Agreement and consummating the Arrangement:
(a) Thacker Pass Co and each of its subsidiaries is validly existing and in good standing under the laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation, organization or formation, as applicable, has all requisite power and authority to own, lease and operate its assets and properties and conduct its business as now owned, leased and conducted, and is duly registered or otherwise qualified as a corporation or other entity to do business in each jurisdiction in which the nature of its business makes such qualification necessary and where the failure to be so qualified would have a Material Adverse Effect on Thacker Pass Co;
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(b) except as disclosed to Spinco or except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on Thacker Pass Co and its subsidiaries, considered as a whole, the execution and delivery of this Agreement by LAC and the consummation of the Arrangement will not:
(i) result in the breach or violation of any of the provisions of, or constitute a default under, or contravene or cause the acceleration of any obligation of Thacker Pass Co or its Affiliates under:
(A) any provision of the constating documents, articles, notice of articles or by-laws or resolutions of the board of directors (or any committee thereof) or the sole shareholder of Thacker Pass Co;
(B) any material judgment, decree, order or award of any Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over or binding upon Thacker Pass Co or its Affiliates or their respective properties and assets;
(C) any licence, permit, approval, consent or authorization held by Thacker Pass Co or its Affiliates, as applicable, that is necessary to the operation of their business;
(D) any Applicable Law in respect of Thacker Pass Co or any of its Affiliates; or
(E) any other contract, agreement or instrument that is material to Thacker Pass Co or its Affiliates, considered as a whole, or their business; or
(ii) give rise to any right of termination or acceleration of any third party indebtedness of Thacker Pass Co or its Affiliates, or cause any such indebtedness to come due before its stated maturity;
(c) the authorized capital of Thacker Pass Co consists of an unlimited number of Thacker Pass Co Shares, of which, as of the date hereof, all Thacker Pass Co Shares issued and outstanding are held by LAC;
(d) all outstanding Thacker Pass Co Shares have been duly authorized and validly issued, as fully paid and non-assessable shares of Thacker Pass Co and all outstanding Thacker Pass Co Shares have been issued or granted in material compliance with all Applicable Laws;
(e) no Person holds any securities convertible into Thacker Pass Co Shares or any other shares of Thacker Pass Co or has any agreement, warrant, option or any other right capable of becoming an agreement, warrant or option for the purchase or other acquisition of any unissued shares of Thacker Pass Co, other than as contemplated by this Agreement; and
(f) except as disclosed to Spinco or as contemplated in this Agreement, the Interim Order or the Final Order, there is no requirement for Thacker Pass Co to make any filing with, give any notice to or obtain any licence, permit, certificate, registration, authorization, consent or approval of, any Governmental Authority as a condition to the lawful consummation of the Arrangement where failure to comply would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on Thacker Pass Co.
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3.3 Representations and Warranties of Spinco
Spinco represents and warrants to LAC as follows and acknowledges that LAC is relying on such representations and warranties in connection with entering into, and the performance of its obligations under, this Agreement and consummating the Arrangement:
(a) Spinco is validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the Province of British Columbia has all requisite power and authority to acquire, own, lease and operate the North American Business to be acquired pursuant to the Arrangement;
(b) Spinco has the requisite power and authority to enter into this Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by Spinco and is a legal, valid and binding obligation of Spinco, enforceable against Spinco by LAC in accordance with its terms, subject to bankruptcy, fraudulent transfer, moratorium, reorganization or similar Applicable Laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and the availability of equitable remedies and the enforceability of any limitations of liability or other exculpatory provisions or indemnities that purport to limit or exculpate a Party from or indemnify such Party for, liabilities imposed by Applicable Law on such Party;
(c) except as disclosed to LAC or except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on Spinco and its subsidiaries, considered as a whole, the execution and delivery of this Agreement by Spinco and the consummation of the Arrangement will not result in the breach or violation of any of the provisions of, or constitute a default under, or conflict with or cause the acceleration of any obligation of Spinco or its Affiliates under:
(i) any provision of the constating documents, articles, notice of articles or by-laws or resolutions of the board of directors (or any committee thereof) or shareholders of Spinco;
(ii) any material judgment, decree, order or award of any Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over or binding upon Spinco or its Affiliates or their respective properties and assets; or
(iii) any Applicable Law in respect of Spinco or any of its Affiliates;
(d) the authorized capital of Spinco consists of an unlimited number of Spinco Common Shares and an unlimited number of Spinco Preference Shares, and no shares in the capital stock of Spinco have been issued and none will be issued until the Effective Time;
(e) no person holds any securities convertible into Spinco Common Shares, Spinco Preference Shares or any other shares of Spinco or has any agreement, warrant, option or any other right capable of becoming an agreement, warrant or option for the purchase or other acquisition of any unissued shares of Spinco, other than as contemplated by this Agreement; and
(f) Spinco has no assets and no liabilities and it has carried on no business other than relating to and contemplated by this Agreement, the Plan of Arrangement or the Tax Rulings.
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3.4 No Representations and Warranties
Spinco agrees and acknowledges that, except as expressly set out in Sections 3.1 and 3.2, LAC is not making any representation and warranty to Spinco as to any aspect of the North American Business, it being understood and agreed that Spinco shall take the assets pertaining to such business, and shall assume, perform and discharge the liabilities pertaining to such business, on an "as-is", "where-is" basis as they exist immediately prior to the Effective Time.
3.5 Survival of Representations and Warranties
The representations of each of LAC and Spinco set forth in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 (in the case of LAC) and Section 3.3 (in the case of Spinco) in this Agreement will not survive the completion of the Arrangement and will expire and be terminated on the earlier of the Effective Time and the date on which this Agreement is terminated in accordance with its terms; provided, however, that no such termination will affect a Party's rights or obligations arising prior to such time, including its rights under Article 6 hereof.
ARTICLE 4
COVENANTS
4.1 General Covenants
Each of the Parties covenants and agrees with and in favour of the other Party that it will (and will cause each of its Affiliates, as applicable, to):
(a) use all commercially reasonable efforts and do all things reasonably required of it to cause the Arrangement to become effective on such date as LAC may exclusively determine, including using all commercially reasonable efforts to:
(i) obtain the Interim Order and the Final Order;
(ii) obtain the approval of the LAC Shareholders required for the implementation of the Arrangement;
(iii) obtain such other consents, orders, rulings, approvals and assurances as are necessary or desirable for the implementation of the Arrangement; and
(iv) satisfy the other conditions precedent referred to in Sections 5.1 and 5.2;
(b) do and perform all such acts and things, and execute and deliver all such agreements (including the Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement, the Transitional Services Agreement and the other agreements and documents contemplated in Section 2.6), assurances, notices and other documents and instruments, as may reasonably be required or requested by LAC to facilitate the carrying out of the intent and purpose of this Agreement and the Plan of Arrangement;
(c) prior to the Effective Date, cooperate with and assist each other Party in dealing with transitional matters relating to or arising from the Arrangement or this Agreement; and
(d) prior to the Effective Date, cooperate in obtaining the Tax Rulings and making such amendments to this Agreement and the Plan of Arrangement as may be necessary or desirable to obtain the Tax Rulings or to implement the Plan of Arrangement or as may be desired by LAC to enable it to carry out transactions deemed advantageous by it for the separation of its businesses as contemplated herein and in the Plan of Arrangement.
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4.2 Covenants of LAC
Subject to the rights of LAC provided elsewhere in this Agreement, LAC covenants and agrees that it will (and will cause each of its Affiliates, as applicable, to):
(a) not perform any act or enter into any transaction that could interfere or could be inconsistent with the completion of the Arrangement or the grant of the Tax Rulings or their effective application to the Arrangement, except as provided in Section 4.2(b);
(b) perform the obligations required to be performed by LAC under the Plan of Arrangement and do all such other acts and things as may be necessary or desirable and are within its power and control in order to carry out and give effect to the Arrangement and any transactions necessary for obtaining the Tax Rulings;
(c) on or before the Effective Date, prepare and file with all applicable securities commissions or similar regulatory authorities in Canada and the United States all necessary prospectuses, registration statements and similar requirements, or applications to seek exemptions, if applicable, from the prospectus, registration and other requirements, under the applicable securities laws in Canada and the United States for the issue of post-Arrangement Common Shares and Spinco Common Shares, and any other filings or exemptions that are necessary or desirable in connection with the Arrangement;
(d) on or before the Effective Date, obtain confirmation from the TSX and the NYSE of the continued listing of the post-Arrangement Common Shares (including the post-Arrangement Common Shares which, as a result of the Arrangement, are issuable upon the exercise of Lithium Argentina Equity Awards) and, jointly with Spinco, make applications to list the Spinco Common Shares issuable pursuant to the Arrangement and issuable under the Spinco Equity Incentive Plan, on the TSX and the NYSE;
(e) from the Effective Time until the last day on which any Arrangement Equity Awards are outstanding that are held by an "Arrangement Departing Participant" (as defined in the Spinco Equity Incentive Plan), unless prohibited by Applicable Law, notify Spinco as soon as practicable after any such Arrangement Departing Participant ceases to be a director or officer or full time employee of LAC or one of its "Affiliates" (as defined in the Spinco Equity Incentive Plan). Such notice shall specify the relevant termination provisions of the Spinco Equity Incentive Plan to be applied to the Arrangement Equity Awards of the applicable Arrangement Departing Participant;
(f) use commercially reasonable efforts to secure directors' and officers' liability insurance for the directors and officers of LAC who cease to be directors and/or officers of LAC to become directors and/or officers of Spinco in connection with the Arrangement on a seven year "trailing" (or "run-off") basis provided that such trailing policy is available at a reasonable cost. If a trailing policy is not available at a reasonable cost, LAC will maintain in effect without any reduction in scope or coverage for seven years from the Effective Date customary policies of directors' and officers' liability insurance providing protection no less favourable than the protection provided by the policies maintained by LAC which are in effect immediately before the Effective Date and providing protection in respect of claims arising from facts or events which occurred on or before the Effective Date;
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(g) LAC will honour all rights to indemnification or exculpation now existing in favour of directors and officers of LAC who cease to be directors and/or officers of LAC to become directors and/or officers of Spinco in connection with the Arrangement, and acknowledges that such rights will survive the completion of the Plan of Arrangement and will continue in full force and effect for a period of not less than seven years from the Effective Date. For avoidance of doubt, nothing in this Section 4.2(g) shall be interpreted as reducing or shortening in any way the length or duration of indemnification obligations of LAC pursuant to any indemnification agreement or indemnification covenant pursuant to any written agreement that LAC and any of the foregoing directors and/or officer of LAC are parties to prior to the Effective Date or entered into thereafter; and
(h) following the name changes of Spinco and LAC, as applicable, pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement or as otherwise agreed by the Parties, LAC will assist Spinco and its Affiliates with all extra-provincial and other registrations necessary or ancillary to such name change.
4.3 Covenants of Spinco
Spinco covenants and agrees that it will (and will cause each of its Affiliates, as applicable, to):
(a) not perform any act or enter into any transaction that could interfere or could be inconsistent with the completion of the Arrangement or the grant of the Tax Rulings or their effective application to the Arrangement, except as provided in Section 4.3(b);
(b) perform the obligations required to be performed by Spinco under the Plan of Arrangement and do all such other acts and things as may be necessary or desirable and are within its power and control in order to carry out and give effect to the Arrangement and any transactions necessary for obtaining the Tax Rulings;
(c) obtain the consent of LAC prior to issuing any press releases or otherwise making public statements or communications with respect to this Agreement or the consummation of the Arrangement;
(d) not issue shares in Spinco's capital stock prior to the Effective Time and issue such initial Spinco shares only in accordance with and subject to the terms of the Plan of Arrangement;
(e) on or before the Effective Date, assist and cooperate in the preparation and filing with all applicable securities commissions or similar regulatory authorities in Canada and the United States all necessary prospectuses, registration statements and similar requirements, or applications to seek exemptions, if applicable, from the prospectus, registration and other requirements, under the applicable securities laws in Canada and the United States for the issue of post-Arrangement Common Shares and Spinco Common Shares, and any other filings or exemptions that are necessary or desirable in connection with the Arrangement;
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(f) on or before the Effective Date, assist and cooperate in obtaining confirmation from the TSX and the NYSE of the continued listing of the post-Arrangement Common Shares (including the post-Arrangement Common Shares which, as a result of the Arrangement, are issuable upon the settlement of Lithium Argentina Equity Awards) and making applications to list the Spinco Common Shares issuable pursuant to the Arrangement and issuable under the Spinco Equity Incentive Plan, on the TSX and the NYSE;
(g) until the Effective Date, not issue any securities, acquire any assets or incur any liabilities or other obligations, except as contemplated pursuant to this Agreement or the Plan of Arrangement; and
(h) from the Effective Time until the last day on which any Arrangement Equity Awards are outstanding that are held by an "Arrangement Departing Participant" (as defined in the LAC Equity Incentive Plan), unless prohibited by Applicable Law, notify LAC as soon as practicable after any such Arrangement Departing Participant ceases to be a director or officer or full time employee of Spinco or one of its "Affiliates" (as defined in the LAC Equity Incentive Plan). Such notice shall specify the relevant termination provisions of the LAC Equity Incentive Plan to be applied to the Arrangement Equity Awards of the applicable Arrangement Departing Participant. For purposes of this clause, references to the "LAC Equity Incentive Plan" shall be deemed to be references to such plan as amended pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement.
4.4 Pre-Arrangement Reorganization
The Parties acknowledge and agree that, in contemplation of the Arrangement, upon the exclusive determination of LAC, they will and will cause each of their respective subsidiaries to implement any reorganizations of the business, operations or assets of LAC or its Affiliates and such other transactions as LAC may request, including for greater certainty in response to any requirements associated with obtaining the Tax Rulings, any change in Applicable Laws or in order to improve the financial, tax and/or operational efficiencies of the Argentinian Business or the North American Business following the Effective Time, and the Parties will take all commercially reasonable steps necessary to effect any such pre-Arrangement reorganization; provided, however, that any such pre-Arrangement reorganization will not reduce the value of the consideration payable to LAC Shareholders pursuant to this Agreement and the Plan of Arrangement. Spinco will not undertake any pre-Arrangement reorganization of itself or any of its subsidiaries without the prior written consent of LAC, in its exclusive determination.
ARTICLE 5
CONDITIONS
5.1 Conditions Precedent
In addition to, and without in any way limiting, LAC's rights referred to under Section 2.7 and LAC's rights specifically provided for elsewhere in this Agreement, the obligation of LAC to complete the Arrangement is subject to fulfillment of the following conditions on or before the Effective Date or such other time specified:
(a) the Interim Order will have been obtained in form and substance satisfactory to LAC and will not have been set aside or modified in a manner unacceptable to LAC, on appeal or otherwise;
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(b) the Arrangement Resolution will have been approved by the requisite number of votes cast by LAC Shareholders at the Meeting in accordance with the Interim Order and Applicable Laws;
(c) the Final Order will have been obtained in form and substance satisfactory to LAC, and will not have been set aside or modified in a manner unacceptable to LAC, on appeal or otherwise;
(d) all shareholder, regulatory, judicial and third party approvals, consents, authorizations and orders necessary or reasonably desired by LAC for the completion of the transactions provided for in this Agreement and the Tax Rulings will have been obtained or received from the Persons having jurisdiction in the circumstances and all will be in full force and effect;
(e) no action will have been instituted and be continuing on the Effective Date and there will not be in force any injunction, declaration, order or decree, in each case, restraining or enjoining the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, the Tax Rulings or the Plan of Arrangement and no cease trading or similar order with respect to any securities of any of the Parties will have been issued and remain outstanding;
(f) no law, regulation or policy will have been proposed, enacted, promulgated or applied that interferes or is inconsistent with the completion of the Arrangement, the Tax Rulings or their effective application to the Arrangement or any of the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement or the Plan of Arrangement;
(g) the Tax Rulings will have been received by LAC, in form and substance satisfactory to LAC, confirming that (i) the proposed Arrangement and related transactions may be effected for purposes of the Tax Act as a "butterfly" reorganization pursuant to paragraph 55(3)(b) of the Tax Act with no material Canadian federal income tax payable by any of LAC, Spinco or other Affiliates or LAC Shareholders who hold their LAC Common Shares as capital property and confirmation satisfactory to LAC that, immediately prior to the Effective Date, the Canadian Tax Ruling remains in full force and effect and there have been no changes in relevant laws, jurisprudence, administrative practice or otherwise that would adversely affect the binding income tax rulings contained in the Canadian Tax Ruling; and (ii) the proposed Arrangement and related transactions qualify as a divisive reorganization pursuant to sections 368(a)(1)(D) and 355(a) of the U.S. Code and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder and confirmation satisfactory to LAC that, immediately prior to the Effective Date, the U.S. Tax Ruling remains in full force and effect and there have been no changes in relevant laws, jurisprudence, administrative practice or otherwise that would adversely affect the binding income tax rulings contained in the U.S. Tax Ruling;
(h) all of the conditions precedent and other terms and conditions of the Tax Rulings will have been satisfied;
(i) there will not have occurred a Material Adverse Effect of LAC or Spinco;
(j) LAC Shareholders will not have validly exercised Dissent Rights in connection with the Arrangement with respect to more than 5% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares;
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(k) the written Fairness Opinions will have been received by the Board and will not have been withdrawn or modified;
(l) the Ganfeng Lock-Up will have been received in a form satisfactory to LAC and Spinco and the Ganfeng Lock-Up and the Investor Rights Agreement will be in full force and effect and will not have been withdrawn or terminated;
(m) the Arrangement Filings, Final Order, Plan of Arrangement and all necessary related documents, including the Circular, will have been filed and will have been accepted for filing with the applicable Governmental Authorities;
(n) the TSX will have conditionally approved:
(i) the listing thereon, in substitution for the listing thereon of the Common Shares, of the new Common Shares to be issued pursuant to the Arrangement (including the new Common Shares which, as a result of the Arrangement, are issuable upon the exercise or settlement of Lithium Argentina Equity Awards) prior to the Effective Time, subject only to compliance with the usual requirements of the TSX; and
(ii) the listing thereon of the Spinco Common Shares issued pursuant to the Arrangement (including the Spinco Common Shares which, as a result of the Arrangement, are issuable upon the exercise or settlement of Spinco Equity Awards) prior to the Effective Time, subject only to compliance with the usual requirements of the TSX;
(o) NYSE will have authorized:
(i) the listing thereon, in substitution for the listing thereon of the Common Shares, of the new Common Shares to be issued pursuant to the Arrangement (including the new Common Shares which, as a result of the Arrangement, are issuable upon the exercise or settlement of Lithium Argentina Equity Awards) prior to the Effective Time, subject only to compliance with the usual requirements of NYSE; and
(ii) the listing thereon of the Spinco Common Shares issued pursuant to the Arrangement (including the Spinco Common Shares which, as a result of the Arrangement, are issuable upon the exercise or settlement of Spinco Equity Awards) prior to the Effective Time, subject only to compliance with the usual requirements of NYSE;
(p) the Board will not have revoked its approval of the Arrangement at any time prior to the Effective Date;
(q) the issuance of the Distribution Securities will be exempt from registration under the U.S. Securities Act pursuant to section 3(a)(10) of the U.S. Securities Act;
(r) the SEC will have declared effective the registration statement on Form 20-F filed by Spinco to register the Spinco Common Shares under the U.S. Exchange Act; and
(s) this Agreement will not have been terminated pursuant to the provisions of Article 7.
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The foregoing conditions are for the sole benefit of LAC and may be waived, in whole or in part, by LAC at any time. These conditions will not give rise to or create any duty on the part of LAC or the Board to waive or not to waive such conditions and will not in any way limit LAC's right to terminate this Agreement as set forth in Section 7.2 or alter the consequences of any such termination from those specified in Article 7. Any determination made by LAC prior to the Arrangement concerning the satisfaction and waiver of any or all of the conditions set forth in this Section 5.1 will be final and conclusive, and neither LAC nor any of its Affiliates or Representatives shall have any liability as a result of any such determination.
5.2 Conditions to Obligations of Each Party
The obligation of each Party to complete the transactions contemplated by this Agreement is further subject to the conditions (which may be waived, in whole or in part, by such Party without prejudice to its right to rely on any other condition in its favour) that (i) the covenants of each other Party to be performed on or before the Effective Date pursuant to the terms of this Agreement will have been duly performed in all material respects and (ii) except as set forth in this Agreement, the representations and warranties of each other Party will be true and correct in all material respects as at the Effective Date, with the same effect as if such representations and warranties had been made at, and as of, such time.
5.3 Merger of Conditions
The conditions set out in Section 5.1 and Section 5.2 will be conclusively deemed to have been satisfied, waived or released on the filing by LAC of the Arrangement Filings under the BCBCA to give effect to the Plan of Arrangement.
ARTICLE 6
INDEMNITIES
6.1 Indemnity by LAC
Subject to Section 8.11, LAC will indemnify and hold harmless Spinco and its Representatives against any Loss suffered or incurred by any such Indemnified Person resulting from:
(a) a breach of a representation or warranty herein or pursuant hereto by LAC; and
(b) a breach of a covenant herein or pursuant hereto by LAC;
6.2 Indemnity by Spinco
Subject to Section 8.11, Spinco will indemnify and hold harmless LAC and its Representatives against any Loss suffered or incurred by any such Indemnified Person resulting from:
(a) a breach of a representation or warranty herein or pursuant hereto by Spinco; and
(b) a breach of a covenant herein or pursuant hereto by Spinco, to the extent such breach occurs at or after the Effective Time;
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6.3 Notice of Third Party Claims
(a) If an Indemnified Person receives notice of the commencement or assertion of any Third Party Claim, the Indemnified Person must notify the Indemnifier as soon as reasonably practicable thereafter, but in any event, no later than 30 days after receipt of such notice of such Third Party Claim. Such notice to the Indemnifier must describe the Third Party Claim in reasonable detail and indicate, to the extent reasonably practicable, the estimated amount of the Loss that has been or may be sustained by the Indemnified Person. The Indemnifier will then have a period of 30 days (the "Notice Period") within which to satisfy such Third Party Claim or, failing that, to give notice to the Indemnified Person that it intends to dispute such Third Party Claim and participate in or assume the defence thereof (a "Dispute Notice"), which notice must be accompanied by reasonable particulars in writing of the basis of such dispute.
(b) If an Indemnified Person has reason to believe that a Person may be investigating the possibility of asserting a Third Party Claim, it must notify the Indemnifier as soon as reasonably practicable, but in any event, no later than 30 days after discovery of such possible Third Party Claim, and provide reasonable details of the circumstances thereof. The Indemnified Person and the Indemnifier will cooperate with each other with a view to satisfying the Person who may assert the Third Party Claim that there is no reasonable basis therefor.
6.4 Defence of Third Party Claims
If an Indemnifier elects to assume the defence of any Third Party Claim, the Indemnifier must at all times act reasonably and in good faith in pursuing such defence, keep the Indemnified Persons reasonably informed as to the progress and status of such defence of the Third Party Claim and provide copies to the Indemnified Persons of all material documents, records and other materials relating to such defence of the Third Party Claim. The Indemnifier must provide the Indemnified Persons with drafts of documents that the Indemnifier proposes to send or file in advance of the sending of or filing of the same and the Indemnified Persons will have the reasonable opportunity to provide comments thereon to the Indemnifier; provided, however, that it will not result in any undue delays. The Indemnifier agrees to pay all of its own expenses of participating in or assuming such defence. The Indemnified Persons will cooperate in good faith in the defence of each Third Party Claim, even if the defence has been assumed by the Indemnifier, and may participate in such defence assisted by counsel of its choice and at its own expense, except in those circumstances in which the Indemnified Person believes in good faith that there are material conflict issues between the Indemnifier and the Indemnified Persons or there are defences available to the Indemnified Persons that are not available to the Indemnifier, in either of which cases the Indemnified Persons may participate in such defence assisted by counsel of its choice at the expense of the lndemnifier to the extent such expenses are reasonable. Neither the Indemnifier nor the Indemnified Persons will enter into any compromise or settlement of any Third Party Claim without obtaining the prior written consent of the other of them, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed; provided, however, that: (1) if the Indemnifier wishes to settle a Third Party Claim in an amount acceptable to the third party claimant, but the Indemnified Persons do not wish so to settle, the Indemnifier will be required to indemnify the Indemnified Persons only up to the lesser of the amount for which the Indemnifier would have settled the Third Party Claim and the amount which the Indemnified Persons were or will be required to pay such third party in connection with such Third Party Claim and (2) if the Indemnified Persons have not received a Dispute Notice within the Notice Period confirming the intent of the Indemnifier in respect of a Third Party Claim or if the Indemnifier, having elected to assume the defence of any Third Party Claim, fails to take reasonable steps necessary to defend diligently such Third Party Claim within 30 days after receiving notice from the Indemnified Persons that the Indemnified Person bona fide believes on reasonable grounds that the Indemnifier has failed to take such steps (with such grounds to be specified in reasonable detail), the Indemnified Persons may, at their option, elect to settle or compromise the Third Party Claim or assume such defence, assisted by counsel of their choosing, and the Indemnifier will be liable for all reasonable costs and expenses paid or incurred in connection therewith and any Loss suffered or incurred by the Indemnified Persons with respect to such Third Party Claim.
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6.5 Direct Claims
Any Direct Claim must be asserted by providing notice to the Indemnifier within a reasonable time after the Indemnified Person becomes aware of such Direct Claim, but in any event not later than 60 days after the Indemnified Person becomes aware of such Direct Claim. Such notice to the Indemnifier must describe the Direct Claim in reasonable detail and indicate, to the extent reasonably practicable, the estimated amount of the Loss that has been or may be sustained by the Indemnified Person. The Indemnifier will then have a period of 30 days within which to satisfy such Direct Claim or, failing that, to give notice to the Indemnified Person that it intends to dispute such Direct Claim, which notice must be accompanied by reasonable particulars in writing of the basis of such dispute.
6.6 Failure to Give Timely Notice
The failure to give timely notice as provided in this Article 6 will not affect the rights or obligations of any Party except and only to the extent that, as a result of such failure, the Party that was entitled to receive such notice suffered damage or was otherwise prejudiced.
6.7 Reduction in Subrogation
If at any time subsequent to the making of any Indemnity Payment, the amount of the indemnified loss is reduced pursuant to any claim, recovery, settlement or payment by or against any other Person (a "Recovery"), such that, taking the Recovery into account, the amount of the Indemnity Payment in respect of the Loss exceeds the amount of the Loss, the Indemnified Person must promptly repay to the Indemnifier the amount of the excess (the "Excess") (less any costs, expenses (including Taxes) or premiums incurred in connection therewith) together with interest (a) from the date of payment of the Indemnity Payment in respect of which the repayment is being made to but excluding the earlier of the date of repayment of the Excess and the date that is 60 days after the Excess arises, but only to the extent that the Recovery giving rise to the Excess included interest, at the rate applied to the amount of the Recovery and (b) from and including the date that is 60 days after the Excess arises to but excluding the date of repayment of the Excess, at the Prime Rate. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 6.7, no payment must be made hereunder to the extent the Indemnified Person is entitled to an Indemnity Payment hereunder that remains unpaid. Upon making a full Indemnity Payment, the Indemnifier will, to the extent of such Indemnity Payment, be subrogated to all rights of the Indemnified Person against any third party in respect of the Loss to which the Indemnity Payment relates. Until the Indemnified Person recovers full payment of its Loss, any and all claims of the Indemnifier against such third party on account of such Indemnity Payment will be postponed and subordinated in right of payment to the Indemnified Person's rights against such third party.
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6.8 Tax Effect
If any Indemnity Payment received by an Indemnified Person would constitute income for tax purposes to such Indemnified Person, the Indemnifier will pay a Tax Gross-Up to the Indemnified Person at the same time and on the same terms, as to interest and otherwise, as the Indemnity Payment. The amount of any Loss for which indemnification is provided will be adjusted to take into account any tax benefit realizable by the Indemnified Person or any of its Affiliates by reason of the Loss for which indemnification is so provided or the circumstances giving rise to such Loss. For purposes of this Section 6.8, any tax benefit will be taken into account at such time as it is received by the Indemnified Person or its Affiliate. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 6.8, if an Indemnity Payment would otherwise be included in the Indemnified Person's income, the Indemnified Person covenants and agrees to make all such elections and take such actions as are available, acting reasonably, to minimize or eliminate Taxes with respect to the Indemnity Payment.
6.9 Payment and Interest
All Losses (other than Taxes) will bear interest at a rate per annum, calculated and payable monthly, equal to the Prime Rate per annum from and including the date the Indemnified Person disbursed funds or suffered or incurred a Loss to but excluding the day of payment by the Indemnifier to the Indemnified Person, with interest on overdue interest at the same rate. All Losses that are Taxes will bear interest at a rate per annum, calculated and payable monthly, equal to the Prime Rate from and including the date the Indemnified Person paid such Taxes to but excluding the day of payment by the lndemnifier to the Indemnified Person of the Indemnity Payment in respect of such Taxes, with interest on overdue interest at the same rate.
6.10 Judgment Currency
(a) If for the purpose of obtaining or enforcing judgment against the Indemnifier in any court in any jurisdiction, it becomes necessary to convert into any other currency (the "Judgment Currency") an amount due in Canadian dollars under this Agreement, the conversion will be made at the rate of exchange prevailing on the Business Day immediately preceding:
(i) the date of actual payment of the amount due, in the case of any proceeding in the courts of the Province of British Columbia or in the courts of any other jurisdiction that will give effect to such conversion being made on such date; or
(ii) the date on which the judgment is given, in the case of any proceeding in the courts of any other jurisdiction (the "Judgment Conversion Date").
(b) If, in the case of any proceeding in the court of any jurisdiction referred to in Section 6.10(a)(ii), there is a change in the rate of exchange prevailing between the Judgment Conversion Date and the date of actual payment of the amount due, the Indemnifier must pay such additional amount (if any, but in any event not a lesser amount) as may be necessary to ensure that the amount paid in the Judgment Currency, when converted at the rate of exchange prevailing on the date of payment, will produce the amount of Canadian dollars, which could have been purchased with the amount of Judgment Currency stipulated in the judgment or judicial order at the rate of exchange prevailing on the Judgment Conversion Date.
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6.11 Exclusive Remedy
Subject to Section 8.11 and except for remedies for injunctive relief or equitable relief, claims for fraud or intentional misrepresentation or as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement, the indemnification rights set forth in this Article 6 will be the sole and exclusive remedy for any Direct Claim or any Third Party Claim arising out of this Agreement by LAC or Spinco.
6.12 Mitigation
Nothing in this Agreement will in any way restrict or limit the general obligation at law of an Indemnified Person to mitigate any Loss which it may suffer or incur by reason of the breach by an Indemnifier of any representation, warranty, covenant, obligation or agreement of the Indemnifier hereunder. If any such Loss can be reduced by any Recovery (including under or pursuant to any insurance coverage), the Indemnified Person will take all appropriate and reasonable steps to enforce such Recovery. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no Indemnified Person will have any obligation to mitigate any Loss prior to or in connection with any application of remedies for injunctive or equitable relief.
6.13 Superseding Indemnity
Notwithstanding anything else contained herein, concurrently with the execution and delivery of the Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement and the Transitional Services Agreement, as applicable, the indemnity provisions contained therein will supersede and replace this Article 6 if and to the extent such agreements govern the indemnification rights and obligations of either Party over matters that would otherwise be covered by those set out in this Article 6. Any Direct Claim or Third Party Claim advanced or right to advance a Direct Claim or Third Party Claim under this Article 6 prior to the Effective Date may, to the extent governed by the Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement or the Transitional Services Agreement, as applicable, be continued or advanced under such agreements and the provisions of such agreements will apply mutatis mutandis with respect to any such claim or right.
ARTICLE 7
AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION
7.1 Amendment
(a) Subject to Applicable Law, this Agreement, the Tax Rulings and the Plan of Arrangement may, at any time and from time to time before and after the holding of the Meeting but not later than the Effective Date, be amended by written agreement of the Parties, without further notice to or authorization on the part of the LAC Shareholders or the holders of the Old LAC Equity Awards. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, any such amendment may: (i) change the time for performance of any of the obligations or acts of LAC and Spinco; (ii) waive any inaccuracies or modify any representation or warranty contained herein or in any document to be delivered pursuant hereto; (iii) waive compliance with or modify any of the covenants contained herein or waive or modify performance of any of the obligations of LAC or Spinco; (iv) waive or modify, in whole or in part, any conditions contained in this Agreement; or (v) make such alterations, modifications, amendments or supplements to this Agreement as LAC or Spinco may consider necessary or desirable in connection with any pre-Arrangement reorganization, the Tax Rulings, the Arrangement, the Interim Order or the Final Order.
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(b) Notwithstanding the foregoing, LAC reserves the right in its sole and absolute discretion, without notice to or the approval of Spinco, the LAC Shareholders or the holders of the Old LAC Equity Awards, to at any time and from time to prior to the Effective Date, amend (i) the Tax Rulings and/or the Plan of Arrangement so long as such amendment(s) is not, in the opinion of LAC (acting reasonably), materially adverse to Spinco; and (ii) this Agreement to the extent LAC may reasonably consider such amendment necessary or desirable due to the Tax Rulings, any pre-Arrangement reorganization, the Interim Order or the Final Order.
(c) None of the Parties (or their respective Affiliates or Representatives) will have any liability to the LAC Shareholders, the other Party, as applicable, or any other Person for any amendment made pursuant to this Section 7.1.
(d) It is understood and agreed by the Parties that information in Section 2.3 paragraphs (l), (m) and (n) of the Plan of Arrangement with respect to the number of directors and the specific identities of the directors to be appointed to the board of directors of each of LAC and Spinco, as well as the corporate name for each entity, in each case upon the Plan of Arrangement becoming effective, may need to be revised. If necessary, the Parties hereby agree that they will revise the foregoing information (and make applicable ancillary amendments in the Plan of Arrangement) prior to making an application pursuant to Part 9, Division 5 of the BCBCA for the Interim Order or at such later time as determined by the Parties as may be permissible by law and the Interim Order, and will amend the Plan of Arrangement and/or their constating documents and/or take all other necessary steps to give effect to such revisions and amend other terms as may be necessary.
7.2 Termination
This Agreement may, at any time before or after the holding of the Meeting but prior to the filing of the Arrangement Filings giving effect to the Arrangement, be unilaterally terminated by LAC, in its sole and absolute discretion, at any time without notice to or the approval of Spinco or the LAC Shareholders and without liability to any Person except as provided in Section 8.1.
7.3 Effect of Termination
Upon the termination of this Agreement pursuant to Section 7.2 hereof, no Party will have any liability or further obligation to the other Party hereto or any other Person.
7.4 Survival
If this Agreement is not terminated pursuant to the provisions of Section 7.2, this Agreement (excluding the conditions referred to in Section 5.3) will continue in effect for a period of one year after the Effective Date except that:
(a) the provisions of Section 2.6 will continue in effect until such time as the obligations thereunder have been satisfied;
(b) the provisions of Sections 4.2(e) to 4.2(h), inclusive, and Section 4.3(h) will continue in effect for the respective periods referred to therein;
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(c) the provisions of Sections 6.1(a) and 6.2(a) (and, in each case, the associated provisions of this Agreement) will continue in effect for a period of six years after the Effective Date; and
(d) the provisions of Article 8 (and the associated provisions of this Agreement) will continue indefinitely.
ARTICLE 8
GENERAL
8.1 Expenses
The Parties agree that all Transaction Costs will be the responsibility of, and will be paid for by, LAC; provided, however, that Spinco will be solely responsible for, and will pay, the fees, costs and expenses in connection with: (i) arranging any credit facilities or other financing for Spinco or Thacker Pass Co as part of, or following, the Arrangement, and (ii) listing the Spinco Common Shares (and any associated rights) on the TSX and/or the NYSE and settling and delivering the Spinco Common Shares on completion of the Arrangement (including the fees for obtaining a CUSIP for such shares), including the associated fees and expenses of the transfer agent and rights agent of Spinco and the lenders under the aforementioned credit facilities. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Spinco will be solely responsible for, and will pay, the fees and expenses of any advisors retained directly by Spinco or any of its Affiliates.
8.2 Notices
Any demand, notice or other communication to be given in connection with this Agreement must be given in writing and delivered personally or by courier or by e-mail addressed to the recipient as follows:
(a) To LAC (prior to the Effective Date):
Lithium Americas Corp.
300-900 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, British Columbia
V6C 1E5
Attention: Jonathan Evans
e-mail: j
To Spinco (prior to the Effective Date):
1397468 B.C. Ltd.
c/o Lithium Americas Corp.
300-900 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, British Columbia
V6C 1E5
Attention: Alexi Zawadzki
e-mail: aj
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To LAC (on and after the Effective Date) in its name following the Effective Time:
300-900 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, British Columbia
V6C 1E5
Attention: John Kanellitsas
e-mail: jj
Copy to: Alex Shulga
e-mail: aj
To Spinco (on and after the Effective Date) in its name following the Effective Time:
300-900 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, British Columbia
V6C 1E5
Attention: Jonathan Evans
e-mail: jj
or other such address that a Party may, from time to time, advise the other Parties hereto by notice in writing given in accordance with the foregoing. Date of receipt of any such notice will be deemed to be the date of actual delivery thereof or, if given by e-mail, on the day of transmittal thereof if given (with confirmation of delivery) prior to 5:00 p.m. (recipient's local time) and on the next Business Day if so given after such time.
8.3 Cooperation with Respect to Government Reports and Filings; Further Assurances
(a) Except as may otherwise be required by Applicable Law or the terms of any applicable agreement or arrangement with a third party who provided or has the ability to control the applicable information, LAC, on the one hand, and Spinco, on the other hand, will, and will cause its respective Affiliates, to use commercially reasonable efforts to provide the other Party (or its respective Affiliates or Representatives) with such cooperation as may be reasonably requested by such other Party in connection with the preparation and/or filing of any report or filing required by any Governmental Authority (or as required by applicable securities laws) contemplated by this Agreement or relating to or in connection with the operation by such Party of its Separated Business prior to the Effective Time or the relationship between such Parties on or prior to the Effective Date, including any financial statements or continuous disclosure filings. Except as provided in paragraph (b) below, the Party providing cooperation (and its Affiliates and Representatives) pursuant to this paragraph (a) will not be responsible for any Loss suffered by the Party requesting such cooperation as a result of such cooperation unless its results from the negligence or wilful misconduct of the providing Party.
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(b) Each of the Parties will from time to time execute and deliver all such further documents and instruments and do all acts and things as any other Party may, either before, on or after the Effective Date, reasonably require to effectively carry out or better evidence or perfect the full intent and meaning of this Agreement.
8.4 Assignment
No Party may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement or the Arrangement without the prior written consent of the other Party, provided that no such consent will be required for any Party to assign its rights and obligations under this Agreement and the Arrangement to a corporate successor to such Party or to a purchaser of all or substantially all of the assets of such Party, provided further that any such successor or purchaser of the rights or obligations a Party will have executed and delivered to the other Party an agreement in writing to be bound by and to perform, satisfy and assume all of the provisions of this Agreement and the Arrangement as if an original party hereto, in form and substance satisfactory to the other Party, acting reasonably.
8.5 Binding Effect
This Agreement will be binding upon and enure to the benefit of the Parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns and specific references to "successors" elsewhere in this Agreement will not be construed to be in derogation of the foregoing. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended or will be construed to confer upon any person other than the Parties and other Indemnified Persons and their successors and permitted assigns any right, remedy or claim under or by reason of this Agreement.
8.6 Waiver
Any waiver or release of any of the provisions of this Agreement, to be effective, must be in writing executed by the Party granting the same. No waiver of any of the provisions of this Agreement will constitute a waiver of any other provision (whether or not similar). A Party's failure or delay in exercising any right under this Agreement will not operate as a waiver of that right. A single or partial exercise of any right will not preclude a Party from any other or further exercise of that right or the exercise of any other right.
8.7 Entire Agreement
This Agreement together with the agreements and other documents herein or therein referred to constitute (or will constitute, once entered into) the entire agreement between the Parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede all prior agreements, understandings, negotiations and discussions, whether oral or written, between the Parties with respect thereto. There are no representations, warranties, covenants, conditions or other agreements, express or implied, collateral, statutory or otherwise, between the Parties in connection with the subject matter of this Agreement, except as set forth in this Agreement.
8.8 Governing Law; Attornment
This Agreement will be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the Province of British Columbia and the laws of Canada applicable therein and will be treated in all respects as a British Columbia contract. For the purpose of all legal proceedings this Agreement will be deemed to have been performed in the Province of British Columbia and the courts of the Province of British Columbia will have non-exclusive jurisdiction to entertain any action arising under this Agreement. Each Party hereby irrevocably attorns and submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Province of British Columbia.
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8.9 Confidentiality
(a) Each Party hereby acknowledges and agrees that the other Party and its Affiliates have a proprietary (or will have following the Effective Date in respect to Spinco) interest in the Restricted Information of such Party and the same is of value to such other Party and its Affiliates and that the use or disclosure of the Restricted Information of such other Party contrary to the terms of this Agreement would cause irreparable harm to such other Party and its Affiliates. Subject to the provisions of paragraph (d) of this Section 8.9, each of LAC, on the one hand, and Spinco, on the other hand, agree to hold, and to cause its respective Affiliates and its respective Representatives to hold, in strict confidence, with at least the same degree of care that applies to LAC's Confidential Information pursuant to policies in effect as of the Effective Date, all Restricted Information of the other Party, and will not use, and will cause its respective Affiliates and its respective Representatives not to use, any such Restricted Information other than for such purposes as are expressly contemplated hereunder or under the transactions or other agreements contemplated hereby. Each such Party further agrees to, and to cause their respective Affiliates and Representatives to, only use the Shared Information in the normal course of their respective businesses for their own internal purposes and not divulge or communicate to any third party any Shared Information (except that the Parties will be permitted to disclose such information, to the extent necessary in connection with their normal business activities, on a confidential basis, to their consultants, contractors, customers, partners, suppliers and Representatives who have a need to know the information); provided, however, that where an obligation is owed to a third party in respect of such Shared Information, the Parties covenant and agree to use such information only in a manner consistent with such obligation.
(b) The Parties acknowledge that they each have the non-exclusive right to use Industry Know-How and that each of them may use, divulge, communicate and in any other way exploit Industry Know-How in an unrestricted manner and without obligation or confidence. No Party will restrict or attempt to restrict the other Party with respect to their past, present or use or other dealing of Industry Know-How.
(c) For purposes of this Agreement, Confidential Information, Restricted Information and Shared Information will not include information that is now or subsequently becomes generally available to the public other than as a result of a breach of this Agreement or any other agreement relating to confidentiality between or among the Parties and/or their respective Affiliates or Representatives. In addition, information will not constitute Confidential Information of the second Party if such information was (i) lawfully acquired by the first Party and/or any of its Affiliates or Representatives from a third party not bound by a confidentiality obligation, or (ii) independently generated or developed by one or more Representatives of the first Party and/or any of its Affiliates without reference to Restricted Information of the second Party.
(d) In the event that a Party and/or its Affiliates or Representatives determines that it is required to disclose any Confidential Information (the "Disclosing Party") pursuant to Applicable Law or receives any demand under lawful process or from a Governmental Authority to disclose or provide Confidential Information, and such disclosure or provision of the Confidential Information would be in breach of this Section 8.9, the Disclosing Party will, to the extent permitted by Applicable Law, promptly notify the other Party so that the other Party has a reasonable opportunity to seek a protective arrangement and/or waive compliance with the applicable provisions of this Section 8.9 prior to the Disclosing Party disclosing or providing such Confidential Information, and the Party that received such request will cooperate, at the expense of the requesting Party, in seeking any such protective arrangements requested by such requesting Party. Subject to the foregoing, the Disclosing Party may thereafter disclose or provide such Confidential Information to the extent required by such Applicable Law (as so advised by legal counsel) or by lawful process or by such Governmental Authority and will, to the extent permitted by Applicable Law, promptly provide the other Party with a copy of the Confidential Information so disclosed together with a list of all Persons to whom such Confidential Information was disclosed. In any such event, the Disclosing Party will also use reasonable commercial efforts to ensure that all Confidential Information that is so disclosed will be afforded confidential treatment by the recipient. In addition, notwithstanding the foregoing or any other provision of this Agreement, a Party may disclose any Confidential Information (x) to its Representatives, provided they are under obligations in respect of limited use, limited disclosure and confidentiality in respect of such Confidential Information no less stringent than the obligations set forth herein, on a "need-to know" basis, (y) in connection with disputes or litigation between the Parties that relates to such Confidential Information, provided that each Party will endeavour to limit disclosure for that purposes, or (z) in connection with the exercise of any rights granted hereunder.
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8.10 Waiver of Conflict
The Parties acknowledge that each of LAC and Spinco, and their respective Affiliates, are currently represented by legal counsel retained by LAC in connection with the preparation and finalization of this Agreement. Each of LAC and Spinco, on behalf of itself and its respective Affiliates, waives any conflict with respect to such common representation that may arise before, at or after the date of this Agreement.
8.11 Limitation on Liability
No Representative of a Party will have any personal liability whatsoever on behalf of such Party (or any of its Affiliates) to any other Party under this Agreement or the Arrangement or any other transactions entered into, or documents delivered, in connection with any of the foregoing. In no event will LAC or Spinco be liable for any special, consequential, indirect, collateral, incidental, exemplary or punitive damages or lost profits or failure to realize expected savings or other commercial or economic loss of any kind, however caused and on any theory of liability, arising in any way out of this Agreement, whether or not such Person has been advised of the possibility of such damages; provided, however, that the foregoing will not limit any Party's indemnification obligations for Losses with respect to Third Party Claims as set forth in Article 6.
8.12 No Third Party Beneficiaries
This Agreement is solely for the benefit of, and is not intended to confer any rights or remedies on any Person other than the Parties (and their respective successors and permitted assigns) except for the indemnification rights provided for in Sections 6.1 and 6.2 which are intended for the benefit of, in addition to the Parties hereto, the Representatives of Spinco and LAC, respectively, as and to the extent applicable in accordance with their terms, and will be enforceable, as applicable, by each of such Representatives and his or her heirs, executors, administrators and other legal representatives (collectively, the "Third Party Beneficiaries"). Spinco will hold the rights and benefits of Section 6.1 in trust for and on behalf of its applicable Third Party Beneficiaries and LAC will hold the rights and benefits of Section 6.2 in trust for and on behalf of its applicable Third Party Beneficiaries. Each of LAC and Spinco hereby accepts such trust and agrees to hold the benefit of and enforce performance of such covenants on behalf of its applicable Third Party Beneficiaries as directed by such Third Party Beneficiaries. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Section 8.12, this Agreement will not provide any Person (including any LAC Shareholder) with any remedy, claim, liability, reimbursement, claim of action or other right in excess of those existing without reference to this Agreement. Subject to Section 7.1, the Parties reserve their right to vary or rescind the rights at any time and in any way whatsoever, if any, granted by or under this Agreement to any Person who is not a Party, without notice to or consent of that Person, including any Third Party Beneficiaries.
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8.13 Severability
If any provision of this Agreement is determined to be illegal, invalid or unenforceable by an arbitrator or any court of competent jurisdiction, that provision will be severed from this Agreement and the remaining provisions will remain in full force and effect. Upon such determination that any term or other provision is illegal, invalid or incapable of being enforced, the Parties will negotiate in good faith to modify this Agreement so as to effect the original intent of the Parties as closely as possible in an acceptable manner to the end that the transactions contemplated hereby and in the Plan of Arrangement are fulfilled to the fullest extent possible.
8.14 Privacy
(a) Each Party agrees to comply with all privacy Applicable Laws in the course of collecting, using and disclosing personal information about an identifiable individual (the "Transaction Personal Information"). Neither Party will disclose Transaction Personal Information to any Person other than to its Representatives. If the Arrangement is consummated, neither Party will, following the Effective Time, without the consent of the individuals to whom such Transaction Personal Information relates or as permitted or required by Applicable Law, use or disclose Transaction Personal Information:
(i) for purposes other than those for which such Transaction Personal Information was collected or provided; and
(ii) which does not relate directly to the carrying on of the business of such Party or to the carrying out of the purposes for which the transactions contemplated by this Agreement were implemented.
(b) Each Party will protect and safeguard the Transaction Personal Information against unauthorized collection, use or disclosure. Each Party will cause its Representatives to observe the terms of this Section 8.14 and to protect and safeguard the Transaction Personal Information in their possession. If this Agreement is terminated, each Party will promptly return to the other Party any Transaction Personal Information in its possession or in the possession of any of its Representatives, including all copies, reproductions, summaries or extracts thereof.
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8.15 No Personal Liability
No director or officer of LAC or any of its subsidiaries will have any personal liability whatsoever to Spinco under this Agreement or any other document delivered on behalf of LAC under this Agreement. No director or officer of Spinco or any of its subsidiaries will have any personal liability whatsoever to LAC under this Agreement or any other document delivered on behalf of Spinco under this Agreement.
8.16 Counterparts
This Agreement and any document contemplated by or delivered under or in connection with this Agreement and any amendment, supplement or restatement hereof or thereof may be executed in one or more counterparts (including in electronic form or with electronic signatures), each of which will be deemed to be an original and all of which taken together will be deemed to constitute the same instrument. Delivery of an executed signature page to this Agreement by any Party by electronic transmission will be as effective as delivery of a manually executed copy of the Agreement by such Party.
[Remainder of page intentionally left blank; signature page follows.]
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF the Parties have executed this Agreement.
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. | |||
by | (signed) "Jonathan Evans" | ||
Name: | Jonathan Evans | ||
Title: | President and Chief Executive Officer |
1397468 B.C. LTD. | |||
by | (signed) "Alexi Zawadzki" | ||
Name: | Alexi Zawadzki | ||
Title: | Director |
APPENDIX A
Plan of Arrangement
PLAN OF ARRANGEMENT UNDER SECTION 288
OF THE BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT (BRITISH COLUMBIA)
ARTICLE 1
DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION
1.1 Definitions
In this Plan of Arrangement, unless there is something in the subject matter or context inconsistent therewith, terms used but not otherwise defined have the respective meanings given to them in the Arrangement Agreement and the following terms have the respective meanings set out below and grammatical variations of such terms have the corresponding meanings:
"agreed amount" means the amount agreed upon by the transferor and the transferee, within the limits prescribed by subsection 85(1) of the Tax Act, in respect of the transfer of an eligible property as defined in subsection 85(1.1) of the Tax Act for consideration that includes shares of the transferee in a joint election under subsection 85(1) of the Tax Act;
"Applicable Law" means, with respect to any Person, any domestic or foreign federal, national, state, provincial or local law (statutory, common or otherwise), statute, constitution, treaty, convention, ordinance, code, rule, regulation, order, injunction, judgment, bylaw, decree, ruling or other similar requirement enacted, adopted, promulgated or applied by a Governmental Authority that is binding upon or applicable to such Person or its business, undertaking, property or securities and, to the extent they have the force of law, policies, guidelines, notices and protocols of any Governmental Authority, unless expressly specified otherwise;
"Arrangement" means the arrangement of LAC under section 288 of the BCBCA, on the terms and subject to the conditions set out in this Plan of Arrangement;
"Arrangement Agreement" means the amended and restated arrangement agreement dated as of June 14, 2023 between LAC and Spinco, including all schedules and appendices attached thereto, as may be amended, modified and/or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms;
"Arrangement Resolution" means the special resolution of the LAC Shareholders approving the Arrangement to be considered at the Meeting as required by the BCBCA and the Interim Order;
"Articles" means the articles of LAC, as such term is defined in the BCBCA;
"BCBCA" means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia);
"Board" or "Board of Directors" means the Board of Directors of LAC;
"Business Day" means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or any other day on which major banks are closed for business in the City of Vancouver, British Columbia;
"Butterfly Percentage" means the percentage, to be determined by the Board of Directors, that is equal to the fraction of A/B where:
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A is the net fair market value of the Distribution Property transferred under Section 2.3(g) of this Plan of Arrangement, as determined immediately before the transfer; and
B is the net fair market value of all of the property owned by LAC immediately before the transfer of the Distribution Property under Section 2.3(g) of this Plan of Arrangement, as determined immediately before the transfer;
"Circular" means the notice of Meeting and accompanying management information circular of LAC, including all schedules, appendices and exhibits thereto and all information incorporated by reference therein, to be sent to LAC Shareholders in connection with the Meeting, as may be amended, modified and/or supplemented from time to time in accordance with the Arrangement Agreement;
"Common Shares" means the common shares without par value of LAC as constituted immediately before the First LAC Share Exchange and as constituted immediately after the Second LAC Share Exchange, as the context requires;
"Court" means the Supreme Court of British Columbia and any applicable appellate court of competent jurisdiction;
"CRA" means the Canada Revenue Agency;
"Depositary" means such person as LAC may appoint to act as depositary in connection with the Arrangement;
"Dissent Rights" has the meaning set out in Section 3.1(a) of this Plan of Arrangement;
"Dissenting Shareholder" means a registered holder of Common Shares who has duly and validly exercised the Dissent Rights in respect of the Arrangement Resolution in strict compliance with the Dissent Rights and who has not withdrawn or been deemed to have withdrawn such exercise of Dissent Rights prior to the Effective Date, but only in respect of such Common Shares for which Dissent Rights are validly exercised and not withdrawn or deemed to have been withdrawn by such registered holder of Common Shares;
"Distribution Property" means (i) all of LAC's shares of 1339480 B.C. Ltd., (ii) LAC's receivable from 1339480 B.C. Ltd., (iii) all of LAC's shares of Green Technology Metals Limited; (iv) all of LAC's shares of Ascend Elements, Inc., (v) the portion of LAC's workforce in-place that will become directors, officers and employees of Spinco, (vi) the "Lithium Americas" business name, all intellectual property rights related thereto, and all associated stationery, logos, signage and domain names, (vii) the Offtake Agreement, (viii) the balance of the net proceeds of the Tranche 1 Subscription Price, and (ix) U.S.$75,000,000 of cash to establish sufficient working capital of Spinco (such amount subject to adjustment by the Board of Directors if the Effective Date is later than September 1, 2023);
"DRS Advice" means a direct registration statement (DRS) advice representing the applicable securities;
"Effective Date" means the date on which the Arrangement becomes effective, as set out in Section 1.1 of the Arrangement Agreement;
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"Effective Time" means 12:01 a.m. on the Effective Date, or such other time as LAC and Spinco agree to in writing before the Effective Date;
"Final Order" means the final order of the Court to be made pursuant to section 291 of the BCBCA in form and substance acceptable to LAC, acting reasonably, approving the Arrangement, as such order may be varied, amended or supplemented by the Court with the consent of LAC, acting reasonably, at any time prior to the Effective Date or, if appealed, then, unless such appeal is withdrawn or denied, as affirmed or varied, amended or supplemented on appeal;
"Final Proscription Date" has the meaning set out in Section 4.4 of this Plan of Arrangement;
"First LAC Share Exchange" means the exchange of Common Shares for LAC Class A Common Shares and LAC Preference Shares pursuant to Section 2.3(e) of this Plan of Arrangement;
"Governmental Authority" means any (a) international, multinational, federal, national, provincial, territorial, state, regional, municipal, local or other government, governmental or public department, central bank, court, tribunal, arbitral body, commission, commissioner, board, bureau, minister, ministry or agency, domestic or foreign, (b) any subdivision, agent, commission, board, or authority or representative of any of the foregoing, (c) any quasi-governmental or private body exercising any regulatory, self-regulatory, expropriation, executive, administrative or taxing authority under or for the account of any of the foregoing, or (d) any stock exchange, including the TSX and NYSE;
"Interim Order" means the interim order of the Court in respect of the Arrangement and providing for, among other things, the calling and holding of the Meeting, in form and substance acceptable to LAC, acting reasonably, as such order may be varied, amended or supplemented by the Court with the consent of LAC, acting reasonably;
"IRS" means the Internal Revenue Service;
"LAC" means Lithium Americas Corp., a BCBCA corporation, which is to be renamed "Lithium Americas (Argentina) Corp." pursuant to Section 2.3(l)(i) of this Plan of Arrangement, and includes its successors and permitted assigns (but excludes, for greater certainty, "Spinco").
"LAC Class A Common Shares" means the Class A voting common shares without par value of LAC having the rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions set out in Exhibit I to this Plan of Arrangement;
"LAC Equity Incentive Plan" means LAC's second amended and restated equity incentive plan dated May 15, 2023, as amended;
"LAC Preference Shares" means the preference shares without par value of LAC having the rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions set out in Exhibit I to this Plan of Arrangement;
"LAC Redemption Amount" means, for each LAC Preference Share, the product of the Butterfly Percentage and the aggregate fair market value of all of the Common Shares held by Participating Shareholders immediately before the First LAC Share Exchange, divided by the number of LAC Preference Shares, plus all declared but unpaid dividends thereon;
"LAC Redemption Note" means the demand, non-interest bearing promissory note having a principal amount and fair market value equal to the aggregate LAC Redemption Amount, issued by LAC to Spinco in payment of the consideration for the redemption of the LAC Preference Shares held by Spinco pursuant to Section 2.3(i) of this Plan of Arrangement;
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"LAC Shareholders" means all Persons holding Common Shares, whether registered or beneficial (unless otherwise specified) at the applicable time and "LAC Shareholder" means any one of them;
"Lithium Argentina DSU" means a deferred share unit in respect of a Common Share issued by LAC on the exchange of an Old LAC DSU pursuant to Section 2.3(c)(i) of this Plan of Arrangement;
"Lithium Argentina PSU" means a restricted share right in respect of a Common Share issued by LAC on the exchange of an Old LAC PSU pursuant to Section 2.3(c)(ii) of this Plan of Arrangement;
"Lithium Argentina RSU" means a restricted share right in respect of a Common Share issued by LAC on the exchange of an Old LAC RSU pursuant to Section 2.3(c)(iii) of this Plan of Arrangement;
"Letter of Transmittal" means the letter of transmittal to be delivered by LAC to LAC Shareholders for use in connection with the Arrangement;
"Master Purchase Agreement" means the master purchase agreement between LAC and General Motors Holdings LLC dated January 30, 2023;
"Meeting" means the annual and special meeting of LAC Shareholders, including any adjournments or postponements thereof in accordance with the terms of the Arrangement Agreement, to be called and held in accordance with the Interim Order to consider and to vote on the Arrangement Resolution and for any other purpose as may be set out in the Circular and consented to by LAC in accordance with the terms of the Arrangement Agreement;
"Notice of Articles" means the notice of articles of LAC, as such term is defined in the BCBCA;
"NYSE" means the New York Stock Exchange;
"Offtake Agreement" means the offtake agreement between LAC and General Motors Holdings LLC dated February 16, 2023;
"Old LAC DSU" means a deferred share unit in respect of a Common Share granted by LAC to a holder under the LAC Equity Incentive Plan that is issued and outstanding, whether or not vested, immediately before the Effective Time;
"Old LAC Equity Awards" means, collectively, the Old LAC DSUs, Old LAC PSUs and Old LAC RSUs;
"Old LAC PSU" means a performance based restricted share right in respect of a Common Share granted by LAC to a holder under the LAC Equity Incentive Plan that is issued and outstanding, whether or not vested, immediately before the Effective Time;
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"Old LAC RSU" means a restricted share right in respect of a Common Share granted by LAC to a holder under the LAC Equity Incentive Plan that is issued and outstanding, whether or not vested, immediately before the Effective Time;
"Participating Shareholder" means a LAC Shareholder as at the Effective Time, other than a Dissenting Shareholder;
"Person" includes any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, unincorporated association, unincorporated syndicate, unincorporated organization, trust, body corporate, company, corporation, trustee, executor, administrator, legal representative, government (including Governmental Authority) or any other entity, whether or not having legal status;
"Plan of Arrangement" means this plan of arrangement under section 288 of the BCBCA, including all exhibits attached hereto, and any amendments, supplements or variations hereto made in accordance with the Arrangement Agreement, the terms hereof or at the direction of the Court in the Final Order (with the consent of LAC, acting reasonably);
"PUC" means "paid up capital" in respect of a class of shares of a corporation for purposes of the Tax Act;
"Second LAC Share Exchange" means the exchange of LAC Class A Common Shares for Common Shares pursuant to Section 2.3(j) of this Plan of Arrangement;
"Spinco" means 1397468 B.C. Ltd., a BCBCA corporation, which is to be renamed "Lithium Americas Corp." pursuant to Section 2.3(m)(i) of this Plan of Arrangement, and includes its successors and permitted assigns (but excludes, for greater certainty, "LAC");
"Spinco Common Shares" means the common shares without par value of Spinco as constituted immediately before the Effective Time;
"Spinco DSU" means a deferred share unit in respect of a Spinco Common Share issued by Spinco on the exchange of an Old LAC DSU pursuant to Section 2.3(c)(i) of this Plan of Arrangement;
"Spinco Equity Incentive Plan" means Spinco's equity incentive plan set out in Exhibit III to this Plan of Arrangement;
"Spinco Preference Shares" means the preference shares without par value of Spinco as constituted immediately before the Effective Time;
"Spinco PSU" means a restricted share right in respect of a Spinco Common Share issued by Spinco on the exchange of an Old LAC PSU pursuant to Section 2.3(c)(ii) of this Plan of Arrangement;
"Spinco Redemption Amount" means for each Spinco Preference Share, the net fair market value of the Distribution Property, divided by the number of Spinco Preference Shares, plus all declared but unpaid dividends thereon;
"Spinco Redemption Note" means the demand, non-interest bearing promissory note having a principal amount and fair market value equal to the aggregate Spinco Redemption Amount, issued by Spinco to LAC in payment of the consideration for the redemption of the Spinco Preference Shares held by LAC pursuant to Section 2.3(h) of this Plan of Arrangement;
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"Spinco RSU" means a restricted share right in respect of a Spinco Common Share issued by Spinco on the exchange of an Old LAC RSU pursuant to Section 2.3(c)(iii) of this Plan of Arrangement;
"Subsidiary" means, with respect to a specified body corporate, any body corporate of which the specified body corporate is entitled to elect a majority of the board of directors thereof and will include any body corporate, partnership, joint venture or other entity over which it exercises direction or control or which is in a like relation to such a body corporate, excluding any body corporate in respect of which such direction or control is not exercised by the specified body corporate as a result of existing contracts, agreements and commitments;
"Tax Act" means the Income Tax Act (Canada);
"Taxes" means all income taxes, capital taxes, stamp taxes, charges to tax withholdings, sales and use taxes, value added taxes, goods and services taxes, and all penalties, interest and other payments thereon or in respect thereof, including a payment under the Tax Act, the U.S. Code, or any other federal, provincial, territorial, state, municipal, local or foreign tax law, in each case, as amended;
"Tax Rulings" means the advance income tax rulings and opinions from each of the CRA and the IRS, in the form requested in the applications made on behalf of LAC, as the same may be amended, modified and/or supplemented from time to time at the request of the CRA or the IRS, as applicable, or at the request of LAC, in each case, confirming the applicable Canadian and U.S. federal income tax consequences of the spin-off by LAC of the Distribution Property under the Arrangement and certain other transactions;
"Tranche 1 Subscription Price" has the meaning ascribed to such term in the Master Purchase Agreement;
"Transfer Agent" means the transfer agent(s) and/or registrar(s) for the Common Shares or the Spinco Common Shares, as applicable;
"TSX" means the Toronto Stock Exchange; and
"U.S. Code" means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
1.2 Interpretation Not Affected by Headings, etc.
The division of this Plan of Arrangement into Articles, Sections, and other portions and the insertion of headings are for convenience of reference only and will not affect the construction or interpretation hereof. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to an "Article", "Section" or "Exhibit" followed by a number and/or a letter refer to the specified Article or Section of or Exhibit to this Plan of Arrangement. The terms "hereof", "herein" and "hereunder" and similar expressions refer to this Plan of Arrangement and not to any particular Article, Section, Exhibit or other portion hereof.
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1.3 Rules of Construction
In this Plan of Arrangement, unless the context otherwise requires, (a) words importing the singular number include the plural and vice versa, (b) words importing any gender include all genders, including the neuter gender, and (c) the words "include", "includes" and "including" will be deemed to be followed by the words "without limitation" and the words "the aggregate of", "the total of", "the sum of" or a phrase of similar meaning means "the aggregate (or total or sum), without duplication, of".
1.4 Currency
Unless otherwise stated, all references in this Plan of Arrangement to sums of money are expressed in lawful money of Canada and "$" refers to Canadian dollars. In the event that any amounts are required to be converted from a foreign currency to Canadian dollars or vice versa, such amounts shall be converted using the most recent closing exchange rate of the Bank of Canada available before the relevant calculation date.
1.5 Date for Action and Computation of Time
If the date on which any action is required or permitted to be taken hereunder by a Person is not a Business Day, such action will be required or permitted to be taken on the next succeeding day which is a Business Day. Unless otherwise specified, a period of time is to be computed as beginning on the day following the event that began the period and ending at 5:00 p.m. on the last day of the period, if the last day of the period is a Business Day, or at 5:00 p.m. on the next Business Day if the last day of the period is not a Business Day.
1.6 References to Days, Statutes, etc.
(a) In this Plan of Arrangement, references to days means calendar days, unless otherwise specified.
(b) In this Plan of Arrangement, unless something in the subject matter or context is inconsistent therewith or unless otherwise herein provided, a reference to any law, statute, regulation, direction, code or instrument is to that law, statute, regulation, direction, code or instrument as now enacted or as the same may from time to time be amended, re-enacted or replaced, and in the case of a reference to a law, statute or code, includes any regulations, rules, policies or directions made thereunder. Any reference in this Plan of Arrangement to a Person includes its heirs, administrators, executors, legal personal representatives, predecessors, successors and permitted assigns. References to any agreement, contract or document are to that agreement, contract or document as amended, modified or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms.
1.7 Time
Time will be of the essence in every matter or action contemplated hereunder. All times expressed herein are to local Vancouver, British Columbia time, unless otherwise specified.
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1.8 Exhibits
The following Exhibits are attached to this Plan of Arrangement and form an integral part hereof:
Exhibit I | - | Amendments to LAC Articles and Notice of Articles of Lithium Americas Corp. |
Exhibit II | - | Amended and Restated LAC Equity Incentive Plan |
Exhibit III | - | Spinco Equity Incentive Plan |
ARTICLE 2
THE ARRANGEMENT
2.1 Arrangement Agreement
This Plan of Arrangement is made pursuant to, and is subject to, the provisions of the Arrangement Agreement and constitutes an arrangement as referred to in section 288 of the BCBCA.
2.2 Binding Effect
At and after the Effective Time, this Plan of Arrangement and the Arrangement will, without any further authorization, act or formality on the part of any Person, become effective and be binding upon LAC, Spinco, the Transfer Agent, all LAC Shareholders, including Dissenting Shareholders, all holders of Old LAC Equity Awards, the Depositary and all other Persons.
2.3 Arrangement
On the Effective Date, except as otherwise stated in this Plan of Arrangement and except for filing elections under the Tax Act, each of the transactions and events set out below shall occur in the following sequence effective at one-minute intervals starting at the Effective Time, without any further authorization, act or formality by LAC, Spinco or any other Person:
(a) Dissenting Shareholders
Each Common Share held by a Dissenting Shareholder will be, and will be deemed to be, transferred to LAC by the holder thereof and will be cancelled, without any further authorization, act or formality, free and clear of all liens, claims and encumbrances, and LAC will be obliged to pay such Dissenting Shareholder an amount therefor as determined by an order of the Court in accordance with Article 3, and such Dissenting Shareholder will be deemed to be removed from the securities register of LAC as a holder of Common Shares and will cease to be the holder of such Common Shares or to have any rights as a LAC Shareholder other than the right to be paid the fair value for such Common Shares as set out in Article 3.
(b) LAC Equity Incentive Plan and Spinco Equity Incentive Plan
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(i) The terms and conditions of the LAC Equity Incentive Plan will be amended and restated in the form and substance set out in Exhibit II to this Plan of Arrangement.
(ii) The Spinco Equity Incentive Plan will come into force and effect with the terms and conditions set out in Exhibit III to this Plan of Arrangement.
(c) Treatment of Old LAC Equity Awards
(i) Exchange of Old LAC DSUs for Spinco DSUs and Lithium Argentina DSUs
Holders of Old LAC DSUs will dispose of (i) the Butterfly Percentage of each Old LAC DSU to Spinco for one Spinco DSU, and (ii) the remaining portion of each Old LAC DSU to LAC for one Lithium Argentina DSU, subject to adjustment as follows.
It is intended that subsection 7(1.4) of the Tax Act apply to the exchange. Accordingly, the number of Lithium Argentina DSUs to be issued by LAC to a holder on the exchange will be reduced, if and to the extent necessary, such that the total of the fair market value of the Spinco DSUs and the fair market value of the Lithium Argentina DSUs receivable by the holder, as determined immediately after the exchange, does not exceed the fair market value of the Old LAC DSUs exchanged by such holder, as determined immediately before the exchange.
The Old LAC DSUs so exchanged will be cancelled.
(ii) Exchange of Old LAC PSUs for Spinco PSUs and Lithium Argentina PSUs
Holders of Old LAC PSUs will dispose of (i) the Butterfly Percentage of each Old LAC PSU to Spinco for one Spinco PSU, and (ii) the remaining portion of each Old LAC PSU to LAC for one Lithium Argentina PSU, subject to adjustment as follows.
It is intended that subsection 7(1.4) of the Tax Act apply to the exchange. Accordingly, the number of Lithium Argentina PSUs to be issued by LAC to a holder on the exchange will be reduced, if and to the extent necessary, such that the total of the fair market value of the Spinco PSUs and the fair market value of the Lithium Argentina PSUs receivable by the holder, as determined immediately after the exchange, does not exceed the fair market value of the Old LAC PSUs exchanged by such holder, as determined immediately before the exchange.
The Old LAC PSUs so exchanged will be cancelled.
(iii) Exchange of Old LAC RSUs for Spinco RSUs and Lithium Argentina RSUs
Holders of Old LAC RSUs will dispose of (i) the Butterfly Percentage of each Old LAC RSU to Spinco for one Spinco RSU, and (ii) the remaining portion of each Old LAC RSU to LAC for one Lithium Argentina RSU, subject to adjustment as follows.
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It is intended that subsection 7(1.4) of the Tax Act apply to the exchange. Accordingly, the number of Lithium Argentina RSUs to be issued by LAC to a holder on the exchange will be reduced, if and to the extent necessary, such that the total of the fair market value of the Spinco RSUs and the fair market value of the Lithium Argentina RSUs receivable by the holder, as determined immediately after the exchange, does not exceed the fair market value of the Old LAC RSUs exchanged by such holder, as determined immediately before the exchange.
The Old LAC RSUs so exchanged will be cancelled.
(d) Reorganization of LAC Share Capital
The authorized share capital of LAC will be reorganized and its Articles and Notice of Articles will be altered to create and to authorize the issuance of an unlimited number of LAC Class A Common Shares and an unlimited number of LAC Preference Shares, each new class of shares, in addition to the LAC Common Shares it is authorized to issue immediately before such alteration, attaching the respective rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions set out in Exhibit I to this Plan of Arrangement.
(e) First LAC Share Exchange
Each Participating Shareholder will transfer each Common Share held by such Participating Shareholder to LAC in exchange for: (x) one LAC Class A Common Share; and (y) one LAC Preference Share. The aggregate amount added to the capital of the LAC Preference Shares will be equal to the amount of the product of the Butterfly Percentage and the PUC of the Common Shares (for greater certainty, excluding Common Shares held by Dissenting Shareholders) immediately before the Effective Time. The aggregate amount added to the capital of the LAC Class A Common Shares will be equal to the amount of the difference between the PUC of the exchanged Common Shares (excluding, for greater certainty, Common Shares held by Dissenting Shareholders) immediately before the Effective Time and the capital of the LAC Preference Shares. The Common Shares so exchanged will be cancelled.
(f) Spinco Share Exchange
Each Participating Shareholder will transfer each LAC Preference Share held by such Participating Shareholder to Spinco in exchange for one Spinco Common Share. The aggregate amount added to the capital of the Spinco Common Shares will be equal to the aggregate of the PUC of the transferred LAC Preference Shares.
(g) Distribution
LAC will transfer to Spinco all of the Distribution Property in consideration for Spinco's assumption of liabilities and obligations related to the Distribution Property (including LAC's liabilities and obligations related to the Offtake Agreement) and the issuance of 1,000,000 Spinco Preference Shares to LAC. The amount added to the capital of the Spinco Preference Shares will be equal to the difference between (a) the total of the aggregate of the agreed amounts and the fair market value of any Distribution Property other than eligible property as defined in subsection 85(1.1) of the Tax Act, and (b) the amount of any assumed liabilities.
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(h) Spinco Redemption
Spinco will redeem for cancellation all of the Spinco Preference Shares held by LAC in consideration for the aggregate of the Spinco Redemption Amount. Spinco will issue the Spinco Redemption Note to LAC in payment of the aggregate of the Spinco Redemption Amount. All of the Spinco Preference Shares will be cancelled.
Spinco is deemed to designate under subsection 89(14) of the Tax Act the amount of any deemed dividend under subsection 84(3) of the Tax Act arising on the redemption as an eligible dividend.
(i) LAC Redemption
LAC will redeem for cancellation all of the LAC Preference Shares held by Spinco in consideration for the aggregate of the LAC Redemption Amount. LAC will issue the LAC Redemption Note to Spinco in payment of the aggregate of the LAC Redemption Amount. All of the LAC Preference Shares will be cancelled.
LAC is deemed to designate under subsection 89(14) of the Tax Act the amount of any deemed dividend under subsection 84(3) of the Tax Act arising on the redemption as an eligible dividend.
(j) Second LAC Share Exchange
Each Participating Shareholder will transfer each LAC Class A Common Share held by such Participating Shareholder to LAC in exchange for one Common Share. The aggregate amount added to the capital of the Common Shares will be equal to the PUC of the exchanged LAC Class A Common Shares. The LAC Class A Common Shares so exchanged will be cancelled.
(k) Set-Off
Pursuant to a settlement agreement between LAC and Spinco: (i) LAC will repay the LAC Redemption Note by transferring to Spinco its Spinco Redemption Note; (ii) Spinco will repay the Spinco Redemption Note by transferring to LAC its LAC Redemption Note; and (iii) each of the LAC Redemption Note and the Spinco Redemption Note will be cancelled.
(l) Name Change of LAC and Elimination of Certain Classes of Shares
The Articles and Notice of Articles of LAC will be altered to:
(i) change the name of LAC from "Lithium Americas Corp." to "Lithium Americas (Argentina) Corp"; and
(ii) eliminate the LAC Class A Common Shares and the LAC Preference Shares from the authorized share capital of LAC, such that, immediately following such alteration, LAC will be authorized to issue an unlimited number of Common Shares.
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(m) Name Change of Spinco and Elimination of Certain Classes of Shares
The Articles and Notice of Articles of Spinco will be altered to:
(i) change the name of Spinco from "1397468 B.C. Ltd." to "Lithium Americas Corp."; and
(ii) eliminate the Spinco Preference Shares from the authorized share capital of Spinco, such that, immediately following such alteration, Spinco will be authorized to issue an unlimited number of Spinco Common Shares.
(n) Change in Directors
(i) the following directors of LAC will resign from the Board: Fabiana Chubbs, Kelvin Dushnisky, Jonathan Evans, Yuan Gao and Jinhee Magie;
(ii) the number of directors of LAC will be reduced to six (6) and the directors of LAC will be Diego Lopez Casanello, Robert Doyle, George Ireland, John Kanellitsas, Franco Mignacco, and Calum Morrison, such directors to hold office until the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders of LAC or until their successors are elected or appointed;
(iii) the number of directors of Spinco will be set at eight (8) and the directors of Spinco will be Michael Brown, Fabiana Chubbs, Kelvin Dushnisky, Jonathan Evans, Yuan Gao, Zach Kirkman, Jinhee Magie and Philip Montgomery, such directors to hold office until the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders of Spinco or until their successors are elected or appointed;
(iv) until the next annual meeting of shareholders of LAC, the directors of LAC will have the authority to appoint one or more additional directors on its Board who will hold office for a term expiring not later than the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders of LAC or until their successors are elected or appointed, but the total number of directors so appointed may not exceed one third of the number of Persons who become directors of LAC, as contemplated by Section 2.3(n)(ii); and
(v) until the next annual meeting of shareholders of Spinco, the directors of Spinco will have the authority to appoint one or more additional directors on its board of directors who will hold office for a term expiring not later than the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders of Spinco or until their successors are elected or appointed, but the total number of directors so appointed may not exceed one third of the number of Persons who become directors of Spinco, as contemplated by Section 2.3(n)(iii).
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2.4 Registers of Security Holders
(a) Upon the deemed transfer of the Common Shares held by Dissenting Shareholders pursuant to Section 2.3(a), the name of each Dissenting Shareholder will be deemed to be removed from the register of holders of Common Shares.
(b) Upon the First LAC Share Exchange of the Common Shares pursuant to Section 2.3(e), the name of each registered Participating Shareholder will be deemed to be removed from the register of holders of Common Shares and will be deemed to be added to the registers of holders of LAC Class A Common Shares and LAC Preference Shares as the holder of the number of LAC Class A Common Shares and LAC Preference Shares, respectively, issued to such registered Participating Shareholder and will be deemed to be the registered owner thereof.
(c) Upon the transfer of the LAC Preference Shares pursuant to Section 2.3(f), (i) the name of each registered Participating Shareholder will be deemed to be removed from the register of holders of LAC Preference Shares and will be deemed to be added to the register of holders of Spinco Common Shares, and (ii) Spinco will be deemed to be recorded on the register of holders of LAC Preference Shares and will be deemed to be the legal and beneficial owner thereof.
(d) Upon the transfer of the Distribution Property pursuant to Section 2.3(g), LAC will be deemed to be added to the register of holders of Spinco Preference Shares, and will be deemed to be the legal and beneficial owner thereof.
(e) Upon the redemption of the Spinco Preference Shares pursuant to Section 2.3(h), LAC will be deemed to be removed from the register of holders of Spinco Preference Shares and appropriate entries will be made in the register of holders of Spinco Preference Shares to reflect the cancellation of such shares.
(f) Upon the redemption of the LAC Preference Shares pursuant to Section 2.3(i), Spinco will be deemed to be removed from the register of holders of LAC Preference Shares and appropriate entries will be made in the register of holders of LAC Preference Shares to reflect the cancellation of such shares.
(g) Upon the Second LAC Share Exchange of the LAC Class A Common Shares pursuant to Section 2.3(j), the name of each registered Participating Shareholder will be deemed to be removed from the register of holders of LAC Class A Common Shares and will be deemed to be added to the register of holders of Common Shares as the holder of the number of Common Shares issued to such registered Participating Shareholder and will be deemed to be the registered owner thereof.
2.5 Arrangement Effectiveness
The Arrangement will become finally and conclusively binding and effective as at the Effective Time.
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2.6 Deemed Fully Paid and Non-Assessable Shares
All LAC Class A Common Shares, LAC Preference Shares, Spinco Common Shares, Spinco Preference Shares and Common Shares issued pursuant hereto will be deemed to be or have been validly issued and outstanding as fully paid and non-assessable shares for all purposes of the BCBCA.
2.7 Supplementary Actions
Notwithstanding that the transaction and events set out in Section 2.3 hereof will occur, and shall be deemed to occur, in the order therein set out without any other authorization, act or formality, each of LAC and Spinco will make, do and execute, or cause to be made, done and executed, all such further acts, deeds, agreements, transfers, assurances, instruments or documents as may be required to further document or evidence any of the transactions or events set out in Section 2.3 hereof, including any resolution of directors authorizing the issue, transfer or purchase for cancellation of shares, any share transfer powers evidencing the transfer of shares and any receipt therefor, any promissory notes and receipts therefor and any necessary additions to, or deletions from, share registers.
ARTICLE 3
RIGHTS OF DISSENT
3.1 Rights of Dissent
(a) Registered holders of Common Shares may exercise rights of dissent with respect to their Common Shares pursuant to and in the manner set forth in sections 237 to 247 of the BCBCA as modified by the Interim Order and this Article 3 ("Dissent Rights") in connection with the Arrangement; provided that, notwithstanding section 242(1)(a) of the BCBCA, the written notice setting forth such a registered holder's objection to the Arrangement Resolution referred to in section 242(1)(a) of the BCBCA must be received by LAC no later than 5:00 p.m. on the day that is two Business Days immediately preceding the date of the Meeting (as it may be adjourned or postponed from time to time). Dissenting Shareholders who duly exercise their Dissent Rights in accordance with this Section 3.1 and who:
(i) are ultimately entitled to be paid fair value for their Common Shares, (A) will be deemed to have transferred the Common Shares held by them and in respect of which Dissent Rights have been validly exercised to LAC, free and clear of all liens, claims and encumbrances, as set out in Section 2.3(a), (B) will be deemed not to have participated in the transactions in respect of such Common Shares in Section 2.3 (other than Section 2.3(a)), (C) will be entitled to be paid the fair value of such Common Shares, which fair value, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in section 237 of the BCBCA, will be determined as of the close of business on the day before the Arrangement Resolution was adopted, and (D) will not be entitled to any other payment or consideration, including any payment that would be payable under the Arrangement had such holders not exercised their Dissent Rights in respect of such Common Shares; or
(ii) are ultimately not entitled, for any reason, to be paid fair value for such Common Shares, will be deemed to have participated in the Arrangement as of and from the Effective Time on the same basis as a Participating Shareholder.
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3.2 Recognition of Dissenting Shareholders
(a) In no circumstances will the parties or any other Person be required to recognize a Person exercising Dissent Rights unless such Person is the registered holder of Common Shares in respect of which such Dissent Rights are purported to be exercised.
(b) From and after the Effective Time, neither LAC nor Spinco nor any other Person will be required to recognize a Dissenting Shareholder as a holder of Common Shares or as a holder of any securities of any of LAC or Spinco or any of their respective Subsidiaries and, subject to re-instatement pursuant to Section 3.1(a)(ii) above, at the Effective Time, the names of the Dissenting Shareholders will be deleted from the register of holders of Common Shares previously maintained or caused to be maintained by LAC in accordance with Section 2.4(a). In addition to any other restrictions in the Interim Order and under section 237 of the BCBCA, for greater certainty, none of the following Persons will be entitled to exercise Dissent Rights: (i) any holder of Old LAC Equity Awards; (ii) any Person who is not a registered holder of Common Shares; and (iii) any holder of LAC Class A Common Shares, Spinco Common Shares or Spinco Preference Shares.
3.3 Dissent Right Availability
A registered holder of Common Shares will not be entitled to exercise Dissent Rights with respect to Common Shares if such registered holder votes (or instructs, or is deemed, by submission of any incomplete proxy, to have instructed his, her or its proxyholder to vote) in favour of the Arrangement Resolution.
3.4 Withholding Taxes
All payments made to a Dissenting Shareholder pursuant to this Article 3 will be subject to, and paid net of, all applicable withholding taxes pursuant to Section 4.3 of this Plan of Arrangement.
ARTICLE 4
CERTIFICATES AND PAYMENTS
4.1 Entitlement to Share Certificates
(a) After the Effective Time and until surrendered for cancellation as contemplated under Section 4.1(d), each share certificate(s) and/or DRS Advice(s), as applicable, that immediately prior to the Effective Time represented one or more outstanding Common Shares (other than any Common Shares held by Dissenting Shareholders) will be deemed at all times to represent only such Participating Shareholder's right to receive in exchange therefor: (i) a certificate or a DRS Advice representing the Common Shares issued under the Second LAC Share Exchange, and (ii) a certificate or a DRS Advice representing the Spinco Common Shares, respectively, that such holder is entitled to receive in accordance with the provisions of Section 2.3.
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(b) As soon as practicable following the Effective Date, LAC will issue and deliver, or cause its Transfer Agent to issue and deliver, to the Depositary in escrow certificates and/or DRS Advices representing sufficient Common Shares bearing the new name "Lithium Americas (Argentina) Corp." to satisfy the aggregate Common Shares issuable to LAC Shareholders (other than Dissenting Shareholders) pursuant to the Second LAC Share Exchange under the Arrangement and in accordance with this Plan of Arrangement, which Common Shares will be held by the Depositary as agent and nominee for such Participating Shareholders for distribution thereto in accordance with Section 4.1(d).
(c) As soon as practicable following the Effective Date, Spinco will issue and deliver, or cause its Transfer Agent to issue and deliver, to the Depositary in escrow certificates and/or DRS Advices representing sufficient Spinco Common Shares bearing the new name "Lithium Americas Corp." to satisfy the aggregate Spinco Common Shares issuable to LAC Shareholders (other than Dissenting Shareholders) under the Arrangement and in accordance with this Plan of Arrangement, which Spinco Common Shares will be held by the Depositary as agent and nominee for such Participating Shareholders for distribution thereto in accordance with Section 4.1(d).
(d) As soon as practicable after the surrender to the Depositary for cancellation of a certificate or a DRS Advice that immediately before the Effective Time represented one or more outstanding Common Shares (other than Common Shares held by Dissenting Shareholders), together with a duly completed and executed Letter of Transmittal and such additional documents and instruments as the Depositary may reasonably require, the holder (other than Dissenting Shareholders) of such surrendered certificate or DRS Advice will be entitled to receive in exchange therefor: (i) a certificate or a DRS Advice representing the Common Shares issued under the Second LAC Share Exchange; and (ii) a certificate or a DRS Advice representing the Spinco Common Shares, respectively, that such holder is entitled to receive in accordance with the provisions of Section 2.3.
(e) Any Common Shares traded after the Effective Time will represent Common Shares as of the Effective Time and will not carry any rights to receive Spinco Common Shares.
(f) Recognizing that the LAC Class A Common Shares to be issued under the First LAC Share Exchange pursuant to Section 2.3(e) will be cancelled upon exchange thereof for Common Shares under the Second LAC Share Exchange pursuant to Section 2.3(j), LAC will not issue or deliver any share certificate(s), DRS Advice(s) or other instrument(s) representing LAC Class A Common Shares.
(g) No certificate(s), DRS Advice(s) or other instrument(s) will be issued or delivered to evidence the LAC Preference Shares issued to Participating Shareholders under Section 2.3(e) or the Spinco Preference Shares issued to LAC under Section 2.3(g).
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4.2 Lost Certificates
If any certificate representing, immediately prior to the Effective Time, one or more outstanding Common Shares has been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the Person claiming such certificate to be lost, stolen or destroyed and the giving by such Person of a bond and/or indemnity satisfactory to LAC, Spinco and the Depositary in such sum as LAC, Spinco and the Depositary may determine against any claim that may be made against LAC and Spinco with respect to the certificate alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, the Depositary will make such distribution or delivery in respect of the Common Shares represented by such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate as determined in accordance with Section 4.1(a).
4.3 Distributions with respect to Unsurrendered Certificates
No dividend or other distribution declared or made after the Effective Time with respect to Common Shares or Spinco Common Shares with a record date after the Effective Time will be delivered to the holder of any unsurrendered certificate or DRS Advice that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, represented outstanding Common Shares, unless and until the holder (other than Dissenting Shareholders) of such certificate will have complied with the provisions of Section 4.1(d), and, if applicable, Section 4.2. Subject to Applicable Law and to Section 4.4 and Section 4.5, at the time of such compliance, there will, in addition to the delivery of the Common Shares and Spinco Common Shares to which such holder is thereby entitled, be delivered to such holder, without interest, the amount of the dividend or other distribution with a record date after the Effective Time theretofore paid with respect to Common Shares and/or Spinco Common Shares, as applicable.
4.4 Limitation and Proscription
If (a) any former LAC Shareholder has not complied with the provisions of Section 4.1 or Section 4.2, as applicable, or (b) any payment made by the Depositary pursuant to this Arrangement (including Section 4.3) has not been deposited or has been returned to the Depositary or otherwise remains unclaimed, in each case, on or before the date that is three (3) years after the Effective Date (the "Final Proscription Date"), then, on such Final Proscription Date: (i) such former LAC Shareholder will be deemed to have donated and forfeited to LAC or its successors, all such Common Shares held by the Depositary in trust for such former holder to which such former holder was entitled under the Arrangement; (ii) such former LAC Shareholder will be deemed to have donated and forfeited to Spinco or its successors, all such Spinco Common Shares held by the Depositary in trust for such former holder to which such former holder was entitled under the Arrangement; (iii) the Common Shares and Spinco Common Shares that such former LAC Shareholder was entitled to receive under Section 4.1(a) will be automatically cancelled without any repayment of capital in respect thereof and the interest of such former LAC Shareholder in such shares will be terminated; (iv) the certificate(s), DRS Advice(s) or other documentation or instrument(s) representing such Common Shares and Spinco Common Shares will be delivered by the Depositary to LAC (in the case of the Common Shares) and to Spinco (in the case of the Spinco Common Shares) for cancellation; (v) all certificate(s), DRS Advice(s) or other documentation or instrument(s) representing Common Shares formerly held by such former holder immediately prior to the Effective Time will cease to represent any claim or interest of any nature whatsoever and will be deemed to have been surrendered to LAC and will be cancelled; and (vi) any payment made and any other right or claim to payment hereunder (including under Section 4.3) that remains outstanding will cease to represent any claim or interest of any nature whatsoever and will be deemed to have been surrendered to LAC (in the case of payments relating to the Common Shares) and to Spinco (in the case of payments relating to the Spinco Common Shares). None of the parties, or any of their respective successors, will be liable to any Person in respect of any Common Shares, Spinco Common Shares or any payment which is forfeited to LAC or Spinco or terminated pursuant to this Section 4.4 or delivered to any public official pursuant to any applicable abandoned property, escheat or similar Applicable Law.
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4.5 Withholding Rights
Each of LAC and Spinco (and the Depositary and their Transfer Agents on their behalf) will be entitled to deduct and withhold (or cause to be deducted or withheld) from any amounts payable under this Plan of Arrangement to any Person, including LAC Shareholders exercising Dissent Rights, such Taxes or other amounts as each of LAC and Spinco is required or permitted to deduct and withhold with respect to such payment. To the extent that Taxes or other amounts are so withheld, such withheld amounts will be treated for all purposes hereof as having been paid to the Person, in respect of which such deduction and withholding was made, provided that such withheld amounts are actually remitted to the appropriate taxing authority.
4.6 No Liens
Any exchange or transfer of securities pursuant to this Plan of Arrangement will be free and clear of any liens, claims or encumbrances of third parties of any kind, except for claims of the transferring or exchanging securityholder to be paid the consideration payable to such securityholder pursuant to the terms of this Plan of Arrangement.
ARTICLE 5
AMENDMENTS
5.1 Amendments to Plan of Arrangement
(a) This Plan of Arrangement may at any time and from time to time whether before or after the Interim Order or the Final Order, but not later than the Effective Date, be amended, modified and/or supplemented unilaterally by LAC, provided that each such amendment, modification or supplement is contained in a written document which is filed with the Court and, if made following the Meeting, is approved by the Court and communicated to Shareholders if and as required by the Court.
(b) Any amendment, modification and/or supplement to this Plan of Arrangement may be proposed by LAC at any time prior to or at the Meeting with or without any other prior notice or communication and, if so proposed and accepted by the Persons voting at the Meeting (other than as may be required under the Interim Order), will become part of this Plan of Arrangement for all purposes.
(c) Any amendment, modification and/or supplement to this Plan of Arrangement which is approved or directed by the Court following the Meeting will be effective only if it is consented to by LAC and, if required by the Court, is consented to by some or all of the LAC Shareholders voting in the manner directed by the Court.
(d) Any amendment, modification and/or supplement to this Plan of Arrangement may be made following the Effective Date unilaterally by LAC, provided that it concerns a matter which, in the reasonable opinion of LAC, is of an administrative nature required to better give effect to the implementation of this Plan of Arrangement and is not adverse to the financial or economic interests of any former holder of Common Shares.
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(e) Notwithstanding anything in this Plan of Arrangement or the Arrangement Agreement, LAC will be entitled at any time and from time to time prior to or following the Meeting to amend, modify and/or supplement any term of this Plan of Arrangement to give effect to any pre-Arrangement reorganization implemented in accordance with the terms of the Arrangement Agreement or to any amendments, modifications and/or supplements required pursuant to the Tax Rulings, in each case, without any prior notice or communication or approval of the Court or the LAC Shareholders, provided such modifications are not adverse to the financial or economic interests of the LAC Shareholders.
ARTICLE 6
FURTHER ASSURANCES
6.1 Further Assurances
Notwithstanding that the transactions and events set out herein will occur and will be deemed to occur in the order set out in this Plan of Arrangement without any further act or formality, each of the parties to the Arrangement Agreement will make, do and execute, or cause to be made, done and executed, all such further acts, deeds, agreements, transfers, assurances, instruments or documents as may reasonably be required by any of them in order further to document or evidence any of the transactions or events set out herein.
6.2 Paramountcy
From and after the Effective Time: (a) this Plan of Arrangement will take precedence and priority over all Common Shares and Old LAC Equity Awards outstanding prior to the Effective Time, (b) the rights and obligations of the LAC Shareholders, holders of the Old LAC Equity Awards, LAC, Spinco, the Depositary, the Transfer Agent and any other registrar or transfer agent or other depositary therefor in relation thereto, will be solely as provided for in this Plan of Arrangement, and (c) all actions, causes of action, claims or proceedings (actual or contingent and whether or not previously asserted) based on or in any way relating to any Common Shares or Old LAC Equity Awards will be deemed to have been settled, compromised, released and determined without liability except as set out in this Plan of Arrangement.
ARTICLE 7
TERMINATION
7.1 Termination
Notwithstanding any prior approvals by the Court or by LAC Shareholders, the Board of Directors may decide not to proceed with the Arrangement and to revoke the Arrangement Resolution at any time prior to the Effective Date, without further approval of the Court or the LAC Shareholders. Upon termination of this Plan of Arrangement, no party will have any liability or further obligation to any other party or Person hereunder other than as set out in the Arrangement Agreement.
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EXHIBIT I
Amendments to LAC Articles and Notice of Articles of Lithium Americas Corp.
The Articles and Notice of Articles of Lithium Americas Corp. (including its successors, the "Company") are amended as follows in accordance with the provisions of the plan of arrangement involving the Company, its shareholders and 1397468 B.C. Ltd. under section 288 of the Business Corporation Act (British Columbia) (the "Plan of Arrangement"):
(a) to alter the authorized share structure of the Company by creating a class of Class A Voting Common Shares Without Par Value (referred to as the "LAC Class A Common Shares" in the Plan of Arrangement) and a class of Preference Shares Without Par Value (referred to as the "LAC Preference Shares" in the Plan of Arrangement);
(b) to provide that there be no maximum number of Class A Voting Common Shares Without Par Value or Preference Shares Without Par Value that the Company is authorized to issue, respectively;
(c) to alter the Articles of the Company by attaching to the Common Shares Without Par Value (referred to as the "Common Shares" in the Plan of Arrangement), the Class A Voting Common Shares Without Par Value, and the Preference Shares Without Par Value the respective special rights and restrictions set out in paragraph (f) below;
(d) to alter the Notice of Articles of the Company to give effect to the foregoing;
(e) to delete Article 2.1 of the Articles of the Company in its entirety and replace it with the following Article 2.1 to give effect to the foregoing:
"2.1 Authorized Share Structure
The authorized share structure of the Company consists of shares of the class or classes and series described in the Notice of Articles of the Company, such shares having the respective special rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attaching thereto as set out in Articles 27, 28 and 29 of these Articles."
(f) to add to the Articles of the Company, immediately following Article 26 of the Articles of the Company, the following Articles 27, 28 and 29:
"27. SPECIAL RIGHTS AND RESTRICTIONS ATTACHED TO COMMON SHARES WITHOUT PAR VALUE
27.1 Common Share Without Par Value Special Rights and Restrictions
The Common Shares Without Par Value (the "Common Shares") have attached to them the special rights and restrictions set out in this Article 27.
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27.2 Payment of Dividends
The holders of the Common Shares will be entitled to receive dividends if, as and when declared by the board of directors of the Company out of the assets of the Company properly applicable to the payment of dividends in such amounts and payable in such manner as the board of directors of the Company may from time to time determine. Subject to the rights of the holders of any other class of shares of the Company entitled to receive dividends in priority to the holders of the Common Shares, the board of directors of the Company may in its sole discretion declare dividends on the Common Shares to the exclusion of any other class of shares of the Company.
27.3 Participation upon Liquidation, Dissolution or Winding Up
In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or other distribution of assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, no amount will be paid and no property or assets of the Company will be distributed to the holders of the Common Shares unless the holders of the Preference Shares (as hereinafter defined) have received from the property and assets of the Company the amount to which they are entitled pursuant to these Articles and thereafter the holders of the Common Shares will be entitled to all remaining property and assets of the Company pari passu on a share for share basis with the holders of the Class A Common Shares (as hereinafter defined).
27.4 Voting Rights
The holders of the Common Shares will be entitled to receive notice of and to attend all meetings of the shareholders of the Company and to one vote in respect of each Common Share held at all such meetings, except for meetings at which or for matters with respect to which only holders of another specified class or series of shares of the Company are entitled to vote separately as a class or series.
28. SPECIAL RIGHTS AND RESTRICTIONS ATTACHED TO CLASS A VOTING COMMON SHARES WITHOUT PAR VALUE
28.1 Class A Voting Common Share Without Par Value Special Rights and Restrictions
The Class A Voting Common Shares Without Par Value (the "Class A Common Shares") have attached to them the special rights and restrictions set out in this Article 28.
28.2 Payment of Dividends
The holders of the Class A Common Shares will be entitled to receive dividends if, as and when declared by the board of directors of the Company out of the assets of the Company properly applicable to the payment of dividends in such amounts and payable in such manner as the board of directors of the Company may from time to time determine. Subject to the rights of the holders of any other class of shares of the Company entitled to receive dividends in priority to the holders of the Class A Common Shares, the board of directors of the Company may in its sole discretion declare dividends on the Class A Common Shares to the exclusion of any other class of shares of the Company.
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28.3 Participation upon Liquidation, Dissolution or Winding Up
In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or other distribution of assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, no amount will be paid and no property or assets of the Company will be distributed to the holders of the Class A Common Shares unless the holders of the Preference Shares have received from the property and assets of the Company the amount to which they are entitled pursuant to these Articles and thereafter the holders of the Class A Common Shares will be entitled to all remaining property and assets of the Company pari passu on a share for share basis with the holders of the Common Shares.
28.4 Voting Rights
The holders of the Class A Common Shares will be entitled to receive notice of and to attend all meetings of the shareholders of the Company and to two votes in respect of each Class A Common Share held at all such meetings, except for meetings at which or for matters with respect to which only holders of another specified class or series of shares of the Company are entitled to vote separately as a class or series.
29. SPECIAL RIGHTS AND RESTRICTIONS ATTACHED TO THE PREFERENCE SHARES WITHOUT PAR VALUE
29.1 Preference Share Without Par Value Special Rights and Restrictions
The Preference Shares Without Par Value (the "Preference Shares") have attached to them the special rights and restrictions set out in this Article 29.
29.2 Non-Cumulative Dividends
The holders of the Preference Shares will be entitled to receive non-cumulative dividends if, as and when declared by the board of directors of the Company out of the assets of the Company properly applicable to the payment of dividends in such amounts and payable in such manner as the board of directors of the Company may from time to time determine. The board of directors of the Company may in its sole discretion declare non-cumulative dividends on the Preference Shares to the exclusion of any other class of shares of the Company.
29.3 Redemption by Company
Subject to the provisions of the Business Corporations Act, the Company may redeem at any time the whole or from time to time any part of the then outstanding Preference Shares on payment of an amount for each share to be redeemed equal to the Redemption Price (as hereinafter defined), plus all declared and unpaid dividends thereon, the whole constituting and being herein referred to as the "Redemption Amount". The Redemption Amount will be paid in cash money or, at the discretion of the Company, by the issuance of one or more promissory notes.
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29.4 Redemption at Option of Holder
A holder of Preference Shares will be entitled to require the Company to redeem, subject to the requirements of the Business Corporations Act, at any time the whole or from time to time any part of the Preference Shares then held by such holder by delivering an irrevocable request in writing specifying that the holder desires to have all or any part of the Preference Shares registered in such holder's name redeemed by the Company, together with the share certificate or certificates, if any, representing the Preference Shares which the registered holder desires to have the Company redeem. Upon receipt of such a request together with the share certificate or certificates representing the Preference Shares, if the Preference Shares which the holder desires to have the Company redeem are certificated, the Company will redeem such Preference Shares by paying to such holder the Redemption Amount for each such Preferred Share being redeemed. The Preference Shares will be redeemed and the holder of such shares will cease to be entitled to dividends and will not be entitled to exercise any of the rights of a holder of Preference Shares in respect thereof unless payment of the Redemption Amount is not made on the date specified for redemption, in which event the rights of the holder of the said Preference Shares will remain unaffected.
29.5 Redemption Price
In this Article 29, the term "Redemption Price" in respect of each Preference Share means an amount equal to: (i) the product of the aggregate fair market value of all of the Common Shares issued and outstanding immediately before the exchange of such shares pursuant to section 2.3(e) of the Plan of Arrangement (the "Plan of Arrangement") involving the Company, its shareholders and Spinco (as defined in the Plan of Arrangement) and the Butterfly Percentage (as defined in the Plan of Arrangement), divided by (ii) the number of Preference Shares issued and outstanding, plus all declared but unpaid dividends therefrom.
For purposes of subsection 191(4) of the Income Tax Act (Canada), the amount specified in respect of each Preference Share will be the amount specified by an officer or director of the Company in a certificate that is made (i) effective concurrently with the issuance of such Preference Share and (ii) pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors of the Company authorizing the issuance of such Preference Share, such amount to be expressed as a dollar amount (and not as a formula) that is not higher than the net fair market value of the consideration for which such Preference Share is issued.
29.6 Cancellation
Any Preference Shares that are redeemed by the Company pursuant to any of the provisions of these Articles will for all purposes be considered to have been redeemed on, and will be cancelled concurrently with, the payment by the Company to or to the benefit of the holder thereof of the Redemption Amount.
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29.7 Participation upon Liquidation, Dissolution or Winding Up
In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or other distribution of property or assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, each holder of a Preference Share will be entitled in respect of each such share to receive from the property and assets of the Company an amount equal to the Redemption Amount in respect of that share before any amount will be paid or any property or asset of the Company distributed to the holders of the Common Shares and the Class A Common Shares, following which payment the holders of the Preference Shares will not be entitled to share any further in the distribution of the property or assets of the Company.
29.8 Voting Rights
The holders of the Preference Shares will not be entitled to receive notice of or to attend or vote at any meetings of the shareholders of the Company and will not have any voting rights, except as required by applicable law.
29.9 No Dilution
For so long as any Preference Shares are outstanding, the Company will not (i) declare or pay any dividend on the Class A Common Shares, (ii) redeem or purchase for cancellation or otherwise any of the Class A Common Shares, (iii) declare or pay any dividend on the Common Shares, or (iv) redeem or purchase for cancellation or otherwise any of the Common shares."
EXHIBIT II
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.
SECOND AMENDED AND RESTATED EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN
(as amended by the Board on May 15, 2023)
PART 1
PURPOSE
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this Plan is to secure for the Company and its shareholders the benefits inherent in share ownership by the employees and directors of the Company and its affiliates who, in the judgment of the Board, will be largely responsible for its future growth and success. It is generally recognized that equity incentive plans of the nature provided for herein aid in retaining and encouraging employees and directors of exceptional ability because of the opportunity offered them to acquire a proprietary interest in the Company.
1.2 Available Awards
Awards that may be granted under this Plan include:
(a) Options;
(b) Deferred Share Units; and
(c) Restricted Share Rights (time based or in the form of Performance Share Units).
PART 2
INTERPRETATION
2.1 Definitions
(a) "Affiliate" has the meaning set forth in the BCA.
(b) "Arrangement Deferred Share Units" means Deferred Share Units issued as part of the Plan of Arrangement in partial exchange for Outstanding Deferred Share Units.
(c) "Arrangement Departing Participant" has such meaning ascribed thereto in Section 9.2 of this Plan.
(d) "Arrangement Effective Date" means the Effective Date as such term is defined in the Plan of Arrangement.
(e) "Arrangement Effective Time" means the Effective Time as such term is defined in the Plan of Arrangement.
(f) "Arrangement Restricted Share Rights" means Restricted Share Rights issued as part of the Plan of Arrangement in partial exchange for Outstanding Restricted Share Rights.
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(g) "Award" means any right granted under this Plan, including Options, Restricted Share Rights and Deferred Share Units.
(h) "BCA" means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia).
(i) "Blackout Period" means a period in which the trading of Shares or other securities of the Company is restricted under the Company's Corporate Disclosure, Confidentiality and Securities Trading Policy, or under any similar policy of the Company then in effect.
(j) "Board" means the board of directors of the Company.
(k) "Cashless Surrender Right" has the meaning set forth in Section 3.5 of this Plan.
(l) "CEO" means the Chief Executive Officer of the Company.
(m) "Change of Control" means, for greater certainty except for any transaction under the Plan of Arrangement, the occurrence and completion of any one or more of the following events:
(A) the Company shall not be the surviving entity in a merger, amalgamation or other reorganization (or survives only as a subsidiary of an entity other than a previously wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company);
(B) the Company shall sell or otherwise transfer, including by way of the grant of a leasehold interest or joint venture interest (or one or more subsidiaries of the Company shall sell or otherwise transfer, including without limitation by way of the grant of a leasehold interest or joint venture interest) property or assets (i) aggregating more than 50% of the consolidated assets (measured by either book value or fair market value) of the Company and its subsidiaries as at the end of the most recently completed financial year of the Company or (ii) which during the most recently completed financial year of the Company generated, or during the then current financial year of the Company are expected to generate, more than 50% of the consolidated operating income or cash flow of the Company and its subsidiaries, to any other person or persons (other than one or more Designated Affiliates of the Company), in which case the Change of Control shall be deemed to occur on the date of transfer of the assets representing one dollar more than 50% of the consolidated assets in the case of clause (i) or 50% of the consolidated operating income or cash flow in the case of clause (ii), as the case may be;
(C) the Company is to be dissolved and liquidated;
(D) any person, entity or group of persons or entities acting jointly or in concert acquires or gains ownership or control (including, without limitation, the power to vote) more than 50% of the Company's outstanding voting securities; or
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(E) as a result of or in connection with: (i) the contested election of directors, or; (ii) a consolidation, merger, amalgamation, arrangement or other reorganization or acquisitions involving the Company or any of its Affiliates and another corporation or other entity in office immediately preceding such election or appointment, the nominees named in the most recent management information circular of the Company for election to the Board shall not constitute a majority of the Board (unless in the case of (ii) such election or appointment is approved by 50% or more of the Board prior to the completion of such transaction).
For the purposes of the foregoing, "voting securities" means Shares and any other shares entitled to vote for the election of directors and shall include any securities, whether or not issued by the Company, which are not shares entitled to vote for the election of directors but are convertible into or exchangeable for shares which are entitled to vote for the election of directors, including any options or rights to purchase such shares or securities.
(n) "Code" means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any applicable United States Treasury Regulations and other binding guidance thereunder.
(o) "Committee" has the meaning attributed thereto in Section 8.1.
(p) "Company" means Lithium Americas Corp. (and from and after the completion of the Plan of Arrangement the same corporation as renamed pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement, if applicable), a company existing under the BCA and its successors.
(q) "Deferred Payment Date" for a Participant means the date after the Restricted Period which is the earlier of (i) the date which the Participant has elected to defer receipt of Shares underlying the Restricted Share Rights in accordance with Section 4.4 of this Plan; and (ii) the Participant's Separation Date.
(r) "Deferred Share Unit" means the agreement by the Company to pay, and the right of the Participant to receive, a Deferred Share Unit Payment for each Deferred Share Unit held, evidenced by way of book-keeping entry in the books of the Company and administered pursuant to this Plan.
(s) "Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 5.2 of this Plan.
(t) "Deferred Share Unit Payment" means, subject to any adjustment in accordance with Section 5.5 of this Plan, the issuance to a Participant of one previously unissued Share for each whole Deferred Share Unit credited to such Participant.
(u) "Delegated Options" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.3 of this Plan.
(v) "Designated Affiliate" means affiliates of the Company designated by the Committee from time to time for purposes of this Plan.
(w) "Director Retirement" in respect of a Participant, means the Participant ceasing to hold any directorships with the Company, any Designated Affiliate and any entity related to the Company for purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada) after attaining a stipulated age in accordance with the Company's normal retirement policy, or earlier with the Company's consent.
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(x) "Director Separation Date" means the date that a Participant ceases to hold any directorships with the Company and any Designated Affiliate due to a Director Retirement or Director Termination and also ceases to serve as an employee or consultant with the Company, any Designated Affiliate and any entity related to the Company for the purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada).
(y) "Director Termination" means the removal of, resignation or failure to re-elect the Eligible Director (excluding a Director Retirement) as a director of the Company, a Designated Affiliate and any entity related to the Company for purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada).
(z) "Eligible Directors" means the directors of the Company or any Designated Affiliate who are, as such, eligible for participation in this Plan.
(aa) "Eligible Employees" means employees (including employees who are officers and directors) of the Company or any Designated Affiliate thereof, whether or not they have a written employment contract with Company, determined by the Committee as employees eligible for participation in this Plan. Eligible Employees shall include Service Providers eligible for participation in this Plan as determined by the Committee.
(bb) "Fair Market Value" means, with respect to a Share subject to an Award, the volume weighted average price of the Shares on the New York Stock Exchange (or the Toronto Stock Exchange if the Company is not then listed on the New York Stock Exchange) for the five (5) days on which Shares were traded immediately preceding the date in respect of which Fair Market Value is to be determined or, if the Shares are not, as at that date listed on the New York Stock Exchange or the Toronto Stock Exchange, on such other exchange or exchanges on which the Shares are listed on that date. If the Shares are not listed and posted for trading on an exchange on such day, the Fair Market Value shall be such price per Share as the Board, acting in good faith, may determine.
(cc) "Form S-8" means the Form S-8 registration statement promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act.
(dd) "Good Reason" in respect of an employee or officer of the Company or any of its Affiliates, means a material adverse change imposed by the Company or an Affiliate (as the case may be), without the consent of such employee or officer, as applicable, in position, responsibilities, salary, benefits, perquisites, as they exist immediately prior to the Change of Control, or a material diminution of title imposed by the Company or the Affiliate (as the case may be), as it exists immediately prior to the Change of Control, and includes other events defined as "Good Reason" under any employment agreement of such employee or officer with the Company or its Affiliate.
(ee) "Insider" has the meaning set out in the TSX Company Manual.
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(ff) "Option" means an option to purchase Shares granted under the terms of this Plan.
(gg) "Option Period" means the period during which an Option is outstanding.
(hh) "Option Shares" has the meaning set forth in Section 3.5 of this Plan.
(ii) "Optionee" means an Eligible Employee or Eligible Director to whom an Option has been granted under the terms of this Plan.
(jj) "Outstanding Deferred Share Units" means Deferred Share Units outstanding immediately prior to the Arrangement Effective Time which, as part of the Plan of Arrangement, were exchanged for Arrangement Deferred Share Units and cancelled.
(kk) "Outstanding Restricted Share Rights" means Restricted Share Rights outstanding immediately prior to the Arrangement Effective Time which, as part of the Plan of Arrangement, were exchanged for Arrangement Restricted Share Rights and cancelled.
(ll) "Participant" means an Eligible Employee or Eligible Director who participates in this Plan.
(mm) "Performance Share Units" means Restricted Share Rights that are subject to performance conditions and/or multipliers and designated as such in accordance with Section 4.1 of this Plan.
(nn) "Plan" means this second amended and restated equity incentive plan, as it may be further amended and restated from time to time.
(oo) "Plan of Arrangement" means the plan of arrangement proposed under section 288 of the BCA which has become effective in accordance with the terms of an amended and restated arrangement agreement between the Company and Spinco dated June 14, 2023.
(pp) "Restricted Period" means any period of time that a Restricted Share Right is not vested and the Participant holding such Restricted Share Right remains ineligible to receive the relevant Shares, determined by the Board in its absolute discretion, however, such period of time may be reduced or eliminated from time to time and at any time and for any reason as determined by the Board, including, but not limited to, circumstances involving death or disability of a Participant.
(qq) "Restricted Share Right" or "Restricted Share Units" has such meaning as ascribed to such term at Section 4.1 of this Plan.
(rr) "Restricted Share Right Grant Letter" has the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.2 of this Plan.
(ss) "Retirement" in respect of an Eligible Employee, means the Eligible Employee ceasing to hold any employment with the Company or any Designated Affiliate after attaining a stipulated age in accordance with the Company's normal retirement policy, or earlier with the Company's consent.
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(tt) "Separation Date" means the date that a Participant ceases to be an Eligible Director or Eligible Employee.
(uu) "Service Provider" means any person or company engaged by the Company or a Designated Affiliate to provide services for an initial, renewable or extended period of 12 months or more and that complies with the definition of "consultant" or "advisor" as set forth in Form S-8.
(vv) "Shares" means the common shares of the Company.
(ww) "Specified Employee" means a U.S. Taxpayer who meets the definition of "specified employee", as defined in Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Internal Revenue Code.
(xx) "Spinco" means, prior to the completion of the Plan of Arrangement, 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (and from and after the completion of the Plan of Arrangement the same corporation as renamed pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement), a corporation incorporated under the BCA and its successors.
(yy) "Spinco Designated Affiliate" means affiliates of Spinco designated by the board of directors of Spinco or the committee of the board of directors of Spinco authorized to administer the Spinco Equity Incentive Plan in accordance with its terms.
(zz) "Spinco Equity Incentive Plan" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Plan of Arrangement.
(aaa) "Spinco Service Provider" has such meaning as ascribed to such term at Section 9.2(c) of this Plan.
(bbb) "Termination" means the termination of the employment (or consulting services) of an Eligible Employee with or without cause by the Company or a Designated Affiliate or the cessation of employment (or consulting services) of the Eligible Employee with the Company or a Designated Affiliate as a result of resignation or otherwise, other than the Retirement of the Eligible Employee.
(ccc) "Triggering Event" means (i) in the case of a director of the Company, the Director Termination of such director; (ii) in the case of an employee of the Company or any of its Affiliates, the termination of the employment of the employee without cause, as the context requires by the Company or the Affiliate or in the case of an officer of the Company or any of its Affiliates, the removal of or failure to re-elect or re-appoint the individual without cause as an officer of the Company or an Affiliate thereof; (iii) in the case of an employee or an officer of the Company or any of its Affiliates, his or her resignation following the occurrence of a Good Reason; (iv) in the case of a Service Provider, the termination of the services of the Service Provider by the Company or any of its Affiliates.
(ddd) "U.S. Securities Act" means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
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(eee) "US Taxpayer" means a Participant who is a US citizen, US permanent resident or other person who is subject to taxation on their income under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
2.2 Interpretation
(a) This Plan is created under and is to be governed, construed and administered in accordance with the laws of the Province of British Columbia and the federal laws of Canada applicable therein.
(b) Whenever the Board or Committee is to exercise discretion in the administration of the terms and conditions of this Plan, the term "discretion" means the sole and absolute discretion of the Board or Committee.
(c) As used herein, the terms "Part" or "Section" mean and refer to the specified Part or Section of this Plan, respectively.
(d) Where the word "including" or "includes" is used in this Plan, it means "including (or includes) without limitation".
(e) Words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa and words importing any gender include any other gender.
(f) Unless otherwise specified, all references to money amounts are to Canadian dollars.
PART 3
STOCK OPTIONS
3.1 Participation
The Company may from time-to-time grant Options to Participants pursuant to this Plan.
3.2 Price
The exercise price per Share of any Option shall be not less than one hundred per cent (100%) of the Fair Market Value of the Share on the date of grant.
3.3 Grant of Options
The Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, may at any time authorize the granting of Options to such Participants as it may select for the number of Shares that it shall designate, subject to the provisions of this Plan. The Board may also, by way of Board resolution, delegate to the CEO the authority to grant any of a designated number of Options (such number to be specified by the Board in the aforementioned resolution) to Eligible Employees, other than Eligible Employees who are officers or directors of the Company (such Options, the "Delegated Options"). The date of grant of an Option shall be (i) the date such grant was approved by the Committee for recommendation to the Board, provided the Board approves such grant; or (ii) for a grant of an Option not approved by the Committee for recommendation to the Board, the date such grant was approved by the Board; or (iii) in respect of Delegated Options, the date such grant is made by the CEO. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Board may authorize the grant of Options at any time with such grant to be effective at a later date and the corresponding determination of the exercise price to be done at such date to accommodate any Blackout Period or such other circumstances where such delayed grant is deemed appropriate, and the date of grant of such Options shall then be the effective date of the grant.
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Each Option granted to a Participant shall be evidenced by a stock option grant letter or agreement with terms and conditions consistent with this Plan and as approved by the Board on the recommendation of the Committee, or, in respect of Delegated Options, by the CEO (and in all cases which terms and conditions need not be the same in each case and may be changed from time to time, subject to Section 7.8 of this Plan, and the approval of any material changes by the Toronto Stock Exchange or such other exchange or exchanges on which the Shares are then traded).
3.4 Terms of Options
The Option Period shall be five (5) years from the date such Option is granted, or such greater or lesser duration as the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, or in the case of Delegated Options, the CEO, may determine at the date of grant, and may thereafter be reduced with respect to any such Option as provided in Section 3.6 hereof covering termination of employment or death of the Optionee; provided, however, that at any time the expiry date of the Option Period in respect of any outstanding Option under this Plan should be determined to occur either during a Blackout Period or within ten (10) business days following the expiry of the Blackout Period, the expiry date of such Option Period shall be deemed to be the date that is the tenth (10th) business day following the expiry of the Blackout Period.
Unless otherwise determined from time to time by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, or, in respect of Delegated Options, by the CEO, Options shall vest and may be exercised (in each case to the nearest full Share) during the Option Period as follows:
(a) at any time during the first six (6) months of the Option Period, the Optionee may purchase up to 25% of the total number of Shares reserved for issuance pursuant to his or her Option; and
(b) at any time during each additional six (6) month period of the Option Period the Optionee may purchase an additional 25% of the total number of Shares reserved for issuance pursuant to his or her Option plus any Shares not purchased in accordance with the preceding subsection (a) and this subsection (b) until, after the 18th month of the Option Period, 100% of the Option will be exercisable.
Except as set forth in Section 3.6, no Option may be exercised unless the Optionee is at the time of such exercise:
(a) in the case of an Eligible Employee, in the employ (or retained as a Service Provider) of the Company or a Designated Affiliate and shall have been continuously so employed or retained since the grant of the Option; or
(b) in the case of an Eligible Director, a director of the Company or a Designated Affiliate and shall have been such a director continuously since the grant of the Option.
The exercise of any Option will be contingent upon the Optionee having entered into an Option agreement with the Company on such terms and conditions as have been approved by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, or, in respect of the Delegated Options, by the CEO, and which in any case incorporates by reference the terms of this Plan. The exercise of any Option will, subject to Section 3.5, also be contingent upon receipt by the Company of cash payment of the full purchase price of the Shares being purchased.
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3.5 Cashless Surrender Right
Participants have the right (the "Cashless Surrender Right"), in lieu of the right to exercise an Option, to surrender such Option in whole or in part by notice in writing delivered by the Participant to the Company electing to exercise the Cashless Surrender Right, and, in lieu of receiving the full number of Shares (the "Option Shares") to which such surrendered Option (or portion thereof) relates, to receive the number of Shares, disregarding fractions, which is equal to the quotient obtained by:
(a) subtracting the applicable Option exercise price per Share from the Fair Market Value per Share on the business day immediately prior to the exercise of the Cashless Surrender Right and multiplying the remainder by the number of Option Shares; and
(b) dividing the product obtained under subsection 3.5(a) by the Fair Market Value per Share on the business day immediately prior to the exercise of the Cashless Surrender Right.
If a Participant exercises a Cashless Surrender Right in connection with an Option, it is exercisable only to the extent and on the same conditions that the related Option is exercisable under this Plan.
3.6 Effect of Termination of Employment or Death
If an Optionee:
(a) dies while employed by a Service Provider to, or while a director of, the Company or a Designated Affiliate, any Option held by him or her at the date of death shall become exercisable in whole or in part, but only by the person or persons to whom the Optionee's rights under the Option shall pass by the Optionee's will or applicable laws of descent and distribution. Unless otherwise determined by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, all such Options shall be exercisable only to the extent that the Optionee was entitled to exercise the Option at the date of his or her death and only for 12 months after the date of death or prior to the expiration of the Option Period in respect thereof, whichever is sooner; and
(b) ceases to be employed by a Service Provider to, or act as a director of, the Company or a Designated Affiliate for cause, no Option held by such Optionee will, unless otherwise determined by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, be exercisable following the date on which such Optionee ceases to be so engaged. If an Optionee ceases to be employed by, a Service Provider to, or act as a director of, the Company or a Designated Affiliate for any reason other than cause then, unless otherwise determined by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, any Option held by such Optionee at the effective date thereof shall become exercisable for a period of up to 12 months thereafter or prior to the expiration of the Option Period in respect thereof, whichever is sooner.
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3.7 Effect of Change of Control
If a Triggering Event occurs within the 12-month period immediately following a Change of Control pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1(m)(A), (B), (D) or (E), all outstanding Options shall vest immediately and become exercisable on the date of such Triggering Event.
In the event of a Change of Control pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1(m)(C), all Options outstanding shall immediately vest and become exercisable on the date of such Change of Control.
The provisions of this Section 3.7 shall be subject to the terms of any employment agreement between the Participant and the Company.
3.8 Effect of Amalgamation or Merger
Subject to Section 3.7, if the Company amalgamates or otherwise completes a plan of arrangement or merges with or into another corporation, any Shares receivable on the exercise of an Option shall be converted into the securities, property or cash which the Participant would have received upon such amalgamation, arrangement or merger if the Participant had exercised his or her Option immediately prior to the record date applicable to such amalgamation, arrangement or merger, and the option price shall be adjusted appropriately by the Board and such adjustment shall be binding for all purposes of this Plan.
PART 4
RESTRICTED SHARE RIGHTS AND PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS
4.1 Participants
The Board has the right to grant, in its sole and absolute discretion, to any Participant, rights to receive any number of fully paid and non-assessable Shares ("Restricted Share Rights" or "Restricted Share Units") as a discretionary payment in consideration of past services to the Company or as an incentive for future services, subject to this Plan and with such additional provisions and restrictions as the Board may determine. Restricted Share Rights may be granted subject to performance conditions and/or performance multipliers, in which case such Restricted Share Rights may be designated as "Performance Share Units".
4.2 Restricted Share Right Grant Letter
Each grant of a Restricted Share Right under this Plan shall be evidenced by a grant letter or agreement (a "Restricted Share Right Grant Letter") issued to the Participant by the Company. Such Restricted Share Right Grant Letter shall be subject to all applicable terms and conditions of this Plan and may be subject to any other terms and conditions which are not inconsistent with this Plan and which the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, deems appropriate for inclusion in a Restricted Share Right Grant Letter. The provisions of the various Restricted Share Right Grant Letters issued under this Plan need not be identical.
4.3 Restricted Period
Concurrent with the determination to grant Restricted Share Rights to a Participant, the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, shall determine the Restricted Period and vesting requirements applicable to such Restricted Share Rights. Vesting of a Restricted Share Right shall be determined at the sole discretion of the Board at the time of grant and shall be specified in the Restricted Share Right Grant Letter. Vesting requirements may be based upon the continued employment or other service of a Participant, and/or to performance conditions to be achieved by the Company or a class of Participants or by a particular Participant on an individual basis, within a Restricted Period, for such Restricted Share Rights to entitle the holder thereof to receive the underlying Shares (and the number of underlying Shares that may be received may be subject to performance multipliers). Upon expiry of the applicable Restricted Period (or on the Deferred Payment Date, as applicable), a Restricted Share Right shall be automatically settled, and without the payment of additional consideration or any other further action on the part of the holder of the Restricted Share Right, the underlying Shares shall be issued to the holder of such Restricted Share Rights, which Restricted Share Rights shall then be cancelled.
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4.4 Deferred Payment Date
Participants who are residents of Canada for the purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada), or who are residents of Argentina, and not, in either case, a US Taxpayer, may elect to defer to receive all or any part of the Shares underlying Restricted Share Rights until one or more Deferred Payment Dates. Any other Participants may not elect a Deferred Payment Date.
4.5 Prior Notice of Deferred Payment Date
Participants who elect to set a Deferred Payment Date must, in respect of each such Deferred Payment Date, give the Company written notice of the Deferred Payment Date(s) not later than thirty (30) days prior to the expiration of the applicable Restricted Period. For certainty, Participants shall not be permitted to give any such notice after the day which is thirty (30) days prior to the expiration of the Restricted Period and a notice once given may not be changed or revoked. For the avoidance of doubt, the foregoing shall not prevent a Participant from electing an additional Deferred Payment Date, provided, however that notice of such election is given by the Participant to the Company not later than thirty (30) days prior to the expiration of the subject Restricted Period.
4.6 Retirement or Termination during Restricted Period
Subject to the terms of any employment agreement or Award agreement between the Company and the Participant, in the event and to the extent of the Retirement or Termination and/or, as applicable, the Director Retirement or Director Termination of a Participant from all such roles with the Company during the Restricted Period, any Restricted Share Rights held by the Participant shall immediately terminate and be of no further force or effect; provided, however, that the Board shall have the absolute discretion to modify the Restricted Share Rights, including to provide that the Restricted Period shall terminate immediately prior to the date of such occurrence or allow the Restricted Share Rights to continue in accordance with their original Restricted Periods.
4.7 Retirement or Termination after Restricted Period
In the event and to the extent of the Retirement or Termination and/or, as applicable, the Director Retirement or Director Termination of the Participant from all such roles with the Company following the Restricted Period and prior to a Deferred Payment Date, the Participant shall be entitled to receive, and the Company shall issue forthwith, Shares in satisfaction of the Restricted Share Rights then held by the Participant.
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4.8 Death or Disability of Participant
In the event of the death or total disability of a Participant, any Shares represented by Restricted Share Rights held by the Participant shall be immediately issued by the Company to the Participant or legal representative of the Participant.
4.9 Payment of Dividends
Subject to the absolute discretion of the Board, in the event that a dividend (other than a stock dividend) is declared and paid by the Company on the Shares, a Participant may be credited with additional Restricted Share Rights. The number of such additional Restricted Share Rights, if any, will be calculated by dividing (a) the total amount of the dividends that would have been paid to the Participant if the Restricted Share Rights (including Restricted Share Rights in which the Restricted Period has expired but the Shares have not been issued due to a Deferred Payment Date) in the Participant's account on the dividend record date had been outstanding Shares (and the Participant held no other Shares) by (b) the Fair Market Value of the Shares on the date on which such dividends were paid. If the foregoing results in a fractional Restricted Share Right, the fraction shall be disregarded. Any additional Restricted Share Rights awarded pursuant to this Section will be subject to the same terms, including the time of settlement, as the Restricted Share Rights to which they relate.
4.10 Change of Control
If a Triggering Event occurs within the 12-month period immediately following a Change of Control pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1(m)(A), (B), (D) or (E), all outstanding Restricted Share Right Rights shall vest immediately and be settled by the issuance of Shares notwithstanding the Restricted Period and any Deferred Payment Date.
In the event of a Change of Control pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1(m)(C), all Restricted Shares Rights outstanding shall immediately vest and be settled by the issuance of Shares notwithstanding the Restricted Period and any Deferred Payment Date.
Notwithstanding any provision of this Plan, in the event of a Change of Control, all Arrangement Restricted Share Rights outstanding held by Arrangement Departing Participants shall vest immediately and be settled by the issuance of Shares notwithstanding the Restricted Period and any Deferred Payment Date.
The provisions of this Section 4.10 shall be subject to the terms of any employment agreement between the Participant and the Company.
4.11 Settlement Basis for Performance Share Units
In respect of Performance Share Units that are accelerated as a result of a Change of Control or the total disability or death of a Participant, unless the Board determines otherwise and subject to any employment agreement or Award agreement between the Company and the Participant, (i) in respect of any performance measurement periods that are completed on or prior to the Change of Control, total disability or death of a Participant, the proportion of Performance Share Units equivalent to the performance measurement periods completed shall be settled by applying a performance multiplier calculated based on the actual performance in respect to such completed periods, and (ii) in respect of any performance measurement periods that are not completed on or prior to the Change of Control, total disability or death of a Participant, the equivalent proportion of Performance Share Units in respect to such periods shall be settled by applying a performance multiplier of one Share for each Performance Share Unit.
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PART 5
DEFERRED SHARE UNITS
5.1 Deferred Share Unit Grants
The Board may from time to time determine to grant Deferred Share Units to one or more Eligible Directors in a lump sum amount or on regular intervals, based on such formulas or criteria as the Board may from time to time determine. Deferred Share Units will be credited to the Eligible Director's account when designated by the Board.
5.2 Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter
Each grant of a Deferred Share Unit under this Plan shall be evidenced by a grant letter or agreement (a "Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter") issued to the Eligible Director by the Company. Such Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter shall be subject to all applicable terms and conditions of this Plan and may be subject to any other terms and conditions which are not inconsistent with this Plan and which the Board deems appropriate for inclusion in a Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter. The provisions of Deferred Share Unit Grant Letters issued under this Plan need not be identical.
5.3 Redemption of Deferred Share Units and Issuance of Deferred Shares
The Deferred Share Units held by each Eligible Director who is not a US Taxpayer shall be redeemed automatically and with no further action by the Eligible Director on the 20th business day following the Separation Date for that Eligible Director. For US Taxpayers, Deferred Share Units held by an Eligible Director who is a Specified Employee will be automatically redeemed with no further action by the Eligible Director on the date that is six (6) months following the Separation Date for the Eligible Director, or if earlier, upon such Eligible Director's death. Upon redemption, the former Eligible Director shall be entitled to receive and the Company shall issue, subject to the limitations set forth in Section 7.1 of this Plan, the number of Shares issued from treasury equal to the number of Deferred Share Units in the Eligible Director's account, subject to any applicable deductions and withholdings. In the event a Separation Date occurs during a year and Deferred Share Units have been granted to such Eligible Director for that entire year, the Eligible Director will only be entitled to a pro-rated Deferred Share Unit Payment in respect of such Deferred Share Units based on the number of days that he or she was an Eligible Director in such year.
No amount will be paid to, or in respect of, an Eligible Director under this Plan or pursuant to any other arrangement, and no other additional Deferred Share Units will be granted to compensate for a downward fluctuation in the value of the Shares of the Company nor will any other benefit be conferred upon, or in respect of, an Eligible Director for such purpose.
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5.4 Death of Participant
In the event of the death of an Eligible Director, the Deferred Share Units shall be redeemed automatically and with no further action on the 20th business day following the death of an Eligible Director.
5.5 Payment of Dividends
Subject to the absolute discretion of the Board, in the event that a dividend (other than a stock dividend) is declared and paid by the Company on the Shares, an Eligible Director may be credited with additional Deferred Share Units. The number of such additional Deferred Share Units, if any, will be calculated by dividing (a) the total amount of the dividends that would have been paid to the Eligible Director if the Deferred Share Units in the Eligible Director's account on the dividend record date had been outstanding Shares (and the Eligible Director held no other Shares), by (b) the Fair Market Value of the Shares on the date on which such dividends were paid. If the foregoing results in a fractional Deferred Share Unit, the fraction shall be disregarded. Any additional Deferred Share Units awarded pursuant to this Section will be subject to the same terms, including the time of settlement, as the Deferred Share Units to which they relate.
PART 6
WITHHOLDING TAXES
6.1 Withholding Taxes
The Company or any Designated Affiliate may take such steps as are considered necessary or appropriate for the withholding of any taxes or other amounts which the Company or any Designated Affiliate is required by any law or regulation of any governmental authority whatsoever to withhold in connection with any Award including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the withholding of all or any portion of any payment or the withholding of the issue of any Shares to be issued under this Plan, until such time as the Participant has paid the Company or any Designated Affiliate for any amount which the Company or Designated Affiliate is required to withhold by law with respect to such taxes or other amounts. Without limitation to the foregoing, the Board may adopt administrative rules under this Plan, which provide for the automatic sale of Shares (or a portion thereof) in the market upon the issuance of such Shares under this Plan on behalf of the Participant to satisfy withholding obligations under an Award.
PART 7
GENERAL
7.1 Number of Shares
The aggregate number of Shares that may be issued under this Plan (together with any other securities-based compensation arrangements of the Company in effect from time to time) shall not exceed 14,400,737 Shares, such Shares to be allocated among Awards and Participants in amounts and at such times as may be determined by the Board from time to time. In addition, the aggregate number of Shares that may be issued and issuable under this Plan (when combined with all of the Company's other security-based compensation arrangements, as applicable),
(a) to Insiders shall not exceed 10% of the Company's outstanding issue from time-to-time;
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(b) to Insiders within any one-year period shall not exceed 10% of the Company's outstanding issue from time to time; and
(c) to any one Insider and his or her associates or Affiliates within any one-year period shall not exceed 5% of the Company's outstanding issue from time to time.
In no event will the number of Shares that may be issued to any one Participant pursuant to Awards under this Plan (when combined with all of the Company's other security-based compensation arrangement, as applicable) exceed 5% of the Company's outstanding issue from time to time.
The aggregate number of Options that may be granted under this Plan to any one non-employee director of the Company within any one-year period shall not exceed a maximum value of C$100,000 worth of securities, and together with any Restricted Share Rights and Deferred Share Units granted under this Plan and any securities granted under all other securities-based compensation arrangements, such aggregate value shall not exceed C$150,000 in any on-year period. The calculation of this limitation shall not include however: (i) the initial securities granted under securities-based compensation arrangements to a person who was not previously a director of the Company, upon such person becoming or agreeing to become a director of the Company (however, the aggregate number of securities granted under all securities-based compensation arrangements in this initial grant to any one non-employee director shall not exceed the foregoing maximum values of securities); (ii) the securities granted under securities-based compensation arrangements to a director of the Company who was also an officer of the Company at the time of grant but who subsequently became a non-employee director; and (iii) any securities granted to a non-employee director that is granted in lieu of any director cash fee provided the value of the security awarded has the same value as the cash fee given up in exchange for such security. For greater clarity, in this Plan, securities-based compensation arrangements include securities issued under this Plan and any other compensation arrangements implemented by the Company including stock options, other stock option plans, employee stock purchase plans, stock appreciation right plans, deferred share unit plans, performance share unit plans, restricted share unit plans or any other compensation or incentive mechanism involving the issuance or potential issuance of Shares from treasury, but excludes any compensation arrangement that does not involve the issuance of Shares from treasury and any other compensation arrangements assumed or inherited by the Company in connection with the acquisition of another entity.
For the purposes of this Section 7.1, "outstanding issue" means the total number of Shares, on a non-diluted basis, that are issued and outstanding immediately prior to the date that any Shares are issued or reserved for issuance pursuant to an Award.
For greater clarity, the issuance of Arrangement Restricted Share Rights and Arrangement Deferred Share Units shall not be treated as a new grant of Restricted Share Rights and Deferred Share Units, respectively.
7.2 Lapsed Awards
If Awards are surrendered, terminated or expire without being exercised in whole or in part, new Awards may be granted covering the Shares not issued under such lapsed Awards, subject to any restrictions that may be imposed by the Toronto Stock Exchange.
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7.3 Adjustment in Shares Subject to this Plan
If there is any change in the Shares through the declaration of stock dividends of Shares, through any consolidations, subdivisions or reclassification of Shares, or otherwise, the number of Shares available under this Plan, the Shares subject to any Award, and the exercise price of any Option shall be adjusted as determined to be appropriate by the Board, and such adjustment shall be effective and binding for all purposes of this Plan.
7.4 Transferability
Any Awards accruing to any Participant in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Plan shall not be transferable unless specifically provided herein. During the lifetime of a Participant all Awards may only be exercised by the Participant. Awards are non-transferable except by will or by the laws of descent and distribution.
7.5 Employment
Nothing contained in this Plan shall confer upon any Participant any right with respect to employment or continuance of employment with the Company or any Affiliate, or interfere in any way with the right of the Company or any Affiliate to terminate the Participant's employment at any time. Participation in this Plan by a Participant is voluntary.
7.6 Record Keeping
The Company shall maintain a register in which shall be recorded:
(a) the name and address of each Participant;
(b) the number of Awards granted to each Participant and relevant details regarding such Awards; and
(c) such other information as the Board may determine.
7.7 Necessary Approvals
This second amended and restated equity incentive plan of the Corporation continues to be in effect. The amendments adopted by the Board on May 15, 2023 shall become effective on such date, except for Part 9 which shall become effective on the Arrangement Effective Date as contemplated in the Plan of Arrangement, subject in all cases to the approval of (a) the Toronto Stock Exchange and (b) the New York Stock Exchange.
7.8 Amendments to Plan
The Board shall have the power to, at any time and from time to time, either prospectively or retrospectively, amend, suspend or terminate this Plan or any Award granted under this Plan without shareholder approval, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing: changes of a clerical or grammatical nature, changes regarding the persons eligible to participate in this Plan, changes to the exercise price, vesting, term and termination provisions of the Award, changes to the Cashless Surrender Right provisions, changes to the authority and role of the Board under this Plan, and any other matter relating to this Plan and the Awards that may be granted hereunder, provided however that:
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(a) such amendment, suspension or termination is in accordance with applicable laws and the rules of any stock exchange on which the Shares are listed;
(b) no amendment to this Plan or to an Award granted hereunder will have the effect of impairing, derogating from or otherwise adversely affecting the terms of an Award which is outstanding at the time of such amendment without the written consent of the holder of such Award;
(c) the expiry date of an Option Period in respect of an Option shall not be more than ten (10) years from the date of grant of an Option except as expressly provided in Section 3.4;
(d) the Directors shall obtain shareholder approval of:
(i) any amendment to the number of Shares specified in Section 7.1;
(ii) any amendment to the limitations on Shares that may be reserved for issuance, or issued, to Insiders, or remove participation limits on non-employee directors or increase the amounts of participation limits on non-employee directors;
(iii) any amendment that would reduce the exercise price of an outstanding Option other than pursuant to Section 7.3 or permits the cancellation and re-issuance of Options;
(iv) any amendment that would extend the expiry date of the Option Period in respect of any Option granted under this Plan except as expressly contemplated in Section 3.4;
(v) any amendment to permit Options to be transferred other than for normal estate settlement purposes; or
(vi) any amendment to reduce the range of amendments requiring shareholder approval contemplated in this Section.
If this Plan is terminated, the provisions of this Plan and any administrative guidelines and other rules and regulations adopted by the Board and in force on the date of termination will continue in effect as long as any Award or any rights pursuant thereto remain outstanding and, notwithstanding the termination of this Plan, the Board shall remain able to make such amendments to this Plan or the Award as they would have been entitled to make if this Plan were still in effect.
7.9 No Representation or Warranty
The Company makes no representation or warranty as to the future market value of any Shares issued in accordance with the provisions of this Plan.
7.10 Section 409A
It is intended that any payments under the Plan to US Taxpayers shall be exempt from or comply with Section 409A of the Code, and all provisions of the Plan shall be construed and interpreted in a manner consistent with the requirements for avoiding taxes and penalties under Section 409A of the Code.
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7.11 Compliance with Applicable Law, etc.
If any provision of this Plan or any agreement entered into pursuant to this Plan contravenes any law or any order, policy, by-law or regulation of any regulatory body or stock exchange having authority over the Company or this Plan, then such provision shall be deemed to be amended to the extent required to bring such provision into compliance therewith.
All Awards and securities which may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of the Awards to be issued pursuant to the Plan will be issued pursuant to the registration requirements of the U.S. Securities Act and applicable state securities laws or an exemption or exclusion from such registration requirements.
7.12 Clawback and Recoupment
All Awards under this Plan shall be subject to forfeiture or other penalties pursuant to any Company clawback policy, as may be adopted or amended from time to time, and such forfeiture and/or penalty conditions or provisions as determined by the Committee.
7.13 Term of the Plan
This Plan shall remain in effect until it is terminated by the Board.
PART 8
ADMINISTRATION OF THIS PLAN
8.1 Administration by the Committee
(a) Unless otherwise determined by the Board, this Plan shall be administered by the Governance, Nomination, Compensation and Leadership Committee (the "Committee") or equivalent committee appointed by the Board and constituted in accordance with such Committee's charter.
(b) The Committee shall have the power, where consistent with the general purpose and intent of this Plan and subject to the specific provisions of this Plan, to:
(i) adopt and amend rules and regulations relating to the administration of this Plan and make all other determinations necessary or desirable for the administration of this Plan. The interpretation and construction of the provisions of this Plan and related agreements by the Committee shall be final and conclusive. The Committee may correct any defect or supply any omission or reconcile any inconsistency in this Plan or in any related agreement in the manner and to the extent it shall deem expedient to carry this Plan into effect and it shall be the sole and final judge of such expediency; and
(ii) otherwise exercise the powers delegated to the Committee by the Board and under this Plan as set forth herein.
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8.2 Board Role
(a) The Board, on the recommendation of the Committee or of its own volition, shall determine and designate from time to time the individuals to whom Awards shall be made, the amounts of the Awards and the other terms and conditions of the Awards. The Board may delegate this authority as it sees fit, including as set forth in Section 3.3.
(b) The Board may delegate any of its responsibilities or powers under this Plan to (i) the Committee, or (ii) the CEO as set forth in Section 3.3.
(c) In the event the Committee or, in respect of the Delegated Options, the CEO, is unable or unwilling to act in respect of a matter involving this Plan, the Board shall fulfill the role of the Committee (or CEO, as the case may be) provided for herein.
PART 9
PLAN OF ARRANGEMENT
9.1 Plan of Arrangement
This second amended and restated equity incentive Plan has been amended to contemplate the Plan of Arrangement. To the extent applicable, it is intended that the Outstanding Restricted Share Rights and the Outstanding Deferred Share Units will be exchanged for Arrangement Restricted Share Rights and Arrangement Deferred Share Units, respectively, pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement on a tax-deferred basis under subsection 7(1.4) of the Income Tax Act (Canada).
9.2 Arrangement Restricted Share Rights
(a) For all purposes under the Plan, the date on which an Arrangement Restricted Share Right is granted for purposes of the Plan shall be deemed to be the date of the grant of the Outstanding Restricted Share Right for which such Arrangement Restricted Share Right was exchanged as part of the Plan of Arrangement and, except as set out herein or in the Plan of Arrangement and with such adjustments as the circumstances require, the Arrangement Restricted Share Right shall be deemed (unless otherwise determined by the Board) to have the same terms and conditions (including vesting and expiration) as the Outstanding Restricted Share Right for which such Arrangement Restricted Share Right was exchanged as part of the Plan of Arrangement.
(b) With respect to Arrangement Restricted Share Rights that replace Performance Share Units, all such Arrangement Restricted Share Rights shall (unless otherwise determined by the Board) be subject to the same time based vesting period as the Performance Share Unit they replace and upon vesting such Arrangement Restricted Share Rights shall be fully satisfied by the issuance of one Share (unless otherwise determined by the Board) irrespective of the applicable performance multiplier to which the Performance Share Unit was subject. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Arrangement Restricted Share Rights that replace Performance Share Units that were fully vested and outstanding prior to the Arrangement Effective Time may be settled by the Company in accordance with the performance multiplier applicable to the Performance Share Units replaced.
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(c) In addition, notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, in respect of each person that is a Participant immediately prior to the Arrangement Effective Time that, due to or in connection with the Arrangement, who ceases to be an Eligible Director or an Eligible Employee and becomes a director, officer or employee of Spinco or any Spinco Designated Affiliate, or provides ongoing services for Spinco or any Spinco Designated Affiliate and complies with the definition of "consultant" or "advisor" as set forth in Form S-8 (a "Spinco Service Provider") (each such director, officer, employee or Spinco Service Provider, an "Arrangement Departing Participant"), all Arrangement Restricted Share Rights (other than those issued pursuant to paragraph (b)) issued to such Arrangement Departing Participant that replace Outstanding Restricted Share Rights shall (unless otherwise determined by the Board) immediately vest and the underlying Shares shall be issued to the holder of such Arrangement Restricted Share Rights as soon as practicable by the Company following the Arrangement Effective Date (provided that the Company may establish a schedule for the settlement of Arrangement Restricted Share Rights to ensure the orderly sale of Shares in the markets to satisfy tax withholding obligations), which Arrangement Restricted Share Rights shall then be cancelled.
(d) With respect to Arrangement Restricted Share Rights issued to an Arrangement Departing Participant that are not immediately vested, upon such Arrangement Departing Participant ceasing to be a director, officer or employee of Spinco or any Spinco Designated Affiliates, or a Spinco Service Provider, as applicable, such Arrangement Departing Participant shall be treated for the purposes of this Plan as having ceased to be so employed with the Company and its Designated Affiliates and such Arrangement Departing Participant's Arrangement Restricted Share Rights shall be dealt with in accordance with Section 4.6 of this Plan.
9.3 Arrangement Deferred Share Units
(a) For all purposes under the Plan, the date on which an Arrangement Deferred Share Unit is granted for purposes of the Plan shall be deemed to be the date of the grant of the Outstanding Deferred Share Unit for which such Arrangement Deferred Share Unit was exchanged as part of the Plan of Arrangement and, except as set out herein or in the Plan of Arrangement and with such adjustments as the circumstances require, the Arrangement Deferred Share Unit shall be deemed (unless otherwise determined by the Board) to have the same terms and conditions (including vesting and expiration) as the Outstanding Deferred Share Unit for which such Arrangement Deferred Share Unit was exchanged as part of the Plan of Arrangement.
(b) Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, (unless otherwise determined by the Board) all Arrangement Deferred Share Units issued to Arrangement Departing Participants shall immediately vest and the underlying Shares shall be issued to the holder of such Arrangement Deferred Share Units as soon as practicable by the Company following the Arrangement Effective Date (provided that the Company may establish a schedule for the settlement of Arrangement Deferred Share Units to ensure the orderly sale of Shares in the markets to satisfy tax withholding obligations), which Arrangement Deferred Share Units shall then be cancelled.
EXHIBIT III
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.
(FORMERLY 1397468 B.C. LTD.)
EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN
PART 1
PURPOSE
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this Plan is to secure for the Company and its shareholders the benefits inherent in share ownership by the employees and directors of the Company and its affiliates who, in the judgment of the Board, will be largely responsible for its future growth and success. It is generally recognized that equity incentive plans of the nature provided for herein aid in retaining and encouraging employees and directors of exceptional ability because of the opportunity offered them to acquire a proprietary interest in the Company.
1.2 Available Awards
Awards that may be granted under this Plan include:
(a) Options;
(b) Deferred Share Units; and
(c) Restricted Share Rights (time based or in the form of Performance Share Units).
PART 2
INTERPRETATION
2.1 Definitions
(a) "Affiliate" has the meaning set forth in the BCA.
(b) "Arrangement Deferred Share Units" means Deferred Share Units issued as part of the Plan of Arrangement in partial exchange for Outstanding Deferred Share Units.
(c) "Arrangement Departing Participant" has such meaning ascribed thereto in Section 9.2 of this Plan.
(d) "Arrangement Effective Date" means the Effective Date as such term is defined in the Plan of Arrangement.
(e) "Arrangement Effective Time" means the Effective Time as such term is defined in the Plan of Arrangement.
(f) "Arrangement Restricted Share Rights" means Restricted Share Rights issued as part of the Plan of Arrangement in partial exchange for Outstanding Restricted Share Rights.
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(g) "Award" means any right granted under this Plan, including Options, Restricted Share Rights and Deferred Share Units.
(h) "BCA" means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia).
(i) "Blackout Period" means a period in which the trading of Shares or other securities of the Company is restricted under the Company's Corporate Disclosure, Confidentiality and Securities Trading Policy, or under any similar policy of the Company then in effect.
(j) "Board" means the board of directors of the Company.
(k) "Cashless Surrender Right" has the meaning set forth in Section 3.5 of this Plan.
(l) "CEO" means the Chief Executive Officer of the Company.
(m) "Change of Control" means, for greater certainty except for any transaction under the Plan of Arrangement, the occurrence and completion of any one or more of the following events:
(A) the Company shall not be the surviving entity in a merger, amalgamation or other reorganization (or survives only as a subsidiary of an entity other than a previously wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company);
(B) the Company shall sell or otherwise transfer, including by way of the grant of a leasehold interest or joint venture interest (or one or more subsidiaries of the Company shall sell or otherwise transfer, including without limitation by way of the grant of a leasehold interest or joint venture interest) property or assets (i) aggregating more than 50% of the consolidated assets (measured by either book value or fair market value) of the Company and its subsidiaries as at the end of the most recently completed financial year of the Company or (ii) which during the most recently completed financial year of the Company generated, or during the then current financial year of the Company are expected to generate, more than 50% of the consolidated operating income or cash flow of the Company and its subsidiaries, to any other person or persons (other than one or more Designated Affiliates of the Company), in which case the Change of Control shall be deemed to occur on the date of transfer of the assets representing one dollar more than 50% of the consolidated assets in the case of clause (i) or 50% of the consolidated operating income or cash flow in the case of clause (ii), as the case may be;
(C) the Company is to be dissolved and liquidated;
(D) any person, entity or group of persons or entities acting jointly or in concert acquires or gains ownership or control (including, without limitation, the power to vote) more than 50% of the Company's outstanding voting securities; or
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(E) as a result of or in connection with: (i) the contested election of directors, or; (ii) a consolidation, merger, amalgamation, arrangement or other reorganization or acquisitions involving the Company or any of its Affiliates and another corporation or other entity in office immediately preceding such election or appointment, the nominees named in the most recent management information circular of the Company for election to the Board shall not constitute a majority of the Board (unless in the case of (ii) such election or appointment is approved by 50% or more of the Board prior to the completion of such transaction).
For the purposes of the foregoing, "voting securities" means Shares and any other shares entitled to vote for the election of directors and shall include any securities, whether or not issued by the Company, which are not shares entitled to vote for the election of directors but are convertible into or exchangeable for shares which are entitled to vote for the election of directors, including any options or rights to purchase such shares or securities.
(n) "Code" means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any applicable United States Treasury Regulations and other binding guidance thereunder.
(o) "Committee" has the meaning attributed thereto in Section 8.1.
(p) "Company" means 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (and from and after the completion of the Plan of Arrangement the same corporation as renamed pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement, if applicable), a company existing under the BCA and its successors.
(q) "Deferred Payment Date" for a Participant means the date after the Restricted Period which is the earlier of (i) the date which the Participant has elected to defer receipt of Shares underlying the Restricted Share Rights in accordance with Section 4.4 of this Plan; and (ii) the Participant's Separation Date.
(r) "Deferred Share Unit" means the agreement by the Company to pay, and the right of the Participant to receive, a Deferred Share Unit Payment for each Deferred Share Unit held, evidenced by way of book-keeping entry in the books of the Company and administered pursuant to this Plan.
(s) "Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 5.2 of this Plan.
(t) "Deferred Share Unit Payment" means, subject to any adjustment in accordance with Section 5.5 of this Plan, the issuance to a Participant of one previously unissued Share for each whole Deferred Share Unit credited to such Participant.
(u) "Delegated Options" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.3 of this Plan.
(v) "Designated Affiliate" means affiliates of the Company designated by the Committee from time to time for purposes of this Plan.
(w) "Director Retirement" in respect of a Participant, means the Participant ceasing to hold any directorships with the Company, any Designated Affiliate and any entity related to the Company for purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada) after attaining a stipulated age in accordance with the Company's normal retirement policy, or earlier with the Company's consent.
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(x) "Director Separation Date" means the date that a Participant ceases to hold any directorships with the Company and any Designated Affiliate due to a Director Retirement or Director Termination and also ceases to serve as an employee or consultant with the Company, any Designated Affiliate and any entity related to the Company for the purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada).
(y) "Director Termination" means the removal of, resignation or failure to re-elect the Eligible Director (excluding a Director Retirement) as a director of the Company, a Designated Affiliate and any entity related to the Company for purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada).
(z) "Eligible Directors" means the directors of the Company or any Designated Affiliate who are, as such, eligible for participation in this Plan.
(aa) "Eligible Employees" means employees (including employees who are officers and directors) of the Company or any Designated Affiliate thereof, whether or not they have a written employment contract with Company, determined by the Committee as employees eligible for participation in this Plan. Eligible Employees shall include Service Providers eligible for participation in this Plan as determined by the Committee.
(bb) "Fair Market Value" means, with respect to a Share subject to an Award, the volume weighted average price of the Shares on the New York Stock Exchange (or the Toronto Stock Exchange if the Company is not then listed on the New York Stock Exchange) for the five (5) days on which Shares were traded immediately preceding the date in respect of which Fair Market Value is to be determined or, if the Shares are not, as at that date listed on the New York Stock Exchange or the Toronto Stock Exchange, on such other exchange or exchanges on which the Shares are listed on that date. If the Shares are not listed and posted for trading on an exchange on such day, the Fair Market Value shall be such price per Share as the Board, acting in good faith, may determine.
(cc) "Form S-8" means the Form S-8 registration statement promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act.
(dd) "Good Reason" in respect of an employee or officer of the Company or any of its Affiliates, means a material adverse change imposed by the Company or an Affiliate (as the case may be), without the consent of such employee or officer, as applicable, in position, responsibilities, salary, benefits, perquisites, as they exist immediately prior to the Change of Control, or a material diminution of title imposed by the Company or the Affiliate (as the case may be), as it exists immediately prior to the Change of Control, and includes other events defined as "Good Reason" under any employment agreement of such employee or officer with the Company or its Affiliate.
(ee) "Insider" has the meaning set out in the TSX Company Manual.
(ff) "Option" means an option to purchase Shares granted under the terms of this Plan.
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(gg) "Option Period" means the period during which an Option is outstanding.
(hh) "Option Shares" has the meaning set forth in Section 3.5 of this Plan.
(ii) "Optionee" means an Eligible Employee or Eligible Director to whom an Option has been granted under the terms of this Plan.
(jj) "Outstanding Deferred Share Units" means deferred share units of Remainco outstanding under the Remainco Equity Incentive Plan immediately prior to the Arrangement Effective Time which, as part of the Plan of Arrangement, were exchanged for Arrangement Deferred Share Units and cancelled.
(kk) "Outstanding Restricted Share Rights" means restricted share rights of Remainco outstanding under the Remainco Equity Incentive Plan immediately prior to the Arrangement Effective Time which, as part of the Plan of Arrangement, were exchanged for Arrangement Restricted Share Rights and cancelled.
(ll) "Participant" means an Eligible Employee or Eligible Director who participates in this Plan.
(mm) "Performance Share Units" means Restricted Share Rights that are subject to performance conditions and/or multipliers and designated as such in accordance with Section 4.1 of this Plan.
(nn) "Plan" means this equity incentive plan, as it may be further amended and restated from time to time.
(oo) "Plan of Arrangement" means the plan of arrangement proposed under section 288 of the BCA which has become effective in accordance with the terms of an amended and restated arrangement agreement between the Company and Remainco dated June 14, 2023.
(pp) "Remainco" means, prior to the completion of the Plan of Arrangement, Lithium Americas Corp. (and from and after the completion of the Plan of Arrangement the same corporation as renamed pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement), a corporation incorporated under the BCA and its successors.
(qq) "Remainco Designated Affiliate" means affiliates of Remainco designated by the board of directors of Remainco or the committee of the board of directors of Remainco authorized to administer the Remainco Equity Incentive Plan in accordance with its terms.
(rr) "Remainco Equity Incentive Plan" means the LAC Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and restated pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement.
(ss) "Remainco Service Provider" has such meaning as ascribed to such term at Section 9.2 of this Plan.
(tt) "Restricted Period" means any period of time that a Restricted Share Right is not vested and the Participant holding such Restricted Share Right remains ineligible to receive the relevant Shares, determined by the Board in its absolute discretion, however, such period of time may be reduced or eliminated from time to time and at any time and for any reason as determined by the Board, including, but not limited to, circumstances involving death or disability of a Participant.
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(uu) "Restricted Share Right" or "Restricted Share Unit" has such meaning as ascribed to such term at Section 4.1 of this Plan.
(vv) "Restricted Share Right Grant Letter" has the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.2 of this Plan.
(ww) "Retirement" in respect of an Eligible Employee, means the Eligible Employee ceasing to hold any employment with the Company or any Designated Affiliate after attaining a stipulated age in accordance with the Company's normal retirement policy, or earlier with the Company's consent.
(xx) "Separation Date" means the date that a Participant ceases to be an Eligible Director or Eligible Employee.
(yy) "Service Provider" means any person or company engaged by the Company or a Designated Affiliate to provide services for an initial, renewable or extended period of 12 months or more and that complies with the definition of "consultant" or "advisor" as set forth in Form S-8.
(zz) "Shares" means the common shares of the Company.
(aaa) "Specified Employee" means a U.S. Taxpayer who meets the definition of "specified employee", as defined in Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Internal Revenue Code.
(bbb) "Termination" means the termination of the employment (or consulting services) of an Eligible Employee with or without cause by the Company or a Designated Affiliate or the cessation of employment (or consulting services) of the Eligible Employee with the Company or a Designated Affiliate as a result of resignation or otherwise, other than the Retirement of the Eligible Employee.
(ccc) "Triggering Event" means (i) in the case of a director of the Company, the Director Termination of such director; (ii) in the case of an employee of the Company or any of its Affiliates, the termination of the employment of the employee without cause, as the context requires by the Company or the Affiliate or in the case of an officer of the Company or any of its Affiliates, the removal of or failure to re-elect or re-appoint the individual without cause as an officer of the Company or an Affiliate thereof; (iii) in the case of an employee or an officer of the Company or any of its Affiliates, his or her resignation following the occurrence of a Good Reason; (iv) in the case of a Service Provider, the termination of the services of the Service Provider by the Company or any of its Affiliates.
(ddd) "U.S. Securities Act" means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
(eee) "US Taxpayer" means a Participant who is a US citizen, US permanent resident or other person who is subject to taxation on their income under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
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2.2 Interpretation
(a) This Plan is created under and is to be governed, construed and administered in accordance with the laws of the Province of British Columbia and the federal laws of Canada applicable therein.
(b) Whenever the Board or Committee is to exercise discretion in the administration of the terms and conditions of this Plan, the term "discretion" means the sole and absolute discretion of the Board or Committee.
(c) As used herein, the terms "Part" or "Section" mean and refer to the specified Part or Section of this Plan, respectively.
(d) Where the word "including" or "includes" is used in this Plan, it means "including (or includes) without limitation".
(e) Words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa and words importing any gender include any other gender.
(f) Unless otherwise specified, all references to money amounts are to Canadian dollars.
PART 3
STOCK OPTIONS
3.1 Participation
The Company may from time-to-time grant Options to Participants pursuant to this Plan.
3.2 Price
The exercise price per Share of any Option shall be not less than one hundred per cent (100%) of the Fair Market Value of the Share on the date of grant.
3.3 Grant of Options
The Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, may at any time authorize the granting of Options to such Participants as it may select for the number of Shares that it shall designate, subject to the provisions of this Plan. The Board may also, by way of Board resolution, delegate to the CEO the authority to grant any of a designated number of Options (such number to be specified by the Board in the aforementioned resolution) to Eligible Employees, other than Eligible Employees who are officers or directors of the Company (such Options, the "Delegated Options"). The date of grant of an Option shall be (i) the date such grant was approved by the Committee for recommendation to the Board, provided the Board approves such grant; or (ii) for a grant of an Option not approved by the Committee for recommendation to the Board, the date such grant was approved by the Board; or (iii) in respect of Delegated Options, the date such grant is made by the CEO. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Board may authorize the grant of Options at any time with such grant to be effective at a later date and the corresponding determination of the exercise price to be done at such date to accommodate any Blackout Period or such other circumstances where such delayed grant is deemed appropriate, and the date of grant of such Options shall then be the effective date of the grant.
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Each Option granted to a Participant shall be evidenced by a stock option grant letter or agreement with terms and conditions consistent with this Plan and as approved by the Board on the recommendation of the Committee, or, in respect of Delegated Options, by the CEO (and in all cases which terms and conditions need not be the same in each case and may be changed from time to time, subject to Section 7.8 of this Plan, and the approval of any material changes by the Toronto Stock Exchange or such other exchange or exchanges on which the Shares are then traded).
3.4 Terms of Options
The Option Period shall be five (5) years from the date such Option is granted, or such greater or lesser duration as the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, or in the case of Delegated Options, the CEO, may determine at the date of grant, and may thereafter be reduced with respect to any such Option as provided in Section 3.6 hereof covering termination of employment or death of the Optionee; provided, however, that at any time the expiry date of the Option Period in respect of any outstanding Option under this Plan should be determined to occur either during a Blackout Period or within ten (10) business days following the expiry of the Blackout Period, the expiry date of such Option Period shall be deemed to be the date that is the tenth (10th) business day following the expiry of the Blackout Period.
Unless otherwise determined from time to time by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, or, in respect of Delegated Options, by the CEO, Options shall vest and may be exercised (in each case to the nearest full Share) during the Option Period as follows:
(a) at any time during the first six (6) months of the Option Period, the Optionee may purchase up to 25% of the total number of Shares reserved for issuance pursuant to his or her Option; and
(b) at any time during each additional six (6) month period of the Option Period the Optionee may purchase an additional 25% of the total number of Shares reserved for issuance pursuant to his or her Option plus any Shares not purchased in accordance with the preceding subsection (a) and this subsection (b) until, after the 18th month of the Option Period, 100% of the Option will be exercisable.
Except as set forth in Section 3.6, no Option may be exercised unless the Optionee is at the time of such exercise:
(a) in the case of an Eligible Employee, in the employ (or retained as a Service Provider) of the Company or a Designated Affiliate and shall have been continuously so employed or retained since the grant of the Option; or
(b) in the case of an Eligible Director, a director of the Company or a Designated Affiliate and shall have been such a director continuously since the grant of the Option.
The exercise of any Option will be contingent upon the Optionee having entered into an Option agreement with the Company on such terms and conditions as have been approved by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, or, in respect of the Delegated Options, by the CEO, and which in any case incorporates by reference the terms of this Plan. The exercise of any Option will, subject to Section 3.5, also be contingent upon receipt by the Company of cash payment of the full purchase price of the Shares being purchased.
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3.5 Cashless Surrender Right
Participants have the right (the "Cashless Surrender Right"), in lieu of the right to exercise an Option, to surrender such Option in whole or in part by notice in writing delivered by the Participant to the Company electing to the Cashless Surrender Right and, in lieu of receiving the number of Shares (the "Option Shares") to which such surrendered Option (or portion thereof) relates, to receive the number of Shares, disregarding fractions, which is equal to the quotient obtained by:
(a) subtracting the applicable Option exercise price per Share from the Fair Market Value per Share on the business day immediately prior to the exercise of the Cashless Surrender Right and multiplying the remainder by the number of Option Shares; and
(b) dividing the product obtained under subsection 3.5(a) by the Fair Market Value per Share on the business day immediately prior to the exercise of the Cashless Surrender Right.
If a Participant exercises a Cashless Surrender Right in connection with an Option, it is exercisable only to the extent and on the same conditions that the related Option is exercisable under this Plan.
3.6 Effect of Termination of Employment or Death
If an Optionee:
(a) dies while employed by, a Service Provider to, or while a director of, the Company or a Designated Affiliate, any Option held by him or her at the date of death shall become exercisable in whole or in part, but only by the person or persons to whom the Optionee's rights under the Option shall pass by the Optionee's will or applicable laws of descent and distribution. Unless otherwise determined by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, all such Options shall be exercisable only to the extent that the Optionee was entitled to exercise the Option at the date of his or her death and only for 12 months after the date of death or prior to the expiration of the Option Period in respect thereof, whichever is sooner; and
(b) ceases to be employed by, a Service Provider to, or act as a director of, the Company or a Designated Affiliate for cause, no Option held by such Optionee will, unless otherwise determined by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, be exercisable following the date on which such Optionee ceases to be so engaged. If an Optionee ceases to be employed by, a Service Provider to, or act as a director of, the Company or a Designated Affiliate for any reason other than cause then, unless otherwise determined by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, any Option held by such Optionee at the effective date thereof shall become exercisable for a period of up to 12 months thereafter or prior to the expiration of the Option Period in respect thereof, whichever is sooner.
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3.7 Effect of Change of Control
If a Triggering Event occurs within the 12-month period immediately following a Change of Control pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1(m)(A), (B), (D) or (E), all outstanding Options shall vest immediately and become exercisable on the date of such Triggering Event.
In the event of a Change of Control pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1(m)(C), all Options outstanding shall immediately vest and become exercisable on the date of such Change of Control.
The provisions of this Section 3.7 shall be subject to the terms of any employment agreement between the Participant and the Company.
3.8 Effect of Amalgamation or Merger
Subject to Section 3.7, if the Company amalgamates or otherwise completes a plan of arrangement or merges with or into another corporation, any Shares receivable on the exercise of an Option shall be converted into the securities, property or cash which the Participant would have received upon such amalgamation, arrangement or merger if the Participant had exercised his or her Option immediately prior to the record date applicable to such amalgamation, arrangement or merger, and the option price shall be adjusted appropriately by the Board and such adjustment shall be binding for all purposes of this Plan.
PART 4
RESTRICTED SHARE RIGHTS AND PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS
4.1 Participants
The Board has the right to grant, in its sole and absolute discretion, to any Participant, rights to receive any number of fully paid and non-assessable Shares ("Restricted Share Rights" or "Restricted Share Unit") as a discretionary payment in consideration of past services to the Company or as an incentive for future services, subject to this Plan and with such additional provisions and restrictions as the Board may determine. Restricted Share Rights may be granted subject to performance conditions and/or performance multipliers, in which case such Restricted Share Rights may be designated as "Performance Share Units".
4.2 Restricted Share Right Grant Letter
Each grant of a Restricted Share Right under this Plan shall be evidenced by a grant letter or agreement (a "Restricted Share Right Grant Letter") issued to the Participant by the Company. Such Restricted Share Right Grant Letter shall be subject to all applicable terms and conditions of this Plan and may be subject to any other terms and conditions which are not inconsistent with this Plan and which the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, deems appropriate for inclusion in a Restricted Share Right Grant Letter. The provisions of the various Restricted Share Right Grant Letters issued under this Plan need not be identical.
4.3 Restricted Period
Concurrent with the determination to grant Restricted Share Rights to a Participant, the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, shall determine the Restricted Period and vesting requirements applicable to such Restricted Share Rights. Vesting of a Restricted Share Right shall be determined at the sole discretion of the Board at the time of grant and shall be specified in the Restricted Share Right Grant Letter. Vesting requirements may be based upon the continued employment or other service of a Participant, and/or to performance conditions to be achieved by the Company or a class of Participants or by a particular Participant on an individual basis, within a Restricted Period, for such Restricted Share Rights to entitle the holder thereof to receive the underlying Shares (and the number of underlying Shares that may be received may be subject to performance multipliers). Upon expiry of the applicable Restricted Period (or on the Deferred Payment Date, as applicable), a Restricted Share Right shall be automatically settled, and without the payment of additional consideration or any other further action on the part of the holder of the Restricted Share Right, the underlying Shares shall be issued to the holder of such Restricted Share Rights, which Restricted Share Rights shall then be cancelled.
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4.4 Deferred Payment Date
Participants who are residents of Canada for the purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada), or who are residents of Argentina, and not, in either case, a US Taxpayer, may elect to defer receipt of all or any part of the Shares underlying Restricted Share Rights until one or more Deferred Payment Dates. Any other Participants may not elect a Deferred Payment Date.
4.5 Prior Notice of Deferred Payment Date
Participants who elect to set a Deferred Payment Date must, in respect of each such Deferred Payment Date, give the Company written notice of the Deferred Payment Date(s) not later than thirty (30) days prior to the expiration of the applicable Restricted Period. For certainty, Participants shall not be permitted to give any such notice after the day which is thirty (30) days prior to the expiration of the Restricted Period and a notice once given may not be changed or revoked. For the avoidance of doubt, the foregoing shall not prevent a Participant from electing an additional Deferred Payment Date, provided, however that notice of such election is given by the Participant to the Company not later than thirty (30) days prior to the expiration of the subject Restricted Period.
4.6 Retirement or Termination during Restricted Period
Subject to the terms of any employment agreement or Award agreement between the Company and the Participant, in the event and to the extent of the Retirement or Termination and/or, as applicable, the Director Retirement or Director Termination of a Participant from all such roles with the Company during the Restricted Period, any Restricted Share Rights held by the Participant shall immediately terminate and be of no further force or effect; provided, however, that the Board shall have the absolute discretion to modify the Restricted Share Rights, including to provide that the Restricted Period shall terminate immediately prior to the date of such occurrence or allow the Restricted Share Rights to continue in accordance with their original Restricted Periods.
4.7 Retirement or Termination after Restricted Period
In the event and to the extent of the Retirement or Termination and/or, as applicable, the Director Retirement or Director Termination of the Participant from all such roles with the Company following the Restricted Period and prior to a Deferred Payment Date, the Participant shall be entitled to receive, and the Company shall issue forthwith, Shares in satisfaction of the Restricted Share Rights then held by the Participant.
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4.8 Death or Disability of Participant
In the event of the death or total disability of a Participant, any Shares represented by Restricted Share Rights held by the Participant shall be immediately issued by the Company to the Participant or legal representative of the Participant.
4.9 Payment of Dividends
Subject to the absolute discretion of the Board, in the event that a dividend (other than a stock dividend) is declared and paid by the Company on the Shares, a Participant may be credited with additional Restricted Share Rights. The number of such additional Restricted Share Rights, if any, will be calculated by dividing (a) the total amount of the dividends that would have been paid to the Participant if the Restricted Share Rights (including Restricted Share Rights in which the Restricted Period has expired but the Shares have not been issued due to a Deferred Payment Date) in the Participant's account on the dividend record date had been outstanding Shares (and the Participant held no other Shares) by (b) the Fair Market Value of the Shares on the date on which such dividends were paid. If the foregoing results in a fractional Restricted Share Right, the fraction shall be disregarded. Any additional Restricted Share Rights awarded pursuant to this Section will be subject to the same terms, including the time of settlement, as the Restricted Share Rights to which they relate.
4.10 Change of Control
If a Triggering Event occurs within the 12-month period immediately following a Change of Control pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1(m)(A), (B), (D) or (E) all outstanding Restricted Share Rights shall vest immediately and be settled by the issuance of Shares notwithstanding the Restricted Period and any Deferred Payment Date.
In the event of a Change of Control pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1(m)(C), all Restricted Shares Rights outstanding shall immediately vest and be settled by the issuance of Shares notwithstanding the Restricted Period and any Deferred Payment Date.
Notwithstanding any provision of this Plan, in the event of a Change of Control, all Arrangement Restricted Share Rights outstanding held by Arrangement Departing Participants shall vest immediately and be settled by the issuance of Shares notwithstanding the Restricted Period and any Deferred Payment Date.
The provisions of this Section 4.10 shall be subject to the terms of any employment agreement between the Participant and the Company.
4.11 Settlement Basis for Performance Share Units
In respect of Performance Share Units that are accelerated as a result of a Change of Control or the total disability or death of a Participant, unless the Board determines otherwise and subject to any employment agreement or Award agreement between the Company and the Participant, (i) in respect of any performance measurement periods that are completed on or prior to the Change of Control, total disability or death of a Participant, the proportion of Performance Share Units equivalent to the performance measurement periods completed shall be settled by applying a performance multiplier calculated based on the actual performance in respect to such completed periods, and (ii) in respect of any performance measurement periods that are not completed on or prior to the Change of Control, total disability or death of a Participant, the equivalent proportion of Performance Share Units in respect to such periods shall be settled by applying a performance multiplier of one Share for each Performance Share Unit.
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PART 5
DEFERRED SHARE UNITS
5.1 Deferred Share Unit Grants
The Board may from time to time determine to grant Deferred Share Units to one or more Eligible Directors in a lump sum amount or on regular intervals, based on such formulas or criteria as the Board may from time to time determine. Deferred Share Units will be credited to the Eligible Director's account when designated by the Board.
5.2 Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter
Each grant of a Deferred Share Unit under this Plan shall be evidenced by a grant letter or agreement (a "Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter") issued to the Eligible Director by the Company. Such Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter shall be subject to all applicable terms and conditions of this Plan and may be subject to any other terms and conditions which are not inconsistent with this Plan and which the Board deems appropriate for inclusion in a Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter. The provisions of Deferred Share Unit Grant Letters issued under this Plan need not be identical.
5.3 Redemption of Deferred Share Units and Issuance of Deferred Shares
The Deferred Share Units held by each Eligible Director who is not a US Taxpayer shall be redeemed automatically and with no further action by the Eligible Director on the 20th business day following the Separation Date for that Eligible Director. For US Taxpayers, Deferred Share Units held by an Eligible Director who is a Specified Employee will be automatically redeemed with no further action by the Eligible Director on the date that is six (6) months following the Separation Date for the Eligible Director, or if earlier, upon such Eligible Director's death. Upon redemption, the former Eligible Director shall be entitled to receive and the Company shall issue, subject to the limitations set forth in Section 7.1 of this Plan, the number of Shares issued from treasury equal to the number of Deferred Share Units in the Eligible Director's account, subject to any applicable deductions and withholdings. In the event a Separation Date occurs during a year and Deferred Share Units have been granted to such Eligible Director for that entire year, the Eligible Director will only be entitled to a pro-rated Deferred Share Unit Payment in respect of such Deferred Share Units based on the number of days that he or she was an Eligible Director in such year.
No amount will be paid to, or in respect of, an Eligible Director under this Plan or pursuant to any other arrangement, and no other additional Deferred Share Units will be granted to compensate for a downward fluctuation in the value of the Shares of the Company nor will any other benefit be conferred upon, or in respect of, an Eligible Director for such purpose.
5.4 Death of Participant
In the event of the death of an Eligible Director, the Deferred Share Units shall be redeemed automatically and with no further action on the 20th business day following the death of an Eligible Director.
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5.5 Payment of Dividends
Subject to the absolute discretion of the Board, in the event that a dividend (other than a stock dividend) is declared and paid by the Company on the Shares, an Eligible Director may be credited with additional Deferred Share Units. The number of such additional Deferred Share Units, if any, will be calculated by dividing (a) the total amount of the dividends that would have been paid to the Eligible Director if the Deferred Share Units in the Eligible Director's account on the dividend record date had been outstanding Shares (and the Eligible Director held no other Shares), by (b) the Fair Market Value of the Shares on the date on which such dividends were paid. If the foregoing results in a fractional Deferred Share Unit, the fraction shall be disregarded. Any additional Deferred Share Units awarded pursuant to this Section will be subject to the same terms, including the time of settlement, as the Deferred Share Units to which they relate.
PART 6
WITHHOLDING TAXES
6.1 Withholding Taxes
The Company or any Designated Affiliate may take such steps as are considered necessary or appropriate for the withholding of any taxes or other amounts which the Company or any Designated Affiliate is required by any law or regulation of any governmental authority whatsoever to withhold in connection with any Award including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the withholding of all or any portion of any payment or the withholding of the issue of any Shares to be issued under this Plan, until such time as the Participant has paid the Company or any Designated Affiliate for any amount which the Company or Designated Affiliate is required to withhold by law with respect to such taxes or other amounts. Without limitation to the foregoing, the Board may adopt administrative rules under this Plan, which provide for the automatic sale of Shares (or a portion thereof) in the market upon the issuance of such Shares under this Plan on behalf of the Participant to satisfy withholding obligations under an Award.
PART 7
GENERAL
7.1 Number of Shares
The aggregate number of Shares that may be issued under this Plan (together with any other securities-based compensation arrangements of the Company in effect from time to time) shall not exceed 14,400,737 Shares, such Shares to be allocated among Awards and Participants in amounts and at such times as may be determined by the Board from time to time. In addition, the aggregate number of Shares that may be issued and issuable under this Plan (when combined with all of the Company's other security-based compensation arrangements, as applicable),
(a) to Insiders shall not exceed 10% of the Company's outstanding issue from time to time;
(b) to Insiders within any one-year period shall not exceed 10% of the Company's outstanding issue from time to time; and
(c) to any one Insider and his or her associates or Affiliates within any one-year period shall not exceed 5% of the Company's outstanding issue from time to time.
In no event will the number of Shares that may be issued to any one Participant pursuant to Awards under this Plan (when combined with all of the Company's other security-based compensation arrangement, as applicable) exceed 5% of the Company's outstanding issue from time to time.
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The aggregate number of Options that may be granted under this Plan to any one non-employee director of the Company within any one-year period shall not exceed a maximum value of C$100,000 worth of securities, and together with any Restricted Share Rights and Deferred Share Units granted under this Plan and any securities granted under all other securities-based compensation arrangements, such aggregate value shall not exceed C$150,000 in any one-year period. The calculation of this limitation shall not include however: (i) the initial securities granted under securities-based compensation arrangements to a person who was not previously a director of the Company, upon such person becoming or agreeing to become a director of the Company (however, the aggregate number of securities granted under all securities-based compensation arrangements in this initial grant to any one non-employee director shall not exceed the foregoing maximum values of securities); (ii) the securities granted under securities-based compensation arrangements to a director of the Company who was also an officer of the Company at the time of grant but who subsequently became a non-employee director; and (iii) any securities granted to a non-employee director that is granted in lieu of any director cash fee provided the value of the security awarded has the same value as the cash fee given up in exchange for such security. For greater clarity, in this Plan, securities-based compensation arrangements include securities issued under this Plan and any other compensation arrangements implemented by the Company including stock options, other stock option plans, employee stock purchase plans, stock appreciation right plans, deferred share unit plans, performance share unit plans, restricted share unit plans or any other compensation or incentive mechanism involving the issuance or potential issuance of Shares from treasury, but excludes any compensation arrangement that does not involve the issuance of Shares from treasury and any other compensation arrangements assumed or inherited by the Company in connection with the acquisition of another entity.
For the purposes of this Section 7.1, "outstanding issue" means the total number of Shares, on a non-diluted basis, that are issued and outstanding immediately prior to the date that any Shares are issued or reserved for issuance pursuant to an Award.
For greater clarity, the issuance of Arrangement Restricted Share Rights and Arrangement Deferred Share Units shall not be treated as a new grant of Restricted Share Rights and Deferred Share Units, respectively.
7.2 Lapsed Awards
If Awards are surrendered, terminated or expire without being exercised in whole or in part, new Awards may be granted covering the Shares not issued under such lapsed Awards, subject to any restrictions that may be imposed by the Toronto Stock Exchange.
7.3 Adjustment in Shares Subject to this Plan
If there is any change in the Shares through the declaration of stock dividends of Shares, through any consolidations, subdivisions or reclassification of Shares, or otherwise, the number of Shares available under this Plan, the Shares subject to any Award, and the exercise price of any Option shall be adjusted as determined to be appropriate by the Board, and such adjustment shall be effective and binding for all purposes of this Plan.
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7.4 Transferability
Any Awards accruing to any Participant in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Plan shall not be transferable unless specifically provided herein. During the lifetime of a Participant all Awards may only be exercised by the Participant. Awards are non-transferable except by will or by the laws of descent and distribution.
7.5 Employment
Nothing contained in this Plan shall confer upon any Participant any right with respect to employment or continuance of employment with the Company or any Affiliate, or interfere in any way with the right of the Company or any Affiliate to terminate the Participant's employment at any time. Participation in this Plan by a Participant is voluntary.
7.6 Record Keeping
The Company shall maintain a register in which shall be recorded:
(a) the name and address of each Participant;
(b) the number of Awards granted to each Participant and relevant details regarding such Awards; and
(c) such other information as the Board may determine.
7.7 Necessary Approvals
This equity incentive plan of the Corporation shall become effective on the Arrangement Effective Date as contemplated in the Plan of Arrangement and subject to (a) the approval of the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange and (b) applicable shareholder approval.
7.8 Amendments to Plan
The Board shall have the power to, at any time and from time to time, either prospectively or retrospectively, amend, suspend or terminate this Plan or any Award granted under this Plan without shareholder approval, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing: changes of a clerical or grammatical nature, changes regarding the persons eligible to participate in this Plan, changes to the exercise price, vesting, term and termination provisions of the Award, changes to the Cashless Surrender Right provisions, changes to the authority and role of the Board under this Plan, and any other matter relating to this Plan and the Awards that may be granted hereunder, provided however that:
(a) such amendment, suspension or termination is in accordance with applicable laws and the rules of any stock exchange on which the Shares are listed;
(b) no amendment to this Plan or to an Award granted hereunder will have the effect of impairing, derogating from or otherwise adversely affecting the terms of an Award which is outstanding at the time of such amendment without the written consent of the holder of such Award;
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(c) the expiry date of an Option Period in respect of an Option shall not be more than ten (10) years from the date of grant of an Option except as expressly provided in Section 3.4;
(d) the Directors shall obtain shareholder approval of:
(i) any amendment to the number of Shares specified in Section 7.1;
(ii) any amendment to the limitations on Shares that may be reserved for issuance, or issued, to Insiders, or remove participation limits on non-employee directors or increase the amounts of participation limits on non-employee directors;
(iii) any amendment that would reduce the exercise price of an outstanding Option other than pursuant to Section 7.3 or permits the cancellation and re-issuance of Options;
(iv) any amendment that would extend the expiry date of the Option Period in respect of any Option granted under this Plan except as expressly contemplated in Section 3.4;
(v) any amendment to permit Options to be transferred other than for normal estate settlement purposes; or
(vi) any amendment to reduce the range of amendments requiring shareholder approval contemplated in this Section.
If this Plan is terminated, the provisions of this Plan and any administrative guidelines and other rules and regulations adopted by the Board and in force on the date of termination will continue in effect as long as any Award or any rights pursuant thereto remain outstanding and, notwithstanding the termination of this Plan, the Board shall remain able to make such amendments to this Plan or the Award as they would have been entitled to make if this Plan were still in effect.
7.9 No Representation or Warranty
The Company makes no representation or warranty as to the future market value of any Shares issued in accordance with the provisions of this Plan.
7.10 Section 409A
It is intended that any payments under the Plan to US Taxpayers shall be exempt from or comply with Section 409A of the Code, and all provisions of the Plan shall be construed and interpreted in a manner consistent with the requirements for avoiding taxes and penalties under Section 409A of the Code.
7.11 Compliance with Applicable Law, etc.
If any provision of this Plan or any agreement entered into pursuant to this Plan contravenes any law or any order, policy, by-law or regulation of any regulatory body or stock exchange having authority over the Company or this Plan, then such provision shall be deemed to be amended to the extent required to bring such provision into compliance therewith.
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All Awards and securities which may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of the Awards to be issued pursuant to the Plan will be issued pursuant to the registration requirements of the U.S. Securities Act and applicable state securities laws or an exemption or exclusion from such registration requirements.
7.12 Clawback and Recoupment
All Awards under this Plan shall be subject to forfeiture or other penalties pursuant to any Company clawback policy, as may be adopted or amended from time to time, and such forfeiture and/or penalty conditions or provisions as determined by the Committee.
7.13 Term of the Plan
Once effective in accordance with Section 7.7, this Plan shall remain in effect until it is terminated by the Board.
PART 8
ADMINISTRATION OF THIS PLAN
8.1 Administration by the Committee
(a) Unless otherwise determined by the Board, this Plan shall be administered by the Governance, Nomination, Compensation and Leadership Committee (the "Committee") or equivalent committee appointed by the Board and constituted in accordance with such Committee's charter.
(b) The Committee shall have the power, where consistent with the general purpose and intent of this Plan and subject to the specific provisions of this Plan, to:
(i) adopt and amend rules and regulations relating to the administration of this Plan and make all other determinations necessary or desirable for the administration of this Plan. The interpretation and construction of the provisions of this Plan and related agreements by the Committee shall be final and conclusive. The Committee may correct any defect or supply any omission or reconcile any inconsistency in this Plan or in any related agreement in the manner and to the extent it shall deem expedient to carry this Plan into effect and it shall be the sole and final judge of such expediency; and
(ii) otherwise exercise the powers delegated to the Committee by the Board and under this Plan as set forth herein.
8.2 Board Role
(a) The Board, on the recommendation of the Committee or of its own volition, shall determine and designate from time to time the individuals to whom Awards shall be made, the amounts of the Awards and the other terms and conditions of the Awards. The Board may delegate this authority as it sees fit, including as set forth in Section 3.3.
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(b) The Board may delegate any of its responsibilities or powers under this Plan to (i) the Committee, or (ii) the CEO as set forth in Section 3.3.
(c) In the event the Committee or, in respect of the Delegated Options, the CEO, is unable or unwilling to act in respect of a matter involving this Plan, the Board shall fulfill the role of the Committee (or CEO, as the case may be) provided for herein.
PART 9
PLAN OF ARRANGEMENT
9.1 Plan of Arrangement
This equity incentive plan contemplates the Plan of Arrangement. To the extent applicable, it is intended that the Outstanding Restricted Share Rights and the Outstanding Deferred Share Units will be exchanged for Arrangement Restricted Share Rights and Arrangement Deferred Share Units, respectively, pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement on a tax-deferred basis under subsection 7(1.4) of the Income Tax Act (Canada).
9.2 Arrangement Restricted Share Rights
(a) For all purposes under the Plan, the date on which an Arrangement Restricted Share Right is granted for purposes of the Plan shall be deemed to be the date of the grant of the Outstanding Restricted Share Right for which such Arrangement Restricted Share Right was exchanged as part of the Plan of Arrangement and, except as set out herein or in the Plan of Arrangement and with such adjustments as the circumstances require, the Arrangement Restricted Share Right shall be deemed (unless otherwise determined by the Board) to have the same terms and conditions (including vesting and expiration) as the Outstanding Restricted Share Right for which such Arrangement Restricted Share Right was exchanged as part of the Plan of Arrangement.
(b) With respect to Arrangement Restricted Share Rights that replace Performance Share Units (as defined in the Remainco Equity Incentive Plan), all such Arrangement Restricted Share Rights shall (unless otherwise determined by the Board) be subject to the same time based vesting period as the Performance Share Units they replace and upon vesting such Arrangement Restricted Share Rights shall be fully satisfied by the issuance of one Share (unless otherwise determined by the Board) irrespective of the applicable performance multiplier to which the Performance Share Unit was subject. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Arrangement Restricted Share Rights that replace Performance Share Units that were fully vested and outstanding prior to the Arrangement Effective Time may be settled by the Company in accordance with the performance multiplier applicable to the Performance Share Units replaced.
(c) In addition, notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, in respect of each person who was a "Participant" as defined in the Remainco Equity Incentive Plan immediately prior to the Arrangement Effective Time, who does not become an Eligible Director or Eligible Employee due to or in connection with the Arrangement (each such person, an "Arrangement Departing Participant"), and who remains a director, officer or employee of Remainco or any Remainco Designated Affiliate, or provides ongoing services for Remainco or any Remainco Designated Affiliate and complies with the definition of "consultant" or "advisor" as set forth in Form S-8 (a "Remainco Service Provider"), all Arrangement Restricted Share Rights (other than those issued pursuant to paragraph (b)) issued to Arrangement Departing Participants that replace Outstanding Restricted Share Rights shall (unless otherwise determined by the Board) immediately vest and the underlying Shares shall be issued to the holder of such Arrangement Restricted Share Rights as soon as practicable by the Company following the Arrangement Effective Date (provided that the Company may establish a schedule for the settlement of Arrangement Restricted Share Rights to ensure the orderly sale of Shares in the markets to satisfy tax withholding obligations), which Arrangement Restricted Share Rights shall then be cancelled.
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(d) With respect to Arrangement Restricted Share Rights issued to an Arrangement Departing Participant that are not immediately vested, upon such Arrangement Departing Participant ceasing to be a director, officer or employee of Remainco or any Remainco Designated Affiliates, or a Remainco Service Provider, as applicable, such Arrangement Departing Participant shall be treated for the purposes of this Plan as having ceased to be so employed with the Company and its Designated Affiliates and such Arrangement Departing Participant's Arrangement Restricted Share Rights shall be dealt with in accordance with Section 4.6 of this Plan.
9.3 Arrangement Deferred Share Units
(a) For all purposes under the Plan, the date on which an Arrangement Deferred Share Unit is granted for purposes of the Plan shall be deemed to be the date of the grant of the Outstanding Deferred Share Unit for which such Arrangement Deferred Share Unit was exchanged as part of the Plan of Arrangement and, except as set out herein or in the Plan of Arrangement and with such adjustments as the circumstances require, the Arrangement Deferred Share Unit shall be deemed (unless otherwise determined by the Board) to have the same terms and conditions (including vesting and expiration) as the Outstanding Deferred Share Unit for which such Arrangement Deferred Share Unit was exchanged as part of the Plan of Arrangement.
(b) Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, (unless otherwise determined by the Board) all Arrangement Deferred Share Units issued to Arrangement Departing Participants shall immediately vest and the underlying Shares shall be issued to the holder of such Arrangement Deferred Share Units as soon as practicable by the Company following the Arrangement Effective Date (provided that the Company may establish a schedule for the settlement of Arrangement Deferred Share Units to ensure the orderly sale of Shares in the markets to satisfy tax withholding obligations), which Arrangement Deferred Share Units shall then be cancelled.
APPENDIX B
Arrangement Resolution
BE IT RESOLVED as a special resolution that:
1. The amended and restated arrangement agreement (the "Arrangement Agreement") dated June 14, 2023 between Lithium Americas Corp. ("LAC") and 1397468 B.C. Ltd. ("Spinco"), as it may be amended, modified or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms, attached as Schedule "[●]" to the notice of annual and special meeting and circular of LAC dated effective [●], 2023 (the "Circular") and all transactions contemplated thereby are hereby confirmed, ratified and approved.
2. The arrangement (the "Arrangement") under section 288 of the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) substantially as set forth in the plan of arrangement (the "Plan of Arrangement"), as it may be amended, modified or supplemented from time to time in accordance with the Arrangement Agreement and its terms, attached as Appendix A to the Arrangement Agreement attached as Schedule "[●]" to the Circular is hereby authorized and approved.
3. The deferred share units of LAC following the completion of the Arrangement and the deferred share units of Spinco to be granted to holders of deferred share units of LAC ("LAC DSUs") in exchange for such LAC DSUs, as provided in the Plan of Arrangement, are hereby approved.
4. The performance based restricted share rights of LAC following the completion of the Arrangement and the performance based restricted share rights of Spinco to be granted to holders of performance based restricted share rights of LAC ("LAC PSUs") in exchange for such LAC PSUs, as provided in the Plan of Arrangement, are hereby approved.
5. The restricted share rights of LAC following the completion of the Arrangement and the restricted share rights of Spinco to be granted to holders of restricted share rights of LAC ("LAC RSUs") in exchange for such LAC RSUs, as provided in the Plan of Arrangement, are hereby approved.
6. All of the transactions contemplated in the Arrangement Agreement and all the ancillary agreements contemplated therein, the actions of the directors of LAC in approving the Arrangement and the Arrangement Agreement and the actions of the directors and officers of LAC in executing and delivering the Arrangement Agreement and any amendments, modifications or supplements thereto are hereby authorized, confirmed, ratified and approved.
7. LAC is hereby authorized to apply for a final order from the Supreme Court of British Columbia to approve the Arrangement on the terms set forth in the Arrangement Agreement and the Plan of Arrangement (as they may be amended, modified or supplemented from time to time).
8. Notwithstanding that this special resolution has been passed by the shareholders of LAC or has received the approval of the Supreme Court of British Columbia, the board of directors of LAC may amend the Arrangement Agreement and the Plan of Arrangement to the extent permitted by the Arrangement Agreement and/or decide not to proceed with the Arrangement or revoke this special resolution at any time prior to the filing of the certified copy of the court order approving the Arrangement with the Registrar of Companies for British Columbia without further approval of the shareholders of LAC.
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9. Any one director or officer of LAC is hereby authorized, for and on behalf of LAC, to execute and deliver, whether under the corporate seal of LAC or otherwise, all documents, filings and instruments and take all such other actions as may be necessary or desirable to implement this special resolution and the matters authorized hereby, such determination to be conclusively evidenced by the execution and delivery of any such documents, filings or instruments and the taking of any such actions.
LOCK-UP AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT is made as of ●, 2023
BETWEEN:
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP., a corporation existing under the laws of the Province of British Columbia, and to be named Lithium Americas (Argentina) Corp. as at the Effective Time ("LAC")
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1397468 B.C. LTD., a corporation existing under the laws of the Province of British Columbia, and to be named Lithium Americas Corp. as at the Effective Time ("Spinco")
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GFL INTERNATIONAL CO., LIMITED., a corporation existing under the laws of Hong Kong ("Ganfeng")
RECITALS:
A. WHEREAS, on February 28, 2022 LAC first publicly announced (the "Initial Announcement") that it had started the process of exploring the separation of its U.S. and Argentina operations and available alternatives and, subsequently, on November 3, 2022, LAC publicly announced that it intended to advance a reorganization that would result in the separation of its North American Business (as defined in the Arrangement Agreement) and its Argentinian Business (as defined in the Arrangement Agreement) into two independent public companies (the "Separation");
B. WHEREAS, in connection with the implementation of the Separation, LAC and Spinco have entered into an amended and restated arrangement agreement dated June 14, 2023 (as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, being referred to herein as the "Arrangement Agreement") providing for an arrangement (being referred to herein as the "Arrangement") of LAC under section 288 of the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia), which was approved by LAC Shareholders at the Meeting (as defined below), pursuant to which, among other things:
(a) LAC will complete the Separation; and
(b) holders of the outstanding common shares of LAC (collectively, being referred to herein as the "LAC Common Shares") immediately prior to the Effective Time will be issued, through a series of transactions, common shares of Spinco (collectively, being referred to herein as the "Spinco Common Shares"),
all on the terms and subject to the conditions to be set out in the Arrangement Agreement;
C. WHEREAS, Ganfeng:
(a) is the registered holder and sole beneficial owner of, and together with its Affiliate and parent company Ganfeng Lithium Co. Ltd., has exclusive direction and control over, 15,000,000 LAC Common Shares (together with any substituted, reclassified or replacement shares, the "Subject Shares") and will, at the Effective Time (as defined herein), become the registered holder and sole beneficial owner, of, and have exclusive direction or control over, together with its Affiliate and parent company Ganfeng Lithium Co., Ltd., a specified number of Spinco Common Shares issuable to Ganfeng pursuant to the Arrangement (the Subject Shares and Spinco Common Shares, collectively, being referred to herein as the "Locked-up Shares");
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(b) except for the Subject Shares, has no ownership of, or any right to acquire or exercise any control or direction over, directly or indirectly, any securities of LAC or Spinco or any of their respective Affiliates; and
(c) except for this Agreement, has not entered into any open-market trade, put option, call option, or any other type of agreement, commitment or understanding with any person or entity, with respect to the acquisition, disposition or voting of any LAC Common Shares or any Spinco Common Shares;
D. WHEREAS, in connection with the Separation, the parties are executing and delivering this lock-up agreement (such agreement, including as it may be amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, being referred to herein as the "Agreement") setting out the terms and conditions upon which Ganfeng has agreed to, among other things: (i) not acquire any LAC Common Shares or transfer (including sell) the Subject Shares prior to the Effective Time, (ii) not acquire or transfer (including sell) any of the Locked-up Shares from and after the date hereof and for the 18 months following the Effective Date, except as expressly permitted by this Agreement, and (iii) abide by the other restrictions and covenants set forth herein; and
E. WHEREAS, each of LAC and Spinco will be relying on the covenants, representations and warranties of Ganfeng set forth in this Agreement in connection with the completion of the Separation.
NOW, THEREFORE, this Agreement witnesses that, in consideration of the premises and the covenants and agreements herein contained and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged by each party, the parties covenant and agree as follows:
1. Definitions
In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires, in addition to terms defined elsewhere in this Agreement, the following terms have the respective meanings set out below and grammatical variations of such terms have the corresponding meanings:
"Affiliate" has the meaning given to that term in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions;
"Arrangement Resolution" means the special resolution of the LAC Shareholders approving the Arrangement passed at the Meeting;
"Business Day" means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or any other day on which major banks are closed for business in the City of Vancouver, British Columbia;
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"Circular" means the notice of Meeting and accompanying management information circular of LAC, including all schedules, appendices and exhibits thereto and all information incorporated by reference therein, prepared by LAC and sent to LAC Shareholders in connection with the Meeting, as amended, modified and/or supplemented from time to time;
"Effective Date" means the date on which the Arrangement becomes effective;
"Effective Time" means 12:01 a.m. (Vancouver time) on the Effective Date, or such other time as LAC and Spinco agree to in writing;
"LAC Shareholders" means all persons holding LAC Common Shares, whether registered or beneficial (unless otherwise specified) at the applicable time and "LAC Shareholder" means any one of them; and
"Meeting" means the meeting of LAC Shareholders held on July 31, 2023 to consider and to vote on, inter alia, the Arrangement Resolution and for any other purpose as set out in the Circular.
2. Lock-up
In order to ensure that subsection 55(2) of the Income Tax Act (Canada) will not apply to the series of transactions and events forming part of the Arrangement, Ganfeng hereby irrevocably and unconditionally covenants, undertakes and agrees as follows:
(a) except as expressly permitted by Section 2(c), from the date hereof until the Effective Time, none of Ganfeng or any of its Affiliates shall, directly or indirectly, purchase or acquire any LAC Common Shares (being referred to herein as, a "Purchase"), or assign, sell, transfer, offer, contract to sell, accept an offer to purchase, gift, pledge, encumber, hypothecate, provide a security interest in respect of, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, whether by actual disposition or effective economic disposition pursuant to any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any interest in, or economic consequences of ownership of any of the Subject Shares (being referred to herein as, a "Transfer");
(b) except as expressly permitted by Section 2(c), from the Effective Time until 12:00 p.m. (Vancouver time) on the date that is 18 months following the Effective Date, Ganfeng shall not, directly or indirectly (i) Purchase or Transfer any of the Locked-up Shares, (ii) Purchase or Transfer any property acquired in substitution for any Locked-up Shares, (iii) Purchase or Transfer any property 10% or more of the fair market value of which is or may be derived from any Locked-up Shares (or any property acquired in substitution for such property), or (iv) commence, participate in or in any way support any transaction or series of transactions (other than the Arrangement) pursuant to which control of LAC or Spinco is acquired by any person or group of persons;
(c) the restrictions and limitations in Sections 2(a) and 2(b) shall not apply to:
(i) any Purchase or Transfer of any securities pursuant to the Arrangement;
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(ii) any Purchase or Transfer from or to any Affiliate of Ganfeng that is controlled by Ganfeng from and after the Initial Announcement and for the 18 months following the Effective Date, provided that such Affiliate first agrees in writing with LAC and Spinco to be bound by the terms of this Agreement;
(iii) any Transfer pursuant to a bona fide third party "take-over bid" (as defined in National Instrument 62-104 Take-over Bids and Issuer Bids) provided that (A) such take-over bid is made to all shareholders of LAC or Spinco, as the case may be, (B) the take-over bid is recommended for acceptance by the board of directors of LAC or Spinco, as the case may be, and (C) in the event that the take-over bid is not completed in accordance with the terms recommended to shareholders by the board of directors of LAC or Spinco, as the case may be, the Locked-up Shares will remain subject to the restrictions and limitations contained in Sections 2(a) and 2(b);
(iv) any Transfer pursuant to or in accordance with any amalgamation, arrangement, amendment to the terms of a class of equity securities or any other transaction involving LAC or Spinco, as the case may be, as a consequence of which the interest of a holder of an equity security of the issuer may be terminated without the holder's consent, regardless of wther the equity security is replaced with another security (any such transaction being referred to herein as a "business combination"), provided that (A) such business combination is recommended for acceptance by the board of directors of LAC or Spinco, as the case may be and (B) in the event that the business combination is not completed in accordance with the terms recommended to shareholders by the board of directors of LAC or Spinco, as the case may be, the Locked-up Shares will remain subject to the restrictions and limitations contained in Sections 2(a) and 2(b); and
(v) any Transfer in connection with Ganfeng pledging or hypothecating any Locked-up Shares in favour of a third party lender (being referred to herein as, a "Lender") as security for a bona fide loan (being referred to herein as, a "Loan"), provided that, any such Transfer shall be on terms and conditions acceptable to the board of directors of LAC or Spinco, as the case may be, acting reasonably, and without limitation, it will be deemed to be reasonable for the board of directors of LAC or Spinco, as the case may be, to require, as conditions of providing consent to any such Transfer, that (i) the Lender first agrees in writing with LAC and Spinco to be bound by the terms of this Agreement, (ii) the security interest of the Lender over the Locked-up Shares may not be enforced and the Lock-up Shares may not be otherwise transferred prior to the date that is 18 months following the Effective Date, without the written consent of LAC and Spinco, and (iii) upon the repayment of the Loan, the Locked-up Shares will remain subject to the restrictions and limitations contained in Sections 2(a) and 2(b).
3. Further Assurances
Each of LAC and Ganfeng shall, from time to time and at all times hereafter at the reasonable request of the other parties but without any further consideration, do and perform all such further acts, matters and things and execute and deliver all such further documents, deeds, assignments, agreements, notices and writings and give such further assurances as shall be reasonably required for the purpose of giving effect to this Agreement.
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4. Representations and Warranties of Ganfeng
Ganfeng hereby represents and warrants to LAC and Spinco as follows and acknowledges that each of LAC and Spinco is relying on such representations and warranties in connection with entering into this Agreement and completing the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby:
(a) Ganfeng is the registered holder and sole beneficial owner of the Subject Shares, with good and marketable title thereto, free and clear of all claims, liens, charges, encumbrances, restrictions (other than resale and similar restrictions), security interests and rights of others and no person or entity has any agreement, option, or any right or privilege capable of becoming an agreement or option (whether by law, pre-emptive or contractual), for the Transfer of any Subject Shares, or any interest therein or right thereto, except pursuant to the Arrangement Agreement and this Agreement;
(b) the only securities of LAC held of record or beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, or over which control or direction is exercised by Ganfeng and its Affiliates are the Subject Shares;
(c) since the Initial Announcement, none of Ganfeng or any of its Affiliates has Purchased or Transferred any LAC Common Shares;
(d) except pursuant to the Arrangement, none of Ganfeng or any of its Affiliates has a current intention to Transfer any of the Locked-up Shares;
(e) none of Ganfeng or any of its Affiliates has any agreement, options, warrants or securities convertible into, or exchangeable or exercisable for, or otherwise evidencing a right to acquire, any securities of LAC (whether by law, pre-emptive or contractual) or any rights or privileges capable of becoming an agreement or option, for the purchase or acquisition by Ganfeng (or any Affiliate thereof) or transfer to Ganfeng (or any Affiliate thereof) of additional securities of LAC or any interest therein;
(f) except pursuant to the Arrangement, none of Ganfeng or any of its Affiliates has any agreement, options, warrants or securities convertible into, or exchangeable or exercisable for, or otherwise evidencing a right to acquire, any securities of Spinco (whether by law, pre-emptive or contractual) or any rights or privileges capable of becoming an agreement or option, for the purchase or acquisition by Ganfeng (or any Affiliate thereof) or transfer to Ganfeng (or any Affiliate thereof) of additional securities of Spinco or any interest therein that would result in an acquisition of control of Spinco;
(g) Ganfeng has the sole right to vote (or cause to vote) all of its Subject Shares (which have a right to vote) now held and none of the Subject Shares is subject to any power of attorney, proxy, voting trust, vote pooling or other agreement with respect to the voting or right to vote, call meetings of any of the LAC Shareholders or give consents or approvals of any kind with respect to any Subject Shares;
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(h) none of Ganfeng or any of its Affiliates is aware of any "take-over bid" (as defined in National Instrument 62-104 Take-over Bids and Issuer Bids, or similar transaction under the applicable laws of any foreign jurisdiction), whether actual, anticipated, contemplated or threatened, in respect of any securities of Ganfeng;
(i) none of Ganfeng or any of its Affiliates has a current intention to undertake a "business combination" (as defined in Multilateral Instrument 61-101 Protection of Minority Security Holders in Special Transactions, or similar transaction under the applicable laws of any foreign jurisdiction) that would, or would reasonably be expected to, result in an acquisition of control, directly or indirectly, of Ganfeng; and
(j) Ganfeng is duly authorized to execute and deliver this Agreement and perform its obligations hereunder and this Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by Ganfeng and constitutes a legal, valid and binding agreement, enforceable against Ganfeng in accordance with its terms, except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency and other applicable laws affecting the enforcement of creditors' rights generally and subject to the qualification that equitable remedies may only be granted in the discretion of a court of competent jurisdiction, and the performance by Ganfeng of its obligations hereunder will not constitute a violation or breach of or default under, or conflict with: (i) any contract, commitment, agreement, understanding or arrangement of any kind to which Ganfeng is or will be a party and by which Ganfeng is or will be bound at the time of such consummation; and (ii) to its knowledge, any applicable law, including any judgement, decree, order or award of any government, court, governmental or regulatory body, arbitrator or similar body applicable to Ganfeng or its business.
5. Representations and Warranties of LAC and Spinco
Each of LAC and Spinco, severally and not jointly, hereby represents and warrants to Ganfeng as follows and acknowledges that Ganfeng is relying on such representations and warranties in connection with entering into this Agreement and completing the transactions contemplated hereby:
(a) Each of LAC and Spinco validly exists under the laws of the Province of British Columbia and has all requisite corporate power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder; and
(b) Each of LAC and Spinco is duly authorized to execute and deliver this Agreement and perform its obligations hereunder and no other internal proceeding on its part is necessary to authorize this Agreement and this Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by each of LAC and Spinco and constitutes a legal, valid and binding agreement, enforceable against each of LAC and Spinco in accordance with its terms, except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency and other applicable laws affecting the enforcement of creditors' rights generally and subject to the qualification that equitable remedies may only be granted in the discretion of a court of competent jurisdiction, and the performance by each of LAC and Spinco of its obligations hereunder will not constitute a violation or breach of or default under, or conflict with: (i) any contract, commitment, agreement, understanding or arrangement of any kind to which any of LAC and Spinco is or will be a party and by which any of LAC and Spinco is or will be bound at the time of such consummation; and (ii) to its knowledge, any applicable law, including any judgement, decree, order or award of any government, court, governmental or regulatory body, arbitrator or similar body applicable to LAC and Spinco or their respective businesses.
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6. Non-Dilution
LAC covenants and agrees with Ganfeng that, prior to the Effective Date, it shall not, without the prior written consent of Ganfeng, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed, issue any LAC Common Shares or securities convertible into LAC Common Shares; provided, however, that such restriction shall not apply to securities issued in connection with: (i) the Arrangement, (ii) the grant, vesting, exercise or settlement of any options, restricted share rights, performance share units, deferred share units and other similar issuances pursuant to LAC's share compensation arrangements (existing or to be adopted in the future), (iii) acquisitions (including claims acquisitions or other mining interests), (iv) the exercise of any outstanding warrants, rights or other convertible securities, (v) the issuance of LAC Common Shares under its outstanding Convertible Notes (as defined in the Arrangement Agreement) in accordance with their terms; and (vi) satisfying existing contractual obligations (including without limitation the participation and top up rights of General Motors Holdings LLC under its investor rights agreement with LAC).
7. Assignment and Amendment
(a) None of LAC, Spinco or Ganfeng may assign any of its rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other parties, provided that each of LAC and Spinco may, at any time, assign all or any part of its rights and obligations under this Agreement without any such consent to any Affiliate of any of LAC and Spinco, as applicable, and provided further that neither LAC nor Spinco shall be relieved of its obligations hereunder and shall continue to be jointly and severally liable with such Affiliate for all of its obligations hereunder.
(b) This Agreement shall be binding upon, enure to the benefit of and be enforceable by each of LAC and Spinco, Ganfeng and their respective successors and permitted assigns. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer on any person or entity other than LAC and Ganfeng and their respective successors or permitted assigns, any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement.
(c) Except as expressly set forth herein, this Agreement (together with all other documents and instruments referred to herein) constitutes the entire agreement between LAC, Spinco and Ganfeng with respect to the subject matter hereof and shall not be modified, amended or supplemented except upon the execution and delivery of a written agreement by LAC, Spinco and Ganfeng.
8. Notice
Any notice or other communication required or permitted to be given hereunder shall be sufficiently given if delivered in person, or sent by email:
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(a) in the case of Ganfeng, to:
GFL International Co., Limited.
Xingyue Financial Bay BLDG 26,
No. 4088 Luoshan Road, Pudong District
Shanghai, China
Attention: Xiaoshen Wang
Email: [Redacted]
with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:
Attention: Samuel Pigott
Email: [Redacted]
with a copy (which shall not constitute notice):
Gowling WLG
Suite 2300, 550 Burrard St.
Vancouver BC
V6C 2B5
Attention: Linda Hogg
Email: [Redacted]
(b) in the case of LAC (prior to the Effective Date):
Lithium Americas Corp.
300-900 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, British Columbia
V6C 1E5
Attention: Jonathan Evans
e-mail: [Redacted]
(c) in the case of Spinco (prior to the Effective Date):
1397468 B.C. Ltd.
c/o Lithium Americas Corp.
300-900 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, British Columbia
V6C 1E5
Attention: Alexi Zawadzki
e-mail: [Redacted]
(d) in the case of LAC (on and after the Effective Date):
Lithium Americas (Argentina) Corp.
300-900 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, British Columbia
V6C 1E5
Attention: John Kanellitsas
e-mail: [Redacted]
Copy to: Alex Shulga
e-mail: [Redacted]
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(e) in the case of Spinco (on and after the Effective Date):
Lithium Americas Corp.
300-900 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, British Columbia
V6C 1E5
Attention: Jonathan Evans
e-mail: [Redacted]
(f) with a copy to in the case of any notice to Spinco or LAC (which shall not constitute notice):
Cassels Brock & Blackwell LLP
Suite 2200, HSBC Building, 885 West Georgia St.
Vancouver BC
V6C 3E8
Attention: David Redford
Email: [Redacted]
or to such other address as the party to which such notice or other communication is to be given has last notified the party giving the same in the manner provided in this Section 8. Any notice or other communication given or made is deemed to have been duly given or made as at the date delivered or sent if delivered personally or sent by email at the address provided herein during normal business hours on a Business Day, or otherwise on the next Business Day.
9. Governing Law
This Agreement will be governed by and interpreted and enforced in accordance with the laws of the Province of British Columbia and the federal laws of Canada applicable therein. Each party irrevocably attorns and submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the British Columbia courts situated in the City of Vancouver and waives objection to the venue of any proceeding in such court or that such court provides an inconvenient forum. Any legal proceedings arising out of this Agreement will be conducted in the English language only.
10. Termination
This Agreement shall automatically terminate and be of no further force or effect upon the earliest to occur of: (i) the mutual written agreement of LAC, Spinco and Ganfeng; and (ii) the date that is the 18 months following the Effective Date.
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11. Enforcement
Ganfeng agrees that irreparable damage would occur in the event that any of the provisions of this Agreement were not performed in accordance with their specific terms or were otherwise breached and that monetary damages or other legal remedies would not be an adequate remedy. It is accordingly agreed that in the event of a breach or threatened breach by Ganfeng of any of its covenants or obligations under this Agreement, LAC and Spinco shall be entitled to equitable relief by way of an injunction or injunctions or otherwise to prevent or restrain breaches or threatened breaches of this Agreement and to enforce specifically the terms and provisions hereof, on a non-exclusive basis, in any court of the Province of British Columbia having jurisdiction, this being in addition to any other remedy to which LAC and Spinco is entitled at law or in equity. LAC and Spinco shall not be required to obtain or furnish any bond or similar instrument in connection with or as a condition to obtaining or seeking any such equitable remedy.
12. Disclosure
Ganfeng hereby consents to: (a) the disclosure of the substance of this Agreement in any press release and any other public disclosure made by LAC and Spinco in connection with the Arrangement as may be required by applicable law; (b) the filing of this Agreement on SEDAR and EDGAR; and (c) a copy of this Agreement being provided to LAC and Spinco. Except as set forth above or as required by applicable law, by any government, court, governmental or regulatory body, arbitrator or similar body, or the Arrangement Agreement, the parties shall not make any public announcement or statement with respect to this Agreement, the transactions contemplated herein or in connection with the Arrangement without the prior written approval of the other parties hereto, which shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.
13. Interpretation
(a) The division of this Agreement into Sections and the insertion of headings are for convenient reference only and do not affect the construction or interpretation of this Agreement. Any reference to gender includes all genders, including the neuter gender. Words importing the singular number only shall include the plural and vice versa. Any reference to a person or entity includes its heirs, administrators, executors, legal personal representatives, successors and permitted assigns. Any reference to a law or statute refers to such law or statute and all rules and regulations made under it, as it or they may have been or may from time to time be amended, supplemented, re-enacted or superseded, unless stated otherwise.
(b) If any provision of this Agreement or the application thereof to LAC, Spinco or Ganfeng or circumstance is invalid or unenforceable to any extent then the remainder of this Agreement or application of such provision to LAC, Spinco or Ganfeng or circumstance (other than those to which it is held invalid or unenforceable) is not affected thereby and each remaining provision of this Agreement is valid and is enforceable to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.
(c) The words: (i) "including", "includes" and "include" mean "including (or includes or include) without limitation"; and (ii) "Section" followed by a number mean and refer to the specified Section of this Agreement.
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(d) LAC, Spinco and Ganfeng waive the application of any rule of applicable law which otherwise would be applicable in connection with the construction of this Agreement that ambiguous or conflicting terms or provisions should be construed against the party (or counsel of which) that prepared the executed agreement or any earlier draft of the same.
(e) No waiver of any provision of this Agreement will constitute a waiver of any other provision (whether or not similar). No waiver will be binding unless executed in writing by the party to be bound by the waiver. A party's failure or delay in exercising any right under this Agreement will not operate as a waiver of that right. A single or partial exercise of any right will not preclude a party from any other or further exercise of that right or the exercise of any other right.
(f) Time is of the essence of this Agreement.
(g) A period of time is to be computed as beginning on the day following the event that began the period and ending at 5:00 p.m. (Vancouver time) on the last day of the period, if the last day of the period is a Business Day, or at 5:00 p.m. (Vancouver time) on the next Business Day if the last day of the period is not a Business Day. Months are counted in the manner provided in section 28 of the Interpretation Act (Canada).
14. Counterpart Execution
This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and all such counterparts taken together shall be deemed to constitute one and the same original instrument. The parties shall be entitled to rely upon delivery of an executed electronic copy of this Agreement, and such executed electronic copy shall be legally effective to create a valid and binding agreement between the parties.
15. Language
The parties expressly acknowledge that they have requested that this Agreement and all ancillary and related documents thereto be drafted in the English language only. Les parties aux présentes reconnaissent avoir exigé que la présente convention et tous les documents qui y sont accessoires soient rédigés en anglais seulement.
[Remainder of page intentionally left blank; signature pages follow.]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties have executed this Lock-up Agreement as of the date first written above.
Yours truly,
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LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.
(FORMERLY 1397468 B.C. LTD.)
EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN
PART 1
PURPOSE
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this Plan is to secure for the Company and its shareholders the benefits inherent in share ownership by the employees and directors of the Company and its affiliates who, in the judgment of the Board, will be largely responsible for its future growth and success. It is generally recognized that equity incentive plans of the nature provided for herein aid in retaining and encouraging employees and directors of exceptional ability because of the opportunity offered them to acquire a proprietary interest in the Company.
1.2 Available Awards
Awards that may be granted under this Plan include:
(a) Options;
(b) Deferred Share Units; and
(c) Restricted Share Rights (time based or in the form of Performance Share Units).
PART 2
INTERPRETATION
2.1 Definitions
(a) "Affiliate" has the meaning set forth in the BCA.
(b) "Arrangement Deferred Share Units" means Deferred Share Units issued as part of the Plan of Arrangement in partial exchange for Outstanding Deferred Share Units.
(c) "Arrangement Departing Participant" has such meaning ascribed thereto in Section 9.2 of this Plan.
(d) "Arrangement Effective Date" means the Effective Date as such term is defined in the Plan of Arrangement.
(e) "Arrangement Effective Time" means the Effective Time as such term is defined in the Plan of Arrangement.
(f) "Arrangement Restricted Share Rights" means Restricted Share Rights issued as part of the Plan of Arrangement in partial exchange for Outstanding Restricted Share Rights.
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(g) "Award" means any right granted under this Plan, including Options, Restricted Share Rights and Deferred Share Units.
(h) "BCA" means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia).
(i) "Blackout Period" means a period in which the trading of Shares or other securities of the Company is restricted under the Company's Corporate Disclosure, Confidentiality and Securities Trading Policy, or under any similar policy of the Company then in effect.
(j) "Board" means the board of directors of the Company.
(k) "Cashless Surrender Right" has the meaning set forth in Section 3.5 of this Plan.
(l) "CEO" means the Chief Executive Officer of the Company.
(m) "Change of Control" means, for greater certainty except for any transaction under the Plan of Arrangement, the occurrence and completion of any one or more of the following events:
(A) the Company shall not be the surviving entity in a merger, amalgamation or other reorganization (or survives only as a subsidiary of an entity other than a previously wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company);
(B) the Company shall sell or otherwise transfer, including by way of the grant of a leasehold interest or joint venture interest (or one or more subsidiaries of the Company shall sell or otherwise transfer, including without limitation by way of the grant of a leasehold interest or joint venture interest) property or assets (i) aggregating more than 50% of the consolidated assets (measured by either book value or fair market value) of the Company and its subsidiaries as at the end of the most recently completed financial year of the Company or (ii) which during the most recently completed financial year of the Company generated, or during the then current financial year of the Company are expected to generate, more than 50% of the consolidated operating income or cash flow of the Company and its subsidiaries, to any other person or persons (other than one or more Designated Affiliates of the Company), in which case the Change of Control shall be deemed to occur on the date of transfer of the assets representing one dollar more than 50% of the consolidated assets in the case of clause (i) or 50% of the consolidated operating income or cash flow in the case of clause (ii), as the case may be;
(C) the Company is to be dissolved and liquidated;
(D) any person, entity or group of persons or entities acting jointly or in concert acquires or gains ownership or control (including, without limitation, the power to vote) more than 50% of the Company's outstanding voting securities; or
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(E) as a result of or in connection with: (i) the contested election of directors, or; (ii) a consolidation, merger, amalgamation, arrangement or other reorganization or acquisitions involving the Company or any of its Affiliates and another corporation or other entity in office immediately preceding such election or appointment, the nominees named in the most recent management information circular of the Company for election to the Board shall not constitute a majority of the Board (unless in the case of (ii) such election or appointment is approved by 50% or more of the Board prior to the completion of such transaction).
For the purposes of the foregoing, "voting securities" means Shares and any other shares entitled to vote for the election of directors and shall include any securities, whether or not issued by the Company, which are not shares entitled to vote for the election of directors but are convertible into or exchangeable for shares which are entitled to vote for the election of directors, including any options or rights to purchase such shares or securities.
(n) "Code" means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any applicable United States Treasury Regulations and other binding guidance thereunder.
(o) "Committee" has the meaning attributed thereto in Section 8.1.
(p) "Company" means 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (and from and after the completion of the Plan of Arrangement the same corporation as renamed pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement, if applicable), a company existing under the BCA and its successors.
(q) "Deferred Payment Date" for a Participant means the date after the Restricted Period which is the earlier of (i) the date which the Participant has elected to defer receipt of Shares underlying the Restricted Share Rights in accordance with Section 4.4 of this Plan; and (ii) the Participant's Separation Date.
(r) "Deferred Share Unit" means the agreement by the Company to pay, and the right of the Participant to receive, a Deferred Share Unit Payment for each Deferred Share Unit held, evidenced by way of book-keeping entry in the books of the Company and administered pursuant to this Plan.
(s) "Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 5.2 of this Plan.
(t) "Deferred Share Unit Payment" means, subject to any adjustment in accordance with Section 5.5 of this Plan, the issuance to a Participant of one previously unissued Share for each whole Deferred Share Unit credited to such Participant.
(u) "Delegated Options" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.3 of this Plan.
(v) "Designated Affiliate" means affiliates of the Company designated by the Committee from time to time for purposes of this Plan.
(w) "Director Retirement" in respect of a Participant, means the Participant ceasing to hold any directorships with the Company, any Designated Affiliate and any entity related to the Company for purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada) after attaining a stipulated age in accordance with the Company's normal retirement policy, or earlier with the Company's consent.
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(x) "Director Separation Date" means the date that a Participant ceases to hold any directorships with the Company and any Designated Affiliate due to a Director Retirement or Director Termination and also ceases to serve as an employee or consultant with the Company, any Designated Affiliate and any entity related to the Company for the purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada).
(y) "Director Termination" means the removal of, resignation or failure to re-elect the Eligible Director (excluding a Director Retirement) as a director of the Company, a Designated Affiliate and any entity related to the Company for purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada).
(z) "Eligible Directors" means the directors of the Company or any Designated Affiliate who are, as such, eligible for participation in this Plan.
(aa) "Eligible Employees" means employees (including employees who are officers and directors) of the Company or any Designated Affiliate thereof, whether or not they have a written employment contract with Company, determined by the Committee as employees eligible for participation in this Plan. Eligible Employees shall include Service Providers eligible for participation in this Plan as determined by the Committee.
(bb) "Fair Market Value" means, with respect to a Share subject to an Award, the volume weighted average price of the Shares on the New York Stock Exchange (or the Toronto Stock Exchange if the Company is not then listed on the New York Stock Exchange) for the five (5) days on which Shares were traded immediately preceding the date in respect of which Fair Market Value is to be determined or, if the Shares are not, as at that date listed on the New York Stock Exchange or the Toronto Stock Exchange, on such other exchange or exchanges on which the Shares are listed on that date. If the Shares are not listed and posted for trading on an exchange on such day, the Fair Market Value shall be such price per Share as the Board, acting in good faith, may determine.
(cc) "Form S-8" means the Form S-8 registration statement promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act.
(dd) "Good Reason" in respect of an employee or officer of the Company or any of its Affiliates, means a material adverse change imposed by the Company or an Affiliate (as the case may be), without the consent of such employee or officer, as applicable, in position, responsibilities, salary, benefits, perquisites, as they exist immediately prior to the Change of Control, or a material diminution of title imposed by the Company or the Affiliate (as the case may be), as it exists immediately prior to the Change of Control, and includes other events defined as "Good Reason" under any employment agreement of such employee or officer with the Company or its Affiliate.
(ee) "Insider" has the meaning set out in the TSX Company Manual.
(ff) "Option" means an option to purchase Shares granted under the terms of this Plan.
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(gg) "Option Period" means the period during which an Option is outstanding.
(hh) "Option Shares" has the meaning set forth in Section 3.5 of this Plan.
(ii) "Optionee" means an Eligible Employee or Eligible Director to whom an Option has been granted under the terms of this Plan.
(jj) "Outstanding Deferred Share Units" means deferred share units of Remainco outstanding under the Remainco Equity Incentive Plan immediately prior to the Arrangement Effective Time which, as part of the Plan of Arrangement, were exchanged for Arrangement Deferred Share Units and cancelled.
(kk) "Outstanding Restricted Share Rights" means restricted share rights of Remainco outstanding under the Remainco Equity Incentive Plan immediately prior to the Arrangement Effective Time which, as part of the Plan of Arrangement, were exchanged for Arrangement Restricted Share Rights and cancelled.
(ll) "Participant" means an Eligible Employee or Eligible Director who participates in this Plan.
(mm) "Performance Share Units" means Restricted Share Rights that are subject to performance conditions and/or multipliers and designated as such in accordance with Section 4.1 of this Plan.
(nn) "Plan" means this equity incentive plan, as it may be further amended and restated from time to time.
(oo) "Plan of Arrangement" means the plan of arrangement proposed under section 288 of the BCA which has become effective in accordance with the terms of an amended and restated arrangement agreement between the Company and Remainco dated June 14, 2023.
(pp) "Remainco" means, prior to the completion of the Plan of Arrangement, Lithium Americas Corp. (and from and after the completion of the Plan of Arrangement the same corporation as renamed pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement), a corporation incorporated under the BCA and its successors.
(qq) "Remainco Designated Affiliate" means affiliates of Remainco designated by the board of directors of Remainco or the committee of the board of directors of Remainco authorized to administer the Remainco Equity Incentive Plan in accordance with its terms.
(rr) "Remainco Equity Incentive Plan" means the LAC Equity Incentive Plan, as amended and restated pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement.
(ss) "Remainco Service Provider" has such meaning as ascribed to such term at Section 9.2 of this Plan.
(tt) "Restricted Period" means any period of time that a Restricted Share Right is not vested and the Participant holding such Restricted Share Right remains ineligible to receive the relevant Shares, determined by the Board in its absolute discretion, however, such period of time may be reduced or eliminated from time to time and at any time and for any reason as determined by the Board, including, but not limited to, circumstances involving death or disability of a Participant.
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(uu) "Restricted Share Right" or "Restricted Share Unit" has such meaning as ascribed to such term at Section 4.1 of this Plan.
(vv) "Restricted Share Right Grant Letter" has the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.2 of this Plan.
(ww) "Retirement" in respect of an Eligible Employee, means the Eligible Employee ceasing to hold any employment with the Company or any Designated Affiliate after attaining a stipulated age in accordance with the Company's normal retirement policy, or earlier with the Company's consent.
(xx) "Separation Date" means the date that a Participant ceases to be an Eligible Director or Eligible Employee.
(yy) "Service Provider" means any person or company engaged by the Company or a Designated Affiliate to provide services for an initial, renewable or extended period of 12 months or more and that complies with the definition of "consultant" or "advisor" as set forth in Form S-8.
(zz) "Shares" means the common shares of the Company.
(aaa) "Specified Employee" means a U.S. Taxpayer who meets the definition of "specified employee", as defined in Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Internal Revenue Code.
(bbb) "Termination" means the termination of the employment (or consulting services) of an Eligible Employee with or without cause by the Company or a Designated Affiliate or the cessation of employment (or consulting services) of the Eligible Employee with the Company or a Designated Affiliate as a result of resignation or otherwise, other than the Retirement of the Eligible Employee.
(ccc) "Triggering Event" means (i) in the case of a director of the Company, the Director Termination of such director; (ii) in the case of an employee of the Company or any of its Affiliates, the termination of the employment of the employee without cause, as the context requires by the Company or the Affiliate or in the case of an officer of the Company or any of its Affiliates, the removal of or failure to re-elect or re-appoint the individual without cause as an officer of the Company or an Affiliate thereof; (iii) in the case of an employee or an officer of the Company or any of its Affiliates, his or her resignation following the occurrence of a Good Reason; (iv) in the case of a Service Provider, the termination of the services of the Service Provider by the Company or any of its Affiliates.
(ddd) "U.S. Securities Act" means the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
(eee) "US Taxpayer" means a Participant who is a US citizen, US permanent resident or other person who is subject to taxation on their income under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
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2.2 Interpretation
(a) This Plan is created under and is to be governed, construed and administered in accordance with the laws of the Province of British Columbia and the federal laws of Canada applicable therein.
(b) Whenever the Board or Committee is to exercise discretion in the administration of the terms and conditions of this Plan, the term "discretion" means the sole and absolute discretion of the Board or Committee.
(c) As used herein, the terms "Part" or "Section" mean and refer to the specified Part or Section of this Plan, respectively.
(d) Where the word "including" or "includes" is used in this Plan, it means "including (or includes) without limitation".
(e) Words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa and words importing any gender include any other gender.
(f) Unless otherwise specified, all references to money amounts are to Canadian dollars.
PART 3
STOCK OPTIONS
3.1 Participation
The Company may from time-to-time grant Options to Participants pursuant to this Plan.
3.2 Price
The exercise price per Share of any Option shall be not less than one hundred per cent (100%) of the Fair Market Value of the Share on the date of grant.
3.3 Grant of Options
The Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, may at any time authorize the granting of Options to such Participants as it may select for the number of Shares that it shall designate, subject to the provisions of this Plan. The Board may also, by way of Board resolution, delegate to the CEO the authority to grant any of a designated number of Options (such number to be specified by the Board in the aforementioned resolution) to Eligible Employees, other than Eligible Employees who are officers or directors of the Company (such Options, the "Delegated Options"). The date of grant of an Option shall be (i) the date such grant was approved by the Committee for recommendation to the Board, provided the Board approves such grant; or (ii) for a grant of an Option not approved by the Committee for recommendation to the Board, the date such grant was approved by the Board; or (iii) in respect of Delegated Options, the date such grant is made by the CEO. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Board may authorize the grant of Options at any time with such grant to be effective at a later date and the corresponding determination of the exercise price to be done at such date to accommodate any Blackout Period or such other circumstances where such delayed grant is deemed appropriate, and the date of grant of such Options shall then be the effective date of the grant.
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Each Option granted to a Participant shall be evidenced by a stock option grant letter or agreement with terms and conditions consistent with this Plan and as approved by the Board on the recommendation of the Committee, or, in respect of Delegated Options, by the CEO (and in all cases which terms and conditions need not be the same in each case and may be changed from time to time, subject to Section 7.8 of this Plan, and the approval of any material changes by the Toronto Stock Exchange or such other exchange or exchanges on which the Shares are then traded).
3.4 Terms of Options
The Option Period shall be five (5) years from the date such Option is granted, or such greater or lesser duration as the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, or in the case of Delegated Options, the CEO, may determine at the date of grant, and may thereafter be reduced with respect to any such Option as provided in Section 3.6 hereof covering termination of employment or death of the Optionee; provided, however, that at any time the expiry date of the Option Period in respect of any outstanding Option under this Plan should be determined to occur either during a Blackout Period or within ten (10) business days following the expiry of the Blackout Period, the expiry date of such Option Period shall be deemed to be the date that is the tenth (10th) business day following the expiry of the Blackout Period.
Unless otherwise determined from time to time by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, or, in respect of Delegated Options, by the CEO, Options shall vest and may be exercised (in each case to the nearest full Share) during the Option Period as follows:
(a) at any time during the first six (6) months of the Option Period, the Optionee may purchase up to 25% of the total number of Shares reserved for issuance pursuant to his or her Option; and
(b) at any time during each additional six (6) month period of the Option Period the Optionee may purchase an additional 25% of the total number of Shares reserved for issuance pursuant to his or her Option plus any Shares not purchased in accordance with the preceding subsection (a) and this subsection (b) until, after the 18th month of the Option Period, 100% of the Option will be exercisable.
Except as set forth in Section 3.6, no Option may be exercised unless the Optionee is at the time of such exercise:
(a) in the case of an Eligible Employee, in the employ (or retained as a Service Provider) of the Company or a Designated Affiliate and shall have been continuously so employed or retained since the grant of the Option; or
(b) in the case of an Eligible Director, a director of the Company or a Designated Affiliate and shall have been such a director continuously since the grant of the Option.
The exercise of any Option will be contingent upon the Optionee having entered into an Option agreement with the Company on such terms and conditions as have been approved by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, or, in respect of the Delegated Options, by the CEO, and which in any case incorporates by reference the terms of this Plan. The exercise of any Option will, subject to Section 3.5, also be contingent upon receipt by the Company of cash payment of the full purchase price of the Shares being purchased.
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3.5 Cashless Surrender Right
Participants have the right (the "Cashless Surrender Right"), in lieu of the right to exercise an Option, to surrender such Option in whole or in part by notice in writing delivered by the Participant to the Company electing to the Cashless Surrender Right and, in lieu of receiving the number of Shares (the "Option Shares") to which such surrendered Option (or portion thereof) relates, to receive the number of Shares, disregarding fractions, which is equal to the quotient obtained by:
(a) subtracting the applicable Option exercise price per Share from the Fair Market Value per Share on the business day immediately prior to the exercise of the Cashless Surrender Right and multiplying the remainder by the number of Option Shares; and
(b) dividing the product obtained under subsection 3.5(a) by the Fair Market Value per Share on the business day immediately prior to the exercise of the Cashless Surrender Right.
If a Participant exercises a Cashless Surrender Right in connection with an Option, it is exercisable only to the extent and on the same conditions that the related Option is exercisable under this Plan.
3.6 Effect of Termination of Employment or Death
If an Optionee:
(a) dies while employed by, a Service Provider to, or while a director of, the Company or a Designated Affiliate, any Option held by him or her at the date of death shall become exercisable in whole or in part, but only by the person or persons to whom the Optionee's rights under the Option shall pass by the Optionee's will or applicable laws of descent and distribution. Unless otherwise determined by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, all such Options shall be exercisable only to the extent that the Optionee was entitled to exercise the Option at the date of his or her death and only for 12 months after the date of death or prior to the expiration of the Option Period in respect thereof, whichever is sooner; and
(b) ceases to be employed by, a Service Provider to, or act as a director of, the Company or a Designated Affiliate for cause, no Option held by such Optionee will, unless otherwise determined by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, be exercisable following the date on which such Optionee ceases to be so engaged. If an Optionee ceases to be employed by, a Service Provider to, or act as a director of, the Company or a Designated Affiliate for any reason other than cause then, unless otherwise determined by the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, any Option held by such Optionee at the effective date thereof shall become exercisable for a period of up to 12 months thereafter or prior to the expiration of the Option Period in respect thereof, whichever is sooner.
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3.7 Effect of Change of Control
If a Triggering Event occurs within the 12-month period immediately following a Change of Control pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1(m)(A), (B), (D) or (E), all outstanding Options shall vest immediately and become exercisable on the date of such Triggering Event.
In the event of a Change of Control pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1(m)(C), all Options outstanding shall immediately vest and become exercisable on the date of such Change of Control.
The provisions of this Section 3.7 shall be subject to the terms of any employment agreement between the Participant and the Company.
3.8 Effect of Amalgamation or Merger
Subject to Section 3.7, if the Company amalgamates or otherwise completes a plan of arrangement or merges with or into another corporation, any Shares receivable on the exercise of an Option shall be converted into the securities, property or cash which the Participant would have received upon such amalgamation, arrangement or merger if the Participant had exercised his or her Option immediately prior to the record date applicable to such amalgamation, arrangement or merger, and the option price shall be adjusted appropriately by the Board and such adjustment shall be binding for all purposes of this Plan.
PART 4
RESTRICTED SHARE RIGHTS AND PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS
4.1 Participants
The Board has the right to grant, in its sole and absolute discretion, to any Participant, rights to receive any number of fully paid and non-assessable Shares ("Restricted Share Rights" or "Restricted Share Unit") as a discretionary payment in consideration of past services to the Company or as an incentive for future services, subject to this Plan and with such additional provisions and restrictions as the Board may determine. Restricted Share Rights may be granted subject to performance conditions and/or performance multipliers, in which case such Restricted Share Rights may be designated as "Performance Share Units".
4.2 Restricted Share Right Grant Letter
Each grant of a Restricted Share Right under this Plan shall be evidenced by a grant letter or agreement (a "Restricted Share Right Grant Letter") issued to the Participant by the Company. Such Restricted Share Right Grant Letter shall be subject to all applicable terms and conditions of this Plan and may be subject to any other terms and conditions which are not inconsistent with this Plan and which the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, deems appropriate for inclusion in a Restricted Share Right Grant Letter. The provisions of the various Restricted Share Right Grant Letters issued under this Plan need not be identical.
4.3 Restricted Period
Concurrent with the determination to grant Restricted Share Rights to a Participant, the Board, on the recommendation of the Committee, shall determine the Restricted Period and vesting requirements applicable to such Restricted Share Rights. Vesting of a Restricted Share Right shall be determined at the sole discretion of the Board at the time of grant and shall be specified in the Restricted Share Right Grant Letter. Vesting requirements may be based upon the continued employment or other service of a Participant, and/or to performance conditions to be achieved by the Company or a class of Participants or by a particular Participant on an individual basis, within a Restricted Period, for such Restricted Share Rights to entitle the holder thereof to receive the underlying Shares (and the number of underlying Shares that may be received may be subject to performance multipliers). Upon expiry of the applicable Restricted Period (or on the Deferred Payment Date, as applicable), a Restricted Share Right shall be automatically settled, and without the payment of additional consideration or any other further action on the part of the holder of the Restricted Share Right, the underlying Shares shall be issued to the holder of such Restricted Share Rights, which Restricted Share Rights shall then be cancelled.
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4.4 Deferred Payment Date
Participants who are residents of Canada for the purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada), or who are residents of Argentina, and not, in either case, a US Taxpayer, may elect to defer receipt of all or any part of the Shares underlying Restricted Share Rights until one or more Deferred Payment Dates. Any other Participants may not elect a Deferred Payment Date.
4.5 Prior Notice of Deferred Payment Date
Participants who elect to set a Deferred Payment Date must, in respect of each such Deferred Payment Date, give the Company written notice of the Deferred Payment Date(s) not later than thirty (30) days prior to the expiration of the applicable Restricted Period. For certainty, Participants shall not be permitted to give any such notice after the day which is thirty (30) days prior to the expiration of the Restricted Period and a notice once given may not be changed or revoked. For the avoidance of doubt, the foregoing shall not prevent a Participant from electing an additional Deferred Payment Date, provided, however that notice of such election is given by the Participant to the Company not later than thirty (30) days prior to the expiration of the subject Restricted Period.
4.6 Retirement or Termination during Restricted Period
Subject to the terms of any employment agreement or Award agreement between the Company and the Participant, in the event and to the extent of the Retirement or Termination and/or, as applicable, the Director Retirement or Director Termination of a Participant from all such roles with the Company during the Restricted Period, any Restricted Share Rights held by the Participant shall immediately terminate and be of no further force or effect; provided, however, that the Board shall have the absolute discretion to modify the Restricted Share Rights, including to provide that the Restricted Period shall terminate immediately prior to the date of such occurrence or allow the Restricted Share Rights to continue in accordance with their original Restricted Periods.
4.7 Retirement or Termination after Restricted Period
In the event and to the extent of the Retirement or Termination and/or, as applicable, the Director Retirement or Director Termination of the Participant from all such roles with the Company following the Restricted Period and prior to a Deferred Payment Date, the Participant shall be entitled to receive, and the Company shall issue forthwith, Shares in satisfaction of the Restricted Share Rights then held by the Participant.
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4.8 Death or Disability of Participant
In the event of the death or total disability of a Participant, any Shares represented by Restricted Share Rights held by the Participant shall be immediately issued by the Company to the Participant or legal representative of the Participant.
4.9 Payment of Dividends
Subject to the absolute discretion of the Board, in the event that a dividend (other than a stock dividend) is declared and paid by the Company on the Shares, a Participant may be credited with additional Restricted Share Rights. The number of such additional Restricted Share Rights, if any, will be calculated by dividing (a) the total amount of the dividends that would have been paid to the Participant if the Restricted Share Rights (including Restricted Share Rights in which the Restricted Period has expired but the Shares have not been issued due to a Deferred Payment Date) in the Participant's account on the dividend record date had been outstanding Shares (and the Participant held no other Shares) by (b) the Fair Market Value of the Shares on the date on which such dividends were paid. If the foregoing results in a fractional Restricted Share Right, the fraction shall be disregarded. Any additional Restricted Share Rights awarded pursuant to this Section will be subject to the same terms, including the time of settlement, as the Restricted Share Rights to which they relate.
4.10 Change of Control
If a Triggering Event occurs within the 12-month period immediately following a Change of Control pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1(m)(A), (B), (D) or (E) all outstanding Restricted Share Rights shall vest immediately and be settled by the issuance of Shares notwithstanding the Restricted Period and any Deferred Payment Date.
In the event of a Change of Control pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.1(m)(C), all Restricted Shares Rights outstanding shall immediately vest and be settled by the issuance of Shares notwithstanding the Restricted Period and any Deferred Payment Date.
Notwithstanding any provision of this Plan, in the event of a Change of Control, all Arrangement Restricted Share Rights outstanding held by Arrangement Departing Participants shall vest immediately and be settled by the issuance of Shares notwithstanding the Restricted Period and any Deferred Payment Date.
The provisions of this Section 4.10 shall be subject to the terms of any employment agreement between the Participant and the Company.
4.11 Settlement Basis for Performance Share Units
In respect of Performance Share Units that are accelerated as a result of a Change of Control or the total disability or death of a Participant, unless the Board determines otherwise and subject to any employment agreement or Award agreement between the Company and the Participant, (i) in respect of any performance measurement periods that are completed on or prior to the Change of Control, total disability or death of a Participant, the proportion of Performance Share Units equivalent to the performance measurement periods completed shall be settled by applying a performance multiplier calculated based on the actual performance in respect to such completed periods, and (ii) in respect of any performance measurement periods that are not completed on or prior to the Change of Control, total disability or death of a Participant, the equivalent proportion of Performance Share Units in respect to such periods shall be settled by applying a performance multiplier of one Share for each Performance Share Unit.
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PART 5
DEFERRED SHARE UNITS
5.1 Deferred Share Unit Grants
The Board may from time to time determine to grant Deferred Share Units to one or more Eligible Directors in a lump sum amount or on regular intervals, based on such formulas or criteria as the Board may from time to time determine. Deferred Share Units will be credited to the Eligible Director's account when designated by the Board.
5.2 Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter
Each grant of a Deferred Share Unit under this Plan shall be evidenced by a grant letter or agreement (a "Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter") issued to the Eligible Director by the Company. Such Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter shall be subject to all applicable terms and conditions of this Plan and may be subject to any other terms and conditions which are not inconsistent with this Plan and which the Board deems appropriate for inclusion in a Deferred Share Unit Grant Letter. The provisions of Deferred Share Unit Grant Letters issued under this Plan need not be identical.
5.3 Redemption of Deferred Share Units and Issuance of Deferred Shares
The Deferred Share Units held by each Eligible Director who is not a US Taxpayer shall be redeemed automatically and with no further action by the Eligible Director on the 20th business day following the Separation Date for that Eligible Director. For US Taxpayers, Deferred Share Units held by an Eligible Director who is a Specified Employee will be automatically redeemed with no further action by the Eligible Director on the date that is six (6) months following the Separation Date for the Eligible Director, or if earlier, upon such Eligible Director's death. Upon redemption, the former Eligible Director shall be entitled to receive and the Company shall issue, subject to the limitations set forth in Section 7.1 of this Plan, the number of Shares issued from treasury equal to the number of Deferred Share Units in the Eligible Director's account, subject to any applicable deductions and withholdings. In the event a Separation Date occurs during a year and Deferred Share Units have been granted to such Eligible Director for that entire year, the Eligible Director will only be entitled to a pro-rated Deferred Share Unit Payment in respect of such Deferred Share Units based on the number of days that he or she was an Eligible Director in such year.
No amount will be paid to, or in respect of, an Eligible Director under this Plan or pursuant to any other arrangement, and no other additional Deferred Share Units will be granted to compensate for a downward fluctuation in the value of the Shares of the Company nor will any other benefit be conferred upon, or in respect of, an Eligible Director for such purpose.
5.4 Death of Participant
In the event of the death of an Eligible Director, the Deferred Share Units shall be redeemed automatically and with no further action on the 20th business day following the death of an Eligible Director.
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5.5 Payment of Dividends
Subject to the absolute discretion of the Board, in the event that a dividend (other than a stock dividend) is declared and paid by the Company on the Shares, an Eligible Director may be credited with additional Deferred Share Units. The number of such additional Deferred Share Units, if any, will be calculated by dividing (a) the total amount of the dividends that would have been paid to the Eligible Director if the Deferred Share Units in the Eligible Director's account on the dividend record date had been outstanding Shares (and the Eligible Director held no other Shares), by (b) the Fair Market Value of the Shares on the date on which such dividends were paid. If the foregoing results in a fractional Deferred Share Unit, the fraction shall be disregarded. Any additional Deferred Share Units awarded pursuant to this Section will be subject to the same terms, including the time of settlement, as the Deferred Share Units to which they relate.
PART 6
WITHHOLDING TAXES
6.1 Withholding Taxes
The Company or any Designated Affiliate may take such steps as are considered necessary or appropriate for the withholding of any taxes or other amounts which the Company or any Designated Affiliate is required by any law or regulation of any governmental authority whatsoever to withhold in connection with any Award including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the withholding of all or any portion of any payment or the withholding of the issue of any Shares to be issued under this Plan, until such time as the Participant has paid the Company or any Designated Affiliate for any amount which the Company or Designated Affiliate is required to withhold by law with respect to such taxes or other amounts. Without limitation to the foregoing, the Board may adopt administrative rules under this Plan, which provide for the automatic sale of Shares (or a portion thereof) in the market upon the issuance of such Shares under this Plan on behalf of the Participant to satisfy withholding obligations under an Award.
PART 7
GENERAL
7.1 Number of Shares
The aggregate number of Shares that may be issued under this Plan (together with any other securities-based compensation arrangements of the Company in effect from time to time) shall not exceed 14,400,737 Shares, such Shares to be allocated among Awards and Participants in amounts and at such times as may be determined by the Board from time to time. In addition, the aggregate number of Shares that may be issued and issuable under this Plan (when combined with all of the Company's other security-based compensation arrangements, as applicable),
(a) to Insiders shall not exceed 10% of the Company's outstanding issue from time to time;
(b) to Insiders within any one-year period shall not exceed 10% of the Company's outstanding issue from time to time; and
(c) to any one Insider and his or her associates or Affiliates within any one-year period shall not exceed 5% of the Company's outstanding issue from time to time.
In no event will the number of Shares that may be issued to any one Participant pursuant to Awards under this Plan (when combined with all of the Company's other security-based compensation arrangement, as applicable) exceed 5% of the Company's outstanding issue from time to time.
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The aggregate number of Options that may be granted under this Plan to any one non-employee director of the Company within any one-year period shall not exceed a maximum value of C$100,000 worth of securities, and together with any Restricted Share Rights and Deferred Share Units granted under this Plan and any securities granted under all other securities-based compensation arrangements, such aggregate value shall not exceed C$150,000 in any one-year period. The calculation of this limitation shall not include however: (i) the initial securities granted under securities-based compensation arrangements to a person who was not previously a director of the Company, upon such person becoming or agreeing to become a director of the Company (however, the aggregate number of securities granted under all securities-based compensation arrangements in this initial grant to any one non-employee director shall not exceed the foregoing maximum values of securities); (ii) the securities granted under securities-based compensation arrangements to a director of the Company who was also an officer of the Company at the time of grant but who subsequently became a non-employee director; and (iii) any securities granted to a non-employee director that is granted in lieu of any director cash fee provided the value of the security awarded has the same value as the cash fee given up in exchange for such security. For greater clarity, in this Plan, securities-based compensation arrangements include securities issued under this Plan and any other compensation arrangements implemented by the Company including stock options, other stock option plans, employee stock purchase plans, stock appreciation right plans, deferred share unit plans, performance share unit plans, restricted share unit plans or any other compensation or incentive mechanism involving the issuance or potential issuance of Shares from treasury, but excludes any compensation arrangement that does not involve the issuance of Shares from treasury and any other compensation arrangements assumed or inherited by the Company in connection with the acquisition of another entity.
For the purposes of this Section 7.1, "outstanding issue" means the total number of Shares, on a non-diluted basis, that are issued and outstanding immediately prior to the date that any Shares are issued or reserved for issuance pursuant to an Award.
For greater clarity, the issuance of Arrangement Restricted Share Rights and Arrangement Deferred Share Units shall not be treated as a new grant of Restricted Share Rights and Deferred Share Units, respectively.
7.2 Lapsed Awards
If Awards are surrendered, terminated or expire without being exercised in whole or in part, new Awards may be granted covering the Shares not issued under such lapsed Awards, subject to any restrictions that may be imposed by the Toronto Stock Exchange.
7.3 Adjustment in Shares Subject to this Plan
If there is any change in the Shares through the declaration of stock dividends of Shares, through any consolidations, subdivisions or reclassification of Shares, or otherwise, the number of Shares available under this Plan, the Shares subject to any Award, and the exercise price of any Option shall be adjusted as determined to be appropriate by the Board, and such adjustment shall be effective and binding for all purposes of this Plan.
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7.4 Transferability
Any Awards accruing to any Participant in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Plan shall not be transferable unless specifically provided herein. During the lifetime of a Participant all Awards may only be exercised by the Participant. Awards are non-transferable except by will or by the laws of descent and distribution.
7.5 Employment
Nothing contained in this Plan shall confer upon any Participant any right with respect to employment or continuance of employment with the Company or any Affiliate, or interfere in any way with the right of the Company or any Affiliate to terminate the Participant's employment at any time. Participation in this Plan by a Participant is voluntary.
7.6 Record Keeping
The Company shall maintain a register in which shall be recorded:
(a) the name and address of each Participant;
(b) the number of Awards granted to each Participant and relevant details regarding such Awards; and
(c) such other information as the Board may determine.
7.7 Necessary Approvals
This equity incentive plan of the Corporation shall become effective on the Arrangement Effective Date as contemplated in the Plan of Arrangement and subject to (a) the approval of the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange and (b) applicable shareholder approval.
7.8 Amendments to Plan
The Board shall have the power to, at any time and from time to time, either prospectively or retrospectively, amend, suspend or terminate this Plan or any Award granted under this Plan without shareholder approval, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing: changes of a clerical or grammatical nature, changes regarding the persons eligible to participate in this Plan, changes to the exercise price, vesting, term and termination provisions of the Award, changes to the Cashless Surrender Right provisions, changes to the authority and role of the Board under this Plan, and any other matter relating to this Plan and the Awards that may be granted hereunder, provided however that:
(a) such amendment, suspension or termination is in accordance with applicable laws and the rules of any stock exchange on which the Shares are listed;
(b) no amendment to this Plan or to an Award granted hereunder will have the effect of impairing, derogating from or otherwise adversely affecting the terms of an Award which is outstanding at the time of such amendment without the written consent of the holder of such Award;
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(c) the expiry date of an Option Period in respect of an Option shall not be more than ten (10) years from the date of grant of an Option except as expressly provided in Section 3.4;
(d) the Directors shall obtain shareholder approval of:
(i) any amendment to the number of Shares specified in Section 7.1;
(ii) any amendment to the limitations on Shares that may be reserved for issuance, or issued, to Insiders, or remove participation limits on non-employee directors or increase the amounts of participation limits on non-employee directors;
(iii) any amendment that would reduce the exercise price of an outstanding Option other than pursuant to Section 7.3 or permits the cancellation and re-issuance of Options;
(iv) any amendment that would extend the expiry date of the Option Period in respect of any Option granted under this Plan except as expressly contemplated in Section 3.4;
(v) any amendment to permit Options to be transferred other than for normal estate settlement purposes; or
(vi) any amendment to reduce the range of amendments requiring shareholder approval contemplated in this Section.
If this Plan is terminated, the provisions of this Plan and any administrative guidelines and other rules and regulations adopted by the Board and in force on the date of termination will continue in effect as long as any Award or any rights pursuant thereto remain outstanding and, notwithstanding the termination of this Plan, the Board shall remain able to make such amendments to this Plan or the Award as they would have been entitled to make if this Plan were still in effect.
7.9 No Representation or Warranty
The Company makes no representation or warranty as to the future market value of any Shares issued in accordance with the provisions of this Plan.
7.10 Section 409A
It is intended that any payments under the Plan to US Taxpayers shall be exempt from or comply with Section 409A of the Code, and all provisions of the Plan shall be construed and interpreted in a manner consistent with the requirements for avoiding taxes and penalties under Section 409A of the Code.
7.11 Compliance with Applicable Law, etc.
If any provision of this Plan or any agreement entered into pursuant to this Plan contravenes any law or any order, policy, by-law or regulation of any regulatory body or stock exchange having authority over the Company or this Plan, then such provision shall be deemed to be amended to the extent required to bring such provision into compliance therewith.
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All Awards and securities which may be acquired pursuant to the exercise of the Awards to be issued pursuant to the Plan will be issued pursuant to the registration requirements of the U.S. Securities Act and applicable state securities laws or an exemption or exclusion from such registration requirements.
7.12 Clawback and Recoupment
All Awards under this Plan shall be subject to forfeiture or other penalties pursuant to any Company clawback policy, as may be adopted or amended from time to time, and such forfeiture and/or penalty conditions or provisions as determined by the Committee.
7.13 Term of the Plan
Once effective in accordance with Section 7.7, this Plan shall remain in effect until it is terminated by the Board.
PART 8
ADMINISTRATION OF THIS PLAN
8.1 Administration by the Committee
(a) Unless otherwise determined by the Board, this Plan shall be administered by the Governance, Nomination, Compensation and Leadership Committee (the "Committee") or equivalent committee appointed by the Board and constituted in accordance with such Committee's charter.
(b) The Committee shall have the power, where consistent with the general purpose and intent of this Plan and subject to the specific provisions of this Plan, to:
(i) adopt and amend rules and regulations relating to the administration of this Plan and make all other determinations necessary or desirable for the administration of this Plan. The interpretation and construction of the provisions of this Plan and related agreements by the Committee shall be final and conclusive. The Committee may correct any defect or supply any omission or reconcile any inconsistency in this Plan or in any related agreement in the manner and to the extent it shall deem expedient to carry this Plan into effect and it shall be the sole and final judge of such expediency; and
(ii) otherwise exercise the powers delegated to the Committee by the Board and under this Plan as set forth herein.
8.2 Board Role
(a) The Board, on the recommendation of the Committee or of its own volition, shall determine and designate from time to time the individuals to whom Awards shall be made, the amounts of the Awards and the other terms and conditions of the Awards. The Board may delegate this authority as it sees fit, including as set forth in Section 3.3.
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(b) The Board may delegate any of its responsibilities or powers under this Plan to (i) the Committee, or (ii) the CEO as set forth in Section 3.3.
(c) In the event the Committee or, in respect of the Delegated Options, the CEO, is unable or unwilling to act in respect of a matter involving this Plan, the Board shall fulfill the role of the Committee (or CEO, as the case may be) provided for herein.
PART 9
PLAN OF ARRANGEMENT
9.1 Plan of Arrangement
This equity incentive plan contemplates the Plan of Arrangement. To the extent applicable, it is intended that the Outstanding Restricted Share Rights and the Outstanding Deferred Share Units will be exchanged for Arrangement Restricted Share Rights and Arrangement Deferred Share Units, respectively, pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement on a tax-deferred basis under subsection 7(1.4) of the Income Tax Act (Canada).
9.2 Arrangement Restricted Share Rights
(a) For all purposes under the Plan, the date on which an Arrangement Restricted Share Right is granted for purposes of the Plan shall be deemed to be the date of the grant of the Outstanding Restricted Share Right for which such Arrangement Restricted Share Right was exchanged as part of the Plan of Arrangement and, except as set out herein or in the Plan of Arrangement and with such adjustments as the circumstances require, the Arrangement Restricted Share Right shall be deemed (unless otherwise determined by the Board) to have the same terms and conditions (including vesting and expiration) as the Outstanding Restricted Share Right for which such Arrangement Restricted Share Right was exchanged as part of the Plan of Arrangement.
(b) With respect to Arrangement Restricted Share Rights that replace Performance Share Units (as defined in the Remainco Equity Incentive Plan), all such Arrangement Restricted Share Rights shall (unless otherwise determined by the Board) be subject to the same time based vesting period as the Performance Share Units they replace and upon vesting such Arrangement Restricted Share Rights shall be fully satisfied by the issuance of one Share (unless otherwise determined by the Board) irrespective of the applicable performance multiplier to which the Performance Share Unit was subject. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Arrangement Restricted Share Rights that replace Performance Share Units that were fully vested and outstanding prior to the Arrangement Effective Time may be settled by the Company in accordance with the performance multiplier applicable to the Performance Share Units replaced.
(c) In addition, notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, in respect of each person who was a "Participant" as defined in the Remainco Equity Incentive Plan immediately prior to the Arrangement Effective Time, who does not become an Eligible Director or Eligible Employee due to or in connection with the Arrangement (each such person, an "Arrangement Departing Participant"), and who remains a director, officer or employee of Remainco or any Remainco Designated Affiliate, or provides ongoing services for Remainco or any Remainco Designated Affiliate and complies with the definition of "consultant" or "advisor" as set forth in Form S-8 (a "Remainco Service Provider"), all Arrangement Restricted Share Rights (other than those issued pursuant to paragraph (b)) issued to Arrangement Departing Participants that replace Outstanding Restricted Share Rights shall (unless otherwise determined by the Board) immediately vest and the underlying Shares shall be issued to the holder of such Arrangement Restricted Share Rights as soon as practicable by the Company following the Arrangement Effective Date (provided that the Company may establish a schedule for the settlement of Arrangement Restricted Share Rights to ensure the orderly sale of Shares in the markets to satisfy tax withholding obligations), which Arrangement Restricted Share Rights shall then be cancelled.
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(d) With respect to Arrangement Restricted Share Rights issued to an Arrangement Departing Participant that are not immediately vested, upon such Arrangement Departing Participant ceasing to be a director, officer or employee of Remainco or any Remainco Designated Affiliates, or a Remainco Service Provider, as applicable, such Arrangement Departing Participant shall be treated for the purposes of this Plan as having ceased to be so employed with the Company and its Designated Affiliates and such Arrangement Departing Participant's Arrangement Restricted Share Rights shall be dealt with in accordance with Section 4.6 of this Plan.
9.3 Arrangement Deferred Share Units
(a) For all purposes under the Plan, the date on which an Arrangement Deferred Share Unit is granted for purposes of the Plan shall be deemed to be the date of the grant of the Outstanding Deferred Share Unit for which such Arrangement Deferred Share Unit was exchanged as part of the Plan of Arrangement and, except as set out herein or in the Plan of Arrangement and with such adjustments as the circumstances require, the Arrangement Deferred Share Unit shall be deemed (unless otherwise determined by the Board) to have the same terms and conditions (including vesting and expiration) as the Outstanding Deferred Share Unit for which such Arrangement Deferred Share Unit was exchanged as part of the Plan of Arrangement.
(b) Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, (unless otherwise determined by the Board) all Arrangement Deferred Share Units issued to Arrangement Departing Participants shall immediately vest and the underlying Shares shall be issued to the holder of such Arrangement Deferred Share Units as soon as practicable by the Company following the Arrangement Effective Date (provided that the Company may establish a schedule for the settlement of Arrangement Deferred Share Units to ensure the orderly sale of Shares in the markets to satisfy tax withholding obligations), which Arrangement Deferred Share Units shall then be cancelled.
Certain identified information has been omitted from this exhibit because it is not material and is the type that the registrant treats as
private or confidential. [Redacted] indicates that information has been omitted.
Proposed Form of Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement pursuant to the amended and restated arrangement agreement
between Lithium Americas Corp. and 1397468 B.C. Ltd., dated June 14, 2023
TAX INDEMNITY AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT
LITHIUM AMERICAS (ARGENTINA) CORP.
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LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP.
[●], 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.10 | Waiver | 23 |
7.11 | Entire Agreement | 23 |
7.12 | Governing Law; Attornment | 23 |
7.13 | No Third Party Beneficiaries | 23 |
7.14 | Dispute Resolution | 24 |
7.15 | Counterparts | 25 |
TAX INDEMNITY AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT
This Tax Indemnity and Cooperation Agreement (the "Agreement") made as of the [●] day of [●], 2023.
BETWEEN:
LITHIUM AMERICAS (ARGENTINA) CORP., a
corporation existing under the laws of British
Columbia,
(hereinafter referred to as "Lithium Argentina")
AND:
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP., a corporation
existing under the laws of British Columbia,
(hereinafter referred to as "Spinco")
WHEREAS Lithium Argentina (formerly known as Lithium Americas Corp. before being renamed pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement (as defined herein)) and Spinco (formerly known as 1397468 B.C. Ltd. before being renamed pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement) entered into the Arrangement Agreement (as defined herein) providing for the Arrangement (as defined herein) of Lithium Argentina (when known as Lithium Americas Corp.) under section 288 of the BCBCA (as defined herein), pursuant to which, commencing at the Effective Time on the Effective Date (as each such term is defined herein), among other things, (i) Spinco acquired the Distribution Property (as defined herein) from Lithium Argentina, and (ii) newly issued no par value common shares of Spinco were acquired by the holders of the Common Shares (as defined in the Plan of Arrangement);
AND WHEREAS Lithium Argentina and Spinco have agreed on the anticipated Canadian tax consequences of the Arrangement including, among other things, the transactions under the Arrangement qualifying for the exception in paragraph 55(3)(b) of the Tax Act (as defined herein) to the application of subsection 55(2) of the Tax Act such that no gain shall be realized by either Lithium Argentina or Spinco as a result of such transactions (the "Intended Canadian Tax Treatment");
AND WHEREAS Lithium Argentina and Spinco have agreed on the anticipated United States ("U.S.") federal income tax consequences of the Arrangement including, among other things, that certain of the transactions pursuant to the Arrangement will be treated as an integrated series of steps constituting a reorganization within the meaning of section 368 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the "Code"), and a distribution by Lithium Argentina of the stock of Spinco (constituting "control" of Spinco, within the meaning of section 368(c) of the Code) that, together with the other members of the Spinco "separate affiliated group" (within the meaning of section 355(b)(3) of the Code), conducts the North American Business (as defined herein), to which section 355(a) of the Code applies, and that the Plan of Arrangement and Arrangement Agreement are intended to be, and was adopted as, a "plan of reorganization" within the meaning of Treasury Regulations section 1.368-2(g) (the "Intended U.S. Tax Treatment", and together with the Intended Canadian Tax Treatment, the "Intended Tax Treatment"); and
AND WHEREAS as a result of the Arrangement, the Parties hereto desire to enter into this Agreement to provide for and agree upon the Parties' respective rights, responsibilities and obligations with respect to Taxes (as defined herein) and indemnities arising from, and in connection with, the Arrangement and as specified herein.
NOW THEREFORE THIS AGREEMENT WITNESSES that, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements hereinafter set forth and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged by each Party, the Parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:
ARTICLE 1
INTERPRETATION
1.1 Definitions
In this Agreement, unless otherwise stated and unless there is something in the subject matter or context inconsistent therewith, terms used but not otherwise defined herein have the respective meanings given to them in the Arrangement Agreement and the following terms have the respective meanings set out below and grammatical variations of such terms have the corresponding meanings.
"Affiliate" has the meaning given to that term in the BCBCA.
"Affected Party" has the meaning given to that term in Section 2.3(b).
"Agreement" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the preamble.
"Applicable Law" means, with respect to any Person, any domestic or foreign federal, national, state, provincial or local law (statutory, common or otherwise), statute, constitution, treaty, convention, ordinance, code, rule, regulation, order, injunction, judgment, bylaw, decree, ruling or other similar requirement enacted, adopted, promulgated or applied by a Governmental Authority that is binding upon or applicable to such Person or its business, undertaking, property or securities and, to the extent they have the force of law, policies, guidelines, notices and protocols of any Governmental Authority, unless expressly specified otherwise.
"Argentinian Business" means, except as specified below, all of the businesses carried on by Lithium Argentina and its Affiliates, including its interest and business operations in the Caucharí-Olaroz Project and the Pastos Grandes Project and the Sal de la Puna project, its interest in Exar Capital B.V., 2265866 Ontario Inc., Millennial Lithium Corp, and Arena Minerals Inc., and the subsidiaries thereof, and includes all the assets and liabilities pertaining to the foregoing or otherwise held by any of them immediately prior to the Effective Time (including workforce and working capital); provided, however, that the term "Argentinian Business" shall not include the North American Business or any portion thereof.
"Arrangement" means the arrangement of Lithium Argentina (formerly known as Lithium Americas Corp. before being renamed pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement) under section 288 of the BCBCA, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Plan of Arrangement.
"Arrangement Agreement" means the amended and restated arrangement agreement dated as of June 14, 2023 between Lithium Argentina and Spinco, including all schedules and appendices attached thereto, as amended, modified and/or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms.
"Arrangement Equity Awards" means, collectively, the Lithium Argentina Equity Awards and the Spinco Equity Awards (each as defined in the Plan of Arrangement) granted pursuant to section 2.3(c) of the Plan of Arrangement.
"Arrangement Departing Participant" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Arrangement Agreement.
"BCBCA" means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia).
"Board of Directors" means the Board of Directors of Lithium Argentina.
"Business Day" means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or any other day on which major banks are closed for business in the City of Vancouver, British Columbia.
"Claim" means any act, omission or state of facts, or any demand, action, suit, proceeding, claim, assessment, reassessment, judgment, settlement or other compromise relating thereto, which may give rise to a right of indemnification under Article 3.
"Code" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the recitals.
"CRA" means the Canada Revenue Agency.
"Dispute" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 7.14.
"Distribution Property" means (i) all of Lithium Argentina's shares of Thacker Pass Co, (ii) Lithium Argentina's receivable from Thacker Pass Co, (iii) all of Lithium Argentina's shares of Green Technology Metals Limited; (iv) all of Lithium Argentina's shares of Ascend Elements, Inc., (v) the portion of Lithium Argentina's workforce in-place that will become directors, officers and employees of Spinco, (vi) the "Lithium Americas" business name, all intellectual property rights related thereto, and all associated stationery, logos, signage and domain names, (vii) the Offtake Agreement, (viii) the balance of the net proceeds of the Tranche 1 Subscription Price, and (ix) U.S.$75,000,000 of cash to establish sufficient working capital of Spinco (such amount subject to adjustment by the Board of Directors if the Effective Date is later than September 1, 2023).
"Effective Date" means the date on which the Arrangement became effective.
"Effective Time" means the time on the Effective Date that the Arrangement became effective.
"Employer" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 6.1(e).
"Equity Incentive Plan" means the LAC Equity Incentive Plan or the Spinco Equity Incentive Plan, as the context requires (each as defined in the Plan of Arrangement).
"Final Determination" means with respect to any issue (a) a decision, judgment, decree or other order by any court of competent jurisdiction, which decision, judgment, decree or other order has become final and is not subject to further appeal, (b) a closing agreement or any other binding settlement agreement entered into in connection with or in contemplation of an administrative or judicial proceeding by the relevant taxation authority, (c) the completion of the highest level of administrative proceedings if a judicial contest is not or is no longer available, (d) the expiry of time for objecting to the assessment or reassessment of Taxes, if no objection is made, (e) any allowance of a refund or credit in respect of an overpayment of a Tax, but only after the expiration of all periods during which such refund may be recovered (including by way of offset) by the jurisdiction imposing such Tax, (f) a final settlement resulting from a treaty-based competent authority determination, or (g) any other final disposition, including by reason of the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations, the execution of a pre-filing agreement with a Tax Authority, or by mutual agreement of the Parties.
"Ganfeng" means Ganfeng Lithium Co., Ltd., and includes its successors and permitted assigns.
"GM" means General Motor Holdings LLC, and includes its successors and permitted assigns.
"Governmental Authority" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the Arrangement Agreement, and includes, for greater certainty, any Tax Authority.
"Group" means the Lithium Argentina Group or the Spinco Group, as the context requires.
"Indemnified Party" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 5.1(a).
"Indemnifier" means any Party who is obligated to provide indemnification under Article 6 of the Arrangement Agreement.
"Indemnitor" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 5.1(a).
"Issuer" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 6.1(e).
"Intended Tax Treatment" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the recitals.
"Intended Canadian Tax Treatment" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the recitals.
"Intended U.S. Tax Treatment" has the meaning ascribed thereto in the recitals.
"IRS" means the United States Internal Revenue Service.
"Lithium Argentina Equity Awards" means, collectively, the Lithium Argentina DSUs, the Lithium Argentina PSUs and the Lithium Argentina RSUs (each as defined in the Plan of Arrangement).
"Lithium Argentina Group" means Lithium Argentina and its Affiliates, whether held directly or indirectly; for greater certainty, in all circumstances "Lithium Argentina Group" excludes the Spinco Group.
"Lithium Argentina Indemnified Parties" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 4.2.
"Liabilities" means all Taxes and reasonable out-of-pocket costs and expenses (including reasonable legal fees (on a solicitor and its own client basis)) of any action, suit, proceeding, demand, assessment, reassessment, judgment, settlement or compromise relating thereto; interest, fines and penalties imposed or assessed in connection therewith; and any additional expenses incurred in connection therewith.
"North American Business" means all of the businesses carried on by Thacker Pass Co and its Affiliates with respect to the exploration and development of the Thacker Pass Project and includes all the assets and liabilities pertaining to the foregoing or otherwise held by any of them immediately prior to the Effective Time (including workforce and working capital) and Spinco's interest in Green Technology Metals Limited and Ascend Elements, Inc.
"Offtake Agreement" means the offtake agreement between Lithium Argentina and GM dated February 16, 2023.
"Party" means a party to this Agreement and "Parties" means all of the parties to this Agreement.
"Past Practices" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 2.4(a).
"Pastos Grandes Project" means the lithium project property located in the Province of Salta, Argentina, as described in the technical report titled "NI 43-101 Technical Report: Lithium Resource Update Pastos Grandes Project, Salta Province, Argentina" with an effective date of April 30, 2023" filed by Lithium Argentina at www.sedar.com.
"Person" includes any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, unincorporated association, unincorporated syndicate, unincorporated organization, trust, body corporate, company, corporation, trustee, executor, administrator, legal representative, government (including any applicable taxation authority) or any other entity, whether or not having legal status.
"Plan of Arrangement" means the plan of arrangement under section 288 of the BCBCA, including all exhibits attached thereto, and any amendments, supplements or variations thereto made in accordance with the Arrangement Agreement, the terms thereof or at the direction of the Court in the Final Order (with the consent of Lithium Argentina, acting reasonably).
"Post-Arrangement Period" means any taxable period (or portion thereof) beginning after the Effective Date.
"Pre-Arrangement Period" means any taxable period (or portion thereof) ending on or before the Effective Date.
"Relevant Tax Period" means any taxable year or other tax period that (i) ends on or before the Effective Date or (ii) begins before and ends after the Effective Date.
"Ruling" means a subsequent ruling issued by the IRS (or other Governmental Authority), pursuant to a ruling request filed by, or on behalf of, Lithium Argentina or Spinco (or any of their respective Affiliates), as applicable.
"Satisfactory Guidance" means either a Ruling or a Subsequent Tax Opinion, in either case, reasonably acceptable to the Party to whom it is delivered as described in Section 3.2(d), in both form and substance, including with respect to any underlying assumptions or representations and any legal analysis contained therein, and concluding that the proposed action, omission or transaction prompting the Ruling or Subsequent Tax Opinion should not cause any applicable step or aspect of the Arrangement and/or certain other transactions occurring in conjunction therewith to fail or cease to qualify for its Intended U.S. Tax Treatment.
"Separate Tax Return" means (i) any Tax Return of, or including, any member of the Lithium Argentina Group that does not include any member of the Spinco Group and (ii) any Tax Return of, or including, any member of the Spinco Group that does not include any member of the Lithium Argentina Group.
"Specified Action" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 3.2(a).
"Spinco Equity Awards" means, collectively, the Spinco DSUs, the Spinco PSUs and the Spinco RSUs (each as defined in the Plan of Arrangement).
"Spinco Group" means Spinco and its Affiliates, whether held directly or indirectly; for greater certainty, in all circumstances, "Spinco Group" excludes the Lithium Argentina Group.
"Spinco Indemnified Parties" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 4.1.
"Subsequent Tax Opinion" means an opinion of Tax Counsel which permits the Party to whom such opinion is provided pursuant to Section 3.2(d) to rely on such opinion; provided that Tax Counsel, in issuing its opinion, shall (i) be permitted to rely on the validity and correctness, as of the date given, of the applicable U.S. Tax Ruling and any other issued tax opinions or tax rulings, unless such reliance would be unreasonable under the circumstances, and (ii) assume the Arrangement and/or certain other transactions occurring in conjunction therewith would have qualified for the Intended U.S. Tax Treatment if the proposed action, omission or transaction prompting the Subsequent Tax Opinion did or did not occur, as applicable.
"Tax Act" means the Income Tax Act (Canada).
"Tax Arbiter" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 7.14.
"Tax Authority" means any multinational, federal, provincial, territorial, state, regional, municipal, local or other government, governmental or quasi-governmental entity or municipality, or political or other subdivision thereof, department, commission, board, self-regulating authority, regulatory body, bureau, branch, or authority, or any agency or instrumentality of any such government, governmental or quasi-governmental entity or municipality, or political or other subdivision thereof, or any federal, provincial, territorial, state, local or foreign court, commission, board, agency, arbitrator or other tribunal, and any official of any of the foregoing having jurisdiction over the assessment, determination, collection or imposition of any Tax (including the IRS and CRA).
"Taxes" means all income taxes, capital taxes, stamp taxes, charges to tax, withholdings, sales and use taxes, value added taxes, goods and services taxes, and all penalties, interest and other payments thereon or in respect thereof, including a payment under the Tax Act, the Code, or any other federal, provincial, territorial, state, municipal, local or foreign tax law, in each case, as amended.
"Tax Contest" means any pending or threatened audit, review, examination, assessment, reassessment or any other administrative or judicial proceeding with the purpose or effect of redetermining Taxes (including any administrative or judicial review of any claim for refund).
"Tax Counsel" means a nationally recognized law firm or accounting firm.
"Tax Returns" means all reports, returns, information statements, questionnaires or other documents or data (whether in printed, electronic or other form) required to be filed or that may be filed for any period in connection with any Tax or Taxes.
"Tax Rulings" means the advance income tax rulings from each of the CRA (with respect to such tax ruling, the "Canadian Tax Ruling") and the IRS (with respect to such tax ruling, the "U.S. Tax Ruling"), in the form requested in the applications made on behalf of Lithium Argentina (collectively, the "Tax Ruling Applications"), as the same may be amended, modified and/or supplemented from time to time at the request of the CRA or the IRS, as applicable, or at the request of Lithium Argentina, in each case, confirming the applicable Canadian and U.S. federal income tax consequences of the spin-off by Lithium Argentina of the North American Business under the Arrangement and certain other transactions.
"Thacker Pass Co" means 1339480 B.C. Ltd., and includes its successors and permitted assigns.
"Thacker Pass Project" means the lithium project property located in Humboldt County, Nevada, as described in the technical report titled "Feasibility Study National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report for the Thacker Pass Project, Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" with an effective date of November 2, 2022 filed by Lithium Americas Corp. at www.sedar.com.
"Third Party Beneficiaries" has the meaning ascribed thereto in Section 7.13.
"Transfer Tax" means any sale, use, value-added, goods and services, consumption, excise, transfer, stamp, documentary, filing, recordation Tax or similar Tax, in each case imposed or payable as a result of the Arrangement or certain related transactions thereto.
"Treasury Regulations" means the final, temporary or proposed U.S. federal income tax regulations promulgated under the Code, as such tax regulations may be amended from time to time.
1.2 Interpretation Not Affected by Headings, etc.
The division of this Agreement into Articles, Sections, and other portions and the insertion of headings are for convenience of reference only and will not affect the construction or interpretation hereof. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to an "Article" and "Section" followed by a number and/or a letter refer to the specified Article or Section of this Agreement. The terms "hereof", "herein" and "hereunder" and similar expressions refer to this Agreement and not to any particular Article, Section, or other portion hereof.
1.3 Rules of Construction
In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires, (a) words importing the singular number include the plural and vice versa, (b) words importing any gender include all genders, including the neuter gender, and (c) the words "include", "includes" and "including" will be deemed to be followed by the words "without limitation" and the words "the aggregate of", "the total of", "the sum of" or a phrase of similar meaning means "the aggregate (or total or sum), without duplication, of".
1.4 Currency
Unless otherwise stated, all references in this Agreement to sums of money are expressed in lawful money of Canada and "$" refers to Canadian dollars. In the event that any amounts are required to be converted from a foreign currency to Canadian dollars or vice versa, such amounts shall be converted using the most recent closing exchange rate of the Bank of Canada available before the relevant calculation date.
1.5 Date for Action and Computation of Time
If the date on which any action is required or permitted to be taken hereunder by a Person is not a Business Day, such action will be required or permitted to be taken on the next succeeding day which is a Business Day. Unless otherwise specified, a period of time is to be computed as beginning on the day following the event that began the period and ending at 5:00 p.m. on the last day of the period, if the last day of the period is a Business Day, or at 5:00 p.m. on the next Business Day if the last day of the period is not a Business Day.
1.6 References to Days, Statutes, etc.
(a) In this Agreement, references to days means calendar days, unless otherwise specified.
(b) In this Agreement, unless something in the subject matter or context is inconsistent therewith or unless otherwise herein provided, a reference to any law, statute, regulation, direction, code or instrument is to that law, statute, regulation, direction, code or instrument as now enacted or as the same may from time to time be amended, re-enacted or replaced, and in the case of a reference to a law, statute or code, includes any regulations, rules, policies or directions made thereunder. Any reference in this Agreement to a Person includes its heirs, administrators, executors, legal personal representatives, predecessors, successors and permitted assigns. References to any agreement, contract or document (including this Agreement) are to that agreement, contract or document as amended, modified or supplemented from time to time in accordance with its terms.
1.7 Time
Time will be of the essence in every matter or action contemplated hereunder. All times expressed herein are to local Vancouver, British Columbia time, unless otherwise specified.
ARTICLE 2
PREPARATION, FILING OF TAX RETURNS AND PAYMENT OF TAXES
2.1 Separate Tax Returns
(a) Lithium Argentina shall be responsible for preparing and timely filing, or causing any Lithium Argentina Group member to prepare and timely file, any Pre-Arrangement Period or Post-Arrangement Period Separate Tax Return that is required to be filed pursuant to Applicable Law by, or with respect to, Lithium Argentina or any member of the Lithium Argentina Group.
(b) Spinco shall be responsible for preparing and timely filing, or causing any Spinco Group member to prepare and timely file, any Pre-Arrangement Period or Post-Arrangement Period Separate Tax Return that is required to be filed pursuant to Applicable Law by, or with respect to, Spinco or any member of the Spinco Group.
2.2 Transfer Tax Returns and Other Tax Filings
The Party required under Applicable Law to file any Tax Returns in respect of Transfer Taxes or any other Tax Returns (or related filings) in respect of any other Tax matters (excluding any amended Tax Returns covered by Section 2.3) shall prepare and file (or cause to be prepared and filed) such Tax Returns. Subject to the provisions provided in Section 6.3 hereof, if required by Applicable Law, Lithium Argentina and Spinco shall, and shall cause their respective Group members to, cooperate in preparing and filing, and join the execution of, any such Tax Returns.
2.3 Amended Tax Returns and Other Actions
(a) Any amended Tax Return or claim for a Tax refund (or any other similar benefits) with respect to any Party may be made by the Party responsible for filing the original Tax Return as set forth in this Article 2. To the extent that any Tax benefits (or any other similar benefits arising from such amended Tax Return) are derived from the filing of an amended Tax Return (including with the consent of an Affected Party obtained pursuant to Section 2.3(b)), the Party responsible for filing such Tax Return shall be entitled to receive any such Tax Benefits, except to the extent otherwise agreed to by the Parties in writing.
(b) No Party shall file an amended Tax Return, amend or revoke any Tax election or apply to any Tax Authority for any binding or non-binding opinion, ruling or other determination with respect a Tax Return if such action could reasonably be expected to increase the Tax liability of, or give rise to a payment under Section 2.5 of this Agreement by, any other Party (with respect to such party, an "Affected Party") without the prior written consent of any such Affected Party (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, delayed or conditioned).
2.4 Preparation and Filing Procedures
(a) Except as provided in Section 2.4(b), or in any other provision of this Agreement, Lithium Argentina and Spinco shall prepare, or cause their respective Group members to prepare, any Tax Return, which such Party has (under this Article 2) the obligation and right to prepare, using past practices, accounting methods, elections or conventions ("Past Practices") used with respect to the Tax Returns in question (unless there is no reasonable basis for the use of such Past Practices), and to the extent any items are not covered by Past Practices (or in the event that there is no reasonable basis for the use of such Past Practices), in accordance with reasonable Tax accounting practices and, in all cases, that are consistent with Applicable Law.
(b) Unless and until there has been a Final Determination to the contrary, each Party (together with such Party's Group members) shall not take any position on any Tax Return or in connection with any Tax Contest with respect to any Tax Return that is inconsistent with the Intended Tax Treatment associated with the Arrangement and certain other transactions occurring in conjunction therewith as described and set forth in the Tax Rulings, taking into account the jurisdiction in which such Tax Return is filed.
2.5 Payment of Taxes
(a) Lithium Argentina shall pay (or cause the applicable member of the Lithium Argentina Group to pay) to the proper Tax Authority the Tax shown as due on any Tax Return for which Lithium Argentina (or the applicable member of the Lithium Argentina Group) is responsible under Article 2.
(b) Spinco shall pay (or cause the applicable member of the Spinco Group to pay) to the proper Tax Authority the Tax shown as due on any Tax Return for which Spinco (or the applicable member of the Spinco Group) is responsible under Article 2.
(c) For the avoidance of doubt, Lithium Argentina and Spinco shall also pay (or cause the applicable member of their respective Group to pay) any amounts arising from any Tax Contest in respect of a Tax Return that such Party (or the applicable member of such Party's Group) is responsible for under this Agreement.
2.6 Employment Taxes
Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, this Agreement, including this Article 2, shall not apply with respect to employment Taxes. Except as set out in Section 6.1(e), all matters pertaining to employment Taxes or any other employment matter (e.g., allocation of costs, deductibility, provision of award grants) are, or will be, addressed in certain other agreements including the Plan of Arrangement and Arrangement Agreement, as well as certain other ancillary agreements entered into by the Parties pertaining to either Lithium Argentina's or Spinco's Arrangement Equity Awards, and any other employee incentive plans provided by the Parties.
ARTICLE 3
COVENANTS
3.1 Canadian Tax-Related Covenants
(a) Covenants of Lithium Argentina in Favour of Spinco
i. Lithium Argentina covenants and agrees that it shall not, and that it shall cause each other member of the Lithium Argentina Group to not, propose, approve or enter into any transaction or permit any transaction within its control to occur that would cause Lithium Argentina or any other member of the Lithium Argentina Group that is a corporation to cease to be a "specified corporation" (within the meaning of the Tax Act) as at the Effective Date, except as contemplated in the Canadian Tax Ruling;
ii. Lithium Argentina covenants and agrees that it shall not, and that it shall cause each other member of the Lithium Argentina Group to not, take or support any action, omit to take any action or propose, approve or enter into any transaction that could result in subsection 55(2) of the Tax Act applying to cause either Lithium Argentina and/or Spinco to realize or be deemed to realize a gain as a result of the transactions undertaken pursuant to the Arrangement, except as contemplated in the Canadian Tax Ruling;
iii. Lithium Argentina covenants and agrees that it shall not, and that it shall cause each other member of the Lithium Argentina Group to not, take any action, omit to take any action or propose, approve or enter into any transaction that could cause the Arrangement or any related transactions to be treated in a manner inconsistent with the Canadian Tax Ruling;
iv. Lithium Argentina covenants and agrees that it shall, and that it shall cause each other member of the Lithium Argentina Group to, timely file any and all Tax Returns that are required to be filed by the applicable entity under Article 2 hereof, under the Tax Act or any other Applicable Law in respect of Taxes (including, for greater certainty, any election forms under section 85 of the Tax Act) in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, the Arrangement Agreement, the Plan of Arrangement and the Canadian Tax Ruling; and
v. Lithium Argentina covenants and agrees that it shall, and that it shall cause each other member of the Lithium Argentina Group to, fully cooperate and consult in good faith with Spinco and the relevant other members of the Spinco Group in the timely preparation and filing of all elections under the Tax Act as contemplated by the Canadian Tax Ruling, the Arrangement Agreement, the Plan of Arrangement and this Agreement except that, where an agreed amount is to be included in any such election, such amount will be within the range contemplated by the Tax Act and will be the amount contemplated by the Canadian Tax Ruling, the Arrangement Agreement, the Plan of Arrangement and this Agreement, where such amount is specified therein and, in any other case, will be the amount determined by Lithium Argentina in its reasonable discretion.
(b) Covenants of Spinco in Favour of Lithium Argentina
i. Spinco covenants and agrees that it shall not, and that it shall cause each other member of the Spinco Group to not, propose, approve or enter into any transaction or permit any transaction within its control to occur that would cause Lithium Argentina or any other member of the Lithium Argentina Group that is a corporation to cease to be a "specified corporation" (within the meaning of the Tax Act) as at the Effective Date, except as contemplated in the Canadian Tax Ruling;
ii. Spinco covenants and agrees that it shall not, and that it shall cause each other member of the Spinco Group to not, take or support any action, omit to take any action or enter into any transaction that could result in subsection 55(2) of the Tax Act applying to cause either Lithium Argentina and/or Spinco to realize or be deemed to realize a gain as a result of the transactions undertaken pursuant to the Arrangement, except as contemplated in the Canadian Tax Ruling;
iii. Spinco covenants and agrees that it shall not, and that it shall cause each other member of the Spinco Group to not, take any action, omit to take any action or propose, approve or enter into any transaction that could cause the Arrangement or any related transactions to be treated in a manner inconsistent with the Canadian Tax Ruling;
iv. Spinco covenants and agrees that it shall, and that it shall cause each other member of the Spinco Group to, timely file any and all Tax Returns that are required to be filed by the applicable entity under Article 2 hereof, under the Tax Act or any other Applicable Law in respect of Taxes (including, for greater certainty, any election forms under section 85 of the Tax Act) in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, the Arrangement Agreement, the Plan of Arrangement and the Canadian Tax Ruling; and
v. Spinco covenants and agrees that it shall, and that it shall cause each other member of the Spinco Group to, fully cooperate and consult in good faith with Lithium Argentina and the relevant other members of the Lithium Argentina Group in the timely preparation and filing of all elections under the Tax Act as contemplated by the Canadian Tax Ruling, the Arrangement Agreement, the Plan of Arrangement and this Agreement except that, where an agreed amount is to be included in any such election, such amount will be within the range contemplated by the Tax Act and will be the amount contemplated by the Canadian Tax Ruling, the Arrangement Agreement, the Plan of Arrangement and this Agreement, where such amount is specified therein and, in any other case, will be the amount determined by Lithium Argentina in its reasonable discretion.
3.2 U.S. Tax-Related Covenants
(a) Except as otherwise permitted pursuant to Section 3.2(d), Lithium Argentina and Spinco covenant and agree that during the period specified in Section 3.4, neither Party nor any of their respective Affiliates (or any officers, directors, or authorized Persons acting on behalf of Lithium Argentina or Spinco, as applicable), shall (a) take or plan to take any action or approve, negotiate, arrange or formulate any plan during such period to take any such action after the lapse of such period that would be inconsistent with the information, representations or conclusions set forth in the U.S. Tax Ruling or any other tax opinions issued in conjunction therewith, and (b) refrain from taking or planning to take, any of the actions specified in Section 3.2(b) and Section 3.2(c) (all such actions, individually, are referred to as a "Specified Action").
(b) Covenants of Lithium Argentina in Favour of Spinco
i. Lithium Argentina shall (x) maintain its status as a company engaged in the Pastos Grandes Project portion of the Argentinian Business for purposes of section 355(b)(2) of the Code and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder and (y) not engage in any transaction or enter into or amend any agreement that could cause, or could be reasonably expected to cause, Lithium Argentina (or any of the Lithium Argentina Group members, as applicable) to cease to be a company engaged in the Pastos Grandes Project portion of the Argentinian Business for purposes of section 355(b)(2) of the Code, taking into account section 355(b)(3) of the Code and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder and any other administrative authority issued by the IRS, including any applicable IRS notices, revenue procedures and revenue rulings for purposes of each of clauses (x) and (y) hereof. For purposes of this Section 3.2(b)(i), this includes the following conditions:
A. Lithium Argentina and its Affiliates shall continue in the uninterrupted conduct of the Pastos Grandes Project portion of the Argentinian Business (including as related to the further research, development, construction and/or financing of such business), and shall cause the Lithium Argentina Group's officers and employees to continue to be actively engaged in the managerial and operational conduct of the Pastos Grandes Project portion of the Argentinian Business, including decision-making regarding the operations of the business, asset acquisitions and dispositions, strategic planning, marketing, budgeting and finance, and hiring, assignment, and release of key employees.
B. Neither Lithium Argentina nor its Affiliates shall discontinue, sell, transfer or cease its operations associated with the Pastos Grandes Project portion of the Argentinian Business (including taking any action, or omitting to take any action, that could cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause, either Lithium Argentina or any of its Affiliates to cease to be engaged in the Pastos Grandes Project portion of the Argentinian Business).
ii. Lithium Argentina shall not take or plan to take, and it shall cause its Affiliates to refrain from taking or planning to take, any actions that would, or would reasonably be expected to, be inconsistent with the corporate business purposes motivating the Arrangement and as described in the U.S. Tax Ruling.
iii. In addition to the restrictions set forth above, Lithium Argentina shall agree (and that it will cause its respective Affiliates to agree) to not take any other action, omit to take any other action or enter into any other transaction or agreement that could cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause, the Arrangement and certain related transactions to be taxed in a manner inconsistent with the information, representations or conclusions set forth in the U.S. Tax Ruling or any other tax opinions issued in conjunction therewith.
(c) Covenants of Spinco in Favour of Lithium Argentina
i. Spinco shall (x) maintain its status as a company engaged in the North American Business for purposes of section 355(b)(2) of the Code and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder and (y) not engage in any transaction or enter into or amend any agreement that could cause, or could be reasonably expected to cause, Spinco (or any of its Affiliates) to cease to be a company engaged in the North American Business for purposes of section 355(b)(2) of the Code, taking into account section 355(b)(3) of the Code and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder and any other administrative authority issued by the IRS, including any applicable IRS notices, revenue procedures and revenue rulings for purposes of each of clauses (x) and (y) hereof. For purposes of this Section 3.2(c)(i), this includes the following conditions:
A. Spinco and its Affiliates shall continue in the uninterrupted conduct of the North American Business (including as related to the further research, development, construction and/or financing of such business), and shall cause the Spinco Group's officers and employees to continue to be actively engaged in the managerial and operational conduct of North American Business, including decision-making regarding the operations of the business, asset acquisitions and dispositions, strategic planning, marketing, budgeting and finance, and hiring, assignment, and release of key employees.
B. Neither Spinco nor its Affiliates shall discontinue, sell, transfer or cease its operations associated with the North American Business (including taking any action, or omitting to take any action, that could cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause, either Spinco or any of its Affiliates to cease to be engaged in the North American Business).
ii. Spinco shall not take or plan to take, and it shall cause its Subsidiaries to refrain from taking or planning to take, any actions that would, or would be reasonably expected to, be inconsistent with the corporate business purposes motivating the Arrangement and as described in the U.S. Tax Ruling.
iii. In addition to the restrictions set forth above, Spinco shall agree (and that it will cause its respective Affiliates to agree) to not take any other action, omit to take any other action or enter into any other transaction or agreement that could cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause, the Arrangement and certain related transactions to be taxed in a manner inconsistent with the information, representations or conclusions set forth in the U.S. Tax Ruling or any other tax opinions issued in conjunction therewith.
(d) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 3.2(a) through Section 3.2(c), each of Lithium Argentina, Spinco and their respective Affiliates may take any action that would reasonably be expected to be inconsistent with the covenants and restrictions contained in this Section 3.2, if, prior to taking any such actions, Lithium Argentina or Spinco delivers Satisfactory Guidance to the other with respect to any such action and such other Party provides written consent with respect to such action (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, delayed or conditioned).
3.3 Limitation of Covenants
Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement, the Parties agree and acknowledge that neither Lithium Argentina nor Spinco shall be considered to have breached or defaulted under a covenant in this Article 3 as a result of any action or inaction by any member of the Lithium Argentina Group or the Spinco Group with respect to the shares of Lithium Argentina and Spinco under the ownership, control or direction (either directly or indirectly) of Ganfeng, GM or any of their respective successors, other than any action or inaction by which such Party directly (or indirectly through its Affiliates or its or their agents or representatives) and knowingly solicits, promotes or encourages the sale or purchase of such shares of Lithium Argentina and Spinco, as applicable, by Ganfeng, GM or any of their respective successors (except where such sale is a result of a Party purchasing such shares pursuant to a normal course issuer bid or a substantial issuer bid).
3.4 Survival of Covenants
The covenants under this Article 3 shall survive the Effective Date for a period of three (3) years following the Effective Date; provided, however, that the respective obligations of the Parties to indemnify one another under Article 3 in respect of any breach by it of or default by it under such covenants shall survive the Effective Date until ninety (90) days after the last date on which an applicable Tax Authority would be entitled to assess liability for Taxes (giving effect to any waiver or extension thereof) under the Tax Act, the Code or any other Applicable Law with respect to Taxes against the relevant member of the Lithium Argentina Group or the Spinco Group for any Relevant Tax Period.
ARTICLE 4
INDEMNIFICATION
4.1 Indemnification by Lithium Argentina
Lithium Argentina shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless Spinco and each other member of the Spinco Group and each of its and their respective directors, officers and employees, and each of the heirs, personal or legal representatives, executors, trustees, administrators, successors and permitted assigns of any of the foregoing (collectively, the "Spinco Indemnified Parties"), from and against any and all Liabilities of the Spinco Indemnified Parties relating to, arising out of or resulting from a breach of or default under a covenant of Lithium Argentina in this Agreement.
4.2 Indemnification by Spinco
Spinco shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless Lithium Argentina and each other member of the Lithium Argentina Group and each of its and their respective directors, officers and employees, and each of the heirs, personal or legal representatives, executors, trustees, administrators, successors and permitted assigns of any of the foregoing (collectively, the "Lithium Argentina Indemnified Parties"), from and against any and all Liabilities of the Lithium Argentina Indemnified Parties relating to, arising out of or resulting from a breach of or default under a covenant of Spinco in this Agreement.
4.3 Indemnification in the Event of Mutual Breach
Notwithstanding Sections 4.1 and 4.2 of this Agreement, Lithium Argentina shall not be liable to indemnify any Spinco Indemnified Party under Section 4.1, and Spinco shall not be liable to indemnify any Lithium Argentina Indemnified Party under Section 4.2, from and against a Liability, if such Liability is caused by the combined and simultaneous action of both (i) one or more members of the Lithium Argentina Group and (ii) one or more members of the Spinco Group.
ARTICLE 5
CONTROL OF TAX CHALLENGES
5.1 Control of Challenge of Tax Claims
(a) If a member of the Lithium Argentina Group or a member of the Spinco Group (the "Indemnified Party") receives notice or becomes aware of the commencement or assertion of a Claim that could give rise to a right to indemnification under this Agreement, the Indemnified Party, if a member of the Lithium Argentina Group, shall promptly notify Spinco and, if a member of the Spinco Group, shall promptly notify Lithium Argentina (in each case the recipient of the notification being the "Indemnitor").
(b) The Indemnified Party agrees to contest any Claim and not to settle any Claim without the prior written consent of the Indemnitor, provided that within thirty (30) days after receipt of notice of a Claim provided by the Indemnified Party to the Indemnitor pursuant to Section 5.1(a):
(i) the Indemnitor requests in writing that such Claim be contested by the Indemnified Party;
(ii) the Indemnitor agrees in writing to pay on demand and pays all out-of-pocket costs, losses and expenses (including legal and accounting fees) paid or incurred by the Indemnified Party in connection with contesting such Claim; and
(iii) the Indemnitor pays or agrees to pay any Liabilities for which the Indemnitor has an indemnification obligation under this Agreement that must be paid as a result of an audit, assessment or reassessment within the period for which such Taxes are due.
(c) The Indemnitor shall be entitled to participate in contesting any such Claim at its own expense. To the extent the Indemnitor is not participating, the Indemnified Party shall keep the Indemnitor and, upon written request by the Indemnitor, its counsel, informed on a timely basis as to the progress of the contest and provide copies of all material correspondence and all documents, filings, agreements or other materials relating thereto.
(d) If the Indemnitor requests that the Indemnified Party accept a settlement of a Claim offered by the relevant Tax Authority, the Indemnified Party shall either:
(i) accept such settlement offer; or
(ii) agree with the Indemnitor that the Indemnitor's liability with respect to such Claim shall be limited to the lesser of (A) an amount calculated on the basis of such settlement offer plus interest owed to the relevant Tax Authority on the date of eventual payment, or (B) the amount calculated on the basis of a Final Determination.
(e) Except as expressly provided in this Section 5.1(e), the Indemnified Party shall not settle a Claim that the Indemnitor is entitled to require the Indemnified Party to contest under Section 5.1(b), without the prior written consent of the Indemnitor. At any time, whether before or after commencement of any action pursuant to this Section 5.1 with respect to any Claim, the Indemnified Party may decline to take action with respect to such Claim and may settle such Claim without the prior written consent of the Indemnitor by notifying the Indemnitor in writing that the Indemnitor is irrevocably released from its obligations to indemnify the Indemnified Party with respect to such Claim (which notification shall release the Indemnitor from all such obligations except to the extent the Indemnitor has previously agreed in writing that it would be willing to have its liability calculated on the basis of a settlement offer in accordance with Section 5.1(d) with respect to such Claim or based on the outcome of such Claim). If the Indemnified Party settles any Claim or otherwise takes or fails to take any action pursuant to Section 5.1(e), the Indemnified Party shall pay to the Indemnitor any amounts paid or advanced by the Indemnitor with respect to such Claim (other than amounts payable by the Indemnitor in connection with a settlement offer pursuant to Section 5.1(d)), plus interest attributable to such amounts.
ARTICLE 6
COOPERATION AND RECORD RETENTION
6.1 Cooperation and Record Retention
(a) Lithium Argentina shall and shall cause each other member of the Lithium Argentina Group to, and Spinco shall and shall cause each other member of the Spinco Group to, cooperate with any member of the other Group in the conduct of any audit or other proceedings in respect of Taxes and related Liabilities for a Relevant Tax Period. Lithium Argentina shall and shall cause each other member of the Lithium Argentina Group to, and Spinco shall and shall cause each other member of the Spinco Group to, execute and deliver such powers of attorney and make available such other documents as are reasonably necessary to carry out the intent of this Agreement. Lithium Argentina shall and shall cause each other member of the Lithium Argentina Group to notify Spinco in writing, and Spinco shall and shall cause each other member of the Spinco Group to notify Lithium Argentina in writing, of any audit, assessment or reassessment adjustments which do not result in Tax liability but can be reasonably expected to affect Tax Returns of a member of the other Group for any taxable year or other tax period.
(b) Lithium Argentina shall and shall cause each other member of the Lithium Argentina Group to, and Spinco shall and shall cause each other member of the Spinco Group to retain records, documents, accounting data and other information (including computer data) necessary for the preparation, filing, review or audit of any Tax Returns in respect of any Relevant Tax Period in accordance with their respective record retention policies and all Applicable Law (or in the absence of which, until the tenth (10th) anniversary of the Effective Date).
(c) Lithium Argentina shall and shall cause each other member of the Lithium Argentina Group to, and Spinco shall and shall cause each other member of the Spinco Group to, provide to any member of the other Group reasonable access to such records, documents, data and information and to personnel and premises and ensure the reasonable cooperation of such personnel during normal business hours for the purpose of the review or audit of any Tax Returns in respect of any Relevant Tax Period.
(d) Spinco shall, and shall cause each other member of the Spinco Group to, provide to Lithium Argentina access to such records, documents, data, information, personnel and premises of Spinco and of the other relevant members of the Spinco Group as may be required by Lithium Argentina to comply with the provisions in the Tax Act relating to foreign affiliates or to transfer pricing. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Spinco shall cause each other member of the Spinco Group that was a foreign affiliate (as defined in the Tax Act) of Lithium Argentina on or before the Effective Date, upon request by Lithium Argentina, to:
(i) respond in full to inquiries of the CRA concerning foreign affiliates within one (1) month of the receipt thereof;
(ii) provide Lithium Argentina with complete financial statements;
(iii) respond to questions concerning Form T106 within fifteen (15) Business Days of receipt; and
(iv) respond promptly to other relevant questions for the purposes of the foreign affiliate regime or the transfer-pricing regime in all cases for any Relevant Tax Period.
(e) Each of Lithium Argentina and Spinco (each the "Employer") shall cooperate with the other Party (each the "Issuer") and provide any information reasonably requested by the Issuer for purposes of the administration of and performance of the Issuer's obligations under any Arrangement Equity Awards granted by the Issuer under the Issuer's Equity Incentive Plan to each Arrangement Departing Participant who becomes, at any time on or after the Effective Time, a director, officer or employee of the Employer or any of its Affiliates. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, but subject to Applicable Law, the Employer will notify the Issuer as soon as practicable after any Arrangement Departing Participant ceases to be a director, officer or employee of the Employer or any of its Affiliates. Such notice shall specify the relevant termination provisions of the Equity Incentive Plan to be applied to the Arrangement Equity Awards of the applicable Arrangement Departing Participant. To the extent not obtained prior to the Effective Date, the Employer will use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain, as soon as practicable after the Effective Time, each Arrangement Departing Participant's consent to such cooperation, information sharing and notification process, which consent shall be in writing in a form and substance satisfactory to the Issuer (acting reasonably) and duly executed by the applicable Arrangement Departing Participant.
6.2 Limitation on Access to Records
(a) Unless specifically set forth herein, nothing contained in this Agreement shall be construed as granting or conferring rights of ownership, license or otherwise in any records, documents, data or information contained in or disclosed by a Party to another Party pursuant to this Agreement.
(b) A Party providing access to records, documents, data and information and to personnel and premises hereunder shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the requesting Party for all reasonable out-of-pocket costs and expenses incurred in connection with creating, gathering and copying such records or providing such access.
(c) The rights and obligations granted under this Article 6 are subject to any restrictions and obligations imposed by any Governmental Authority or Applicable Law.
(d) In no event will a Party providing cooperation or providing access to or making available records, documents, data or information or its premises or personnel to the other Party, be responsible for any losses, damages, fees, costs or expenses incurred by such other Party directly as a result of such cooperation or access.
6.3 Transfer Taxes
The Parties shall cooperate with each other in good faith and shall use reasonable commercial efforts to mitigate all Transfer Taxes arising in connection with the Arrangement, including, if applicable, executing any and all elections, in the prescribed form within the prescribed time.
ARTICLE 7
MISCELLANEOUS
7.1 Inconsistencies with Arrangement Agreement
Where any inconsistency between a provision of this Agreement and a provision of the Arrangement Agreement arises as regards to taxation matters, the provisions of this Agreement shall prevail.
7.2 After-Tax Liability
The amount of any Liability for which indemnification is provided under this Agreement or under the Arrangement Agreement and which is payable to an Indemnified Party by the Indemnitor pursuant to this Agreement or by the Indemnifier pursuant to the Arrangement Agreement shall be adjusted to take into account any Tax benefit realized by the Indemnified Party or any of its Affiliates by reason of the Liability for which indemnification is so provided or the circumstances giving rise to such Liability. For purposes of this Section 7.2, any Tax benefit shall be taken into account at such time as it is received by the Indemnified Party or its Affiliate. Conversely, if any such indemnity payment received by an Indemnified Party pursuant to this Agreement or pursuant to the Arrangement Agreement would constitute income for Tax purposes to such Indemnified Party, the Indemnitor or the Indemnifier, as applicable, shall pay to the Indemnified Party such additional amount as is necessary to place the Indemnified Party in the same after-Tax position as it would have been in had the Liability out of which such indemnity payment arose not occurred, provided that the Parties shall consider ways in which to mitigate any such consequence including, if available, making an election under subsection 12(2.2) of the Tax Act.
7.3 Severability
If any provision of this Agreement or the application thereof to any Person or circumstance is determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, void or unenforceable, the remaining provisions hereof, or the application of such provision to Persons or circumstances or in jurisdictions other than those as to which it has been held invalid or unenforceable, shall remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated thereby, so long as the economic or legal substance of the transactions contemplated hereby is not affected in any manner adverse to any Party. Upon such determination, the Parties shall negotiate in good faith in an effort to agree upon such a suitable and equitable provision to effect the original intent of the Parties.
7.4 Deadlines
Where in this Agreement a Person is required to send a notice, make a decision or take any other action within a certain period of time or before a certain date or deadline, Lithium Argentina and Spinco may, by mutual agreement to be evidenced in writing, decide to extend or shorten such period of time or forestall or postpone such date or deadline.
7.5 Amendments
No provisions of this Agreement shall be amended, supplemented or modified by any Party, unless such amendment, supplement or modification is in writing and signed by the authorized representatives of each of the Parties.
7.6 Notices
Any demand, notice or other communication to be given in connection with this Agreement must be given in writing and delivered personally or by courier or by email addressed to the recipient as follows:
(a) To Lithium Argentina:
Lithium Americas (Argentina) Corp.
300-900 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, British Columbia
V6C 1E5
Attention: John Kanellitsas
Email: [Redacted]
Copy to: Alex Shulga
Email: alex.shulga@lithiumamericas.com
(b) To Spinco:
Lithium Americas Corp.
300-900 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, British Columbia
V6C 1E5
Attention: Jonathan Evans
Email: [Redacted]
or other such address that a Party may, from time to time, advise the other Parties hereto by notice in writing given in accordance with the foregoing. Date of receipt of any such notice will be deemed to be the date of actual delivery thereof or, if given by email, on the day of transmittal thereof if given during the normal business hours of the recipient with confirmation of receipt of the same and on the next Business Day, if not given during such hours.
7.7 Further Assurances
Each of the Parties will from time to time execute and deliver all such further documents and instruments and do all acts and things as any other Party may reasonably require or request to effectively carry out or better evidence or perfect the full intent and meaning of this Agreement.
7.8 Assignment
No Party may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement or the Arrangement without the prior written consent of the other Parties, provided that no such consent will be required for any Party to assign its rights and obligations under this Agreement and the Arrangement to a corporate successor to such Party or to a purchaser of all or substantially all of the assets of such Party, provided further that any such successor or purchaser will have executed and delivered to the other Party an agreement in writing to be bound by and to perform, satisfy and assume all of the provisions of this Agreement as if an original party hereto, in form and substance satisfactory to the other Party, acting reasonably.
7.9 Binding Effect
This Agreement will be binding upon and enure to the benefit of the Parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns and specific references to "successors" elsewhere in this Agreement will not be construed to be in derogation of the foregoing. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended or will be construed to confer upon any Person other than the Parties and other Indemnified Parties and their successors and permitted assigns any right, remedy or claim under or by reason of this Agreement.
7.10 Waiver
Any waiver or release of any of the provisions of this Agreement, to be effective, must be in writing executed by the Party granting the same. No waiver of any of the provisions of this Agreement will constitute a waiver of any other provision (whether or not similar). A Party's failure or delay in exercising any right under this Agreement will not operate as a waiver of that right. A single or partial exercise of any right will not preclude a Party from any other or further exercise of that right or the exercise of any other right.
7.11 Entire Agreement
This Agreement together with the agreements and other documents herein or therein referred to constitute the entire agreement between the Parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede all prior agreements, understandings, negotiations and discussions, whether oral or written, between the Parties with respect thereto. There are no representations, warranties, covenants, conditions or other agreements, express or implied, collateral, statutory or otherwise, between the Parties in connection with the subject matter of this Agreement, except as set forth herein and therein.
7.12 Governing Law; Attornment
This Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Province of British Columbia and the laws of Canada applicable therein and will be treated in all respects as an British Columbia contract. For the purpose of all legal proceedings this Agreement will be deemed to have been performed in the Province of British Columbia and, except as set out in Section 7.14, the courts of the Province of British Columbia will have non-exclusive jurisdiction to entertain any action arising under this Agreement. Subject to Section 7.14, each Party hereby irrevocably attorns and submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Province of British Columbia.
7.13 No Third Party Beneficiaries
Except as provided for in this Section 7.13, this Agreement is not intended to confer any rights or remedies on any Person other than the Parties. The provisions of Sections 4.1 and 4.2 are intended for the benefit of the Spinco Indemnified Parties and the Lithium Argentina Indemnified Parties as and to the extent applicable in accordance with their terms, and shall be enforceable by each of such Persons (collectively, the "Third Party Beneficiaries"). Spinco, to the extent applicable, shall hold the rights and benefits of Section 4.1 in trust for and on behalf of the applicable Third Party Beneficiaries and Lithium Argentina, to the extent applicable, shall hold the rights and benefits of Section 4.2 in trust for and on behalf of the applicable Third Party Beneficiaries. Each of Lithium Argentina and Spinco hereby accepts such trust and agrees to hold the benefit of and enforce performance of such covenants on behalf of the Third Party Beneficiaries as directed by such Third Party Beneficiaries.
7.14 Dispute Resolution
In the event of any dispute, claim, question or disagreement (each, a "Dispute") relating to this Agreement, the Parties shall work together in good faith to resolve such Dispute within thirty (30) days. In the event that such Dispute is not resolved, upon written notice by a Party after such thirty (30)-day period, the matter shall be referred to, as applicable, a Canadian or U.S. Tax counsel or other Canadian or U.S. Tax advisor of recognized national standing (the "Tax Arbiter") that will be jointly chosen by Lithium Argentina and Spinco; provided, however, that, if Lithium Argentina and Spinco do not agree on the selection of the Tax Arbiter after five (5) days of good faith negotiation, the Tax Arbiter shall consist of a panel of, as applicable, three Canadian or U.S. Tax counsel or other Canadian or U.S. Tax advisors of recognized national standing with one member chosen by Lithium Argentina, one member chosen by Spinco, and a third member chosen by mutual agreement of the other members within the following ten (10)-day period. Each decision of a panel Tax Arbiter shall be made by majority vote of the members. The Tax Arbiter may, in its discretion, obtain the services of any third party necessary to assist it in resolving the dispute. The Tax Arbiter shall furnish written notice to the Parties to the dispute of its resolution of the dispute as soon as practicable, but in any event no later than ninety (90) days after acceptance of the matter for resolution. Any such resolution by the Tax Arbiter shall be binding on and enforceable against the Parties and shall not be subject to appeal, and the Parties shall take, or cause to be taken, any action necessary to implement such resolution. Unless the Parties agree to share the fees and expenses incurred in connection with any proceedings pursuant to this Section 7.14 (including each Party's and the Tax Arbiter's respective fees and expenses), the Tax Arbiter shall determine what portion of the fees and expenses incurred in connection with this Section 7.14 shall be borne by each Party. The Parties agree to use commercially reasonable efforts to keep their respective fees and expenses incurred in connection with any proceedings pursuant to this Section 7.14 reasonable. In the case of any dispute involving the Tax laws of a jurisdiction other than Canada or the United States, the provisions of this Section 7.14 shall apply to such dispute mutatis mutandis. Notwithstanding the foregoing, either Party may seek injunctive or other equitable relief from a court of competent jurisdiction to enforce their rights or protect their interests prior to or during any proceedings contemplated by this Section 7.14.
7.15 Counterparts
This Agreement and any document contemplated by or delivered under or in connection with this Agreement and any amendment, supplement or restatement hereof or thereof may be executed in one or more counterparts (including in electronic form or with electronic signatures), each of which will be deemed to be an original and all of which taken together will be deemed to constitute the same instrument. Delivery of an executed signature page to this Agreement by any Party by electronic transmission will be as effective as delivery of a manually executed copy of the Agreement by such Party.
[Remainder of page intentionally left blank; signature page follows.]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the Parties have executed this Agreement.
LITHIUM AMERICAS CORP. | |||
by | |||
Name: | |||
Title: |
LITHIUM AMERICAS (ARGENTINA) CORP. | |||
by | |||
Name: | |||
Title: |
Exhibit 8.1
Subsidiaries of the Company
Subsidiary |
|
Jurisdiction of Organization |
Lithium Nevada Corp. |
|
Nevada |
KV Project LLC |
|
Nevada |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table of Contents
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6.4 Deposit Types | 61 |
7 Exploration | 62 |
7.1 Exploration Work | 62 |
7.2 Exploration Drilling | 65 |
7.3 Hydrogeologic System Characterization | 70 |
7.4 Geotechnical Drilling | 83 |
8 Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security | 88 |
8.1 LAC Site Sample Preparation | 88 |
8.2 Laboratory Sample Preparation | 89 |
8.3 ALS Analysis | 90 |
8.4 Density | 90 |
8.5 Quality Control | 95 |
8.6 Qualified Person Statement | 101 |
9 Data Verification | 102 |
9.1 Site Inspection | 102 |
9.2 Data Verification Procedures | 104 |
9.3 Mineral Reserves, Mine Design and LOM Plan Data Verification | 108 |
10 Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing | 110 |
10.1 Ore Collection for Metallurgical Testing | 110 |
10.2 Metallurgical Test Work by Area | 116 |
10.3 Beneficiation and Leaching Variability Study | 141 |
10.4 Specific Gravity | 144 |
10.5 Metallurgical Test Work Conclusions | 145 |
11 Mineral Resource Estimates | 146 |
11.1 Key Assumptions, Parameters and Methods | 146 |
11.2 Mineral Resource Statement | 166 |
11.3 Cutoff Grade and Pit Optimization | 166 |
11.4 Mineral Resource Classification | 168 |
11.5 Mineral Resource Uncertainty | 173 |
11.6 Reporting of Multiple Commodities | 175 |
11.7 QP's Opinion on Factors that are Likely to Influence the Prospect of Economic Extraction | 175 |
12 Mineral Reserve Estimates | 176 |
12.1 Key Assumptions, Parameters and Methods | 176 |
12.2 Mineral Reserve Estimate | 179 |
12.3 Cutoff Grade | 180 |
12.4 Classification of Mineral Reserves | 182 |
12.5 Reporting of Multiple Commodities | 182 |
12.6 QP's Opinion on Risk Factors that could Materially Affect the Mineral Reserve Estimates | 182 |
13 Mining Methods | 184 |
13.1 Parameters for the Pit Design | 184 |
13.2 Mine Plan | 186 |
13.3 Mining Operations | 195 |
13.4 Equipment Selection | 197 |
13.5 Personnel Requirements | 199 |
13.6 Fuel | 200 |
13.7 Drilling and Blasting | 200 |
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14 Processing and Recovery Methods | 202 |
14.1 General Description | 202 |
14.2 Process Design Criteria | 204 |
14.3 Process Description | 208 |
14.4 Reagents | 214 |
14.5 Plant Water | 217 |
14.6 Power | 218 |
14.7 Air Service | 219 |
14.8 Quality Control | 220 |
14.9 Sampling | 220 |
14.10 Auxiliary Systems | 220 |
14.11 Process Control Philosophy | 221 |
14.12 QP Opinion on Bench Scale Testing for Justification of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves | 221 |
15 Infrastructure | 222 |
15.1 Overall Site General Arrangement | 222 |
15.2 Process Plant General Arrangement | 222 |
15.3 Reagents, Consumables and Shipping | 223 |
15.4 Ancillary Buildings | 223 |
15.5 Site Access | 225 |
15.6 Raw Material Logistics | 227 |
15.7 Power Supply | 228 |
15.8 Sulfuric Acid Production | 234 |
15.9 Water Supply | 235 |
15.10 Waste Rock and Tailings | 236 |
16 Market Studies | 240 |
16.1 2021 and 2022 Synopsis | 240 |
16.2 Supply and Demand Forecast | 240 |
16.3 Pricing | 241 |
16.4 Pricing Forecast | 241 |
16.5 Contracts | 242 |
16.6 Qualified Person Statement | 242 |
17 Environmental Studies, Permitting, and Plans, Negotiations, or Agreements with Local Individuals or Groups | 243 |
17.1 Introduction | 243 |
17.2 Permitting Pre-Planning Process | 243 |
17.3 Federal, State, and Local Regulatory Permitting Requirements | 245 |
17.4 Summary Schedule for Permitting, Approvals, and Construction | 249 |
17.5 Current Permitting Status | 249 |
17.6 Community Engagement | 249 |
17.7 Environmental Baseline Studies | 252 |
17.8 Waste Rock, Gangue, and Tailings Facility Management | 260 |
17.9 Social or Community Impacts | 262 |
17.10 Mine Reclamation and Closure | 263 |
18 Capital and Operating Costs | 265 |
18.1 Capital Cost Estimate | 265 |
18.2 Sustaining Capital Costs | 276 |
18.3 Operating Cost Estimate | 278 |
19 Economic Analysis | 293 |
19.1 Introduction | 293 |
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19.2 Methodology | 293 |
19.3 Input Data | 294 |
19.4 Cash Flow | 300 |
19.5 Sensitivity Analysis | 304 |
20 Adjacent Properties | 307 |
21 Other Relevant Data and Information | 308 |
21.1 Project Execution Plan | 308 |
21.2 Limestone Quarry | 311 |
21.3 Transload Facility | 316 |
22 Interpretation and Conclusions | 321 |
22.1 Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimate | 321 |
22.2 Mining | 321 |
22.3 Infrastructure | 322 |
22.4 Environment | 322 |
22.5 Economics | 322 |
22.6 Metallurgy | 323 |
23 Recommendations | 326 |
23.1 Environmental Permitting | 326 |
23.2 Mining | 326 |
23.3 Exploration | 326 |
23.4 Metallurgical Testing | 327 |
23.5 Infrastructure | 329 |
23.6 Limestone Quarry | 329 |
23.7 Execution Strategy Impact | 329 |
24 References | 331 |
25 Reliance on Information Provided by the Registrant | 341 |
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List of Figures and Illustrations
Figure 1-1 Overall Site General Arrangement | 21 |
Figure 3-1 Regional Location Map | 40 |
Figure 3-2 Map of Lithium Americas Corp. Mineral and Surface Control in the Vicinity of the Thacker Pass Project | 41 |
Figure 4-1 Photograph of the On-Site Meteorological Station, Including Tower, Solar Power Station, and Security Fence | 48 |
Figure 6-1 Regional Map Showing the Location of the McDermitt Caldera in the Western US | 54 |
Figure 6-2 Simplified Geological Map of the Southern Portion of the McDermitt Caldera and the Thacker Pass Project | 55 |
Figure 6-3 Local Geologic Stratigraphic Column | 57 |
Figure 6-4 Interpreted and Simplified Sample Log for Drill Hole WLC-043, Li Assay Data, Alteration Phases Identified by X-ray Diffraction, and Thin Section Imagery | 58 |
Figure 6-5 Assay Lithium Content Plotted Against Clay X-Ray Diffraction Data from Drill Holes WLC-043, WLC-006, and WLC-067 | 60 |
Figure 7-1 Locations of Seismic Surveys Conducted in 2017 | 64 |
Figure 7-2 Results from one of the Seismic Test Lines (A-A') | 65 |
Figure 7-3 Drill Hole Map of Thacker Pass Deposit | 68 |
Figure 7-4 Photograph of Core after Geologic Logging | 69 |
Figure 7-5 Numerical Model Grid | 74 |
Figure 7-6 Numerical Model Layer | 75 |
Figure 7-7 Faults and Cross Section Locations | 79 |
Figure 7-8 Hydrogeologic Cross Section D-D' | 80 |
Figure 7-9 Interpreted Groundwater Elevations near Thacker Pass | 81 |
Figure 7-10 Steady State Groundwater Elevation Calibration Results | 82 |
Figure 7-11 Mining geotechnical bore holes and test pit locations | 84 |
Figure 8-1 Half Core Sawed by a Diamond Blade | 88 |
Figure 8-2 Workflow Diagram for Geological Samples | 89 |
Figure 8-3 Dry Bulk Density Sample Locations | 93 |
Figure 8-4 Smectite, Mixed Zone and Illite Dry Bulk Density Histogram from MacTec (2008), AMEC (2011), WLC (2010-2011), ALS (2010-2011), and BARR (2019) Geotech Studies | 94 |
Figure 8-5 LAC Blank Results | 96 |
Figure 8-6 LAC Drilling QA/QC Results (4,230 Li Standard) | 98 |
Figure 8-7 LAC Drilling QA/QC Results (3,378 Li Standard) | 99 |
Figure 8-8 LAC Drilling Duplicate Results | 100 |
Figure 9-1 Site Inspection Pictures | 103 |
Figure 9-2 Drill Hole Verification Locations | 106 |
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Figure 9-3 Independent Verification of Lithium Grades Distribution | 107 |
Figure 10-1 Bulk sample drill hole locations (WLC-202, WLC-204, WLC-197, WLC-136, WLC-112 and WLC-118) | 112 |
Figure 10-2 Bulk material sampling | 113 |
Figure 10-3 Sample Locations for Leach Variability Study | 115 |
Figure 10-4 Lithium distribution in clay and gangue (SHRIMP analysis) | 117 |
Figure 10-5 Smectite and illite fines separation in a pilot crossflow separator | 120 |
Figure 10-6 PSD's and partition coefficients of illite and smectite in the hydraulic classifier | 121 |
Figure 10-7 Pilot decanter centrifuge results | 123 |
Figure 10-8 Large Scale Beneficiation Pilot Plant Process Flow Diagram | 125 |
Figure 10-9 Log Washer and Attrition Scrubber | 126 |
Figure 10-10 Primary Cyclone, Hydraulic Classifier and Dewatering Screen | 126 |
Figure 10-11 Thickener and Decanter Centrifuge | 127 |
Figure 10-12 Coarse Gangue Rejection | 128 |
Figure 10-13 Campaign #3 Thickener Underflow (50% Smectite / 50% Illite) | 129 |
Figure 10-14 Large batch lithium leach extraction, Li ≥ 2,500 ppm, 0.5 acid dose | 130 |
Figure 10-15 Actual lithium leach extraction percentage vs model prediction | 131 |
Figure 10-16 Continuous v batch lithium leach extraction | 132 |
Figure 10-17 Lithium leach kinetics at various temperatures | 132 |
Figure 10-18 Lithium leach extractions for 75 µm and 38 µm particle sizes | 133 |
Figure 10-19 Local CaCO3 & vendor purchased comparison of pH vs limestone addition | 135 |
Figure 10-20 Pilot membrane filter press and resultant filter cake | 136 |
Figure 10-21 Wash consumption vs lithium wash recovery tests | 137 |
Figure 10-22 Dynamic Thickener Testing at FLSmidth | 138 |
Figure 10-23 Calculated Versus Measured Head Grade for Leach Testing | 142 |
Figure 10-24 Ore Depth (m) Versus Li Extraction (%) | 143 |
Figure 10-25 Mine Plan Year Versus Li Extraction (%) | 143 |
Figure 10-26 Comparison of Measured Versus Predicted Extraction | 144 |
Figure 11-1 Drilling Utilized for the Resource Estimate | 147 |
Figure 11-2 Seven Fault Blocks Zones Used for Grade Estimation for the Thacker Pass Deposit | 149 |
Figure 11-3 Lithological Cross-Sectional Views | 150 |
Figure 11-4 Histogram of Native Lithium Grade Versus Composited Database Lithium Grade | 153 |
Figure 11-5 Mineralized Zone Cross-Sections | 154 |
Figure 11-6 Histogram of Composited Database Lithium Grade Versus Cell Declustered Lithium Grade | 155 |
Figure 11-7 Block B, C, D, E, F, and G Omnidirectional Variograms in the Sub-Horizontal Plane and Downhole Variogram | 157 |
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Figure 11-8 Ordinary Kriged Model vs Composited Declustered Database Histogram | 161 |
Figure 11-9 Scatter Plot of Lithium from the Block Model Versus the Composited Database | 162 |
Figure 11-10 HERCO Plots by Domain | 163 |
Figure 11-11 Swath Plot Comparison of Lithium Grades | 165 |
Figure 11-12 Histogram Distance to Sample | 169 |
Figure 11-13 Histogram Number of Holes | 170 |
Figure 11-14 Histogram Number of Samples | 171 |
Figure 11-15 Classified Block Model | 172 |
Figure 11-16 Cross-Sectional View of Classified Block Model | 173 |
Figure 12-1 EIS Pit Shell | 178 |
Figure 13-1 Highwall Angles | 185 |
Figure 13-2 Kilograms of Lithium Recovered per tonne of ROM Feed at Initial Cut | 187 |
Figure 13-3 Initial Cut | 189 |
Figure 13-4 Five Year Advance (Including Cross Pit Ramps) | 190 |
Figure 13-5 10 Year Advance | 191 |
Figure 13-6 20 Year Advance | 192 |
Figure 13-7 30 Year Advance | 193 |
Figure 13-8 40 Year Advance | 194 |
Figure 13-9 Basalt and tuff zones near the pit area | 201 |
Figure 14-1 Overall Simplified Process Flowsheet | 203 |
Figure 15-1 Overall Site General Arrangement | 222 |
Figure 15-2 Process Facility General Arrangement (Phase 1 Only) | 224 |
Figure 15-3 Site Entrances | 225 |
Figure 15-4 Route Junction Satellite View | 226 |
Figure 15-5 Thacker Pass Water Supply System | 236 |
Figure 15-6 CTFS Conceptual Design | 239 |
Figure 16-1 Lithium market balance 2020-2040 | 241 |
Figure 17-1 Plan of Operations and Exploration Area Permitted Boundaries | 244 |
Figure 18-1 Raw Materials Cost (40-Year LOM - Base Case) | 283 |
Figure 18-2 Raw Materials Cost (Years 1-25 of 40-Year LOM) | 283 |
Figure 18-3 Distribution of mining and tailings management Operational Cost (40-Year LOM - Base Case) | 288 |
Figure 18-4 Distribution of mining and tailings management Operational Cost (Years 1-25 of 40-Year LOM Case) | 288 |
Figure 19-1 Total Mined, Ore Processed and Lithium Carbonate Production by Year | 298 |
Figure 19-2 Total Annual Revenue by Year | 299 |
Figure 19-3 Undiscounted Annual Cash Flow | 301 |
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Figure 19-4 Cumulative Discounted Cash Flow | 301 |
Figure 19-5 Sensitivity Analysis of Various Variables, After-Tax NPV, 8% Discount Rate | 304 |
Figure 19-6 Sensitivity Analysis of Various Variables, After-Tax IRR, 8% Discount Rate | 305 |
Figure 21-1 Limestone Quarry pit outline | 313 |
Figure 21-2 Limestone Quarry cross section A-A' | 314 |
Figure 21-3 Transload Facility Site General Arrangement | 318 |
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List of Tables
Table 1-1 LAC Drill Holes Provided in Current Database for the Thacker Pass Deposit | 16 |
Table 1-2 Mineral Resources Estimate as of December 31, 2022 | 18 |
Table 1-3 Mineral Reserves Estimate as of December 31, 2022 | 19 |
Table 1-4 Development Capital Cost Estimate Summary | 23 |
Table 1-5 40-Year LOM Sustaining Capital Estimate Summary (Base Case) | 24 |
Table 1-6 First 25 Years of 40-Year LOM Sustaining Capital Estimate Summary | 24 |
Table 1-7 Operating Cost Estimate Summary (40-Year LOM - Base Case) | 24 |
Table 1-8 Operating Cost Estimate Summary (Years 1-25 of 40-Year LOM Case) | 25 |
Table 1-9 Production Scenario (40-Year LOM - Base Case) | 25 |
Table 1-10 Production Scenario - (Years 1-25 of 40-Year LOM Case) | 26 |
Table 1-11 Economic Evaluation - Lithium Carbonate Plant (40 Year LOM - Base Case) | 26 |
Table 1-12 Economic Evaluation - Lithium Carbonate Plant (Years 1-25 of 40-Year LOM Case) | 26 |
Table 2-1 List of Qualified Persons, Professional Designations and Site Visit Dates | 29 |
Table 2-2 Qualified Person Areas of Responsibility | 30 |
Table 2-3 Abbreviations and Acronyms | 34 |
Table 3-1 Thacker Pass Project UM Claims Owned by LAC | 42 |
Table 4-1 Annual Precipitation at the Thacker Pass Project Site (in cm) | 49 |
Table 6-1 Chemical Analyses of Thacker Pass Smectite and Illite Clay Concentrates | 61 |
Table 7-1 Drill Holes Provided in Current Database for the Thacker Pass Deposit | 66 |
Table 7-2 Summary of Hydrogeologic Testing and Results | 78 |
Table 7-3 Recommended Geometry and Configurations | 85 |
Table 8-1 Bulk Density Sampling Program Summary by Lithology | 92 |
Table 8-2 Average Density Values | 94 |
Table 9-1 Drill Hole Survey Verification | 105 |
Table 10-1 Corresponding hole locations, depths and bulk bags collected | 111 |
Table 10-2 Bulk bags used for metallurgical testing | 113 |
Table 10-3 Samples for Variability Study | 116 |
Table 10-4 Summary of materials characterization testing (FLSmidth) | 117 |
Table 10-5 Attrition Scrubbing Test by LAC | 118 |
Table 10-6 Li and mass distribution of 50/50 clay slurry blend post attrition scrubbing, "intense" vs "mild + intense" | 119 |
Table 10-7 Process design criteria for classification, 75µm separation size, 70/30 illite/smectite blend | 119 |
Table 10-8 Solid-Liquid Separation test results 50/50 illite/smectite blend | 122 |
Table 10-9 Campaign 1 to 3 Material Balance Results | 127 |
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Table 10-10 Campaign 4 Material Balance Results | 128 |
Table 10-11 Lithium leach % extraction of illite and smectite vs sulfuric acid dose | 129 |
Table 10-12 Lithium extractions for various acid dose scenarios | 130 |
Table 10-13 Lithium leach extractions of various 70/30 illite/smectite blends | 131 |
Table 10-14 Limestone purity analysis of local grab samples | 134 |
Table 10-15 CaCO3 consumption to achieve pH 3.5 in neutralization slurry | 134 |
Table 10-16 Data for neutralization batches using CaCO3 and Mg Precipitation solids | 136 |
Table 10-17 SNF Maximum Thickener Underflow Operating Density | 137 |
Table 10-18 Variability Study Leach Parameters | 142 |
Table 10-19 Specific Gravity Ranges | 144 |
Table 11-1 Drill Holes Used in the Grade Estimation Model | 146 |
Table 11-2 Native Samples Statistics | 151 |
Table 11-3 Block Model Origin | 152 |
Table 11-4 Composite Samples Statistics | 152 |
Table 11-5 Variogram Summary | 156 |
Table 11-6 Average Density Values Used in the Resource Model | 161 |
Table 11-7 Mineral Resource Estimate as of December 31, 2022 | 166 |
Table 11-8 Cutoff Grade Inputs | 167 |
Table 11-9 Pit Optimizer Parameters | 167 |
Table 11-10 Resource Classification | 171 |
Table 11-11 Resource Classification Uncertainty Summary | 175 |
Table 12-1 Pit Optimizer Parameters | 177 |
Table 12-2 Mineral Reserves Estimate Effective as of December 31, 2022 | 179 |
Table 12-3 Lithium Losses | 182 |
Table 13-1 Pit Geometry | 184 |
Table 13-2 Waste Material | 195 |
Table 13-3 Mine Quantities Summary (tonnes in millions unless noted) | 196 |
Table 13-4 5-Year Average Mine Quantities Summary (tonnes in millions unless noted) (Continued) | 197 |
Table 13-5 Major Equipment Specifications | 198 |
Table 13-6 Support Equipment | 198 |
Table 13-7 Scheduled Hours by Fleet | 199 |
Table 13-8 Personnel List | 199 |
Table 14-1 Process Design Criteria - Beneficiation through Neutralized Tailing | 204 |
Table 14-2 Process Design Criteria - Purification Plant | 205 |
Table 14-3 Major Process Equipment - Beneficiation/Classification/Filtering | 206 |
Table 14-4 Major Process Equipment - Purification Process | 207 |
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Table 14-5 Reagent Consumption (40-Year LOM - Base Case) | 216 |
Table 14-6 Reagent Consumption (First 25 Years of 40-Year Case) | 216 |
Table 14-7 Plant Water Use | 217 |
Table 14-8 Steam Use | 218 |
Table 14-9 Power Demand by Area (based on Equipment List for DFS Load Study (Rev N, supplied by ITAC) | 218 |
Table 14-10 Metallurgical Accounting Sampler Summary, Major Process Inlets/Outlets | 220 |
Table 14-11 Process Control Sampler Summary | 220 |
Table 15-1 Life of Mine Primary Raw Material Logistics Scheme | 227 |
Table 15-2 System Voltages | 230 |
Table 15-3 Motor Voltages | 230 |
Table 15-4 Electrical Load Breakdown | 231 |
Table 15-5 Electrical Load Generation vs. Import | 231 |
Table 15-6 Project Power Demands | 232 |
Table 15-7 Design and Requirement Volumes for Stockpiles and Facilities (Millions of Cubic Yards) | 237 |
Table 16-1 Lithium Price Forecast (Q3 2022) | 242 |
Table 17-1 Key Community Engagement Summary | 249 |
Table 17-2 Summary of Background Groundwater Profile 1 Exceedances | 256 |
Table 18-1 Development Capital Cost Estimate Summary | 266 |
Table 18-2 Sustaining Capital Estimate Summary (40-Year LOM - Base Case) | 266 |
Table 18-3 First 25 Years of 40-Year LOM Sustaining Capital Estimate Summary | 267 |
Table 18-4 Capital Cost Spend Schedule | 268 |
Table 18-5 Capital Cost Summary by Phase and Area | 269 |
Table 18-6 Work Breakdown Structure and Associated Responsibilities | 270 |
Table 18-7 Composite Trade Labor Rates | 272 |
Table 18-8 Owner's Cost Summary | 275 |
Table 18-9 Summary of Sustaining Capital Costs for Mine, Plant, and Sulfuric Acid Plant | 276 |
Table 18-10 CTFS and CGS Expansion Area and Costs | 277 |
Table 18-11 Reclamation Costs | 278 |
Table 18-12 Lithium Americas Labor Requirements and Average Annual Cost Summary (40-Year Base Case) | 280 |
Table 18-13 Raw Material Purchase and Delivered Pricing | 281 |
Table 18-14 Raw Material Annual Consumption (40-Year LOM Base Case) | 281 |
Table 18-15 Raw Material Annual Consumption (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM) | 282 |
Table 18-16 Average Annual Power Cost (40 Year LOM - Base Case) | 284 |
Table 18-17 Average Annual Power Cost (Years 1 to 25 of 40 Year LOM) | 284 |
Table 18-18 Factored Maintenance Annual Allowances | 284 |
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Table 18-19 General and Administrative Costs (40 Year LOM - Base Case) | 285 |
Table 18-20 General and Administrative Costs (Years 1 to 25 of 40 Year LOM) | 285 |
Table 18-21 Mining and Clay Tailings Operating Cost Estimate (40-Year LOM Base Case) | 287 |
Table 18-22 Mining and Clay Tailings Operating Cost Estimate (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM) | 287 |
Table 18-23 Battery Limits for Mining Contractor Operating Cost Estimate | 289 |
Table 18-24 Clay and Salt Tailings Battery Limits | 289 |
Table 18-25 Mining Estimation Methodology | 290 |
Table 18-26 Average Lithium Process Operating Costs (40 Year LOM - Base Case) | 290 |
Table 18-27 Average Lithium Process Operating Costs (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM) | 291 |
Table 18-28 Average Sulfuric Acid Plant Operating Costs (40 Year LOM - Base Case) | 291 |
Table 18-29 Average Sulfuric Acid Plant Operating Costs (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM) | 291 |
Table 18-30 Project Operating Cost Summary (Years 1-40 Life of Mine - Base Case) | 292 |
Table 18-31 Project Operating Cost Summary (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM) | 292 |
Table 19-1 Initial Capital Costs Summary | 296 |
Table 19-2 Sustaining Capital Summary | 297 |
Table 19-3 Operating Costs Summary (40-Year LOM - Base Case) | 297 |
Table 19-4 Operating Costs Summary (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM) | 297 |
Table 19-5 Average Production Values (40 Year/Base Case) | 298 |
Table 19-6 Average Production Values (Years 1-25 of 40-Year LOM) | 298 |
Table 19-7 Total Annual Production and Revenue (40 Year LOM - Base Case) | 299 |
Table 19-8 Total Annual Production and Revenue (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM) | 299 |
Table 19-9 After-Tax Financial Model Results (40 Year LOM - Base Case) | 302 |
Table 19-10 After-Tax Financial Model Results (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM) | 302 |
Table 19-11 Financial Model | 303 |
Table 19-12 After-Tax NPV at 8% ($ Millions) and IRR | 305 |
Table 19-13 NPV for Various Discount Rates (40-Year LOM) | 306 |
Table 21-1 Overview Schedule | 310 |
Table 21-2 Delivered Limestone tonnes (LS) | 311 |
Table 21-3 Delivered and ROM tonnes | 312 |
Table 21-4 Pit shell material quantities and quality | 314 |
Table 21-5 Limestone Delivery Cost per tonne | 315 |
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1 Executive Summary
1.1 Introduction
Lithium Nevada Corp. (LNC), a wholly owned subsidiary of Lithium Americas Corp. (LAC), is advancing the Thacker Pass Project (hereafter referred to as "the Project"), which was formerly known as the Lithium Nevada Project or Stage I of the Kings Valley Lithium Project. The Project is 100% owned by LNC. The terms "LNC" and "LAC" are used throughout the report to denote the owner of the Project.
The Project encompasses the mineral claims that were formerly referred to as the Stage I area of the Kings Valley Lithium Project and includes lithium (Li) claystone mining at the Thacker Pass Deposit. This Technical Report Summary (TRS) presents the results of a Preliminary Feasibility Study evaluation of the Project.
M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation (M3) was commissioned by LAC to prepare this TRS. In preparing this Report, M3 has relied upon input from LAC and information prepared by a number of qualified independent consulting groups particularly regarding regional geology, geological mapping, exploration, and resource estimation. See Section 2 for a full discussion of contributors to this study.
The economic analysis is based on Q3 2022 pricing for capital and operating costs.
1.2 Property Location, Description and Ownership
The Project is located in Humboldt County in northern Nevada, approximately 100 kilometers (km) north-northwest of Winnemucca, approximately 33 km west-northwest of Orovada, Nevada, and 33 km due south of the Oregon border. It is situated within 44 North (T44N), Range 34 East (R34E), and within portions of Sections 1 and 12; T44N, R35E within portions of Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17; and T44N, R36E, within portions of Sections 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 29, and encompasses approximately 4,236 hectares (ha).
Section 5 of this TRS further describes the history of the Project, and Section 1.1 also describes ownership in brief.
1.3 Geology
The Project is located within an extinct 40x30 km supervolcano named McDermitt Caldera, which was formed approximately 16.3 million years ago (Ma) as part of a hotspot currently underneath the Yellowstone Plateau. Following an initial eruption and concurrent collapse of the McDermitt Caldera, a large lake formed in the caldera basin. This lake water was extremely enriched in lithium and resulted in the accumulation of lithium-rich clays.
Late volcanic activity uplifted the caldera, draining the lake and bringing the lithium-rich moat sediments to the surface resulting in the near-surface lithium deposit which is the subject of the Project.
The Thacker Pass Deposit sits sub-horizontally beneath a thin alluvial cover and is partially exposed at the surface. The sedimentary section consists of alternating layers of claystone and volcanic ash. Basaltic lavas occur intermittently within the sedimentary sequence. The moat sedimentary section at the Project site overlies the indurated intra-caldera Tuff of Long Ridge. A zone of silicified sedimentary rock, the Hot Pond Zone (HPZ), occurs at the base of the sedimentary section above the Tuff of Long Ridge.
Clay in the Thacker Pass Deposit includes two distinct types of clay mineral, smectite and illite. Smectite clay occurs at relatively shallow depths in the deposit and contain roughly 2,000 - 4,000 parts per million (ppm) lithium. Higher lithium contents (commonly 4,000 ppm lithium or greater) are typical for illite clay which occurs at relatively moderate to deep depths and contain values approaching 9,000 ppm lithium in terms of whole-rock assay.
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1.4 Deposit Types
Lithium enrichment (>1,000 ppm) in the Thacker Pass Deposit and deposits of the Montana Mountains occur throughout the caldera lake sedimentary sequence above the intra-caldera Tuff of Long Ridge. The exact cause for the lithium enrichment in the caldera lake sediments is still up for debate. The presence of sedimentary carbonate minerals and magnesium-smectite (hectorite) throughout the lake indicates that the clays formed in a basic, alkaline, closed hydrologic system.
It is likely that two primary mechanisms play a role in the genesis of the deposit: (1) neoformation of smectite in a closed lake, rich in lithium due to the leaching of nearby and underlying volcanic glass (Benson et al., 2017b); and (2) alteration of a portion of the smectite-bearing clays to illite during intracaldera hydrothermal alteration associated with the uplift of the Montana Mountains.
Caldera lake sediments of the McDermitt Caldera contain elevated lithium concentrations compared to other sedimentary basins. Exploration results support the proposed model and have advanced the understanding of the geology of the Thacker Pass Deposit.
1.5 Exploration
Exploration programs have been carried out in the McDermitt Caldera since 1975, including the drilling campaigns identified in Section 1.6. A collar survey was completed by LAC for the 2007-2008 drilling program using a Trimble GPS (Global Positioning System). The topographic surface of the Project area was mapped by aerial photography dated July 6, 2010, by MXS, Inc. for LAC using Trimble equipment for ground control. In addition to drilling in 2017, LAC conducted five seismic survey lines along a series of historical drill holes to test the survey method's accuracy and resolution in identifying clay interfaces.
1.6 Drilling
The Thacker Pass Deposit area has been explored for minerals since the 1970s by different companies and drilling campaigns. Table 1-1 categorizes the different drilling campaigns, number of holes drilled, and type of drilling utilized. Drilling methods were compared to test for sample bias, using core drilling as the standard. Rotary, sonic, and reverse circulation drilling all showed slight sample biases when compared to core drilling. Only HQ core holes were used for resource modeling to minimize the chance of sample bias. The drilling techniques, core recovery, and sample collection procedures provided results that are suitable for use in resource estimation. There are no drilling, sample, or recovery factors that materially impact the accuracy and reliability of results. The data is adequate for use in resource estimation.
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Table 1-1 LAC Drill Holes Provided in Current Database for the Thacker Pass Deposit
Drilling Campaign |
Number Drilled |
Type |
Hole IDs in Database |
Number used in |
Chevron |
24 |
Rotary |
PC-84-001 through PC-84-012, PC-84-015 through PC-84-026 |
0 |
1 |
Core |
PC-84-014c |
0 |
|
LAC 2007-2010 |
230 |
HQ Core |
WLC-001 through WLC-037, WLC-040 through WLC-232 |
227 |
7 |
PQ Core |
WPQ-001 through WPQ-007 |
0 |
|
5 |
HQ Core |
Li-001 through Li-005 |
0 |
|
8 |
RC |
TP-001 through TP-008 |
0 |
|
2 |
Sonic |
WSH-001 through WSH-002 |
0 |
|
LAC 2017-2018 |
144 |
HQ Core |
LNC-001 through LNC-144 |
139 |
Notes: Holes WLC-040, WLC-076, WLC-183, LNC-002, LNC-012, LNC-081, LNC-083, and LNC-110 were not used in the Resource Estimate due to proximity to other core holes.
1.7 Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security
The drilled core was securely placed in core boxes and labelled at site. The boxes of drilled core were then transported to the secure LAC logging and sampling facility in Orovada, Nevada, where they were lithologically logged, photographed, cut, and sampled by LAC employees and contractors. The samples were either picked up by ALS Global (ALS) by truck or delivered to ALS in Reno, Nevada by LAC employees.
Once at ALS, the samples were dried at a maximum temperature of 60ºC. The entire sample was then crushed with a jaw crusher to 90% passing a 10-mesh screen. LAC used ALS Global's standard ME-MS61 analytical package for all of the samples collected which provides analytical results for 48 elements, including lithium. Certified analytical results were reported on the ICP-MS determinations.
Blank samples were used to check for cross-contamination between samples at the lab. Standard samples consisting of a high grade and a low-grade lithium-bearing claystone from the Project area were used to test the accuracy and precision of the analytical methods used at the lab. Duplicate samples are used to check the precision of the analytical methods of the lab and were taken every 30.5 m of core (i.e., they were collected downhole every 100 feet (ft)).
1.8 Data Verification
1.8.1 Mineral Resources
Certified laboratory certificates of assays were provided in pdf (Adobe Acrobat Portable Document Format) as well as comma separated value (csv) formatted files for verification of the sample assays database. Sample names, certificate identifications, and run identifications were cross referenced with the laboratory certificates and sample assay datasheet for spot checking and verification of data. No data anomalies were discovered during this check.
Quality Assurance / Quality Control (QA/QC) methodology utilized by LAC and results of these checks were discussed between LAC geologists and the QP.
Geologic logs, Access databases, and Excel spreadsheets were provided to the QP for cross validation with the Excel lithological description file. Spot checks between Excel lithological description sheets were performed against the source data with no inconsistencies found with the geologic unit descriptions.
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Independent verification of lithium grades was performed on two twinned auger holes from the 2022 bulk auger drill program. The lithium grades from these samples were all within the range of core assays used in the resource model.
Verification of the block model was performed by the creation of a geostatistical model and the review of its various outputs. Histograms, HERCO grade tonnage curves, and swath plots were created and analyzed to validate the accuracy of the block model.
Based on the various reviews, validation exercises and remedies outlined above, the QP concluded that the data is adequate for use for resource estimation.
1.8.2 Mineral Reserves
The Mineral Reserves QP reviewed the following as part of the mine planning, cost model and Mineral Reserves data verification.
1.9 Metallurgical Testing
Extensive metallurgical and process development testing has been performed both internally at LAC's Process Testing Center (PTC) and externally with vendors and contract commercial research organizations. Data collected from test programs has been used for flowsheet development, various equipment selection, definition of operating parameters and development of process design criteria. The most relevant metallurgical test data are discussed in Section 13.
The ore samples used for all metallurgical testing were collected from the proposed pit at the Thacker Pass Deposit. The samples spatially represent the ore body, with material collected from both undisturbed upper smectite horizons and uplifted faulted blocks that represent deeper illite horizons.
Conclusions of test work from the key areas are listed below:
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Refinement and further optimization to the process continue to be made as required.
1.10 Mineral Resources and Reserves
1.10.1 Mineral Resources
The Mineral Resources estimate for the Thacker Pass Deposit is summarized in Table 1-2 and are in-situ and exclusive of Mineral Reserves. Mineral Resources have been classified per the S-K 1300 Definition Standards and estimated. This resource estimate uses a cutoff grade of 1,047 ppm lithium.
Table 1-2 Mineral Resources Estimate as of December 31, 2022
Category |
Tonnage |
Average Li |
Lithium Carbonate |
Metallurgical |
Measured |
325.2 |
1,990 |
3.4 |
73.5 |
Indicated |
895.2 |
1,820 |
8.7 |
73.5 |
Measured & Indicated |
1,220.4 |
1,860 |
12.1 |
73.5 |
Inferred |
297.2 |
1,870 |
3.0 |
73.5 |
Notes:
1. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability, and there is no certainty that all or any part of such Mineral Resources will be converted into Mineral Reserves.
2. Mineral Resources are in-situ and exclusive of 217.3 million metric tonnes (Mt) of Mineral Reserves
3. Mineral Resources are reported using an economic break-even formula: "Operating Cost per Resource Tonne"/"Price per Recovered Tonne Lithium" * 10^6 = ppm Li Cutoff. "Operating Cost per Resource Tonne" = US$88.50, "Price per Recovered Tonne Lithium" is estimated: ("Lithium Carbonate Equivalent (LCE) Price" * 5.323 *(1 - "Royalties") * "Recovery". Variables are "LCE Price" = US$22,000/tonne Li2CO3, "Royalties" = 1.75% and "Metallurgical Recovery" = 73.5%.
4. Resources presented at a cutoff grade of 1,047 ppm Li.
5. A resource economical pit shell has been derived from performing a pit optimization estimation using Vulcan software.
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6. The conversion factor for lithium to LCE is 5.323.
7. Applied density for the mineralization is 1.79 t/m3 (Section 8.4)
8. Measured Mineral Resources are in blocks estimated using at least six drill holes and eighteen samples within a 262 m search radius in the horizontal plane and 5 m in the vertical direction; Indicated Mineral Resources are in blocks estimated using at least two drill holes and six to eighteen samples within a 483 m search radius in the horizontal plane and 5 m in the vertical direction; and Inferred Mineral Resources are blocks estimated with at least two drill holes and three to six samples within a search radius of 722 m in the horizontal plane and 5 m in the vertical plane.
9. Tonnages and grades have been rounded to accuracy levels deemed appropriate by the QP. Summation errors due to rounding may exist.
1.10.2 Mineral Reserves
The Mineral Reserves estimate for the Thacker Pass Deposit are based on an approved permitted pit shell developed in 2019 for the EIS. The Mineral Reserves are a modified subset of the Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources. A cutoff grade variable of kg of lithium extracted per run-of-mine (ROM) tonne was used to develop the Mineral Reserves for a 40-year mine plan producing a total life of mine (LOM) plant leach ore feed of 154.2 million dry tonnes. The leach ore feed is the ROM ore dry less the ash dry tonnes. The cutoff grade variable, kilograms of lithium extracted per tonne of ROM feed, is estimated using formulas and variables developed by LAC and is applied to each individual block of the geologic block model. The cutoff grade estimation is 1.533 kg of lithium recovered per tonne of ROM feed.
Overall reserve ore and waste tonnages are modeled using Maptek's geologic software package.
Waste consists of various types of material, including basalt, volcanic ash, alluvium and clay that does not meet the ore definition or the cutoff grade described above.
The classified Mineral Reserves are summarized in Table 1-3 for the 40-year permitted pit. This estimate uses a maximum ash percent cutoff of 85% and a cutoff grade of 1.533 kg of lithium extracted per tonne of ROM feed. Additionally, a 95% mining recovery factor is applied. A dilution percentage was not applied.
Table 1-3 Mineral Reserves Estimate as of December 31, 2022
Category | Tonnage (Mt) |
Average Li (ppm) |
Lithium Carbonate Equivalent Mined (Mt) |
Proven | 192.9 | 3,180 | 3.3 |
Probable | 24.4 | 3,010 | 0.4 |
Proven and Probable | 217.3 | 3,160 | 3.7 |
Note:
1. Mineral Reserves have been converted from measured and indicated Mineral Resources within the pre-feasibility study and have demonstrated economic viability.
2. Reserves presented at an 85% maximum ash content and a cut-off grade of 1.533 kg of lithium extracted per tonne run of mine feed. A sales price of $5,400 US$/t of Li2CO3 was utilized in the pit optimization resulting in the generation of the reserve pit shell in 2019. Overall slope of 27 degrees was applied. For bedrock material pit slope was set at 47 degrees. Mining and processing cost of $57.80 per tonne of ROM feed, a processing recovery factor of 84%, and royalty cost of 1.75% were additional inputs into the pit optimization.
3. A LOM plan was developed based on equipment selection, equipment rates, labor rates, and plant feed and reagent parameters. All Mineral Reserves are within the LOM plan. The LOM plan is the basis for the economic assessment within the Technical Report, which is used to show economic viability of the Mineral Reserves.
4. Applied density for the ore is 1.79 t/m3 (Section 8.4).
5. Lithium Carbonate Equivalent is based on in-situ LCE tonnes with 95% recovery factor.
6. Tonnages and grades have been rounded to accuracy levels deemed appropriate by the QP. Summation errors due to rounding may exist.
7. The reference point at which the Mineral Reserves are defined is at the point where the ore is delivered to the run-of-mine feeder.
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1.11 Mine Methods
The mining method chosen will use hydraulic excavators loading a fleet of end dump trucks. The fleet will be used for all material excavation and haulage. The material hauled includes ore, waste, and attrition scrubber reject waste. The attrition scrubber waste is oversized material removed after the ore is mixed with water.
Mining and material handling will be contracted through Sawtooth, a subsidiary of North American Coal Corporation (NAC). A mine plan has been developed to maximize recovered lithium carbonate over the life of mine.
The mine design and mine plan are based on the approved EIS permit pit shell. The truck and excavation fleet will develop several offset benches to maintain a geotechnically stable highwall slope. The bench heights are designed to enable the mine to have multiple grades of ore exposed at any given time, allowing flexibility to deliver different types and grades of ore to be blended as needed and to maintain an illite to smectite ratio feed rate in the 30:70 to 70:30 range.
The annual production rate is based on varying ore feed rates determined by the availability of sulfuric acid for the leaching process. Phase 1 (years 1-3) has an annual ore leach feed rate of 1.7 million dry tonnes and Phase 2 (years 4 to 40) has an annual leach ore feed rate of 4.0 million dry tonnes. The following is a summary of the Life-of-Mine production:
In the first five years, the mine waste will primarily be hauled to the out-of-pit waste storage area. After five years, the mine waste will primarily be dumped back into the empty pit. Mine waste will also be used for construction fill material. Ore will be hauled to a run-of-mine stockpile located to the south of the pit. The attrition scrubber reject material will be hauled to the out-of-pit waste stockpile or back into the empty pit.
1.12 Recovery Methods
The current flow sheet, material balance, and process design criteria (PDC) for the Project have been developed from metallurgical test work and a steady-state process model built in Aspen® Plus software. Design criteria, major equipment, reagent and utility consumptions, and overall recovery estimates used for lithium carbonate production forecasts provide the basis for the Project economic model. The process flow sheet consists of five key areas: beneficiation, leaching and neutralization, CCD and filtration circuit, magnesium and calcium removal (i.e., purification) and lithium carbonate production. In beneficiation, the lithium concentration of ore is on average, upgraded from approximately 3,153 ppm to approximately 4,438 ppm. Lithium is then leached from process slurry by sulfuric acid (H2SO4), with an average leach extraction of approximately 86.2% over the life-of-mine.
Major waste products include coarse gangue from beneficiation, neutralized leach residue filter cake, magnesium sulfate salts, and sodium/potassium sulfate salts. The filter cake and salts will be conveyed to a clay tailings filter stack facility which will be progressively reclaimed during the life of the Project. On average, nearly 19,000 tonnes per day (t/d) of cake and salts will be generated. Coarse gangue is generated at an average rate of 4,400 t/d.
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There are five major areas contributing to lithium losses in the process plant:
Recovery of lithium during operations will fluctuate with varying ore mineralization and ore chemistry.
1.13 Infrastructure
The mining and Processing Plant operations are located within the McDermitt Caldera in northwest Nevada. Raw water is sourced via aquifer-fed wells seven miles east of the processing plant. The layout contemplates a total of two new entrances and utilizing one existing entrance from SR-293 onto the Project site. See the overall site general arrangement in Figure 1-1. The Project is planned to be constructed in two phases. To support lithium carbonate production as discussed in Section 17, Phase 1 will consist of a single sulfuric acid plant with a nominal production rate of 3,000 tonnes per day sulfuric acid. Phase 2 will begin three years later with the addition of a second sulfuric acid plant with an additional nominal production rate of 3,000 t/d.
Figure 1-1 Overall Site General Arrangement
Source: M3, 2022
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1.13.1 Raw Materials
Raw materials for the Project are to be delivered to the site by over highway trucks during Phase 1 and Phase 2. Approximately 108 trucks per day will make raw material deliveries to the site. A local rail-to-truck transloading facility located in Winnemucca will allow for transfer of most raw materials for delivery to the Project site.
1.13.2 Sulfuric Acid Plant
Phase 1 and Phase 2 will each have a single sulfuric acid plant capable of producing a nominal 3,000 t/d (100 weight % H2SO4 basis) of sulfuric acid by the double contact, double absorption process. Liquid sulfur is delivered to site by truck and is unloaded into storage tanks. The sulfuric acid generated is stored and then used in the process plant. The acid plant will also generate power. Additional power will be purchased and delivered to site.
1.13.3 Clay Tailings Filter Stack (CTFS)
At full plant production, up to approximately 20,300 dry t/d of clay tailings and salts will be generated over a 40-year period, resulting in a total quantity of 272 million dry tonnes (328 million cubic yards or 250.7 million cubic meters (Mm3)) requiring secure disposal. The Clay Tailings Filter Stack (CTFS) is designed for a total quantity of 290.5 million dry tonnes (a volume of 350.4 million cubic yards or 267.9 Mm3) and can be expanded as needed to store material needing containment.
1.13.4 Power
Demand loads for Phase 1 and Phase 2 are 75.4 megawatts (MW) and 66.4 MW respectively, for a combined total of 141.8 MW demand during Phase 2. Power will be generated at the sulfuric acid plant from the steam generated from excess heat along with a maximum anticipated import load of 51.9 MW (455 gigawatt hours per year (GWh/year)). Thacker Pass is located in the service territory of Harney Electric Cooperative (HEC). A 115 kilovolt (kV) line passes through the site. Since the Nevada power market is regulated, LAC will purchase all imported power from HEC. HEC infrastructure to support this import load will need to be improved. HEC has a full requirements long-term contract to purchase 100% power from Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) through NV Energy. BPA has power available to sell, but constraints on existing transmission infrastructure to deliver the power to the HEC system are still being studied by NV Energy.
1.13.5 Water
Phase 1 and Phase 2 water demand is approximately 3.5 Mm3 (2,850 acre-ft) per year and 7.0 Mm3 (5,700 acre-ft) per year respectively. Water will be supplied from an existing well in the Quinn River Valley. Lithium Americas has a leasing agreement for Phase 1 water rights and is awaiting a hearing decision from the Nevada Division of Water Resources (NDWR) to transfer water rights to the water well location in 2023. Phase 2 water rights have been partially secured and plans to pursue other opportunities to acquire the remainder of the water requirements.
1.14 Market Studies and Contracts
Lithium demand displayed significant growth in 2021 and 2022 due to strong consumer demand for electric vehicles, with lithium carbonate pricing outpacing lithium hydroxide on the spot market. Contract pricing is expected to continue to significantly increase for battery-grade lithium chemicals with market demand balancing between lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate towards the end of the decade. Near-term and mid-term pricing is expected to rise as demand outpaces supply with not enough lithium chemical production to ease market tightness. Long-term pricing for lithium chemicals is expected to be supported by unprecedented market demand combined with lack of supply as pressure from customers to incorporate carbon-neutral and sustainable technologies. These market conditions incentivize and support CAPEX-intensive greenfield projects.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
The pricing forecast for lithium carbonate is based on the Wood Mackenzie third quarter 2022 lithium price outlook. Lithium carbonate pricing is set at $24,000 US$/t for each year for the financial model and the Resource Estimate was based on $22,000 US$/t lithium pricing.
1.15 Capital and Operating Costs
The capital cost estimate for the Project has been prepared by M3, Industrial TurnAround Corporation (ITAC), LNC, and third-party contractors in accordance with the scope of the Project. The capital cost estimate covers post-sanction early works, mine development, mining, the process plant, the transload facility, commissioning and all associated infrastructure required to allow for successful construction and operations. Development capital costs are as shown in Table 1-4.
Table 1-4 Development Capital Cost Estimate Summary
Description |
Ph1 Costs (US$ M) |
Ph2 Costs (US$ M) |
Responsible |
Mine |
|
|
|
Equipment Capital (Contract Mining) |
0 |
0.0 |
Sawtooth |
Mine Development |
51.1 |
26.3 |
Sawtooth |
Contingency (13.1%) |
6.7 |
3.4 |
Sawtooth |
Total Mine |
57.8 |
29.7 |
|
Process Plant and Infrastructure |
|
|
|
Costs (Direct & Indirect) |
1,735.4 |
1,398.5 |
M3/ITAC/EXP |
Contingency |
227.3 |
183.2 |
EDG |
Total Process Plant & Infrastructure |
1,962.7 |
1,581.7 |
|
Offsite - Transload Facility |
|
|
|
Costs (Direct & Indirect) |
69.0 |
27.1 |
Owner/Savage |
Contingency |
9.0 |
3.5 |
Owner/EDG |
Total Offsite Transload facility |
78.1 |
30.6 |
|
Owner's Costs |
|
|
|
Costs |
149.8 |
75.6 |
Owner |
Contingency |
19.6 |
9.9 |
Owner/EDG |
Total Owner's Costs |
169.4 |
85.5 |
|
TOTAL DEVELOPMENT CAPITAL |
2,268.0 |
1,727.5 |
|
Table 1-5 shows life of mine sustaining capital costs for the base case. Table 1-6 shows sustaining capital for the first 25 years of the 40-year life of mine.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 1-5 40-Year LOM Sustaining Capital Estimate Summary (Base Case)
Description |
*LOM Costs |
Responsible |
Mine |
|
|
Equipment Capital |
264.3 |
Sawtooth/M3 |
Mobile Equipment |
|
|
Equipment Capital |
26.6 |
Owner |
Process Plant and Infrastructure |
|
|
Process Plant |
822.9 |
Owner |
Sulfuric Acid Plant |
244.2 |
EXP |
CTFS and CGS |
149.0 |
Owner |
Offsite Transload Facility |
|
|
Transload Facility |
3.4 |
Owner |
TOTAL SUSTAINING CAPITAL |
$1,510.2 |
|
Contract Mining Capital Repayment |
$48.8 |
Sawtooth/M3 |
* Phase 2 capital costs are not included in sustaining costs
Table 1-6 First 25 Years of 40-Year LOM Sustaining Capital Estimate Summary
Description |
*LOM Costs (US$ M) |
Responsible |
Mine |
|
|
Equipment Capital |
180.0 |
Sawtooth/M3 |
Mobile Equipment |
|
|
Equipment Capital |
15.2 |
Owner |
Process Plant and Infrastructure |
|
|
Process Plant |
230.7 |
Owner |
Sulfuric Acid Plant |
104.8 |
EXP |
CTFS and CGS |
95.6 |
Owner |
Offsite Transload Facility |
|
|
Transload Facility |
2.1 |
Owner |
TOTAL SUSTAINING CAPITAL |
$628.4 |
|
Contract Mining Capital Repayment |
$48.8 |
Sawtooth/M3 |
* Phase 2 capital costs are not included in sustaining costs
Operating costs were developed by Sawtooth Mining, LAC, and M3. Annual operating costs are summarized by operating area: Mine, Lithium Process Plant, Sulfuric Acid Plant, and General & Administrative (G&A). Operating costs in each area include labor, maintenance materials and supplies, raw materials, outside services, among others. Average operating costs at $7,198/tonne of lithium carbonate produced, or $480.7 million per annum for all 40 years (or $6,743/tonne and $471.4 million the first 25 years). The process operating costs are based on Q1-Q4 2022 pricing. See Table 1-7 and Table 1-8.
Table 1-7 Operating Cost Estimate Summary (40-Year LOM - Base Case)
Area |
Annual Average |
$/tonne Product |
Percent of Total |
Mine |
76.4 |
1,144 |
16% |
Lithium Process Plant |
214.6 |
3,213 |
45% |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant |
175.4 |
2,627 |
36% |
General & Administrative |
14.3 |
215 |
3% |
Total |
$480.7 |
7,198 |
100% |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 1-8 Operating Cost Estimate Summary (Years 1-25 of 40-Year LOM Case)
Area |
Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product |
Percent of Total |
Mine |
71.7 |
1,026 |
15% |
Lithium Process Plant |
215.9 |
3,088 |
46% |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant |
169.4 |
2,424 |
36% |
General & Administrative |
14.3 |
205 |
3% |
Total |
$471.4 |
6,743 |
100% |
1.16 Financial Model
An economic analysis was carried out using a discounted cash flow (DCF) model, which was prepared by LAC with input from M3, ITAC, and EXP U.S. Services Inc. (EXP). The final financial model used to generate numbers in this report was audited and managed by M3, with reliance on third party experts for individual components. Annual cash flow projections were estimated for forty years based on the life of mine plan, estimates of capital expenditures, production costs, taxes, royalties, and sales from lithium carbonate production. The only revenue stream is sales of lithium carbonate.
Any investments in the Project to date are not amortized in the model.
Production profiles outlined in this TRS are limited to the Company's Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves. The production and financial outcomes from these reserves are summarized in Table 1-9 to Table 1-12. A sensitivity analysis has shown the Project is more sensitive to the lithium price than it is to either CAPEX or OPEX.
Table 1-9 Production Scenario (40-Year LOM - Base Case)
Category |
Units |
Value |
Operational Life |
years |
40 |
Mine and Process Plant Operational Life |
years |
40 |
Ore Reserve Life |
years |
40 |
Average Annual EBITDA |
$-M / yr |
1,093.5 |
After-tax Net Present Value (NPV) @ 8% Discount Rate |
$-M |
5,726.9 |
After-tax Internal Rate of Return (IRR) |
% |
21.4% |
Payback (undiscounted) |
years |
5.4 |
Note: Includes capital investments in years up to production. |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 1-10 Production Scenario - (Years 1-25 of 40-Year LOM Case)
Category |
Units |
Value |
Operational Life |
years |
25 |
Mine and Process Plant Operational Life |
years |
25 |
Ore Reserve Life |
years |
40 |
Average Annual EBITDA |
$-M / yr |
1,176.2 |
After-tax NPV @ 8% Discount Rate |
$-M |
4,950.1 |
After-tax IRR |
% |
21.2% |
Payback (undiscounted) |
years |
5.4 |
Table 1-11 Economic Evaluation - Lithium Carbonate Plant (40 Year LOM - Base Case)
Table 1-12 Economic Evaluation - Lithium Carbonate Plant (Years 1-25 of 40-Year LOM Case)
1.17 Conclusions and Recommendations
1.17.1 Conclusions
Based upon analysis, interpretation and results of exploration, engineering, and environmental permitting carried out for the Project the following conclusions have been made:
Mineral Resource Estimate: The mineralization is at surface and made up of a claystone and ash mix that can be free dug with minimal blasting while using conventional mining equipment. The mineral resource is estimated to be 325.2 Mt of Measured Resource averaging 1,990 ppm lithium for 3.4 Mt of lithium carbonate equivalent, 895.2 Mt of Indicated Resource averaging 1,820 ppm Li for 8.7 Mt of lithium carbonate equivalent and 297.2 Mt of Inferred Resource averaging 1,870 ppm Li for 3.0 Mt lithium carbonate equivalent. A cutoff grade of 1,047 ppm Li and an open pit shell were used to constrain the resource estimate based on break even economics.
Mineral Reserve Estimate: The Mineral Reserve estimate was estimated from a 40-year pit designed to satisfy ore delivery requirements. The overall average lithium content mined is 3,160 ppm from 3,180 ppm Li Proven and 3,010 ppm Li Probable. Total ore is 217.3 Mt, of which 192.9 Mt are Proven reserves and 24.4 Mt are Probable. As a result, the total Proven and Probable Reserves of lithium carbonate equivalent is 3.7 Mt from 3.3 Mt lithium carbonate equivalent Proven and 0.4 Mt of lithium carbonate equivalent Probable.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Environmental Permits: There are no identified issues that would prevent LAC from achieving all permits and authorizations required to commence construction and operation of the Project based on the data that has been collected to date. The BLM has approved the Plan of Operations and issued its ROD. In Q1 2022, NDEP issued the two final environmental permits required for construction. The Water Pollution Control Permit (WPCP) was issued by Nevada Division of Environmental Protection-Bureau of Mining, Regulation and Reclamation (NDEP-BMRR). LAC and NDEP discussed an initial WPCP where operations would not take place below the 4,840 feet above mean sea level elevation, which is fifteen (15) feet above the pre-mining regional water table until further evaluations are completed that show that mining below the water table will not degrade the waters of the state. The Class II Air Quality Operating Permit was issued by NDEP-BAPC.
Metallurgical Processes: Metallurgical processes have been engineered from pilot testing, bench scale testing, and modeling to produce lithium carbonate using conventional unit operations arranged in a novel flowsheet. Phase 1 production capacity is designed for a nominal 40,000 t/y and an additional 40,000 t/y for Phase 2, for a combined designed nominal capacity rate of 80,000 t/y of lithium carbonate.
Water and Power: Water required for construction and production during Phase 1 is secured, in the amount of 3.5 Mm3 (2,850 acre-ft) per year. Power demand for Phase 1 and Phase 2 is engineered and the required import load of 52 MW is identified. Power is assumed to be imported from local utilities with infrastructure upgrades required before Phase 1 production begins.
Capital Requirements: Capital costs are based on Q1-Q3 2022 pricing. CAPEX spending for Phase 1 will begin three years before production begins and will include one acid plant, the necessary civil works and infrastructure to support Phase 1 production rates. Phase 2 capital spending will begin in year 4 through 7 and will add a second acid plant and duplicate the necessary processing facility equipment. Phase 1 will require $2,268 million in capital and Phase 2 will require $1,728 million for a combined capital total of $3,996 million. Sustaining capital and mine capital repayment over a 25-year mine life totals $628 million. Sustaining capital and mine capital repayment costs over 40 years total $1,510 million.
Operating Costs: Cost inputs into the model are from Q1-Q4 2022. Any investments in the Project to date are not amortized in the model. The average unit operating cost per tonne of lithium carbonate mined and produced is expected to be $7,198 for the 40-year LOM (base case) and $6,743 for the 25-year case.
Economic Results: Based on Q1-Q4 2022 capital and operating cost pricing, the economic analysis of the Project includes:
Lithium Americas Corp. |
1.17.2 Recommendations
Lithium Americas Corp. |
2 Introduction
This TRS was prepared at the request of Lithium Americas Corp., a company incorporated under the laws of British Columbia, Canada, trading under the symbol "LAC" on the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange with its corporate office at 300 - 900 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6C 1E5. Work was carried out in cooperation with Lithium Nevada Corp. (LNC), a wholly owned subsidiary of Lithium Americas Corp. (LAC), formerly known as Western Lithium USA Corp (WLC).
This document provides a summary of the preliminary feasibility study evaluation of LAC's Thacker Pass Project (the Project) and focuses on the Thacker Pass Deposit (the Deposit), formerly Stage I of the Kings Valley Project or Lithium Nevada Project. Excluded from this TRS are resource statements from the Montana Mountains deposit (formerly Stage II deposit of the Lithium Nevada Project), as LAC's focus is on developing a project of scale in Thacker Pass. The claims owned by LAC that are north of the Thacker Pass Project in the Montana Mountains do not form part of this mineral project.
This report was prepared in the format stipulated by Regulation S-K Subsection 1300 (S-K 1300) of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
2.1 Sources of Information
M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation (M3) was commissioned by LAC to prepare this TRS. In preparing this report, M3 and Industrial TurnAround Corporation (ITAC) provided engineering services and have relied upon input from LAC and information prepared by a number of qualified independent consulting groups particularly regarding regional geology, geological mapping, exploration, and resource estimation. Through its subsidiary LNC, LAC has contracted with Sawtooth, a subsidiary of The North American Coal Corporation (NAC), which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of NACCO Industries, Inc. (NYSE: NC), to provide resource and reserve estimation for this TRS. NAC has reviewed and signed off on the work provided by Sawtooth. EXP U.S. Services Inc. (EXP) reviewed the sulfuric acid plant and power plant. NewFields Mining Design & Technical Services (NewFields) contributed to work on environmental and tailings facilities. Wood Canada Limited (Wood) reviewed segments of metallurgy and the process as well as environmental concerns. EDG, Inc. (EDG) participated in the preparation of some cost elements of the estimate.
M3, Sawtooth, NACCO, NewFields, Wood, EXP and Piteau are independent companies and not associates or affiliates of LAC or any associated company of LAC. Table 2-1 lists the Qualified Persons (QP) involved with authoring this report. Table 2-2 lists the sections each QP is responsible for.
Table 2-1 List of Qualified Persons, Professional Designations and Site Visit Dates
Company of Qualified |
Professional |
Company |
Date of Site Visit |
M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation |
P.E., P. Eng., QP-MMSA |
M3 |
April 13, 2021 |
Sawtooth |
P.E. and SME-RM |
Sawtooth |
August 12 & 13, 2019, November 8, 2018, September 13 and 14, 2022 |
Process Engineering, LLC |
P.E. |
Process Engineering, LLC |
No site visit: Reno Laboratory Visit Only |
Wood Canada Limited |
P. Eng. |
Wood |
No site visit: Reno Laboratory Visit Only (December 1-3, 2021, December 20, 2022) |
EXP U.S. Services Inc. |
P. Eng. |
EXP |
November 2, 2022 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Company of Qualified |
Professional |
Company |
Date of Site Visit |
NewFields Mining Design & Technical Services |
P.E. |
NewFields |
No site visit |
Piteau Associates |
RM-SME |
Piteau |
March 7-8, June 8, and November 7-9, 2022 |
Industrial TurnAround Corporation |
P.E. |
ITAC |
October 18, 2020 |
Table 2-2 Qualified Person Areas of Responsibility
Section |
Section Name |
Responsible |
Description of |
Subsections |
1 |
Summary |
All |
- |
- |
2 |
Introduction |
M3 |
- |
- |
3 |
Property Description |
Sawtooth |
- |
- |
4 |
Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography |
Sawtooth |
- |
- |
5 |
History |
Sawtooth |
- |
- |
6 |
Geological Setting, Mineralization and Deposit |
Sawtooth |
- |
- |
7 |
Exploration |
Sawtooth |
- |
7.1, 7.2, 7.4.1 |
|
|
NewFields |
- |
7.4.2 |
|
|
Piteau |
- |
7.3 |
8 |
Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security |
Sawtooth |
- |
- |
9 |
Data Verification |
Sawtooth |
- |
- |
10 |
Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing |
Process Engineering, LLC |
ROM feed through neutralized tails as well as magnesium precipitation |
All except for Sections 10.2.4.1, 10.2.4.3, 10.2.5.1 to 10.2.5.3 |
|
|
Wood |
Magnesium sulfate crystallization to production of final product, excluding magnesium precipitation. |
10.2.4.1, 10.2.4.3, 10.2.5.1 to 10.2.5.3 and portions of 10.5. |
11 |
Mineral Resource Estimates |
Sawtooth |
- |
- |
12 |
Mineral Reserve Estimates |
Sawtooth |
- |
- |
13 |
Mining Methods |
Sawtooth |
- |
- |
14 |
Processing and Recovery Methods |
M3 |
ROM feed through neutralized tails as well as magnesium precipitation. |
Section 14.1, Tables 14-1 and 14-3 and corresponding parts of 14.2.1 in Section 14.2, 14.3.1 to 14.3.4, 14.3.5.2, 14.3.8, 14.4.1 to 14.4.3, 14.4.6, corresponding parts of 14.4.10 and 14.4.11, and 14.5 to 14.12. |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Section |
Section Name |
Responsible |
Description of |
Subsections |
|
|
Wood |
Magnesium sulfate crystallization to packaging of final product, excluding magnesium precipitation |
Tables 14-2 and 14-4 and corresponding parts of 14.2.1 in Section 14.2, Sections 14.3.5.1, 14.3.5.3, 14.3.5.4, 14.3.6, 14.3.7, 14.4.4, 14.4.5, 14.4.7, 14.4.8, 14.4.9 and corresponding parts of 14.4.10 and 14.4.11. |
15 |
Infrastructure |
M3 |
Access, water supply, site & process plant arrangement |
15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, and 15.9 |
|
|
ITAC |
Power supply |
15.7 |
|
|
EXP |
Sulfuric acid production |
15.8 |
|
|
NewFields |
Waste rock and tailing disposal |
15.10 |
16 |
Market Studies |
M3 |
- |
- |
17 |
Environmental Studies, Permitting and Plans, Negotiations, or Agreements with Local Individuals or Groups |
NewFields |
General environmental and permitting |
All except for 17.7.4.1 to 17.7.4.6 |
|
|
Piteau |
Water |
Sections 17.7.4.1 to 17.7.4.6 |
18 |
Capital and Operating Costs |
M3 |
Process and infrastructure capital costs |
All except for 18.1.3, 18.2.1 and 18.3. |
|
|
M3 |
Process operating costs |
Section 18.3 except 18.3.3.1 and 18.3.3.3 |
|
|
Sawtooth |
Mining costs |
18.1.3, 18.2.1, 18.3.3.1 |
|
|
EXP |
Sulfuric acid plant costs |
18.2.1, 18.3.3.3 |
19 |
Economic Analysis |
M3 |
- |
- |
20 |
Adjacent Properties |
Sawtooth |
- |
- |
21 |
Other Relevant Data and Information |
M3 |
Project Execution Plan |
21.1 |
|
|
Sawtooth |
Limestone Quarry |
21.2.1 to 21.2.4 |
|
|
NewFields |
Limestone Quarry Permitting |
21.2.5, 21.2.6 |
|
|
M3 |
Transload Facility |
21.3.1, 21.3.2 |
|
|
NewFields |
Transload Facility Permitting |
21.3.3 |
22 |
Interpretation and Conclusions |
All |
- |
- |
23 |
Recommendations |
All |
- |
- |
24 |
References |
N/A |
- |
- |
25 |
Reliance on other Experts |
M3 |
- |
- |
The mineral resource is based on an exploration drilling program conducted in 2007 to 2010 and 2017 to 2018. This is the first TRS for the Project filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC); therefore, no preexisting TRS exists with the SEC.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
2.2 Description of Personal Inspections
M3's QP visited the site on April 13, 2021. He reviewed the areas for the process plant, tailings facility, the water supply line, and highway tie-ins.
Sawtooth's Mineral Resource QP visited LAC's Thacker Pass Project site on November 8, 2018 and September 13 and 14, 2022. The purposes of the visits were to complete a QP data verification, site inspections, and independent verification of lithium grades. No material changes to the exploration drilling or site conditions have occurred on site since. During the visits, the QP completed the following tasks:
Sawtooth's Mineral Reserves QP visited LAC's Thacker Pass Project site from August 12-13, 2019 and September 13-14, 2022, to complete a QP data verification site inspection. Additionally, the QP toured the pilot plant lab in Reno, NV on July 25, 2019 and LAC's Technical Center in Reno on September 15, 2022. No material changes to the mining location or site conditions have occurred on site since. During the visits, the QP completed the following tasks:
ITAC's QP visited the site on October 18, 2020. He reviewed the on-site facilities as well as off-site support facilities, including:
Lithium Americas Corp. |
EXP's QP visited the site on November 2, 2022. The highlights of his visit were as follows:
Piteau's QP has frequently visited the Project site, including March 7-8, June 8, and November 7-9 during 2022. During the June visit he provided a tour for a surface water hydrology group. In November, he retrieved quarterly piezometric data, serviced equipment, and surveyed springs and surface water.
The QP of Process Engineering, LLC has not performed a site visit but instead visited the laboratory in Reno to review the metallurgy in December 2021.
Wood's QP has not performed a site visit but instead visited the laboratory in Reno to review the metallurgy in December 2021.
The QP of NewFields has not performed a recent site visit due to his focus on environmental and permitting review which primarily takes place off site.
2.3 Units, Currency and Terms of Reference
All units used in this report are metric unless otherwise stated. Currency in this report is in United States Dollars (US$) unless otherwise specified. Table 2-3 lists the abbreviations for technical terms used throughout the text of this report.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 2-3 Abbreviations and Acronyms
Abbreviation/Acronym |
Description |
' |
feet, minutes (Longitude/Latitude) |
" |
inches, seconds (Longitude/Latitude) |
% |
Percent |
< |
Less Than |
> |
Greater Than |
° |
Degrees of Arc |
°C |
Degrees Celsius |
°F |
Degrees Fahrenheit |
µm |
Micrometer (10-6 meter) |
3D |
Three-Dimensional |
AACE |
Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering International |
AAL |
American Assay Laboratory |
AASHTO |
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials |
ACOE |
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |
ActLabs |
Activation Laboratories |
Ai |
Bond abrasion index |
ALS |
ALS Global |
AMRL |
AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory |
amsl |
above mean sea level |
ARDML |
Acid Rock Drainage and Metal Leaching |
ARO |
Annual Reclamation Obligation |
ARPA |
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act |
As |
Arsenic |
BAPC |
Bureau of Air Pollution Control Contacts |
BFW |
Boiler Feed Water |
BLM |
Bureau of Land Management |
BMRR |
Bureau of Mining Regulation and Reclamation |
BPA |
Department of Energy's Bonneville Power Administration |
BWi |
Bond ball mill work index |
CaCO3 |
calcium carbonate |
CaO |
Quicklime |
CAPEX |
Capital Expenditure or Capital Cost Estimate |
CCD |
Counter Current Decantation |
CGS |
Coarse Gangue Stockpile |
Chevron |
Chevron USA |
CIM |
Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum |
cm |
centimeters |
CO2 |
Carbon dioxide |
CoG |
cutoff grade |
CPE |
Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe |
Cs |
Caesium |
CTFS |
Clay Tailings Filter Stack (Tailings Storage Facility) |
CWi |
Bond impact work index |
CY |
cubic yard(s) |
DCDA |
Double Contact Double Absorption |
DCF |
discounted cash flow |
DCS |
Distributed Control System |
deg. C or oC |
Degrees Celsius |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Abbreviation/Acronym |
Description |
DMS |
data management system |
DOE |
Department of Energy |
DOI |
Department of the Interior |
DTB |
draft tube baffle |
EA |
Environmental Assessment |
EBITDA |
Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization |
EDG |
EDG, Inc. |
EDR |
Engineering Design Report |
EIS |
Environmental Impact Statement |
EPC |
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction |
EPCM |
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Management |
ESA |
Endangered Species Act |
ET |
evapotranspiration |
EXP |
EXP U.S. Services Inc. |
Fe2(SO4)3 |
Ferric sulfate |
FEDINC |
Florida Engineering and Design, Inc. |
FEIS |
Final Environmental Impact Statement |
FONSI |
Finding of No Significant Impact |
FRP |
Fiberglass Reinforced Polymer |
ft |
feet or foot |
G&A |
General & Administrative |
g/cm3 |
grams per cubic centimeter |
g/l or g/L |
grams per liter |
GMS |
Growth Media Stockpile |
gpm |
Gallon(s) per minute |
GPS |
Global Positioning System |
GRR |
Gross Revenue Royalty |
GWh/year |
gigawatt hours per year |
h |
hour |
H2S |
hydrogen sulfide |
H2SO4 |
sulfuric acid |
ha |
hectares |
HAP |
hazardous air pollutants |
Hazen |
Hazen Research |
HCT |
humidity cell test |
HDPE |
High Density Polyethylene |
HEC |
Harney Electric Cooperative |
HMI |
human machine interface |
HP |
horsepower |
HPTP |
Historic Properties Treatment Plan |
HPZ |
Hot Pond Zone |
HQ |
Standard "Q" wire line bit size. 96 mm outside hole diameter and 63.5 mm core diameter. |
HRS |
heat recovery systems |
Huber |
J. M. Huber Corporation |
Hz |
Hertz |
ICP |
Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer |
ICP-AES |
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy |
ICP-MS |
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Abbreviation/Acronym |
Description |
IGES |
Intermountain GeoEnvironmental Services, Inc. |
in |
inch or inches |
IRR |
Internal Rate of Return |
ITAC |
Industrial TurnAround Corporation |
IX |
Ion Exchange |
K |
Potassium |
KCA |
Kappes Cassiday & Associates |
kg |
kilograms |
km |
kilometer |
kt |
thousand tonnes |
kV |
kilovolt |
kW |
kilowatt(s) |
kWh |
kilowatt hour(s) |
LAC |
Lithium Americas Corporation |
LCE |
Lithium Carbonate Equivalent |
LCT |
Lahontan cutthroat trout |
LFP |
Lithium Ferro Phosphate |
LHCSL |
low hydraulic conductivity soil layer |
Li |
Lithium |
Li2CO3 |
Lithium carbonate |
LiHCO3 |
lithium bicarbonate |
LNC |
Lithium Nevada Corporation |
LOM |
Life of Mine |
M |
million |
m |
meter |
M3 |
M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation |
m3/h |
cubic meters per hour |
Ma |
million years ago |
MCY |
million cubic yards |
mg/L |
milligrams per liter |
MgSO4 |
Magnesium sulfate |
Mining Act |
Mining Act of the United States of America |
MLLA |
Mineral Lands Leasing Act |
mm |
millimeters |
Mm3 |
million cubic meters |
Mo |
Molybdenum |
MOA |
Memorandum of Agreement |
MOL |
milk of lime |
MOU |
Memorandum of Understanding |
Mt |
million tonnes |
MVR |
Mechanical Vapor Recompression |
MW |
megawatt |
MWh |
megawatt hour(s) |
MWMP |
Meteoric Water Mobility Procedure |
Na |
Sodium |
NAAQS |
National Ambient Air Quality Standards |
NAC |
North American Coal Corporation |
NDEP |
Nevada Division of Environmental Protection |
NDOT |
Nevada Department of Transportation |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Abbreviation/Acronym |
Description |
NDOW |
State of Nevada Department of Wildlife |
NDWR |
Nevada Division of Water Resources |
NEPA |
National Environmental Policy Act |
NewFields |
NewFields Mining Design & Technical Services |
NFPA |
National Fire Protection Association |
NHPA |
National Historic Preservation Act |
NOI |
Notice of Intent |
NOx |
nitrogen oxides |
NPV |
Net Present Value |
NRV |
Nevada Reference Values |
OPEX |
Operational Expense or Operating Cost Estimate |
P&ID |
piping and instrumentation diagram |
PCS |
Plant Control System |
PDC |
Process Design Criteria |
PFS |
Pre-feasibility Study |
pH |
measure of acidity |
Ph1 |
Phase 1 |
Ph2 |
Phase 2 |
PoO |
Plan of Operation |
ppm |
parts per million |
PQ |
Standard "Q" wire line bit size. 122.6 mm outside hole diameter and 85 mm core diameter. |
PSD |
particle size distribution, Prevention of Significant Deterioration |
PTC |
Process Testing Center |
QA/QC |
Quality Assurance and Quality Control |
Qal |
Quaternary Alluvium |
QP |
Qualified Person |
Rb |
Rubidium |
RC |
Reverse Circulation |
RO |
reverse osmosis |
ROD |
Record of Decision |
ROM |
Run-of-Mine |
Sample ID |
Sample Tags |
SAP |
Sulfuric Acid Plant |
Savage |
Savage Companies (transloader) |
Sawtooth |
Sawtooth Mining, LLC |
Sb |
Antimony |
SCR |
Selective Catalyst Reduction |
SHRIMP |
Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe |
S-K 1300 |
SEC's Subpart S-K 1300 (17 CFR Part 229.1300) |
SO2 |
Sulfur dioxide |
SRC |
Saskatchewan Research Council |
SRK |
SRK Consulting (U.S.), Inc. |
STG |
steam turbine generator |
t |
Tonne (metric) |
t/a |
Tonnes per annum (metric) |
t/d |
Tonnes per day (metric) |
t/m3 |
Tonnes per cubic meter |
t/y |
Tonnes per year (metric) |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Abbreviation/Acronym |
Description |
TDS |
total dissolved solids |
TIC |
total installed cost |
UCS |
unconfined compressive strength |
UM |
Unpatented Mining |
US EPA |
US Environmental Protection Agency |
US$ |
US Dollars |
US$/t |
United States Dollars per tonne |
USBM |
United States Bureau of Mines |
USEPA |
United States Environmental Protection Agency |
USFWS |
United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service |
USG |
MODFLOW-USG (a water balance model) |
USGS |
United States Geological Survey |
UTM |
Universal Transverse Mercator |
WBS |
Work Breakdown Structure |
WEDC |
Western Energy Development Corporation |
WLC |
Western Lithium USA Corporation |
Wood |
Wood Canada Limited |
WPCP |
Water Pollution Control Permits |
WRSF |
Waste Rock Storage Facility |
wt.% |
percent by weight |
WWRSF |
West Waste Rock Storage Facility |
XRD |
X-Ray Diffraction |
YOY |
year-over-year |
ZLD |
Zero Liquid Discharge |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
3 Property Description
3.1 Property Description
The Project is located in Humboldt County in northern Nevada, approximately 100 km north-northwest of Winnemucca, about 33 km west-northwest of Orovada, Nevada and 33 km due south of the Oregon border as shown on Figure 3-1, which includes latitude and longitude. The area is sparsely populated and used primarily for ranching and farming. A total of 117 people live in Orovada, Nevada, according to the 2020 US Census for Orovada CDP, Nevada.
More specifically, the Project is situated at the southern end of the McDermitt Caldera Complex in Township 44 North (T44N), Range 34 East (R34E), and within portions of Sections 1 and 12; T44N, R35E within portions of Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17; and T44N, R36E, within portions of Sections 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 29. The Project area is located on the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Thacker Pass 7.5-minute quadrangle at an approximate elevation of 1,500 m.
Figure 3-2 shows the location of the Project and the unpatented mining claims owned or controlled by LAC and property owned by LAC in northern Humboldt County, Nevada. The property lies within and is surrounded by public lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 3-1 Regional Location Map
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 3-2 Map of Lithium Americas Corp. Mineral and Surface Control in the Vicinity of the Thacker Pass Project
Lithium Americas Corp. |
3.2 Area of the Property
The Project area encompasses approximately 4,236 ha within the Plan of Operations (PoO). The unpatented mining claims (UM Claims) described in Section 3.3 include approximately 22,400 ha. LAC also owns 64.75 ha of private property in the Project area. The total LAC controlled area with surface and mineral rights is approximately 22,465 ha.
3.3 Mineral Tenure
A list of the unpatented mining claims owned or controlled by LAC in northern Humboldt County, Nevada, is presented in Table 3-1. These claims include the Project area and are shown in Figure 3-2. In addition to these claims, LAC also owns 64.75 ha of private property in the Project area.
Table 3-1 Thacker Pass Project UM Claims Owned by LAC
Claim Name |
Claim Number |
NMC Number |
Total Claims |
BASIN |
1-30 |
1170660-1170689 |
30 |
BETA |
1-51 |
894721-894771 |
51 |
BLSE |
1-18 |
105235961-105235978 |
18 |
BPE |
1-498 |
1018964 - 1019461 |
498 |
BPE |
499-531 |
1030193 - 1030225 |
33 |
BPE |
532 |
1049234 |
1 |
CAMP |
1-66 |
1191376-1191441 |
66 |
CC Mill |
1-5 |
1122041 - 1122045 |
5 |
CC Mill |
6-9 |
1130820 - 1130823 |
4 |
CC Mill |
10-12 |
1170690 - 1170692 |
3 |
DELTA |
1-14 |
919508-919521 |
14 |
DPH |
1-22 |
1147600-1147621 |
22 |
ION |
1-32 |
1164510-1164541 |
32 |
ION |
35-50 |
1164542-1164557 |
16 |
ION |
53-69 |
1164558-1164574 |
17 |
ION |
72-85 |
1164575-1164588 |
14 |
ION |
86 |
1164590 |
1 |
ION |
87 |
1164589 |
1 |
ION |
88 |
1164591 |
1 |
ION |
90-107 |
1164592-1164609 |
18 |
ION |
109-132 |
1164610-1164633 |
24 |
ION |
135-139 |
1164634-1164638 |
5 |
ION |
146-149 |
1164640-1164643 |
4 |
ION |
153-165 |
1164644-1164656 |
13 |
ION |
168-175 |
1164657-1164664 |
8 |
ION |
184-202 |
1164665-1164683 |
19 |
ION |
212-232 |
1164684-1164704 |
21 |
ION |
240-262 |
1164705-1164727 |
23 |
ION |
264-286 |
1164728-1164750 |
23 |
ION |
300-306 |
1164751-1164757 |
7 |
LITH |
1-461 |
900830-901290 |
461 |
LITH |
463 |
901292 |
1 |
LITH |
465 |
901294 |
1 |
LITH |
467 |
901296 |
1 |
LITH |
469 |
901298 |
1 |
LITH |
471-473 |
901300-901302 |
3 |
LITH |
477 |
901306 |
1 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Claim Name |
Claim Number |
NMC Number |
Total Claims |
LITH |
479 |
901308 |
1 |
LITH |
481 |
901310 |
1 |
LITH |
484 |
901313 |
1 |
LITH |
486 |
901315 |
1 |
LITH |
488 |
901317 |
1 |
LITH |
491-567 |
901320-901396 |
77 |
LITH |
586-677 |
901415-901506 |
92 |
LITH |
706-708 |
901535-901537 |
3 |
LITH |
713-732 |
901538-901557 |
20 |
LITH |
734-766 |
901558-901590 |
33 |
LITH |
785-1054 |
901609-901878 |
270 |
Longhorn |
2-3 |
1170694-1170695 |
2 |
Longhorn |
5-6 |
1170697-1170698 |
2 |
MHC |
1-14 |
1087803-1087816 |
14 |
MHC |
16-99 |
1087818-1087901 |
84 |
OMEGA |
1-124 |
950298-950421 |
124 |
Moonlight |
1 |
8001 |
1 |
Moonlight |
4 |
732426 |
1 |
NEUTRON |
31-45 |
919267- 919281 |
15 |
NEUTRON |
76-105 |
919282- 919311 |
30 |
NEUTRON |
166-189 |
919342- 919365 |
24 |
NEUTRON |
190 |
894562 |
1 |
NEUTRON |
192 |
894564 |
1 |
NEUTRON |
194 |
894566 |
1 |
NEUTRON |
196-199 |
894568-894571 |
4 |
NEUTRON |
200-207 |
919366-919373 |
8 |
NEUTRON |
209-225 |
919375 - 919391 |
17 |
NEUTRON |
238-239 |
894610- 894611 |
2 |
NEUTRON |
347 |
894719 |
1 |
NEUTRON |
353-366 |
900226 - 900239 |
14 |
NEUTRON |
379-402 |
900252 - 900275 |
24 |
NEUTRON |
427-450 |
900300 - 900323 |
24 |
NEUTRON |
475-498 |
900348 - 900371 |
24 |
NEUTRON |
523-546 |
900396 - 900419 |
24 |
NEUTRON |
555-574 |
900428 - 900447 |
20 |
NEUTRON |
579-585 |
900452 - 900458 |
7 |
NEUTRON |
586-627 |
982465 - 982506 |
42 |
NEUTRON PLUS |
1 |
1020688 |
1 |
NEUTRON PLUS |
2 |
1087902 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
25R-30R |
1049235-1049240 |
6 |
NEUTRON R |
70R-75R |
1049241-1049246 |
6 |
NEUTRON R |
160R-165R |
1049247-1049252 |
6 |
NEUTRON R |
195R |
1049253 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
208R |
1049254 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
240R |
1049255 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
242R |
1049256 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
244R |
1049257 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
246R |
1049258 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
248R |
1049259 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
250R |
1049260 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
252R |
1049261 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
254R |
1049262 |
1 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Claim Name |
Claim Number |
NMC Number |
Total Claims |
NEUTRON R |
256R |
1049263 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
258R |
1049264 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
260R |
1049265 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
262R |
1049266 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
264R |
1049267 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
270R |
1049268 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
272R |
1049269 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
276R |
1049270 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
278R |
1049271 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
280R |
1049272 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
282R |
1049273 |
1 |
NEUTRON R |
284R-288R |
1049274-1049278 |
5 |
NEUTRON R |
348R |
1029479 |
1 |
PDC Mill |
1-18 |
1020381-1020398 |
18 |
PROTRON |
1-46 |
900530-900575 |
46 |
RAD |
1-121 |
937673-937793 |
121 |
ROCK |
1-20 |
1164758-1164777 |
20 |
Further details on the history and ownership of the Thacker Pass Project, and the associated claims, are in Section 5.
3.3.1 Unpatented Mining Claims and Surface Rights
The underlying title to the Thacker Pass Project properties is held through a series of UM Claims. UM Claims provide the holder with the rights to all locatable minerals on the relevant property, which includes lithium. The rights include the ability to use the claims for prospecting, mining or processing operations, and uses reasonably incident thereto, along with the right to use so much of the surface as may be necessary for such purposes or for access to adjacent land. This interest in the UM Claims remains subject to the paramount title of the US federal government. The holder of a UM Claim maintains a perpetual entitlement to the UM Claim, provided it meets the obligations for maintenance of the UM Claims as required by the Mining Act of the United States of America (the Mining Act) and associated regulations.
At this time, the principal obligation imposed on the holders of UM Claims is to pay an annual maintenance fee, which represents payment in lieu of the assessment work required under the Mining Act. The annual fee of $165.00 per claim is payable to the BLM, Department of the Interior, Nevada, in addition to a fee of $12.00 per claim paid to the county recorder of the relevant county in Nevada where the UM Claim is located. All obligations for the Thacker Pass Project UM Claims in Nevada, including annual fees to the BLM and Humboldt County, have been fulfilled.
The holder of UM Claims maintains the right to extract and sell locatable minerals, which includes lithium, subject to regulatory approvals required under Federal, State and local law. In Nevada, such approvals and permits include approval of a plan of operations by the BLM and environmental approvals. The Mining Act also does not explicitly authorize the owner of a UM Claim to sell minerals that are leasable under the Mineral Lands Leasing Act of 1920, USA, as amended (the MLLA). At this time, the MLLA is not implicated because the only mineral contemplated for mining and processing at this time is lithium.
3.4 Nature and Extent of Interest and Title
LNC is a Nevada corporation that is currently a wholly owned subsidiary of the Canadian-based LAC. LAC was formerly known as Western Lithium USA Corp (WLC). Pursuant to an agreement signed on December 20, 2007, between Western Energy Development Corporation (WEDC), a subsidiary of Western Uranium Corporation, and WLC (which was then also a subsidiary of Western Uranium Corporation), WEDC leased to WLC the Lith and Neutron claims for the purpose of lithium exploration and exploitation (the Lease).
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Effective February 4, 2011, Western Uranium Corporation (WEDC), and Western Lithium USA Corp. (WLC) entered into an agreement for the purchase by WLC from WEDC of the royalties and titles for the Kings Valley Lithium Property.
In March 2011, the parties completed the transaction for the sale by WEDC to WLC of the royalties and titles constituting all of the Kings Valley Lithium Property. As a result of this transaction, the existing lease and royalty arrangements between the two companies on the Kings Valley Lithium Property, including the net smelter returns and net profits royalties on any lithium project that the company developed, were terminated. WLC acquired, directly or indirectly, control and full ownership of the Kings Valley Lithium Property mining claims and leases, excluding a gold exploration target (on the Albisu property) and a 20% royalty granted by WEDC to Cameco Global Exploration II Ltd. solely in respect of uranium (the Uranium Royalty). The UM Claims provided WLC the exclusive rights to explore, develop, and mine or otherwise produce any and all lithium deposits discovered on the claims, subject to royalty payments. The claims include the entirety of the mineralized zones in Thacker Pass and the Montana Mountains (formerly Stages 1 to Stage 5). On March 22, 2016, the company announced a name change from Western Lithium USA Corp. to Lithium Americas Corp. and the name of its Nevada-based wholly owned subsidiary was changed from Western Lithium Corp. to Lithium Nevada Corp. In 2018, LAC changed the name of its proposed lithium project to the Thacker Pass Project, reflecting the company's decision to focus the proposed development within the pass area located south of the Montana Mountains. LNC is the record owner of the UM Claims in the Project area. The current Project does not include the development of UM Claims in the Montana Mountains.
Legal access to the UM Claims is provided directly by State Route 293.
3.5 Significant Encumbrances to the Property
There are no identified significant encumbrances that would prevent LAC from achieving all permits and authorizations required to commence construction and operation of the Project based on the data that has been collected to date.
Based on information provided, or researched and reviewed, LAC is approved by the BLM and the NDEP-BMRR to conduct mineral exploration activities at the Thacker Pass Project site in accordance with Permit No. N85255.
LAC has either completed or initiated the process to obtain all major necessary federal, state, and local regulatory agency permits and approvals for further advancement of the Thacker Pass Project.
3.5.1 Environmental Liabilities
LAC has reclamation obligations for a small hectorite clay mine located within the Project area. The financial liability for this reclamation obligation, as stipulated by the BLM, is $871,336. LAC's other environmental liabilities from existing mineral exploration projects in the vicinity of the Project area have a reclamation obligation totaling approximately $449,109. LAC currently holds a $1,357,520 reclamation bond with the BLM Nevada State Office.
There are no other known environmental liabilities associated with the project.
3.5.2 Permitting
Based on information provided, or researched and reviewed, there are no federal, state or local regulatory or permitting issues identified at this time that could preclude overall approval of the proposed Project.
The Project is located on public lands administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Construction of the Project requires permits and approvals from various Federal, State, and local government agencies. Permitting status is described in more detail in Section 17.3 of this TRS.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Since 2008, LAC has performed extensive exploration activities at the Project site under existing approved agency permits. LAC has all necessary federal and state permits and approvals to conduct mineral exploration activities within active target areas of the Thacker Pass Project site.
A Plan of Operations and Reclamation Plan (PoO)-Plan of Operations No. N85255-for mineral exploration activities, including drilling and trenching for bulk sampling, was submitted to the BLM and the NDEP BMRR in May 2008. This PoO was analyzed by an Environmental Assessment (EA), DOI-BLM-NV-W010-2010-001-EA, in accordance with the United States National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. It was subsequently approved in January 2010 under the BLM's Surface Management Regulations contained in Title 43 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 3809. Under BLM permit N85255, twelve separate Work Plans have been submitted and approved by the BLM, authorizing continued exploration activities at site. As requested by the BLM, appropriate baseline studies that included a formal cultural resource survey were completed to support the Environmental Assessment Decision Record and Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) and approval of the PoO. The NDEP-BMRR issued concurrent approval for the exploration PoO, including the approval of the reclamation financial guarantee, and issued State of Nevada Reclamation Permit No. 0301 for the exploration project.
LAC further submitted the Thacker Pass Project Proposed Plan of Operations and Reclamation Plan Permit Application on August 1, 2019 (LAC, 2019a). The permit application was preceded by LAC's submission of baseline environmental studies documenting the collection and reporting of data for environmental, natural, and socio-economic resources used to support mine planning and design, impact assessment, and approval process.
As part of the overall permitting and approval process, the BLM completed an analysis in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) to assess the reasonably foreseeable impacts to the human and natural environment that could result from the implementation of Project activities. As the lead Federal regulatory agency managing the NEPA process, the BLM has prepared and issued a Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), (DOI-BLM-NV-W010-2020-0012-EIS) on December 3, 2020 (BLM, 2020). Following the issuance of the FEIS, BLM issued the EIS Record of Decision (ROD) and Plan of Operations Approval on January 15, 2021 (BLM, 2021). In addition, a detailed Reclamation Cost Estimate (RCE) has been prepared and submitted to both the BLM and Nevada Division of Environmental Protection-Bureau of Mining, Regulation and Reclamation (NDEP-BMRR). On October 28, 2021, the NDEP-BMRR approved the PoO with the issuance of draft Reclamation Permit 0415. On February 25, 2022, the NDEP-BMRR issued the final Reclamation Permit 0415. The BLM will require the placement of a financial guarantee (reclamation bond) to ensure that all disturbances from the mine and process site are reclaimed once mining concludes.
3.6 Other Factors or Risks
The QP for this section is not aware of any other significant factors or risks that may affect access, title, or the right or ability to perform work on the property.
3.7 Royalties, Rights and Payments
In addition to the Uranium Royalty and those national, state and local rates identified in Section 3.4 of this TRS, the Thacker Pass Property is subject to a royalty with the Orion Mine Finance Fund I (f.n.a. RK Mine Finance [Master] Fund II L.P.) (Orion). It is a gross revenue royalty on the Thacker Pass Property in the amount of 8% of gross revenue until aggregate royalty payments equal $22 million have been paid, at which time the royalty will be reduced to 4.0% of the gross revenue on all minerals mined, produced or otherwise recovered. LAC can at any time elect to reduce the rate of the royalty to 1.75% on notice and payment of $22 M to Orion.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
4 Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography
4.1 Physiography
The Project is located in the southern portion of the McDermitt Caldera. The Project site sits at the southern end of the Montana Mountains, with its western border occurring just east of Thacker Creek. Elevation at the Project site is approximately 1,500 m above sea level. Physiography is characterized by rolling topography trending eastward, with slopes generally ranging from 1% to 5%.
Lands within the Project footprint primarily drain eastward to Quinn River. A small portion of the proposed pit area drains west to Kings River via Thacker Creek. There are no perennially active watercourses on the Project site. A few small seeps and springs have been identified on the Project footprint, none of which are regionally significant.
Soils consist primarily of low-permeability clays intermixed with periodic shallow alluvial deposits.
Vegetation consists of low-lying sagebrush and grasslands. The area is heavily infested with cheatgrass, an unwanted invasive species in Nevada.
4.2 Accessibility
Access to the Project is via the paved US Highway 95 and paved State Route 293; travel north on US-95 from Winnemucca, Nevada, for approximately 70 km to Orovada and then travel west-northwest on State Route 293 for 33 km toward Thacker Pass to the Project site entrance. Driving time to the Project is approximately one hour from Winnemucca, and 3.5 hours from Reno. On-site access is via several gravel and dirt roads established during the exploration phase.
The closest international airport is located in Reno, Nevada, approximately 370 km southwest of the Project.
The nearest railroad access is in Winnemucca. This railroad is active and owned and maintained by Union Pacific. BNSF Railway has track rights to this line.
The Kings River Valley and Quinn River Valley are on the west and east sides of the Project, however access to the Project via river is not achievable.
4.3 Climate
The climate of the Project area will not affect mining throughout the year. The life of mine (LOM) plan discussed in this TRS assumes mining 365 days per year. The meteorological station in Figure 4-1 has continuously operated at the Project site since 2011. The station collects temperature, precipitation, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, and relative humidity data.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 4-1 Photograph of the On-Site Meteorological Station, Including Tower, Solar Power Station, and Security Fence
Source: LAC, 2012
4.3.1 Temperature
Northern Nevada has a high-desert climate with cold winters and hot summers. The average minimum temperature in January is -10.6°C recorded from LAC on-site meteorological station recorded between 2012 and 2021. The lowest January temperature recorded during this time period is -16.4°C recorded in 2017. The summer temperatures reach up to 35°C to 40°C. Snow can occur from October to May, although it often melts quickly. Nearby mining operations operate continuously through the winter and it is expected that the length of the operating season at the Thacker Pass Project would be year-round.
The temperature recorded in the LAC station from 2011 to 2021 ranges from -18°C to +37°C. The frost depth for the Project is 0.635 m (24 in.) based on Humboldt County Basic Design Requirements.
4.3.2 Precipitation
The area is generally dry, with annual precipitation ranging from 14.8 cm (5.8 inches) in 2020 to 39.9 cm (15.7 inches) in 2014 (Table 4-1). Winter precipitation (December to February) is higher with total monthly precipitation ranging from 0.1 cm to 9.5 cm. In the summer (June to August), precipitation is lower, with monthly precipitation ranging from 0.0 cm to 3.3 cm.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 4-1 Annual Precipitation at the Thacker Pass Project Site (in cm)
Month |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
January |
- |
4.3 |
2.4 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
6.3 |
7.6 |
1.5 |
3.5 |
4.1 |
2.4 |
February |
- |
0.7 |
0.4 |
5.4 |
2.0 |
0.6 |
4.1 |
1.5 |
7.1 |
0.2 |
4.7 |
March |
- |
2.7 |
0.8 |
7.7 |
1.1 |
3.6 |
2.4 |
5.3 |
2.4 |
2.0 |
0.4 |
April |
- |
3.0 |
0.7 |
3.6 |
3.0 |
2.0 |
5.4 |
3.8 |
1.7 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
May |
- |
0.8 |
5.5 |
1.5 |
8.9 |
5.0 |
2.3 |
4.2 |
10.0 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
June |
- |
1.0 |
1.1 |
0.3 |
0.9 |
2.2 |
3.3 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
1.9 |
2.6 |
July |
- |
1.0 |
0.9 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
1.1 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
August |
1.0 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
2.7 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
0.0 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.0 |
September |
0.0 |
1.8 |
3.0 |
7.2 |
0.6 |
2.3 |
0.7 |
0.0 |
2.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
October |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.5 |
1.2 |
4.4 |
3.2 |
0.7 |
3.2 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
7.6 |
November |
1.5 |
2.8 |
2.0 |
3.0 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
3.3 |
1.8 |
1.3 |
3.1 |
0.9 |
December |
0.1 |
6.9 |
0.8 |
4.5 |
9.5 |
6.9 |
0.4 |
3.9 |
6.1 |
1.0 |
4.5 |
Annual Total |
- |
29.2 |
21.5 |
39.9 |
35.1 |
33.9 |
31.2 |
26.2 |
36.4 |
14.8 |
25.1 |
Minimum Monthly |
- |
0.7 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Maximum Monthly |
- |
6.9 |
5.5 |
7.7 |
9.5 |
6.8 |
7.6 |
5.3 |
10.0 |
4.1 |
7.6 |
Source: LAC's on-site meteorological station
4.3.3 Evaporation
Open water evaporation estimates are based on data from the Western Regional Climate Center from years 1948 through 2005 for the Rye Patch Reservoir, located approximately 90 km to the south at an elevation of 1,260 m. Using a pan coefficient of 0.7, the estimated open-water evaporation rate is 1.06 m per year.
The region is characterized by a water deficit, with estimated evaporation notably greater than recorded precipitation.
4.4 Availability of Required Infrastructure
4.4.1 Local Resources
A long-established mining industry exists in the Winnemucca area. Local resources include all facilities and services required for large-scale mining, including an experienced workforce. The area is about 50 km north of the Sleeper gold mine (currently under care and maintenance) and 100 km northwest of the Twin Creeks, Turquoise Ridge, and Getchell gold mines.
Additionally, there are several other gold and copper mines in the area which rely on the experienced workforce and support for mining operations. Most of the workforce for this Project is expected to originate from the local population.
There are several chemical processing operations (mostly pyrometallurgy and gold processing) in the local area. Experienced operations staffing may have to be brought into the area to operate the lithium processing plant.
4.4.2 Infrastructure
The existing roads are maintained by the Nevada Department of Transportation. All are paved and in good repair. The roads are all-season roads but may be closed for short periods due to extreme weather during the winter season.
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The nearest railroad access is in Winnemucca. This railroad is active and owned and maintained by Union Pacific. BNSF Railway has track rights to this line.
A 115 kV transmission line runs adjacent to State Route 293 through the Project site. This line is owned and operated by Harney Electric Cooperative (HEC). There is sufficient space within the Thacker Pass site to accommodate a prospective processing plant and mine support facilities, overburden placement site, waste rock storage facility, gangue storage facility, anticipated clay tailings filter stack (CTFS), water diversions, and containments. See the overall site general arrangement in Figure 15-1.
Although a natural gas transport line is located approximately 35 km to the south of the Project site, natural gas is not required for the Project.
4.4.3 Water Rights
LAC has existing, fully certificated water rights within the Quinn River Valley (located 25 km east of the proposed mine site) totaling nearly 1.2 Mm3 (1,000 acre-feet) annually. On April 1, 2020, LAC submitted applications to the Nevada Division of Water Resources (NDWR) to change the point of diversion, manner of use, and place of use for Nevada Water Right Permits 68633 and 68634 related to those water rights. Approval is pending review by NDWR.
In addition, LAC entered into a Water Rights Purchase Agreement with a nearby ranch on November 26, 2018, providing LAC with the right to acquire additional water rights to support the proposed Project. In relation to those water rights, LAC has applied to NDWR to change the point of diversion, manner of use, and place of use for Nevada Water Right Permits 18494, 15605, 21059, 21060, 24617, 83819, 83820, 83821. Approval is pending review by NDWR.
The change applications pending at NDWR are subject to a well-defined administrative process specified under Nevada State Water Law. Two local ranches have filed protests of the water rights change applications. NDWR held a hearing to address those protests in December 2021. A final decision is expected in 2023.
After accounting for an adjustment due to conversion from agricultural use to mining-and-milling use, LAC anticipates approval of approximately 3.5 Mm3 (2,850 acre-foot) per year to support the proposed Project for Phase 1 and double that amount for Phase 2. Water is available outside of the caldera to the east of the mine. In September 2018, LAC drilled the Quinn Production Well to a depth of 172 m (565 feet) below ground surface. The well was drilled under an approved BLM Permit N94510. In October 2018, LAC performed a 72-hour constant rate pump test on the well to evaluate well performance and aquifer parameters. The testing determined water production from QRPW18-01 is adequate to supply LAC with process water, at sustainable production rate of 909 m3/h (3,500 gpm) or over 7.9 Mm3 (6,400 acre-foot) per annum (Piteau, 2019a). Per Piteau (2019), the production rate is limited by physical constraints of the column pipe and well diameter rather than aquifer performance, suggesting that future or backup wells with larger diameters may be capable of producing higher flows. The current suite of inorganic analytes from well samples meets drinking water standards; additional water quality testing will be conducted to support an application to qualify the wells for potable water uses.
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5 History
On March 22, 2016, the Project owner announced a name change from Western Lithium USA Corp. to Lithium Americas Corp. The name of the Kings Valley Project was changed to the Lithium Americas Project and was changed again in 2018 to the Thacker Pass Project (includes only the former Stage 1). In this section, any reference to WLC or the Kings Valley Project now refers to LAC and the Thacker Pass Project.
5.1 Ownership History
Chevron USA (Chevron) leased many of the claims that comprised the lithium project to the J. M. Huber Corporation (Huber) in 1986. In 1991, Chevron sold its interest in the claims to Cyprus Gold Exploration Corporation. In 1992, Huber terminated the lease. Cyprus Gold Exploration Corporation allowed the claims to lapse and provided much of the exploration data to Jim LaBret, one of the claim owners from which they had leased claims. WEDC, a Nevada corporation, leased LaBret's claims in 2005, at which time LaBret provided WEDC access to the Chevron data and access to core and other samples that were available.
Pursuant to an agreement signed on December 20, 2007, between WEDC, a subsidiary of Western Uranium Corporation, and WLC (which was then a subsidiary of Western Uranium Corporation), WEDC leased the mining claims to WLC for the purpose of lithium exploration and exploitation. This agreement granted WLC exclusive rights to explore, develop, and mine or otherwise process any and all lithium deposits discovered on the claims, subject to royalty payments. The leased area, at that time, included the entirety of the Thacker Pass Deposit and included 1,378 claims that covered over 11,000 ha.
Lithium deposits to be exploited included, but were not limited to, deposits of amblygonite, eucryptite, hectorite, lepidolite, petalite, spodumene, and bentonitic clays. Rights to all other mineral types, including base and precious metals, uranium, vanadium, and uranium-bearing or vanadium-bearing materials or ores were expressly reserved by WEDC. The term of that lease agreement was 30 years. The lease granted WLC the exclusive right to purchase the unpatented mining claims (UM Claims) comprising a designated discovery, subject to the royalty and other rights to be reserved by WEDC and subject to WLC's obligations under the deed to be executed and delivered by WEDC on the closing of the option.
In July 2008, WLC ceased to be wholly owned by Western Uranium Corporation and became an independent publicly traded company.
Effective February 4, 2011, Western Uranium Corporation, WEDC, and WLC entered into an agreement for the purchase by WLC from WEDC of the royalties and titles for the then-named Kings Valley mineral property.
In March 2011, the parties completed the transaction for the sale by WEDC to WLC of the royalties and titles constituting all of the Kings Valley mineral property. As a result of this transaction, the existing lease and royalty arrangements between the two companies on the Kings Valley property, including the Net Smelter Returns and Net Profits Royalties on any lithium project that the company developed, were terminated. WLC held control and full ownership of the then-named Kings Valley property mining claims and leases, excluding a gold exploration target (on the Albisu property) and a 20% royalty granted by WEDC to Cameco Global Exploration II Ltd. solely in respect of uranium.
5.2 Exploration History
In 1975, Chevron began an exploration program for uranium in the sediments located throughout the McDermitt Caldera. Early in Chevron's program, the USGS (who had been investigating lithium sources) alerted Chevron to the presence of anomalous concentrations of lithium associated with the caldera. Because of this, Chevron added lithium to its assays in 1978 and 1979, began a clay analysis program, and obtained samples for engineering work, though uranium remained the primary focus of exploration.
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Results supported the high lithium concentrations contained in clays. From 1980 to 1987, Chevron began a drilling program that focused on lithium targets and conducted extensive metallurgical testing of the clays to determine the viability of lithium extraction.
5.3 Historic Production from the Property
Prior owners and operators of the property did not conduct any commercial lithium production from the property.
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6 Geological Setting, Mineralization, and Deposit
The Thacker Pass Project is located within an extinct 40x30 km supervolcano named McDermitt Caldera, straddling the Oregon-Nevada border. The McDermitt Caldera formed approximately 16.3 million years ago as part of a time-transgressive hotspot currently underneath the Yellowstone Plateau of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. Following an initial eruption of the ignimbrite and concurrent collapse of the McDermitt Caldera, a large lake formed in the caldera basin. This lake water was extremely enriched in lithium due to extensive hydrothermal activity and natural leaching of lithium from the lithium-rich volcanic rocks associated with caldera volcanism. This resulted in the accumulation of a thick sequence of lithium-rich muddy lacustrine clays at the bottom of the lake.
Renewed volcanic activity uplifted the center of the caldera, altering some of the smectite clays to illite, draining the lake and bringing the lithium-rich moat sediments to the surface of the earth. The result of these geological processes is a high-grade, large, and near-surface lithium deposit called the Thacker Pass Project.
6.1 Regional Geology
The Thacker Pass Project is located within the McDermitt Volcanic Field, a volcanic complex with four large rhyolitic calderas that formed in the middle Miocene (Benson et al., 2017a). Volcanic activity in the McDermitt Volcanic Field occurred simultaneously with voluminous outflow of the earliest stages of the approximately 16.6 Ma to 15 Ma Columbia River flood basalt lavas. This volcanic activity was associated with impingement of the Yellowstone plume head on the continental crust (Coble and Mahood, 2012; Benson et al., 2017a). Plume head expansion underneath the lithosphere resulted in crustal melting and surficial volcanism along four distinct radial swarms centered around Steens Mountain, Oregon (Figure 6-1; Benson et al., 2017a).
The McDermitt Volcanic Field is located within the southeastern-propagating swarm of volcanism from Steens Mountain into north-central Nevada (Benson et al., 2017a). The Thacker Pass Project is located within the largest and southeastern most caldera of the McDermitt Volcanic Field, the McDermitt Caldera (Figure 6-1).
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Figure 6-1 Regional Map Showing the Location of the McDermitt Caldera in the Western US
Source: Lithium Americas Corp. (2022)
6.2 Geologic History of the McDermitt Caldera
6.2.1 Pre-Caldera Volcanism
Prior to collapse of the McDermitt Caldera at 16.33 Ma, volcanism in the northern portion of the McDermitt Volcanic Field and locally small volumes of trachytic to rhyolitic lavas erupted near the present-day Oregon-Nevada border in the Trout Creek and Oregon Canyon Mountains (Figure 6-1). These lavas and the flood basalts are exposed along walls of the McDermitt Caldera and are approximately 16.5 Ma to approximately 16.3 Ma years old (Benson et al., 2017a; Henry et al., 2017).
6.2.2 Eruption of the Tuff of Long Ridge and Collapse of the McDermitt Caldera
The trachytic to rhyolitic Tuff of Long Ridge erupted at approximately 16.33 Ma and formed the 30 km by 40 km keyhole-shaped McDermitt Caldera (Figure 6-1) that straddles the Oregon-Nevada border. Rytuba and McKee (1984) and Conrad (1984) initially interpreted the McDermitt Caldera as a composite collapse structure formed on piecewise eruption of four different ignimbrites from a single magma chamber. Henry et al. (2017) refined the stratigraphy to a singular ignimbrite they call the McDermitt Tuff (herein called the Tuff of Long Ridge to avoid confusion).
Regional reconnaissance work by Benson et al. (2017a) indicates that there was one large laterally extensive and crystal-poor (<3% feldspar) caldera-forming eruption (Tuff of Long Ridge), though other smaller-volume tuffs are exposed close to the vent and their eruptions and concomitant collapses may have contributed to the peculiar shape of the caldera. An estimated approximately 500 km3 of ignimbrite ponded within the caldera during the eruption, with approximately 500 km3 spreading out across the horizon up to 60 km from the caldera (Benson et al., 2017a; Henry et al., 2017).
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6.2.3 Post-Caldera Activity
Following eruption of the Tuff of Long Ridge, a large lake formed in the caldera depression. Authigenic and detrital sediments and a subordinate volume of volcanic rock (tephra, basaltic lava, rhyolitic tuff) accumulated in the bottom of the lake. Sedimentation was likely active for several hundreds of thousands of years given that nearby Miocene caldera lakes lasted approximately this long (Coble and Mahood, 2012; Benson et al., 2017a). 40Ar/39Ar dates on primary tephra and authigenic feldspar from the sedimentary sequence are as young as approximately 14.9 Ma, indicating that sedimentation and mineralization occurred for at least approximately 1.5 million years (Castor and Henry, 2020). During this interval, the caldera underwent a period of resurgence similar to that of the Valles Caldera in New Mexico (Smith and Bailey, 1968). This resurgence occurred approximately 16.2 Ma (Castor and Henry, 2020) and uplifted a large volume of intracaldera ignimbrite and caldera lake sediments that form the present-day Montana Mountains (Figure 6-2).
Figure 6-2 Simplified Geological Map of the Southern Portion of the McDermitt Caldera and the Thacker Pass Project
Source: Lithium Americas Corp. (2022)
Note: The lithium resources in this TRS are hosted within the Caldera Lake Sediments
A hydrothermal event associated with magmatic resurgence introduced to the system a hot, acidic fluid rich in Li, Potassium (K), Fluorine (F), Molybdenum (Mo), Cesium (Cs), Rubidium (Rb) and other elements associated with hydrothermal systems (Ingraffia et al., 2020). This fluid altered much of the smectite-bearing clays in the vicinity of Thacker Pass to a lithium-bearing illite, localized around intracaldera normal faults (Figure 6-2).
Beginning around 12 Ma, Basin and Range normal faulting associated with the extending North American lithosphere (Colgan et al., 2006; Lerch et al., 2008) caused uplift of the western half of the McDermitt Caldera and subsidence of Kings River Valley. Faults formed along reactivated ring fractures of the western McDermitt Caldera, and the Tuff of Thacker Creek. This uplift sped up the weathering and erosion of rocks within the caldera.
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6.3 Mineralization
6.3.1 Thacker Pass Deposit
The Thacker Pass Deposit sits sub-horizontally beneath a thin alluvial cover at Thacker Pass and is partially exposed at the surface (Figure 6-2). The Thacker Pass Deposit contains the targeted multi-phase mining development of the Thacker Pass Project. It lies at relatively low elevations (between 1,500 m and 1,300 m) in caldera lake sediments that have been separated from the topographically higher deposits to the north due to post-caldera resurgence and Basin and Range normal faulting. Exposures of the sedimentary rocks at Thacker Pass are limited to a few drainages and isolated road cuts. Therefore, the stratigraphic sequence in the deposit is primarily derived from core drilling.
The sedimentary section, which has a maximum drilled thickness of about 160 m, consists of alternating layers of claystone and volcanic ash. Basaltic lavas occur intermittently within the sedimentary sequence. The claystone comprises 40% to 90% of the section. In many intervals, the claystone and ash are intimately intermixed. The claystones are variably brown, tan, gray, bluish-gray and black, whereas the ash is generally white or very light gray. Individual claystone-rich units may laterally reach distances of more than 152 m, though unit thickness can vary by as much as 20%. Ash-rich layers are more variable and appear to have some textures that suggest reworking. All units exhibit finely graded bedding and laminar textures that imply a shallow lacustrine (lake) depositional environment.
Surficial oxidation persists to depths of 15 m to 30 m in the moat sedimentary rock. Oxidized claystone is brown, tan, or light greenish-tan and contains iron oxide, whereas ash is white with some orange-brown iron oxide. The transition from oxidized to unoxidized rock occurs over intervals as much as 4.5 m thick.
The moat sedimentary section at Thacker Pass overlies the hard, dense, indurated intra-caldera Tuff of Long Ridge. A zone of weakly to strongly silicified sedimentary rock, the Hot Pond Zone (HPZ), occurs at the base of the sedimentary section above the Tuff of Long Ridge in most of the cores retrieved from the Thacker Pass Deposit. Both the HPZ and the underlying Tuff of Long Ridge are generally oxidized. A general stratigraphic column has been included as Figure 6-3 and shows the local geological units, descriptions of the units, and average thicknesses of the units.
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Figure 6-3 Local Geologic Stratigraphic Column
Source: Lithium Americas Corp. (2023)
Core from each drill hole has been examined and drill logs have been prepared that record rock type, color, accessory minerals, textures and other features of significance. The core has mostly been divided into sample intervals for chemical analyses delineated on the basis of lithology. Figure 6-4 shows a generalized interpretation of the lithology for core hole WLC-043 which is located roughly in the middle of the proposed EIS pit area. The core data is the basis of the geologic model discussed in Section 11. Cross sections showing the lithological description and lateral continuity of lithological units are shown in Figure 11-3.
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Figure 6-4 Interpreted and Simplified Sample Log for Drill Hole WLC-043, Li Assay Data, Alteration Phases Identified by X-ray Diffraction, and Thin Section Imagery
Source: Lithium Americas Corp. (2022)
Most of the moat sedimentary rocks drilled in the Thacker Pass basin contain high levels of lithium (>1,000 ppm). Intervals that consist mostly of ash or volcanic rock have lithium contents of less than 800 ppm whereas intervals dominated by claystone contain more lithium (>1,000 ppm). Many intervals have very high lithium contents (>4,000 ppm). Intervals with extreme lithium contents (>8,000 ppm) occur sporadically in the deposit.
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There is no obvious change in lithium content across the boundary between oxidized and unoxidized rock. The highest lithium grades generally occur in the middle and lower parts of the sedimentary rock section, or in sections where these rocks have been uplifted to surface. Lithium grade continuity through the deposit can be visualized in Figure 11-5 which shows the high-grade mineralized zone in the deposit.
The lithium content of the Thacker Pass Deposit claystone can generally be correlated to the color and texture of the rock, as well as the amount of mixed-in ash. Intervals with the highest lithium grades (>4,000 ppm) generally contain gray to dark-gray or black claystone with less than 10% ash. Intervals of bluish-gray claystone with low ash content have moderate lithium content (generally 2,500 ppm to 3,000 ppm). Intervals of light-colored claystone (e.g., tan, light gray, greenish-tan) have lower lithium grades (generally 1,500 ppm to 2,500 ppm). Intervals of mixed claystone and ash are common and have variable lithium contents (generally 1,500 ppm to 3,000 ppm) depending on the type of claystone and proportion of ash present.
6.3.2 Mineralogy
Clay in the Thacker Pass Deposit includes two distinctly different mineral types, smectite and illite, based on chemistry and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra. Clay with XRD spectra that are indicative of smectite (12 - 15 Å basal spacing) occurs at relatively shallow depths in the deposit (Figure 6-5; Castor and Henry, 2020). Smectite drill intervals contain roughly 2,000 - 4,000 ppm Li (Figure 6-5). The chemistry and structure of the smectite at McDermitt is most similar to hectorite, a subtype of smectite (Na0,3(Mg,Li)3Si4O10(OH)2), though chemically the clay is intermediate between hectorite and two other smectites, stevensite and saponite (Morissette, 2012). Supported hectorite clay occurs elsewhere in the McDermitt Caldera and has been documented by several authors (e.g., Odom, 1992; Rytuba and Glanzman, 1978; Morissette, 2012; Castor and Henry, 2020).
Drill intervals with higher lithium contents (commonly 4,000 ppm Li or greater; Figure 6-5) contain clay 001 d spacing (Figure 6-5) typical for illite (Morissette, 2012; Castor and Henry, 2020). This illite clay occurs at relative moderate to deep depths in the moat sedimentary section and sporadically occurs in intervals that contain values approaching 9,000 ppm lithium in terms of a whole-rock assay, higher than what a hectorite crystal can accommodate. The Li-rich illite is similar in character to tainiolite, a subtype of illite (K2[Mg4Li2]Si8O20(OH,F)4) (Morissette, 2012; Castor and Henry, 2020). A relatively thin zone of interstratified smectite-illite clay is found between the smectite and illite-type clay (Figure 6-5; Castor and Henry, 2020). Clays in this mixed layer contain basal spacing intermediate between illite and smectite (Figure 6-5).
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Figure 6-5 Assay Lithium Content Plotted Against Clay X-Ray Diffraction Data from Drill Holes WLC-043, WLC-006, and WLC-067
Source: Castor and Henry (2020)
Note: Blue Dots Represent Assay Data From Holes WLC-043, WLC-006, and WLC-067
X-ray diffraction data from drill holes WLC-043, WLC-006, and WLC-067 indicate that higher lithium content in the assay intervals correlates with the higher proportions of illite in the sample (Figure 6-5; Castor and Henry, 2020).
Because the assay interval (5 ft or 1.5 m) is coarser than the finely laminated sediments (often sub-cm) and can contain a variety of lithologies due to randomization, separating clay material out an individual assay interval can obtain a more accurate representation of the composition of the clay itself. Clay concentrates from different sections of the deposit were analyzed by Morissette (2012) and can be used to estimate the bulk composition of a pure clay separate. Illite clay concentrates from Thacker Pass have an average composition of 1.2 wt. % Li (12,000 ppm Li) with 10 Å basal spacing and smectite clay concentrates have an average composition of 0.5 wt. % Li (5,000 ppm Li) with approximately 15 Å basal spacing (Table 6-1).
The smectite clay concentrates at Thacker Pass have a lithium content similar to hectorite clay concentrate at Hector, California (around 5,700 ppm Li; Morissette, 2012; and higher than the average of all clay concentrates at Clayton Valley, Nevada (approximately 3,500 ppm Li average; Morissette, 2012). The illite clay concentrates at Thacker Pass contain approximately twice the concentration of lithium as the hectorite concentrate from Hector, California and approximately three times the concentration of lithium from clay concentrates in Clayton Valley, Nevada.
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Table 6-1 Chemical Analyses of Thacker Pass Smectite and Illite Clay Concentrates
Category |
Smectite |
Illite |
Li (wt. %) |
0.5 |
1.2 |
Li2O (wt. %) |
1.1 |
2.6 |
Mg (wt. %) |
11.4 |
11.2 |
Ca (wt. %) |
0.9 |
0.2 |
001d Basal Spacing (Å) |
14.95 |
10 |
Notes: 1. All data from Morissette, C.L. (2012). "The Impact of Geological Environment on the Lithium Concentration and Structural Composition of Hectorite Clays." MS Thesis, University of Nevada-Reno, 244 p. 2. For sample preparation and analytical methodologies, see Morissette (2012). 3. Smectite data are averages of WLC03-01 and WLC03-02 in Morissette (2012), Table 9. 4. Illite data are averages of WLC03-03, WLC03-04, and WLC03-05 in Morissette (2012), Table 9. 5. 001 d basal spacing from air-dried oriented averages in Morissette (2012), Table 7 (smectites) and Table 8 (illites). 6. The conversion factor from Li2O to Li is 0.464. 7. The conversion factor from MgO to Mg is 0.6031. 8. The conversion factor from CaO to Ca is 0.7146. |
Other minerals in the Thacker Pass Deposit claystone include calcite, quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, dolomite, and fluorite. Pyrite and bitumen occur in the claystone below near-surface oxidized rock. Ash beds in the Thacker Pass Deposit contain quartz and feldspar with local analcime, and minor clay and pyrite. Zeolite minerals are typically present in the north part of the caldera, but analcime is the only zeolite present in the Thacker Pass Deposit (Glanzman and Rytuba, 1979; Castor and Henry, 2020). Carbonates (calcite and dolomite) are present throughout the deposit as primary sedimentary beds and rosettes and masses (Castor and Henry, 2020). Fluorite occurs in the mixed smectite/illite and illite zones and is interpreted by Castor and Henry (2020) to be the product of a secondary fluid. Fluorite often replaces calcite in the illitic portion of the sedimentary sequence, further supporting its genesis as a secondary fluid.
6.3.3 Discussion
The regional geological setting of this deposit is well-known and understood. The lithium bearing clays are contained within the lacustrine caldera moat sediments that are bounded by the outer wall of the caldera and inner resurgent dome. The local geological setting and degree of local lithium grade variations, within the modeled area, are adequately known for the Thacker Pass Deposit for resource estimation.
6.4 Deposit Types
6.4.1 Lithium Mineralization
Lithium enrichment (>1,000 ppm Li) in the Thacker Pass Deposit and deposits of the Montana Mountains occur throughout the caldera lake sedimentary sequence above the intra-caldera Tuff of Long Ridge. The deeper illite-rich portion of the sedimentary sequence contains higher lithium than the shallower, smectite-rich portion. The uplift of the Montana Mountains during both caldera resurgence and Basin and Range faulting led to increased rates of weathering and erosion of a large volume of caldera lake sediments. As a result, much of the sediments in the Montana Mountains have eroded away.
South of the Montana Mountains in the Thacker Pass Deposit, caldera lake sediments dip slightly away from the center of resurgence. Because of the lower elevations in Thacker Pass, a smaller volume of the original caldera lake sedimentary package eroded south of the Montana Mountains. As a result, the thickness of the sedimentary package increases with distance from the Montana Mountains. The proposed open-pit mining activity is concentrated just south of the Montana Mountains in Thacker Pass where lithium enrichment is close to the surface with minimal overburden.
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7 Exploration
7.1 Exploration Work
Exploration work has consisted of:
a) geological mapping to delineate the limits of the McDermitt Caldera moat sedimentary rocks,
b) topographic survey work
c) Claim survey
d) a seismic survey
e) bulk sampling with auger drilling
7.1.1 Geological Mapping
Regional mapping of the McDermitt Caldera has been conducted by the Nevada Bureau of Mines. This mapping has been used to outline the McDermitt Caldera moat sediments that host the lithium bearing claystone. LAC exploration geologist, Dr. Thomas Benson, has also conducted mapping and analytical work within the southern area of the McDermitt Caldera. Collaborative analytical research with external researchers from federal labs and universities across the world is ongoing to further refine the geology of the Thacker Pass Deposit and improve the genetic model.
7.1.2 Topographic Survey
Topography survey work was completed prior to 1980 under Chevron's exploration program. Most of the Project area has been surveyed by airborne gamma ray spectrometry, in search of minerals such as uranium. Anomalously high concentration of lithium was discovered to be associated with the caldera. Lithium became the primary focus of exploration from 2007 onward.
A collar survey was completed by LAC for the 2007-2008 drilling program using a Trimble GPS (Global Positioning System). At that time the NAD 83 global reference system was used. Comparing LAC's survey work with that done by Chevron showed near-identical results for the easting and northings, elevations were off by approximately 3 m and were corrected in order to conform with earlier Chevron work.
The topographic surface of the Project area was mapped by aerial photography dated July 6, 2010. This information was obtained by MXS, Inc. for LAC. The flyover resolution was 0.35 m. Ground control was established by Desert-Mountain Surveying, a Nevada licensed land surveyor, using Trimble equipment. Field surveys of drill hole collars, spot-heights and ground-truthing were conducted by Mr. Dave Rowe, MXS, Inc., a Nevada licensed land surveyor, using Trimble equipment.
7.1.3 Claim Survey
Claim surveying for Chevron was performed by Tyree Surveying Company, Albuquerque, New Mexico and Desert Mountain Surveying Company, Winnemucca, Nevada. According to Chevron (1980), both companies used theodolites and laser source electronic distance meters to survey the claims. Records show that both companies were contracted to survey the drill hole locations. It is presumed that the same instrumentation was used for the collar locations. The reported error was within 0.1515 m horizontally and 0.303 m vertically. The survey coordinates were reported in UTM NAD 27.
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7.1.4 Seismic Survey
In 2017 LAC conducted five seismic survey lines (Figure 7-1). A seismic test line was completed in July 2017 along a series of historic drill holes to test the survey method's accuracy and resolution in identifying clay interfaces. The seismic results compared favorably with drill logs. As illustrated by the yellow line in Figure 7-2, the contact between the basement (intracaldera Tuff of Long Ridge) and the caldera lake sediments (lithium resource host) slightly dips to the east. Four more seismic survey lines were commissioned in the Thacker Pass Project area (Figure 7-1). The additional seismic lines provide a more complete picture of the distribution, depth, and dip of clay horizons around the edge and center of the moat basin.
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Figure 7-1 Locations of Seismic Surveys Conducted in 2017
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Figure 7-2 Results from one of the Seismic Test Lines (A-A')
Source: Lithium Americas Corp. (2022)
7.1.5 Bulk Sampling with Auger Drilling
In August 2018 and October 2019 LAC used a large diameter auger (1 m to 1.3 m) to drill six holes up to 26 m deep for the purpose of collecting bulk claystone samples for metallurgical process testing. LNC and WLC core holes were evaluated for clay type, lithium grades and calcium grades near surface to be representative samples of the whole Thacker Pass deposit. The six auger holes twinned the selected holes such that no independent laboratories assayed the samples collected. These holes were not used in the resource model.
Another auger bulk sampling program was performed in September 2022 to collect additional claystone samples for metallurgical process testing. Seven holes up to 26 m in depth were sampled targeting varying ratios of smectite and illite claystones. Samples were collected in 48" x 48" bulk bags and transported to the LNC core shed for storage and blending. The seven auger holes twinned selected existing LNC and WLC holes; thus, the auger holes were not used in the resource model.
7.2 Exploration Drilling
The Thacker Pass Deposit area has been explored for minerals since the 1970s under three different drilling campaigns (see Table 7-1):
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Table 7-1 Drill Holes Provided in Current Database for the Thacker Pass Deposit
Drilling |
Number |
Type |
Hole IDs in Database |
Number used in |
Average Core |
Chevron |
24 |
Rotary |
PC-84-001 through PC-84-012, PC-84-015 through PC-84-026 |
0 |
N/A |
1 |
Core |
PC-84-014c |
0 |
N/A |
|
LAC 2007-2010 |
230 |
HQ Core |
WLC-001 through WLC-037, WLC-040 through WLC-232 |
227 |
90% |
7 |
PQ Core |
WPQ-001 through WPQ-007 |
0 |
N/A |
|
5 |
HQ Core |
Li-001 through Li-005 |
0 |
N/A |
|
8 |
RC |
TP-001 through TP-008 |
0 |
N/A |
|
2 |
Sonic |
WSH-001 through WSH-002 |
0 |
N/A |
|
LAC 2017-2018 |
144 |
HQ Core |
LNC-001 through LNC-144 |
139 |
91% |
7.2.1 Chevron
During Chevron's exploration tenure, core was collected from the drills twice a day and descriptively logged by geologists at Chevron's field camp. Chip samples from rotary drills were logged at the drill site. Two composite samples were collected every 1.524 m (i.e., downhole samples were collected every 5 ft) and bagged. The geologist logging the hole made a chip board at the drill site. The chipboards consisted of drill cuttings glued to a 25.4 mm by 101.6 mm board whose vertical scale was 25.4 mm = 3.48 m. Lithological logging of both core and chip samples highlighted lithologic units, contacts, mineralization, alteration, and brecciation.
The Chevron drill holes were excluded from consideration in the grade model due to unknown sample quality controls at the time of drilling.
7.2.2 LAC Drilling
Drilling methods were compared to test for sample bias, using core drilling as the standard. Rotary, sonic, and reverse circulation drilling all showed slight sample biases when compared to core drilling. Only core holes were used for resource modeling to minimize the chance of sample bias. The QP believes that the drilling, logging, and sampling techniques procedures used are of reasonable quality and representative of the deposit. In the Thacker Pass Deposit, sample assays, geologic logging and area domains by structural faults were incorporated into the block model. This dataset is adequate for resource grade estimation.
Thirty-seven core holes (WLC-001 through WLC-037) were drilled specifically for assay and lithologic information. Eight Reverse Circulation (RC) holes were drilled to compare drilling techniques.
The RC drilling method biased assay results so the method was abandoned. Seven PQ-sized core holes were drilled with the intent to provide samples for metallurgical test work. Two sonic holes were drilled to test the drilling method; it was determined that the lithologic sample quality was not comparable to traditional core drilling and therefore sonic drilling was abandoned.
In 2008, LAC drilled five confirmation HQ core drill holes (Li-001 through Li-005) to validate the Chevron drilling results. Five historic Chevron drill holes that are broadly distributed across the Montana Mountains were selected to twin. Results demonstrated that the Chevron assay data was reliable enough to guide further exploration work. These holes were not used in the resource estimation.
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From January 2010 through June 2011, August 2017 through December 2017, and June 2018 through November 2018, LAC initiated a definition drilling campaign to define a Measured and Indicated Resource for lithium (Figure 7-3). LAC core was collected once a day and transported back to the LAC secure core shed outside Orovada, Nevada. Core was cleaned and logged for lithology, oxidation, alteration and core recovery. All cores were photographed with high resolution digital cameras and samples were stored in locked buildings accessible by LAC personnel or contractors.
LAC conducted exploration drilling in June 2017, drilling 22 widely spaced HQ core holes. Results of this work help expand the known resource to the northwest of the 2009-2010 drilling, identify a target south of the highway in an area designated the Southwest Basin (SW Basin), and further understand the local geology across Thacker Pass. All anomalous amounts of lithium occurred in clay horizons.
227 holes from the 2007-2010 campaigns and 139 holes from the 2017-2018 campaigns were used in the 2022 Mineral Resource in this report (Figure 7-3). The eight holes not included in the resource model were excluded due to the holes proximity to other existing holes with more extensive data analyses. Lithological interpretations of the drill holes from the 2007-2010 and 2017-2018 drilling campaigns are shown in Figure 11-3.
Core recoveries per core run were tabulated and weight averaged for the LNC 2007-2010 and LNC 2017-2018 drilling campaigns and have been shown in Table 7-1. Only holes used in the resource model were evaluated for core recovery. Core recoveries in the upper three feet of each core run were excluded since the majority of this material is alluvium and not included in the resource model. Core recoveries in the upper three feet is generally not representative of overall core recovery due to the core loss from the initial advancement of the core barrel.
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Figure 7-3 Drill Hole Map of Thacker Pass Deposit
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Assays for drill holes prior to January 2010 (WLC-001 through WLC-037) had analytical work completed by American Assay Labs (AAL) in Nevada. The AAL results failed multiple quality control checks and was determined unfit to use in the resource model. As a remedy, these holes had pulps from the ore zone re-assayed in 2010 by ALS Global (ALS) in Reno, Nevada who now perform all assay work for LAC. The re-assayed samples only reported lithium grade while all other results include ALS' entire ME-MS61 ICP suite of 48 elements. Assay interval length was chosen by the geologist based on lithology and claystone color. The assay data can be visualized through Figure 11-5. Downhole assays and interpolated lithium grades are presented in the cross-sectional views.
Initially optimal drill hole spacing for Inferred, Indicated, and Measured categories was determined by geostatistical methods based on the results of the first 37 drill holes (WLC-001 through WLC-037). After LAC concluded drilling in 2017 the drill hole spacing geostatistics was re-evaluated with an additional 193 WLC holes (WLC-040 through WLC-232) and the drill hole spacing was widened for the 2018 drilling while maintaining the same Inferred, Indicated and Measured confidences. An example of the drill core used in the geologic and grade model are shown in Figure 7-4.
Figure 7-4 Photograph of Core after Geologic Logging
Source: Lithium Americas Corp. (2021)
Collar surveying for LAC for the 2007-2010 drilling program used a Trimble GPS using the UTM NAD83, Zone 11 coordinate system. The collar locations for the Chevron drill holes were updated to the NAD83 coordinate system at that time. Comparing LAC survey work with what was performed by Chevron showed near identical results for the easting and northings; elevations were off by approximately 3 m and were corrected to conform to earlier Chevron work.
Collar surveying for the 2017-2018 LAC drilling campaign was conducted using a handheld Garmin 62S GPS set to UTM NAD83 Zone 11 with accuracy of ±3 m in the X and Y planes. In December 2017, a high-resolution LiDAR and aerial photo survey of Thacker Pass was conducted in November of 2017 by US Geomatics with a reported accuracy of ±0.08 m. The collar elevations of the 2017-2018 drill holes were then corrected in the drill hole database to the surveyed surface elevation. The average change was an increased elevation of 0.286 m.
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From 2009 to 2010, downhole surveys were conducted on selected holes using a Boart-Longyear Trushot magnetic downhole survey tool to verify the holes were not deviating from vertical. Holes drilled in 2017-2018 were down hole surveyed using the same tool whenever the depth exceeded 30 m. All holes were drilled vertical or nearly vertical with the exception of WLC-058 (Azimuth: 180º Dip: -70º) and LNC-083 (Azimuth: 180º Dip: -60º) which were intentionally drilled at angles.
7.2.3 Clay Property Drilling
In 2017, eight drill holes (LNC-049 through LNC-056 and LNC-086) were drilled to depths less than 16 m to collect samples for LAC's subsidiary RheoMinerals Inc. for exploration of industrial clay. These samples were not geologically logged nor assayed. These samples are not included in the resource estimation.
7.2.4 QP's Opinion
The Thacker Pass Project is known for significant amounts of lithium contained in sub-horizontal clay beds in the McDermitt Caldera. Past and modern drilling results show lithium grade ranging from 2,000 ppm to 8,000 ppm lithium over great lateral extents among drill holes. There is a fairly continuous high-grade sub-horizontal clay horizon that exceeds 5,000 ppm lithium across the Project area as shown in the cross-sections in Figure 11-5. This horizon averages 1.47 m thick with an average depth of 56 m down hole. The lithium grade for several meters above and below the high-grade horizon typically ranges from 3,000 ppm to 5,000 ppm lithium. The bottom of the deposit is well defined by a hydrothermally altered oxidized ash and sediments that contain less than 500 ppm lithium, and often sub-100 ppm lithium (HPZ). All drill holes, except WLC-058 and LNC-083, are vertical which represent the down hole lithium grades as true-thickness and allows for accurate resource estimation.
The Chevron holes were not used for the resource reporting but as a general guide for exploration planning since these holes primary focus was on uranium and not lithium. RC drilled holes were not utilized in the resource model due to analytical biases generated by this drilling method. The traditional core drilling method was determined to be best suited for sampling this deposit for lithological and analytical investigations.
The drilling techniques, core recovery, and sample collection procedures provided results that are suitable for use in resource estimation. There are no drilling, sample, or recovery factors that materially impact the accuracy and reliability of results. The data is adequate for use in resource estimation.
7.3 Hydrogeologic System Characterization
This section provides the required content identified by 17 CFR 229.601(b)(9)(iii)(B)(7)(iii).
Information about the regional hydrogeologic system near the Thacker Pass project area is summarized in Hydrogeologic Characterization Methods (Section 7.3.1), Characterization Results and Interpretation (Section 7.3.2), and Qualified Person's Opinion (Section 7.3.3).
7.3.1 Hydrogeologic Characterization Methods
Characterization of the hydrogeologic system (i.e., groundwater flow system) in the project area is based primarily on collection and interpretation of field data to assess in-situ hydrogeologic conditions. Virtually no laboratory data was used in the characterization of the groundwater flow system. This is a common approach for characterizing the physical components of groundwater flow systems.
Developing an understanding of the groundwater flow system in the project area utilized regional scale geology and hydrogeology investigations published by federal and state agencies and academic researchers, and project-scale geologic and hydrogeologic characterization information developed for the Thacker Ridge project by the private sector. This section addresses the project-scale characterization. data. Thacker Pass Project Baseline Hydrologic Data Collection Report (Piteau Associates, 2019) was prepared for Lithium Nevada Corporation and describes the regional-scale information utilized and the project-scale characterization performed to develop an understanding of the groundwater flow system in the project area.
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The following third-party reports were utilized to develop an understanding of regional-scale geology and hydrogeology.
Geology and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the middle Miocene McDermitt volcanic field, Oregon and Nevada: Silicic volcanism associated with propagating flood basalt dikes at initiation of the Yellowstone hotspot. (Benson et al., 2017).
Geology, geochemistry, and origin of volcanic rock-hosted uranium deposits in northwestern Nevada and southeastern Oregon. (Castor and Henry, 2000).
Initial impingement of the Yellowstone plume located by widespread silicic volcanism contemporaneous with Columbia River flood basalts. (Coble and Mahood, 2012).
The mineralogy and petrology of compositionally zoned ash flow tuffs, and related silicic volcanic rocks, from the McDermitt Caldera Complex, Nevada-Oregon. (Conrad, 1984).
Geology and evolution of the McDermitt caldera, northern Nevada and southeastern Oregon, western USA. (Henry et al., 2017).
Effects of Irrigation Development on the Water Supply of Quinn River Valley Area, Nevada and Oregon 1950-64. (Huxel and Parkes, 1966).
The Effects of Pumping on the Hydrology of Kings River Valley, Humboldt County, Nevada. (Malmberg and Worts, 1966).
State Engineer Order 285. Designating and Describing the Quinn River Valley Basin. (Nevada Division of Water Resources, 1965).
State Engineer Order 740. Designating and Describing the Kings River Valley. (Nevada Division of Water Resources, 1965.).
Peralkaline Ash Flow Tuffs and Calderas of the McDermitt Volcanic Field, Southeast Oregon and North Central Nevada. (Rytuba and McKee, 1984).
Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Quinn River Valley, Humboldt County, Nevada. (Vishner, 1957)
Major Ground-Water Flow Systems in the Great Basin Region of Nevada, Utah, and Adjacent States. (USGS, 1988)
Ground Water in the Alluvium of Kings River Valley Humboldt County. (Zones, 1963).
Characterization information from the project-specific geologic exploration and drilling program (Sections 7.1 and 7.2) was used to refine the understanding of the geology in the project area.
Additional project-specific characterization of the groundwater flow system was performed in several phases as documented by Piteau Associates (2019).
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The groundwater resource evaluation, hydrologic characterization, and groundwater modeling studies performed by Piteau Associates were performed in accordance with Lithium Nevada Corporation Baseline and Model Workplan (Piteau Associates, 2018). The workplan was prepared to meet data adequacy standards identified in Rock Characterization and Water Resources Analysis Guidance for Mining Activities (BLM 2010 and 2013), Water Resources Data and Analysis Policy for Mining Activities (BLM 2008a), and Groundwater Modeling Guidance for Mining Activities (BLM, 2008b). The workplan was approved by the Bureau of Land Management.
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Figure 7-5 Numerical Model Grid
Source: Piteau Associates, 2020
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Figure 7-6 Numerical Model Layer
Source: Piteau Associates, 2020
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7.3.2 Characterization Results and Interpretation
The spring/seep monitoring program evaluated and classified 56 features identified as potential springs/seeps. Flowrate was monitored for four consecutive quarters. Based on monitoring, 21 had perennial flow, 20 had ephemeral flow, and the remainder were classified as not being springs or seeps.
Based on the project geologic model and hydrogeologic investigation, faults and hydrostratigraphic units were identified and characterized. Figure 7-7 shows faults identified in the area and cross section locations. Figure 7-8 shows the hydrogeologic units on Cross Section D-D' in the western portion of the project area.
The hydrogeologic testing results are summarized on Table 7-2. The results of the hydrogeologic testing program and interpretation to the site hydrogeology are summarized as follows:
Of the hydrogeologic units tested in the vicinity of future mine pits, volcanic tuff has the lowest hydraulic conductivity; interbedded claystone/ash and basalt have higher hydraulic conductivity; and basal ash has the highest hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock materials at the mine site. Alluvial sediments in the Quinn River Valley where a water supply well was installed have substantially higher hydraulic conductivity than hydrogeologic units in the Thacker Pass area.
Steep groundwater gradients occur across faults and in low permeability bedrock units such as volcanic tuffs and lava flows. The lowest groundwater gradients are present in alluvial sediments.
The groundwater elevations and resulting flow patterns in the project area are relatively complicated. Water level data indicates the groundwater divide is shifted approximately 3,500 ft east of the topographic divide. The groundwater divide corresponds with a corridor of elevated water levels in wells which are compartmentalized by minor faults, shown in Figure 7-9. East of the divide, groundwater flows north from the Double H Mountains to the south, south from Montana Mountains to the north, and then generally east to the Quinn River valley. West of the divide, groundwater turns generally west to the Kings River valley. The steep gradients, indicated by closely spaced contours, north of the mine pit and near the middle of the mine pit are attributed to faults that are groundwater flow barriers.
Faults in the future mine area restrict groundwater flow. This restriction is responsible for large differences in groundwater levels (stair-stepping water levels) over short distances and isolate portions of the groundwater flow system from adjacent areas. The faults are expected to lessen the effect of dewatering at the mine on groundwater levels in nearby areas.
Water levels in the Thacker Pass Project have remained steady through time after equilibrating over a period of weeks to months. Recharge is thus interpreted as steady and predominantly from bedrock sources located at higher and wetter elevations rather than from surface runoff.
The Thacker Creek area is hydraulically isolated from the waste rock facility and mine pits by faults and geologic contacts. This hydraulic isolation is expected to reduce effects of mine dewatering on water levels and streamflow in Thacker Creek.
The combination of high hydraulic conductivity and large saturated thickness of the Quinn River alluvial aquifer result in the water supply well having sufficient capacity to provide water needed for mine operations.
The groundwater model (Piteau Associates, 2020) is a numerical implementation of the hydrogeologic conceptual site model. It was developed for the purpose of evaluating mining related impacts to groundwater resources. The model was calibrated under steady state conditions (no change over time) and during transient conditions by simulating 3 pumping tests (PH-1, TW18-02, QRPW18-01). Simulated water levels were compared to observed levels at wells near the Thacker Pass project and in the adjacent alluvial aquifers as was simulated groundwater discharge rates to springs/seeps and streams. Model input parameters were adjusted iteratively to improve the agreement between predicted and measured values. The calibration process was iterated until reasonable agreement was reached for steady state water levels, discharge rates, and transient response during pumping tests.
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Overall, the calibrated flow model reasonably predicts water levels and drawdown, and reasonably represents compartmentalization of the groundwater flow system by faults and the discontinuous nature of hydrogeologic units that conduct water. Comparison of steady-state simulated and measured groundwater levels on Figure 7-10 show reasonably well matched simulated and observed values at the mine site.
The numerical model does not represent all features that affect the groundwater system at the local scale, which is typical for groundwater flow models of complicated flow systems. Additional data, testing, and interpretation, would be required to resolve local heterogeneity.
The calibrated flow model was used to estimate bulk dewatering rates, changes to groundwater levels in the surrounding area, and potential effects on flowrate at springs and streams under three pit closure configurations (backfilled, partially backfilled, and not backfilled). Pre-mining conditions were assumed to be in a quasi steady-state.
Dewatering requirements for open pit mining are predicted to be low and manageable during operation unless geotechnical analysis indicates more extensive depressurization is required. Simulated groundwater inflow to the pit range from 55 gpm to 95 gpm. Groundwater inflow increased towards the end of the mine life, when mining encounters thicker sections of saturated claystone / ash beds.
A summary of simulated closure results are as follows:
The backfilled pit scenario is predicted to have the least effect on the groundwater flow system during the post-closure period. After mining ceases, water levels rise (i.e., drawdown decreases) and reach quasi-stable equilibrium values lower than the pre-mining levels.
The open pit configuration is predicted to have the greatest effect on the groundwater system due to evaporation from pit lakes removing water from the groundwater system. After mining ceases, water levels continue to decline during the initial post-mining period and stabilize below the pre-mining levels at most nearby locations.
The partially backfilled configuration has an intermediate effect due to a lower evaporation rate from a seasonal wetland than from a pit lake, and the wetland being at a higher elevation than the equilibrium water level in the lowest pit lake. After mining ceases, water levels at various locations show slight increasing or decreasing trends, in contrast to the more pronounced declining trends in the open pit configuration. Water levels stabilize fellow pre-mining levels.
All three pit configuration scenarios have generally similar effects on predicted groundwater levels at springs, although the magnitude of the effects varies between scenarios. Of the 6 potential springs within the 10-foot drawdown isopleth 300 years post-mining, pre-mining monitoring indicates that 2 have ephemeral flow, two rarely flow, and 2 are constructed livestock watering features. Predicted groundwater level declines are approximately 4 to 15 feet.
All three scenarios have generally similar effects on predicted streamflow at Pole, Crowley, and Thacker creeks, although the magnitude of the effects varies between scenarios. Baseflow in the upper and middle reaches of Pole Creek is not predicted to be affected by mine-related changes to the groundwater flow system. The lower reach flows seasonally, and the predicted reduction in groundwater discharge to the stream is approximately 10 percent of streamflow. At Crowley Creek, baseflow is predicted to decline approximately 3 percent at the end of mining, and to recover to pre-mining levels in the 300-year post-mining period. At Thacker Creek, baseflow in the backfilled pit scenario is predicted to decline approximately 4 percent at the end of mining and to recover during the post-mining period. In the open pit scenario, baseflow declines by approximately 8 percent and does not recover. In the partially backfilled scenario, baseflow declines by approximately five percent and does not recover.
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Table 7-2 Summary of Hydrogeologic Testing and Results
|
|
Transmissivity (ft2/d) |
Hydraulic Conductivity (ft/d) |
Storage Coefficient (unitless) |
||||||
Geology |
# of tests |
Max |
Min |
Mean1 |
Max |
Min |
Mean1 |
Max |
Min |
Mean1 |
Tuff |
6 |
2.23 |
0.81 |
1.4 |
0.068 |
0.012 |
0.019 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Claystone/ash |
12 |
952 |
0.35 |
62.5 |
2.8 |
0.016 |
0.35 |
0.043 |
2.39E-02 |
2.91E-02 |
Basalt |
2 |
2409 |
2.1 |
71 |
4.05 |
0.016 |
0.69 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Alluvium |
2 |
28107 |
26472 |
26935 |
52.5 |
51 |
51.4 |
1.67E-01 |
4.07E-04 |
9.00E-03 |
Basal ash |
10 |
1900 |
1.11 |
320.7 |
3.90 |
0.22 |
1.58 |
4.60E-02 |
7.13E-06 |
5.17E-04 |
1 Geometric mean
Source: Piteau Associates, 2019
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Figure 7-7 Faults and Cross Section Locations
Source: Piteau Associates, 2019
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Figure 7-8 Hydrogeologic Cross Section D-D'
Source: Piteau Associates, 2019
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Figure 7-9 Interpreted Groundwater Elevations near Thacker Pass
Source: Piteau Associates, 2019
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Figure 7-10 Steady State Groundwater Elevation Calibration Results
Source: Piteau Associates, 2020
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7.3.3 QP's Opinion
7.4 Geotechnical Drilling
7.4.1 Mining
In 2017, three drill holes (LNC-083 through LNC-085) were drilled to collect geotechnical information. Drill holes locations are in Figure 7-11. The majority of the drill holes were drilled using normal HQ core drilling practices. Each hole had samples collected by a contract geotechnical engineer at the drill rig. After the geotechnical samples were collected, the drill hole was logged and sampled by LAC employees or contractors. The geotechnical samples were sent to Solum Consultants Ltd. for geotechnical testing. This report was updated with the Barr 2019 report and was not used for pit design assumptions in this TRS.
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Figure 7-11 Mining geotechnical bore holes and test pit locations
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In August 2019, five HQ core drill holes were drilled to collect slope stability geotechnical information for pit highwall design. Drill hole locations are in Figure 7-11. All five holes were collared at existing historical core hole locations. Three of the holes were drilled at an angle; the other two were vertical. Barr Engineering was contracted to perform the geotechnical sampling, televiewer work, testing, and reporting. These holes were not assayed or included in the resource estimation. The results of their work were used for the engineered mine pit wall slopes.
Testing that Barr conducted to be used in their analysis were: Point load test, downhole televiewer, rock mass classification for the basalt and tuff material, index test, strength and compressibility test, considered pore-water pressures, and field confirmed compressive strength.
Intermountain GeoEnvironmental Services, Inc. (IGES) of South Salt Lake City, UT was the laboratory used for testing. The QP is unaware of any QAQC programs completed at the time of testing. IGES is an ARML certified geotechnical laboratory and is independent with no affiliation with LAC.
Based on the results Barr developed recommended geometry and configurations. Recommendations are shown in Table 7-3. The QP used these recommendations in the design of the mine pit wall design and waste dump design.
Table 7-3 Recommended Geometry and Configurations
Material Type |
Slope |
Geometry and Configuration |
All Geology Formations |
Overall Pit Slope |
Design and establish a 27-degree overall slope angle through all geology formations |
Clay/Ash |
Inter-ramp |
Design and establish 30-meter-high maximum, 50-meter-wide, and 45-degree angle inter-ramp slopes through the clay/ash ore body |
Catch Bench |
Design and establish 10-meter high, 8.6-meter-wide, and 67-degree bench face angle slopes through the clay/ash ore body |
|
Tuff/Basalt |
Inter-ramp |
Design and establish 40-meter-high maximum, 50-meter-wide and 50-degree inter-ramp slopes through the tuff/basalt |
Catch Bench |
Design and establish 10-meter-high, 6-meter-wide, and 67-degree bench face angle slopes through the tuff/basalt |
|
Alluvium (unit between Tuff and Clay/Ash) |
Inter-ramp |
Design and establish 30-meter-high maximum, 50-meter-wide, and 45-degree angle inter-ramp slopes through the alluvium |
Catch Bench |
Design and establish 10-meter-high, 8.6-meter-wide, and 67-degree bench face angle slopes through the alluvium |
|
Spoil |
Overall |
Design and establish a 27-degree overall slope through the spoil pile to a maximum height of 90 meters |
Lift |
Design and establish a 38-degree overall slope through the spoil lift |
Source: Sawtooth 2023
In 2020 Barr Engineering completed a haul road design and analysis for the Thacker Pass Project. The Project included laboratory testing to assess the properties of typical rock and soil waste material available at Thacker Pass to be used for haul road construction. Additionally, Barr used drill core information from the pit slope analysis completed in 2019 as needed. Based on the assessed material properties, the California Bearing Ratio structural design method was followed to determine the minimum thickness of the subbase, base and wearing course for the haul trucks to use during mining operations. Additionally, Barr completed a fill slope analysis for the highest section of the designed haul road.
Barr collected five representative samples. Material was collected using a shovel and excavating between 0.0 and 0.6 meters in depth at the various locations. Laboratory testing done were: particle size distribution, L.A. abrasion test, standard Proctor compaction and California Bearing Ratio. The testing methods were selected to assess the characteristics of the material used in the haul road construction.
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Intermountain GeoEnvironmental Services, Inc. of South Salt Lake City, UT was the laboratory used for testing. Basalt and tuff samples were sent to CMT Engineering Laboratories which is an AASHTO accredited laboratory and is independent with no affiliation with LAC. The QP is unaware of any QAQC programs completed at the time of testing.
Barr concluded that the material to be used onsite for haul road construction is anticipated to meet road performance needs for the haul trucks if minimum recommended thickness of materials is used and volumes of this material are available on site. The fill slope stability analysis concluded that the haul road fill is at the highest fill section is expected to remain stable. Based on the results, Sawtooth has incorporated the recommended design parameters in its haul road design.
The QP is of the opinion that the analysis completed for the pit slope, waste slope and haul road fill were done to engineering standards and that the results can be used in mine designs, and haul road designs.
7.4.2 Infrastructure
A geotechnical investigation to characterize the subsurface materials for infrastructure foundation design was conducted in March 2019. Thirty-one (31) auger holes were advanced to an average of 15 m in depth, with a maximum depth of 46 m, and twenty-eight (28) test pits were excavated to a maximum depth of 7 m. In December 2019, five (5) auger holes were advanced to an average depth of 31 m, and twenty-one (21) test pits were excavated to a maximum depth of 7 m, to characterize the geotechnical conditions for the CTFS design.
The boreholes were advanced using a CME-850 track-mounted drill rig, and each borehole was drilled with 4.25-inch diameter hollow stem auger in soil and triple tube wireline rock coring methods when in bedrock. Test pits were excavated with a CAT 320E excavator. NewFields was contracted to oversee the drilling, trenching, sampling, testing and reporting of the geotechnical work.
Each sample was categorized according to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), which is based on material gradation and plasticity. Natural moisture content and natural density were recorded from ring-lined samples. Moisture content - unit weight relationships were developed from bulk test pit samples. Strength properties of in-situ soils were estimated based on standard penetration testing (SPT) and USCS classification. Soil samples obtained during the field investigation were labeled, packaged and transported to the NewFields AMRL/AASHTO accredited laboratory in Elko, Nevada where the majority of the soil testing was completed. AMRL/AASHTO accreditation refers to the demonstrated proficiency for the testing of construction materials (soils, aggregates, concrete, asphalt) and conformance to the requirements of AASHTO R18 and the AASHTO Accreditation policies established by the AASHTO Committee on Materials and Pavements. (Note that the scope of the accreditation can be accessed at http://aashtoresource.org). Laboratory testing was completed on select samples collected during the field investigation. NewFields is an independent laboratory without affiliation with LAC.
The laboratory testing was completed in accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standards. The laboratory testing program included:
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No samples were collected for assay as part of the geotechnical investigation program.
Subsurface conditions can generally be classified as a thin veneer of growth media, approximately 30 to 60 cm in thickness, overlying alluvial overburden consisting of loose to very dense fine to coarse sands and gravels with varying amounts of clay, silt, sand and gravel overlying residuum composed of slightly weathered to highly weathered basalt. In the open pit area, the alluvium directly overlies claystone with varying amounts of interbedded ash (AMEC, 2011). Throughout the site, thin seams and lenses of low plasticity clay and silt were observed in select borings at relatively shallow depths. The thickness of alluvial overburden varies significantly across the site, with recorded thicknesses between 3 m to over 20 m. There is no general trend of overburden thickness or bedrock elevation across the site, primarily due to the degree of weathering and the basalt depositional process. In three of the four deep boreholes within the Coarse Gangue Stockpile (CGS) and Plant Site areas, groundwater was encountered at depths of approximately 25 to 28 m below ground surface. Throughout the remainder of the site, the relatively shallow boreholes did not encounter groundwater in the upper 15 m below ground surface.
Foundation conditions across the site (where explored) are adequate for the proposed developments. Areas of unsuitable materials, such as low strength or high plasticity materials, that could require removal or replacement were not identified and are not expected to influence construction. Additional geotechnical investigations are planned from Q4 of 2022 through Q1 of 2023 to further define construction borrow areas and subsurface conditions throughout the site. The additional information collected will be used to update the previously issued Geotechnical Investigation Factual Report (NewFields, 2019a) and Plant Site Soils and Foundations Report (NewFields, 2019b).
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8 Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security
The sample preparation, analysis, security and QA/QC program employed by Chevron is uncertain, and therefore data collected by Chevron are not used for resource estimation. This section describes those activities completed for the LAC drilling campaigns from 2007-2018.
8.1 LAC Site Sample Preparation
The drilled core was securely placed in core boxes and labelled at site. The boxes of drilled core were then transported to the secure LAC logging and sampling facility in Orovada, Nevada, where they were lithologically logged, photographed, cut, and sampled by LAC employees and contractors.
Sample security was a priority during the LAC drilling campaigns. Core from the drill site was collected daily and placed in a lockable and secure core logging and sampling facility (steel-clad building) for processing. All logging and sampling activities were conducted in the secured facility. The facilities were locked when no one was present.
The lengths of the assay samples were determined by the geologist based on lithology. From 2007 to 2011 certain lithologies associated with no lithium value were not sampled for assay. These rock types are alluvium, basalt, HPZ and volcanic tuff. All drilled core collected in 2017 and 2018 was sampled for assay. Average assay sample length is 1.60 m but is dependent on lithology changes. The core was cut in half using a diamond blade saw and fresh water (Figure 8-1). Half the core was placed in a sample bag and the other half remained in the core boxes and stored in LAC's secure facility in Orovada.
Figure 8-1 Half Core Sawed by a Diamond Blade
Source: Lithium Americas Corp. (2021)
To collect duplicate samples, one half of the core would be cut in half again, and the two quarters would be bagged separately. Each sample was assigned a unique blind sample identification number to ensure security and anonymity. The samples were either picked up by ALS by truck or delivered to ALS in Reno, Nevada by LAC employees.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Once at ALS, the samples were dried at a maximum temperature of 60ºC. The entire sample was then crushed with a jaw crusher to 90% passing a 10 mesh screen. Nominal 250-gram splits were taken for each sample using a riffle splitter. This split is pulverized using a ring mill to 90% passing a 150 mesh screen.
8.2 Laboratory Sample Preparation
ALS Global (ALS) of Reno, Nevada, was used as the primary assay laboratory for the LAC Thacker Pass drill program. ALS is an ISO/IEC 17025-2017-certified Quality Systems Laboratory. ALS participates in the Society of Mineral Analysts round-robin testing.
ALS is an independent laboratory without affiliation to LAC.
A sample workflow diagram for geological samples is presented in Figure 8-2.
Figure 8-2 Workflow Diagram for Geological Samples
Source: Lithium Americas Corp. (2021)
Lithium Americas Corp. |
8.3 ALS Analysis
ALS Global used their standard ME-MS61 analytical package for testing of all of LAC's samples collected. This provides analytical results for 48 elements, including lithium. The method used a standard four-acid digestion followed by an atomic emission plasma spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis to ensure that elevated metal concentrations would not interfere with a conventional inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis. Certified analytical results were reported on the ICP-MS determinations.
8.4 Density
Several bulk density testing campaigns have been completed within the Project area. The ASTM bulk density and moisture testing standards that have been used are detailed below:
- Bulk Density: ASTM C914-09 standards for consolidated samples.
- Bulk Density: ASTM C127 standards for aggregate samples.
- Bulk Density: ASTM D7263, Method B
- Moisture Content: ASTM D2216
The bulk density samples generally were point samples from drill core that averaged 3 inches in length. A description of the bulk density sampling programs is below and descriptive statistics by bulk density program and lithology are shown in Table 8-1. Figure 8-3 provides a visual representation of where the bulk density samples were collected within the Project area.
- MacTec Engineering and Consulting (2008) had six samples from 3 drill holes (WLC 20, 21, 22) analyzed for bulk density utilizing the ASTM standard C127 for aggregate samples. Natural moisture was also analyzed for these samples. Analysis was completed at the AAP laboratory which is no longer in operation and was an independent laboratory with no affiliation with LAC.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
- KCA (2008) had 26 samples from six drill holes (WPQ 1,2,3,5,6,7) analyzed for bulk density utilizing the ASTM standard C914 with paraffin wax for consolidated samples. Natural moisture was also analyzed for these samples. The laboratory is unknown for this analysis as the original laboratory sheets cannot be found.
- AMEC (2011) had 26 samples from six drill holes (WLC 157, 158, 181, 182, 183, 186) analyzed for bulk density utilizing the ASTM standard C914 with paraffin wax for consolidated samples. Natural moisture utilizing ASTM standard D2216 was also analyzed for these samples. The AMEC laboratories numbered 1484 and 1485 completed the analysis. AMEC Earth & Environmental, Inc. is no longer in operation and was an independent laboratory with no affiliation with LAC. This analysis was completed as part of a PFS level geotechnical study for Western Lithium USA Corporation (WLC).
- WLC analyzed 62 samples from 19 drill holes during the 2010 - 2011 WLC exploration drilling campaign. The bulk density analysis utilized the ASTM standard C914 with paraffin wax for consolidated samples and C127 for aggregate samples. All analysis was completed in the WLC core shed under the supervision of WLC geologists.
- During the WLC 2010 - 2011 exploration drilling campaign, 25 duplicate samples from 12 WLC drill holes were sent to the ALS laboratory in Reno, NV by WLC to verify WLC density values. WLC sent duplicate samples to ALS in four batches from March 2010 to January 2011. The ALS bulk density analysis utilized the ASTM standard C914 with paraffin wax for consolidated samples and C127 for aggregate samples.
- BARR (2019) had 53 samples from five drill holes analyzed for bulk density utilizing the ASTM standard D7263, Method B. Natural moisture utilizing ASTM standard D2216 was also analyzed for these samples. Analysis was completed at the IGES Laboratory in Salt Lake City, Utah. This analysis was completed as part of a geotechnical study for LAC.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 8-1 Bulk Density Sampling Program Summary by Lithology
Program / Lithology |
Average |
Dry Bulk Density (g/cm3) |
||||
Count |
Average |
Minimum |
Maximum |
Standard Deviation |
||
MacTec |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Claystone - Smectite |
16.80 |
3 |
1.70 |
1.44 |
1.84 |
0.22 |
Claystone - Mixed Zone |
18.30 |
1 |
1.92 |
- |
- |
- |
Claystone - lllite |
12.90 |
2 |
2.00 |
1.98 |
2.02 |
0.03 |
KCA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Claystone |
18.35 |
14 |
1.71 |
1.46 |
1.90 |
0.13 |
Claystone/Ash |
14.26 |
2 |
1.70 |
1.65 |
1.74 |
0.06 |
Laminated - Claystone/Ash |
15.24 |
4 |
1.74 |
1.33 |
2.04 |
0.34 |
Ash |
18.54 |
3 |
1.46 |
1.35 |
1.58 |
0.11 |
Ash/Claystone |
12.23 |
3 |
1.88 |
1.51 |
2.29 |
0.39 |
AMEC |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alluvium |
26.43 |
6 |
1.51 |
1.18 |
1.62 |
0.16 |
Basalt - Weathered |
34.90 |
1 |
1.41 |
- |
- |
- |
Claystone - Smectite |
36.98 |
4 |
1.38 |
1.11 |
1.77 |
0.30 |
Claystone - Mixed Zone |
16.13 |
4 |
1.69 |
1.46 |
1.90 |
0.19 |
Claystone - lllite |
16.99 |
9 |
1.82 |
1.67 |
2.02 |
0.10 |
Hot Pond Zone |
4.50 |
1 |
2.07 |
- |
- |
- |
WLC (2010-2011) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alluvium |
2.23 |
1 |
2.36 |
- |
- |
- |
Basalt |
10.80 |
5 |
1.99 |
1.76 |
2.51 |
0.30 |
Claystone - Smectite |
24.64 |
32 |
1.68 |
1.37 |
2.18 |
0.17 |
Claystone - Mixed Zone |
15.81 |
7 |
1.87 |
1.39 |
2.08 |
0.24 |
Claystone - lllite |
17.04 |
9 |
1.78 |
1.42 |
2.01 |
0.18 |
Hot Pond Zone |
10.65 |
4 |
1.99 |
1.83 |
2.09 |
0.12 |
Volcanic |
13.91 |
4 |
1.88 |
1.63 |
2.14 |
0.21 |
ALS (2010-2011) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basalt - Weathered |
15.41 |
4 |
1.84 |
1.65 |
2.05 |
0.18 |
Claystone - Smectite |
28.53 |
11 |
1.63 |
1.31 |
2.09 |
0.22 |
Claystone - Mixed Zone |
21.42 |
3 |
1.71 |
1.40 |
1.92 |
0.27 |
Claystone - lllite |
19.63 |
4 |
1.89 |
1.59 |
2.12 |
0.23 |
Hot Pond Zone |
7.15 |
1 |
2.19 |
- |
- |
- |
Volcanic |
16.27 |
2 |
1.88 |
1.63 |
2.13 |
0.35 |
BARR (2019) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Topsoil |
15.50 |
1 |
1.70 |
- |
- |
- |
Basalt |
3.60 |
2 |
2.47 |
2.45 |
2.48 |
0.02 |
Claystone - Smectite |
22.68 |
22 |
1.57 |
1.23 |
2.34 |
0.26 |
Claystone - Mixed Zone |
15.84 |
9 |
1.88 |
1.65 |
2.39 |
0.23 |
Claystone - lllite |
14.15 |
6 |
1.90 |
1.67 |
2.27 |
0.24 |
Hot Pond Zone |
2.32 |
5 |
1.88 |
1.45 |
2.10 |
0.28 |
Volcanic |
1.90 |
1 |
2.10 |
- |
- |
- |
Note:
- 1 AMEC sample and 7 Barr samples were removed due to density values less than 1.1 g/cm3
- Sawtooth determined if the bulk density samples were in Smectite, Illite or the Mixed Clay Zone based on lithological drill hole records.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 8-3 Dry Bulk Density Sample Locations
Note: KCA drill holes are not represented on the map
Lithium Americas Corp. |
During the 2012 Tetra Tech Technical Report, 2014 Tetra Tech Technical Report, 2016 SRK Technical Report and 2018 Advisian Technical Report, the average density values by lithology were estimated using samples from the 2010-2011 WLC sampling campaign and ALS duplicate program. The details of this analysis are shown in Table 8-2. Several low bulk density basalt samples noted in Table 8-1 were weathered vesicular basalt close to the surface. The sample used in Table 8-2 for the average basalt bulk density was used because it was considered to be a better representation of the basalt that will be mined.
Table 8-2 Average Density Values
Lithology |
Source |
Dry Bulk Density (g/cm3) |
||||
Count |
Average |
Minimum |
Maximum |
Standard |
||
Claystone/Ash |
ALS and WLC |
15 |
1.79 |
1.31 |
2.12 |
0.25 |
Basalt |
WLC |
1 |
2.51 |
- |
- |
- |
Intracaldera Tuff |
WLC |
2 |
1.96 |
1.83 |
2.08 |
0.18 |
For the compilation of the current Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates, the QP reviewed all of the density values that are currently available, as described in Table 8-2, with the exception of the KCA data due to lack of data verification records. The histogram in Figure 8-4 depicts the dry bulk density values for the clay types. This histogram aligns fairly well with the average values that were estimated in the 2018 PFS report.
Based on this review, the QP has decided to continue using the average values from the previous PFS reports for this study (see Table 8-2).
Figure 8-4 Smectite, Mixed Zone and Illite Dry Bulk Density Histogram from MacTec (2008), AMEC (2011), WLC (2010-2011), ALS (2010-2011), and BARR (2019) Geotech Studies
Source: Sawtooth, 2022
Factors that determine density values used by the QP include:
Lithium Americas Corp. |
- While the additional Barr data does add to the total number of bulk density samples present, the Barr bulk density was estimated using a different ASTM standard than the rest of the bulk density programs. For this reason, the QP has not updated the average values for the deposit with the Barr data, however the Barr data is included in the histogram in Figure 8-4.
- The spatial representation for the total density dataset is larger than the dataset used for the PFS density averages. The QP understands that the PFS analysis focused on including the samples that were a mixture of claystone and ash. This is appropriate for the deposit as it is currently modelled due to the fact that the ore zone is a mixture of Smectite, Mixed Clay Zone, Illite, and ash bands. Including the full suite of density samples that are segregated by specific clay types will decrease the average density value because there are more Smectite (lower density) samples than other clay types, however, the QP does not believe that this is representative of the deposit. Further analysis and additional drilling should be completed to better define the Smectite, Mixed Clay Zone, and Illite zones within the geological model so that average density values can be applied by clay type until there is enough data to add density values to the block model.
The QP understands that there is risk in utilizing an average bulk density value for the deposit and has taken the following steps to help mitigate that risk for the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates presented in this report:
- As a way to show sensitivities, Mineral Resource estimates have been estimated with an average dry bulk density value of 1.54 g/cm3, 1.79 g/cm3, and 2.04 g/cm3 and results are discussed in Section 22.1.
- The Mineral Resource classification has considered proximity to bulk density samples and has downgraded the Mineral Resource confidence classification areas with little or no bulk density analysis.
- The QP recommends that additional testing be completed. The additional data should then be used to better represent the variability of the density by clay type.
8.5 Quality Control
In 2010, LAC contracted Dr. Barry Smee of Smee & Associates Consulting Ltd., an international specialist in QA/QC procedures who is familiar with the NI 43-101 reporting process, to develop a QA/QC program for exploration drilling. The program included inserting blank standards, 3,378 ppm grade standard, 4,230 ppm grade standard, and duplicate samples into the drill core sample assay sets.
In 2010-2011, for every 34 half core samples, LAC randomly inserted two standard samples (one 3,378 ppm grade and 4,230 ppm grade), one duplicate sample, and one blank sample. The 2017-2018 quality program was slightly modified to include a random blank or standard sample within every 30.48 m (100 ft) interval and taking a duplicate split of the core (¼ core) every 30.48 m.
The total number of blank, duplicate, and standard samples analyzed by the laboratory during LAC's drilling campaign in Thacker Pass from the 2010-2011 drilling campaign was 9.5% of the total samples assayed. LAC's 2017-2018 drilling campaign averaged 11.1% of the total samples assayed. Assaying for all drilling averaged 10.1% check samples. This does not include ALS internal check and duplicate samples.
ALS also completed their internal QA/QC program which included blanks, standards and duplicates throughout the LAC exploration programs for lithium and deleterious elements including aluminum, calcium, cesium, iron, potassium, magnesium, sodium and rubidium. The standards used by ALS and the ALS QA/QC programs have been reviewed by the QP and were utilized in the QA/QC review.
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8.5.1 LAC Blank Samples
Blank samples were used to check for cross-contamination between samples at the ALS lab. Blank samples were composed of dolomite sourced from a mine near Winnemucca, Nevada. Dolomite was chosen because it is known to have low lithium content and was, therefore, a good indicator of contamination. A bulk sample was collected and sent to Dr. Smee to be homogenized and certified. A warning limit for lithium was set at 100 ppm by Dr. Smee, which is five times higher than the certified value of 20 ppm lithium. The results of the blank sample checks are presented in Figure 8-5.
In 2010-2011, LAC identified several blank standards that exceeded the 100-ppm lithium set by Dr. Smee. These samples were submitted for re-assay and their values were supported. It is likely that the high values indicate contamination in the crushing or prepping process. However, the frequency and lithium content amount are not high enough to be concerned about the overall assay results. The LAC 2017-2018 exploration program did not experience any failures of the blank standards and supports that cross-contamination at the lab did not occur.
Figure 8-5 LAC Blank Results
Source: Sawtooth 2022
8.5.2 LAC Standard Samples
Standard samples consisting of two lithium bearing claystone samples from the Project area were used to test the accuracy and precision of the analytical methods used at the lab. To create the standards, a round robin of assays was completed in June 2010 in which 10 standards of each type were sent to six labs for testing. The resulting assays were evaluated by Dr. Smee to determine an average lithium value. The results from two of the labs were discarded because the analytical results were substantially different as compared to the other four labs and thought to be erroneous. Dr. Smee certified each standard with a lithium grade and confidence range of two standard deviations. The first standard is certified at 3,378 ppm ±511 ppm lithium and the second standard is certified at 4,230 ppm ±850 ppm lithium.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
The QP supported that the standards fell within two standard deviations of the median reported lithium grade for every batch of certified assays reported by ALS as well as within two standard deviations of the standard. Figure 8-6 and Figure 8-7 show the results for the standards quality testing program for 4,230 Li standard and 3,378 Li standard respectively.
The LAC 2010-2011 drilling experienced a number of samples falling outside two standard deviations. During this time, ALS changed their internal lithium standards used to calibrate the ICP machine in an effort to improve their consistency. This involved adding a 2,020 ppm lithium and 7,016 ppm lithium standard to their QA/QC program. The LAC 2017-2018 drilling campaigns showed a much tighter two-standard deviation bracket indicating ALS had improved their lithium assay quality.
The quality testing from the two standards was effective in supporting the quality of the results. From 2010 to 2011, samples that fell outside the ranges set by Dr. Smee were re-assayed and new assay certificates issued. No samples were required to be submitted for re-assay by LAC in 2017 or 2018. However, ALS did re-run some assays that failed their internal checks before a certificate was issued.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 8-6 LAC Drilling QA/QC Results (4,230 Li Standard)
Source: Sawtooth 2022
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 8-7 LAC Drilling QA/QC Results (3,378 Li Standard)
Source: Sawtooth 2022
8.5.3 Duplicate Samples
Duplicate samples are used to check the precision of the analytical methods of the lab and were taken every 30.5 m of core (every 100 ft). The duplicate samples earmarked for analysis were prepared in an identical manner as the non-duplicate samples, beginning with the cut half core being cut in half again (¼ core sampling). Each piece of quartered core was bagged and given a blind sample identification number for characterization at the lab. The results were un-blinded and paired up with the corresponding data in Microsoft Excel. The results of the duplicate sample tests are shown in Figure 8-8.
The results from the duplicate samples indicate a high level of precision in the sampling and laboratory techniques and support the quality of data and analysis process.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 8-8 LAC Drilling Duplicate Results
Source: Sawtooth 2022
8.5.4 Discussion of QA/QC Results
The 2010 sampling program initially saw a 6% failure rate of the QA/QC samples where 17% of the 4,230 Li standards were returning lithium grades exceeding three standard deviations of their tested median grade. ALS began using a new higher-grade lithium standard to improve the calibration of their ICP. Following the improved calibration process, LAC selected the 16 highest lithium values from drill holes WLC-001 through WLC-037 and WLC-040 through WLC-200 to be re-assayed. The samples were sent to both ALS and Activation Laboratories (ActLabs) in Ancaster, Ontario Canada for lithium assays. ActLabs is an ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accredited laboratory and is an independent laboratory with no affiliation with LAC. The re-assay grade for ALS and ActLabs was 5% and 3% lower than the original assay, respectively. It was concluded that the overall deposit estimate may be lower by at most 2% to 3%. For further assurance, ActLabs was chosen to run lithium assays on 112 random duplicate pulps generated by ALS in April 2011. The results were within 3% of ALS certified lithium grade.
The 2017-2018 LAC sampling programs had consistent quality control results for the duration of the campaigns. Duplicate samples returned with an R2 value of 0.9827, indicating a high-level of precision in the sampling and laboratory techniques and supporting the validity of QA/QC protocols. The duplicate grades extend from 13 ppm lithium to 7,500 ppm lithium. In addition, the blank and standards sample quality programs indicated that the accuracy and precision of the analytical process provides results that can be relied on for resource estimation.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
While the QP agrees that the QA/QC program is sufficient to support Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates, the QP also recommends that the duplicate program be completed by a secondary laboratory, that the LAC standards be expanded to include a lithium grade close to 1,000 ppm, and that the LAC standards be certified to include the deleterious elements of aluminum, calcium, cesium, iron, potassium, magnesium, sodium and rubidium.
8.6 Qualified Person Statement
The QP is of the opinion that the sample preparation, security, and analytical procedures for the drill data for the Thacker Pass Deposit are adequate for use for resource estimation.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
9 Data Verification
9.1 Site Inspection
9.1.1 Sawtooth Mining
Sawtooth's Mineral Resources QP visited LAC's Thacker Pass Project site on November 8, 2018 and September 13 and 14, 2022. The purposes of the visits were to complete QP data verification, site inspections, and independent verification of the lithium grades. No material changes to the exploration drilling or site conditions have occurred on site since the site visits. During the visit, the QP completed the following tasks:
Pictures showing the site conditions and site inspection activities have been included as Figure 9-1.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 9-1 Site Inspection Pictures
|
|
|
LNC core shed inspection where cores were reviewed and stored. |
||
|
|
|
West waste rock storage facility location. |
Observed auger sampling of claystone/ash material. |
|
|
|
|
Field located existing drill hole for collar location and elevation verification. |
||
Source: Sawtooth, 2022
Sawtooth's Mineral Reserves QP visited LAC's Thacker Pass Project site from August 12-13, 2019 and September 13 and 14, 2022, to complete a QP data verification site inspection. Additionally, the QP toured the pilot plant lab in Reno, NV on July 25, 2019 and LAC's Technical Center in Reno on September 15, 2022. No material changes to the mining location or site conditions have occurred on site since the site visit. During the visits, the QP completed the following tasks:
Lithium Americas Corp. |
9.2 Data Verification Procedures
Excel formatted electronic files containing lithological descriptions, sample assays, hole collar information, and downhole surveys were provided to Sawtooth Mining from LAC for the purpose of generating a geologic resource block model. Certified laboratory certificates of assays were provided in PDF as well as csv formatted files for verification of the sample assays database. Sample names, certificate identifications, and run identifications were cross referenced with the laboratory certificates and sample assay datasheet for spot checking and verification of data by the QP.
9.2.1 Drill Core and Geologic Logs
Geologic logs were consolidated from paper archives and scanned PDFs on the LAC network drives. In 2016, each drill log was transcribed into a spreadsheet using the smallest lithologic interval identified in the log to create the highest resolution dataset possible.
Subsequent geologic loggings of drill cores were entered directly into either an Access database or Excel spreadsheets. The data would then be uploaded into the LAC's Hexagon Mining Drill Hole Manager database.
Geologic logs, Access databases, and Excel spreadsheets were provided to Sawtooth Mining for cross validation with the excel lithological description file. Spot checks between excel lithological description file were performed against the source data and no inconsistencies were found with the geologic unit descriptions. Ash percentages were checked in the lithological descriptions and a minor number of discrepancies were found in the ash descriptions. It was determined that less than 0.7% of the ash data contained discrepancies in the lithological description. The QP determined that this 0.7% database error was not material but noted that it should be addressed in the future.
9.2.2 Verification of Drill Hole Survey
The QP located and resurveyed 18 drill holes using a hand-held GPS unit to verify the coordinates and elevations of the drill hole survey database. Table 9-1 lists the holes located and differences in the surveys and Figure 9-2 shows the locations of the drill hole locations and elevations verified by the QP. The surveyed holes matched the coordinates and elevation of the hole survey provided by LAC closely where the actual drill holes could be found. The drill holes that could not be found did not have permanent markers and are in areas where cattle have been present since the drilling concluded. The QP is satisfied with the number of drill holes that were located as well as the comparison of the collar locations.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 9-1 Drill Hole Survey Verification
DHID |
Hand Held GPS |
Drill Hole Database |
Difference |
Comment |
||||||
Easting |
Northing |
Elevation |
Easting |
Northing |
Elevation |
Easting |
Northing |
Elevation (m) |
||
LNC 011 |
409,812 |
4,616,847 |
1,544 |
409,813 |
4,616,848 |
1,546 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
LNC 018 |
409,855 |
4,616,968 |
1,529 |
409,854 |
4,616,969 |
1,532 |
(1) |
1 |
3 |
|
LNC 118 |
409,898 |
4,616,826 |
1,540 |
409,898 |
4,616,825 |
1,542 |
0 |
(1) |
2 |
|
LNC 088 |
409,906 |
4,619,017 |
1,609 |
409,916 |
4,619,034 |
1,615 |
10 |
17 |
6 |
No hole was found, evidence for drill pad |
LNC 026 |
409,915 |
4,618,891 |
1,594 |
409,915 |
4,618,894 |
1,598 |
0 |
3 |
4 |
|
LNC 027 |
410,111 |
4,618,836 |
1,596 |
410,106 |
4,618,841 |
1,599 |
(5) |
5 |
3 |
|
LNC 087 |
410,115 |
4,618,979 |
1,611 |
410,104 |
4,618,990 |
1,617 |
(11) |
11 |
5 |
No hole was found, evidence for drill pad |
LNC 029 |
410,273 |
4,618,845 |
1,602 |
410,274 |
4,618,851 |
1,607 |
1 |
6 |
5 |
No hole was found, evidence for drill pad |
WLC 120 |
411,126 |
4,617,932 |
1,541 |
411,125 |
4,617,932 |
1,544 |
(1) |
(1) |
3 |
|
WLC 114 |
411,249 |
4,617,988 |
1,540 |
411,249 |
4,617,989 |
1,542 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
|
WLC 063 |
411,355 |
4,618,180 |
1,548 |
411,358 |
4,618,181 |
1,552 |
3 |
0 |
4 |
|
WLC 097 |
411,370 |
4,618,107 |
1,544 |
411,366 |
4,618,107 |
1,548 |
(4) |
0 |
4 |
|
WLC 126 |
411,503 |
4,618,158 |
1,547 |
411,503 |
4,618,160 |
1,551 |
(0) |
2 |
5 |
|
WLC 155 |
411,619 |
4,618,059 |
1,543 |
411,622 |
4,618,058 |
1,544 |
3 |
(1) |
1 |
|
WLC173 |
411,621 |
4,617,995 |
1,538 |
411,622 |
4,617,996 |
1,540 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
|
LNC 144 |
413,780 |
4,617,560 |
1,474 |
413,783 |
4,617,557 |
1,473 |
3 |
(3) |
(1) |
|
LNC 138 |
414,122 |
4,617,614 |
1,461 |
414,133 |
4,617,616 |
1,461 |
11 |
2 |
(0) |
|
LNC 115 |
416,598 |
4,618,477 |
1,454 |
416,598 |
4,618,476 |
1,452 |
(0) |
(1) |
(2) |
|
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 9-2 Drill Hole Verification Locations
Lithium Americas Corp. |
9.2.3 Verification of Analytical Data
The QP completed spot checks of the Excel assays datasheet used in the creation of the geologic block model by cross-referencing the assay data with the certified laboratory certificate of assays. Only HQ core holes were reviewed since HQ cores were the only holes used for the estimation of resources. No data anomalies were discovered during this check.
The QP collected samples during LAC's 2022 auger bulk sampling program for independent verification of the lithium clay/ash grades. The samples were delivered to ALS Laboratory in Reno, NV for processing and analysis. Figure 9-3 shows the distribution of lithium grades from the 28 independent samples tested by ALS. Distribution of the lithium grades from the independent verification shows distribution of grades similar to what has been reported from the drill core assays. Blank and duplicate samples were also included in the independent verification of the auger bulk samples and results of the analysis seem reasonable.
Figure 9-3 Independent Verification of Lithium Grades Distribution
Source: Sawtooth, 2022
9.2.4 Geological and Block Modelling
Seismic mapping and cross-sectional investigations were the basis for the fault mapping for the Project area. The fault blocks were used as the block model domains to isolate grade among the fault blocks. Once grade was estimated in the block model using variograms, cross-sectional reviews of the grade were performed to inspect the grade displacement at the fault boundaries.
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Verification of the block model was performed by the creation of a geostatistical model and the review of its various outputs. Histograms, HERCO grade tonnage curves, and swath plots were created and analyzed to validate the accuracy of the block model by the QP. The statistical analysis and results are discussed in Section 14.
9.2.5 Limitations of Data Verification
The QP was not directly involved in the exploration data collection or sampling but did verify lithium grades through independent sampling of the 2022 bulk augering drilling program.
The QP did not perform any verifications on the QA/QC blanks, standard or duplicate samples but did review the results of the standards, blanks, and duplicate sampling QA/QC. Results of the QA/QC protocols seem reasonable and validate the testing and sampling procedures.
9.2.6 QP's Statement of Adequacy of Data for Mineral Resources
Data disclosed in this TRS used for the preparation of geologic models for the purpose of Mineral Resource estimations have been verified by the QP. Procedures discussed previously in this section were used by the QP to reconcile any discrepancies upon review of the available data.
While on-site in 2019, the QP observed the techniques and procedures that the LAC geologists were utilizing and is comfortable with the use of the data and results in the Mineral Resource estimate.
It is the QP's opinion that the data provided for this TRS is sufficient for the estimation of Mineral Resources.
9.3 Mineral Reserves, Mine Design and LOM Plan Data Verification
The QP reviewed the following as part of the mine planning, cost model and Mineral Reserves data verification.
9.3.1 Geotechnical
The slope stability study completed by BARR Engineering in 2019 was reviewed by the QP. The recommendations were implemented in the pit design. A table of slope configurations can be seen in Section 16.1.
9.3.2 Mining Method
The shallow and massive nature of the Thacker Pass deposit makes it amenable to open-pit mining methods. Per uniaxial compression strength studies done by WorleyParsons (Mar. 2018) and AMEC (May 2011), it was determined that mining of the ore clay body can be done without any drilling and blasting. Additionally, LAC was able to excavate a test pit without any drilling and blasting. Only the basalt waste material will require blasting. The mining method assumes hydraulic excavators loading a fleet of end dump trucks.
9.3.3 Pit Optimization
The pit optimization was based on initial work completed in the pre-feasibility study. The final EIS pit is limited by several physical features. The north is limited by the Montana Mountains. The west is limited by the Thacker Pass Creek watershed, and the east and south are limited by facilities (mining, waste facilities, and plant).
Lithium Americas Corp. |
It is concluded that the final pit shell along with the waste/ore quantities are reasonable based on the pit optimization inputs and do provide a positive economic value.
9.3.4 Mine Design
The EIS pit was used for mine planning. Ramps are assumed to be at a maximum slope of 8%. However, there may be a few instances where ramp slope may approach 10%. Benches are designed at 50 m wide and a 10 m height with a face angle of 67 degrees.
9.3.5 Production Schedule
Production sequencing was completed using Maptek's Evolution Origin scheduling software. Ore blocks were defined based on the cutoff grade. The QP reviewed the mining sequence and found it to be reasonable and will support the plan.
9.3.6 Labor and Equipment
The QP reviewed the assumptions used for equipment fleet size estimation, including equipment capacity, availability, and utilization percentages, equipment operating hours, and haul distances. The truck fleet is adequately sized for the requirements and matches the selected excavators and loaders.
9.3.7 Economic Model
The QP reviewed the following economic model inputs: mining cost, mining quantities and mining capital. Based on the results, the project is economically viable.
9.3.8 Facilities and Materials
Through pit optimization routines the QP has verified that the facilities and materials located within the reserve pit boundary can be economically relocated when access to those areas are required during mining.
9.3.9 Limitations of Data Verification
The QP was not directly involved in the exploration data collection or sampling regarding geotechnical sampling.
9.3.10 QP's Statement of Adequacy of Data for Mineral Resources
Data disclosed in this TRS used for the preparation of the LOM plan for the purpose of Mineral Reserve estimations have been verified by the QP. Procedures discussed previously in this section were used by the QP to reconcile any discrepancies upon review of the available data.
While on-site in 2019, the QP observed the techniques and procedures that the BARR geotechnical engineers were utilizing and is comfortable with the use of the data and results in the Mineral Reserve estimate.
It is the QP's opinion that the data provided for this TRS is sufficient for the estimation of Mineral Reserves.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
10 Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing
Extensive metallurgical and process development testing has been performed both internally at LAC's Process Testing Center (PTC) and externally with both vendors and contract commercial research organizations. The main objective was to develop a viable and robust process flowsheet to produce battery grade lithium chemicals. Previous test work presented in the Pre-Feasibility Study (2018) will not be discussed in this report, but test reports are available for review. For the 2018 PFS report purposes, the metallurgical test work evaluated a similar flowsheet. The process consisted of ore preparation (upgrading) followed by a sulfuric acid leaching of lithium bearing clay. Lithium carbonate was precipitated with soda ash. Magnesium sulfate as well as sodium and potassium salts were removed via crystallization.
Data collected from test programs has been used for various equipment selection, definition of operating parameters and development of process design criteria for the current flowsheet.
The most relevant metallurgical test data are discussed in this section. Unless otherwise noted, all testing has been performed on material collected from the proposed Thacker Pass pit (see Section 10.1).
10.1 Ore Collection for Metallurgical Testing
10.1.1 Bulk Sample Collection
The ore samples used for metallurgical testing were collected from the proposed pit at the Thacker Pass deposit. Two sampling campaigns were conducted using an auger drill, one in August 2018 and another in October 2019, collecting approximately 80 t of sample in bulk bags per campaign. The bulk sample hole locations are shown in Figure 10-1, with locations superimposed on the permitted pit outline along with exploration hole locations. Bulk sample holes were selected to target both high and low lithium contents, different clay types, and the life of mine mineralogy of both clay types (Lithium Nevada, 2020). The QP was not involved in the collection of samples for testing or the initial pilot testwork completed on the samples. It is the QP's opinion that the sample type, sampling methodology and size is consistent with sampling this type of deposits. The sample size allowed for meeting the pilot test program objectives.
The holes were drilled with a 32-inch bucket auger bit. Once the bucket was full, the sample was transferred to a bulk bag and labeled (Figure 10-2). Every bulk bag holds roughly 1.5 to 2 ft of material depth in each hole; this is equivalent to approximately 0.9 t of material.
The corresponding hole locations, depths and number of bulk bags collected are outlined in Table 10-1. A reference table is provided showing which bulk bags were used for specific metallurgical tests (Table 10-2).
The samples spatially represent the mineralized deposit. The Thacker Pass pit is up to 122 m (400 ft) in depth. The sampling methodology utilized only allowed samples to be collected to a maximum depth of 26 m (85 ft). The location of the sampling was selected to collect samples that are representative of the various types and styles of mineralization of the whole deposit, namely both the upper and lower depths. The nature of the deposit is a sub-horizonal lakebed that is consistent over large lateral distances; however, there are a few younger faults that uplift lower illite clay horizons to the surface. Half the selected hole locations were in undisturbed upper smectite horizons, and half the holes in uplifted faulted blocks that represent deeper illite clay horizons.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 10-1 Corresponding hole locations, depths and bulk bags collected
Hole Reference |
Material |
Depth |
# Bags Collected |
Bulk Bag Labels |
WLC-204 |
Smectite |
0.6-25 (2-82) |
26 |
1(2) - 26(2) |
WLC-197 |
Smectite |
3-25 (10-83) |
26 |
27(2) - 52(2) |
WLC-112 |
Smectite |
9-17 (30-57) |
28 |
53(2) - 80(2) |
WLC-202 |
Illite |
10-17 (32-57) |
14 |
1(1) - 14(1) |
WLC-136 |
Illite |
7-24 (22-80) |
28 |
15(1) - 42(1) |
WLC-118 |
Illite |
5-16 (17-52) |
24 |
43(1) - 66(1) |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 10-1 Bulk sample drill hole locations (WLC-202, WLC-204, WLC-197, WLC-136, WLC-112 and WLC-118)
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 10-2 Bulk material sampling
Source: LAC Bulk Sampling Campaign Photos, 2019
Table 10-2 Bulk bags used for metallurgical testing
Test Description | Illite Bulk Bags | Smectite Bulk Bags |
Materials Characterization | 32(1) | 2(2) |
Attrition Scrubbing - LAC Internal | 32(1) | 2(2) |
Attrition Scrubbing - Weir | 32(1) | 2(2) |
Eriez Crossflow | 40(1) | 19(2) |
FEDINC Weir Pilot Plant *Q4 2021/Q1 2022 |
21(1), 46(1), 48(1), 66(1), 38(1), 24(1), 43(1), 18(1), 37(1), 35(1), 34(1), 25(1), 22(1), 55(1), 60(1), 29(1) | 29(2), 59(2), 61(2), 66(2), 78(2), 75(2), 39(2), 42(2), 10(2), 79(2), 77(2), 71(2), 49(2), 63(2), 26(2), 27(2), 69(2), 31(2) |
FLS Thickening | 3(1), 6(1), 40(1) | 25(2), 68(2), 18(2) |
Andritz Thickening | 3(1), 6(1), 40(1) | 25(2), 68(2), 18(2) |
Westech Thickening | 3(1), 6(1), 40(1) | 25(2), 68(2), 18(2) |
GEA Bench Scale Centrifuge | 3(1), 6(1), 40(1) | 25(2), 68(2), 18(2) |
GEA Pilot Scale Centrifuge | 3(1), 5(1) | 1(2), 15(2) |
LAC-Leach Extraction Model Development | 17(1), 44(1), 61(1), 15(1), 5(1), 2(1), 12(1), 50(1), 51(1), 8(1) | 56(2), 52(2), 12(2), 76(2), 72(2), 16(2), 3(2), 21(2), 14(2), 17(2), 9(2), 11(2), 15(2), 20(2), 19(2), 80(2) |
LAC-Leach Extraction (other large scale batches) | 54(1), 53(1), 45(1), 39(1), 62(1), 20(1), 23(1), 64(1), 58(1), 40(1), 10(1), 11(1), 13(1), 3(1) | 24(2), 48(2), 36(2), 40(2), 1(2), 25(2), 6(2), 8(2) |
Leach Extraction - Continuous Data | 12(1), 2(1), 50(1), 51(1), 8(1) | 20(2), 40(2) |
Hazen Leach Testing | 3(2) |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Test Description | Illite Bulk Bags | Smectite Bulk Bags |
FLS Leach Testing |
3(1), 6(1), 40(1) |
25(2), 68(2), 18(2) |
LAC-Limestone Reagent Efficiency |
11(1), 3(1), 58(1), 40(1) |
19(2), 25(2), 6(2) |
LAC-Neutralization w/ CaCO3 & Mg Precipitation Solids |
33(1), 57(1), 52(1), 26(1) |
23(2) |
Diemme Neutralization Slurry Filtration (bench) |
5(1) |
|
SNF Flocculant Screening |
26(1), 33(1) |
18(2), 23(2) |
LAC-Cut Size Leach Investigation |
26(1), 57(1), 33(1), 52(1) |
68(2), 23(2), 13(2), 18(2) |
LAC-MOL Reagent Efficiency |
8(1), 50(1), 51(1) |
|
LAC 70/30 Blend Leach |
33(1), 52(1), 57(1) |
18(2), 68(2) |
Brines - Crystallization Tests |
Composites of smectites and illites. |
10.1.2 Samples for Variability Study
The first five years of the mine plan are shown in the drillhole locations below in Figure 10-3. The samples tested cover all the area in years one to five. Thirty-seven composite samples out of fourteen drillholes were collected from retained assay coarse reject bags and shown in Figure 10-3.
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Figure 10-3 Sample Locations for Leach Variability Study
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 10-3 Samples for Variability Study
Sample name |
Hole ID |
Depth |
Depth to |
Mining |
Assay1 |
||
[Li] ppm |
[Mg] ppm |
Ash% |
|||||
1+2 |
LNC-020 |
16.06 |
62.48 |
3,4,5 |
4235 |
61922 |
31% |
3 |
LNC-020 |
36.45 |
69.04 |
4,5 |
4740 |
59493 |
26% |
4+5 |
LNC-021 |
6.04 |
69.59 |
2,3,4,5 |
4094 |
59225 |
43% |
6 |
LNC-021 |
34.32 |
74.25 |
5 |
5658 |
63604 |
21% |
7+8 |
LNC-028 |
14.51 |
79.64 |
2,3 |
4315 |
60917 |
25% |
9 |
LNC-073 |
10.73 |
56.63 |
3 |
3341 |
38094 |
38% |
11 |
LNC-073 |
10.73 |
56.63 |
3 |
3341 |
38094 |
38% |
12+13 |
LNC-075 |
10.39 |
57.36 |
1,5 |
3783 |
59423 |
32% |
14 |
LNC-075 |
25.3 |
55.72 |
1,5 |
5344 |
62638 |
26% |
15+16 |
LNC-077 |
13.41 |
65.78 |
1,2 |
3757 |
54573 |
26% |
17 |
LNC-077 |
18.84 |
53.77 |
1,2 |
4784 |
73684 |
18% |
19 |
LNC-079 |
11.61 |
51.82 |
1 |
4746 |
57054 |
23% |
22 |
LNC-090 |
41.76 |
71.38 |
5 |
3387 |
44745 |
22% |
25 |
LNC-091 |
43.04 |
79.74 |
5 |
4333 |
47751 |
29% |
27 |
LNC-092 |
9.20 |
40.63 |
3,4 |
4878 |
55706 |
15% |
28+29 |
LNC-094 |
7.35 |
47.43 |
2,5 |
3770 |
52800 |
28% |
30 |
LNC-094 |
33.07 |
57.06 |
3,5 |
4220 |
52258 |
20% |
32 |
LNC-101 |
0 |
31.06 |
3,4 |
4322 |
47464 |
34% |
33+34 |
WLC-201 |
7.56 |
50.72 |
1,4,5 |
4381 |
65036 |
43% |
35+36 |
WLC-204 |
15.09 |
83.58 |
3,4,5 |
3266 |
55173 |
56% |
37 |
WLC-204 |
18.11 |
72.39 |
3 |
2902 |
46869 |
38% |
Average |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
4171 |
55073 |
30% |
1Assay for blended samples (e.g. 1+2) are calculated from the sample assays at a 70/30 ratio.
10.2 Metallurgical Test Work by Area
10.2.1 Beneficiation
10.2.1.1 Comminution
Samples of both clay types, hard ash (intermittent layers in the clay deposit) and limestone from local sources (see Section 10.2.3.7) were submitted for materials characterization testing by Hazen and FLSmidth, Inc. Specifically, Bond ball mill work index (BWi), Bond abrasion index (Ai), Bond impact work index (CWi), and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) were measured, with results listed in Table 10-4 (Hazen, 2021).
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 10-4 Summary of materials characterization testing (FLSmidth)
Material Type |
Bulk Bag Reference |
BWi, kWh/t |
Ai, g | CWi, kWh/t |
Approximated UCS (psi) | |||
Smectite | 2(2) | 13.1 | 0.0066 | 2.8 | 508 | - | - | - |
Illite | 32(1) | 10.1 | 0.0046 | 2.5 | 367 | 379 | 684 | - |
Hard Ash (in clay deposit) |
N/A, composited from core samples | 12.2 | 0.1055 | 7.6 | 1110 | 9760 | 2151 | 2109 |
Limestone | N/A, local deposit sample | 9.7 | 0.0005 | 8.8 | 6420 | 8847 | 6930 | 5163 |
The clay samples had very low work indices, and both are considered "soft" within the Hardness/Resistance to breakage ranges (CWi <10). The impact energy was also low. The hard ash and limestone samples are also considered as "soft" materials per the Bond impact work index values.
Results from this analysis were used to appropriately design and size the feeder breakers and mineral sizers to reduce run-of-mine (ROM) material down to the target size to feed downstream unit operations.
10.2.1.2 Attrition Scrubbing
Lithium is highly concentrated in the clay fraction, while gangue material has minimal lithium value. This is confirmed by analysis of ore samples via Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP), where lithium concentration is as high as 1.81 wt.% in the clay regions located in the boundaries of detrital grains (Figure 10-4).
Figure 10-4 Lithium distribution in clay and gangue (SHRIMP analysis)
Source: Benson and Coble (in prep for submission), Hydrothermal enrichment of lithium in intracaldera claystones, 2022
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Attrition scrubbing (a form of high intensity slurry mixing) has proven to be an effective technique to liberate lithium bearing clay from gangue material (detrital grains). The scrubber imparts enough energy to disperse clays to fine particles while leaving harder gangue minerals in the larger size fractions.
Attrition scrubbing tests at the PTC were done on illite, smectite, and mixtures thereof at various slurry densities and residence times (Lithium Americas Corporation, Attrition Scrubbing Bench Studies, Reno, NV: Internal Document, 2021). The discharge slurries were wet screened and assayed by size fraction to quantify mass and elemental distribution. Test results showed that optimum scrubbing conditions were achieved at 30% solids slurry density and 10 minutes residence time. At higher percent solids the slurry becomes too viscous for efficient scrubbing, and longer residence times result in overgrinding of coarse gangue. Depending on the clay blend, 88-96% of the lithium was located in particles smaller than 38 µm after scrubbing, while 79-66% of the total mass was in the same size fraction (Table 10-5). This demonstrates that attrition scrubbing can be effective to separate lithium-containing clays from coarse gangue material.
Table 10-5 Attrition Scrubbing Test by LAC
Size |
100% smectite |
75% smectite / |
50% smectite / |
25% smectite / |
100% illite |
% Passing, Li |
|||||
1000 |
99 |
97 |
99 |
99 |
99 |
500 |
99 |
97 |
99 |
99 |
99 |
300 |
96 |
97 |
99 |
98 |
98 |
150 |
93 |
94 |
97 |
97 |
98 |
75 |
91 |
93 |
96 |
96 |
97 |
53 |
90 |
92 |
95 |
94 |
97 |
38 |
88 |
91 |
94 |
93 |
96 |
Size |
% Passing, total mass |
||||
1000 |
98 |
94 |
91 |
88 |
86 |
500 |
97 |
93 |
89 |
85 |
83 |
300 |
94 |
92 |
87 |
83 |
80 |
150 |
88 |
85 |
82 |
77 |
74 |
75 |
83 |
80 |
78 |
72 |
70 |
53 |
82 |
79 |
76 |
70 |
68 |
38 |
79 |
76 |
73 |
68 |
66 |
Independent attrition test work performed by a process consultant (FEDINC) indicated that a "mild" scrub followed by an "intense" scrub can result in better overall clay liberation (FEDINC/Weir. Attrition Scrubbing). For a 50/50 smectite/illite blend, a 5 minute "mild" followed by 5 minute "intense" scrub resulted in 95% of lithium reporting to a minus 212 µm fraction. A single attrition stage resulted in 83% of lithium reporting to the minus 212 μm with just the 5 minute "intense" scrub (Table 10-6).
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 10-6 Li and mass distribution of 50/50 clay slurry blend post attrition scrubbing, "intense" vs "mild + intense"
Size µm |
% Mass Distribution |
% Li Distribution |
||
Intense |
Mild + |
Intense |
Mild + |
|
+212 |
35 |
17 |
17 |
5 |
-212/+38 |
11 |
23 |
8 |
14 |
-38 |
53 |
60 |
76 |
80 |
The flow sheet has two stages of scrubbing: a log-washer (mild) followed by attrition scrubbers (intense). A screen on the attrition scrubber discharge will remove +1" material. It is assumed that this coarse fraction will only be 1% of the total mass in the discharge slurry. Note that in the FEDINC study, the "intense" scrub was performed at 50% solids and for five minutes, whereas internal test work has shown the optimum to be 30% solids and 10 minutes. Thus, the results of these tests demonstrate the viability of the two-stage attrition circuit. The lithium recovery design criteria is based on the data collected by LAC under best operating conditions (Table 10-5).
Pilot scale test work of the two-stage scrubbing circuit has been completed at FEDINC to confirm assumed operating conditions and lithium recoveries for the current flowsheet (FEDINC, 2022). See Section 10.2.1.6 for details.
10.2.1.3 Classification
In the process flow sheet, conventional cyclones will be utilized to achieve approximately 75 µm separation from the attrition scrubbing product. The cyclone overflow containing the major fraction of the minus 75 µm material will be directed to a thickener. The underflow from the cyclone, containing residual fines and coarse gangue will be processed through a hydraulic classifier. The hydraulic classifier overflow will be directed to the thickening stage and the underflow will be dewatered, then sent to a coarse gangue stockpile for use in mine reclamation.
Based on mine plan optimization to maximize recoverable lithium, the resultant blend to feed the plant averages 59% illite and ranges between 30 to 70%, with the remaining amount as smectite (see Sections 15 and 16). Based on the data in Table 10-5, at 75 µm approximately 4% of lithium and 28% of the total mass should report to the hydraulic classifier underflow stream as coarse gangue. However, it is assumed that the mass of material reporting to coarse gangue will be more closely aligned with the overall pit ash content, which is approximately 34%. For lithium, it is assumed that 92% of the lithium contained in the ROM material will report to the minus 75 µm overflow streams (Table 10-7).
Table 10-7 Process design criteria for classification, 75µm separation size, 70/30 illite/smectite blend
Separation size 75 |
Test |
Process |
Justification |
% Li recovered |
96 |
92 |
Minor losses of lithium due to separation inefficiency in plant versus bench tests and additional mass removed |
% coarse gangue mass rejected |
28 |
34 |
Assumed to align with estimated mass % of ash in overall pit |
Samples of attrition scrubber discharge slurry of both illite and smectite generated at the PTC were submitted to Eriez Flotation Services to test size separation of clay fines and coarse gangue via a hydraulic (crossflow) separator (Eriez Flotation Division. Teeter Bed Separator Metallurgical Service Test Report for LAC. Erie, PA: s.n., 2021). This simple unit operation relies on a controlled up-flow of water in a teeter bed to make a high efficiency separation of particles based on size. An example of the size separation for both clay types can be seen in Figure 10-5, where a clear boundary layer of fines and coarse material is observed. Performance of the hydraulic classifier with primary cyclone underflow was validated at the FEDINC pilot plant (FEDINC, 2022).
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 10-5 Smectite and illite fines separation in a pilot crossflow separator
Source: Eriez Flotation Division. Teeter Bed Separator Metallurgical Service Test Report for LAC. Erie, PA: s.n., 2021
The particle size distributions (PSD) of the hydraulic classifier feed, overflow, and underflow for both illite and smectite are shown in Figure 10-6. For both materials, most fines reported to the overflow. Classification efficiency is determined by the partition coefficient, which indicates the mass % of material reporting to the overflow for a given particle size. The partition coefficients by size fraction for both materials are also shown in Figure 10-6, demonstrating that 100% of the minus 75 µm is projected to report to the overflow. The test data indicate that cross flow type separators provide an appropriate particle size separation technology. Industrial units for the flowsheet were based on material flows and a 75 µm target separation size.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 10-6 PSD's and partition coefficients of illite and smectite in the hydraulic classifier
Source: Data Adapted from Eriez Flotation Division. Teeter Bed Separator Metallurgical Service Test Report for LAC. Erie, PA: s.n., 2021
It should be noted that in the process plant, the feed to the hydraulic classifier will be primary cyclone underflow and not attrition scrubber discharge slurry as evaluated at Eriez. Thus, the feed to the hydraulic classifier will have a coarser size distribution compared to the test slurry but is not anticipated to affect operation or result in additional equipment compared to the current design. Performance of the hydraulic classifier with primary cyclone underflow was validated at the FEDINC pilot plant.
10.2.1.4 Solid Liquid Separation
After classification, the clay fines are directed to a thickener to dewater and increase the percentage of solids ahead of the leaching process. The objective is to feed the leaching circuit with the highest percent solids slurry. This will allow for recovery of the maximum amount of water that can be recycled back to attrition scrubbing and classification circuits. This reduces the amount of water to be evaporated downstream. The maximum thickener underflow densities achieved in test work ranged from 20 to 39% solids.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Three illite and three smectite sample sets were sent to vendors for thickening studies:
A variety of flocculants and dosages were tested by each to determine and optimize settling rates, underflow densities, flocculant dosage rates, and scale-up parameters. Results from each independent study were closely aligned, with each vendor determining a similar achievable underflow density, flocculant type and dose. Table 10-8 shows the results of the campaign from a 50/50 blend of illite and smectite.
Table 10-8 Solid-Liquid Separation test results 50/50 illite/smectite blend
Supplier |
Westech |
Westech |
Westech |
Andritz |
FLS |
Thickener Type |
deep bed paste |
high density paste |
high rate |
high rate |
high rate |
design unit area (m2/(t/d)) |
0.36 |
0.36 |
0.36 |
0.12 |
0.08 |
Diameter (m) |
24 |
35 |
50 |
50 |
30 |
Feed Rate (dry t/h) |
300 |
300 |
300 |
450 |
250 |
Feed Density (% S) |
5-8 |
5 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
Discharge Density (% S) |
39 |
27-36 |
20 |
20 |
25-36 |
Flocculant Dosage (g/t) |
200 |
200 |
200 |
350 |
200 |
Results from the thickening tests indicate that a feed density of 3-8% followed by flocculant dosing of 200 g/t can achieve a varying discharge density of 20-39% solids in the underflow. Since none of the results indicated that clay slurry could be thickened to the target density, decanter centrifuges were considered for additional dewatering after the thickener. For design purposes, a high-rate thickener was selected with a target underflow density of 20-25% solids.
10.2.1.5 Decanter Centrifuging
Representative samples of illite and smectite thickened clay slurry were provided to vendors for bench scale decanter centrifuge testing:
Both vendors tested different operating conditions, such as slurry feed density, g-force, and flocculant dosing. Test work confirmed that thickener underflow could be further dewatered to produce slurry densities around 50% solids (49% on average). Further pilot scale testing was performed confirming the bench scale results (GEA, 2021). Figure 10-7 shows the pilot scale decanter centrifuge discharge cake solids density and a photo of the generated cake.
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Figure 10-7 Pilot decanter centrifuge results
Source: Pilot Scale Decanter Centrifuge Testing. GEA. 2021
Based on these tests, decanter centrifuge equipment was selected to generate a leach feed containing approximately 50% solids from solid-liquid separation.
10.2.1.6 Large-scale Beneficiation Piloting
Large-scale piloting was performed with Weir Minerals in partnership with Florida Engineering and Design, Inc. (FEDINC) with the objective of confirming that the selected flowsheet meets Project requirements. The key parameters to be confirmed were coarse gangue rejection, lithium recovery, and pulp density of the decanter centrifuge final product sludge.
10.2.1.6.1 Scope
The scope of work was to perform pilot plant testing of the critical equipment of the current beneficiation flowsheet as shown in Figure 10-8 for samples of three (3) blends of material that was fed at a rate of 454 kg/h (1,000 pounds per hour) to the Log Washer and Attrition Scrubber, see Figure 10-9. Note that prior to feeding the material was screened to remove plus one inch.
The remainder of the pilot plant was fed at approximately 5,448 kg/h (12,000 pounds per hour) to confirm performance in the classification section at the largest scale possible, see Figure 10-10. The resulting fines from the classification circuit were then fed to a thickener followed by a decanter centrifuge, see Figure 10-11.
The mineral processing equipment installed at the pilot plant facility follows:
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The flow diagram and pictures for the beneficiation and classification circuits as well as solid-liquid separation circuit are presented in Figure 10-8 through Figure 10-11.
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Figure 10-8 Large Scale Beneficiation Pilot Plant Process Flow Diagram
Source: FEDINC, 2022
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Figure 10-9 Log Washer and Attrition Scrubber
Source: FEDINC, 2022
Figure 10-10 Primary Cyclone, Hydraulic Classifier and Dewatering Screen
Source: FEDINC, 2022
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Figure 10-11 Thickener and Decanter Centrifuge
Source: FEDINC, 2022
10.2.1.6.2 Results
Mass rejection of coarse gangue was in the expected range for the life of mine. The lithium recovery for Campaigns 1, 2, and 3 was approximately 90% versus a target of 92% for this circuit. Coarse gangue rejection at the dewatering screen is shown in Figure 10-12. During the campaigns it was noted that the hydraulic classifier discharge valve was difficult to control resulting in upsets of the hydraulic classifier bed that affected separation performance. The valve was replaced with one of more appropriate size and a fourth campaign was conducted. Results from Campaigns 1 to 3 are presented in Table 10-9 (FEDINC, 2022).
Table 10-9 Campaign 1 to 3 Material Balance Results
Campaign |
Ore kg (lb) |
Clay Blend, |
Ore, |
Li % |
% Coarse Gangue |
1 |
5,448 (12,000) |
50 / 50 |
10.4 |
89.6 |
33.0 |
2 |
5,448 (12,000) |
65 / 35 |
10.4 |
90.8 |
24.7 |
3 |
5,448 (12,000) |
50 / 50 |
10.2 |
90.3 |
33.1 |
|
|
|
Average |
90.2 |
30.4 |
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Figure 10-12 Coarse Gangue Rejection
Source: FEDINC, 2022
Lithium recovery in campaign 4 was approximately 94%. This recovery is the highest obtained during pilot plant testing. Coarse gangue rejection was lower when compared to Campaigns 1 to 3. It should be noted that the feed consisted of crushed material that was originally coarser than one inch (plus one inch material) that resulted from crushed ore screening from Campaigns 1-3. This resulted in a lower amount of oversized coarse gangue material in the feed. The clay blend ratio for the composite sample used in Campaign 4 is unknown. Therefore, the coarse gangue rejection and the lithium recovery obtained are not considered representative of the deposit. Results from Campaign 4 were not used to determine expected plant recovery.
The results from this fourth campaign are outlined in Table 10-10 below.
Table 10-10 Campaign 4 Material Balance Results
Campaign |
Sample, kg (lb) |
Sample % Moisture |
Li % Recovery |
Coarse Gangue Rejection (%) |
4 |
4,792 (10,554) |
6.5 |
93.8 |
11.9 |
10.2.2 Solid - Liquid Separation Circuit
Both the thickener and the decanter centrifuge met the desired objectives. Based on test data, a final product of approximately 55% solids (by weight) from the decanter centrifuge can be expected. The particle size distribution in the thickener underflow was in a 90-95% range passing 75 microns. Campaign 3 thickener underflow particle size distributions from several samples taken are depicted in Figure 10-13. This particle size distribution is finer than the target size of 80% passing 75 microns.
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Figure 10-13 Campaign #3 Thickener Underflow (50% Smectite / 50% Illite)
Source: FEDINC, 2022
10.2.3 Leaching and Neutralization
The concentrate product from the classification circuit is directed to the leach circuit. Lithium contained in clay rich leach feed is dissolved with sulfuric acid in agitated leach tanks. After leaching, excess acid is neutralized with limestone and recycled magnesium hydroxide prior to filtration of the neutralized leached residue.
10.2.3.1 Optimum Sulfuric Acid Dose
The objective of the leach circuit is to optimize lithium extraction. Acid dose has a strong effect on lithium leach extraction. Three samples of illite and smectite were leached by FLS at different acid dosage levels. The average extractions are shown in Table 10-11 (FLS, 2021a). For both clay types, lithium extraction increased with acid dose.
Table 10-11 Lithium leach % extraction of illite and smectite vs sulfuric acid dose
Clay Type |
Avg. Li head grade |
Acid dose (tonne acid/tonne solids in leach feed slurry) |
||
0.45 |
0.50 |
0.55 |
||
Lithium Leach Extraction, % |
||||
Illite |
4,590 |
67 |
84 |
87 |
Smectite |
2,909 |
71 |
83 |
91 |
Using the measured leach extractions, the optimum acid dose can be calculated. As sulfuric acid is the limiting reagent, the tonnage fed to leach is thus dictated by acid production rate (nominal 3,000 t/d Phase 1 and 6,000 t/d total for Phase 2). The total mass of lithium extracted for each acid dose scenario is calculated in Table 10-12, where the total mass of solids in leach feed slurry is based on 3,000 t/d sulfuric acid availability.
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Table 10-12 Lithium extractions for various acid dose scenarios
Acid dose (tonne/tonne |
Solids in leach feed slurry |
Total Tonnes Li |
|
Illite |
Smectite |
||
0.45 |
6,667 |
20.5 |
13.8 |
0.50 |
6,000 |
23.1 |
14.5 |
0.55 |
5,455 |
21.7 |
14.4 |
Maximum mass of lithium extracted (23.1 t/d+14.5 t/d) occurs at a dose of 0.5 tonnes acid/tonne solids for both clay types and is used as the design acid addition rate (design = 0.49 tonne acid/tonne solids).
10.2.3.2 PTC Leach Results
LAC has performed extensive leach testing on material collected from various locations throughout the deposit (Section 10.1). Over 100 large leach batch tests were performed in 0.38 m3 tanks. Approximately 0.36 t of slurry were processed per batch. Different clay compositions and sulfuric acid doses were tested to determine the lithium leach extraction, kinetics, and sulfuric acid requirement to maximize lithium extraction. The lithium leach extraction data for all batches was selected by lithium grade (≥2,500 ppm) after removal of coarse gangue and design acid dose. The leach data results are depicted in Figure 10-14.
Figure 10-14 Large batch lithium leach extraction, Li ≥ 2,500 ppm, 0.5 acid dose
Source: LAC, 2021
On average, illite tends to have higher lithium leach extraction compared to smectite. Smectite batches where extraction was below 70% correspond to high magnesium content in the leach feed slurry (≥ 9.4 wt.% Mg). Conversely, low magnesium content corresponds with higher leach extraction.
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10.2.3.3 Lithium Leach Extraction Model
The data in Figure 10-14 was used to build a multivariate model in Minitab® software. The model predicts lithium extraction based on lithium and magnesium content in the leach feed. The predicted extraction versus measured extraction is shown in Figure 10-15.
Figure 10-15 Actual lithium leach extraction percentage vs model prediction
Source: LAC, 2021
The leach model was applied to the block model to optimize the mine plan for total lithium to be extracted. The results from the model indicate that a ~70/30 illite/smectite blend yields a lithium leach predicted extraction of 87% on average over the life of mine (Section 16). Since illite has lower magnesium content and thus higher lithium leach extraction, it is the primary component of the blend. Five different blends of 70/30 illite and smectite were leached at the PTC for confirmation, with an 84% average extraction (Table 10-13) (Lithium Nevada, 2021).
Table 10-13 Lithium leach extractions of various 70/30 illite/smectite blends
Blend |
Bulk Bag Illite |
Bulk Bag Smectite |
% Li leach extraction |
1 |
33(1) |
18(2) |
90% |
2 |
33(1) |
68(2) |
89% |
3 |
57(1) |
68(2) |
81% |
4 |
57(1) |
18(2) |
86% |
5 |
52(1) |
18(2) |
73% |
Average |
84% |
It should be noted that the average leach extraction was close to the average predicted leach extraction of 87% per the mine model blend. The mine plan used for this study does not allow smectite with high magnesium content to be fed to the process plant due to the low lithium leach extraction. Using the data in Figure 10-14 and excluding the low recovery smectite samples (based on ore control), average lithium leach extractions are 86.5% for illite and 78.5% for smectite. The calculated lithium leach extraction for a 70/30 blend is 84%.
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10.2.3.4 Batch vs Continuous Leach
In addition to the batch leaches, continuous leach experiments have been performed in a gravity overflow reactor arrangement at the PTC. Numerous leach batches of ore have been conducted in a continuous mode with the same residence time and acid dose to compare against the data collected in the batch tanks. In Figure 10-16, a comparison of lithium leach extraction in batch vs continuous mode is shown.
Figure 10-16 Continuous v batch lithium leach extraction
Source: LAC, 2021
Excellent agreement is observed in the data sets, further validating confidence in the batch leach data used for scale-up of the continuous process. Note that the data in Figure 10-16 is for either pure smectite or pure illite leach feed and is not representative of the average mine model blend. Thus, the data merely demonstrates agreement between batch and continuous but does not show expected leach extraction.
10.2.3.5 Leach Kinetics
In terms of kinetics, all data collected to date shows the leach reaction is relatively fast. For example, in Figure 10-17, kinetic data on a smectite sample at different temperatures is shown (Hazen, 2021b).
Figure 10-17 Lithium leach kinetics at various temperatures
Source: Data Adapted from Hazen Research, Summary of Acid Leach Results, 2021b
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The impact of temperature on lithium leach kinetics was minimal. The dashed lines show the normal plant design residence time (180 min) and the residence time in case of a tank outage/bypass for maintenance purposes (120 min). Therefore, the design residence time (180 minutes) is deemed sufficient to extract the soluble lithium present in the leach feed. Similar kinetics were observed for illite samples and are assumed to apply to blends.
10.2.3.6 Leach Feed Particle Size
Leach tests on two particle size separation sizes were performed by LAC on 4 different illite and 4 different smectite samples at the target acid dose. Separation sizes investigated were 75 µm and 38 µm. Figure 10-18 depicts the lithium leach extractions for both particle sizes evaluated (Lithium Nevada, 2021a).
Figure 10-18 Lithium leach extractions for 75 µm and 38 µm particle sizes
Source: Lithium Americas Corporation, Leaching Size Test Report, 2021
No significant difference in lithium leach extraction was observed between the two sizes. At the 75 µm separation size, the smectite lithium leach extraction averaged 83% while illite leach extraction averaged 92%.
10.2.3.7 Neutralization
After slurry is leached, residual acid is neutralized to raise the pH to precipitate most of the aluminum and iron in solution. LAC plans to obtain limestone from nearby sources. In Table 10-14, the results for limestone purity of the samples are shown, with assays completed by three individual sources. The purity fluctuates between 77-100% calcium carbonate, CaCO3, depending on sample location. Silica is the major impurity, with magnesium, aluminum and iron also present.
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Table 10-14 Limestone purity analysis of local grab samples
Pulverized limestone has been tested as neutralization reagent at the PTC and by others. In Figure 10-19, a comparison of pulverized local limestone and vendor supplied limestone showed that the local limestone had similar efficiency to commercially available product (FLS, 2021a). The limestone consumption for all samples tested is shown in Table 10-15, where the average consumption over all samples was 0.12 g CaCO3/g solids in leach feed slurry.
Table 10-15 CaCO3 consumption to achieve pH 3.5 in neutralization slurry
Bulk Bag |
Type |
g CaCO3/g LF slurry for pH 3.5 |
25(2) |
Smectite |
0.10 |
18(2) |
Smectite |
0.16 |
68(2) |
Smectite |
0.04 |
6(1) |
Illite |
0.07 |
3(1) |
Illite |
0.18 |
40(1) |
Illite |
0.18 |
Avg. |
0.12 |
At the PTC, limestone consumption to achieve pH 3.5 was 0.1 kg CaCO3/kg LF solids across 11 large scale batches. In the process design criteria, limestone addition is based on controlling the neutralization outlet stream to a pH target. It will vary depending on residual acid content, iron, and aluminum solution values.
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Figure 10-19 Local CaCO3 & vendor purchased comparison of pH vs limestone addition
Source: Data Adapted from FLS. LAC Leach and Neutralization Results 2021
Large batch neutralization tests have also been performed using both CaCO3 and recycled magnesium precipitate (magnesium hydroxide/calcium sulfate solids), as currently designed in the flow sheet. In these tests, pulverized limestone was added to a target pH ~3.5, then a slurry containing magnesium precipitation solids was added to a target pH of ~7. This simulates the two-stage neutralization circuit. It has been confirmed over multiple batches that the magnesium solids are effective as a neutralization reagent and capable of bringing the final slurry pH to a target range of 6-7. Testing has confirmed that at the end of neutralization, aluminum and iron are almost completely removed (Table 10-16).
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Table 10-16 Data for neutralization batches using CaCO3 and Mg Precipitation solids
Bag/Batch | Initial leach slurry solution values | Final neutralized slurry solution values | |||
H2SO4 g/L |
Al mg/L |
Fe mg/L |
Al mg/L |
Fe mg/L |
|
23(2)-1 | 28.5 | 6324 | 9318 | <10 | <10 |
33-1 | 35.5 | 2460 | 7198 | <10 | <10 |
57-1 | 51.5 | 3327 | 7377 | <10 | ND* |
57-2 | 41.5 | 3119 | 7001 | <10 | <10 |
52-1 | 32.6 | 3521 | 4806 | <10 | <10 |
52-2 | 42.5 | 2865 | 5113 | ND* | ND* |
26-2 | 23.1 | 2911 | 5349 | <10 | <10 |
*ND = non-detect
10.2.3.8 Neutralization Slurry Filtration
After neutralization, the leach residue is filtered in membrane filter presses, with the objective to generate a dry cake suitable for stacking in the CTFS, and to recover lithium in solution. Hundreds of filtration batches have been performed by LAC on a pilot scale membrane filter press. Filter cakes produced are consistently uniform, friable, and with 35 to 40% moisture content as measured drying at 105°C (Figure 10-20). Tests performed by multiple filtration equipment vendors have confirmed final filter cake characteristics:
Figure 10-20 Pilot membrane filter press and resultant filter cake
Source: LAC, 2021
Washing the filter cake to recover any residual filtrate is critical to minimize lithium losses to the CTFS. Washing tests were performed, and the wash water demand versus wash recovery is shown in Figure 10-21. One phenomenon that was observed by a filter vendor (Diemme) is filter cake breakthrough, where cracks in the filter cake provide channels for wash water to bypass the cake resulting in low wash efficiency. This was observed where wash water flow rates and pressures were high, indicating these variables must be tightly controlled for efficient washing. At optimum conditions, it was found that at a wash water consumption of ≥1.4 (mass wash water/mass solids washed), wash efficiency could exceed 90%. In the process design criteria, washing is specified as taking place in two stages, each stage having a mass of wash solution to solids ratio of 1.1 for a total of 2.2 wash consumption. In the first stage, recycled wash liquor is used, and in the second stage fresh water is used. It is assumed that this wash strategy will be able to achieve 90% recovery based on the bench scale results (Figure 10-21). At 90% wash efficiency, about 98% of the total lithium in solution is recovered (filtrate + wash solution), with ~2% loss to residual liquor entrained as moisture in the filter cake. The leached residue in the filter cake will be in a 600-700 ppm range lithium based on 87% extraction.
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Figure 10-21 Wash consumption vs lithium wash recovery tests
Source: Data Adapted from Diemme Testwork, 2021
Pilot plant filter cake wash testing at the manufacturer resulted in high losses of lithium on scale-up (Diemme, 2022). Based on filter cake washing test results a new wash strategy was developed.
10.2.3.9 Counter Current Decantation and Filtration
Counter Current Decantation (CCD) has been investigated as an alternative washing process technology. High density thickener test work by FLSmidth resulted in underflows from 32% to 33% using SNF AN-934SH flocculant. Flocculation was successful as shown in Figure 10-22. Parallel work with SNF for settling and rheology test work indicated that 32 to 33% solids can be expected in a CCD circuit with AN-905S flocculant. Anionic flocculant requirements were in an 80-150 g/t solids range depending on the number of stages. Table 10-17 shows the maximum operation density range for standard and high-density thickener designs per SNF. Owing to the improved underflow solids content, high density thickeners have been selected.
Table 10-17 SNF Maximum Thickener Underflow Operating Density
Material | Maximum Recommended Operating Density Range Based on Full Shear Data for Standard Thickener Design (30 - 50-Pa Yield Stress Limitation) (%) |
Maximum Recommended Operating Density Range Based on Full Shear Data for High Density Thickener Design (75 - 100-Pa Yield Stress Limitation) (%) |
CCD1 | 29.5% - 32.0% | 33.9% - 35.3% |
CCD 3 | 29.5% - 32.3% | 34.6% - 36.2% |
Subsequent filtration at FLSmidth with a recessed chamber filter press (without membrane squeeze) achieved a competent cake with 39% moisture content when drying at 55 degrees Celsius. No washing occurs in the filter press.
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With seven stages of CCD applying a 95% stage mixing efficiency and subsequent filtration without washing stage, losses of lithium in solution entrained as moisture in the filter cake were estimated at approximately 1%.
Figure 10-22 Dynamic Thickener Testing at FLSmidth
Source: Photo from FLSmidth laboratory, SLC, 2022
10.2.4 Magnesium and Calcium Removal
10.2.4.1 Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization
Magnesium is removed in a primary stage of crystallizers designed to crystallize as much magnesium as possible in the form of hydrated magnesium sulfate (MgSO4*xH2O) salts where x varies with temperature. A critical aspect of magnesium sulfate crystallization is to avoid lithium losses to the salts, because at a threshold concentration of lithium and potassium in solution, lithium can form a double salt with potassium. Therefore, understanding the LiKSO4 phase boundary limit is essential to operate the magnesium crystallizers effectively. LAC, with the assistance of a research partner, has mapped this boundary using in-situ real time monitoring tools during crystallization of brine solutions generated at the PTC. LAC now has a custom phase diagram specific to Thacker Pass brines.
In addition to the fundamental studies in progress, continuous bench and pilot scale test work on neutralized brine solution produced by LAC has been performed. The objective of these scoping studies was to verify the maximum amount of magnesium that can be removed without lithium losses. Test work was conducted on brine supplied by LAC to explore operating conditions of the crystallizer (Aquatech, 2021). First, the conditions at which lithium first starts to precipitate were identified.
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At optimum conditions, crystallization was able to remove on average 79% of the incoming magnesium without lithium precipitation. This has been verified by other independent testing. Crystals were relatively large and easy to wash/dewater and remove via centrifugation.
Crystallizer sizing and target design conditions have been incorporated into the flow sheet per vendor test results and recommendations. The precipitated magnesium salts are removed and washed via centrifugation and conveyed to the CTFS, while the filtrate is processed downstream. About 3.7% of the lithium in solution is lost as residual mother liquor on the crystals based on anticipated residual moisture and wash efficiency of the centrifuge cake.
10.2.4.2 Magnesium Precipitation
The residual magnesium in the centrate that is not removed in the crystallizers is then chemically precipitated with milk of lime (MOL), where magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) and gypsum (CaSO4) are the main precipitates formed. Extensive testing on this process has been performed by LAC and by others. Testing proved (Hazen, 2021a) at a stoichiometric factor of 1, magnesium is removed from solution to a concentration of less than 15 mg/L, exhibiting good reagent efficiency in the circuit. Internal test work has verified stoichiometric addition of MOL, and a stoichiometric factor of 1.05 is used in the design criteria.
The Mg(OH)2/CaSO4 precipitates are filtered in a plate and frame filter press, similar to the neutralization slurry, and filter press sizing is based on vendor testing. The filter cakes are not washed, since they are re-pulped and sent back to neutralization, and therefore any lithium held up in cake filtrate is recycled and recovered. The filtrate is then sent downstream to calcium removal.
10.2.4.3 Calcium Precipitation
The calcium removal step takes place in reactor clarifiers, where soda ash (Na2CO3) is added to form a solid calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitate. Test work was performed to determine soda ash dose and clarifier sizing (Westech, 2021a). The resultant solution had less than 20 mg/L of Ca remaining. The solids are removed by passing the stream through multimedia filters, and eventually the CaCO3 is sent back to neutralization.
In a final polishing step, low levels of calcium, magnesium and any other divalent cations are removed with traditional ion exchange resin. Multiple resins were tested and found effective for hardness removal to low solution levels (<1ppm Ca). IX scoping tests to reduce boron concentrations to <1 ppm were also done successfully (Aquatech, 2022). Further testing of ion exchange resins is scheduled to be completed in Q1 2023.
10.2.5 Lithium Carbonate Production
10.2.5.1 Purification
The brine feeding the lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) purification circuit primarily contains lithium, sodium, and potassium sulfate. The objective is to produce high quality battery grade lithium carbonate. Note that crystal agglomeration and poor wash efficiency are common contributors to product contamination, and thus it is desired to grow large crystals and avoid agglomerates.
The Li2CO3 purification circuit is comprised of three stages: primary Li2CO3 crystallization, bicarbonation, and secondary Li2CO3 crystallization. Each stage has been tested (Veolia, 2020). In the 1st stage, soda ash (Na2CO3) is added to the brine in stoichiometric excess to precipitate Li2CO3 and form crystals. The crystals collected in the first stage were analyzed to be 95.8 wt% Li2CO3. A target of ≥99.5 wt% for battery grade indicated that a second stage purification is necessary to remove impurities.
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The Li2CO3 crystals collected from the 1st stage were re-slurried with water and then transferred to a reactor where carbon dioxide (CO2) gas was continuously metered at controlled temperature and pressure. This reaction converts Li2CO3 to highly soluble lithium bicarbonate (LiHCO3). Solid impurities were removed in a filtration step.
The filtered brine was then fed to a 2nd stage reactor, where it was heated to thermally degas CO2 and precipitate Li2CO3. After separating and washing the crystals, a product with > 99.5 wt.% was obtained. The crystals were of sufficient size for efficient solids/liquid separation with little to no agglomerates present. The bicarbonate filtration step is critical to keep contaminants within battery product specification.
To further validate the process design, pilot Li2CO3 purification testing was performed by Aquatech International on brine generated from Thacker Pass clay (Aquatech, 2022a). The test program was designed to simulate the commercial circuit and included all stages of purification and all primary recycle streams. They demonstrated the ability to produce lithium carbonate at both the purity (>99.5 wt%) and recovery (>96.0%) as defined in the basis of design. Other key design criteria, equilibrium concentrations, reagent consumptions, and power demand were also verified throughout the test campaign.
Over 5 kg of battery quality lithium carbonate has also been produced internally at Lithium Americas' Technical Center in Reno, NV via the same purification circuit design (Lithium Nevada, 2022). There was good agreement with the Aquatech data for equilibrium solution concentrations and final product purity.
10.2.5.2 Zero Liquid Discharge Crystallization
Mother liquor from the 1st stage and a portion of mother liquor from the 2nd stage are combined and sent to the zero liquid discharge (ZLD) crystallizer with the objective of crystallizing sodium and potassium as sulfate salts by evaporation. Prior to feeding the crystallizer, sulfuric acid is added to destroy any carbonates thus preventing precipitation of lithium carbonate. Because there is a significant concentration of lithium in the ZLD feed stream, crystallization must be controlled to avoid lithium precipitation to solids, similar to the magnesium sulfate crystallizer (Section 10.2.4.1).
Continuous bench scale ZLD crystallizer tests were performed on synthetic brine solution designed to represent the feed stream composition per the process model. The test work identified the target area where lithium is still soluble, and calcium, potassium, silica, and sodium were the only precipitated species. Based on these results, the operating conditions and sizing of the circuit were designed.
To confirm the design, pilot testing of the ZLD circuit was also performed by Aquatech International during the pilot purification campaign (Aquatech, 2022a). The design mother liquor and crystals composition were verified, and it was shown that the crystallizer can be operated without loss of lithium to solids. Similarly, internal pilot testing has also confirmed that lithium loss to solids can be avoided if the mother liquor composition is controlled (Lithium Nevada, 2022).
10.2.5.3 Final Product Handling
High purity lithium carbonate crystals from the 2nd stage are removed via centrifuge and sent to drying, cooling, micronization and packaging circuits. Dryers and coolers were selected based on quoted designs from multiple vendors, with moisture properties of the final Li2CO3 crystals assumed based on test work and typical industry values.
For micronization, bulk samples were provided to multiple vendors for micronization testing with different types of mills. Based on test results (Hosokawa, 2021), equipment was sized, and jet milling was selected as the preferred technology.
A dry vibrating magnetic filter (DVMF) is included post jet milling to remove metallic contaminants. Samples were tested to establish a maximum theoretical feed rate of lithium carbonate through a DVMF. The results were used to size equipment.
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The packaging system has been designed from bulk jet-milled lithium carbonate testing completed in Q1 2022. The equipment required is similar to others used in the industry and is integrated into the design of the Project.
10.2.6 Tailings
Numerous geotechnical tests have been completed on tailings material generated from the PTC. Based on this testing, stability analysis modeling has shown a stable landform can be constructed when the tailings are compacted near optimum moisture content. To achieve a stable landform, technical specifications have been prepared which identify the moisture content and compaction requirements of the tailings. Section 18 summarizes the tailings plan.
10.3 Beneficiation and Leaching Variability Study
The primary objective of the leach variability study was to confirm that materials from depth in the Thacker Pass deposit provide a similar metallurgical response to the beneficiation and leach processes. Composite samples representative of the first five years of production were procured for bench scale testing. The main parameters evaluated were as follows:
The beneficiation (attrition/scrubbing and classification) process was simulated in the laboratory to generate leach feed slurry from each composite representing various years of production. The coarse gangue removed (+75 microns) was quantified and lithium losses were evaluated. Representative test charges of leach feed (-75 microns) were generated and leached using standard leach parameters previously defined for the Project. The results from this study were used to verify the leach extraction model accuracy.
Samples were collected to geospatially represent the first five years of mine life. Twenty-one composite samples were prepared at a 70/30 illite to smectite ratio to match the mine plan. The samples were then slurried at 40% solids, attrition scrubbed for 10 minutes, and wet screened at 75-micron to remove coarse gangue. The resulting minus 75-micron slurry was then adjusted to match the design leach feed slurry density (34% solids). Removal of coarse gangue resulted in upgrading of the leach feed. Leach feed slurry lithium concentration ranged from 4,246 ppm to 6,974 ppm and magnesium from 5.7% to 8.9%. Leach testing was performed in both open cycle and locked cycle to evaluate potential hindering of leaching efficiency by elevated concentrations of dissolved salts. To simulate the level of saturation in the leach process, salts were added to the leach feed (based on the Aspen material balance) prior to leaching. The level of saturation in the leach process did not appear to impact the level of lithium extraction obtained in the composite samples evaluated.
Leaching parameters are shown in Table 10-18. Standard procedures, including a QA/QC protocol and experimental error were implemented and evaluated throughout all stages of the study. The quality control protocol included:
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Table 10-18 Variability Study Leach Parameters
Parameter |
Unit |
Value |
Solids Density |
% w/w |
35-36 |
Acid Dose |
g acid / g solids |
0.49 |
Duration |
Hours |
3 |
Temperature |
Degrees Celsius |
60-70 |
Coarse gangue removal in wet screening ranged from 26% to 41% with a 34% average. This very closely matches the life of mine predicted ash content in the run of mine and in the design. Lithium losses in wet screening ranged from 4% to 23% with a 9% average which is very close to the process design criteria of 8%.
Five of the 21 samples were leached in both open and locked cycle with no significant difference in extraction observed. The remainder of the study was performed in locked cycle.
Three samples were leached in triplicate to measure reproducibility of the experiments. All three samples demonstrated reproducible results with standard deviations ranging from 0.9% to 1.5%. The maximum standard deviation was used to generate the error bars on Figure 10-26.
Lithium leach extraction ranged from 85.8% to 97.0% with an average of 90.8%. Samples were sent to an outside laboratory, ALS, for quality assurance. Results compared closely with those analyzed by LAC.
Per the quality control protocol, leach feed slurry was sent to McClelland Laboratories, Inc., an external lab in Sparks, Nevada to leach under the same conditions to verify LAC's lithium extraction results. The laboratory reported concerns with the mixing in the leach vessel and the mass balance results did not close. The metallurgical data from the independent laboratory have been excluded from the report. LAC plans to conduct additional leach test work at a bench scale. Representative samples will be selected that are deemed representative of the samples used in the variability study.
The LAC assayed head grades correlated well with the calculated grade (filtrate + residue) as can be seen in Figure 10-23.
Figure 10-23 Calculated Versus Measured Head Grade for Leach Testing
Source: LAC, 2021
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Figure 10-24 and Figure 10-25 show that ore depth and mine plan year have no impact on extraction.
Figure 10-24 Ore Depth (m) Versus Li Extraction (%)
Source: Process Engineering LLC Memorandum "Variability Study Data Analysis" dated 21 April 2022
Figure 10-25 Mine Plan Year Versus Li Extraction (%)
Source: Process Engineering LLC Memorandum "Variability Study Data Analysis" dated 21 April 2022
Figure 10-26 compares the measured lithium extraction results versus the empirical model that was discussed in Section 10.2.3.3. On average the model predicts approximately 3% less extraction than what was measured.
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Figure 10-26 Comparison of Measured Versus Predicted Extraction
Source: LAC, 2021
The data from the leach variability study was then added to the 37 pilot plant sample dataset used for the empirical correlation. Two samples from the original dataset were statistically identified as outliers owing to extremely high aluminum. The regression was then repeated and resulted in a more accurate model with only 1% less extraction when compared with the leach variability samples.
Note that the work done by Hazen in Section 10.2.3.5 under similar conditions achieve a leach extraction of 85.0% versus 83.4% as predicted by the revised model. Similar to the variability study, the model is in range and slightly underpredicts leach extraction.
The results from this study demonstrate that the lithium extraction is independent of depth in the deposit.
10.4 Specific Gravity
Specific gravity of both clay and coarse gangue were measured on various samples during testwork at different vendor testing facilities. Test methods included gas pycnometry (ASTM D5550-14), water pycnometry (ASTM D 854 or ASTM D 854-02), and calculation from slurry weight, volume, and water density. The values for the ranges and averages are given in Table 10-19.
Table 10-19 Specific Gravity Ranges
Material |
Range |
Average |
Clay |
1.97 - 2.90 |
2.47 |
Coarse Gangue |
2.23 - 2.70 |
2.46 |
It is recognized that the specific gravity values in the table above differ from those in other documentation including the heat and material balance and equipment data sheets. A reconciliation will be completed in the next phase of engineering to ensure the design values in the table are used for final equipment design and sizing.
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10.5 Metallurgical Test Work Conclusions
Since 2017, LAC has performed extensive metallurgical and process development testing, both internally and externally. Based on results of this test work, the following was established:
The data presented in this section has been used to establish process design criteria for the plant as discussed in Section 17. Additional testing is underway for various parts of the flowsheet with test work planned in 2022 to provide supportive data from process optimization and variability testing prior to final design.
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11 Mineral Resource Estimates
This section contains forward-looking information related to the Mineral Resource estimates for the Thacker Pass Deposit. The material factors that could cause actual results to differ from the conclusions, estimates, designs, forecasts or projections include geological modeling, grade interpolations, lithium price estimates, mining cost estimates, and mine design parameters.
11.1 Key Assumptions, Parameters and Methods
The current Mineral Resource estimate discussed in this TRS is relevant to only the Thacker Pass Deposit. The UM Claims owned by LAC in the Montana Mountains are not part of the Thacker Pass Project.
Only HQ core samples subject to the QA/QC programs outlined in Section 8 of this report and assayed by ALS Global and American Assay Laboratory (AAL) in Reno, Nevada, were used to estimate the resource.
366 drill holes were used in development of the resource block model (Table 11-1). A map of all drill holes used in the resource estimation is presented in Figure 11-1.
Table 11-1 Drill Holes Used in the Grade Estimation Model
Drilling |
Number |
Type |
Hole IDs in Database |
LAC 2007-2010 |
227 |
HQ Core |
WLC-001 through WLC-037, WLC-041 through WLC-075, WLC-077 through WLC-182, WLC-184 through WLC-232* |
LAC 2017-2018 |
139 |
HQ Core |
LNC-001, LNC-003 through LNC-011, LNC-013 through LNC-080, LNC-082, LNC-084 through LNC-109, LNC-111 through LNC-144* |
Note:
*Holes WLC-040, WLC-076, WLC-183, LNC-002, LNC-012, LNC-081, LNC-083, and LNC-110 were deleted due to proximity to other nearby holes which were deeper with more assays and more descriptive geological descriptions.
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Figure 11-1 Drilling Utilized for the Resource Estimate
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All drill holes used for the grade model except WLC-058 are essentially vertical (88.8 degrees to 90 degrees). Regular downhole gyro surveys were conducted to verify this, as described in Section 7 of this TRS. All mineralization thicknesses recorded are treated as true thicknesses.
All drill holes used for grade estimation were standard HQ core, drilled using standard techniques by Marcus & Marcus Exploration Inc., now known as Timberline Drilling Inc. Core is stored at a secure logging facility while being processed, then locked in CONEX containers or a warehouse after sampling was completed.
11.1.1 Geological Domains
Several faults are present in the deposit. Surface field investigations and subsurface cross-sectional analyses were performed to determine potential faults in the deposit. Subsurface fault zones were determined by identifying floor displacement between drill holes. The fault traces were connected to generate seven faulted block zones. Figure 11-2 illustrates the seven major fault blocks. These faulted block zones were used to limit the lithium grade estimation to the blocks and drill holes existing within each representative faulted block zone. Fault Block A does not contain any drilling, and therefore does not have any direct sampled grade or Mineral Resource estimates.
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Figure 11-2 Seven Fault Blocks Zones Used for Grade Estimation for the Thacker Pass Deposit
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11.1.2 Geological Model
A Vulcan ISIS database was designed and populated with native geologic data from Excel datasheets containing drill hole assays, collars, lithological, and survey data. The drill hole datasheet was originally exported from LAC's Torque database and then validated by the QP as discussed in Section 9.2.
Alluvium (Qal) and basalt bodies were modeled through inverse distance in a gridded model with their surfaces triangulated and imported into the block model to flag representative blocks. Basement was mapped as the HPZ, basal basalt, or bottom of the mineralized zone and is shown as the low Li basal unit in cross-sectional views. No grade was interpolated into this unit. The remaining blocks were coded as ore which represents the clay/ash lithologies. Lithological cross-sectional views of the generated block model displaying the geologic units in the deposit have been included as Figure 11-3 along the AA-AB, AB-AC, and AC-AD cross-section lines. The location of the cross sections has been displayed on Figure 11-1. The block model is not rotated nor sub-blocked.
Figure 11-3 Lithological Cross-Sectional Views
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The native statistics by lithology and fault block domain are shown in Table 11-2. The majority of samples have been taken from the clay/ash sediments. Higher average grade lithium values exist in the sediments compared to the other lithologies. The average range of lithium ppm for all fault blocks is between 2,077 and 2,788 for the clay/ash sediments.
Table 11-2 Native Samples Statistics
Lithology |
Fault Block |
Lithium (ppm) Native Samples |
|||
Count |
Minimum Value |
Maximum |
Average Value |
||
Alluvium |
B |
90 |
16 |
3,330 |
99 |
Alluvium |
C |
62 |
7 |
4,360 |
309 |
Alluvium |
D |
64 |
27 |
4,060 |
357 |
Alluvium |
E |
6 |
27 |
98 |
51 |
Alluvium |
F |
18 |
43 |
2,390 |
359 |
Alluvium |
G |
27 |
31 |
3,480 |
363 |
Basalt |
B |
352 |
10 |
2,900 |
234 |
Basalt |
C |
461 |
6 |
3,630 |
150 |
Basalt |
D |
19 |
87 |
360 |
168 |
Basalt |
E |
9 |
28 |
233 |
74 |
Basalt |
F |
4 |
258 |
1,320 |
592 |
Basalt |
G |
6 |
54 |
209 |
115 |
Sediments |
B |
3,620 |
5 |
8,360 |
2,253 |
Sediments |
C |
4,961 |
3 |
8,850 |
2,077 |
Sediments |
D |
5,044 |
11 |
8,540 |
2,788 |
Sediments |
E |
525 |
31 |
6,780 |
2,235 |
Sediments |
F |
1,058 |
39 |
7,120 |
2,302 |
Sediments |
G |
584 |
52 |
7,660 |
2,707 |
Tuff |
B |
738 |
2 |
6,810 |
153 |
Tuff |
C |
884 |
2 |
4,200 |
115 |
Tuff |
D |
358 |
8 |
5,560 |
120 |
Tuff |
E |
10 |
16 |
1,370 |
353 |
Tuff |
F |
14 |
60 |
3,900 |
1,042 |
Tuff |
G |
30 |
88 |
4,080 |
1,140 |
11.1.3 Block Model
A block model was created by the QP using Maptek's Vulcan 3D subsurface geologic modeling software. A regular block model with a block size of 25 m by 25 m by 1 m was generated.
The origin of the block model is described in Table 11-3 in NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N (meters).
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Table 11-3 Block Model Origin
Block Model Origin |
|
X Coordinate |
406,900.0 |
Y Coordinate |
4,613,900.0 |
Z Coordinate |
1,100.0 |
The seven fault blocks were also loaded into the block model to allow for domaining during grade estimation.
11.1.3.1 Compositing
A composited database was created from the native ISIS database. A compositing run length of 1 m was chosen based upon mining assumptions of potential waste removal. This composited database used existing geocodes from LAC's Torque database to isolate the compositing of grades to each correlated geologic lithology. Lithium grades were interpolated for clay/ash lithologies in the block model through ordinary kriging modeling method from a 1 m composited quality database and limited to each representative fault block.
The composited statistics by lithology and fault block domain are shown in Table 11-4. The majority of the composited samples as well as the highest average lithium grades are from the clay/ash sediments. The average lithium grades range between 2,080 and 2,787 ppm in the composited database for the clay/ash sediments.
Table 11-4 Composite Samples Statistics
Lithology |
Fault Block |
Lithium (ppm) Composite Samples |
|||
Count |
Minimum Value |
Maximum |
Average Value |
||
Alluvium |
B |
384 |
16 |
3,330 |
122 |
Alluvium |
C |
182 |
7 |
4,360 |
315 |
Alluvium |
D |
217 |
27 |
4,650 |
375 |
Alluvium |
E |
28 |
27 |
98 |
51 |
Alluvium |
F |
48 |
43 |
2,390 |
359 |
Alluvium |
G |
120 |
31 |
3,480 |
408 |
Basalt |
B |
855 |
10 |
4,200 |
234 |
Basalt |
C |
1,018 |
6 |
3,270 |
143 |
Basalt |
D |
34 |
87 |
400 |
169 |
Basalt |
E |
23 |
28 |
233 |
74 |
Basalt |
F |
5 |
258 |
680 |
366 |
Basalt |
G |
10 |
59 |
1,030 |
153 |
Sediments |
B |
5,311 |
8 |
8,254 |
2,260 |
Sediments |
C |
7,502 |
3 |
8,690 |
2,080 |
Sediments |
D |
7,576 |
11 |
8,040 |
2,787 |
Sediments |
E |
804 |
34 |
6,489 |
2,232 |
Sediments |
F |
1,704 |
39 |
6,940 |
2,300 |
Sediments |
G |
886 |
60 |
7,660 |
2,727 |
Tuff |
B |
1,138 |
3 |
6,810 |
137 |
Tuff |
C |
1,452 |
2 |
2,250 |
96 |
Tuff |
D |
812 |
8 |
1,990 |
88 |
Tuff |
E |
17 |
16 |
1,370 |
353 |
Tuff |
F |
29 |
60 |
3,900 |
1,094 |
Tuff |
G |
66 |
88 |
4,080 |
1,047 |
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Comparing the native to composite length database for the ash/clay sediments, the maximum average difference between the two databases for lithium grades is only 20 ppm. The maximum individual sample difference for lithium grades between the two databases is 500 ppm. This shows the closeness between the native sampling and the composited database.
To display the distribution of lithium grades, a histogram has been generated for the native lithium data versus the composited database and have been shown in Figure 11-4. The histogram comparison shows a nearly identical distribution of lithium grades between the two datasets. The lower grade material is due to the sampling of non-ore material such as ash, alluvium, basalts, and HPZ lithologies. The use of geocodes in the composited database isolated lithium grades to each representative lithologies.
Figure 11-4 Histogram of Native Lithium Grade Versus Composited Database Lithium Grade
Source: Sawtooth 2021
The lithium high-grade mineralized zone is concentrated towards the bottom of the deposit as shown in the cross-sectional views in Figure 11-5. This high-grade mineralization zone is present in a large portion of the modeled area. Lower-grade materials such as alluvium and basalt exist above the mineralized zone and the basement hot pond zone (HPZ), below the mineralized zone. The HPZ has been discussed previously in Section 7 and is the base of the sedimentary section above the Tuff of Long Ridge. Lithium grades were only modeled for the clay/ash ore body and ignored for the alluvium, basalts, and basement rocks. Lithium grades are isolated to each representative fault block and offsets in the grade lateral continuities can be visualized at each fault block boundaries as shown in Figure 11-5.
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Figure 11-5 Mineralized Zone Cross-Sections
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11.1.3.2 Outliers and Grade Capping
High-grade outliers were managed through the compositing routine. The highest lithium grade of 8,850 ppm in the native database was reduced to 8,690 ppm after the database compositing routine as shown on Figure 11-4. Both histograms on Figure 11-4 share the same basic shape of distribution of samples which shows that the two databases are nearly identical while containing a number of different data samples.
No grade capping was performed for this dataset since the nugget effect is low in this stratified deposit.
11.1.3.3 Cell Declustering
Cell declustering was performed for all the holes in the resource model to determine appropriate weightings for densely and sparsely sampled areas. A histogram comparing the lithium grades of the composited database versus the composited database with cell declustering weights applied has been included as Figure 11-6 to show the unbiased lithium grade accounting for data clustering. The range of lithium grades are the same when comparing the declustered histogram to the composited database histogram but the frequency of the grade distribution is different. Densely spaced holes are given less weight than widely spaced holes to minimize the clustering effect which is shown by the reduction in the frequency of grades between 2,000 and 4,000 on the histogram.
Figure 11-6 Histogram of Composited Database Lithium Grade Versus Cell Declustered Lithium Grade
Source: Sawtooth 2021
11.1.3.4 Variography
No grade was estimated into Block A since no drilling or direct sampling exists in this block.
Blocks B, C, D, and E estimated grade with interpolation distances of 1,000 m major axis by 1,000 m semi-major axis by 5 m minor axis. Blocks F and G used 500 m major axis by 500 m semi-major axis by 5 m minor axis interpolation distances for grade estimation.
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Variograms were constructed for the lithium grade for all fault blocks except for block A since no grade is interpolated into this block. Fault blocks E, F, and G were merged into one domain for the purpose of generating stable variography that showed structure while still being representative of the geology. A summary of the variography is given in Table 11-5, and plots of each domain's experimental and modeled variograms are shown in Figure 11-7. These variograms were used in the grade estimation for each representative domain.
Table 11-5 Variogram Summary
Structural Block |
Nugget |
Omnidirectional Sub-Horizontal Plane (X - Y) |
|||||||
Principal |
Semi |
First Structure |
Second Structure |
Third Structure |
|||||
Component |
Range |
Component |
Range |
Component |
Range |
||||
Block A |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
Block B |
0.23 |
75o |
165o |
0.018 |
67 |
0.017 |
276 |
0.735 |
432 |
Block C |
0.26 |
120o |
210o |
0.389 |
144 |
0.091 |
298 |
0.260 |
433 |
Block D |
0.36 |
105o |
195o |
0.003 |
298 |
0.002 |
599 |
0.635 |
1000 |
Block E, F & G |
0.26 |
90o |
180o |
0.023 |
386 |
0.035 |
1221 |
0.682 |
1627 |
Structural Block | Vertical (Z) | |||||
First Structure | Second Structure | Third Structure | ||||
Component (γ) | Range (m) |
Component (γ) | Range (m) | Component (y) |
Range (m) |
|
Block A | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Block B | 0.018 | 45 | 0.017 | 92 | 0.735 | 167 |
Block C | 0.389 | 35 | 0.091 | 69 | 0.260 | 120 |
Block D | 0.003 | 13 | 0.002 | 23 | 0.635 | 35 |
Block E, F & G | 0.023 | 4 | 0.035 | 17 | 0.682 | 36 |
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Figure 11-7 Block B, C, D, E, F, and G Omnidirectional Variograms in the Sub-Horizontal Plane and Downhole Variogram
Block B Variogram
Source: Sawtooth 2021
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Block C Variogram
Source: Sawtooth 2021
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Block D Variogram
Source: Sawtooth 2021
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Block E, F, and G Variogram
Source: Sawtooth 2021
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11.1.3.5 Density Estimation
Average densities as described in Section 8.4 of this TRS and in Table 11-6 were included in the block model.
Table 11-6 Average Density Values Used in the Resource Model
Lithology |
Average of Density Determination (t/m3) |
Alluvium |
1.52 |
Claystone/ash |
1.79 |
Basalt |
2.51 |
Intracaldera Tuff |
1.96 |
11.1.3.6 Grade Estimation
Lithium grades have been estimated throughout the block model using the composited assay database with the declustered weights through an ordinary kriging modeling method. Only clay/ash mineralized material was estimated for lithium grade and each domain was estimated independently. A cross-sectional view of the lithium grade estimation results has been included as Figure 11-5 and shows the lithium grades through two different domains and only for clay/ash lithology.
11.1.3.7 Grade Estimation Validation
Results of the ordinary kriged model closely align with the declustered composited database. The difference in mean values is approximately 30 ppm of lithium between the two datasets. A histogram has been plotted to compare the ordinary kriged block model and the declustered composited database as seen in Figure 11-8.
Figure 11-8 Ordinary Kriged Model vs Composited Declustered Database Histogram
Source: Sawtooth, 2021
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A scatter plot of lithium grades from the kriged block model versus lithium grades from the composited database was created to show the closeness of the model grades to the input grades. This scatter plot has been shown as Figure 11-9 with only spatially matching data points from the block centroid and composited database being compared. From this scatter plot, a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.904 has been estimated between the two datasets which shows a very strong positive association between the representative values from each dataset.
Figure 11-9 Scatter Plot of Lithium from the Block Model Versus the Composited Database
Source: Sawtooth 2022
A check of the modeled cell size lithium grade versus the composited lithium grade and the change of support for lithium grade was performed for each domain through a Herco Analyzer in Vulcan. The Herco Analyzer tests for the potential of overstating ore grades by increasing the block size to make the data distribution more Gaussian. This is accomplished by assuming a panel size larger than the modeled block size which provides a larger sampling pool of data that will remove outliers and smooth out the data distribution. A discretization setup of 5x5x5 was selected as well as a discrete gaussian diffusion modeling method. Grade weights for the block model used density values assigned in the block model while the weighting for the composited grades and support grades are based upon sample lengths. The Herco plots are shown as Figure 11-10 and represent the tonnage and lithium grades of the input data, the modeled data, and the expected best fitted Hermite polynomials determined by the Herco Analyzer.
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Figure 11-10 HERCO Plots by Domain
Source: Sawtooth, 2022
Source: Sawtooth, 2022
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Source: Sawtooth, 2022
Source: Sawtooth, 2022
The plots of lithium grades are all within several hundred ppm of each other. The modeled grades are a bit lower than the composited sampled grades and the change of support grade and is due to the block model smoothing by the kriging estimation of grade. Therefore, the ordinary kriged model is not overestimating lithium grade in the model. The decrease in ordinary kriged model lithium grade seems reasonable for model block size of 25x25x1, accounts for dilution, and prevents the over-stating of grades.
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A swath plot comparison among the lithium grades for the native lithium grades (LI), ordinary kriging grade estimation method lithium grades (li), inverse distance grade estimation method lithium grade (li_id), and nearest neighbor grade estimation method lithium grade (li_nn) was generated for a point in the block model. This swath plot has been included as Figure 11-11. All three grade estimation methods have ranges that are very close to each other as shown in the tightness of each plot. This closeness shows that ordinary kriging grade estimation method results in values in line with inverse distance and nearest neighbor grade estimation methods. While the native lithium grades will not match the modeled grade estimations in the X and Y directions, there is a general trend that still exist between the native lithium grades and modeled lithium grades.
Figure 11-11 Swath Plot Comparison of Lithium Grades
Source: Sawtooth 2022
11.1.3.8 Mass and Geometallurgical Recoveries
No mining recoveries were applied to the resource model. Plant process recovery was provided by LAC at 73.8% (40 year/base case) which was then rounded down to 73.5% for use in the pit optimization software for the generation of the economic resource pit-shell. The plant process recovery was applied uniformly throughout the model and was not coded into each individual block.
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11.2 Mineral Resource Statement
The basis of the Mineral Resource estimates and the methods in which they were prepared are summarized for this item. The S-K 1300 regulations (17 CFR 229.1300) define a Mineral Resource as:
"A concentration or occurrence of material of economic interest in or on the Earth's crust in such form, grade or quality, and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for economic extraction. A Mineral Resource is a reasonable estimate of mineralization, considering relevant factors, such as cut-off grade, likely mining dimensions, location, or continuity, that, with the assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions, is likely to, in whole or in part, become economically extractable. It is not merely an inventory of all mineralization drilled or sampled."
The statement of Mineral Resources for the Thacker Pass Project with an effective date of December 31, 2022 are presented in Table 11-7. Mineral Resources are reported in-situ and exclusive of Mineral Reserves. All tonnages presented are estimates and have been rounded accordingly.
Table 11-7 Mineral Resource Estimate as of December 31, 2022
Category |
Tonnage |
Average Li |
Lithium |
Metallurgical |
Measured |
325.2 |
1,990 |
3.4 |
73.5 |
Indicated |
895.2 |
1,820 |
8.7 |
73.5 |
Measured & Indicated |
1,220.4 |
1,860 |
12.1 |
73.5 |
Inferred |
297.2 |
1,870 |
3.0 |
73.5 |
Notes:
1. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability, and there is no certainty that all or any part of such Mineral Resource will be converted into Mineral Reserves.
2. Mineral Resources are in-situ and exclusive of 217.3 million metric tonnes (Mt) of Mineral Reserves.
3. Mineral Resources are reported using an economic break-even formula: "Operating Cost per Resource Tonne"/"Price per Recovered Tonne Lithium" * 10^6 = ppm Li Cutoff. "Operating Cost per Resource Tonne" = US$88.50, "Price per Recovered Tonne Lithium" is estimated: ("Lithium Carbonate Equivalent (LCE) Price" * 5.323 *(1 - "Royalties") * "Recovery". Variables are "LCE Price" = US$22,000/tonne Li2CO3, "GRR" = 1.75% and "Metallurgical Recovery" = 73.5%.
4. Resources presented at a cutoff grade of 1,047 ppm Li.
5. A resource economic pit shell has been derived from performing a pit optimization estimation using Vulcan software.
6. The conversion factor for lithium to LCE is 5.323.
7. Applied density for the Mineral Resource is 1.79 t/m3 (Section 8.4)
8. Measured Mineral Resources are in blocks estimated using at least six drill holes and eighteen samples within a 262 m search radius in the horizontal plane and 5 m in the vertical direction; Indicated Mineral Resources are in blocks estimated using at least two drill holes and six to eighteen samples within a 483 m search radius in the horizontal plane and 5 m in the vertical direction; and Inferred Mineral Resources are blocks estimated with at least two drill holes and three to six samples within a search radius of 722 m in the horizontal plane and 5 m in the vertical plane.
9. Tonnages and grades have been rounded to accuracy levels deemed appropriate by the QP. Summation errors due to rounding may exist.
11.3 Cutoff Grade and Pit Optimization
For the determination of reasonable prospects for economic extraction, the Mineral Resource QP has utilized a cutoff grade (CoG) for lithium ppm with inputs from Table 11-8 and the following equation. The values below have been rounded from the financial model and expected metallurgical performance over the expected 40-year LOM plan.
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Table 11-8 Cutoff Grade Inputs
Item |
Units |
Value |
Li2CO3 Price |
$/t |
22,000 |
Convert Li2CO3 to Li |
|
5.323 |
Li Price |
$/t |
117,040 |
Royalties (GRR) |
% |
1.75 |
Royalties (GRR) |
$/t |
2,048 |
Metallurgical Recovery |
% |
73.5 |
Price per Recovered tonne Lithium |
$/t |
84,519 |
Mining Cost |
$/t |
8.50 |
Processing Cost |
$/t |
80.00 |
Operating Cost per tonne |
$/t |
88.50 |
Note:
- Cost estimates are as of Q3 2022 (Section 18)
- Lithium price estimate is as of Q2 2022 (Section 16)
The resulting lithium cutoff grade is 1,047 ppm and is applied to the pit optimization process to develop the economic resource pit.
A resource constraining pit shell has been derived from performing a pit optimization calculation using Vulcan Software. The pit optimization utilized the inputs in Table 11-9 and the lithium cutoff grade of 1,047 ppm to determine the constraining resource pit shell. Figure 11-1 shows the calculated resource area determined through pit optimization.
Table 11-9 Pit Optimizer Parameters
Parameter |
Unit |
Value |
Li2CO3 |
$/t |
22,000 |
Li Price |
$/t |
117,040 |
Processing Cost (Feed - $0.98 and Processing - $80.00) |
$/t ROM |
80.98 |
Metallurgical Recovery |
% |
73.5 |
Mining Cost for Mill Feed |
$/t |
3.67 |
Mining Cost for Waste and Topsoil (No D&B) |
$/t |
2.53 |
Mining Cost for Basalt (Included D&B) |
$/t |
3.76 |
Mining Recovery Factor |
% |
100 |
Royalties (GRR) |
$/t |
2,048 |
Pit Wall Slope Factor |
% |
27 |
Note:
- Cost estimates are as of Q3 2022
- Lithium price estimate is as of Q2 2022
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11.4 Mineral Resource Classification
Following definitions presented in 17 CFR 229.1300 and guidance from the Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards (CRIRSCO), Mineral Resources are divided into three categories as listed below and are ranked by increasing level of confidence. Mineral Resources are reported as in-situ tons such that no adjustments have been made to account for mining recovery or losses.
"Measured Mineral Resources are defined as a Mineral Resource for which quantity and quality are estimated on the basis of conclusive geological evidence and sampling such that the geologic certainty of the Mineral Resource is sufficient to allow the QP to apply modifying factors in detail to support detailed mine planning and final evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Measured Mineral Reserves have the greatest confidence defined by the QP, and may be converted to a Proven Mineral Reserve.
Indicated Mineral Resources are defined as a Mineral Resource for which quantity and quality are estimated on the basis of adequate geological evidence and sampling such that the QP can apply modifying factors in sufficient detail to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. These Mineral Resources may be converted to a Probable Mineral Reserve. Indicated Mineral Resources have a moderate level of confidence determined by the QP, and could be upgraded to a Measured Mineral Resource with further exploration.
Inferred Mineral Resources are defined as a Mineral Resource for which quantity and quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. Geological evidence is sufficient to imply but not verify geological and quality continuity. Inferred Mineral Resources have the lowest level of confidence determined by the QP. "
During the grade estimation process for each domain, the distance to sample (meters), number of holes, and number of samples for estimation were calculated and blocks populated with the data. Histograms of the distance to samples (Figure 11-12), number of holes (Figure 11-13), and number of samples for estimation (Figure 11-14) were plotted and analyzed to establish ranges for each classification class. Quartiles, minimum, median, and maximum values were used to establish the ranges for each classification. Table 11-10 outlines all the sampling requirements for each classification class.
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Figure 11-12 Histogram Distance to Sample
Source: Sawtooth 2022
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Figure 11-13 Histogram Number of Holes
Source: Sawtooth 2022
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Figure 11-14 Histogram Number of Samples
Note: Frequency on the Y axis is the 100th percent counts and the number of samples on the X axis are counts per bin.
Source: Sawtooth 2022
Table 11-10 Resource Classification
Category |
Distance (m) |
Holes |
Samples |
Measured |
262 |
6 |
18 |
Indicated |
483 |
2 |
6 |
Inferred |
722 |
2 |
3 |
Blocks were analyzed using the results in Table 11-10 and a vertical search distance of 5 m. The vertical search distance is applied during the grade estimation routine to limit sample compositing in the Z direction. The resulting classification blocks were post processed to remove isolated classification blocks and improve geologic continuity. Risk to the resources from the processing plant island and waste disposal areas constructed above potential resources was also evaluated in the post processing by modifying the classifications under these structures. Costs for the processing plant reclamation, waste disposal areas reclamation, and a cutoff grade of 1,047 ppm lithium were utilized in the evaluation of the resource classifications during the pit optimizer generation routine. Blocks matching the classification and lithium grade criteria were coded for each representative resource class. A view of the classified resource block model is presented in Figure 11-15. Figure 11-16 shows the resource classification in cross-sectional view along the AA-AB, AB-AC, and AC-AD section lines shown in Figure 11-1.
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Figure 11-15 Classified Block Model
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Figure 11-16 Cross-Sectional View of Classified Block Model
11.5 Mineral Resource Uncertainty
The sources of uncertainty present in the Mineral Resource estimate are described throughout this TRS and include:
- Drilling methods
- Sampling methods
- Data processing and handling
- Bulk density determination
- Geological modeling and domain determinization
- Geology and grade continuity
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- Geostatistical analysis
- Grade modeling
- Mineral Resource estimation
The drilling methods, sampling methods and data processing and handling that were completed by LAC follow internal procedures and protocols and are appropriate for the Thacker Pass deposit type. The QP reviewed the procedures for drilling and sampling and audited the database for compliance with original documents. During the audit, minor errors were found that will not materially affect the Mineral Resource estimate. Since these items are handled on a drill hole basis and not by resource classification, all three resource classifications have a low uncertainty.
The bulk density is described in detail in Section 8.4. There are risks to using an average bulk density value and these concerns have been incorporated into the mineral resource classification. Areas outside of the main concentration of bulk density sampling have not been well sampled for bulk density, that is why Measured Resources have been estimated exclusively where there are some bulk density measurements. The bulk density uncertainty for Measured Resources is determined to be Low/Moderate since there is still some uncertainty with using an average density value. Indicated Resources have an uncertainty of Moderate for bulk density, and Inferred Resources have a Moderate/High bulk density uncertainty.
The geological modeling and domain determination are subject to the drilling that has been completed. The domains utilized in this Mineral Resource estimate are based on the fault interpretations as well as the lithological descriptions from the geological logging and the assay grade values. The faults have been interpreted to be vertical and are placed at midpoints between drill holes with varying basal floor elevations. The faults have been interpreted to be from the basin and range extension and are likely not vertical, however, the QP believes that the global Mineral Resource estimate will not be materially changed with updated fault interpretations. Since the domaining and geological model are based on drill holes, the uncertainty for the deposit increases as the drill hole spacing increases. Therefore, Measured is thought to have a low level of uncertainty, Indicated is thought to have a low/moderate level of uncertainty, and Inferred is thought to have a moderate/high level of uncertainty for geological modeling and domain determination.
Similarly, the geology and grade continuity are also subject to the drilling that has been completed. Extensive work has been completed by LAC to understand the regional geology, local geology, and mineralization and this information was utilized when the exploration drilling programs were designed. The drilling results from these exploration programs have left a well-defined resource and grade continuity. Additional drilling will likely change the local values within the resource, but the global grade trends will likely stay fairly similar to the current interpretation. Since the change in geology and grade continuity are based on drill holes, the uncertainty for the deposit increases as the drill hole spacing increases. Therefore, Measured is thought to have a low level of uncertainty, Indicated is thought to have a low/moderate level of uncertainty, and Inferred is thought to have a moderate/high level of uncertainty for the geology and grade continuity.
The QP completed geostatistical analysis utilizing the complete ISIS database regardless of resource classification. The procedures and analysis that were performed during the geostatistical analysis are well known procedures. Since the analysis was handled on a total drill hole basis and not by resource classification, all three resource classifications have a low uncertainty for the geostatistical analysis. The geostatistical analysis was used to interpret the grade through ordinary kriging into the block model. This interpolation utilized parameters from the variograms, other parameters that the QP determined to be appropriate, and the composite drill hole sample database. The QP performed validation to ensure that the grade model is accurate for the deposit and current drilling. Similar to the geological modeling, the grade modeling is subject to the drilling that has been completed. Additional drilling will likely change the grade values at a local scale, but not materiality at a global scale. Since the change in grade values are based on drill holes, the uncertainty for the deposit increases as the drill hole spacing increases. Therefore, Measured and Indicated are thought to have a low level of uncertainty and Inferred is thought to have a low/moderate level of uncertainty for grade modeling.
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The Mineral Resource Estimate is based on a cutoff grade analysis, an optimized pit shell, and drill hole spacing based on geostatistical analysis. The Mineral Resource was also assessed where it was estimated under major infrastructure such as waste piles and the plant. Some uncertainties exist under the processing plant island and due to the potential risk, no measured resources were classified in this area. The Mineral Resource estimate carries the uncertainties of the above-mentioned topics as those are utilized to estimate the tonnages and grades of the deposit. Based on this, the QP believes that the Measured has a low uncertainly, Indicated is low/moderate and Inferred is moderate/high for the Mineral Resource estimate.
Table 11-11 shows a tabular summary of the resource classification uncertainty.
Table 11-11 Resource Classification Uncertainty Summary
11.6 Reporting of Multiple Commodities
This does not apply to the Mineral Resource estimate for the Thacker Pass Deposit.
11.7 QP's Opinion on Factors that are Likely to Influence the Prospect of Economic Extraction
It is the QP's opinion that relevant technical and economic factors necessary to support economic extraction of the Mineral Resource have been appropriately accounted for.
Potential risk factors that could affect the Mineral Resource estimates include but are not limited to large changes in the market pricing, commodity price assumptions, material density factor assumptions, future geotechnical evaluations, metallurgical recovery assumptions, mining and processing cost assumptions, and other cost estimates could affect the pit optimization parameters and therefore the cutoff grades and Mineral Resource estimates.
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12 Mineral Reserve Estimates
This section contains forward-looking information related to the Mineral Reserve estimates for the Thacker Pass Deposit. The material factors that could cause actual results to differ from the conclusions, estimates, designs, forecasts or projections include geological modeling, grade interpolations, lithium price estimates, mining cost estimates, and final pit shell limits such as more detailed exploration drilling or final pit slope angle.
12.1 Key Assumptions, Parameters and Methods
12.1.1 Geological and Grade Model
The Mineral Reserve estimate relies on the resource block model prepared by the Mineral Resource QP. Overall reserve ore and waste tonnages are modeled using Maptek's geologic software package. Section 11 includes a discussion of the process behind developing the geological model.
12.1.2 Dilution and Mining Recovery
The resource model is a regular block model with blocks sized 25 m (x) x 25 m (y) x 1 m (z). Due to the regular block model and the block size, dilution is considered inherent in the block model. A 95% mining recovery factor is applied to the Mineral Reserve estimate.
12.1.3 Waste
Waste consists of various types of material: basalt, alluvium and clay that does not meet the ore definition or the cutoff grade described above.
12.1.4 Pit Optimization
The EIS pit used for mine planning was developed in 2019. The EIS pit shell was developed on the Li2CO3 pricing of $5,400/t and cost values from the PFS report. The cost and pricing used are shown in Table 12-1. The pit shell was developed using Vulcan's Pit Optimization and Automated Pit Developer. The EIS pit area was limited by a few physical boundaries, including:
Figure 12-1 shows the EIS pit shell at the end of the mine life with backfill as well as the physical boundaries mentioned above. This pit shell was used in the EIS permit application.
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Table 12-1 Pit Optimizer Parameters
Parameter |
Unit |
Value |
Li2CO3 |
US$/t |
5,400 |
Ore Processing Cost |
US$/t ROM |
55.00 |
Process Recovery |
% |
84 |
Mining Cost for Ore |
US$/t |
2.80 |
Mining Recovery Factor |
% |
95 |
Note:
- Cost estimates and Lithium price are as of 2018
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Figure 12-1 EIS Pit Shell
Source: Sawtooth, 2022
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12.1.5 Stripping Ratio
The resulting stripping ratio of the designed pit is 1.51 tonnes of waste rock with ore loss and rehandle to 1 tonne of recovered ore, on a wet tonnage basis. The in-place stripping ratio is 1.34 tonnes in situ waste to 1 tonne of in situ ore.
12.2 Mineral Reserve Estimate
The Mineral Reserves are a modified subset of the Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources. In accordance with the S-K1300 Regulations, the Measured and Indicated Resources were used to determine the Mineral Reserves classification as "proven" and "probable". Measured Resources does not necessarily guarantee a "proven" reserve. Measured Resources can become a "probable" reserve if modifying factors are deemed not of sufficient accuracy. Modifying factors include mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, infrastructure, social and governmental factors. The Mineral Reserves estimate considers the Inferred Mineral Resources as waste.
The reference point at which the Mineral Reserves are defined is at the point where the run of mine (ROM) Clay/Ash is delivered to the run-of-mine feeder. Reductions attributed to plant losses have not been included in the Mineral Reserve estimate.
The mineral reserves are based on mining within an approved permitted pit shell developed in 2019 for the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), a 40-year mine life with a total plant leach ore feed of 154.2 million dry tonnes and a cutoff grade of 1.533 kilograms of lithium recovered per run-of-mine tonne.
The cutoff grade was calculated for each block in the model as discussed in the section below. The blocks were sorted based on the cutoff grade from high to low and then the leach ore tonnes were added together until the total leach ore feed tonnes were met. These blocks were labeled mine_ore and were used in the mine scheduler.
Reserves estimates were calculated for the EIS pit from the Vulcan geologic block model used in the Mineral Resource estimate as discussed in Section 11. The 40-year pit is designed to satisfy the ore delivery requirements.
The classified Mineral Reserves are presented in Table 12-2. This reserve estimate uses a maximum ash percent cutoff of 85% to reduce the volume of coarse gangue and a cutoff grade of 1.533 kilograms of lithium recovered per tonne of run of mine ore feed. Additionally, a 95% mining recovery factor is applied.
Table 12-2 Mineral Reserves Estimate Effective as of December 31, 2022
Category | Tonnage (Mt) |
Average Li (ppm) |
Lithium Carbonate E quivalent (Mt) |
Proven | 192.9 | 3,180 | 3.3 |
Probable | 24.4 | 3,010 | 0.4 |
Proven and Probable | 217.3 | 3,160 | 3.7 |
Note:
1. Mineral reserves have been converted from measured and indicated Mineral Resources within the pre-feasibility study and have demonstrated economic viability.
2. Reserves presented at an 85% maximum ash content and a cut-off grade of 1.533 kg of lithium extracted per tonne run of mine feed. A sales price of $5,400 US$/t of Li2CO3 was utilized in the pit optimization resulting in the generation of the reserve pit shell in 2019. Overall slope of 27 degrees was applied. For bedrock material pit slope was set at 47 degrees. Mining and processing cost of $57.80 per tonne of ROM feed, a processing recovery factor of 84%, and royalty cost of 1.75% were additional inputs into the pit optimization.
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3. A LOM plan was developed based on equipment selection, equipment rates, labor rates, and plant feed and reagent parameters. All mineral reserves are within the LOM plan. The LOM plan is the basis for the economic assessment within this Technical Report Summary, which is used to show economic viability of the Mineral Reserves.
4. Applied density for the ore is 1.79 t/m3 (Section 8.4).
5. Lithium Carbonate Equivalent is based on in-situ LCE tonnes with 95% recovery factor.
6. Tonnages and grades have been rounded to accuracy levels deemed appropriate by the QP. Summation errors due to rounding may exist.
7. The reference point at which the Mineral Reserves are defined is at the point where the ore is delivered to the run-of-mine feeder.
12.3 Cutoff Grade
The cutoff grade variable is calculated using formulas and variables developed by LAC, verified by Sawtooth, and is applied to each block of the geologic block model.
The derivations of the two key variables, ROM feed (MROM) and mass lithium recovered in kg (MLi), are discussed below:
ROM feed (MROM)
ROM feed is the mined recovered dry tonnes and is calculated as follows:
Where:
Min situ is the dry tonnes ore in situ
XMining is the mining recovery factor of 95%
Mass lithium recovered (MLi)
First, the concentration of lithium and magnesium in the ore, LiOre and the MgOre, is translated into concentration in the leach feed slurry, LiSlurry and the MgSlurry. This is done by replicating the beneficiation process mathematically by removing the ash content of the ore (classification) and applying the beneficiation recovery loss.
Where:
= Li (ppm)/1,000,000 (Lithium assay value for block)
= Mg (ppm)/1,000,000 (Magnesium assay value for block)
= Lithium recovered in beneficiation = 92% (per LAC - see Section 13.2.1.3)
= Ash content for ore block
The basis for this variable is the lithium extraction percentage (XLi). The formula is LAC's empirical leaching model based on LiSlurry and the MgSlurry and is discussed in Section 10.2.3.3:
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Where:
a = 1.390
b = 21.7
c = -14.29
d= -19,667
e = 2590
There are instances where the lithium extracted percentage calculated is over 100%. Per LAC, to be conservative, the maximum lithium percentage assumed is 96%. Therefore, if XLi was greater than 96%, 96% was used. If XLi was less than or equal to 96% the calculation was used.
.
Where:
= 96% (maximum demonstrated lithium extraction)
Once the Lithium extracted percentage (XLi) is calculated, the percentage is used to calculate the Lithium extracted per tonne of ore, Liext.
Where:
= Lithium ppm for block
= Lithium extraction percentage (discussed above) for block
= In situ dry tonnes of ore
= 92% Lithium recovered in beneficiation
The next factor calculated is the lithium extracted tonne mined and delivered to the ROM stockpile. Lithium extracted tonne delivered (Liext,del) is calculated as follows:
Where:
XMining is the mining recovery factor of 95%
The final step is to calculate the mass of lithium recovered per ROM feed in kg (MLi). This calculation is as follows:
Lithium Carbonate Equivalent Delivered
To calculate the lithium carbonate delivered to the ROM stockpile is as follows:
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Where:
5.323 = Lithium factor to convert mass of lithium to mass lithium carbonate
Final Lithium Recovery
Final Lithium recovery is calculated using the lithium extracted tonnes (Liext,del) and downstream loss percentages provided by LAC. The calculation is as follows:
Where:
Table 12-3 Lithium Losses
Symbol |
Value |
Description |
XFilter |
0.93% |
Lithium losses in filtration |
XMgSO4 |
1.05% |
Lithium losses in MgSO4 salts |
XZLD |
3.10% |
Lithium losses in ZLD salts |
LiExt,del |
Calculated |
Lithium Extracted per tonne delivered |
Final Lithium Carbonate recovered
The final lithium carbonate recovered after processing is calculated as follows:
Where:
5.323 = Lithium factor to convert mass of lithium to mass lithium carbonate
For this LOM plan, the calculated kilogram of lithium recovered per run-of-mine tonne cutoff grade is 1.533.
12.4 Classification of Mineral Reserves
Proven Mineral Reserves are the portion of the Measured Resources that meet the Cutoff Grade and are scheduled in the LOM plan utilizing the modifying factors discussed in this section. Similarly, Probable Reserves are the portion of the Indicated Resources that meet the Cutoff Grade are scheduled in the LOM plan utilizing the modifying factors discussed in this section.
12.5 Reporting of Multiple Commodities
This does not apply to the Mineral Resource estimate for the Thacker Pass Deposit.
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12.6 QP's Opinion on Risk Factors that could Materially Affect the Mineral Reserve Estimates
The Mineral Reserves estimate in this TRS is based on current knowledge, engineering constraints and permit status. The QP is of the opinion that the methodology for estimation of Mineral Reserves in this TRS is in general accordance with the 2019 CIM Estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Best Practice Guidelines, and using the definitions in S-K 1300 Regulations for the classification of Mineral Reserves. Large changes in the market pricing, commodity price assumptions, material density factor assumptions, future geotechnical evaluations, cost estimates, or metallurgical recovery could affect the pit optimization parameters and therefore the cutoff grades and estimates of Mineral Reserves.
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13 Mining Methods
This section contains forward-looking information related to the mining methods for the Thacker Pass Deposit. The material factors that could cause actual results to differ from the conclusions, estimates, designs, forecasts or projections include mine design parameters, production rates, equipment selection, and personnel requirements.
The shallow and massive nature of the deposit makes it amenable to open-pit mining methods. The mining method assumes hydraulic excavators loading a fleet of end dump trucks. This truck/excavator fleet will develop several offset benches to maintain geotechnically stable highwall slopes. These benches will also enable the mine to have multiple grades of ore exposed at any given time, allowing flexibility to deliver and blend ore as needed.
The annual production rate for the 40-year mine is based on varying plant feed leach ore rates caused by the availability of sulfuric acid for the leaching process. Phase I (years 1-3) has an annual feed rate of 1.7 million dry tonnes of ore to leach and Phase 2 (years 4-40) has 4.0 million dry tonnes of ore to leach. The rates are broken down in Table 13-3. See Section 12.1.5 regarding stripping requirements.
13.1 Parameters for the Pit Design
13.1.1 Geotechnical Considerations for the Pit Design
A highwall slope-stability study was completed by Barr Engineering Co. (BARR) in December 2019. BARR conducted geotechnical drilling, testing, and analysis to assess the geology and ground conditions. Core samples were obtained to determine material characteristics and strength properties. A minimum factor-of-safety value of 1.20 is generally acceptable for active open pit walls. However, given the possibility of long-term exposure of pit slopes in clay geological formations, a value of 1.30 was incorporated into the design for intermediate and overall slope stability. Table 13-1 summarizes the recommended slope configuration by material type per BARR.
The geotechnical analysis indicates that the geology is generally uniform across the Project site. The competence of the in-situ material in conjunction with the use of the proposed highwall angles meets or exceeds the minimum recommended factor-of-safety values for intermediate and overall slope configurations.
A bench width of 50 m and a height of 5 m was chosen. This face height is amenable to efficient loading operations while still shallow enough to allow for the removal of thicker barren horizons within the cut to minimize dilution. Double benching and increasing the bench height to 10 m before implementing offsets, will be used to increase mining depths while maintaining the inter-ramp slope requirements. Figure 13-1 shows a cross-section view of the planned highwall layback scheme for the different geological horizons.
Table 13-1 Pit Geometry
Material Type |
Slope |
Geometry and Configuration |
All Geology Formations |
Overall Pit Slope |
Design and establish a 27-degree overall slope angle through all geology formations |
Clay/Ash |
Inter- |
Design and establish 30-meter-high maximum, 50-meter-wide, and 45-degree angle inter-ramp slopes through the clay/ash ore body |
Catch |
Design and establish 10-meter high, 8.6-meter-wide, and 67-degree bench face angle slopes through the clay/ash ore body |
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Material Type |
Slope |
Geometry and Configuration |
Tuff/Basalt |
Inter-ramp |
Design and establish 40-meter-high maximum, 50-meter-wide and 50-degree inter-ramp slopes through the tuff/basalt |
Catch Bench |
Design and establish 10-meter-high, 6-meter-wide, and 67-degree bench face angle slopes through the tuff/basalt |
|
Alluvium (unit between Tuff and Clay/Ash) |
Inter-ramp |
Design and establish 30-meter-high maximum, 50-meter-wide, and 45-degree angle inter-ramp slopes through the alluvium |
Catch Bench |
Design and establish 10-meter-high, 8.6-meter-wide, and 67-degree bench face angle slopes through the alluvium |
|
Spoil |
Overall |
Design and establish a 27-degree overall slope through the spoil pile to a maximum height of 90 meters |
Lift |
Design and establish a 38-degree overall slope through the spoil lift |
Figure 13-1 Highwall Angles
Source: Sawtooth, 2022
Note: All measurements are in meters.
13.1.2 Hydrological Considerations for the Pit Design
During the 40-year mining period, it is anticipated that appreciable groundwater is not likely in the mining operations. This assumption is based on a November 2019 report by Piteau Associates. The regional groundwater table is expected to be encountered in approximately year 15 of mining. Groundwater discharge into the pit is not expected to be more than approximately 23 m3/h (100 gpm) at peak. Dewatering wells are not anticipated to be required for these minor discharge rates. Any water encountered in the pit will be collected in sumps and utilized for in-pit dust control.
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13.2 Mine Plan
The initial cut location is at the mouth of the valley entering the west area. Figure 13-2 shows the initial cut and the uncovered ore with a kg lithium recovered per tonne of ROM feed greater than 4.0. The haul road will enter the initial cut area at the 1,540 m level.
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Figure 13-2 Kilograms of Lithium Recovered per tonne of ROM Feed at Initial Cut
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From the initial cut, mining advancement prioritized five objectives: (1) recover all ore, (2) deliver a blend of illite and smectite ore to the beneficiation circuit, (3) provide higher grade ore early in the Project life, (4) facilitate placement of waste into the previously mined pit area as soon as feasible, and (5) mine the entirety of the permitted pit area. This required initial pit advancement to first expose the west and south walls. Mining will then advance north toward the Montana Mountains and finally finish to the east.
The next several figures indicate the highwall locations at different points in time. The figures show the pit shape after various years of mining and do not show concurrent backfill that will begin early in the mine life. Figure 13-3 shows the initial cut layout. Figure 13-4 through Figure 13-8 show pit advance for 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40-year pit advances. In the first five years, the mine waste will primarily be hauled to the out-of-pit waste storage area (West Waste Rock Storage Facility). After 5 years, the mine waste will be dumped back into the mined-out portions of the pit. The pit advances north and to the east. East Waste Rock Storage Facility is currently not being utilized for waste storage for the LOM plan, but was included in the permit application and is shown in the figures in this section.
Due to backfilling, the pit advances on the figures below show the stated end of year mining. However, the in-pit dump profiles have been offset a period prior to allow for the full mining extent to be visible on the figures. For example, Figure 13-7 shows end of mining at year 30 with end of in-pit dumping at year 25 (the period prior). The final mine layout is shown in Figure 12-1.
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Figure 13-3 Initial Cut
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Figure 13-4 Five Year Advance (Including Cross Pit Ramps)
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Figure 13-5 10 Year Advance
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Figure 13-6 20 Year Advance
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Figure 13-7 30 Year Advance
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Figure 13-8 40 Year Advance
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13.3 Mining Operations
Waste removal and ore removal will be done using two hydraulic excavators and a fleet of end dump trucks. The end dump truck fleet will haul the ore to the ROM stockpile and the waste will be hauled either to the West Waste Rock Storage Facility (WWRSF) or placed in previously mined sections of the pit. The end dump truck fleet will also be used to haul coarse gangue and attrition scrubber reject materials.
Due to the sequence of mining, the majority of in-pit ramps will be temporary. Additionally, cross-pit ramping will be utilized from load face to the in-pit waste dump as well as access to the main haul road. The cross-pit ramps will be dumped in using waste material. As the pit advances, portions of the in-pit ramp will be excavated to allow mining access to the lower mining faces. Removal of portions of the in-pit ramp will be considered rehandle and is accounted for in the total waste removed.
13.3.1 Waste Handling
The waste material is primarily claystone that is below the cutoff grades and/or greater than 85% ash. A breakdown of the waste material moved is shown in Table 13-2.
Table 13-2 Waste Material
Waste Material | In-situ Wet Density (t/m3) |
Wet Tonnes (Millions) |
Basalt | 2.56 | 20.8 |
Alluvium | 1.96 | 66.1 |
Waste | 1.92 | 240.7 |
13.3.2 Ore Handling
The determination of ore versus waste will be an ongoing process during operations carried out by an in-pit sampling program and field inspections. The sampling program will be done with a mobile drill rig. It is estimated that on each 50-meter bench, sampling will consist of two rows with drill holes at 25 to 30-meter intervals along the rows, resulting in sampling blocks of approximately 25 x 25/30 x 5 meters. This sampling interval will give one sample for every 5,600 tonnes of ore or approximately 1,000 samples per year at full production. The sample results will be mapped and provided to the planners and supervisors to develop ore delivery plans for each shift for ore hauled from the pit, to be blended with previously stockpiled ore of known and tracked quality. Additionally, a handheld ore quality detector is available to measure lithium ppm. The handheld detector will be employed for spot checks in the pit, stockpile, and feeders. Also, the sampling results will be used to update short term geological modeling.
The ore will initially be fed into two, ultimately three, feeder breakers operating 24 hours per day, seven days per week. End dump trucks hauling from the pit, in conjunction with dozers pushing off the ROM stockpile, will provide the ore feed to consistently match plant demand. While assigned to ore, the truck/excavator fleet will need to operate at a production rate higher than the delivery rate to the feeders to build inventory on the ROM stockpile. This inventory will then be used while this same truck/excavator fleet is assigned to waste removal. The ROM stockpile is designed to hold up to a 45-day inventory. The feed system from ROM stockpiles is designed to provide ore when trucks are not hauling as well as to blend between the feeders to ensure consistent quality and quantity of delivered ore.
The ROM stockpile will consist of two separate but connected stockpiles. One pile will be for smectite ore and the second will be illite ore. LAC has a target of illite to smectite ratios in the 30/70 to 70/30 range. The ore types will feed into the feeders at variable rates allowing the feed operator to keep the blend between the ore types within the ratio ranges.
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13.3.3 Attrition Scrubber Reject
Blended ore from the process facility feeding system is first conveyed into the log washers, initially one, ultimately two, in which the first water is introduced to the process. From the log washers ore is transferred to the attrition scrubbers, then to a screen to remove oversize material that did not get attritted, referred to as 'attrition scrubber reject'. The attrition scrubber reject is assumed to be less than 1% of the delivered ore. The attrition scrubber reject is combined with the coarse gangue reject from the classification circuit and discharged to an intermediate stockpile. Material from the intermediate stockpile is transported, to the coarse gangue stockpile initially and eventually to backfill the pit, via haul trucks.
13.3.4 Mine Quantities
Table 13-3, is a summary of the mining quantities by year for the first 10 years. The quantities are then illustrated in 5-year annualized increments in Table 13-4. The expected life of mine is 40 years.
Table 13-3 Mine Quantities Summary (tonnes in millions unless noted)
|
|
Phase I |
Phase 1 & 2 |
|||||||||
|
Y1 |
Y2 |
Y3 |
Y4 |
Y5 |
Y6 |
Y7 |
Y8 |
Y9 |
Y10 |
||
Dry Ore Tonnes Mined (95% Rec) |
1.7 |
2.8 |
3.3 |
4.9 |
6.5 |
6.0 |
5.8 |
6.7 |
5.9 |
6.1 |
||
Wet Ore Tonnes Mined (95%Rec) |
1.9 |
3.0 |
3.6 |
5.3 |
7.0 |
6.4 |
6.3 |
7.2 |
6.3 |
6.5 |
||
Wet In Situ Ore Tonnes (Informational) |
2.0 |
3.1 |
3.8 |
5.6 |
7.3 |
6.8 |
6.6 |
7.5 |
6.6 |
6.900 |
||
Plant Feed (Dry Tonnes Leach Ore) |
1.2 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
3.2 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
||
Average Li Concentration (ppm) |
3,496 |
3,232 |
3,186 |
3,086 |
3,194 |
3,149 |
3,170 |
3,319 |
3,327 |
3,343 |
||
Total Waste Tonnes (Wet) |
7.3 |
9.1 |
9.0 |
7.0 |
5.0 |
9.4 |
9.0 |
12.0 |
9.9 |
10.7 |
||
Growth Media Tonnes (Wet, kt) |
46.4 |
155.0 |
74.5 |
0.0 |
43.4 |
0.0 |
130.9 |
12.2 |
36.2 |
49.9 |
||
Total Tonnes Mined (Wet) |
9.1 |
12.1 |
12.5 |
12.3 |
12.0 |
15.8 |
15.2 |
19.1 |
16.2 |
17.3 |
||
ROM Ore Stockpile Feed Tonnes (Dry) |
1.5 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
5.0 |
6.6 |
6.0 |
5.9 |
6.7 |
5.9 |
6.1 |
||
Attrition Scrubber Reject Tonnes (Wet, kt) |
4.5 |
10.5 |
11.3 |
22.9 |
32.8 |
26.8 |
23.2 |
31.0 |
24.0 |
25.9 |
||
Strip Ratio (Total Waste: Ore Mined (95%REC)) |
3.91 |
3.06 |
2.52 |
1.33 |
0.72 |
1.47 |
1.43 |
1.67 |
1.57 |
1.64 |
||
Lithium Carbonate Tonnes (Dry, kt) Delivered |
28.2 |
47.8 |
47.4 |
82.6 |
112.6 |
100.3 |
98.9 |
118.1 |
104.5 |
108.4 |
||
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 13-4 5-Year Average Mine Quantities Summary (tonnes in millions unless noted) (Continued)
|
Y11-15 |
Y16-20 |
Y21-25 |
Y26-30 |
Y31-35 |
Y36-40 |
Yearly Average |
40 Year Total |
Dry Ore Tonnes Mined (95% Rec) |
6.1 |
6.0 |
5.7 |
5.6 |
5.2 |
4.9 |
5.4 |
217.3 |
Wet Ore Tonnes Mined (95%Rec) |
6.5 |
6.5 |
6.1 |
6.0 |
5.6 |
5.2 |
5.8 |
233.1 |
Wet In Situ Ore Tonnes (Informational) |
6.9 |
6.8 |
6.4 |
6.3 |
5.9 |
5.5 |
6.1 |
245.3 |
Plant Feed (Dry Tonnes Leach Ore) |
4.1 |
4.1 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
154.2 |
Average Li Concentration (ppm) |
2,590 |
3,293 |
3,211 |
3,094 |
2,981 |
2,953 |
3,070 |
3,070 |
Total Waste Tonnes (Wet) |
11.2 |
7.1 |
5.8 |
5.3 |
10.8 |
12.4 |
8.8 |
351.8 |
Growth Media Tonnes (Wet, kt) |
83.4 |
49.4 |
37.5 |
61.4 |
69.6 |
54.8 |
59.4 |
2,376.5 |
Total Tonnes Mined (Wet) |
17.8 |
13.6 |
11.9 |
11.3 |
16.4 |
17.6 |
14.6 |
584.9 |
ROM Ore Stockpile Feed Tonnes (Dry) |
6.1 |
6.0 |
5.7 |
5.6 |
5.2 |
4.9 |
5.4 |
217.2 |
Attrition Scrubber Reject Tonnes (Wet. kt) |
25.2 |
24.3 |
20.6 |
19.3 |
14.1 |
11.4 |
19.7 |
787.4 |
Strip Ratio (Total Waste: Ore Mined (95%REC)) |
1.72 |
1.10 |
0.95 |
0.88 |
1.94 |
2.37 |
1.53 |
1.53 |
Lithium Carbonate Tonnes (Dry, kt) Delivered |
104.3 |
105.7 |
97.2 |
92.6 |
82.7 |
77.8 |
91.3 |
3,650.0 |
13.4 Equipment Selection
Equipment selection was based on the annual quantities of material required to be mined. The QP consulted Caterpillar, Komatsu, and Liebherr to determine the best fleet size. After reviewing various options, 91-tonne class end dump trucks loaded by two 18-tonne class hydraulic excavators in five passes was selected. The excavators will be used to load two types of ore as well as the waste material. They will be staged to minimize movement between the multiple required dig faces. The trucks can easily be assigned or re-assigned to either machine to maintain maximum production depending on excavator downtime, changes in required material to be hauled, and haul cycle times. The excavators and trucks will be equipped with buckets and bodies specifically designed for the density of the material at Thacker Pass.
As part of the equipment evaluation, the QP looked at both the 64-tonne class end dump trucks and 140-tonne trucks. The 64-tonne class end dump truck setup requires more trucks and thus more operators. The 140-tonne class end dump truck setup would require fewer trucks, but a larger excavator and increased road widths would be necessary with the larger end dump trucks. Also, the larger fleet, with a single loader provides less flexibility to contemporaneously load in multiple areas degrading blending capabilities. The ultimate goal is to feed the processing plant consistent material types and grades. Additionally, from operational experience, the 91-tonne class end dump trucks show to be well suited for the anticipated comparable soft clay conditions.
The number of end dump trucks in the fleet will allow each loading unit to operate at a high production rate. A wheel loader will be utilized to allow a unit to be removed from operation for preventative maintenance without experiencing a significant reduction in fleet productivity as well as to increase flexibility in the operation. Equipment such as motor graders, large and small water trucks, and track dozers were selected based on requirements needed to adequately support the truck/excavator fleet.
Haul profiles were developed for each year from the location of the various loading operations to the haulage destinations including the ROM stockpile, growth media stockpiles, waste rock storage facilities and in-pit waste rock placement. Haul profiles and other Project-specific assumptions were input into TALPAC software to determine haulage cycle times. The haulage cycle times were combined with estimated loading and dump times to determine total cycle times. Based on the total cycle times, mechanical availabilities, and production efficiencies, the number of end dump trucks were assigned to each loading operation and the required operating hours were estimated.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Ore feed and stockpile maintenance will be accomplished by 475 HP dozers. This type of machine is of the appropriate size and capability to meet the 24-hour per day, 7-day per week delivery schedule. Additionally, a wheel loader will be utilized as a backup to the ore feeding operation if required.
A hydraulic excavator with a backhoe-type configuration was selected over a wheel loader or hydraulic front shovel due to its ability to better separate and remove thin waste horizons within the ore. Additionally, the track setup allows for better tractability and stability working on clay material.
A 475 HP class dozer was selected as it is well suited to handle the variable work of ore feed, pit support, and coarse gangue material storage management.
A 23-tonne front-end loader was selected to load the coarse gangue and attrition scrubber reject as well as serve as the backup for ore, waste, and ore feed. The coarse gangue material and attrition scrubber material will be discharged into a stockpile via a radial stacker. The front-end loader is the best fit for loading this loose stockpile material and matches well with the 91-tonne class end dump truck.
A list of the major equipment fleets and specifications is presented in Table 13-5.
Table 13-5 Major Equipment Specifications
Equipment |
Class |
Quantity |
Usage |
Hydraulic Excavator |
18 tonne |
2 |
Waste and Ore Removal |
End Dump Trucks |
91 tonne |
12 |
Ore, Waste, Attrition Scrubber Reject, |
Wheel Loader |
23 tonne |
1 |
Coarse Gangue, Ore, Waste, Attrition Scrubber Reject, Ore Feed |
Track Dozer |
475 HP |
5 |
Ore, Waste, Coarse Gangue, Ore Feed |
Grader |
350 HP |
3 |
All areas |
Water Truck (Primary) |
53k Liter |
2 |
Dust Suppression, All areas |
Water Truck (Secondary) |
30k Liter |
1 |
Dust Suppression, All areas |
Wheel Dozer |
500 HP |
1 |
Coarse Gangue, Ore, Waste |
Table 13-6 is a list of support and auxiliary equipment and number.
Table 13-6 Support Equipment
Equipment |
Max Quantity |
Light-duty vehicles |
12 |
Light Plants |
8 |
Mechanics Truck |
2 |
Fuel/lube truck |
1 |
Telehandler |
1 |
13.4.1 Equipment Productivity
The mine will operate 7 days per week, 24 hours per day. Ore, waste, coarse gangue, or clay/salt tails may be hauled on any given shift. Productivity estimations for each piece of mining equipment are based on 355 scheduled days per year by excluding holidays. However, the mine will be able to operate on holidays to provide ore to the plant. The equipment operating hours take into account mechanical availability and operational availability. The operational availability includes various items such as supervisor communication, transportation to the workplace, equipment pre-start check, and breaks.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
The estimated annual production rate for the excavator is based on CAT equipment rates and internal experience. The end dump cycle times were estimated based on haul profiles which were then loaded into RPMGlobal's Talpac software. The haul profiles were developed by mining block and by year. The minimum and maximum annual scheduled hours by equipment fleet for ore and waste are presented in Table 13-7.
Table 13-7 Scheduled Hours by Fleet
Fleet | Annual Scheduled Hours (Minimum) |
Annual Scheduled Hours (Maximum) |
Hydraulic Excavator | 8,116 | 16,685 |
End Dump Truck | 52,132 | 96,470 |
Track Dozer | 26,693 | 37,712 |
Water Truck (Primary) | 11,469 | 21,223 |
Motor Grader | 15,639 | 28,941 |
Wheel Loader | 521 | 2,262 |
Small Water Truck (Secondary) | 2,607 | 4,823 |
Wheel Dozer | 2,100 | 2,100 |
13.5 Personnel Requirements
Four crews will be utilized to cover the 168 hours per week rotating operating schedule. A Monday through Friday schedule has been included for management and technical service positions. It is assumed that local talent will be available and no fly-in-fly-out adjustments have been included.
The positions included in the labor are listed in Table 13-8. Positions listed are for mining operations including waste and ore, attrition scrubber reject, and coarse gangue.
Table 13-8 Personnel List
Position |
Roster |
No. Employed |
Management |
|
|
Mine Manager |
M-F |
1 |
Technical Services |
|
|
Mining Engineers |
M-F |
3 |
Engineer Tech |
M-F |
1 |
Geologist |
M-F |
1 |
Operations |
|
|
Supervisors |
M-S |
3-4 |
Equipment Operators |
|
73-115 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Position |
Roster |
No. Employed |
Maintenance |
|
|
Maintenance Planner |
M-F |
1 |
Supervisors |
M-S |
2-4 |
Mechanics/Welders |
|
23-37 |
Electricians |
|
1 |
Administrative |
|
|
Business Manager |
M-F |
1 |
Accountant |
M-F |
1 |
Administrative / AP Clerk |
M-F |
1 |
Human Resources/Safety Supervisor |
M-F |
1 |
13.6 Fuel
Equipment fuel consumption rates are based on the manufacturer's recommendation along with historical data from Sawtooth affiliated mines operating similar equipment in similar conditions. Diesel fuel unit cost is estimated at $3.80 per gallon, which was developed using an August 2022 local pricing quote.
13.7 Drilling and Blasting
The "Factual Geotechnical Investigation Report for Mine Pit Area" (Mar 2018) completed by Worley Parsons and the "Prefeasibility Level Geotechnical Study Report" (May 2011) completed by AMEC were used to determine the ability to mine without blasting. The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) test results in the AMEC data range from essentially 0 to 55.4 MPa. The UCS test results in the Worley Parsons data range from 0.61 to 21.82 MPa with an average of 7.7 MPa. The range of UCS results is within the cutting range of the excavator.
Based on reported test results, exploratory drill logs, and actual excavation of a test pit, only the basalt is expected to require blasting. However, there are bands of hard ash which may require ripping with a dozer prior to loading. The remaining waste and ore can be free dug with the hydraulic excavators. Due to the infrequency of blasting, a third-party contractor will be used for the drilling and blasting on an as needed basis.
Figure 13-9 shows the outlines of the basalt areas within the pit area. Also, an outcrop of tuff is at the entrance of the initial pit area. This tuff will be blasted and used for road base.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 13-9 Basalt and tuff zones near the pit area
Lithium Americas Corp. |
14 Processing and Recovery Methods
14.1 General Description
This Section describes the major processing areas of the operation that will recover lithium from the ore. The proposed flowsheet is based on metallurgical test results described in Section 10. The process employs industry-standard, commercially available equipment. This information serves as the basis for the development of the capital and operating costs presented in Section 18.
The Mineral Reserves are comprised of two main types of lithium bearing clay, smectite and illite, with volcanic ash and other gangue minerals mixed throughout. Both types of clay will be processed simultaneously, with a plant feed blend maintained from two separate stockpiles for each clay type. The ore will be upgraded using a wet attrition scrubbing process followed by two classification stages to remove coarse material with low lithium content, referred to as coarse gangue. The upgraded ore slurry will be processed in a leach circuit using sulfuric acid to extract the lithium from the lithium-bearing clay. The lithium-bearing solution will then be purified primarily by using crystallizers and precipitation reagents to produce battery grade lithium carbonate. Leach residue will be washed, filtered, and stacked in a tailing facility.
The Project will be constructed in two phases. Lithium carbonate production during Phase 1 is designed for a nominal 40,000 t per annum capacity while Phase 2 will double design capacity to a nominal 80,000 t per annum. The process plant will operate 24 hours/day, 365 days/year with an overall availability of 92% and a mine life of 40 years. The total amount of material processed in the mine plan is 217.2 Mt (dry). The most tonnes planned for a single year are 6.7 Mt (dry) in Year 8.
The recovery process consists of the following primary circuits:
A simplified process flowsheet is provided in Figure 14-1.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 14-1 Overall Simplified Process Flowsheet
Source: LAC, 2022
In beneficiation, ROM ore is crushed then mixed with water and fed to unit operations designed to liberate lithium bearing clay from gangue material. The clay is separated from coarse gangue in classification, with coarse gangue being stockpiled and eventually used as pit backfill material. The clay fines are then sent to the first dewatering (thickening) stage. These circuits are located close to the pit. The slurry is then pumped downgradient to a second stage of dewatering (decanter centrifuging). The resulting slurry is fed to the processing plant.
The dewatered slurry is mixed with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) from the acid plant, leaching lithium and other constituents into solution. Acid availability determines leach feed rates, which in turn determines ore mining rates. The free acid contained in the resultant leached residue is neutralized with both a slurry of ground limestone and a magnesium hydroxide slurry from the magnesium precipitation circuit. The neutralized slurry is sent to a CCD circuit to recover residual lithium bearing solution and then fed to recessed chamber filter presses. The filter cake is then conveyed to the CTFS (Clay Tailings Filter Stack) as waste material for stacking.
The filtrate is sent to magnesium and calcium removal circuits where first the bulk of the magnesium is crystallized as MgSO4*xH2O salts, removed via centrifugation, and conveyed to the CTFS. Any remaining magnesium in the brine is then precipitated with milk-of-lime and separated by recessed chamber membrane filter presses. The precipitated solids are repulped and recycled back to neutralization (as stated above), eventually leaving the process with neutralized filter cake. The calcium in the liquor is removed via soda ash addition, and an ion exchange polishing step brings the divalent cation concentration to very low levels. This lithium-bearing brine is fed to the Li2CO3 production circuit where soda ash is used to precipitate lithium carbonate. A bicarbonation step is used to further remove impurities from the Li2CO3 crystals.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
The final Li2CO3 crystal product is separated via centrifugation then sent to drying, micronization, cooling, dry vibrating magnetic filtration and packaging. Mother liquor from the Li2CO3 crystallizers is sent to the Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) crystallizer to remove Na and K as sulfate salts. The salts are sent to the CTFS while lithium remaining in the centrate is recycled back to the front of the Li2CO3 circuit and recovered.
14.2 Process Design Criteria
Process design criteria were developed by LAC's process engineering group based on in-house and vendor test results that were incorporated into the process modelling software Aspen Plus® to generate a steady-state material and energy balance. This data and criteria below were used as nominal values for equipment design/sizing. The design basis for the beneficiation facility is to process an average ROM throughput rate during Phase 1 of about 3.3 M dry tonnes per year equivalent to about 9,000 dry t/d of feed (including a 99% plant availability). Throughput from the mine to the crushing plant is targeted based on an average rejection rate of 34% of the ROM material based on low lithium content in coarse material. With approximately 6,000 dry t/d feed rate (including a 92% plant availability) to the leach plant and recoveries for the Project, the design basis results in an estimated production rate of approximately 110 t/d (40,187 t/a) of battery grade Lithium Carbonate.
Table 14-1 and Table 14-2 summarize the main process design parameters used for each phase of this study. Flow rates, based on process mass balance, Rev. F HMB, are nominal for a single phase for design purposes. Table 14-3 and Table 14-4 summarize the major process equipment used for a single phase.
Table 14-1 Process Design Criteria - Beneficiation through Neutralized Tailing
Parameter |
Units |
Value |
PLANT AVAILABILITY |
|
|
Operating schedule |
days/year |
365 |
Beneficiation |
% |
99 |
Process Plant |
% |
92 |
Acid plant (not including turnarounds) |
% |
96 |
THROUGHPUT |
|
|
Run of mine feed to plant (dry) |
t/a |
3,258,000 |
Run of mine feed to plant (dry) (with availability) |
t/d |
9,000 |
Feed to Leach (dry) |
t/a |
2,161,000 |
Feed to Leach (dry) (with availability) |
t/d |
6,000 |
CTFS total tailing (neutralized filter cake, sulfate salts) (dry) |
t/a |
3,909,000 |
CTFS total tailing (neutralized filter cake, sulfate salts) (dry) (with availability) |
t/d |
12,000 |
LCE produced (dry) |
t/a |
44,000 |
LCE produced (dry) (with availability) |
t/d |
131 |
CRUSHING |
|
|
ROM Li content |
ppm |
3,270 |
Particle size distribution (F80) |
mm |
82 |
Ore bulk density (transport) |
t/m3 |
1.6 |
Ore moisture total (loose) |
weight % |
16 |
Crushed particle size (P80) |
mm |
25 |
Feed to attrition circuit (dry) |
t/d |
5,000 |
Discharge screen oversize (% ROM) |
% |
1 |
CLASSIFICATION |
|
|
Feed particle size (P80) |
microns |
225 |
Overflow particle size (P80) |
microns |
75 |
Underflow particle size (P80) |
microns |
272 |
Coarse material rejection (dry) |
% |
33 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Parameter |
Units |
Value |
Thickener underflow pulp density |
weight % |
20-25 |
Flocculant consumption |
g/t |
130 |
Decanter centrifuge cake density |
weight % |
55 |
Flocculant consumption |
g/t |
130 |
LEACH |
|
|
Feed solids Li content |
ppm |
4,563 |
Feed pulp density |
weight % |
30-35 |
Leach residence time |
minutes |
180 |
NEUTRALIZATION |
|
|
Neutralization tank (limestone) residence time |
minutes |
90 |
Neutralization tank (Mg(OH)2) residence time |
minutes |
60 |
pH in final neutralization tank |
pH |
6.5 |
Neutralization clarifier flocculant consumption |
g/t |
150 |
CCD and FILTRATION |
|
|
No. of CCD stages |
- |
7 |
Flocculant consumption (total) |
g/t |
842 |
Filtration residual moisture in cake |
% |
39 |
CCD/Filtration recovery |
% |
99 |
NOTE: 1) Flow rates based on process mass balance, Rev. F HMB, are nominal for a single phase for equipment design/sizing purposes.
2) Values rounded to the nearest thousand where appropriate.
Table 14-2 Process Design Criteria - Purification Plant
Parameter |
Units |
Value |
MAGNESIUM SULFATE CRYSTALLIZATION |
||
No. of stages (evaporation/crystallization) |
- |
1/3 |
% of Mg removed (average, based on Rev. F HMB) |
% of feed |
79 |
Centrifuge cake moisture |
weight % |
4 |
MAGNESIUM PRECIPITATION |
|
|
Residual magnesium content |
ppm |
5 |
Mg(OH)2 recycle stream pulp density |
weight % |
30 |
CALCIUM PRECIPITATION |
|
|
Residual calcium content |
ppm |
100 |
Underflow solids density |
weight % |
5 |
ION EXCHANGE |
|
|
Residual calcium content |
ppm |
Proprietary |
Residual magnesium content |
ppm |
Proprietary |
Residual boron content |
ppm |
Proprietary |
LITHIUM CARBONATE PLANT |
|
|
No. of stages (crystallization/bicarbonation) |
- |
2/1 |
2nd Stage Centrifuge Cake Moisture |
weight % |
20 |
ZLD Centrifuge Cake Moisture |
weight % |
15 |
Dryer Discharge Moisture |
weight % |
0.1 |
Jet Mill Discharge Particle Size (d50) |
microns |
6 |
Cooler Discharge Temperature |
oC |
40 |
NOTE: Design values based on 40-year LOM variability needs, but do not strictly reflect representative averages for either 25- or 40-year periods.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 14-3 Major Process Equipment - Beneficiation/Classification/Filtering
Item | Phase 1 Quantity |
Phase 2 Quantity |
Description | Key Criteria (each) |
Feeder Breaker | 2 operating | 3 operating | 30" wide drag conveyor, dual drive 2 x 56kW, 31" pick diameter breaker, 56kW | 169 kW |
Mineral Sizer | 2 operating | 3 operating | Direct Drive Crusher-Sizer, 0.6 m diameter. x 1.2 m wide | 112 kW |
Log Washer | 2 operating | 4 operating | 13-26 RPM | 150 kW |
Attrition Scrubber | 1 operating 1 standby |
2 operating 1 standby |
Four Cells c/w Hi-Chrome Props and SS shafts | 600 kW |
Attrition Scrubber Discharge Screen | 1 operating 1 standby |
2 operating 1 standby |
Single deck, dual vibrating motors, 1.8 m x 3.66 m, linear vibrating, 25.4 mm square opening | 13 kW |
Classification Cyclone Cluster | 1 operating | 2 operating | 8-Place (6 operating/2 standby), 20 inch | P100 = 75 µm |
Hydraulic classifier | 1 operating 1 standby |
2 operating 1 standby |
3.66 m' x 3.66 m | 75 µm separation size |
Dewatering Screens | 1 operating 1standby |
2 operating 1 standby |
Single deck, dual vibrating motors, 1.5 m x 3.66 m, linear vibrating, 0.5 x 12 mm slot | 10 kW |
Classification Thickener | 1 operating | 2 operating | 50 m diameter | 30 kW |
Classification Centrifuge | 5 operating 1 standby |
10 operating 2 standby |
Decanter type with variable Frequency Drive (VFD) on Main and Secondary drives | 355 kW (main) 160 kW (sec) |
Acid Leach Tank | 3 operating | 6 operating | 10.4 m diameter x 11.3 m high, agitated, rubber lined carbon steel, closed top, scrubber | 56 kW |
Neutralization Tank | 2 operating | 4 operating | 10.4 m diameter x 11.3 m high, agitated, rubber lined carbon steel, closed top | 30 kW |
Neutralization Clarifier | 1 operating | 2 operating | Hi-Density, 40 m diameter | 30 kW |
CCD Thickener | 7 operating | 14 operating | Hi-Density, 40 m diameter | 30 kW |
Filter Feed Tank | 1 operating | 2 operating | 12.2 m diameter x 12.8 m high, agitated, rubber lined carbon steel, closed top | 56 kW |
Filter Feed Pump | 14 operating 2 standby |
28 operating 4 standby |
587 m3/hr @ 212 kPag initial feed rate, 100 m3/hr @ 824 kPag final feed rate, horizontal centrifugal |
56 kW |
Neutralization Filter | 7 operating 1 standby |
14 operating 2 standby |
Overhead filter press, 2.5 m x 2.5 m, 32 mm chambers | 150 kW |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 14-4 Major Process Equipment - Purification Process
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Item | Phase 1 Quantity |
Phase 2 Quantity |
Description | Key Criteria (each) |
Li2CO3 Packaging (FIBC) | 1 operating | 2 operating | FIBC packing system including pallet dispenser, slip sheet dispenser, conveyors, scales, dust collection, manual sleeve wrap station, automatic stretch wrap system, PLC | 20 x 1,000 kg bags/h or 30 x 500 kg bags/h |
Li2CO3 Packaging (20/25 kg bags) | 1 operating | 2 operating | Bag packing system including automatic filler, bag closer, conveyors, robotic palletizer, stretch wrapper w/labeler, label printer, PLC | 480-600 bags/h |
ZLD System | 1 operating | 2 operating | 2 Evaporators operating per phase Solid bowl type centrifuge Product contacting: 2507/6 Moly Non-product contact: SS 304/316 |
10 MW |
14.2.1 Production
Recovery of lithium during operations will fluctuate with varying ore mineralization, and process chemistries. An average LOM lithium recovery of 73.2% is used in this study. There are five major areas contributing to lithium losses in the process plant:
14.3 Process Description
14.3.1 ROM Stockpile/Feed
Ore will be delivered to two separate but connected ROM stockpiles from the mining operation using haul trucks. The ore will be segregated into stockpiles by clay type: illite and smectite. LAC has a target of illite to smectite ratios ranging between 30 to 70% illite with the remaining amount as smectite. The ore types will be fed into the variable speed feeders allowing the system operator to maintain the selected ratio.
Based on mine plan optimization to maximize recoverable lithium, the resultant blend to feed the plant averages 59% illite and ranges between 30 to 70%, with the remaining amount as smectite.
14.3.2 Beneficiation
The purpose of mineral beneficiation is to liberate the clay from the gangue and then concentrate lithium-bearing clay by rejecting coarse, non-lithium or low lithium grade gangue material.
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14.3.2.1 Comminution
Material of each ore type will be pushed via dozer to a dedicated feeder breaker to reduce the material to a top size of about 150 mm, then conveyed to a mineral sizer (toothed roll crusher) for reduction to about minus 25 mm. Discharge from each mineral sizer will be combined on a common conveyor to the mineral beneficiation process. Blend ratios may be controlled via belt speeds and weightometers.
14.3.2.2 Attrition Scrubbing
Crushed ore will be conveyed to a classifying, spiral paddle mixer, commonly referred to as a log-washer, operating at 40 wt.% solids to provide hydration time and an initial separation of clay from coarse material. The fine material will report to a downstream pump box. The coarse material will be transported up the inclined log-washer, where it will discharge to an attrition scrubber with four cells, operating at 30 wt.% solids. The attrition scrubber will impart a high degree of agitation resulting in aggressive particle-on-particle contact, or scrubbing, to remove the majority of the remaining clay from coarse material. Recycled water from the downstream dewatering circuit will be used for density control in both the log washer and attrition scrubber. Slurry discharging from the attrition scrubbers will pass through a vibrating screen into a pump box. The screen will remove material coarser than 25 mm that will be combined with classification dewatering screen oversize and conveyed to an intermediate coarse gangue stockpile. The fine clay material passing through the screen will combine with the log washer fine material and will be pumped to the classification circuit. A standby log-washer, attrition scrubber, and vibrating screen will be installed to ensure high availability.
14.3.2.3 Classification
Separation of clay is achieved by a combination of hydrocyclones and a hydraulic classifier. The overflow from both the hydrocyclones and the hydraulic classifier flow by gravity to the classification thickener feed box. Solids from the hydrocyclones (cyclone underflow) report to the hydraulic classifier which rejects material primarily greater than 75 micron particles in the underflow. This will be dewatered by a vibrating screen. The screen oversize (coarse gangue) will be conveyed to an intermediate coarse gangue stockpile and then reclaimed by a front-end loader and trucked to the coarse gangue stockpile. The screen undersize will report to the classification thickener. Up to an estimated 34% of the ore fed to the process will be rejected during classification. Standby cyclones and a standby hydraulic classifier and vibrating screen will be installed to ensure high availability.
14.3.2.4 Solid-Liquid Separation (Thickening and Dewatering)
The fine clay material from the hydrocyclone and hydraulic classifier overflows (minus 75 microns) will be thickened to approximately 20-25 wt.% solids in a high-rate thickener. The thickener overflow will be collected in a recycle water tank from which it will be distributed to the various users in the classification circuit, as well as a portion being returned to the mineral beneficiation circuit. The thickener underflow will be pumped downgradient to a classification centrifuges feed tank. The underflow will be dewatered to an estimated 55 wt.% solids by multiple horizontal decanter centrifuges. The centrate will be pumped approximately 3 km back to the classification recycle water tank while the cake will be repulped primarily with downstream neutralization filter wash water and then pumped to the acid leach circuit at about 34 wt.% solids. Raw water make-up to the beneficiation circuit is pumped approximately 3 km to the classification recycle water tank and will be distributed to the water users within the classification circuit.
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14.3.3 Leaching and Neutralization
14.3.3.1 Acid Leaching
Solids feed rate to the leach circuit will be largely dictated by sulfuric acid plant capacity. The leach temperature of 75-90°C will be governed by heat generated from the dilution of the sulfuric acid and acid-clay reactions.
Continuous leaching will be performed in three agitated tanks in series at 1 hour leaching time each. Acid addition will be 490 kg of 100% H2SO4 per tonne of leach feed solids. On average for the LOM an estimated 86% of the lithium will be dissolved from the clay. Due to the non-selective leaching by the acid, other elements of interest that will be leached in appreciable amounts include magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, iron, boron, and aluminum. The tanks will be vented to a caustic scrubber to remove entrained acid-laden droplets from the vapor streams (primarily carbon dioxide and water) generated in the leach tanks. The scrubber effluent will be pumped to the downstream neutralization circuit. The leached clay slurry at 10-50 g/L H2SO4 of residual acid will flow by gravity to the neutralization circuit.
14.3.3.2 Neutralization
A two-stage neutralization will be performed in agitated tanks, one per stage, with a retention time of 1.5 hours in the first tank and 1 hour in the second. In the first stage, a 35 wt.% slurry of ground limestone (P80 = 44 microns) will be combined with the acidic slurry to achieve a pH of 3-4. The first stage neutralization will neutralize most of the residual acid from acid leach and precipitate most of the iron and aluminum. Magnesium hydroxide recycled from the downstream magnesium precipitation circuit will be used to complete the neutralization to a pH of approximately 6.5 in the second stage. This pH will both ensure lithium solubility is at or near the maximum in the downstream magnesium sulfate crystallization circuit, and to avoid redissolution of calcium borate (a co-precipitant in the magnesium precipitation circuit). The neutralization product slurry will contain residual clay, gypsum, calcium borate and metal hydroxides. Effluents from the sulfuric acid plant tail gas scrubber, liquid sulfur tank scrubbers and transloading scrubber will be combined in an agitated tank from which it will report to the first stage neutralization tank. Slurry from the second stage neutralization tank will gravity flow to the neutralization clarifier feed tank.
Neutralized slurry will be thickened to approximately 33% solids in a high-density thickener. The overflow solution will be pumped to the magnesium sulfate evaporator feed tank. Underflow from the clarifier will be pumped to the CCD circuit for recovery of lithium in solution.
14.3.4 Countercurrent Decantation and Filtration
14.3.4.1 CCD
Clarifier underflow from the neutralization clarifier is diluted with overflow from the second stage CCD in an agitated tank that feeds the first CCD thickener. Feed in the center well is diluted internally to approximately 3% solids with clear supernatant. Slurry will be thickened to approximately 33% in a high-density thickener. The overflow from the first CCD thickener is cooled with cooling water prior to being distributed to various locations in the process plant with the excess being pumped to the magnesium sulfate evaporator feed tank. The cooling is required to avoid damage to the plastic filter plates in the downstream filter which have a temperature limit of about 75oC. Underflow from the first CCD thickener is pumped to the second stage CCD feed tank, where it is diluted with overflow from the third stage CCD. This is typical for CCD stages two through six where the underflow is pumped to the next stage CCD. Overflow from the second through the seventh stage CCD is pumped to the preceding stage CCD feed tank for dilution. Underflow from the seventh stage CCD is pumped to the filter feed tank.
Neutralization filtrate is pumped to the sixth stage CCD feed tank. Process recycle water and cooled process condensate are pumped to the seventh stage CCD feed tank for washing.
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14.3.4.2 Filtration
Washed slurry will be pumped from the filter feed tank to recessed chamber filter presses to produce a 61 wt.% solids filter cake which will be conveyed to an intermediate stockpile near the Clay Tailings Filter Stack (CTFS). The filtrate, comprised of a dilute sulfate solution with lithium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium cations will be sent to the sixth stage CCD feed tank. The filters are the final stage of lithium recovery in solution. An overall 99% wash efficiency of lithium is assumed for design.
14.3.5 Magnesium and Calcium Removal
14.3.5.1 Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization
The neutralized filtrate will be concentrated by Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) heated falling film evaporators prior to crystallization. The lithium concentration will be held below a target concentration leaving the evaporator to avoid crystallizing a lithium-potassium double salt. A seed recycle system will be used to minimize the amount of scaling caused by gypsum precipitation.
Magnesium will be removed from the concentrated liquor as a salt predominantly in the form of magnesium sulfate hexahydrate (MgSO4.6H2O) in three stages of crystallization. Operating conditions will be controlled in each stage to crystallize the maximum amount of magnesium possible without precipitating lithium as a lithium-potassium double salt. Water vapor and non-condensable gases will be removed from the second stage crystallizers by ejector/barometric condenser trains cooled by cooling tower water, and the third stage crystallizers will be by indirect condenser/ejector trains cooled by chilled water. Crystals will be withdrawn as a slurry from the second and third stages of crystallization and fed to pusher centrifuges where the crystals are dewatered and washed. The centrifuge cakes at 96 wt.% solids will be conveyed to an intermediate stockpile near the Clay Tailings Filter Stack (CTFS).
14.3.5.2 Magnesium Precipitation and Filtration
Liquor from the magnesium sulfate crystallizer circuit will be mixed with a 25 wt.% milk-of-lime slurry to adjust the pH to approximately 11 to precipitate magnesium as magnesium hydroxide while a corresponding amount of sulfate is removed as coprecipitated gypsum. Magnesium will be precipitated to about 5 ppm in a single agitated tank. Calcium will remain at the gypsum saturation level. The discharge from the magnesium precipitation tank will gravity flow to the magnesium precipitation filter feed tank from where it will be pumped to the recessed chamber membrane magnesium precipitation filters. The magnesium hydroxide/gypsum cake will be repulped with CCD wash solution on a batch basis then pumped to the upstream second stage of neutralization. The filtrate will be sent to the downstream calcium precipitation circuit.
14.3.5.3 Calcium Precipitation
Filtrate from the magnesium precipitation step is mixed with a 25 wt.% soda ash (Na2CO3) solution to precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Calcium will be precipitated to approximately 100 ppm in a combination reaction tank, followed by a reactor clarifier. Soda ash will be delivered to the reactor tank and ferric sulfate will be added as coagulant. The reaction tank will be maintained at about 10 g/L solids loading to act as seed material by recycling clarifier underflow slurry. The reaction tank slurry will flow by gravity into the reactor clarifier reaction chamber where it will meet circulating solids and flocculant. The clarifier overflow will contain 10 ppm or less suspended solids while the underflow will contain 5-10 wt.% solids. The majority of the underflow solids will be recycled to the reaction tank while the remainder recycles to the magnesium precipitation filter feed tank. The overflow from the clarifier will be pumped through multimedia filters for further clarification. The filters will be air scoured and backwashed with filtrate as required. The backwash will be collected in the agitated backwash tank where it will be combined with solids from the soda ash filters. The contents of the backwash tank will be metered into the calcium precipitation reaction tank.
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14.3.5.4 Ion Exchange
Filtrate from the calcium precipitation circuit will be fed to an ion exchange (IX) system for the removal of hardness, primarily calcium and magnesium. The regeneration sequence will include steps for brine displacement, hydrochloric acid stripping of the adsorbed cations, rinsing and conditioning of the resin with sodium hydroxide. Calcium and magnesium in the purified solution will be reduced below the acceptable limit.
Solution from the hardness removal ion exchange will be fed to an ion exchange system for the removal of boron. The regeneration sequence will include steps for sulfuric acid stripping of the adsorbed boron, rinsing and conditioning of the resin with sodium hydroxide. Boron in the purified solution will be reduced to below the required limit.
The soda ash solution used for lithium carbonate crystallization will be treated via ion exchange to remove calcium and magnesium to below the target levels. Normally, the two IX columns will both be fed in parallel to adsorb hardness from the reagent solution. For a relatively short time however, one column will be taken offline to regenerate the resin (3% of the time is estimated). As with the other cation IX system, the stripping of the resin will be done with hydrochloric acid and the conditioning of the resin will be done using sodium hydroxide.
14.3.6 Lithium Carbonate Production
14.3.6.1 Lithium Carbonate Circuit
The lithium carbonate purification system will receive concentrated lithium sulfate solution from the ion exchange circuit as well as recycled centrate from the Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) crystallization circuit (see Section 14.3.6.2). Battery grade lithium carbonate will be produced by a three-stage process. In the first stage, lithium carbonate will be crystallized in a draft tube baffle (DTB) crystallizer by reacting the concentrated lithium sulfate solutions with a 25 wt.% soda ash solution. Lithium carbonate crystals withdrawn from the crystallizer will be dewatered using peeler centrifuges. The crystals will be washed using wash centrate from the second stage lithium carbonate centrifuges then repulped with both treated (RO) water and recycled centrate from the second stage lithium carbonate centrifuges. The repulp slurry will be fed to the lithium bicarbonate reactor. The centrate will report to the sodium/potassium sulfate salts crystallization circuit, or ZLD circuit.
The undissolved lithium carbonate and lithium carbonate in solution will be converted to soluble lithium bicarbonate (LiHCO3) by reaction with carbon dioxide in a forced circulation reactor. Temperature will be maintained by cooling with chilled water. Carbon dioxide (CO2) will be supplied from the second stage crystallizer condenser. Make-up will be provided from a liquid CO2 storage vessel. The lithium bicarbonate liquor will be filtered to remove insoluble material prior to feeding the second stage lithium carbonate crystallizer. The insolubles captured on cartridge type filters will be disposed of properly.
The second stage lithium carbonate crystallizer will be a DTB type and operated at a temperature where the lithium bicarbonate will be converted back to lithium carbonate crystals and carbon dioxide will be liberated. The overhead vapor will be condensed with cooling water and the non-condensable carbon dioxide will be compressed and recycled to the lithium bicarbonate reactor. Lithium carbonate crystals withdrawn from the crystallizer will be dewatered using peeler centrifuges. The crystals will be washed using hot treated water. A portion of the centrate will recycle to the lithium bicarbonate reactor feed for repulping and the remaining portion will report to the Zero Liquid Discharge crystallization circuit, or ZLD circuit.
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14.3.6.2 ZLD Crystallizers
Centrates from the first stage and second stage lithium carbonate crystallizers will pass through a decarbonation step in which sulfuric acid will be added to convert the lithium carbonate to lithium sulfate while also driving off any dissolved carbon dioxide. The lithium sulfate solution will be pumped to the ZLD crystallizers for removal of sodium and potassium sulfate salts.
Sodium and potassium sulfate salts will be removed from the decarbonated lithium sulfate solution in forced circulation mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) crystallizers. Lithium will be concentrated to near the point of crystallizing the lithium-potassium double salt. Crystals at a 25 to 40 wt.% slurry density will be pumped to decanter centrifuges. The centrifuge cake at 85 to 92 wt.% solids will be conveyed to an intermediate stockpile near the Clay Tailings Filter Stack (CTFS). The centrate will be returned to the first stage lithium carbonate feed tank. A small portion of the centrate will be able to be purged to the upstream magnesium precipitation tank to control impurity concentration in the lithium carbonate circuit, if needed.
14.3.6.3 Final Product Handling
Washed centrifuge cake from the 2nd stage Li2CO3 crystallizer will be dried in an indirect steam heated dryer from which it will discharge into a lump breaker to eliminate any agglomerated material. Material from the lump breaker will discharge into a pneumatic conveying system and be transported to one of three 60 tonne storage silos. The three silos will discharge into another pneumatic conveying system that transports to a hopper from which the solids pass through a magnet to remove tramp iron prior to feeding the fluidized jet mill.
The jet mill will use compressed air provided by dedicated compressors to reduce the size of the lithium carbonate from approximately 30-130 microns down to approximately 5-8 microns. The jet mill will have a baghouse to separate the lithium carbonate from the milling and conveying air. The lithium carbonate will discharge from the baghouse into an indirect type of cooler before being pneumatically conveyed to five individual 5-tonne hoppers which then feed the Dry Vibrating Magnetic Filtration (DVMF) system. This system will be made up of scalping magnets and splitters to feed the magnetic filters. The filters will remove magnetic and partially magnetic particles from the lithium carbonate.
After the magnetic filters, the lithium carbonate will be fed into either the small bag packaging line or the bulk bag packaging line. A bar magnet will remove any tramp metal prior to each line. The small bag line will fill either 20 kg or 25 kg bags and place them on pallets. The bulk bag line will fill either 500 kg or 1,000 kg bags and place them on pallets. A forklift will then transfer the loaded bags into a QC holding area before being loaded into a shipping container or truck.
A rework system will be available to reprocess out of spec material from any one of the three 60-tonne silos, the DVMF feed bins or from the bulk bag unloader. The off-spec product will be pneumatically conveyed to the Off Spec Receiving Hopper and metered into the Off-Spec Dissolution Tank. Water and sulfuric acid will be added to the tank to convert the lithium carbonate into lithium sulfate for return to the process.
14.3.7 Clay Tailings Filter Stack
14.3.7.1 Description
Neutralized clay tailings filter cake will be radially stacked in an intermediate stockpile within the lined area of the Clay Tailings Filter Stack (CTFS) storage facility. These tailings will be hauled by loader and truck to a designated location on the CTFS. Salt tailings from the magnesium sulfate crystallization circuit and the sodium/potassium sulfate salts from the ZLD circuit will be radially stacked in an intermediate stockpile separate from the neutralized clay tailings. The salt tailings will be hauled by loader and truck to a designated location on the CTFS. The CTFS will be progressively expanded and reclaimed during the life of the Project.
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14.3.7.2 Management Strategy
The tailings discharge from the filters will be conveyed to an intermediate stockpile location in the southwest corner of the CTFS across from the process plant. From the stockpile, the material will be loaded with wheeled loaders hauled by end dump trucks and placed within the CTFS in lifts. During material placement, samples will be collected and tested for moisture content determination. If the moisture content of the tailings is above the specified range above the optimum moisture content, the tailings will be scarified using a motor grader, disc, rotovator or similar equipment to increase the surface area and to promote drying of the material. Frequent scarification and mixing of the materials will reduce the time required to lower the moisture content of the tailings. During the scarification and mixing process, samples will be collected for moisture content testing. Once it has been determined that the material is within the specified range of the optimum moisture content the tailings will be compacted using a vibrating and/or pad foot compactor.
The tailings placement described above will be completed in cells within each CTFS lift, with tailings being placed in designated cells until each cell is built to its designated size. This will result in numerous cells being actively dried, scarified/mixed and compacted concurrently until the desired moisture and dry density is achieved for that cell. Once the technical requirements for moisture and density are achieved the cell can then be stacked on during placement of the next lift.
14.4 Reagents
14.4.1 Sulfur
Sulfuric acid will be primarily used for leaching and will be generated on-site at the sulfuric acid plant from liquid sulfur. During summer months, the product will be 98.5 wt.% H2SO4, and in winter it will be diluted to 93.0 wt.% to avoid freezing complications. Two acid tanks, with a combined seven (7) days of storage capacity, will supply sulfuric acid to the processing plant.
Liquid sulfur will be delivered by truck from a transload facility located in Winnemucca, NV, where it is transferred from railcars to storage tanks by gravity dump. There will be about 28 days of liquid sulfur storage capacity at the sulfuric acid plant. A caustic scrubber will be installed near the sulfur storage tanks to capture H2S that can potentially off-gas during unloading and storage.
14.4.2 Limestone
Limestone will be used as a neutralizing reagent to react with any residual acid remaining after leach. Limestone will be sourced from local deposits. It will be crushed and ground at the limestone preparation plant at site. The limestone plant capacity is 28.6 t/h with a target P80 grind size of 44 µm. Ground limestone will be mixed with a slip stream of neutralization wash filtrate to make a 35 wt.% slurry for addition to the neutralization circuit.
14.4.3 Quicklime
Quicklime (CaO) will be the primary reagent for magnesium precipitation. It will be delivered in pebble form to the site by bulk trucks and transferred to a storage silo (1,000-t capacity). It will be unloaded pneumatically from the trucks, with dedicated stationary blowers, for unloading two trucks simultaneously. The quicklime will then be slaked with water in a vertical mill type slaker to produce milk-of-lime (MOL or Ca(OH)2) at 25 wt.% solids and transferred to a tank with a 24-hr storage capacity. The lime slaking plant capacity is 13 t/hr.
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14.4.4 Sodium Hydroxide
NaOH solution (caustic soda) will be used for off-gas scrubbers and ion exchange resin regeneration. It will be delivered via tanker truck as a 50 wt.% liquid and offloaded to a storage tank with 7 days of capacity. The caustic will be diluted to 20 wt.% during the transfer from the truck to the storage tank.
14.4.5 Soda Ash
Na2CO3 (soda ash) will be the main reagent for Li2CO3 production and will be also used for calcium precipitation. It will be delivered by bulk truck and offloaded to a 1,000-tonne silo. Soda ash will be mixed with reverse osmosis (RO) water to produce a 25 wt.% solution.
14.4.6 Flocculant
Flocculant will be used in the classification area for the thickener. Anionic flocculant will be delivered by bulk bag and transferred to a flocculant makeup system located near the thickener to create a 2 g/L solution prior to use in the plant. The flocculant package is sized for 2.4 dry t flocculant/day addition rate.
Flocculant will also be used in the classification area for the centrifuges, neutralization clarifier, and CCD thickeners and is also used in the calcium precipitation reactor clarifier. Anionic flocculant will be delivered by bulk bag and transferred to a flocculant makeup system located near the centrifuge building to create a 10 g/L solution prior to use in the plant. The flocculant package is sized for 8 dry t flocculant/day addition rate.
14.4.7 Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO2) will be solely used in the lithium bicarbonate reactor as part of Li2CO3 production. A significant amount of CO2 will be captured in the 2nd Stage Li2CO3 crystallizers and recycled back to the bicarbonate reactor, but makeup is needed for any losses. It will be recaptured from the process or delivered to site in liquid form by tanker truck and stored in a pressurized vessel. The liquid will be vaporized for use in the plant.
14.4.8 Ferric Sulfate
Ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3) solution at 12% Fe will be used as a coagulant in calcium precipitation. It will be delivered by tanker truck in liquid form and pumped to a storage tank for use in the plant.
14.4.9 Hydrochloric Acid
HCl (hydrochloric acid) at about 35 weight% will be used to regenerate ion exchange resin used to remove hardness from process solutions. It will be delivered by tanker truck in liquid form and transferred to a storage tank for use in the plant. A scrubber will capture acid vapors generated during the filling of the storage tank.
14.4.10 Miscellaneous
Other miscellaneous chemicals will be used including dust suppressants, chemicals for RO/water treatment, antiscalants, cleaning agents, etc. Acids and other chemicals will be used in the main assay laboratory for sample analysis.
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14.4.11 Raw Materials Consumptions
All major raw materials consumption estimates for process plant reagents are based on test work. In the case where test work is not available, consumption rates for minor reagents are estimated based on vendor provided information or best practices. Consumption rates in Table 14-5 are based upon expected mine plan production rates during the life of the Project. Table 14-6 shows the estimated consumption of reagents for the 25-year LOM case.
Table 14-5 Reagent Consumption (40-Year LOM - Base Case)
Table 14-6 Reagent Consumption (First 25 Years of 40-Year Case)
Raw Materials |
Units |
Average Annual |
Average unit tonne per tonne of |
Quicklime |
tonne |
150,000 |
2.14 |
Limestone |
tonne |
400,000 |
5.72 |
Soda Ash |
tonne |
261,000 |
3.73 |
Hydrochloric Acid 35% |
tonne |
1,500 |
0.02 |
Ferric Sulfate 60% |
tonne |
500 |
0.01 |
Caustic Soda 50% |
tonne |
7,200 |
0.10 |
Flocculant |
tonne |
4,400 |
0.06 |
Ammonia |
tonne |
300 |
0.004 |
Liquid Sulfur (calculated) |
tonne |
634,000 |
9.07 |
Water Treatment (SAP) |
Liter |
1,900 |
0.03 |
Diesel Off-Road |
gallon |
4,330,000 |
61.93 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Raw Materials |
Units |
Average Annual |
Average unit tonne per tonne of |
|
Diesel Highway |
gallon |
0 |
0.00 |
|
Unleaded Gasoline (Process Plant) |
gallon |
93,000 |
1.32 |
|
Propane (Process Plant) |
tonne |
1,100 |
0.02 |
|
Liquid Sulfuric Acid @ 98.5% (Purchased) |
tonne |
0 |
0.00 |
14.5 Plant Water
The plant site will have several water systems including raw water, potable water, demineralized water, and fire water. Site water systems are described in Section 18 of this report.
14.5.1 Water Supply
Raw water is able to be introduced to various locations within the process including the mine facilities raw water tank, the mine water truck fill stand, the sulfuric acid plant, and various locations in the process plant. All make-up water for the process plant is added in the beneficiation circuit. Makeup water for the process plant accounts primarily for water lost in tails. Water evaporated during crystallization is collected as condensate and recycled for use in the process. Water estimated to be used in the plant, based on process mass balance Rev. F HMB, and for mining operations, is shown in Table 14-7. Water demand is estimated to be approximately 5% below the current allowance.
Table 14-7 Plant Water Use
Site Demand |
Units |
Phase 1 Value |
Phase 2 Value |
Raw Water |
m3/hr |
279 |
559 |
Potable |
m3/hr |
2 |
4 |
Mine Operations |
m3/hr |
100 |
200 |
Total Water Consumption |
m3/hr |
381 |
763 |
acre-ft/yr |
2,707 |
5,416 |
|
Available Water |
m3/hr |
402 |
803 |
acre-ft/yr |
2,850 |
5,700 |
14.5.2 Steam
High pressure steam is generated in the sulfuric acid plant from the conversion of liquid sulfur to sulfuric acid. This steam reports to a steam turbine generator for the production of power. To meet the steam demands of the process plant, both medium pressure (10 barg) and low pressure (4.8 barg) steams are extracted from the generator and exported to the process plant. The steam consumers and consumption rates are shown in Table 14-8.
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Table 14-8 Steam Use
Site Demand |
Units |
Pressure Class |
Phase 1 Value |
Phase 2 Value |
Li2CO3 Crystallization |
kg/h |
Low |
33,800 |
67,600 |
ZLD Crystallization |
kg/h |
Low |
1,800 |
3,600 |
MgSO4 Crystallization |
kg/h |
Medium |
500 |
1,000 |
Li2CO3 Dryer |
kg/h |
Medium |
1,800 |
3,600 |
Total Steam Consumption |
kg/h |
|
37,900 |
75,800 |
The steam consumers used internally by the sulfuric acid plant are not listed above.
Only a small portion of the steam is condensed in heat exchangers that allows it to be returned to the sulfuric acid plant for boiler feed water.
The majority of the steam is used in either steam jet ejectors (MgSO4 crystallization system) where it is condensed and combines with cooling tower water, or directly injected into a crystallizer (Li2CO3 crystallization system) where it partially condenses into the process fluid and partially evaporates water which reports to the process condensate system. The process condensate is cooled to three different temperatures using air-to-liquid coolers and a cooling tower. The condensate at the different temperatures is distributed to various users including filter cloth wash, CCD washing, solids repulping, ion exchange, RO feed, reagent systems, tail gas scrubber and cooling towers for make-up.
14.6 Power
The estimated average running load demand for the site is shown in Table 14-9. Electrical power supply is discussed in Section 18. Total imported power will be less than demand due to power generated on-site from the sulfuric acid plant. Power generated by the sulfuric acid plant is shown in Section 15.8.
Table 14-9
Power Demand by Area |
Phase 1 kW |
Phase 2 kW |
Phase 1+2 kW |
Mine Operations |
21 |
1 |
22 |
Crushing / Grinding |
5,829 |
4,841 |
10,671 |
Attrition Scrubbing Area (w/ Slurry Transfer) |
|||
Classification |
|||
Acid Leaching |
5,873 |
5,873 |
11,747 |
Neutralization |
|||
Neutralization/CCD |
|||
Neutralization Filtration |
|||
Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization |
17,773 |
17,773 |
35,546 |
Magnesium Precipitation |
|||
Magnesium Precipitation Filtration |
|||
Calcium Precipitation |
|||
Cation Removal Ion Exchange |
|||
Lithium Carbonate Crystallization |
12,356 |
11,966 |
24,323 |
Lithium Carbonate Product Handling |
|||
ZLD Crystallization |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Power Demand by Area |
Phase 1 kW |
Phase 2 kW |
Phase 1+2 kW |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant |
14,599 |
14,561 |
29,160 |
Liquid Sulfur |
|||
SAP Gas & Strong Acid |
|||
Tail Gas Treatment |
|||
BFW and Steam System |
|||
Cooling Water System |
|||
Turbo Generator |
|||
Sulfuric Acid Product |
|||
Facility Load |
|||
13.8 kV Distribution and Generators |
7,952 |
2,371 |
10,323 |
Compressed Air |
|||
Water Systems |
|||
Tailings Disposal |
579 |
347 |
927 |
Reagents |
1,378 |
1,116 |
2,494 |
Site Security Building |
1,873 |
270 |
2,143 |
Admin Building |
|||
Plant Warehouse Building |
|||
Plant Maintenance Building |
|||
Packaging Warehouse Building |
|||
Plant Laboratory Building |
|||
Truck Facility Building |
|||
Well Field Security Building |
|||
Process Plant Control Building |
|||
Electric Heat Tracing Loads |
7,213 |
7,213 |
14,426 |
E-Houses Utilities Loads |
|||
Plant Lighting & Misc. Loads |
|||
Total |
75,446 |
66,334 |
141,780 |
14.7 Air Service
A compressed air system will be located at the attrition scrubbing and classification areas located near the mine facilities, approximately 3 km from the main processing plant. The system will be comprised of compressors, a dryer, plant, instrument air receivers, and distribution piping. All air will be dried prior to being distributed to both plant air and instrument air users. The compressors and dryer will be located in a building and the air receivers will be located outdoors.
A central compressed air system will be located at the main processing plant area and will be comprised of compressors, dryers, and air receivers. All air will be dried prior to being distributed to both plant air and instrument air users. The distribution system will be comprised of main supply headers to dedicated satellite air receivers for both plant air and instrument air in various areas of the plant. The compressors and dryers will be located in a building and the air receivers (central and satellite) will be located outdoors.
Dedicated compressors will be provided for the neutralization filters and will be located near the filter plant. The system will be comprised of three compressors (two operating and one standby), an air receiver, and distribution piping. The compressors and air receiver will be located in a building.
Dedicated compressors will be provided for the magnesium precipitation filters and will be located near the filter plant. The system will be comprised of one compressor, an air receiver, and distribution piping. The compressor and air receiver will be located in the same building as the neutralization filters compressed air equipment.
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14.8 Quality Control
Sample preparation and analytical equipment will be available to handle the daily requirements of the mine and processing plant. Streams will be monitored using on-line instrumentation where appropriate, which may include pH control and reagent addition control systems. The data will be used to optimize process conditions. Routine samples of intermediate products and final products will be collected and analyzed in an assay laboratory where standard assays/analyses will be performed. The data obtained will be used for product quality control and routine process optimization. Feed and tailings samples will also be collected and subjected to routine assay.
The analytical laboratory will consist of a full set of assay instruments for lithium analysis, including an Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICP), and other instruments such as moisture balance, pH, and redox potential meters.
14.9 Sampling
Samplers will be installed in locations that are required for metallurgical accounting and process control purposes. Installation location and type of major sampling equipment related to the plant metallurgical balance is listed in Table 14-10. Sampling points for process control are listed in Table 14-11.
Table 14-10 Metallurgical Accounting Sampler Summary, Major Process Inlets/Outlets
Location |
Sampler Type |
Purpose |
Information |
Log Washer Feed Belt |
Cross-cut sampler |
Metallurgical Balance |
Mass and elemental feed to plant |
Classification-Coarse Gangue |
Cross-cut sampler |
Metallurgical Balance |
Mass and elemental loss to coarse gangue |
Neutralization filtration |
Cross-cut sampler |
Metallurgical Balance |
Mass and elemental loss to filter cake |
CTFS - salt conveyor |
Cross-cut sampler |
Metallurgical Balance |
Mass and elemental loss to salts |
Li2CO3 production |
In-line composite |
Metallurgical Balance, QA/QC |
Mass Li2CO3 produced, quality assurance |
Table 14-11 Process Control Sampler Summary
Location |
||
Attrition Scrubber Discharge |
MgSO4 Evaporator Feed |
Li Carbonate Feed |
Classification Cyclone Feed |
MgSO4 Precipitation Feed |
Li Carbonate Dryer Discharge |
Classification Cyclone Overflow |
IX Feed |
Na/K Sulfate Salts Feed |
Acid Leach Feed |
IX Discharge |
Na/K Sulfate Salts Crystals |
Neutralization Filtrate |
IX Product |
Na/K Sulfate Salts Purge |
14.10 Auxiliary Systems
Auxiliary systems such as reagent mixing and storage, maintenance, and office facilities, laboratory, etc. are discussed in Section 18 of this report.
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14.11 Process Control Philosophy
The control philosophy for the plant is for all unit operations to be controlled by a Plant Control System (PCS) from a central control room with a satellite control room in the attrition scrubbing area. Local controls will be minimized, but options for wireless tablet-based field control stations to provide operator flexibility may be included. The control room operators will input set points, operate valves, start/stop equipment and be alerted to alarms and interlocks via the human machine interface (HMI). Data from both the Distributed Control System (DCS) and analytical laboratory will be fed to an integrated data management system (DMS). Data from both the PCS and analytical laboratory will be fed to the DMS. Vendor instrumentation packages will be integrated with the central control system. The plant central control room will be staffed by trained personnel 24 h/d.
Intelligent type motor control centers will be located in electrical rooms throughout the facilities. A network interface to the process control system will facilitate remote operation and monitoring of motor control center equipment. Field instrumentation and devices will be hardwired to the process control system except where wireless solutions are cost effective.
A site wide process control network will be established in a ring architecture wherever feasible. This will be a combination of CAT6a and fiber optic where appropriate.
14.12 QP Opinion on Bench Scale Testing for Justification of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves
Metallurgical processes have been engineered from pilot testing, bench scale testing, and modeling to produce lithium carbonate using conventional, unit operations from a lithium bearing clay mineralization present at Thacker Pass.
Clay concentrate was produced via pilot plant testing (refer to Section 10.2.1.6 for details). Concentrate from testing has been used by equipment manufacturers to produce lithium carbonate that meets a commercial product specification (refer to Section 10.2.5).
Lithium Americas Corp. |
15 Infrastructure
The Project is planned to be constructed in two phases. To support lithium carbonate production as discussed in Section 17, Phase 1 will consist of a single sulfuric acid plant with a nominal production rate of 3,000 tonnes per day sulfuric acid. Phase 2 will begin three years later with the addition of a second sulfuric acid plant with an additional nominal production rate of 3,000 t/d. Mined material and tailings will be moved by conveyors and trucks and the infrastructure needed to support these production rates are summarized in this section.
15.1 Overall Site General Arrangement
The mining and Processing Plant operations are located within the McDermitt Caldera in northwest Nevada. Lithium-rich clays are mined and fed into crushing and mineral beneficiation equipment at the mine site two miles west of the processing plant. Slurry is pumped to the Processing Plant where water is recovered and pumped back from the process for reuse. Raw water is sourced via aquifer-fed wells 7 miles east of the processing plant. See the overall site general arrangement in Figure 15-1.
Figure 15-1 Overall Site General Arrangement
Source: M3, 2022
15.2 Process Plant General Arrangement
A portion of the process facilities encompassing mineral beneficiation and classification is located due east of the Mine Service Area near the ore body. This area includes the ROM pad, feeder breakers and mineral sizers, log washing and attrition scrubbing. Additionally, the front end of the classification circuit is located on this pad and consists of the hydrocyclone cluster, hydraulic classifiers, thickening and coarse gangue discharge and stacking system.
The remainder of the process plant is located approximately 2 miles east. The slurry is transferred to the downstream plant via a pipeline and trench along the southern edge of the haul road. See Figure 15-2 for the general arrangement layout of the process facilities. Product flows are generally clockwise starting in the western edge of the upper third zone of the layout. The remainder of the classification (centrifuges), leach, and neutralization circuits begin the process flow on this site. Next the solution is sent to the counter current decantation (CCD) circuit before being sent to the filtration area located on the northeastern side. Magnesium removal continues south to a central section of the plant before flowing west to calcium precipitation, calcium and boron ion exchange, evaporation, and lithium carbonate production followed by ZLD crystallization. The packaging system, along with the warehouse, are immediately west of the lithium carbonate plant to minimize product transfer distance. The sulfuric acid plant is situated in the southern third of the layout in recognition of prevailing winds. The traffic flow is largely one-way counterclockwise on the site perimeter with maintenance access between major process areas.
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A primary east-west pipe rack and a secondary north-south pipe racks contain much of the process and utility piping, electrical and instrumentation feeds.
15.3 Reagents, Consumables and Shipping
Limestone, quicklime, flocculant, and soda ash reagents are delivered to the processing plant in solid form via trucks while liquid sulfur, propane, carbon dioxide, ferric sulfate, caustic soda, and hydrochloric acid are delivered as liquids, also by trucks. The liquid sulfur delivery route has been carefully planned to remain on the southern edge of the processing facilities to minimize potential incidents with other traffic on site. Limestone and quicklime are the next highest delivery loads coming to site. As such these deliveries have been designed to stay on the north side of the process plant to similarly reduce potential traffic incidents. The remaining reagents/consumables have delivery points in the central plant at a low daily delivery rate with the exception of soda ash.
Gasoline, on and off highway diesel along with typical plant warehouse deliveries have been kept to the western portion of the plant with direct access from the main entry minimizing delivery truck exposure to the site. The large equipment warehouse house is located directly south of these facilities.
Battery-grade lithium carbonate is packaged in bags, and flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBC or bulk bags) and are stored in a warehouse on the west side which is collocated with the plant warehouse. This design allows the advantage of a shared truck maneuvering area and ease of getting into and out of the warehouse area without entering the process area.
15.4 Ancillary Buildings
The main administration office building and analytical laboratory are located in the southwest corner of the process plant site with direct access from the highway and from the main security entrance. The administration building houses a change room, shift change area, medical areas as well as office space. A helipad is situated near to the administrative office area and the security entrance for ready access. A mill maintenance building is planned on the northeast corner of the plant in close proximity to the filtration building. Two control buildings have been provided. The main plant control building is centrally located for ease of access to the majority of the process plant site. A dedicated sulfuric acid plant control building has been provided within the sulfuric acid plant area. Lastly a small control building is planned at the mineral beneficiation area to manage the crushing, attrition, and front end of the classification unit operations.
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Figure 15-2 Process Facility General Arrangement (Phase 1 Only)
Source: M3, 2022
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15.5 Site Access
The Project envisions improving the junction of US-95 and SR-293 to improve and handle the planned traffic flow. The plant development contemplates a total of three new entrances and utilizes one existing entrance from SR-293 onto the Project site as depicted on Figure 15-3. Below is a description of the intended uses for each of the proposed entrance locations from SR-293 and the junction improvement.
Figure 15-3 Site Entrances
Source: M3, 2022
15.5.1 US-95 / SR-293 Junction
Located in the town of Orovada, Nevada is the junction of US route 95 and Nevada State Route 293 (see Figure 15-4). Nearly all traffic related to the construction and operations of Thacker Pass will travel north bound on US-95 and turn west at the SR-293 junction. This road junction will be upgraded to accommodate the additional traffic to site.
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Figure 15-4 Route Junction Satellite View
Note: US Route 95 is also called Veterans Memorial Highway.
Source: M3, 2022
15.5.2 Pole Creek Road Entrance
Pole Creek Road is an established dirt road intersecting with SR-293 on the eastern boundary of the Project site. The layout will utilize this road to establish a construction access entrance. It is expected that the vehicle types using this entrance will include legal haul tractor-trailers, concrete ready-mix trucks, flat bed deliveries for bulk materials such as structural steel/piping/etc., mobile equipment transport trucks, and wide load transports delivering plant facility equipment.
15.5.3 Administration Entrance
Approximately 11,800 ft west of Pole Creek Road is the proposed entrance for the Administrative Office facilities. This entrance is intended to service the light vehicle traffic with the goal of keeping such traffic separate from heavy truck deliveries to the processing facility operations once the process plant has been commissioned and is in regular operations. This is intended to increase traffic safety.
15.5.4 Process Facility Entrance
Approximately 535 m (1,760 ft) west of the Administration Offices entrance is the main Processing Facilities entrance. This location will be the receiving point for all heavy trucks delivering materials and equipment to the processing plant operation. Heavy truck traffic will be directed to this location in an effort to separate the heavy and light traffic with the goal of increasing traffic safety entering and exiting SR-293. During construction and prior to the need for a large quantity of heavy truck deliveries this will be used as a secondary construction entrance. There is limited light vehicle traffic planned at this location once full-scale operations are in place.
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15.5.5 Mine Area Entrance
Approximately 2,530 m (8,300 ft) west of the Process Facilities entrance is the Mine Site entrance. This location is intended to service the mine site personnel access and will largely receive employee's light vehicles, personnel buses, and maintenance/service vehicles. All heavy truck deliveries destined for the Mine Site will be received at either the Pole Creek Road entrance or the Process Facility entrance.
15.6 Raw Material Logistics
Raw materials for the Project are to be delivered to the site by over highway trucks during the life of mine. A local rail-to-truck transloading facility located in Winnemucca will allow for transfer of most raw materials for delivery to the Project site. A summary of the primary raw materials to be used during operations, and their logistics, are below (Table 15-1). This will include the limestone grinding and storage facility, soda ash transloading facility and the sulfur transloading facility. The cost per tonne of the raw material is included in the OPEX for the consumables.
Table 15-1 Life of Mine Primary Raw Material Logistics Scheme
Raw Material | Description | Approximate Truck Loads per Day |
Origin |
Liquid Sulfur | Includes unloading, storage, and delivery to the plant via 39-tonne tanker from a transloading facility in Winnemucca, NV. | 47 | Tampa benchmark pricing + freight to Western North America; exact origin TBD |
Soda Ash | Includes unloading, storage, and delivery to the plant via 39-tonne trailer from a transloading facility in Winnemucca, NV. | 18 | Green River, Wy |
Quicklime | Includes unloading, storage, and delivery to the plant via 39-tonne trailer from Savage transloading facility in Golconda, NV. Optionally, may be shipped to site from a transloading facility in Winnemucca, NV with minor capital improvements. | 10 | Pilot Peak, NV or Western UT |
Limestone | Includes operation of in-pit primary crusher, delivery to the process plant via 39-tonne trailer and secondary limestone crushing/screening/grinding plant at process plant. | 31 | (Quarried Locally) |
Fuel | Includes diesel, unleaded gasoline, propane and their unloading, and delivery to the plant via 10,000 or 12,500 gallon trailer to site. Optionally, may be shipped to site from a transloading facility in Winnemucca, NV. | >1 | Via Winnemucca fuel market by owner or others |
Other | Includes delivery to the plant via 21-tonne trailer of Ferric Sulfate, Hydrochloric Acid, Caustic Soda, and Flocculant direct to site. Optionally, may be shipped to site from a transloading facility in Winnemucca, NV with minor capital improvements. | >6 | Bulk flocculant direct from Riceboro, GA Low volume reagents from SLC, UT and Sparks, NV markets |
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15.7 Power Supply
Electrical power for the Project will be supplied by on-site power generation and via the grid connected to the nearby local electric utility cooperative, Harney Electric Cooperative (HEC) 115 kV transmission network. The Project will generate a portion of the steady-state power demand via Steam Turbine Generators (STG) driven by steam produced by the sulfuric acid plant. The remainder of steady-state loads and any peaks will be serviced by power purchased from HEC.
The main onsite electrical infrastructure comprises the following:
15.7.1 In-Plant Power Generation
The acid plant produces steam during the production of sulfuric acid. Steam generated by the acid plants will be used in the lithium processing plants and to generate approximately 90 MW of electricity.
The in-plant power generation will consist of two approximately 45 MW Steam Turbine Generators, one each on Phase 1 and Phase 2, that provide normal power to the plant and Stand-by Diesel Generators that provide power for the plant black start operation and critical loads that require backup power upon loss of normal power.
LNC will not export power from in-plant generation to the HEC grid.
15.7.2 Interconnection to Utility Grid
Thacker Pass is located in the service territory of HEC. Since the Nevada power market is regulated, LAC will purchase all imported power from HEC. HEC does not generate any power and has a full requirements contract with the Department of Energy's Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). BPA delivers hydropower produced in the Columbia River Basin. Power generated by BPA is delivered to HEC in Winnemucca, NV, via BPA's Southern Inertie and NV Energy's transmission system.
LAC submitted a Power Service Application to HEC in March of 2021. HEC then initiated an Interconnection Study for their system and a System Impact Study with BPA. Note that the wheeling of power by NV Energy is part of BPA's scope. The HEC Interconnection Study is complete and the projected upgrade costs are included in this report. With the budgeted upgrades, HEC's system can reliably support LAC's load.
BPA requested an updated load forecast and was provided with the maximum transmission capacity results from the HEC Interconnection Study to use as the maximize power availability required from BPA. HEC has signed a reimbursement agreement with BPA and BPA's Transfer Group is actively working with NV Energy. HEC has indicated that the power cost is anticipated to be approximately $60/MWh however this will only be finalized once both studies are complete. HEC has indicated that BPA power will be available for Phase 1 and 2 once NV Energy completes the Greenlink West project in December 2026. LAC, HEC and NV Energy are working together on an interim power plan for the months between commissioning and Greenlink coming online. HEC also indicated that no funds are required from LAC for upgrading NV Energy's system as these are all covered under Greenlink West.
An existing radial 115 kV transmission circuit, owned and operated by HEC, currently runs parallel to the proposed Project site. The plant location is approximately 9 miles from the Kings River Switching Substation on the 20.7-mile Kings River Switching Substation--Kings River Substation 115 kV transmission line. The line from the Kings River Switching Station will be upgraded from 3/0 conductors to 556 MCM ACSR conductors to the new point of interconnect at Thacker Pass. At Thacker Pass, HEC will add a new point of interconnect switching station to service the LAC substation and continue service to the Kings River Substation.
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The grid interconnection will be located approximately 305 m (1,000 ft) to the south of the proposed process plant substation adjacent to SR 293. The grid interconnection switching station will be located directly beneath the existing 115 KV transmission line. HEC will make additional communication and protection upgrades to their 115 KV network to improve reliability of service to the proposed LAC facility.
The new LAC substation will include:
Phase 1:
Phase 2: (additional equipment)
15.7.3 Power Distribution
15.7.3.1 13.8 kV Plant Distribution
The 13.8 kV main distribution substation will consist of one 13.8 kV metal-clad switchgear (3 main breakers and feeder breakers including one spare) to allow for the distribution of electrical power to the local substations in the plant. The equipment will be housed in a prefabricated electrical building (E-house) located centrally adjacent to the utility interconnection substation and the acid plant.
The main distribution substation will supply electrical power to downstream substations in each area throughout the plant at 13.8 kV, 3-phase, 60 Hz.
Power factor correction will be used where technically required to meet the minimum power factor requirements from utility.
The plant design will allow the addition of another 13.8 kV main distribution substation which will be installed in Phase 2 of the Project.
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15.7.3.2 System Voltages
Locally positioned substations throughout the plant will be used to transform the electrical power to a voltage suitable for utilization by the various local electrically powered equipment. The distribution voltages are summarized in Table 15-2 below.
The majority of cable runs will be supported on cable trays mounted on the pipe racks. Underground installation is used to support the well field for water supply. Ariel distribution is provided to the mine site.
Table 15-2 System Voltages
Equipment |
Nominal |
No of |
Frequency (Hz) |
Grounding Remarks |
Incoming Supply |
115 kV |
3 |
60 Hz |
TBD |
In-Plant Generation |
13.8 kV |
3 |
60 Hz |
Low Resistance Grounding |
MV Distribution |
13.8 kV |
3 |
60 Hz |
Low Resistance Grounding |
MV Distribution |
4.16 kV |
3 |
60 Hz |
Low Resistance grounding |
LV Distribution |
480 V |
3 |
60 HZ |
High Resistance grounding |
AC UPS |
120 V |
1 |
60 Hz |
Solid grounding |
Lighting |
|
|
|
TBD |
Table 15-3 Motor Voltages
Motor HP Range | DOL* Starting |
Reduced Voltage** Starting |
Motor Rated Voltage (V) |
System Voltage (V) |
Phases |
Below 0.5 | X | X | 115 | 120 | 1 |
0.5 to 200 | X | 460 | 480 | 3 | |
Above 200 up to 6,000 | X | 4,000 | 4,160 | 3 | |
0.5 up to 500 | X | 460 | 480 | 3 | |
500 up to 6,000 | X | 4,000 | 4,160 | 3 | |
6,000 and above | X | X | 13,200 | 13,800 | 3 |
* Direct On Line
** Reduced Voltage Starting (soft starter or variable frequency drive)
15.7.3.3 Electrical Loads
The total connected load for the plant is calculated at 200.9 MW with a calculated operating demand of 141.8 MW. The anticipated load breakdown is summarized in Table 15-4 below. The total power generation is calculated at 89.9 MW from two sulfuric acid plants. Total power import is anticipated to be 51.9 MW (see Table 15-5).
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Table 15-4 Electrical Load Breakdown
Area | Phase 1 Connected (MW) |
Phase 1 Demand (MW) |
Phase 2 Connected (MW) |
Phase 2 Demand (MW) |
Total Connected (MW) |
Total Demand (MW) |
Acid Plant | 20.7 | 14.6 | 20.6 | 14.6 | 41.3 | 29.2 |
Process Plant / Mine | 86.7 | 60.8 | 72.9 | 51.8 | 159.6 | 112.6 |
Total | 107.4 | 75.4 | 93.5 | 66.4 | 200.9 | 141.8 |
Table 15-5 Electrical Load Generation vs. Import
Power |
Phase 1 (MW) |
Phase 2 (MW) |
Total Phase 1 & Phase 2 (MW) |
Generation |
44.9 |
44.9 |
89.9 |
Import |
30.5 |
21.4 |
51.9 |
15.7.3.4 Mine Area, Mine Area Booster Pumps, Attrition Scrubbing, Classification
Power to the mine area, mine area booster pumps, Attrition Scrubbing, Classification will be supplied from the main distribution E-house switchgear by a 13.8 kV overhead distribution line on single wooden poles to the Mine e-house, transformers and switchgears to distribute the power to various loads at the required voltage. voltage.
15.7.3.5 Processing Plant
Power to the processing plant will be supplied from the main distribution substation switchgear via 13.8 kV cables routed in cable trays mounted on pipe racks to supply the process loads while providing feeders to the following areas:
Each area substation will contain all the necessary e-houses, transformers, switchgear and motor control centers to distribute the power to various loads at the required voltage within the process area.
15.7.3.6 Well Site, Booster Pumps, E-Pond Pumps, CTFS Pumps
Power to the water well site, booster pumps, e-pond pumps and CTFS pumps will be supplied from the main distribution E-house switchgear via 13.8 kV cables routed underground in conduits.
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15.7.4 Power Tabulation
Demand loads for Phase 1 and Phase 2 are 75.5 MW and 66.3 MW respectively, for a combined total of 141.8 MW demand during Phase 2. Power will be generated at the sulfuric acid plant from the steam generated from excess heat along with an anticipated import load of 455 GWh/year required. Thacker Pass is located in the service territory of Harney Electric Cooperative (HEC). Since the Nevada power market is regulated, LAC will purchase all imported power from HEC. HEC infrastructure to support this import load will need to be improved. The following table tabulates the power requirements for the Project.
Table 15-6 Project Power Demands
PHASE 1 |
|||
Functional |
Description |
Installed By Area |
Demand By Area |
050 |
Mine Operations |
175 |
20.87 |
110 |
ROM Feed and Log Washing |
977 |
772 |
120 |
Attrition Scrubbing Area (w/ Slurry Transfer) |
1,632 |
1,204 |
130 |
Classification |
7,107 |
3,853 |
210 |
Acid Leaching |
212 |
165 |
220 |
Neutralization Clarification |
649 |
309 |
225 |
Neutralization CCD |
3,453 |
1,565 |
230 |
Neutralization Filtration |
8,057 |
3,834 |
310 |
Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization |
21,736 |
16,980 |
320 |
Magnesium Precipitation |
66 |
33 |
330 |
Magnesium Precipitation Filtration |
1,048 |
528 |
340 |
Calcium Precipitation |
209 |
90 |
350 |
Cation Removal Ion Exchange |
268 |
142 |
410 |
Lithium Carbonate Crystallization |
3,237 |
2,426 |
420 |
Lithium Carbonate Product Handling |
4,877 |
3,901 |
430 |
Na/K Sulfate Salts Crystallization (ZLD) |
7,695 |
6,029 |
500 |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant |
729 |
397 |
510 |
Liquid Sulfur |
115 |
48 |
520 |
SAP Gas & Strong Acid |
10,696 |
8,288 |
530 |
Tail Gas Treatment |
1,247 |
499 |
540 |
BFW and Steam System |
1,785 |
729 |
550 |
Cooling Water System |
345 |
145 |
560 |
Turbo Generator |
3,588 |
2,397 |
570 |
Sulfuric Acid Product |
213 |
85 |
|
Facility Load |
2,012 |
2,012 |
610 |
13.8kV Distribution and Generators |
455 |
455 |
640 |
Compressed Air |
1,496 |
942 |
650 |
Water Systems |
10,769 |
6,555 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
PHASE 1 |
|||
Functional |
Description |
Installed By Area |
Demand By Area |
700 |
Tailings Disposal |
1,021 |
579 |
800 |
Reagents |
2,214 |
1,378 |
905 |
Site Security Building |
45 |
45 |
910 |
Admin Building |
500 |
500 |
915 |
Plant Warehouse Building |
75 |
75 |
920 |
Plant Maintenance Building |
500 |
300 |
925 |
Packaging Warehouse Building |
300 |
300 |
930 |
Plant Laboratory Building |
500 |
500 |
935 |
Truck Facility Building |
20 |
20 |
|
Well Field Security Building |
20 |
20 |
951 |
Process Plant Control Building |
113 |
113 |
Misc. |
Electric Heat Tracing Loads |
1,300 |
1,300 |
|
HVAC/LIGHTS/MISC |
5,913 |
5,913 |
|
Grand Total |
107,370 |
75,446 |
PHASE 2 |
||||
Functional |
Description |
Phase 2 |
Installed By Area |
Demand By Area |
050 |
Mine Operations |
0 |
12 |
1 |
110 |
ROM Feed and Log Washing |
0.5 |
488 |
386 |
120 |
Attrition Scrubbing Area (w/ Slurry Transfer) |
0.5 |
816 |
602 |
130 |
Classification |
1 |
7,107 |
3,853 |
210 |
Acid Leaching |
1 |
212 |
165 |
220 |
Neutralization Clarification |
1 |
649 |
309 |
225 |
Neutralization CCD |
1 |
3,453 |
1,565 |
230 |
Neutralization Filtration |
1 |
8,057 |
3,834 |
310 |
Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization |
1 |
21,736 |
16,980 |
320 |
Magnesium Precipitation |
1 |
66 |
33 |
330 |
Magnesium Precipitation Filtration |
1 |
1,048 |
528 |
340 |
Calcium Precipitation |
1 |
209 |
90 |
350 |
Cation Removal Ion Exchange |
1 |
268 |
142 |
410 |
Lithium Carbonate Crystallization |
1 |
3,237 |
2,426 |
420 |
Lithium Carbonate Product Handling |
1 |
4,389 |
3,511 |
430 |
Na/K Sulfate Salts Crystallization (ZLD) |
1 |
7,695 |
6,029 |
500 |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant |
1 |
700 |
381 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
PHASE 2 |
||||
Functional |
Description |
Phase 2 |
Installed By Area |
Demand By Area |
510 |
Liquid Sulfur |
1 |
115 |
48 |
520 |
SAP Gas & Strong Acid |
1 |
10,696 |
8,288 |
530 |
Tail Gas Treatment |
1 |
1,247 |
499 |
540 |
BFW and Steam System |
1 |
1,732 |
707 |
550 |
Cooling Water System |
1 |
345 |
145 |
560 |
Turbo Generator |
1 |
3,588 |
2,397 |
570 |
Sulfuric Acid Product |
1 |
213 |
85 |
|
Facility Load |
1 |
2,012 |
2,012 |
610 |
13.8kV Distribution and Generators |
1 |
446 |
446 |
640 |
Compressed Air |
1.0 |
1,496 |
942 |
650 |
Water Systems |
0 |
1,615 |
983 |
700 |
Tailings Disposal |
0.6 |
613 |
347 |
800 |
Reagents |
0.8 |
1,793 |
1,116 |
905 |
Site Security Building |
0 |
0 |
0 |
910 |
Admin Building |
0 |
0 |
0 |
915 |
Plant Warehouse Building |
0 |
0 |
0 |
920 |
Plant Maintenance Building |
0 |
0 |
0 |
925 |
Packaging Warehouse Building |
1 |
270 |
270 |
930 |
Plant Laboratory Building |
0 |
0 |
0 |
935 |
Truck Facility Building |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Well Field Security Building |
0 |
0 |
0 |
951 |
Process Plant Control Building |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Misc. |
Electric Heat Tracing Loads |
1 |
1,300 |
1,300 |
|
HVAC/LIGHTS/MISC |
1 |
5,913 |
5,913 |
|
Grand Total |
|
93,538 |
66,334 |
15.8 Sulfuric Acid Production
The sulfuric acid plants for the Project are Double Contact Double Absorption (DCDA) sulfur burning sulfuric acid plants with heat recovery systems (HRS). The plants sizing was maximized based upon the use of single pieces of equipment such as a single blower train instead of two operating in parallel, and a single waste heat boiler to optimize production versus capital.
Phase 1 and Phase 2 will each have a single sulfuric acid plant capable of producing nominal 3,000 t/d (100 weight % H2SO4 basis) of sulfuric acid by burning liquid elemental sulfur. Sulfur is delivered to site by truck and is unloaded by gravity into a single Sulfur Unloading Pit which provides sulfur to both sulfuric acid plants. The sulfuric acid generated from each plant is used in the process plant for the chemical production of lithium carbonate. The total annual operating days is based upon expected scheduled and unscheduled maintenance. Acid production is a function of the plant's nominal capacity and production over Design Capacity with production efficiency of the equipment decreasing over a three-year period until scheduled maintenance occurs. Each sulfuric acid plant has two Liquid Sulfur Storage Tanks with a combined storage capacity of 28 days. The sulfur is transferred from the tanks to the Sulfur Feed Pit and from there to the Sulfur Furnace.
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The chemical processes in the sulfuric acid plant include combustion of sulfur to produce SO2, catalytic conversion of SO2 to SO3 and absorption of SO3 in acid, all of which generate large amounts of excess heat. This excess heat is captured via economizers, a waste heat boiler, and super-heaters to produce steam which, in turn, is used to generate electrical power via the acid plant steam turbine generator (STG) set. Energy recovery from the absorption reaction is maximized through the use of the HRS system which generates saturated intermediate pressure steam for internal process users with the balance superheated for injection into the STG set. Low pressure steam is extracted from the STG set for use in the lithium processing plant. The individual STG power output is 45.2 MW, and each sulfuric acid internal consumption is 13.0 MW, leaving a net export of 32.2 MW from each turbine for use by the lithium processing plant.
A Tail Gas Scrubber is provided for each sulfuric acid plant where residual SO2 and acid mist in the tail gas is removed to less than US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) emission limits before the gas is expelled to atmosphere via a tail gas stack. Sodium hydroxide solution is used as the scrubbing medium and the effluent is consumed in the lithium processing plant.
Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR)'s will be installed on both sulfuric acid plants to minimize nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions when the second plant is built for Phase 2.
Each plant has two Sulfuric Acid Storage Tanks with a combined storage capacity of 7 days. A single Start-up Acid Tank services both sulfuric acid plants. Acid is produced at 98.5%. Acid is diluted to 93% in the winter months for freeze protection. A truck loadout facility services both sulfuric acid plants. A single Control Room also services both sulfuric acid plants.
Water use in the sulfuric acid plants is minimized by utilizing closed loop air coolers for the strong acid system, and an air-cooled condenser on the turbine generator. A small open loop cooling tower is utilized only for product acid cooling and lube oil systems.
Liquid effluents are minimized in the plant design. Reverse osmosis rejects from the Water Demineralizer are returned to a common Process Condensate Tank for re-use within the complex. Storm Water is collected by the event collection pond which services the process plant area. The strong acid sump contents, which may be acidic, are delivered to an Elemental Neutralization Facility which services both sulfuric acid plants. From the Elementary Neutralization Facility, the contents can be consumed in the Lithium Processing Plant.
Sound enclosures are provided where necessary to attenuate operational noise levels to below acceptable limits.
15.9 Water Supply
15.9.1 Water Source and System Design
The Thacker Pass water supply system is shown in Figure 15-5. The existing Quinn Raw Water Well has been tested and is able to sustain 908 m3/h (4,000 gpm) which satisfies the expected average demand servicing all potable, mining and process flow streams for Phase 2. A backup well is planned to be installed one mile west of the existing production well to maintain a constant supply of water if one well pump is down for maintenance or repairs.
The hydraulic capacity of the pump and piping system from the production wells to the plant site is 908 m3/h (4,000 gpm). The Process Plant Raw/Fire Water Tank capacity is 5,680 m3 (1.5 M gallons), storing 4,770 m3 (1.26 M gallons) for 6 hours make up water, above the fire water reserve.
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Figure 15-5 Thacker Pass Water Supply System
Source: M3, 2022
15.9.2 Potable Water
The combined site demand for potable water at the process plant and mine site was estimated to be approximately 100 m3/d (27,000 gallons per day), based on Phase 2 headcount plus the continuous flow demands of the potable system.
15.9.3 Fire Water
The site fire water reserve volumes for the process plant and mine site were calculated to be 908 m3 and 1,135 m3 (240,000 gallons and 300,000 gallons), respectively. These estimates were developed in accordance with National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Codes & Standards. Fire water is fed via gravity to the Process Plant. Raw water is pumped up to the Mine Raw/Fire Water Tank where it is stored as reserve and, in the event of a fire, will be pumped to the various hydrants located throughout the mine service area.
15.10 Waste Rock and Tailings
Table 15-7 shows a summary of the volumes contained in each storage facility and the estimated volume of each facility at the end of the 40-year mine life.
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Table 15-7 Design and Requirement Volumes for Stockpiles and Facilities (Millions of Cubic Yards)
Facility Name | Design Storage Mm3 (MCY) |
40 Year LOM Required Storage Mm3 (MCY) |
% of Design |
West Waste Rock Storage Facility (WRSF) | 21.3 (27.9) | 20.2 (26.4) | 95% |
East Waste Rock Storage Facility (WRSF) | 16.3 (21.3) | 0 (0) | 0% |
Coarse Gangue Stockpile (CGS) | 17.5 (22.9) | 17.5 (22.9) | 100% |
Growth Media Stockpiles (GMS) | 12.3 (16.1) | 5.0 (6.6) | 41% |
Clay Tailings Filter Stack (CTFS) | 266.9 (349.1) | 250.7 (327.9) | 94% |
All facilities have expansion potential. |
NOTE: Storage quantities largely determined by short-term processing requirements or surface area mined, and thus are not reassessed for the 25-year case separately.
15.10.1 Mine Waste Rock and Growth Media Stockpiles
Approximately 233 M wet tonnes of ore will be mined from the open pit. Once the pit is opened and established, concurrent backfill with waste rock and coarse gangue will be employed. Initially, excavation will start on the western side of the overall pit extents. The West WRSF will be located southwest of the pit and will store 21.3 Mm3 (27.9 MCY) of excavated mine waste rock material. The East WRSF was designed to the east of the pit and can store 16.3 Mm3 (21.3.2 MCY) but the latest mine plan shows it may not be needed due to the available backfill capacity in the pit. Several growth media stockpiles will store material salvaged from proposed disturbance. These stockpiles will be located southeast of the West WRSF, south of the pit, near the ROM ore stockpile, near the CGS and northeast of the East WRSF.
15.10.2 Coarse Gangue Stockpile
Coarse gangue is produced in the classification stage of the mineral processing unit operation and is conveyed into the CGS after going through a dewatering process. LAC will convey the coarse gangue material to the CGS located east of the open pit. The gangue material will include lithium content whose economic value cannot be extracted at this time with a rate of return meeting LAC's criteria, using the proposed flowsheet. The stockpile is currently designed to store approximately 17.5 Mm3 (22.9 MCY) of material. The total capacity of the coarse gangue stockpile will be used. The remaining coarse gangue generated from the process operations will be backfilled in the pit.
The CGS will be placed above existing ground that has been stripped of growth media. The stripped growth media will be placed in the growth media stockpile(s). The stripped existing ground will be lined with one foot of low hydraulic conductivity soil layer (LHCSL), which will then be covered with a material to prevent the LHCSL from drying out or cracking. Perforated Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe (CPE pipe) will be placed in the major drainages to promote drainage to the CGS Sediment Pond.
The current design for the CG has 15 m (50 ft) lift heights and 18 m (60 ft) benches graded between each lift to provide an overall stacking slope of 4H:1V. Additional stability analysis completed by NewFields show that the coarse gangue stockpile can be stacked to 3H:1V slopes and still meet the minimum stability requirements if the sands are adequately dewatered during the classification process. Additional strength testing of the coarse gangue material will be conducted during operations and side slope requirements may change in the future.
Stormwater runoff from the CGS will drain to the low point on the south side of the facility into the CGS Sediment Pond. The CGS Sediment Pond is fully lined with a single layer of HDPE geomembrane and is designed to contain runoff from a 100-year, 24-hour storm event. The sediment pond is designed to store two feet of sediment and have three feet of freeboard above the spillway invert. After storm events, water from these ponds will be pumped for use into the process circuit. Storm events greater than a 100-year, 24-hour event and up to a 500-year event will drain out of the overflow spillway into the CTFS West Diversion Channel. The peak flow from a 500-year, 24-hour storm event can pass through the spillway with one foot of freeboard to the crest of the pond. Sediment will be removed from the facility once the sediment design capacity has been reached. Riprap will be installed at the outlet of the sediment pond.
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15.10.3 Clay Tailings and Salt Storage
Lithium processing will produce tailings comprised of acid leach residue filter cake (clay material), magnesium sulfate salt and sodium/potassium sulfate salts, which is collectively referred to as clay tailings. The clay tailings strategy is based on consideration of the following aspects of the site plan:
Placement of clay tailings, otherwise termed as "filtered tailings", differs from conventional slurry tailings methodology and typically has higher operating costs but with the benefit of improved stability and reduced water consumption. At the tailings storage site, it is possible to reduce the tailings to a moisture content amenable to placement in the CTFS.
At the end of the leach neutralization process cycle, water from the clay tailings is recovered by solid-liquid separation (dewatering), utilizing filter presses. The filtered tailings are then transported by conveyor to the HDPE lined CTFS facility. In this state, the filtered tailings can be spread, scarified, air dried (if required) and compacted in lifts similar to the practice for typical earth embankment construction.
15.10.4 Tailings Production and Stack Design
At full plant production, up to approximately 20,300 dry tonnes per day of clay tailings and salts will be generated, resulting in a total of 272 M dry tonnes or 250.7 Mm3 (327.9 MCY) requiring secure disposal over a forty-year period. The CTFS will accommodate this volume with a stack height of up to 94.5 m (310 ft). The facility will be expanded throughout the life of the mine with an initial footprint covering nearly 0.8 km2 (9 M ft2). Future expansion would take place to the east and upslope to the north, in combination with an increased stack height. The CTFS is designed for a volume of 266.9 Mm3 (349.1 MCY) to demonstrate expansion potential, however only 250.7 Mm3 (327.9 MCY) is anticipated to be generated over the 40-year year mine life. As a result, the facility will only be constructed, and expanded over the LOM, to store the necessary amounts of volume generated.
The design of the CTFS is based on the following key considerations:
Figure 15-6 presents the CTFS conceptual design.
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Figure 15-6 CTFS Conceptual Design
Source: NewFields, 2022
The tailings will be stacked with a compacted structural zone around the perimeter of the facility, and a lower compaction nonstructural zone in the interior of the stack. Tailings will be placed in lifts, the thickness of which may be determined using test pads during the start of operations that meet the minimum density requirements. Concurrent with construction of each lift, a layer of waste rock material may be placed in select areas (roadways/travel lanes) on the clay tailings to provide a trafficable surface for relocating and operating vehicles and conveyors. The thickness of the waste rock layer will depend on the quality of the materials, the maximum particle size, and the construction equipment used. The waste should be considered a contingency and will be placed on an as needed basis to provide a working surface for vehicles and conveyors. The material will likely be sourced from the pit, delivered using haul trucks, and spread using a bulldozer.
The exterior slopes of the structural zone of the CTFS will be graded to provide stability based on a minimum static safety factor of 1.3. The CTFS will be fully lined with an HDPE geomembrane, underlain with a six-inch liner bedding material. The facility will include an underdrain collection system above the geomembrane to collect drainage from the stack. Drainage from the stack will report to the geomembrane-lined reclaim pond.
With an arid climate averaging 31.2 cm (12.3 in) per annum of precipitation, the evaporation rate will exceed precipitation.
The approach to protecting the environment is based on the following factors:
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16 Market Studies
16.1 2021 and 2022 Synopsis
Lithium demand displayed significant growth in 2021 and 2022 due to strong consumer demand for electric vehicles, increased product offerings and government policies to encourage electrification. Battery Grade supply in 2022 is estimated at 465.7 kt lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) with an additional 9.8 kt LCE from secondary sources, totaling an expected 475.5 kt LCE supply (Wood Mackenzie, 2022). This is an increase in supply of 78.6 kt LCE from 2021, or 20% growth year-over-year (YOY).
Increases in production from Albemarle, SQM and Chinese suppliers were predominantly responsible for supply growth. Supply is not forecasted to meet demand in 2022, and an estimated supply deficit of nearly 67 kt LCE is expected (excluding inventory impacts). The tight market resulted in strong upward pressure on prices to all-time highs in the spot market. Fastmarkets battery grade, spot price (DDP Europe and US) reached $72,500/t for battery grade lithium carbonate in October, 2022. Contract pricing for battery grade lithium chemicals also increased throughout 2022, settling around $52,000/t for hydroxide and $39,000/t for carbonate in Q3 2022 (Wood Mackenzie, 2022). As spot prices are a leading indicator, contract pricing is expected to significantly increase in 2023 for battery grade lithium chemicals.
16.2 Supply and Demand Forecast
Demand is forecasted to increase from electrification of the transportation sector and stationary storage supported by government policy in the EU, North America, and Asia. Sales of passenger and light duty electric vehicles are expected to increase from 5.8 million in 2021 to over 15 million in 2025 (approximately 15% of total vehicles sold). By 2030, approximately 31% of all passenger vehicles sold are forecasted to be electric.
Unit sales of medium duty and heavy-duty vehicles, such as buses and e-trucks, are also expected to grow 26% by 2025. The size of battery packs is forecasted to increase for passenger vehicles, from 40 kWh in 2021 to nearly 50 kWh by 2025 (Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, 2021).
The timely and successful ramp-up of refined lithium operations will be critical to meeting demand growth. Many new projects have focused on battery grade lithium hydroxide (using spodumene feedstock typically from Australia), which will likely lead to a tight carbonate market in the mid-term. The majority of proposed lithium feedstock greenfield and expansion projects are located in China, Argentina, Australia and Chile and vary considerably in probability of success. Supply forecasts to 2040 are presented in Figure 16-1.
Benchmark Mineral Intelligence (2021) estimates global lithium demand will double by 2024 to 970 kt and reach 2,570 kt by 2030 (Figure 16-1). Supply deficits are expected to increase significantly in 2022 to over 100 kt lithium carbonate. By 2024 the deficit is estimated at 220 kt and 963 kt by 2030. This trend is forecasted to continue to at least 2040. Roskill (2021), later acquired by Wood Mackenzie, has a similar demand/deficit forecast in 2030, although the supply deficit in 2024 is estimated to be 104 kt.
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Figure 16-1 Lithium market balance 2020-2040
Source: Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, 2021
Going forward, the market demand is expected to be balanced between lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide towards the end of the decade. Advancements in LFP technology, namely improvements in energy density and lower costs which have resulted in surging customer orders, are expected to drive this balance going forward.
16.3 Pricing
In the near term, both spot and contract prices are expected to continue to rise as demand outpaces supply, with not enough additional tonnage available to ease market tightness; this will be exacerbated by the expectation of rising spodumene feedstock costs.
In the mid-term, pricing between hydroxide and carbonate are not expected to widen significantly. Rising prices are expected to incentivize investment in new projects, many of these announcements are from within China or by Chinese companies with little to no feedstock offtake arrangements. A shortage of primary mined supply is expected to maintain upward pricing pressure.
In the long term, unprecedented market demand combined with lack of supply is expected to support pricing required to incentivize CAPEX-intensive greenfield projects. In addition, pressure from customers to incorporate carbon-neutral and sustainable technologies will further increase CAPEX and operational costs that will be reflected in pricing.
16.4 Pricing Forecast
Base case lithium carbonate pricing is simplified as a fixed $24,000 per tonne, which is the long-term price forecast of Wood Mackenzie's third quarter 2022 report (Wood Mackenzie, 2022). Owing to timing of resource and reserve estimation, Wood Mackenzie's second quarter 2022 report (Wood Mackenzie, 2022) was used at $22,000 per tonne lithium carbonate.
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Table 16-1 Lithium Price Forecast (Q3 2022)
Lithium Carbonate Price (US$/t, CIF) |
2023 |
2024 |
2025 |
2026 |
2027 |
2028 |
2029 |
2030 |
2031 |
2032 / LT |
Contract, CIF |
58,684 |
56,223 |
47,788 |
42,500 |
36,000 |
29,000 |
26,000 |
24,000 |
23,500 |
24,000 |
Note: Real prices used, where available. |
||||||||||
1. Prices assume straight-line from final yearly forecast to LT price. |
||||||||||
2. 2032 / LT represents lithium carbonate pricing beyond 2032 |
16.5 Contracts
LAC does not currently have any offtake contracts or agreements in place for the Thacker Pass Project.
A contract mining agreement with Sawtooth has been entered into for the Thacker Pass Project. LAC is under contract with Bechtel for Engineering Procurement and Construction Management (EPCM) services and is finalizing contracts with various equipment vendors.
16.6 Qualified Person Statement
Daniel Roth, the QP responsible for this section of the TRS has reviewed the studies, forecasts and analysis presented herein and confirms that the results support the assumptions made in this TRS.
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17 Environmental Studies, Permitting, and Plans, Negotiations, or Agreements with Local Individuals or Groups
This section summarizes the available information on environmental, permitting, and social/community factors related to the construction, operation, reclamation, and closure of LAC's Thacker Pass Project (the Project). The units in this section are given in metric with the original imperial (i.e., US standard units) in parentheses to maintain consistency with permitting documentation.
17.1 Introduction
The Project is located on public lands administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Construction of the Project requires permits and approvals from various Federal, State, and local government agencies.
The process for BLM authorization includes the submission of a proposed Mine Plan of Operations (PoO, previously defined) and Reclamation Plan for approval by the agency. LAC submitted the Thacker Pass Project Proposed PoO and Reclamation Plan Permit Application on August 1, 2019 (LAC, 2019a). The permit application was preceded by LAC's submission of baseline environmental studies documenting the collection and reporting of data for environmental, natural, and socio-economic resources used to support mine planning and design, impact assessment, and approval processes.
As part of the overall permitting and approval process, the BLM completed an analysis in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) to assess the reasonably foreseeable impacts to the human and natural environment that could result from the implementation of Project activities. As the lead Federal regulatory agency managing the NEPA process, the BLM prepared and issued a Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), (DOI-BLM-NV-W010-2020-0012-EIS) on December 3, 2020 (BLM, 2020). Following the issuance of the FEIS, BLM issued the EIS Record of Decision (ROD) and Plan of Operations Approval on January 15, 2021 (BLM, 2021). In addition, a detailed Reclamation Cost Estimate (RCE) has been prepared and submitted to both the BLM and Nevada Division of Environmental Protection-Bureau of Mining, Regulation and Reclamation (NDEP-BMRR). On October 28, 2021, the NDEP-BMRR approved the PoO with the issuance of draft Reclamation Permit 0415. On February 25, 2022, the NDEP-BMRR issued the final Reclamation Permit 0415. The BLM will require the placement of a financial guarantee (reclamation bond) to ensure that all disturbances from the mine and process site are reclaimed once mining concludes.
Regulatory agencies that formally cooperated or participated in the preparation of the EIS included NDEP-BMRR; the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA); the United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS); the State of Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW); and Humboldt County.
There are no identified issues that are expected to prevent LAC from achieving all permits and authorizations required to commence construction and operation of the Project based on the data that has been collected to date.
17.2 Permitting Pre-Planning Process
To prepare for the NEPA and environmental permitting processes, LAC submitted baseline environmental data and engaged with regulatory agencies prior to submitting the PoO to the BLM and NDEP-BMRR. Beginning in January 2012, LNC (then known as Western Lithium Corp.) presented to the BLM an initial project overview and a summary of existing baseline information. Over the next several years, LAC redesigned the Project to concentrate on developing the resource at Thacker Pass. LAC made changes to the Project as a direct result of engaging with regulators and community members, evaluating environmental resources, and concluding a supplemental exploration program in the Thacker Pass Area.
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In December 2017, LAC presented the updated conceptual PoO to the BLM. In January 2018, LAC met with key permitting agencies including the BLM, USFWS, NDOW and NDEP-BMRR to provide detail on the hydrological baseline characterization, followed in June 2018 by a meeting with NDEP-BMRR and BLM to address the geochemistry baseline characterization program. On October 5, 2018, LAC formally submitted the Conceptual Mine Plan of Operations and Reclamation Permit Application to the BLM and NDEP-BMRR, proposing to explore, develop, construct, operate, reclaim, and close an open pit lithium claystone mining and lithium processing operation at Thacker Pass (LAC, 2018). LAC completed baseline data collection by December 2018 and early 2019 and submitted baseline environmental reports to the BLM.
In developing the Project, LAC engaged in meetings with BLM, NDEP-BMRR and other regulatory agencies, and received guidance from agencies on the direction of all baseline studies and ecological-resource priorities. Baseline data was collected with the oversight from BLM, NDEP, NDOW, and USFWS. LAC and its consultants prepared baseline data collection work plans (SRK 2019, Piteau 2018e), which were submitted to BLM for review and approval prior to finalizing the baseline data collection. The full content of the PoO was based on an iterative process. Technical data was derived from the engineering design process and from the environmental baseline study efforts.
LAC's Thacker Pass Project Proposed PoO was submitted to the BLM and NDEP-BMRR, on August 1, 2019 (LAC 2019a), to describe a proposed Project that would encompass approximately 4,236 hectares (10,468 acres) with an estimated disturbance footprint of approximately 2,244 hectares (5,545 acres). A new Exploration Plan of Operations was also proposed at the same time (LAC, 2019b) to perform mineral exploration in areas south and east of the Project area. The boundaries of these two Plan of Operations areas are shown on Figure 17-1. On September 6, 2019, the BLM acknowledged receipt of the Thacker Pass Project PoO, deemed the PoO technically complete, and assigned the Project BLM Case File Number NVN098596. Responding to agency comments, LAC revised the PoO and submitted the latest version on October 15, 2021. As required by the BLM, LAC's PoO includes mine and processing design information and mining methods, waste rock management plan, quality assurance plan, stormwater plan, spill prevention plan, reclamation plan, monitoring plan, and an interim management plan.
Figure 17-1 Plan of Operations and Exploration Area Permitted Boundaries
Source: LAC, 2022
To obtain necessary Federal and State permits, LAC continues to engage with regulatory agencies including USFWS, NDEP, Nevada Division of Water Resources (NDWR), NDOW, and Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT).
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The engagements leading up to the submission of the mine PoO provided the BLM and other agencies with an opportunity to understand the Project and prepare for the EIS process prior to BLM's issuance of a Notice of Intent (NOI) to prepare an EIS issued in January 2020.
17.3 Federal, State, and Local Regulatory Permitting Requirements
A review by multiple administrative agencies is undertaken to obtain all required Federal, State, and local agency permits and approvals necessary to construct, operate and ultimately reclaim and close the proposed Project.
The following permits are explained in the sections below.
17.3.1 Federal Permits
17.3.1.1 Bureau of Land Management
As lead Federal agency, BLM's Winnemucca District Office managed the NEPA process for the PoO with participation from cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies. BLM approval for the proposed Project was provided in accordance with the General Mining Law, which provides a statutory right to mine, and related Surface Management Regulations contained in 43 CFR 3809.
The BLM determined that LAC's proposed PoO under 43 CFR 3809 was a "major Federal action," and the agency sequentially initiated the review of the Project for compliance with NEPA. Consultations regarding historic properties and locations of Native American Religious Concern were conducted by the BLM between 2018-2021 pursuant to the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800 in compliance and accordance with the BLM-Nevada State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) 2014 State Protocol Agreement. The BLM coordinates NEPA and NHPA Section 106 compliance by using the NEPA scoping process to partially fulfill NHPA public notification requirements to seek input from the public and other consulting parties on the Project and its effects on historic properties. The BLM further coordinated with the USEPA regarding environmental justice issues. BLM also consulted with USFWS, which provided an official list of Threatened and Endangered Species that could potentially occur within the Project area and served as a cooperating agency in the development of the EIS. As the state agency with jurisdiction and expertise related to wildlife, NDOW also participated as a cooperating agency in discussions regarding wildlife and special status species habitat, reclamation strategy, and other wildlife issues. Potential effects to Bald and Golden Eagles were analyzed to assist USFWS evaluation of the applicant's application for an Incidental Golden Eagle Take Permit under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (50 CFR 22) (the impacts were programmatically analyzed in the PEIS [USFWS, 2016a]). USFWS issued a Record of Decision approving the Eagle Take Permit on March 8, 2022, followed by issuance of the permit on April 8, 2022.
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17.3.1.2 Environmental Documentation Process
NEPA provided a public process for analyzing and disclosing to the public the direct and cumulative impacts to the human environment that could result from the proposed action and selected alternatives; taking a 'hard look' at impacts and assessing the level of significance for identified impact from the Project and alternatives; and proposing mitigation measures if needed to reduce the potential impact from the selected proposed action. Following the NEPA analysis and review process, a ROD was prepared to document the Federal agency's decision(s) concerning a proposed action for which the agency has prepared the EIS. The ROD states what the decision is; identifies the alternatives considered, including the environmentally preferred alternative; and discusses mitigation plans, including any enforcement and monitoring commitments. After preparing the Draft and Final EIS documents, BLM issued a Record of Decision (ROD) and Plan of Operations Approval on January 15, 2021 (BLM, 2021).
In compliance with the January 15, 2020 EIS ROD Conditions of Approval, and in compliance with State Mitigation Regulation Nevada Administrative Code (NAC) 232.400-232, on March 21, 2022, LNC fulfilled its initial compensatory mitigation obligation regarding sage-grouse, in coordination with the State of Nevada Sagebrush Ecosystem Council. LNC also completed its initial mitigation commitments under the Eagle Take Permit in April 2022.
17.3.2 State Permits
NDEP-BMRR is the primary State agency regulating mining. There are three branches within BMRR: Regulation, Reclamation, and Closure. NDEP-BAPC works closely with NDEP-BMRR on mining projects and issues permits to construct facilities that emit gases or particulate matter to the atmosphere. NDWR issues an appropriation to use groundwater for mining, milling, and domestic purposes.
The State of Nevada does not have the equivalent of the Federal NEPA process requiring an impact assessment. However, most State permits and authorizations require public notice and a comment period after the completion of an administrative and technical review of the proposed facilities permit before approval. There is also a baseline characterization requirement that is accomplished using baseline data acquired during the preparation of the PoO.
17.3.2.1 Water Pollution Control Permit
NDEP-BMRR Regulation Branch administers the State of Nevada WPCP application process for the mine, ore processing, and operation of the fluid management system in accordance with Nevada Administrative Code (NAC) 445A.350 through NAC 445A.447. A WPCP includes requirements for the management and monitoring of the mine and ore processing operations, including the fluid management system, to prevent the degradation of waters of the state (NAC 445A.424). The permit also includes procedures for temporary, seasonal, and tentative permanent closure of mine and ore processing operations.
On April 3, 2020, LAC submitted the Thacker Pass Project WPCP Application to the Regulation Branch. The application included an Engineering Design Report (EDR) for the Clay Tailings Filter Stack (CTFS), Waste Rock Storage Facility (WRSF), Coarse Gangue Stockpile (CGS), mine facilities, and process plant components. On October 29, 2020, May 3, 2021, and August 30, 2021, LAC received formal comments from NDEP-BMRR regarding the WPCP application. LAC addressed the comments received to date. On October 28, 2021, NDEP-BMRR issued Notice of Proposed Action, Beginning of Public Comment Period, Notice of Public Hearing, and Thacker Pass Project Draft WPCP NEV2020104. A public hearing was held on December 1, 2021, and the public comment period ended on December 8, 2021. The final WPCP (NEV2020104) was issued on February 25, 2022 and became effective March 12, 2022. The final WPCP will likely need to be modified in accordance with the most recent engineering updates and be reviewed and approved by NDEP-BMRR.
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A WPCP is valid for a duration of 5 years, provided the operator remains in compliance with the regulations. LAC would be expected to apply for permit renewals in 5-year increments during the mine life. In line with this NDEP-BMRR requirement, the BLM-issued ROD includes a stipulation requiring adaptive mitigation, including updating the groundwater model every five years to include new data. The final WPCP states that operations will not take place below the 1,475 m (4,840 ft) above mean sea level elevation, which is 4.5 m (15 ft) above the pre-mining regional water table. Prior to mining below the water table (which is not expected to take place for approximately 15 years at Phase 2 production rates), LAC would be required to submit, for NDEP review and approval, a revised WPCP application. That application would include a then-current groundwater model which evaluates the impacts and demonstrates waters of the State will not be degraded. Alignment with federal authorizations would also be sought as may be required. Based on current modeling, several approaches to long-term water management for operations below the water table have been identified. Those measures include in-pit water pumping with passive water treatment, and the creation of a hydraulic sink to control contaminants through a modified backfill plan. Other options would be studied prior to submitting an updated application, including the use of an adsorption amendment for backfill material placed below the water table.
17.3.2.2 Reclamation Permit
NDEP-BMRR Reclamation Branch issues a Reclamation Permit for the Project, in accordance with NAC 519A, to reclaim and close the mine, ore processing, and related transportation facilities in the unanticipated event of a default by the operator.
The PoO submittal to the BLM and NDEP-BMRR contains the Reclamation Permit Application. The application is reviewed concurrently by both the BLM and NDEP-BMRR under a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between these two agencies. NDEP-BMRR has cooperatively reviewed the PoO and has accepted the Reclamation Permit Application to establish a financial guarantee for reclamation activities meeting Federal and State requirements to ensure that adequate funds are available to reclaim and close the site.
A draft RCE was developed and was included as an attachment to the WPCP application, submitted to NDEP-BMRR. The revised RCE was submitted October 15, 2021, for final approval. On October 28, 2021, NDEP-BMRR Reclamation Branch issued Notice of Intent and draft Reclamation Permit (Permit 0415) for the Thacker Pass Project. The final Reclamation Permit was issued on February 25, 2022. The Project will be bonded under LAC's existing BLM Statewide Bond, BLM Bond Number NVB001750.
17.3.2.3 Air Quality Permit
NDEP-BAPC issues Air Quality Permits for the construction and operation of mine and process facilities to maintain ambient air quality. Permits are issued in accordance with NAC 445B.001 through NAC 445B.3689. NDEP-BAPC has primacy for air quality activities in Humboldt County under the Federal Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended. Based on the Project design and the analyses by Air Sciences, LAC applied for a Class II Air Quality Operating Permit from the NDEP-BAPC, which is a permit typical for facilities that emit less than 90 tonnes (100 short tons) per year for any one regulated pollutant, emit less than 23 tonnes (25 short tons) per year for total hazardous air pollutants (HAP), and emit less than 9 tonnes (10 short tons) per year of any one HAP. The Class II Air Quality Operating Permit Application was submitted to NDEP-BAPC on January 22, 2021. On October 18, 2021, NDEP-BAPC made a preliminary determination to issue a Class II Air Quality Operating for the Thacker Pass Project; Permit Number AP1479-4334. The public comment period for the proposed permit was open from October 18, 2021 through November 18, 2021. The final Class II Air Quality Operating Permit (AP1479-4334) was issued February 25, 2022. The final Class II Air Quality Operating Permit will likely need to be modified in accordance with the most recent engineering updates and approved by NDEP-BAPC.
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The Thacker Pass Project NEPA Air Quality Impact Analysis Report (Air Sciences, 2019a) indicates the proposed Project meets the criteria to be considered a minor source for new source review, in particular:
Given that the facility-wide potential process source emissions for the proposed Project are expected to be below the 90 tonne (100 short ton) per year threshold for the Title V program, the proposed Project would be considered a minor source, not subject to Title V permitting. Additionally, the facility-wide HAP emissions for the proposed Project are expected to be less than 9 tonnes (10 short tons) per year for a single HAP and less than 23 tonnes (25 short tons) per year for all HAP emissions in aggregate. Therefore, the proposed Project is considered to be an area source for National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants applicability.
17.3.2.4 Groundwater Appropriation
Approvals to use groundwater for mining, milling, and domestic purposes are issued by NDWR, typically for the life of the mine. On April 1, 2020, LAC submitted applications to NDWR to change the point of diversion, manner of use, and place of use for Nevada Water Right Permits 68633 and 68634. These water rights would be transferred from the LAC-owned ranch east of the Project site. Additional applications to change the point of diversion, manner of use, and place of use for Nevada Water Right Permits 18494, 15605, 21059, 21060, 24617, 83819, 83820, 83821 were submitted August 11, 2020. These water rights would be transferred from a ranch east of the Project site pursuant to a purchase agreement with the nearby ranch. A total of 3,515 million liters (2,850 acre-feet) of water rights are currently proposed to be transferred to Thacker Pass. Additional water rights would need to be acquired and transferred for Phase 2 of the Project.
Two ranches, one in the Quinn River Valley and one in the King's River Valley, have protested the transfer of the water rights. LAC believes that the transfer applications comply with the State standards. A water rights hearing occurred December 1 to December 8, 2021, and the decision by the Nevada State Engineer regarding the water rights transfer is pending.
17.3.3 Humboldt County Permits
The Humboldt County Regional Planning Department (HCRPD) has the responsibility to issue a conditional use permit (similar to zoning) allowing for mining and processing land use at the Project. LAC holds a conditional use permit issued by the HCRPD in 2013 for initially the Kings Valley Clay Mine (which was proposed in 2013 but never fully developed), which the HCRPD confirmed is current and valid for the Thacker Pass Project on July 8, 2021.
The County Building Department will issue various permits to construct and inhabit structures and facilities at the Project, including building, electrical, plumbing and mechanical permits and inspections.
Other Federal, State and Humboldt County agencies will issue additional permits, approvals, notices, or concurrences for various mine operations and activities in accordance with applicable Federal, State and county ordinances, guidelines, laws, and regulations. Existing permits will be regularly reviewed and assessed. Should engineering design changes be proposed, LAC will apply for and obtain appropriate permit modifications and/or amendments, as needed.
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17.4 Summary Schedule for Permitting, Approvals, and Construction
The Project is being considered in two phases, lasting 40 years. LAC will utilize existing surface transportation infrastructure (highways) to service the Project. The following is a summary schedule for permitting, approvals and construction:
17.5 Current Permitting Status
Multiple activities have been completed or are underway to develop the required information for permitting the Project. Engagement with various permitting agencies, the local community, and the Native American communities is an ongoing process.
17.6 Community Engagement
LAC has developed a Community Engagement Plan (LAC, 2022), recognizing that the support of stakeholders is important to the success of the Project. The Project was designed to reflect information collected during numerous stakeholder meetings.
A summary of community engagement activities performed to date is provided in Table 17-1.
Table 17-1 Key Community Engagement Summary
Date |
Event |
September 30, 2009 |
Introduction letter to Nevada Bighorns Unlimited |
September 21, 2013 |
Orovada Community Picnic/Project update |
October 10, 2013 |
Update to Humboldt County Commissioners |
November 2, 2015 |
Update to Humboldt County Commissioners |
April 9, 2016 |
Update to Humboldt Hunt Club |
May 8, 2017 |
Update to Trout Unlimited |
June 15, 2017 |
Update to Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribal Leaders |
June 15, 2017 |
Update to Humboldt County Commission member |
July 27, 2017 |
Orovada Community Picnic/Project update |
November 1, 2017 |
Update to Humboldt County Commission member |
February 6, 2018 |
Update to Trout Unlimited |
July 27, 2018 |
Town Hall Meeting in Winnemucca |
July 27, 2018 |
Community gathering in Orovada |
October 3, 2018 |
Tour of Thacker Pass site for Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribal leaders |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Date |
Event |
October 17,2018 |
Update to Humboldt Hunt Club |
November 7, 2018 |
Presentation to the Coalition for Nevada Wildlife |
April 24, 2019 |
Presentation to Winnemucca Rotary |
April 27, 2019 |
Update to Humboldt Hunt Club |
May 30, 2019 |
Presentation and tour of R&D Facility1 for Great Basin Resource Watch |
September 4, 2019 |
Tour of R&D Facility for Winnemucca stakeholders |
October 10, 2019 |
Tour of R&D Facility for Nevada Commission on Mineral Resources |
November 26, 2019 |
Project update to Trout Unlimited |
January 29, 2020 |
Meeting with Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribal leaders |
January 29, 2020 |
Orovada Community Open House/Project update |
January 30, 2020 |
Winnemucca Community Open House/Project update |
March 11, 2020 |
Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe Open House/Project Update/Job Fair |
July 6, 2020 |
Update to Humboldt County Commissioners |
July 20, 2020 |
Presentation to the Reno Rotary |
August 4, 2020 |
Meeting with Humboldt County Commissioner |
August 24, 2020 |
Presentation to the Nevada Legislative Energy Committee |
September 17, 2020 |
Presentation to the Humboldt County Chamber of Commerce |
Sept - Oct, 2020 |
BuildNV Core Construction Training Program Winnemucca session |
October 20, 2020 |
Presentation to the Nevada Mineral Exploration Coalition |
October 22, 2020 |
Presentation to University of Nevada, Reno Energy Policy Class |
Nov - Dec, 2020 |
BuildNV Core Construction Training Program Fort McDermitt session |
February 9, 2021 |
Project Update to Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribal Council |
February 19, 2021 |
Meeting with Maxine Redstar, Fort McDermitt Tribal Chair |
April 5, 2021 |
Update to Humboldt County Commissioners |
April 5, 2021 |
McDermitt /Fort McDermitt Community Meeting/Project Update |
April 6, 2021 |
Orovada Community Meeting/Project Update |
April 14, 2021 |
Orovada Community Meeting/Orovada Elementary School Discussion |
2021 |
Held multiple meetings with Thacker Passed Concerned Citizens Group, Orovada |
2021 |
Held multiple meetings with Fort McDermitt to discuss proposed benefits |
October 28, 2021 |
Winnemucca Futures Presentation, Winnemucca |
November 17, 2021 |
TPCC Working Group |
November 18, 2021 |
Meeting with Humboldt County Undersheriff and Office Manager |
November 18, 2021 |
Meeting with Fort McDermitt Vice Chair and Council member to discuss potential community improvements |
January 11, 2022 |
Presented to Fort McDermitt Tribal Council, discussed engagement agreement |
January 27, 2022 |
TPCC working group: developed agenda for future workshop |
February 8, 2022 |
Fort McDermitt Tribal Council, commission voted to establish new engagement agreement with Lithium Nevada |
February 17, 2022 |
TPCC Working Group |
March 11, 2022 |
LNC sponsors Cultural Monitor Training for Fort McDermitt tribal members |
March 30, 2022 |
TPCC Working Group |
April 25, 2022 |
TPCC Working Group- NDEP presentation |
May 3, 2022 |
Humboldt County Chamber members luncheon- LNC Thacker Pass update |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Date |
Event |
June 23, 2022 |
Fort McDermitt Paiute Shoshone Tribe cultural committee visit to Thacker Pass to learn about cultural mitigation work |
June 29, 2022 |
Meeting with Maxine Redstar, Fort McDermitt Tribal Chair, and Becky Crutcher, Fort McDermitt Councilman, Benefits Agreement |
July 20, 2022 |
Lithium Americas Technical Center Grand Opening |
August 11, 2022 |
Fort McDermitt Tribal Council approves MOA- formal engagement and consultation with LNC |
October 20, 2022 |
Lithium Americas signs community benefits agreement with Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe |
October 26, 2022 |
Winnemucca Futures Presentation, Winnemucca |
November 3, 2022 |
Mining into the Future, Winnemucca |
1 Lithium Americas Corp. Research and Development Facility, located in Reno, Nevada. |
Numerous laws and regulations require the BLM to consider Native American cultural and religious concerns. These include the NHPA, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978, Executive Order 13007 (Indian Sacred Sites), Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and Coordination with Tribal Governments), the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, the ARPA, as well as NEPA and the FLPMA. Secretarial Order No. 3317, issued in December 2011, updates, expands and clarifies the Department of Interior's policy on consultation with Native American tribes. The BLM also utilizes H-8120-1 (General Procedural Guidance for Native American Consultation) and National Register Bulletin 38 (Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties). In connection with LAC's previously proposed Kings Valley Clay Mine Project (at Thacker Pass) and in coordination with the BLM, letters requesting consultation were sent to the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe and the Summit Lake Paiute Tribe on April 10, 2013. The BLM held consultation meetings with the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe on April 15, 2013 and the Summit Lake Paiute Tribe on April 20 and May 18, 2013.
As part of the Thacker Pass Project, the BLM Winnemucca District Office initiated the Native American Consultation process. Consultation regarding historic properties and locations of Native American Religious Concerns were conducted by the BLM via mail and personal correspondence in 2018 and 2019 pursuant to the NHPA and implementing regulations at 36 CFR 800 in compliance and accordance with the BLM-SHPO 2014 State Protocol Agreement. On July 29, 2020, the BLM Winnemucca District Office sent formal consultation letters to the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe, Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, Summit Lake Paiute Tribe, and Winnemucca Indian Colony. In late October 2020, letters were again sent by the BLM to several tribes asking for their assistance in identifying any cultural values, religious beliefs, sacred places and traditional places of Native American people which could be affected by BLM actions on public lands, and where feasible to seek opinions and agreement on measures to protect those tribal interests. As the lead federal agency, the BLM prepared the MOU for the Project and continues to facilitate all ongoing Project-related consultation.
LAC has also independently engaged with the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe between 2017 and 2020 (as described in Lithium Nevada Corp., 2020). On July 29, 2019, LAC and the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe entered into a Project engagement agreement to facilitate meaningful interaction between LAC and the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe. In February and March 2020, LAC held one-on-one meetings with tribal members to provide information about workforce development and employment opportunities and conduct job skills analysis of several tribal members.
The in-person work was discontinued during most of the COVID pandemic, but LAC continued to discuss employment opportunities with tribal members through virtual meetings and phone communication. In November 2020, LAC worked with members of the Fort McDermitt Paiute Shoshone Tribe to bring the BuildNV Core Construction Training Program to Fort McDermitt. Eleven participants successfully completed the program. In February and April 2021, LAC presented a Project update to the Fort McDermitt Tribal Council and hosted a community meeting in McDermitt to discuss and provide answers regarding the Thacker Pass Project. In August 2021 and January 2022, LAC had meetings with Tribal Council members to present a conceptual benefits package and on October 20, 2022, LAC signed a community benefits agreement with Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe. In October 2021 and October 2022, LAC sponsored a Heavy Equipment Operator Training course held in Fort McDermitt in October 2021 for fourteen participants, and in October 2022 for sixteen participants who received certificates for learning to safely operate various pieces of heavy equipment.
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17.7 Environmental Baseline Studies
Since 2010, LAC has conducted an extensive baseline characterization study and data collection program for the Project. These studies initially focused on surveys within an approximate 1,497-hectare (3,700-acre) boundary of the previous Project concept, in the immediate vicinity of the pit and plant layout proposed by Western Lithium Corp. In 2018, the baseline study program was expanded to encompass over 7,527 hectares (18,600 acres). All baseline studies were substantially completed in 2018 and early 2019. Targeted geochemistry humidity cell test (HCT) laboratory testing was completed in late 2020.
The baseline study program was conducted to characterize existing environmental and social resources and support the completion of the multi- Federal and State agency permitting and approval program, and the anticipated environmental documentation process that is required under NEPA. This baseline program includes, but is not limited to, studies for the following standard resource topics:
The following sections summarize key baseline studies. Baseline data collection and impact studies were completed between 2018-2020.
17.7.1 Climate/Weather Monitoring
In August 2011, LAC installed a weather station at the Project site to collect site-specific meteorological data to support engineering design, reclamation efforts, the air quality permitting and approval program and the NEPA documentation process. Hourly on-site weather data has been continuously collected since 2011. Data is downloaded and archived on a quarterly basis. Parameters include wind speed and direction, temperature at 2-m and 10-m, relative humidity, precipitation, barometric pressure, and solar radiation.
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17.7.2 Wildlife
The Project area contains habitat for a variety of wildlife typical of the Great Basin Region. Habitat is predominantly sagebrush, intermixed with salt desert scrub and invasive grasslands and forblands. The BLM identifies areas in which the Project lies as Greater Sage-Grouse priority habitat. BLM considers Greater Sage-Grouse to be a sensitive species and has regulations to protect the species and its habitat.
Since 2008, LAC has performed (via independent biological contractors) six separate field surveys for sage grouse in Thacker Pass (Enviroscientists, 2008; Enviroscientists, 2010; JBR, 2012a; JBR, 2012b; Great Basin Ecology, 2012; Great Basin Ecology, 2013). The purpose of the surveys included assessing the quality of habitat and Greater Sage-Grouse use. The sage grouse is a game bird that BLM has identified as a special status species. Sage grouse lek sites have not been identified in the Project area but have been documented north of the Project in the Montana Mountains. Baseline studies indicated that habitat located in the Project area has been considerably modified by recent and historical wildfires and contiguous infestations of invasive annual grasses, primarily cheatgrass. The landscape is generally devoid of healthy sagebrush assemblages, with patchy occurrences of sagebrush. LAC has fulfilled initial sage grouse compensatory mitigation commitments as described in Section 17.3.1.1.
NDOW regularly monitors Greater Sage-Grouse leks and performs lek counts within the Montana Mountains, north of the proposed Project site. These data are available for use by LAC during the mine permitting and approval process and the NEPA environmental documentation process.
In March 2018, LAC hired SWCA Environmental Consultants to perform additional environmental baseline surveys in the expanded 18,686-acre Project area, for general wildlife, general vegetation, special status species, and Greater Sage-Grouse habitat surveys. Updated surveys were completed in Q3 2018 (SWCA, 2018a; SWCA, 2018b; SWCA, 2019a; SWCA, 2019b).
In February 2018, LAC hired Wildlife Resource Consultants to perform aerial presence and ground territory surveys for raptors. Surveys within a 16-km (10-mile) radius of the Project site were completed in 2018 and 2019 (WRC, 2018a, 2019). Surveys within a 3-km (2-mile) radius of the Project site were completed in 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022 (WRC, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022). Two active golden eagle nests were identified in 2022 (WRC, 2022) within Thacker Canyon, approximately 0.6 km (0.4 mile) from the Proposed PoO boundary. The Project operation will not directly interfere with the nest; LAC could conduct operations without a permit, potentially with some seasonal restrictions. The USFWS issued a Record of Decision approving issuance of the permit in March 2022 and then issued the final Incidental Take Permit on April 8, 2022. The Company has initiated mitigation stipulated by the permit.
Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT), listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), is known to exist in portions of the Crowley Creek-Quinn River watershed. No LCT occur in Thacker Creek. No LCT were observed in the lower reaches of Pole Creek or in the lower reaches of Crowley Creek (below the confluence of Rock Creek), both which are considered intermittent and ephemeral. A 1995 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Report and subsequent summaries have not identified naturally occurring LCT or habitat in upper Pole Creek. According to NDOW, LCT habitat may occur in the upper reaches of Pole Creek, located approximately three miles north of the Project area; and in the upper reaches of Crowley Creek, above the confluence of Rock Creek, located approximately three miles northeast of the Project area.
In October 2011, and June 2012, NDOW attempted to introduce LCT in the upper reach of Pole Creek. According to NDOW, LCT was observed in upper Pole Creek in 2014, but no LCT were observed or identified in 2015. To date, stocking efforts have not demonstrated survival or habitat there. According to hydrological modeling conducting by Piteau Associates, no measurable impacts to the upper or middle Pole Creek surface flow are simulated (Piteau, 2020c). In November 2020, per regulations 50 CFR Part 402 and Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, the BLM requested informal consultation with the USFWS regarding the Project (Consultation Code: 08NVD00-2020-SLI-0619) (BLM, 2020). The BLM also prepared a Biological Assessment and determined the Project may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect, the threatened LCT in the Thacker Pass Lithium Mine Project area (BLM, 2020). On December 4, 2020, the USFWS concurred with the BLM's determination that the Proposed Project may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect, LCT over the life of the Project (USFWS File No. 2021-I-0041) (USFWS, 2020).
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In March 2018, LAC hired Wildlife Resource Consultants to perform Spring Snail surveys in proximity to the Project. The spring snail surveys were completed in Q3 2018 (WRC, 2018). The Kings River pyrg was found to occur at 13 undeveloped springs in the larger survey area; however, it was not found to occur within the Project Boundary. The Kings River pyrg is not a BLM special status species, though it is an NDOW species of conservation priority.
17.7.3 Cultural Resources
In March 2018, LAC hired Far Western Anthropological Group to perform a Class III Cultural Resource Survey within the approximately 7,527-hectare (18,600-acre) baseline study area. The cultural resource survey was completed in Q3 2018 (McCabe, 2012; Young, 2018). The cultural resource survey has been reviewed and approved by both the BLM and SHPO.
In consultation with SHPO, the BLM determined to resolve adverse effects as to historic artifacts and other historic properties within the Project area. To specify how those effects would be resolved, the BLM created a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) and Historic Properties Treatment Plan (HPTP). Draft copies of the MOA and HPTP were mailed to local tribes and the SHPO for review and comment in September 2020. The MOA and HPTP contain descriptions of the historic properties involved, the mitigation research design, mitigation methods, and the specific actions to be taken at each historic property. In general, mitigation for physical effects to historic properties-including both prehistoric and historic resources-would involve data recovery (e.g., excavation, publications) to learn as much as possible about the property prior to its destruction, and mitigation for visual effects to historic properties would involve interpretation for the public (e.g., research, publications, interpretive signage). The BLM edited the MOA based on comments it received. In late October 2020, letters were sent to several tribes asking for their assistance in identifying any cultural values, religious beliefs, sacred places and traditional places of Native American people which could be affected by BLM actions on public lands, and where feasible to seek opinions and agreement on measures to protect those tribal interests. The letter sent to tribes also provided a copy of the MOA final version and invited their signature as a concurring party. Tribes were again invited to submit additional comments and meet further with the BLM. The SHPO signed the MOA as a Signatory on November 5, 2020. LAC was invited to be a concurring party to the MOA, and LAC provided signature on December 2, 2020.
The MOA and HPTP serve as the comprehensive guide for the implementation of cultural resources treatment measures in response to adverse effects identified by BLM in consultation with Nevada SHPO and also through the NEPA compliance framework presented in the Project EIS. The content of the Project's HPTP, coupled with dynamic Project planning and adherence to the MOA stipulations, will mitigate direct and indirect impacts to Historic Properties during the Project's construction and future exploration activity. As the lead federal agency, the BLM generated the MOA and facilitates all on-going, Project-related consultation.
17.7.4 Water Resources
Water resource studies for the Quinn River Basin and Kings River Basin were conducted through series of reconnaissance reports commissioned by the Nevada Division of Water Resources (NDWR) (Malmberg, 1966; Huxel, 1966; Visher, 1957; Zones, 1963). Although these studies focused on water supply and availability from the alluvial basins, they provide some discussion on bedrock conditions in the Thacker Pass vicinity.
Project scale hydrogeologic studies began in 2011 with a groundwater investigation and was conducted by Lumos and Associates which included monitoring well drilling, testing, and spring surveying (Lumos, 2011a, Lumos, 2011b). Continuous spring surveying was conducted by SRK between 2011 to 2013. SRK visited most spring locations for at least 4 quarters (SRK, 2011a, 2011b, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, 2013). Seven (7) additional wells were drilled by LNC with oversight from Schlumberger Water Services in 2011, of which 5 wells have been continuously monitored to present (SWS, 2013). An initial basin-scale groundwater model spanning Kings and Quinn River hydrographic basin was developed to identify potential groundwater quantity impacts (SWS, 2013). These investigations focused on a smaller open pit plan.
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In 2018, a supplemental investigation began, focused on characterizing conditions for the larger 2018 pit configuration at Thacker Pass. This included 4 additional monitoring wells, 9 piezometers, 2 production wells, 3 surface water gaging stations, and the resumption of seep and spring monitoring. The work is summarized in the Baseline Hydrological Data Collection Report (Piteau, 2019a). A numerical groundwater model was updated to evaluate potential water related impacts to surface and groundwater resources including the potential to generate a pit lake and pit lake geochemistry. A Fate and Transport analysis was also performed to assess the potential migration of pore water in the proposed pit backfill on the groundwater system. The results are summarized in "Thacker Pass Project Water Quantity and Quality Impacts Report Revision 1" (Piteau, 2020). In August 2021, a revised analysis was completed for a 2,850 acre-ft/yr water supply abstraction (Piteau, 2021).
A summary of the hydrogeological results is described in the following sections: groundwater setting and availability at Thacker Pass (17.7.4.1), groundwater quality across the Project (17.7.4.2), seeps and springs monitoring (17.7.4.3), surface water features adjacent to the Project (17.7.4.4) and their status as Waters of the US (17.7.4.5), water related impacts as evaluated from a numerical groundwater model (17.7.4.6), and monitoring and mitigation plans to evaluate water resources and mitigate mining related impacts during operations and post-closure (17.7.4.7).
17.7.4.1 Groundwater Setting
The proposed Project site resides along a hydrographic basin divide between two designated hydrographic basins: the Kings River Valley to the west and the Quinn River Valley to the east. Water rights in both basins have been fully allocated, with perennial yields of 17,000 and 60,000 acre-feet per year, respectively.
Recharge of the Quinn River and Kings River valleys begins in the adjacent mountain blocks, which have elevations that are 5,000 feet above mean sea level (amsl). Recharge is distributed to the alluvial basin via two processes: (1) deep bedrock recharge from infiltration of direct precipitation and snowmelt in bedrock mountain blocks; and (2) runoff recharge derived from infiltration of surface water runoff as it flows from mountain blocks across alluvium material along basin margins.
Groundwater discharge from the Quinn River and Kings River valleys occurs primarily through four processes: (1) evapotranspiration through phreatophytes; (2) extraction by irrigation wells; (3) natural discharge at seeps and springs; and (4) groundwater outflow to adjacent basins. Irrigation extraction is currently the largest component of groundwater discharge.
Groundwater levels have been monitored in the vicinity of the Thacker Pass Project at a series of monitoring wells since 2011. Groundwater levels are typically 4,625 feet amsl to 5,034 feet amsl. The highest water levels were observed at monitoring well WSH-7 (approximately 5,285 feet amsl) north of the proposed open pit. The anomalously high water level is attributed to the location of the well north (upgradient) of the principal E-W fault that functions as a hydraulic flow barrier. Water levels in the western portion of the proposed Project decline to an elevation of approximately 4,625 feet amsl, observed at piezometer PZ18-05 located along the western margin of the Project site. This is approximately 20 feet higher than the headwaters of Thacker Creek. East of the proposed CTFS and open pit, water levels decline to 4,513 feet amsl, observed at monitoring well MW18-02, which serves as the down gradient monitoring point. Water level data indicated the groundwater divide is approximately 3,500 feet east of the hydrographic divide. The groundwater divide corresponds with a corridor of elevated water levels in monitoring well WSH-7 (5,285 feet amsl), monitoring well PH-1 (5,034 feet amsl), and monitoring well WSH-17 (4,861 feet amsl) which are compartmentalized by minor faults that act as flow barriers (Piteau 2018a; Piteau 2019a; Piteau 2020).
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Water bearing rock units adjacent to the open pit consist of claystone, interbedded claystone / ash, volcanic tuff, and lava flows. Claystone / ash bedrock units are the most transmissive bedrock units, although still considered low permeability materials, owing to the greater abundance of interbedded ash layers. The presence of interbedded ash functions as a secondary permeability pathway to transmit groundwater flow because they interconnect transmissive beds of ash in a broader fabric of claystone at the mesoscopic scale. The presence of faults, even with minor offset, can impede groundwater flow through i) truncating ash beds against low permeability claystone and ii) the intrinsically low permeability materials themselves. The other bedrock units of volcanic tuff and lava flows possess crystalline rock matrices with very little intrinsic permeability. Hydrologic testing confirmed the low permeability character of bedrock materials and indicated that faults were barriers perpendicular to flow. The bedrock and structural compartmentalization surrounding the open pit is not conducive to sustain high volumes of flow.
Water supply potential from the mine site is expected to be minimal. Therefore, the Project water supply targeted the more transmissive alluvium sediments in Quinn River Valley. A water supply well (Quinn River Production Well) was drilled and tested in 2018. The well was step tested at 1,500 gpm, 2,000 gpm, 2,593 gpm, and 3,473 gpm for 30-minute intervals which yielded drawdowns of 13 ft, 19 ft, 25.6 ft, and 36.5 ft respectively. A 72-hour constant rate pumping test was conducted on the well at a rate of 2516 gpm, which yielded a maximum drawdown of approximately 29 ft in the Quinn River Production Well.
17.7.4.2 Groundwater Quality
Groundwater major ion chemistry ranges from calcium/sodium bicarbonate to calcium/sodium - sulfate types, possessing nearly equal components of calcium and sodium cations. Major ion chemistry of seeps and springs is similar to that of monitoring wells with slightly higher calcium composition. The similarity between major ion chemistry of groundwater and perennial seeps and springs can be attributed to the seeps and springs being locations where groundwater discharges at ground surface, and the groundwater expressed at seeps and springs having relatively short flow paths and residence times.
Groundwater in the Project area has naturally elevated background concentrations of several constituents (arsenic, fluoride, iron, manganese) that exceed Nevada Reference Values (NRVs). Profile I standards set forth Nevada's reference values for drinking water. A summary of groundwater Profile I exceedances in the existing groundwater is presented in Table 17-2. Detailed groundwater chemistry and groundwater quality information can be found in the Water Quantity and Quality Impacts Report (Piteau, 2019a).
Table 17-2 Summary of Background Groundwater Profile 1 Exceedances
Constituent |
Wells (82 total samples) |
||
No. Exceedance |
Percentage |
Key Wells |
|
Aluminum |
5 |
6 |
WSH-04 |
Antimony |
5 |
6 |
PH-1, WSH-13, WSH-14 |
Arsenic |
61 |
66 |
Most Wells |
Fluoride |
26 |
35 |
WSH-Series Wells |
Iron |
5 |
5 |
PH-1, MW18-04 |
Manganese |
1 |
1 |
- |
17.7.4.3 Seeps and Springs
Spring and seep monitoring began in 2011 and continued through 2019. Surveying followed BLM guidelines, consisting of measuring a location, flow rate, field parameters, and water chemistry. In addition, photographs, a summary of riparian vegetation, and a site description were documented. In 2018 the spring and seep sampling program was expanded from historical surveys to include 52 spring and seep sampling locations. (Lumos, 2011b, SRK, 2011a, 2011b, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, 2013, Piteau, 2018b; Piteau, 2018c; Piteau, 2018d; Piteau, 2018e, Piteau, 2019b).
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Spring surveying identified 21 perennial springs, including those in the Thacker Creek spring system. A subset of 17 perennial and ephemeral springs have been selected by regulatory agencies for continued quarterly monitoring throughout mine operations. Spring monitoring for this subset started in 2021.
17.7.4.4 Surface Water
Lands within the proposed Project area primarily drain eastward in the direction of the Quinn River Valley. A small portion of the proposed mine pit area and the West Waste Rock Storage Facility are in the Kings Valley hydrographic basin and thus drains west in the direction of Thacker Creek and subsequently to the Kings River Valley.
Perennial and intermittent surface water creeks located near the Project area include Thacker Creek, Pole Creek, Rock Creek, and Crowley Creek. Thacker Creek is a perennial stream fed by springs. It is the stream nearest the proposed Project area. Pole Creek and Rock Creek are intermittent streams whose headwaters are in the Montana Mountains. These streams ultimately discharge to Crowley Creek when flow is present. Pole Creek has discontinuous flow with reaches that are perennial and seasonally dry (intermittent) during portions of the year. The lower reach of Crowley Creek, below the confluence with Rock Creek, is intermittent, experiencing dry conditions during summer months, while the upper reach is perennial.
In April 2018, surface water monitoring stations were established in Crowley Creek, Upper Thacker Creek, and Lower Thacker Creek to assess baseline flow conditions, evapotranspiration (ET) consumption, and to monitor stream responses to storm events. Key findings from one year of stream flow monitoring include the following:
More details are available in Thacker Pass Project Baseline Hydrological Data Collection Report (Piteau, 2019a).
17.7.4.5 Waters of the US
Redhorse Corporation performed a formal Waters of the U.S. Delineation (including wetlands delineation) within the revised 18,686-acre Project area (Redhorse, 2018). On February 8, 2019, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE) Sacramento District concurred with the findings of the 2018 Redhorse Corporation delineation report (ACOE, 2019). Specifically, the ACOE determined that aquatic resources within the survey area are isolated and have no apparent interstate or foreign commerce connection. Hence, they are not designated as Waters of the United States and are not within the jurisdiction of the ACOE (SPK-2011-01263).
17.7.4.6 Water Balance
A groundwater flow model was developed in MODFLOW-USG (USG) finite difference numerical code and simulates saturated/unsaturated groundwater flow in bedrock and alluvial hydrostratigraphic units. The model domain is centered on Thacker Pass and extends into portions of the alluvial basins in Kings River and Quinn River. The groundwater model was calibrated to water level measurements, pumping tests, groundwater discharge measurements from springs and surface water flow, and water balance estimates for the Quinn River and Kings River basins. Model predictive runs were designed to estimate the potential for water quantity impacts within the study area that would result from the proposed Project.
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A forward-looking water quantity impacts analysis was performed based on pumping 2,850 acre-feet annually (for Phase I) and 5,700 acre-feet annually (for Phase 2) from the Quinn River Production Well, east of the proposed Project site (Piteau, 2020). Water level drawdown was simulated during mining and for a period of 300 years after mining. Two 10-foot isopleth drawdowns are present corresponding to pumping from Quinn River Valley and mining at Thacker Pass. A 10-foot drawdown contour was used as the point of reliable impacts prediction.
Considering proposed Phase 2 operations, the 10-foot drawdown isopleths related to Project mining is limited to an approximately 2.5-mile radius centered on the South sub-pit, where dewatering is predicted to be greatest. The end of mining drawdown isopleth does not extend to the Thacker Creek spring system, or to the upper reaches of Pole Creek or upper Crowley Creek where Lahontan Cutthroat Trout habitat has been mapped. At the higher Phase 2 production rates, drawdown in the Thacker Pass area extends into the southern portion of the Montana Mountains, potentially affecting several springs and man-made impoundments. Surface water flows are predicted to be minimally impacted, with any changes in groundwater discharge being less than the measurement error. Since the bedrock water table at Thacker Pass is not expected to be impacted until later in the mine life, LAC currently has not sought a water right associated with pit-dewatering but would need to consider such an authorization in advance of pit dewatering below the bedrock water table.
To evaluate the effects of groundwater extraction for water supply from the Quinn River Valley alluvial aquifer, extraction at a rate of 2,850 acre-feet per year (Phase 1) and 5,700 acre-feet per year (Phase 2) were simulated and groundwater elevations in the alluvial aquifer were predicted. The Phase 1 simulations show a 10-foot drawdown isopleth centered at the Quinn River Production Well, reaching approximately 1.25 miles from the extraction well at the maximum extent. One stock watering well is located within this modeled contour but is expected to be capable of continued operation because it maintains over 60 ft of saturated well screen. A sub-irrigated field outside the 10-ft drawdown isopleth is supported by surface water infiltration but will nevertheless be monitored for effects from ground water extraction, which may affect groundwater gradients. The expected 10-foot drawdown in Quinn River Valley at the conclusion of proposed Phase 2 operations is predicted to expand beyond the Phase 1 drawdown isopleth in Quinn River Valley but does not intersect any additional stock water wells.
17.7.4.7 Monitoring and Mitigation Plan
A mitigation plan was prepared as part of BLM approved operations which addresses possible conflicts with regards to adjacent water rights and stakeholders. The mitigation plan incorporates monitoring and provides mitigation for stock water supply and feed.
Under direction from the ROD, LAC will monitor groundwater sources and will maintain water quality and quantity for wildlife, livestock, and human consumption to the State of Nevada standards. LAC will regularly monitor groundwater levels in designated wells as part of the mine's Water Pollution Control Permit (WPCP) and LAC's own proposed monitoring and mitigation plan. LAC will routinely update the groundwater model using the collected monitoring data as part of the WPCP requirement. The BLM recommends continued monitoring in conjunction with the mine's WPCP, and may require additional monitoring of seeps, springs, and non-mining wells outside the groundwater model boundary, if necessary. If monitoring finds that the Project results in drawdown to seeps and springs within the Project boundary, the BLM will require LAC to develop alternative sources for wildlife and livestock use.
As data are collected from the field, LAC will update the groundwater model with firsthand information on a schedule not to exceed five (5) years from the previous modelling. If such updated models continue to support the assumption that the backfilled pits would exhibit flow-through at low rates with some quality degradation, LAC will adopt appropriate mitigation early, prior to mining below the bedrock water table, to minimize or eliminate the risk of groundwater impairment through strategies determined with BLM and NDEP concurrence.
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LAC will monitor the proposed activity to identify or prevent impacts according to the operating plans and permits submitted with the Mine Plan of Operations and the WPCP.
17.7.4.8 Geochemical Characterization
The Project will generate waste rock, coarse gangue, and mineral clay tailings material from the beneficiation of ore. BLM Instruction Memorandum NV-2013-046, Nevada Bureau of Land Management Rock Characterization Resources and Water Analysis Guidance for Mining Activities (BLM, September 19, 2013) outlines the rock and water resources data information that needs to be collected under 43 CFR 3809.401(b)(2) and 3809.401(c)(1) for mine PoO. Additional guidance on mine waste characterization was issued by the NDEP-BMRR on March 22, 2019, pursuant to the WPCP program and associated NAC 445A regulations. LAC's investigation of the potential for development of Acid Rock Drainage and Metal Leaching (ARDML) from waste rock, ore, gangue, and tailings associated with the proposed Project was pursued in accordance with these guidelines.
Since 2011, SRK Consulting (U.S.), Inc. ('SRK') has been engaged to characterize baseline geochemical conditions prior to the start of proposed mining operations. Geochemical testing of mine waste materials provides a basis for assessment of the potential for ARDML, prediction of contact water quality (i.e., surface water and groundwater that contacts waste rock, ore, gangue, pit walls, or tailings), and evaluation of options for design, construction, and closure of the mine facilities. The results of the geochemistry testing performed to date is summarized in the Baseline Geochemical Characterization Report for the Thacker Pass Project (SRK, 2020a). The study describes the composition of waste rock, ore, gangue and tailings and potential impacts of material weathering in the Project study area.
The characterization study performed by SRK involved the collection and analysis of a combined total of 285 samples representative of waste rock, ore, gangue, and tailings for static geochemical testing with 20 representative samples submitted for kinetic testing. The results demonstrate that the waste rock, ore, and gangue will be net neutralizing with a low potential for acid generation and metal leaching. Although the excess of neutralizing capacity means that net acid conditions are unlikely to develop, there is still a potential for the ore and waste to leach some constituents of concern under neutral to alkaline conditions, in particular antimony and arsenic.
As with the waste rock and ore, the gangue material is also net neutralizing and has a potential to leach antimony and arsenic under neutral to alkaline conditions. There are differences in some of the constituent concentrations for the gangue material compared to the ore feed material, including increased concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, antimony, iron, and manganese. This is presumably a result of the breakdown of mineral grains during the wet attrition process and the enrichment of these constituents in the coarse gangue fraction. Conversely, calcium, chloride, sodium, sulfate, and total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations are lower in the coarse gangue material compared to the ore feed material, indicating these constituents are rinsed from the ore material during the attrition process.
The current results for the tailings material indicate that the clay tailings do not contain appreciable sulfide sulfur and are unlikely to generate acid from the oxidation of sulfides. In Meteoric Water Mobility Procedure (MWMP) testing, certain constituents were leached under low pH conditions at concentrations above Profile I NRVs. These results can be attributed to the presence of residual sulfuric acid from the leaching process that is flushed from the material during the MWMP. The tailings facility will be constructed as a zero-discharge facility. Tailings material will be stored on lined containment and covered with waste rock/growth media at closure; therefore, no degradation to groundwater is expected.
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17.7.5 Air Quality
Air Sciences has prepared an air quality impact analysis report and greenhouse gas emissions and downstream emissions reduction report based on the PoO final process design (Air Sciences, 2019a; Air Sciences, 2019b). The air quality analysis quantified and evaluated the impacts on ambient air quality resulting from the Project. The modeled maximum concentrations and the estimated total ambient concentrations (modeled concentrations plus background concentrations) were compared with the applicable National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). In addition, the estimated total ambient concentrations for the Project were also compared with the corresponding NAAQS and Nevada Ambient Air Quality Standards (NvAAQS). The modeling performed determined the estimated maximum total ambient concentrations for all the pollutants and averaging periods are below the applicable NAAQS and NvAAQS. Additionally, Air Sciences completed an odor analysis (Air Sciences, 2020) for the proposed Project based on results from air dispersion modeling completed for the quality impact analysis report (Air Sciences, 2019a). Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions were analyzed for their potential to produce odors outside of the proposed Project boundary. Modeling results show that both SO2 and H2S concentrations are below their odor thresholds outside of the proposed Project boundary and no detectable odor from the Project is expected.
17.8 Waste Rock, Gangue, and Tailings Facility Management
The management and site monitoring of waste rock, coarse gangue, and tailings storage facilities, during operations and closure are key issues for any mine and ore processing operation located in the State of Nevada. BLM requires that mining and processing operations on public lands prevent unnecessary or undue degradation of the land. State requirements mandate that mine, ore processing, and fluid management system operations do not degrade waters of the State.
17.8.1 Waste Rock and Gangue Storage and Management
Waste rock from the open pit will be used as fill for Project infrastructure, managed through the construction of a surface WRSF, and backfilled in the pit. Coarse gangue will be stored in the CGS facility or backfilled in the pit. The footprints of both the West and (if necessary) East WRSF will be lined with 0.3 m (1 ft) of compacted low hydraulic conductivity soil layer (LHCSL) overlain by a LHCSL cover layer. An underdrain collection system is designed in the major natural drainages to promote drainage to a single-lined sediment pond. Runoff collected in the pond will be pumped for use in the process circuit.
The footprint of the ROM Stockpile will have a 0.3 m (1 ft) thick compacted LHCSL base layer overlain by 0.6 m (2 ft) of overliner which the ore material will be stacked on. The footprint of the coarse gangue stockpile will be lined with 0.3 m (1 ft) of compacted LHCSL overlain by a LHCSL cover layer. An underdrain collection system is designed in the major natural drainages to promote drainage to a single-lined sediment pond. Runoff collected in the pond will be pumped for use in the process circuit.
A detailed Waste Rock and Gangue Management Plan has been prepared for the Project (SRK, 2021).
17.8.2 Tailings Storage and Management
Lithium processing will produce tailings composed of neutralized filter cake (mostly residual clay, gypsum, and iron and aluminum hydroxide precipitates), magnesium sulfate salt, and sodium/potassium sulfate salts. These products are collectively referred to as clay tailings. The clay tailings will be placed in a CTFS, which will be a geomembrane-lined zero-discharge storage facility, located east of the process plant. Two conveyors will be used to transport the tailings material from the process plant to the CTFS. The first conveyor will transport the clay material and the neutralized filter cake. The second conveyor will transport the magnesium sulfate salt and the sodium/potassium sulfate salts. The area below the conveyors will be lined with 2-mm (80-mil) high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane for secondary containment. From the temporary stockpiles at the conveyor endpoints, material will be transported with mechanical equipment, placed in lifts and scarified to increase the surface area of material that is exposed to sun and wind to accelerate the drying process. Once the target moisture range is achieved, the tailings will be compacted. Tailings material will be stored on lined containment and covered with waste rock/growth media at closure.
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17.8.3 Stormwater Management
Stormwater infrastructure at the Project is designed to protect water quality and mitigate erosion potential onsite. Stormwater events will be managed per State design standards. A Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan was submitted with the PoO as well as the WPCP application. Upon closure, all facilities will have a soil cover placed on top and be vegetated to reduce infiltration and erosion potential. Stormwater management at the Thacker Pass Mine site is described in the following Sections.
17.8.3.1 Waste Rock Storage Facility
The WRSFs will be lined with one-foot of compacted LHCSL overlain by a 0.6 m (2 ft) thick cover layer designed to promote drainage to single-lined sediment ponds. The ponds are sized to hold the 100-year, 24-hour storm event. Runoff collected in the ponds will be pumped for use into the process circuit.
17.8.3.2 Mine Facilities
Stormwater management for the Mine Facility will include channels designed to convey the 100-year, 24-hour design storm. LAC will construct unlined sediment ponds to improve water quality of runoff coming from the Mine Facilities Area. Diversion channels and berms will be constructed to capture run-off from the area and direct the flow to sediment ponds to allow sediments to settle. At a minimum, unlined ponds in the Mine Facilities area will be sized to contain a 2-year, 24-hour storm event. The geomembrane lined pond (Mine Facilities Pond 2) will be sized to contain a 100-year, 24-hour storm event. Water will be pumped to the process circuit from the lined pond or released to natural drainage for the unlined ponds.
17.8.3.3 ROM Stockpile, Attrition Scrubbing
Stormwater management for the facility will include channels designed to convey the 100-year, 24-hour design storm. The ROM stockpile will have a 0.3 m (1 ft) thick compacted LHCSL overlain by 0.6 m (2 ft) of overliner which the ore material will be stacked on. Runoff from the ROM stockpile and the Attrition Scrubbing Area will drain to a single-lined pond (Mine Facilities Pond 2). The pond will be sized to hold a 100-year, 24-hour storm event plus sediment storage. Water from this pond will be pumped for use in the process circuit.
17.8.3.4 Coarse Gangue Stockpile
The CGS will be lined with one foot of compacted LHCSL overlain by cover material to prevent the LHCSL from drying out or cracking. Runoff from the CGS will drain into a single-lined sediment pond. The CGS pond will be sized to hold a 100-year, 24-hour storm event, plus sediment storage. Runoff collected in the pond will be pumped for use into the process circuit. The road around the CGS serves as a stormwater diversion berm and is designed to convey the 100-year, 24-hour storm flows. Riprap will be used in areas of concentrated inflows and outflows for erosion control.
17.8.3.5 Clay Tailings Filter Stack
Diversion channels sized to convey the 100-year, 24-hour storm will be constructed to manage non-contact stormwater around the perimeter of the CTFS. Most of the stormwater runoff will be intercepted by the West CTFS diversion channel where it will be directed to natural drainage to the south. The remaining stormwater will be intercepted and routed along the east side of the CTFS.
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Stormwater runoff within the CTFS will be collected and will report to one or more of the double-lined Reclaim Ponds. Water collected in the ponds will not be discharged as part of the stormwater management. Water in the Reclaim Ponds will be pumped to the Process Plant to be used as make-up water for processing operations or will evaporate. The Reclaim Ponds are also designed to hold runoff from the 100-year, 24-hour storm plus operating inventory, sediment storage and three feet of freeboard.
17.8.3.6 Process Plant
Stormwater runoff around the Process Plant Area will be conveyed using channels or pipes or will be diverted using a series of berms or other BMP's. Diverted stormwater which contains just runoff from disturbed areas will be directed to either a sediment pond(s) or the CTFS West Diversion Channel. For stormwater runoff that is considered to be contact water, it will be captured and routed to the HDPE lined Plant Event Pond where it can be stored until it can be treated or reintroduced back into the plant system. The haul road to the north of the Process Plant diverts most of stormwater runoff from undisturbed areas upstream to natural drainages around the site. Rip rap will be placed in areas with concentrated flows and scour velocities to prevent erosion.
Tanks and buildings in the Process Plant with solutions that can degrade the waters of the State will have secondary containment structures that are sized for 110 percent of the largest tank or vessel in the area plus precipitation from a 100-year, 24-hour storm event, if applicable.
Two conveyor crossings from the process plant to the CTFS will have secondary containment where required in the form of conveyor pans beneath the conveyor systems and/or the 2 mm (80-mil) HDPE liner within the CTFS draining to a contained area.
17.8.4 Post-Closure Monitoring
The primary goal of conducting post-mining monitoring will be to demonstrate that the Project site does not degrade groundwater and surface water in the Project area. Consequently, groundwater, surface water and erosion and revegetation monitoring will continue for at least five years after cessation of mining, processing, and closure operations.
17.8.5 Site Monitoring
All Federal, State, and County agencies will require monitoring of the mine, ore processing operations, and the fluid management system to ensure compliance with the Project permits. BLM monitoring requirements were issued as part of the ROD under its Surface Management Regulations contained in 43 CFR 3809. NDEP-BMRR monitoring requirements are included in the WPCP issued for the Project in accordance with the regulations contained in NAC 445A.350 through NAC 445A.447.
17.9 Social or Community Impacts
During operations, it is expected that most employees will be sourced from the surrounding area, which already has established social and community infrastructure including housing, retail and commercial facilities such as stores and restaurants; and public service infrastructure including schools, medical and public safety departments and fire and police/sheriff departments.
Based on the projected mine life, the number of potential hourly and salaried positions, and the projected salary ranges, Project operations would have a long-term positive impact to direct, indirect, and induced local and regional economics. Phase 2 full production will require approximately 500 direct employees to support the Project, with the average annual salary estimated at $90,000. An additional and positive economic benefit would be the creation of short-term positions for construction activities. It is estimated that approximately 1,000 temporary construction jobs will be created. Additional jobs will be created through ancillary and support services, such as transportation, maintenance, and supplies.
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The economic study titled: Social, Economic and Fiscal Impact for New Lithium Operations in Humboldt County, Nevada; prepared by the University of Nevada, Reno; University Center for Economic Development (Borden & Harris, 2019), showed that both lithium mine and processing plant operations have positive economic and fiscal contributions to Humboldt County and the State of Nevada through increased economic activity, employment, household incomes and tax receipts.
The Fort McDermitt Tribe is located approximately 56 km (35 miles) from the Thacker Pass Project site. LAC and the Tribe have devoted more than 20 meetings to focus on an agreement to solidify engagement and improvements at the Fort McDermitt community. A community benefits agreement was signed by LAC and the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone tribe in October 2022. The benefits agreement will provide infrastructure development, training and employment opportunities, support for cultural education and preservation, and synergistic business and contracting opportunities. Over the past three years, LAC has organized several training events for Tribe members, including basic construction skills, heavy equipment operator training and specialized cultural monitor training for archeological work. In addition, when LAC begins construction of the Project, LAC has committed to construct a community center that includes a daycare, preschool, cultural facility and playground, as well as a separate greenhouse to provide food crops and revenue from seeds/seedlings for reclamation projects.
For nearly two years, LAC has met regularly with the community of Orovada, which is 19 km (12 miles) from the Thacker Pass Project site and is the closest community to the Project. The purpose of the meetings was to identify community concerns and explore ways to address them. The meetings began informally and were open to the entire community. Eventually, the community formed a committee to work with LAC. A facilitator was hired to manage a process that focused on priority concerns and resolution. The committee and LAC have addressed issues such as the local K-8 school and determined that a new school should be built in Orovada. The community has agreed to a new location and LAC has worked with the BLM to secure the site for the Humboldt County School District. LAC has also completed a preliminary design for the school and is moving forward with detailed engineering and construction planning.
The Orovada committee has also addressed issues identified as being of the highest priority to the community, including improvements to local roads (LAC is rebuilding the intersection of U.S. 95 and S.R. 293), air quality monitoring (a monitor will likely be installed at the new K-8 school), and water monitoring (the committee decided that independent monitoring is not necessary).
17.10 Mine Reclamation and Closure
Reclamation and closure of the mine, ore processing, and transportation operations will be completed in accordance with the approved PoO and Reclamation Plan, and the Tentative Plan for Permanent Closure as approved by NDEP-BMRR. On October 28, 2021, NDEP-BMRR Reclamation Branch issued Notice of Intent and draft Reclamation Permit (Permit 0415) for the Thacker Pass Project. The final Reclamation Permit was issued on February 25, 2022. The Project will be bonded under LAC's existing BLM Statewide Bond, BLM Bond Number NVB001750.
Reclamation and closure plans are required to be updated on a regular basis, in consultation with BLM and NDEP-BMRR, to ensure compliance with the following requirements:
The post-mining land use requirements will require the establishment of a sagebrush vegetation community to restore the area to the pre-mining land uses of wildlife habitat, livestock grazing, and dispersed recreation.
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Project facilities will be reclaimed using standard reclamation techniques and procedures as summarized in the following list:
BLM and NDEP-BMRR have initiated a long-term trust fund program for mining properties as part of the Federal and State permitting program to provide for the funding of long-term water management and related compliance obligations for site maintenance and monitoring activities following the completion of final reclamation and closure activities. If determined to be applicable, the financial method for securing and placement of the trust fund, the trust fund cost and the fund's duration are determined based on the characteristics of the Project. Consultation with BLM and NDEP-BMRR during the permitting and renewal processes would determine the necessity of a long-term trust fund program. Due to the environmental setting and proposed water management approach for the Project, it is not certain a long-term trust fund will be required. Estimated reclamation costs are discussed as part of sustaining capital costs in Section 18.2.
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18 Capital and Operating Costs
18.1 Capital Cost Estimate
18.1.1 Summary
The capital cost estimate for the Thacker Pass Project has been prepared by M3, ITAC and LAC to include capital cost estimating data developed by M3, ITAC, EXP, Sawtooth, EDG, LAC and third-party contractors in accordance with the scope of the Project. The capital cost estimate covers post-sanction early works, mine development, mining, the process plant, the transload facility, commissioning and all associated infrastructure required to allow for successful construction and operations.
Process and infrastructure capital costs are based on Q1-Q3 2022 pricing. Mine capital estimates are based on Q2 2022 pricing. Sulfuric Acid Plant and power plant equipment pricing is based on Q2 2021 pricing and were not escalated to 2022 pricing. The estimate has been prepared to a target accuracy of ±15% as per Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering (AACE) International's Class 3 estimate. Closure costs were estimated to a scoping level by NewFields. Note that the tables in this section were rounded to a limited number of significant figures and therefore some summation errors may be present.
The cost estimates presented in this section pertain to three categories of capital costs:
Development capital costs include the engineering, procurement, and construction management (EPCM) estimate as well as the LAC estimate for the LAC scope costs. Sustaining capital costs for the Thacker Pass Project have been estimated and are primarily for continued development of the clay tailings filter stack and coarse gangue stockpile, mining activities, sulfuric acid plant, and plant and infrastructure sustaining capital expenditures.
Development capital costs commence with detailed engineering and site early works following Project sanction by the owner and continue to mechanical completion and commissioning. Mining pre-production costs have been capitalized and are included under development capital. The capital costs for years after commencement of production are carried as sustaining capital. Pre-sanction costs from completion of this TRS to Project sanction, including environmental impact assessments, permit approvals and other property costs are excluded from this report and these costs are not included in the development capital.
Direct costs include the costs of all equipment and materials and the associated contractors required to perform installation and construction. The contractor indirects are included in the direct cost estimate as a percent of direct labor cost. EPCM / Project indirects were detailed out in a resource plan to account for all identified costs, then budgeted as a percent of construction and equipment to be distributed through the process areas. In general, these costs include:
Contract mining capital repayment includes the 60-month financed repayment of the miner's mobile equipment assets acquired prior to the start of operation.
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Table 18-1 summarizes the development capital cost estimate developed for the Project.
Table 18-1 Development Capital Cost Estimate Summary
Description |
Ph1 Costs (US$ M) |
Ph2 Costs (US$ M) |
Responsible |
Mine |
|
|
|
Equipment Capital (Contract Mining) |
0 |
0 |
Sawtooth |
Mine Development |
51.1 |
26.3 |
Sawtooth |
Contingency (13.1%) |
6.7 |
3.4 |
Sawtooth/EDG |
Total Mine |
57.8 |
29.7 |
|
Process Plant and Infrastructure |
|
|
|
Costs (Directs & Indirects) |
1735.4 |
1398.5 |
M3/ITAC |
Contingency (13.1%) |
227.3 |
183.2 |
M3/ITAC/EDG |
Total Process Plant and Infrastructure |
1962.7 |
1581.7 |
|
Offsite - Transload Facility |
|
|
|
Costs (Directs & Indirects) |
69.0 |
27.1 |
Owner/Savage |
Contingency (13.1%) |
9.0 |
3.5 |
Owner/EDG |
Total Offsite - Transload Facility |
78.1 |
30.6 |
|
Owner's Costs |
|
|
|
Costs |
149.8 |
75.6 |
Owner |
Contingency (13.1%) |
19.6 |
9.9 |
Owner/EDG |
Total Owner's Costs |
169.4 |
85.5 |
|
TOTAL DEVELOPMENT CAPITAL |
2,268.0 |
1727.5 |
|
Due to rounding, some totals may not correspond with the sum of the separate figures.
Sustaining Capital costs for the base case totaling US$1,510.2 million have been estimated over the Life of Mine (LOM), as outlined in Table 18-2. Table 18-4 shows the sustaining capital for the first 25 years of the 40-year life of mine.
Table 18-2 Sustaining Capital Estimate Summary (40-Year LOM - Base Case)
Description |
*LOM Costs (US$ M) |
Responsible |
Mine |
|
|
Equipment Capital |
264.3 |
Sawtooth/M3 |
Mobile Equipment |
|
|
Equipment Capital |
26.6 |
Owner |
Process Plant and Infrastructure |
|
|
Process Plant |
822.9 |
Owner |
Sulfuric Acid Plant |
244.2 |
EXP |
CTFS and CGS |
149.0 |
Owner |
Offsite Transload Facility |
|
|
Transload Facility |
3.4 |
Owner |
TOTAL SUSTAINING CAPITAL |
1,510.2 |
|
Contract Mining Capital Repayment |
48.8 |
Owner |
* Phase 2 capital costs are not included in sustaining costs |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 18-3 First 25 Years of 40-Year LOM Sustaining Capital Estimate Summary
Description |
*LOM Costs (US$ M) |
Responsible |
Mine |
|
|
Equipment Capital |
180.06 |
Sawtooth/M3 |
Mobile Equipment |
|
|
Equipment Capital |
15.16 |
Owner |
Process Plant and Infrastructure |
|
|
Process Plant |
230.67 |
Owner |
Sulfuric Acid Plant |
104.83 |
EXP |
CTFS and CGS |
95.57 |
Owner |
Offsite Transload Facility |
|
|
Transload Facility |
2.12 |
Owner |
TOTAL SUSTAINING CAPITAL |
628.40 |
|
Contract Mining Capital Repayment |
48.8 |
Sawtooth/M3 |
* Phase 2 capital costs are not included in sustaining costs
The yearly summarized spend schedule, including sustaining and closure capital, is provided in Table 18-4.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 18-4 Capital Cost Spend Schedule
Operation Year |
-3 |
-2 |
-1 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11-15 |
16-20 |
21-25 |
26-30 |
31-35 |
36-40 |
40+ |
TOTAL |
Development Capital Phase 1 (US$ M) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Mine Development |
4.6 |
27.2 |
24.9 |
1.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
57.8 |
Process Plant & Infrastructure |
157.0 |
922.5 |
844.0 |
39.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1962.7 |
Offsite Transload Facility |
6.2 |
36.7 |
33.6 |
1.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
78.1 |
Owner's Cost |
13.6 |
79.6 |
72.8 |
3.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
169.4 |
Development Capital Phase 2 (US$ M) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Mine Development |
|
|
|
2.4 |
14.0 |
12.8 |
0.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29.7 |
Process Plant & Infrastructure |
|
|
|
126.5 |
743.4 |
680.1 |
31.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1581.7 |
Offsite Transload Facility |
|
|
|
2.4 |
14.4 |
13.2 |
0.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30.6 |
Owner's Cost |
|
|
|
6.8 |
40.2 |
36.8 |
1.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
85.5 |
Sustaining Capital (US$ M) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Mine Equipment & Capital Recovery |
|
|
|
4.4 |
12.2 |
15.9 |
13.4 |
12.5 |
7.6 |
2.6 |
5.7 |
0.3 |
7.9 |
51.6 |
26.3 |
19.7 |
46.9 |
35.1 |
2.2 |
0.0 |
264.3 |
Mobile Equipment |
|
|
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
7.1 |
1.7 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
0.0 |
26.6 |
Process Plant |
|
|
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
4.4 |
30.5 |
191.6 |
555.0 |
37.2 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
822.9 |
Sulfuric Acid Plant |
|
|
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
2.3 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
0.0 |
5.1 |
2.6 |
22.3 |
26.0 |
41.6 |
33.7 |
48.9 |
56.8 |
0.0 |
244.2 |
CTFS and CGS |
|
|
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
4.4 |
22.9 |
24.3 |
15.6 |
16.6 |
20.4 |
16.4 |
0.0 |
149.0 |
Offsite Transload Facility |
|
|
|
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
3.4 |
Closure Costs (US$M) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Closure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
53.5 |
53.5 |
Annual Capital Expenditure |
181.4 |
1,066.0 |
975.2 |
187.9 |
824.2 |
761.6 |
48.0 |
19.6 |
17.5 |
10.5 |
12.8 |
11.1 |
16.4 |
109.0 |
109.2 |
273.6 |
656.8 |
145.8 |
79.2 |
53.5 |
5,559.2 |
Note: Due to rounding, some totals in this table may not correspond with the sum of the separate figures.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
18.1.2 Estimate Basis
18.1.2.1 Scope of Estimate
This section documents the basis of the total installed cost (TIC) estimate of Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the Project for the processing and packaging of battery grade lithium carbonate.
The Project schedule used as the basis of the estimate assumes site construction in early 2023. Production is expected to begin three years after construction starts.
Capital costs are based on Q1-Q4 2022 pricing including process equipment, labor, materials and other costs.
18.1.2.2 Estimate Tabulation
Table 18-5 shows the capital cost summary by phase and area.
Table 18-5 Capital Cost Summary by Phase and Area
Estimate Area Description |
Phase 1 |
Phase 1 |
Phase 2 |
Phase 2 Total |
Mid-Year 2022 |
MTO Based |
Mid-Year 2022 |
Factored from |
|
|
All values stated in 2022 $Millions |
|||
01-Mine Area Infrastructure |
$1.3 |
$51.1 |
$0.0 |
$26.3 |
02-Site Development & Facilities |
$1.7 |
$133.8 |
$0.0 |
$33.4 |
03-SAP (Sulfuric Acid Plant) |
$112.9 |
$322.7 |
$113.4 |
$283.2 |
04-Mineral Beneficiation |
$35.3 |
$129.0 |
$31.3 |
$108.9 |
05-Leach & Neutralization |
$87.2 |
$314.1 |
$95.5 |
$301.4 |
06-Magnesium / Calcium Removal |
$104.0 |
$227.8 |
$114.3 |
$216.0 |
07-Lithium Carbonate Production |
$111.9 |
$283.5 |
$121.0 |
$260.8 |
08-Lithium Products (Not Used) |
$0.0 |
$0.0 |
$0.0 |
$0.0 |
09-Reagents |
$21.0 |
$73.4 |
$19.4 |
$58.8 |
10-Sitewide Utilities |
$45.9 |
$188.4 |
$29.8 |
$134.5 |
11-Tailings |
$3.1 |
$62.7 |
$1.6 |
$1.5 |
Subtotal |
$524.3 |
$1,786.4 |
$526.3 |
$1,424.8 |
Contingency (13.1%) |
$68.7 |
$234.0 |
$68.9 |
$186.6 |
Process & Infrastructure Total |
$593.0 |
$2,020.5 |
$595.2 |
$1,611.4 |
12-Transload Facility |
$0.0 |
$69.1 |
$0.0 |
$27.1 |
Contingency on Transload (13.1%) |
$0.0 |
$9.0 |
|
$3.5 |
Subtotal |
$0.0 |
$78.1 |
$0.0 |
$30.6 |
13-Operations / Owners Cost |
$0.0 |
$149.8 |
$0.0 |
$75.6 |
Contingency on Owners Cost (13.1%) |
$0.0 |
$19.6 |
$0.0 |
$9.9 |
Subtotal |
$0.0 |
$169.4 |
$0.0 |
$85.5 |
Material and Labor Escalation (not budgeted) |
$0.0 |
$0.0 |
$0.0 |
$0.0 |
Total Estimated Project Cost |
$593.0 |
$2,268.0 |
$595.2 |
$1,727.5 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 18-6 defines the functional and process areas that are contained in each of the identified estimate sections shown Table 18-5.
Table 18-6 Work Breakdown Structure and Associated Responsibilities
Process Area |
WBS |
Process Systems |
Engineering |
|
1 |
Mine Area Infrastructure |
050 |
Mine Site |
NAC |
052 |
Mine Shop |
NAC |
||
054 |
Waste Stockpiles |
NAC |
||
060 |
ROM Handling |
NAC |
||
070 |
Waste Rock |
NAC |
||
800 |
Limestone mining/crushing |
M3 |
||
2 |
Site Development and Facilities |
090 |
Roads and Parking Areas |
M3 |
613 |
Buried Utilities |
M3 |
||
630 |
Site Development, Drainage and Collection |
M3 |
||
630 |
Temporary Facilities |
M3 |
||
660 |
Fuel Systems |
M3 |
||
670 |
Sewage Treatment |
M3 |
||
900 |
Ancillary Facilities |
M3 |
||
905 |
Site Security Building (905-BG-001) |
M3 |
||
910 |
Administration Buildings (910-BG-001) |
M3 |
||
915 |
Plant Warehouse Building (915-BG-001) |
M3 |
||
920 |
Plant Maintenance Building (920-BG-001) |
M3 |
||
925 |
Packaging Warehouse Building (925-BG-001) |
M3 |
||
930 |
Plant Laboratory Building (930-BG-001) |
M3 |
||
950 |
Operations Control |
M3 |
||
960 |
Heavy Equipment Wash Station |
M3 |
||
3 |
Sulfuric Acid Plant Area |
500 |
Sulfuric Acid Plant |
EXP |
510 |
Molten Sulfur |
EXP |
||
520 |
Sulfuric Acid Plant Gas and Strong Acid |
EXP |
||
530 |
Tail Gas Treatment |
EXP |
||
540 |
BFW and Steam System |
EXP |
||
540 |
Maintenance Boiler |
EXP |
||
550 |
Cooling Water System |
EXP |
||
560 |
Turbine Generator |
EXP |
||
570 |
Sulfuric Acid Product |
EXP |
||
510 |
Sulfur Vapor Recovery & Scrubber |
EXP |
||
500 |
Caustic Unloading/Storage Tank |
EXP |
||
4 |
Mineral |
100 |
Mineral Beneficiation |
M3 |
110 |
ROM Crushing |
M3 |
||
120 |
Attrition Scrubbing |
M3 |
||
130 |
Classification |
M3 |
||
5 |
Leach and Neutralization |
200 |
Leaching and Neutralization |
M3 |
210 |
Acid Leaching |
M3 |
||
220 |
Neutralization |
M3 |
||
230 |
Neutralization Filtration |
M3 |
||
6 |
Magnesium / Calcium |
300 |
Magnesium/Calcium Removal |
ITAC |
310 |
Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization |
ITAC |
||
320 |
Magnesium Precipitation |
M3 |
||
330 |
Magnesium Precipitation Filtration |
M3 |
||
340 |
Calcium Precipitation |
ITAC |
||
350 |
Cation Removal Ion Exchange |
ITAC |
||
7 |
Li2CO3 and LiOH |
400 |
Lithium Carbonate/Lithium Hydroxide Production |
ITAC |
410 |
Lithium Carbonate Crystallization |
ITAC |
||
420 |
Lithium Carbonate Product Handling |
ITAC |
||
430 |
Na/K Sulfate Salts Crystallization (ZLD Plant) |
ITAC |
||
8 |
Lithium Products |
970 |
Lithium Products Handling |
LAC |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Process Area |
WBS |
Process Systems |
Engineering |
|
9 |
Reagents |
800 |
Liquid CO2 Storage and Distribution |
ITAC |
800 |
Flocculant (Classification) |
M3 |
||
800 |
Caustic Soda Distribution (outside Sulfuric Acid Plant) |
ITAC |
||
800 |
Limestone |
M3 |
||
800 |
Lime |
M3 |
||
800 |
Soda Ash |
ITAC |
||
10 |
Utilities |
600 |
Sitewide Utilities |
ITAC |
610 |
Temporary Power |
ITAC |
||
610 |
Substation |
ITAC |
||
610 |
E-Buildings |
ITAC |
||
610 |
Lighting, Grounding, Communications, Security |
ITAC |
||
612 |
M/V O/H Lines |
ITAC |
||
614 |
Fiber Optic & Plant Wide Telecomms (incl. Towers) |
ITAC |
||
620 |
Steam Distribution |
ITAC |
||
640 |
Compressed Air |
ITAC |
||
650 |
Water Systems |
M3 |
||
690 |
Sitewide Utilities Misc Scope |
ITAC |
||
11 |
Tailings |
700 |
Tailings Disposal |
M3 |
12 |
Transload Facility |
990 |
Transload Facility |
LAC |
18.1.2.3 Design and Estimate Responsibilities
The following engineering firms and contractors have been involved in the FEL/FEED work for the Project to this point:
M3 - Engineering lead for the following process areas of the Project: site plan, mineral beneficiation, leach and neutralization, magnesium/calcium removal (magnesium precipitation only), select reagents, and tailings. Prepared preliminary engineering/design and material take offs (MTO) for all process areas listed above. Specified and solicited equipment quotes for process equipment within M3 scope boundaries. Created detailed construction estimate pricing for all civil, concrete, and ancillary facility items across the Project based on MTOs that were created by M3, Sawtooth and ITAC.
Industrial TurnAround Corporation/ITAC Engineers P.C. (ITAC) - Engineering lead for all or part of the following process areas of the Project: magnesium and calcium removal, lithium carbonate production, reagents, utilities, power distribution from utility to various plan areas, and sitewide process controls and automation system. Prepared preliminary engineering/design and material take offs (MTO) for all process areas listed above. Specified and solicited equipment quotes for process equipment within ITAC scope boundaries. Created detailed construction estimates for all electrical and controls items across the Project based on MTO that were created by M3 and ITAC. Assembled the final overall estimate using the detailed construction estimates from M3, Graywolf, and ITAC.
GrayWolf - Produced detailed construction estimates for all mechanical equipment, piping, structural steel, and rigging across the Project based on MTO that were created by M3 and ITAC. Provided constructability input for the Feasibility Estimate Level 3 work. Provided federated 3D model and animations for overall plant site.
EXP - Engineering lead for the sulfuric acid plant. Provided TIC Report and pricing based on reimbursable EPCM execution model of the sulfuric acid plant which can be converted to turnkey basis upon LAC request.
Sawtooth Mining (subsidiary of North American Coal Corporation (NAC)) - Prepared pricing FEL/FEED pricing for mining areas and operations.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
NewFields - Prepared preliminary site land, topographical, and geotechnical surveys. NewFields also prepared construction estimates for much of their design (waste rock, course gangue, storm water, haul roadways, CTFS, and closure). They have and continue to provide various permitting services to Owner.
EDG - Provided a third-party cost estimate review, risk assessment, and design allowance and contingency recommendations of the deterministic Phase 1 and Phase 2 estimates.
18.1.2.4 Maturity of Engineering Documents
As of the date of this report the key estimating documents, which are piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), process general arrangement drawings, electrical single lines, site plans, site grading plan, piping line list, equipment list, valve lists, electrical load list, specifications, and ancillary building general arrangement drawings are substantially complete in an issued for review status. However, the estimate presently requires revisions based on receipt of updated equipment information that had not been received in time for this report. These areas are equipment related to lithium carbonate and ZLD (from Veolia), magnesium sulfate (from Aquatech) and CCD (from FLSmidth).
The Owner's intent is that the P&IDs will be "frozen" when the final Estimate Report is issued, although it is probable that minor changes may be made during the design process. The equipment arrangement drawings will be considered baseline design documents subject to revisions based on final design and on certified equipment drawings that will drive such design features as equipment footprints, required maintenance spaces, etc. In addition, the other key estimating documents listed above will be subject to revisions driven by certified equipment submittals, design refinements, and any Owner-initiated changes to be documented through a management of change process.
18.1.2.5 Labor Rates
Due to the size and location of the work, per diems and payment of overtime are required to attract qualified craft to the area. The construction labor rates are built-up composite rates based on the estimated quantities of direct labor crafts (superintendent, general foremen, journeymen, apprentice, and laborer). Built-up labor costs were furnished by ITAC, NewFields, Graywolf, and M3. These rates are inclusive of projected overtime, fringes, small tools, construction equipment, and per-diem. Trade indirects (non-working supervision) were then applied along with customary overhead and profit. The resulting composite rates were used for each construction discipline estimate. A factor for non-productive time and congestion or difficulty was assessed for each trade and applied accordingly. See Table 18-7 for composite trade labor rates.
Table 18-7 Composite Trade Labor Rates
Position |
Full Labor Rate |
Site Civil Composite Rate |
$67.53* to $106.46 |
Concrete Composite Rate |
$95.83 |
Mechanical Composite Rate |
$111.07 |
Electrical / Instrument Composite Rate |
$126.76 |
*Long-term local hires with no per diem. |
18.1.2.6 Contingency
Contingency accounts for estimating inaccuracies on the scope as defined by the engineering documents and is not intended to cover the costs of scope additions or additional field labor overtime to achieve schedule compression. The Project will manage and account for Contingency in budget reports.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
18.1.2.7 Exclusions
Exclusions were as follows:
Final selection of suppliers may impact construction costs. All costs are considered budgetary since detailed technical specifications were not prepared and competitive quotes were not obtained.
Estimate does not include cost impact of potential vendor or contractor performance or process guarantees, liquidated damages or specialty insurances.
Construction costs include the costs of construction equipment and contractor support activities that include materials off-loading, storage, handling, preparation, etc.
Based on expected system operating requirements, the basis of design and cost estimate accounted for a steady-state electrical load only.
Travel time for craft personnel from the man camp to the job site is not included in the cost estimate. The costs of buses and fuel are included in the cost estimate.
The basis of design and the cost estimate do not include field disconnects and field start/stops.
Allowance for weather delays is included in the estimate as a 5% weather allowance on labor but not included for schedule. Construction during wintertime has the potential to significantly lower productivity and to cause delays due to inclement weather.
The estimate does not include the cost of downtime.
The estimate includes factored costs for capital spares included in Owner's cost but excludes a detailed account of capital spares.
The estimate does not include allowances for escalation of equipment, materials, and labor costs.
18.1.3 Mine Capital Costs
Mine development costs are estimated to be $57.8 million for Phase I and $29.7 million for Phase 2. These costs are summarized in Table 18-4. Mine development costs include initial facilities and infrastructure.
18.1.3.1 Mine Facilities
The site chosen for the Mine facilities is located west of the Process Facility along Nevada State Route 293. The site is located outside of future mining operations and maximizes the ability to support both the short and long-term mining operations. Construction of the initial facilities is projected to begin three years before production is expected to start, or year -3. The construction of the permanent office/shop is projected to occur in year 3 of production. Facilities are listed below:
Initial Office (Phase 1)
Initial Shop (Phase 1)
Permanent Office/Shop (Phase 2)
Initial Warehouse (Phase 1)
Outside Warehouse Area (Phase 1
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Lube System (Phase 1)
Fuel Farm (Phase 1)
Parking Lot (Phase 1)
Lighting and Fencing (Phase 1)
18.1.3.2 Infrastructure
An infrastructure of roads, ponds, diversions, and other Mine-related features will be built during the Mine construction phase to serve over the life of the mine. These projects will be developed prior to the commissioning of the Process Facility.
18.1.4 Transload Facility Capital Costs
Transload facility capital cost is estimated to be $78.1 million for Phase 1 and $30.6 million for Phase 2 and is summarized in Table 18-4. The facility will be constructed in the town of Winnemucca, NV by LAC to support Phase 1 and Phase 2 bulk materials required for the Project, identified in Section 18. Sustaining capital is estimated to be $3.4 million for the life of mine.
18.1.5 Owner's Costs
Owner's costs were developed by LAC and are estimated specifically within the capital execution phase of the Project. Estimated Owner's Cost are divided into eleven categories and are included in the Project's estimate. Table 18-8 summarizes the Owners Costs estimate.
The items included in the individual Owners Cost categories include are:
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 18-8 Owner's Cost Summary
# |
Category |
Phase 1 |
Phase 2 |
||
Estimated |
% |
Estimated |
% |
||
1 |
Pre-Executing Costs |
$23.26 |
16% |
$9.22 |
12% |
2 |
Facility Equipment Costs |
$25.82 |
17% |
$11.61 |
15% |
3 |
Owners Project Costs |
$39.01 |
26% |
$29.71 |
39% |
4 |
Permitting & Legal Costs |
$18.94 |
13% |
$7.14 |
9% |
5 |
Project Direct Costs |
$10.63 |
7% |
$8.57 |
11% |
6 |
External (Non-Project) Costs |
$18.23 |
12% |
$5.75 |
8% |
7 |
Operational Readiness Costs |
$0.61 |
0% |
$0.05 |
0% |
8 |
Finance (Tax Rebate) |
($5.00) |
-3% |
$0.00 |
0% |
9 |
Business System Costs |
$4.00 |
3% |
$0.88 |
1% |
10 |
Process Consumable Costs |
$7.79 |
5% |
$1.95 |
3% |
11 |
Mobile Equipment Costs |
$6.52 |
4% |
$0.73 |
1% |
|
Subtotal |
$149.82 |
100% |
$75.59 |
100% |
|
Contingency |
$19.63 |
|
$9.90 |
|
|
Total |
$169.44 |
|
$85.49 |
|
18.1.6 Potential Risks
18.1.6.1 Process Areas in Development
At the time of this report, process development in Project areas from Counter Current Decantation and Filtration, Magnesium Sulfate through Lithium Carbonate and ZLD continues with LAC and multiple suppliers. Current Capital Cost estimates are from 2021 (MTO-based) for an Aquatech Magnesium Sulfate process and a Veolia Lithium Carbonate plant. ZLD is currently budgeted by doubling (2x) the 2020 MTO-based estimate for the Aquatech 20k ZLD plant. Costs in these areas (as well as associated reagent and utility systems and other facility provisions) may change as the process is finalized, at which time LAC expects to complete detailed, MTO-based estimates in these areas which will be used to update this report.
18.1.6.2 COVID-19 Pandemic
Due to the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential of further shutdowns, shortages, delays, and other wide-reaching effects, the current environment assigns risk to the Project's equipment and materials procurement activities and construction activities due to limited resource availability and physical distancing.
18.1.6.3 Change of Execution Strategy
The Project cost and schedule will be affected by shifting the Project delivery method or scope.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
18.1.6.4 Risk Mitigation
Engage construction partners early in design to ensure constructability.
Utilize a strong Construction Management Team experienced in safely and effectively coordinating multiple site and industrial contractors.
Implement robust Project Controls to regularly provide information to the Project Manager for use in monitoring resources and deliveries and controlling the Project cost, schedule, earned values, field progress, and change management.
18.2 Sustaining Capital Costs
Sustaining capital costs are based on Q1-Q3 2022 pricing.
18.2.1 Mine, Plant, and Sulfuric Acid Plant Sustaining Capital Cost
Sustaining capital costs for the Thacker Pass Project have been estimated and are primarily for continued development of the clay tailings filter stack and coarse gangue stockpile, mining activities, sulfuric acid plant, and other sustaining plant and infrastructure expenditures. Sustaining capital costs for the clay tailings filter stack and coarse gangue stockpile include the years those facilities need to be expanded for stockpiling capacities (provided by NewFields; MTO). Mining sustaining capital costs reflect the cost of replacing the mobile mining fleet to handle the provision of ore to the process plant as well as stripping and placement of waste material (provided by Sawtooth; itemized). Sustaining capital costs for the sulfuric acid plants are expected to occur every three years (provided by EXP; itemized). Sustaining capital for the general plant is factored from the Project equipment list based on Standard Useful Lives of equipment provided in Attachment 10 of the DOE's 2015 Financial Management Handbook (provided by ITAC/M3). Sustaining capital costs allotted for the life of the Project are shown in Table 18-9.
Table 18-9 Summary of Sustaining Capital Costs for Mine, Plant, and Sulfuric Acid Plant
Year |
Mining Equipment & |
Mobile |
Plant & |
Sulfuric |
CTFS |
Offsite |
Total |
1 |
4.4 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
4.4 |
2 |
12.2 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
12.3 |
3 |
15.9 |
0.5 |
0.0 |
2.3 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
18.8 |
4 |
13.4 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
13.4 |
5 |
12.5 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
5.6 |
0.1 |
19.6 |
6 |
7.6 |
1.5 |
0.0 |
2.6 |
5.6 |
0.1 |
17.5 |
7 |
2.6 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
2.3 |
5.6 |
0.1 |
10.5 |
8 |
5.7 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
5.6 |
0.1 |
12.8 |
9 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
5.1 |
5.6 |
0.1 |
11.1 |
10 |
7.9 |
0.0 |
1.4 |
2.6 |
4.4 |
0.1 |
16.4 |
11-15 |
51.6 |
7.1 |
4.4 |
22.3 |
22.9 |
0.6 |
109.0 |
16-20 |
26.3 |
1.7 |
30.5 |
26.0 |
24.3 |
0.3 |
109.2 |
21-25 |
19.7 |
4.4 |
191.6 |
41.6 |
15.6 |
0.6 |
273.6 |
26-30 |
46.9 |
4.4 |
555.0 |
33.7 |
16.6 |
0.3 |
656.8 |
31-35 |
35.1 |
3.5 |
37.2 |
48.9 |
20.4 |
0.6 |
145.8 |
36-40 |
2.2 |
3.5 |
0.0 |
56.8 |
16.4 |
0.3 |
79.2 |
41+ |
Closure Reclamation |
|
53.5 |
||||
Total |
264.3 |
26.6 |
826.2 |
244.2 |
149.0 |
3.4 |
1,563.7 |
*Costs shown in this table are in millions of dollars. Due to rounding, some totals in this table may not correspond with the sum of the separate figures.
The estimated sustaining capital costs for the expansion of the Thacker Pass Project are estimated in Q3 2022 dollars.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
18.2.2 Stockpile and Filter Stack Sustaining Capital Costs
The coarse gangue stockpile (CGS) and clay tailings filter stack (CTFS) will require expansions over the life of the Project. The initial construction costs of the CGS and CTFS are captured in the initial capital plan. Each facility will initially be constructed to support operations through Phase 1, or year 3. Their overall design and permitted square footages are summarized in Section 18. Expansions will occur the year before either facility is expected to reach the capacity of the previously constructed footprint. The sustaining capital timing for these expansions is determined from mining and processing mass balances along with a reasonable footprint to support operations for multiple years before the next expansion is required. The price per square foot to expand the facilities is determined from engineered estimates from Sawtooth, M3 and NewFields and the initial construction estimates of the CGS and CTFS. The price per square foot includes civil works, synthetic liner deployment, collection systems, over liner and equipment and labor to construct the facility. See Table 18-10.
Coarse Gangue Stockpile: the stockpile of reject material generated from the beneficiation circuit. The material to be stockpiled on this facility will be used for pit backfill and does not require any expansion in years 16-25 as coarse gangue will likely be directly hauled from beneficiation and dumped in the pit. Total sustaining capital is estimated to be $15.7M from 808 thousand m2 (8.7 million sqft) of expanded footprint.
Clay Tailings Filter Stack: the storage facility of clay tailings generated from the neutralization circuit and sulfate salts. Total sustaining capital is estimated to be $133.3 from 4.2 Mm2 (45.5 million square feet) of expanded footprint over the forty-year mine life.
Table 18-10 CTFS and CGS Expansion Area and Costs
Year |
CTFS and CGS Expansions |
CTFS |
CGS |
|||||
Million Sqft |
US$-M |
Million Sqft |
$/sqft |
US$-M |
Million Sqft |
$/sqft |
US$-M |
|
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
4 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
5 |
2.6 |
$5.6 |
1.3 |
$2.61 |
$3.3 |
1.3 |
$1.79 |
$2.3 |
6 |
2.6 |
$5.6 |
1.3 |
$2.61 |
$3.3 |
1.3 |
$1.79 |
$2.3 |
7 |
2.6 |
$5.6 |
1.3 |
$2.61 |
$3.3 |
1.3 |
$1.79 |
$2.3 |
8 |
2.6 |
$5.6 |
1.3 |
$2.61 |
$3.3 |
1.3 |
$1.79 |
$2.3 |
9 |
2.6 |
$5.6 |
1.3 |
$2.61 |
$3.3 |
1.3 |
$1.79 |
$2.3 |
10 |
1.5 |
$4.4 |
1.1 |
$3.37 |
$3.5 |
0.5 |
$1.80 |
$0.8 |
11-15 |
7.9 |
$22.9 |
6.1 |
$3.28 |
$19.6 |
1.8 |
$1.80 |
$3.3 |
16-20 |
8.3 |
$24.3 |
8.3 |
$2.92 |
$24.3 |
- |
- |
- |
21-25 |
5.4 |
$15.6 |
5.4 |
$2.92 |
$15.6 |
- |
- |
- |
26-30 |
5.7 |
$16.6 |
5.7 |
$2.92 |
$16.6 |
- |
- |
- |
31-35 |
7.0 |
$20.4 |
7.0 |
$2.92 |
$20.4 |
- |
- |
- |
35-40 |
5.6 |
$16.4 |
5.6 |
$2.92 |
$16.4 |
- |
- |
- |
41+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total |
54.3 |
$149.0 |
45.5 |
$2.92 |
$133.3 |
8.7 |
$1.79 |
$15.7 |
18.2.3 Closure Costs
Closure costs are estimated from NewFields based upon necessary reclamation, remediation, and closure of the 40-year facility. These closure costs of $53.5M will be updated as operations continue, and concurrent reclamation takes place. Site overhead during closure will be a corporate cost. Closure is expected to take place after production concludes in year 40. See Table 18-11.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 18-11 Reclamation Costs
Category |
Costs ($-M) |
Waste Rock Dumps |
12.72 |
Pit |
0.08 |
Haul Roads |
0.31 |
Access Roads |
0.10 |
Process Ponds |
3.47 |
Yards |
1.22 |
Growth Media Stockpile |
0.06 |
Landfills |
0 |
Foundations and Buildings |
8.99 |
Sediment Ponds |
0.03 |
Wells |
0.04 |
Monitoring Wells |
0.38 |
Waste Disposal |
12.29 |
Miscellaneous |
2.55 |
Equipment Removal |
0.42 |
Exploration Drillhole |
0 |
Exploration Roads and Pads |
0.12 |
Indirect Costs |
10.70 |
Total |
$53.50 |
18.2.4 Pre-Sanction Costs
For the purposes of this study, there are several work activities upon the completion of the preliminary feasibility study that have been considered pre-sanction and are not included in this capital cost estimate. These include:
Investments in the Project to date were not included in the economic analysis (and are not amortized in the model).
18.3 Operating Cost Estimate
18.3.1 Basis of Estimate
18.3.1.1 Estimating Base Date and Accuracy Range
Cost inputs into the model ranged from Q2 to Q4 2022 pricing. The estimate is prepared on an annual basis and includes all site-related operating costs associated with the production of lithium carbonate.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
For the purposes of this study, all operating costs incurred from Project award, up to but excluding commissioning, are deemed preproduction costs and have been included in the CAPEX, as they are considered part of construction.
18.3.1.2 Responsibilities
Direct costs were developed by LAC for the process operating area and Sawtooth Mining for the mining area. The input from each party was assembled and reviewed by LAC and M3 Engineering to generate the master Project OPEX.
The responsibilities for developing the operating costs are as follows:
18.3.1.3 Estimating Methodology
18.3.1.3.1 Estimate Structure
Operating costs have been organized into four main areas: Mining, Lithium Processing, Sulfuric Acid Plant and General and Administrative costs. Each area has several sub areas defined by the estimating team. The mine life, and concurrent processing operations, is defined to be 40 years.
Operating costs are further divided among ten expense types: Mining, Process Labor, Raw Materials, Fuel (non-mining), Inbound Logistics, Power, Maintenance/Parts/Outside Services, Supplies, Tailings Placement and General and Administration.
18.3.1.4 Data Sources
The following data sources were used to prepare the OPEX estimate:
Lithium Americas Corp. |
18.3.2 Elements of Costs
18.3.2.1 Labor
Labor for the Project will require staffing for a 24 hour per day, seven day per week operation. All 24-hour operations are based on a four (4) shift rotation of 12-hour shifts. Non-shift labor is based on a 40-hour work week. Due to the proximity of Winnemucca to the mine site, no camp is required at the mine site. Bus transportation will be provided to and from the site. Bus capital is included in Owner's cost for housing.
The labor costs for this Project were estimated based on the expected salaries in the region along with a payroll burdens allowance of 30% and a 10% overtime allowance for hourly labor. A master labor list was compiled by LAC with input from Pray and Company for all positions including process plant, sulfuric acid plant, management, and support staff.
The labor requirements and average annual cost are summarized by OPEX area in Table 18-12. Management includes shift supervisor through General Manager. Labor includes hourly staff.
Table 18-12 Lithium Americas Labor Requirements and Average Annual Cost Summary (40-Year Base Case)
Unit |
Annual Average |
Annual Average Cost ($-M) |
Plant Area |
|
|
Lithium Processing |
|
|
Plant Management and Supervision |
6 |
$1.0 |
Plant Labor |
109 |
$12.8 |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant |
|
|
SAP Management and Supervision |
6 |
$1.1 |
SAP Labor |
30 |
$3.8 |
SAP Maintenance |
6 |
$0.8 |
Maintenance |
|
|
Maintenance Management and Supervision |
12 |
$2.1 |
Maintenance Labor |
62 |
$8.0 |
Technical Services |
|
|
Laboratory and Quality Control |
16 |
$1.8 |
Engineering |
8 |
$1.3 |
IT & Data Services |
6 |
$0.8 |
General and Administrative |
|
|
Management and Administrative |
5 |
$1.3 |
Health, Safety & Environment |
10 |
$1.6 |
Human Resources |
3 |
$0.5 |
Finance |
4 |
$0.6 |
Supply Chain |
11 |
$1.2 |
Total |
294 |
$38.7 |
Mining and Clay Tailings Area |
|
|
Mine Management |
20 |
$4.0 |
Mining and Tailings Labor |
152 |
$21.1 |
Maintenance labor |
49 |
$7.44 |
Total |
221 |
$32.4 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
NOTE: Phase 2 yearly labor required is the same for 40-year base case and 25-year case.
18.3.2.2 Raw Materials
Materials consumed by the process are estimated using unit consumption rates or are consumed at a fixed rate each year. The reagent consumption rates are sourced from the process design criteria. Usage rates were based on test work, mine plan modeling, and Aspen Plus® mass balance modelling estimations.
Consumption rates of liquid sulfur, sodium hydroxide ('caustic soda') and water treatment chemicals for the acid plant were developed and provided by EXP.
Consumption rates of fuel were estimated from mobile and fixed equipment expected hours of operation, utilization, and fuel burn rates.
Usage rates of sulfuric acid were assumed to be equal to the yearly estimated maximum produced from the sulfuric acid plant, per EXP.
Unit pricing for raw materials was based on discussions with suppliers and benchmarking data. Table 18-13 represents the purchase price and delivered price for each major raw material and Table 18-14 represents the expected annual consumption rates.
Table 18-13 Raw Material Purchase and Delivered Pricing
Raw Materials |
$/unit |
Purchase Price |
Purchase and Delivery to Project Site Price |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Purchased |
$/tonne |
0 |
0 |
Quicklime |
$/tonne |
153 |
214 |
Limestone |
$/tonne |
34 |
34 |
Soda Ash |
$/tonne |
221 |
249 |
Hydrochloric Acid 35% |
$/tonne |
377 |
394 |
Ferric Sulfate 60% |
$/tonne |
461 |
492 |
Caustic Soda 50% |
$/tonne |
689 |
714 |
Flocculant |
$/tonne |
4,960 |
5,495 |
Ammonia |
$/tonne |
607 |
858 |
Liquid Sulfur |
$/tonne |
148 |
249 |
Propane |
$/tonne |
1,422 |
1,422 |
Diesel Off Road |
$/gal |
3.8 |
4 |
Diesel Highway |
$/gal |
4.3 |
4 |
Gasoline |
$/gal |
3.9 |
4 |
Water Treatment |
$/l |
5 |
5 |
Table 18-14 Raw Material Annual Consumption (40-Year LOM Base Case)
Raw Materials |
Unit |
Average Annual |
Average unit tonne per tonne of Lithium |
Quicklime |
tonne |
139,942 |
2.10 |
Limestone |
tonne |
435,614 |
6.52 |
Soda Ash |
tonne |
247,857 |
3.71 |
Hydrochloric Acid 35% |
tonne |
1,385 |
0.02 |
Ferric Sulfate 60% |
tonne |
376 |
0.01 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Raw Materials |
Unit |
Average Annual |
Average unit tonne per tonne of Lithium |
Caustic Soda 50% |
tonne |
7,150 |
0.11 |
Flocculant |
tonne |
4,481 |
0.07 |
Ammonia |
tonne |
304 |
0.005 |
Liquid Sulfur (estimated) |
tonne |
655,407 |
9.81 |
Water Treatment (SAP) |
Liter |
1,884 |
0.03 |
Diesel Off-Road |
gallon |
4,683,350 |
70.13 |
Diesel Highway |
gallon |
0 |
0.00 |
Unleaded Gasoline (Process Plant) |
gallon |
92,320 |
1.38 |
Propane (Process Plant) |
tonne |
1,129 |
0.02 |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid @ 98.5% (Purchased) |
tonne |
0 |
0.00 |
Table 18-15 Raw Material Annual Consumption (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM)
Raw Materials |
Unit |
Average Annual |
Average unit tonne per tonne of |
Quicklime |
tonne |
149,355 |
2.14 |
Limestone |
tonne |
399,709 |
5.72 |
Soda Ash |
tonne |
260,656 |
3.73 |
Hydrochloric Acid 35% |
tonne |
1,465 |
0.02 |
Ferric Sulfate 60% |
tonne |
401 |
0.01 |
Caustic Soda 50% |
tonne |
7,123 |
0.10 |
Flocculant |
tonne |
4,318 |
0.06 |
Ammonia |
tonne |
289 |
0.004 |
Liquid Sulfur (estimated) |
tonne |
633,884 |
9.07 |
Water Treatment (SAP) |
Liter |
1,822 |
0.03 |
Diesel Off-Road |
gallon |
4,329,711 |
61.93 |
Diesel Highway |
gallon |
0 |
0.00 |
Unleaded Gasoline (Process Plant) |
gallon |
92,391 |
1.32 |
Propane (Process Plant) |
tonne |
1,092 |
0.02 |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid @ 98.5% (Purchased) |
tonne |
0 |
0.00 |
Figure 18-1 presents the raw materials distribution over the first 40 years of operations as part of the base case. Figure 18-2 presents the raw materials distribution over the first 25 years of operation for the 25-year case.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 18-1 Raw Materials Cost (40-Year LOM - Base Case)
Source: M3, 2022
Figure 18-2 Raw Materials Cost (Years 1-25 of 40-Year LOM)
Source: M3, 2022
18.3.2.3 Power
Electrical power costs are based on a rate of US$60/MWh, following research and discussions with potential electricity suppliers. This includes wheeling charges. Electrical power consumption and estimates were based on equipment connected loads and load analysis. Table 18-16 presents the annual average power cost by area over the 40-year life of mine. Table 18-17 shows this for years 1 to 25 of the life of mine.
The cost of net power imported is estimated by subtracting the power generated on site in the Acid Plants from the overall power required and multiplying by the power cost.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 18-16 Average Annual Power Cost (40 Year LOM - Base Case)
Power |
GWh/y |
Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product |
Lithium Processing |
881.3 |
52.9 |
792 |
Acid Plant |
236.5 |
14.2 |
212 |
Generation |
-705.5 |
-42.3 |
-634 |
Net Power Import |
412.3 |
24.7 |
370 |
Table 18-17 Average Annual Power Cost (Years 1 to 25 of 40 Year LOM)
Power |
GWh/y |
Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product |
Lithium Processing |
853.8 |
51.2 |
733 |
Acid Plant |
228.7 |
13.7 |
196 |
Generation |
-682.3 |
-40.9 |
-586 |
Net Power Import |
0.0 |
24.7 |
343 |
18.3.2.4 Maintenance and Supplies
Sulfuric Acid Plant maintenance is estimated by an itemized 40-year activities and labor hours list provided by EXP. The maintenance budget for the sulfuric acid plant is thus compiled via non-capital parts budget and a subset of the staffing plan. No factors are used. All outside labor and services are assumed to be capitalized with major equipment rebuilds, etc. as presented in the yearly cash flow for the acid plant.
Lithium Processing maintenance allowances and outside services include supplies, such as spare parts, repair materials, miscellaneous consumables, and third-party support required for general maintenance from operating activities. The allowances for fixed mechanical equipment, electrical, instrumentation, mobile equipment (non-mining) are based on a factored percentage of installed mechanical and electrical equipment capital values. Outside Services are a factor of total maintenance cost. Factors are assumed to be constant for all periods of operation (i.e., 40-year base case and 25-year case).
Factored maintenance, supplies, and outside service costs for process activities (non-mining activities) are summarized in Table 18-18.
Table 18-18 Factored Maintenance Annual Allowances
Unit |
Allowance |
Allowance ($-M/yr Avg) |
Lithium Processing |
|
|
Fixed Mechanical Maintenance |
3% |
20.8 |
Electrical, Instrumentation & Automation |
2% |
4.2 |
Mobile Equipment (non-mining) |
3% |
0.2 |
Maintenance Parts and Supplies |
- |
4.5 |
Outside Services |
10% |
2.1 |
Sulfuric Acid Plant |
|
|
Fixed Mechanical Maintenance |
0% |
0.0 |
Electrical, Instrumentation & Automation |
0% |
0.0 |
Outside Services |
0% |
0.0 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
18.3.2.5 General & Administrative
General and Administrative costs include costs related to the Process Plant and Sulfuric Acid Plant areas, for which a fixed amount is allotted each year. These include items such as salaries for nonproduction staff, software licenses, legal costs, insurance, as well as administrative costs such as office supplies, administrative services and fees, environmental health and safety, public relations, and other costs.
Table 18-19 General and Administrative Costs (40 Year LOM - Base Case)
General & Administrative |
Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product |
Salaries & Fringes |
9.1 |
136 |
Accounting (excluding labor) |
0.1 |
1 |
Safety (excluding labor) |
0.1 |
1 |
Human Resources (excluding labor) |
0.1 |
1 |
Environmental Dept. (excluding Labor |
0.2 |
2 |
Security (excluding labor) |
0.5 |
7 |
Janitorial Services (contract) |
0.1 |
1 |
Community Relations (excluding labor) |
0.1 |
2 |
Office Operating Supplies and Postage |
0.0 |
0 |
Phone/Communications |
0.1 |
1 |
Licenses, Fees, and Taxes |
0.1 |
1 |
Legal |
0.5 |
7 |
Insurances |
0.1 |
2 |
Subs, Dues, Mining Leases, Water Rights |
0.1 |
1 |
Travel, Lodging, and Meals |
0.1 |
2 |
Training |
0.3 |
4 |
Travel - busing |
1.2 |
18 |
Rentals |
0.9 |
13 |
Relocation |
0.1 |
1 |
IT |
0.9 |
14 |
Total |
$14.3 |
$214.5 |
Table 18-20 General and Administrative Costs (Years 1 to 25 of 40 Year LOM)
General & Administrative |
Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product |
Salaries & Fringes |
9.1 |
130 |
Accounting (excluding labor) |
0.1 |
1 |
Safety (excluding labor) |
0.1 |
1 |
Human Resources (excluding labor) |
0.1 |
1 |
Environmental Dept. (excluding Labor |
0.2 |
2 |
Security (excluding labor) |
0.5 |
7 |
Janitorial Services (contract) |
0.1 |
1 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
General & Administrative |
Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product |
Community Relations (excluding labor) |
0.1 |
2 |
Office Operating Supplies and Postage |
0.0 |
0 |
Phone/Communications |
0.1 |
1 |
Licenses, Fees, and Taxes |
0.1 |
1 |
Legal |
0.5 |
7 |
Insurances |
0.1 |
2 |
Subs, Dues, Mining Leases, Water Rights |
0.1 |
1 |
Travel, Lodging, and Meals |
0.1 |
2 |
Training |
0.3 |
4 |
Travel - busing |
1.2 |
17 |
Rentals |
0.9 |
12 |
Relocation |
0.1 |
1 |
IT |
0.9 |
13 |
Total |
$14.3 |
$205.2 |
18.3.3 Operating Cost Areas
18.3.3.1 Mining and Clay Tailings Operating Cost Areas
18.3.3.1.1 Mining and Clay Tailings Operating Cost
Mining operating costs are driven by work effort. Specifically, the ore requirements of the process facility determine the total volume of waste that must be moved to expose the ore to be mined and delivered. This annual requirement is used to estimate equipment hours, the major driver of the mine's operating costs. Factors such as waste-to-ore ratio, haul distance and haul profile influence work effort and operating costs. Hauling and storage of the waste material, attrition scrubber reject, and coarse gangue is included as part of the mine operations.
Operating costs to load, haul and stack the clay and salt tailings are based on volume. Additionally, costs are added to dry and compact most of the clay tailings into a structural fill to surround and contain the salt tailings. The volume of clay and salt tailings is determined by the throughput of the process plant and the consistency of the ore. The annual volume of the two types of tailings, as well as the haul distance and profile, is used to estimate equipment hours, the major driver of operating costs.
The mining and clay tailings operating cost includes the following:
Lithium Americas Corp. |
A summary of the Mining and Clay Tailings Operating Cost Estimate for the 40-year base case) and for the 25 years are provided in Table 18-21 and Table 18-22, respectively.
Table 18-21 Mining and Clay Tailings Operating Cost Estimate (40-Year LOM Base Case)
Mining and Tailings Cost |
Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Mined (ore+waste) |
$/tonne Product |
Mine Management |
4.0 |
0.3 |
60.0 |
Mine Labor |
21.1 |
1.4 |
315.7 |
Maintenance Labor |
7.4 |
0.5 |
110.1 |
Equipment Costs |
30.8 |
2.1 |
460.6 |
Other (Including contractor profit) |
13.2 |
0.9 |
197.5 |
Capital Recovery |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
Total |
$76.4 |
$5.2 |
$1,143.8 |
Table 18-22 Mining and Clay Tailings Operating Cost Estimate (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM)
Mining and Tailings Cost |
Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Mined (ore+waste) |
$/tonne Product |
Mine Management |
4.0 |
0.3 |
56.5 |
Mine Labor |
19.4 |
1.4 |
277.8 |
Maintenance Labor |
6.8 |
0.5 |
96.6 |
Equipment Costs |
28.4 |
2.0 |
406.5 |
Other (Including contractor profit) |
13.2 |
0.9 |
188.9 |
Capital Recovery |
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
Total |
$71.7 |
$5.0 |
$1,026.3 |
Figure 18-3 and Figure 18-4 present the distribution of the mining and tailings operating expenses for the 40-year base case and for 25 years, respectively.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 18-3 Distribution of mining and tailings management Operational Cost (40-Year LOM - Base Case)
Source: Sawtooth, 2022
Figure 18-4 Distribution of mining and tailings management Operational Cost (Years 1-25 of 40-Year LOM Case)
Source: Sawtooth, 2022
Lithium Americas Corp. |
18.3.3.1.2 Mining Battery Limits
The battery limits for the mining contractor's portion of the operating cost estimate are presented in Table 18-23.
Table 18-23 Battery Limits for Mining Contractor Operating Cost Estimate
Mining Scope |
Battery Limit |
Outside Mining Scope |
All operating costs necessary to mine and haul ore to the ROM stockpiles and feed ore into the feeders with a dozer. |
ROM stockpile feeder loading |
Costs associated with the feeder breakers, attrition scrubbers, and slurry pipeline. |
All operating costs necessary to excavate and haul waste material from the pit to the waste rock storage. |
waste rock storage |
No outside scope is associated with this operation. |
All operating costs necessary to grub, excavate and haul growth media either to stockpiles or to final placement on regraded spoil. |
disturbance area |
No outside scope is associated with this operation. |
All operating costs necessary to haul coarse gangue from the processing plant to the coarse gangue stockpile. |
coarse gangue stacker conveyor head pulley. |
Equipment, maintenance, and labor associated with the initial stacking of coarse gangue. |
All operating costs necessary to haul attrition scrubber reject material to the waste rock storage facility. |
attrition scrubber reject conveyor head pulley. |
Equipment, maintenance, and labor associated with attrition scrubber operations. |
All mine facilities maintenance. |
ROM side of concrete push wall, electrical substation at shop/office facilities site, main water supply tank. |
All water lines and electric power lines and equipment necessary to feed the mine facilities. |
18.3.3.1.3 Clay and Salt Tailings Battery Limits
The battery limits for the clay and salt haulage and stacking portion of the operating cost estimate are presented in Table 18-24.
Table 18-24 Clay and Salt Tailings Battery Limits
Clay and Salt Tailings Scope |
Battery Limit |
Outside Mining Scope |
Hauling, stacking, and final compaction of salt and clay waste. |
clay and salt stacker conveyors' head pulleys |
The cost associated with equipment, maintenance, and labor required to operate the clay and salt radial stackers. |
The cost associated with haul road maintenance. |
clay and salt stacker conveyors' head pulleys |
The cost associated with maintenance of Clay Tailings Filter Stack: piping, liner repair, ponds, pumps, and lighting. |
18.3.3.1.4 Estimation Methodology
The OPEX estimation for both mining and clay tailings relies on a series of budgetary quotations, but also internal databases and historical pricing. Table 18-25 presents a description of the estimation methodology and the items estimated under that methodology.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 18-25 Mining Estimation Methodology
Methodology | Items |
Budgetary Quotations | Diesel price, Contractor Drilling and Blasting cost |
Software | RPM Global's TALPAC software to determine end dump travel times |
Internal Databases | Sawtooth and affiliates equipment rates and operating cost database Sawtooth and affiliates salary labor rates and benefits |
Historical Pricing | Monthly diesel pricing for Winnemucca, Nevada region |
Public Information | CAT handbook for equipment rates |
18.3.3.1.5 Source of Data
Quotations were received from Komatsu, and Caterpillar. Sawtooth Mining contracted with a local human resource consulting firm, Pray and Company, to develop labor rates for the Winnemucca region.
Sawtooth used its internal database for estimating operating costs for the equipment used in this Project. For equipment not in the database, the costs were either estimated by factoring the costs to a similar piece of equipment by their respective horsepower, or by using CostMine by Glacier Resource Innovation Group as a reference.
18.3.3.2 Lithium Processing
Process operating costs were estimated based upon a production commissioning curve, ramp up, and steady-state operation for Phase 1 and Phase 2 facility expansions. The plant design data includes the use of the AspenPlus® material balance based on steady-state conditions. The design steady state lithium carbonate annual production rate was estimated based on the average annual mine plan data for that year.
The labor roster and mobile equipment fleet for the process areas are fixed. Consumption of raw materials, power and other items that are considered variable, are estimated separately each year based on the material balance and the tonnes of ore processed, tonnes of sulfuric acid produced, and lithium carbonate produced, as applicable.
Process and administrative operating costs are presented with indicative life of mine average operating costs per tonne lithium carbonate produced and Life of Mine (LOM) annual averages, as provided in Table 18-26 and Table 18-27.
Table 18-26 Average Lithium Process Operating Costs (40 Year LOM - Base Case)
Lithium Processing |
Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product |
Labor |
23.4 |
350 |
Raw Materials |
117.8 |
1,763 |
Fuel (non-mining) |
1.4 |
21 |
Raw Material Logistics |
16.1 |
241 |
Net Power Imported1 |
24.7 |
370 |
Maintenance, Parts, Outside Services |
26.7 |
399 |
Supplies |
4.5 |
68 |
Total |
$214.6 |
$3,213 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 18-27 Average Lithium Process Operating Costs (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM)
Lithium Processing |
Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product |
Labor |
23.1 |
330 |
Raw Materials |
120.0 |
1,717 |
Fuel (non-mining) |
1.4 |
20 |
Raw Material Logistics |
17.0 |
243 |
Net Power Imported1 |
24.0 |
343 |
Maintenance, Parts, Outside Services |
25.7 |
368 |
Supplies |
4.6 |
66 |
Total |
$215.9 |
$3,088 |
18.3.3.3 Sulfuric Acid Plant
Table 18-28 and Table 18-29 present the Sulfuric Acid Plant operating cost summary to operate the facility.
Table 18-28 Average Sulfuric Acid Plant Operating Costs (40 Year LOM - Base Case)
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant |
Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Acid Produced |
$/tonne Product |
Labor |
5.6 |
3 |
84 |
Liquid Sulfur |
163.4 |
82 |
2,447 |
Other Consumables |
5.0 |
3 |
75 |
Maintenance Part/Repairs |
1.4 |
1 |
21 |
Total |
$175.4 |
$87.5 |
$2,627 |
Table 18-29 Average Sulfuric Acid Plant Operating Costs (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM)
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant |
Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Acid Produced |
$/tonne Product |
Labor |
5.6 |
3 |
80 |
Liquid Sulfur |
158.0 |
82 |
2,261 |
Other Consumables |
4.9 |
3 |
70 |
Maintenance Part/Repairs |
1.0 |
0 |
14 |
Total |
$169.4 |
$87.4 |
$2,424 |
18.3.4 Summary of Operating Costs
Table 18-30 and Table 18-31 present a summary of the Project operating costs.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 18-30 Project Operating Cost Summary (Years 1-40 Life of Mine - Base Case)
Area |
Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product |
Percent of Total |
Mine |
76.4 |
1,143.8 |
16% |
Lithium Process Plant |
214.6 |
3,212.9 |
45% |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant |
175.4 |
2,626.8 |
36% |
General & Administrative |
14.3 |
214.5 |
3% |
Total |
$480.7 |
7,198 |
100% |
Table 18-31 Project Operating Cost Summary (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM)
Area |
Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product |
Percent of Total |
Mine |
71.7 |
1,026.3 |
15% |
Lithium Process Plant |
215.9 |
3,087.7 |
46% |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant |
169.4 |
2,423.7 |
36% |
General & Administrative |
14.3 |
205.2 |
3% |
Total |
$471.4 |
6,743 |
100% |
18.3.5 Exclusions
The following items are excluded from the OPEX estimate:
The following items were also excluded from the Operating Cost Estimate, but are included in the financial model:
Lithium Americas Corp. |
19 Economic Analysis
19.1 Introduction
An economic analysis was conducted to assess the economic feasibility of constructing and operating the Thacker Pass Project. The analysis was based on the July 21, 2022 mine plan and production schedule prepared by Sawtooth Mining, capital and operating expenditures prepared by Lithium Americas. This mine plan's cutoff grades and extraction assumptions were provided by LAC's 2021 40 Year Ore Control file, version 2 rev 2. The mine plan utilized Mineral Reserves which do not include inferred Mineral Resources.
Based on Q2 - Q4 2022 pricing, the economic evaluation presents the after-tax net present value (NPV), payback period, and the after-tax internal rate of return (IRR) for the Project based on annual cash flow projections.
This economic analysis includes sensitivities to variations in selling prices, various operating costs, initial and sustaining capital costs, overall lithium production recovery, and discount rate. All cases assume maximum utilization of the acid plant's available acid and power, with lithium production fluctuating by year according to mine plan and plant performance as predicted by yearly heat/mass balance simulations in Aspen Plus®, conducted by LAC. Note that the tables in this section were rounded to a limited number of significant figures and therefore some summation errors may be present.
It should be noted that the results of the economic analysis discussed in this report represent forward-looking information as defined under AACE. The results are dependent upon inputs that are subject to several known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those presented herein. Forward looking information includes the following:
Additional risks to the forward-looking information include:
19.2 Methodology
The analysis was carried out using a discounted cash flow (DCF) model, which was prepared by LAC with input from ITAC, M3 and EXP. Detailed review along with final edits and documentation were compiled by M3 for the purpose of this feasibility study, with contributions from other entities as noted in Section 19.3.1. Annual cash flow projections were estimated for forty years based on the life of mine plan, estimates of capital expenditures, production costs, taxes, royalties and sales.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Cash flows for each year are totaled and discounted based on the assumption of even distribution of cash flow over the forty-year mine life. The Project timeline starts with "Year -3" for construction and "Year 1" being the start of production.
The only revenue stream is sales of lithium carbonate.
Cost inputs into the model are based on Q2 to Q4 2022 pricing, and the discount period commences Q2 2023.
19.3 Input Data
19.3.1 Sources of Information
Details of the scope and assumptions of the CAPEX and OPEX are defined in the basis of estimate, which is provided in Section 21 of this report.
Tax assumptions and royalty obligations were provided by LAC. The market analysis in Section 19 was used to set realistic lithium carbonate pricing.
The model includes a financial analysis to estimate the annual tax burden, including indicative earnings and cash flow statements for the Project.
Financial model inputs were received from multiple sources, as outlined in the following sections. M3 provided high level auditing of the info provided by each contributing party for the data contributing to the final financial metrics of the Project and against guiding documents (process design criteria, heat and mass balance, etc.) and verified functionality of formulas for standard economic estimations within the model.
19.3.1.1 Development CAPEX
Capital costs are based on Q2-Q4 2022 pricing and meet the accuracy of a Class 3 AACE estimate.
19.3.1.2 Reagent Pricing
Reagent quotes were solicited and received by LAC from Q2-Q4 2022 Fuels, sulfur, and ammonia pricing are based on commodity rolling averages or cost projections.
19.3.1.3 Reclaim SRCE Costs and Quantities
Reclamation costs input tab was provided by NewFields, which draws on work from Sawtooth Mining and M3 civil/structural design.
19.3.1.4 CGS/CTFS Costs and Quantities
Costs and quantities for coarse gangue storage and clay filtered tailings stack were received from NewFields/Sawtooth, and manually inputted into the financial model yearly cash flow by M3.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
19.3.1.5 Mine Plan and Mining OPEX
Mine plan and mine plan summary input tabs were provided by Sawtooth to document yearly waste, ore, tailings volumes, and feed lithium values to the financial model. The mine plan was developed in conjunction with LAC's ore control file for determining cutoff grades by ore block composition, and also coordinates with the 40-year heat-mass balance Aspen process simulations conducted by the LNC process group.
19.3.1.6 Sulfuric Acid Plant SUSEX, Labor, and Maintenance
EXP provided anticipated yearly sulfur, other materials, labor, power demand/generation, availability, and adjusted yearly capacity that could be expected from the plant operating at maximum capacity throughout its lifetime. EXP in conjunction with consultant Kevin Bryan provided itemized yearly parts and labor costs for planned activities necessary to extend acid plant life to 40 years. M3 categorized all items off this list into either capital or non-capital (i.e., maintenance) costs, and applied them to the financial model accordingly. No general maintenance factors above these itemized costs were assumed.
19.3.1.7 Labor
The QP audited the salaries and staffing plan provided in November 2021 by Pray and Company against historical projects of similar scope and size. Headcount was believed to be slightly higher than average, but within the expected range. No adjustments were found to be necessary except for additional management positions required for sulfuric acid plant maintenance management.
19.3.1.8 Power
Demand and connected load for both process and ancillaries were compiled by ITAC into a single input table and submitted to M3. This table represents the equipment list with diversity factors applied, ancillary power design documents, and unallocated capacity included in the ITAC electrical design. The electrical MTO for the CAPEX estimate used in this report reflects the Q2 2021 EXP acid plant design.
19.3.1.9 Mobile Equipment
The QP audited the mobile equipment schedule provided by LAC and escalated costs for light and medium equipment by 13% to be within the expected range. Prices for some items of equipment reflect used market value.
19.3.1.10 Maintenance and Supplies
Maintenance and supplies were adopted from the original LAC model with minor adjustments by the QP.
19.3.1.11 Manual Reagent Inputs
Process plant hydrochloric acid and caustic soda were provided directly by LAC process engineering and were not reflected in the Aspen heat and mass balance models used. The values provided reflect a synthesis of third-party test work, in-house pilot plant data, vendor projections, HSC software modeled concentrations, and statistical regression to estimate the consumptions of these two reagents around the acid leach scrubber and ion exchange circuits.
19.3.1.12 Process Modeling Software Outputs (Aspen)
Aspen process modeling outputs determined yearly numbers for lithium sales, reagent usage, water usage, and utility steam/cooling demand used in the financial model. 40 unique process model files were assembled to represent yearly averages for each year during the LOM. Outputs for these 40 files were linked to a financial model excel input sheet provided to M3. Copies of the 40 files were uploaded to the M3 data room for the study but were not individually audited other than confirming reasonable similarity to the design case heat and mass balance stream tables (000-PR-HMB Rev F).
Lithium Americas Corp. |
The QP conducted extensive spot checks with LAC in the design case Aspen process simulation file used to produce the heat and mass balance stream tables used for design. M3 and LAC adjusted the model's inputs and architecture as necessary to ensure congruence with test work data, the process design criteria, and pilot plant data for key parameters with large financial impact.
19.3.1.13 General Accounting and Figures
Model architecture, inputs, and estimation methodology was reconstructed, verified, or augmented by the QP for standard financial outputs (sensitivity analysis, depreciation, yearly cash flow organization, financial metrics, taxes, displayed discount rates, etc.). Royalty and transportation costs were provided by LAC.
19.3.2 Sunk Costs
Investments in the Project to date were not included in the economic analysis (and are not amortized in the model).
19.3.3 Initial Capital
Initial capital costs are divided among the two construction phases: Phase 1 and Phase 2. The totals for each phase are presented in Table 19-1. Though Phase 1 has been optimized to exclude all Phase 2 pre-investment possible, it inherently includes the majority of civil earth works and site infrastructure to support Phase 2, construction of one acid plant, and construction of the mineral and chemical processing facility to produce nominally 40,000 t of lithium carbonate per year. Phase 2 includes the addition of a second acid plant and construction of the mineral and chemical processing facility to produce an additional nominal 40,000 t of lithium carbonate per year.
Table 19-1 Initial Capital Costs Summary
Category |
Phase 1 CAPEX |
Phase 2 CAPEX |
Total |
Initial Capital ($-M) |
2,268 |
1,728 |
3,996 |
% of Total |
57% |
43% |
100% |
19.3.4 Sustaining Capital
Sustaining capital is provided for the mining, plant equipment and infrastructure, sulfuric acid plants, Winnemucca transload terminal, stockpile and tailings areas of the Project over the forty-year mine life. The tailings costs (provided by NewFields; MTO) include future expansions of the facility over the life of the Project when additional capacity is required. Mining sustaining capital (provided by Sawtooth; itemized) supports equipment replacement at scheduled intervals after the equipment has reached its useful operational life. The sulfuric acid plant requires regular scheduled capital maintenance every three years (provided by EXP; Itemized). Sustaining capital for the general plant is factored from the Project equipment list based on Standard Useful Lives of equipment provided in Attachment 10 of the DOE's 2015 Financial Management Handbook (provided by ITAC/M3). Sustaining capital for each area is presented in Table 19-2.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 19-2 Sustaining Capital Summary
LOM |
Mining |
Plant & |
Sulfuric Acid |
CTFS and CGS |
Final |
Total |
(US$-M) |
(US$-M) |
(US$-M) |
(US$-M) |
(US$-M) |
||
Total |
$264.3 |
$852.8 |
$244.2 |
$149.0 |
$53.5 |
$1,563.8 |
19.3.5 Operating Costs
The estimated total annual operating expenditures (OPEX) over the forty-year mine life is US$480.7 million, or US$7,198/t of lithium carbonate produced. Table 19-3 presents the Operating Costs for each area for the 40-year Life of Mine - Base Case. Table 19-4 presents the Operating Costs for each area only for the first 25 years of the 40-year Life of Mine plan.
Table 19-3 Operating Costs Summary (40-Year LOM - Base Case)
Area |
Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product |
Percent of Total |
Mine |
76.4 |
1,143.8 |
16% |
Lithium Process Plant |
214.6 |
3,212.9 |
45% |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant |
175.4 |
2,626.8 |
36% |
General & Administrative |
14.3 |
214.5 |
3% |
Total |
$480.7 |
7,198 |
100% |
Table 19-4 Operating Costs Summary (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM)
Area |
Annual Average ($-M) |
$/tonne Product |
Percent of Total |
Mine |
71.7 |
1,026.3 |
15% |
Lithium Process Plant |
215.9 |
3,087.7 |
46% |
Liquid Sulfuric Acid Plant |
169.4 |
2,423.7 |
36% |
General & Administrative |
14.3 |
205.2 |
3% |
Total |
$471.4 |
6,743 |
100% |
19.3.6 Escalation
The economic analysis excludes cost escalation and accordingly, also excludes revenue escalation (see Section 19.3.8)
19.3.7 Production
Phase 1 Project is designed for a nominal production rate of 40,000 t/y of lithium carbonate and begins production in year 1 through year 3. Phase 2 production is anticipated to begin in year 4 and includes the addition of a second acid plant and processing infrastructure to double production with a nominal production rate of 80,000 t/y of lithium carbonate. Actual production varies with the grade of ore mined in each year with an expected mine life of 40 years.
Regarding ramp-up, a lower tonnage is expected for the first year in each of Phase 1 and Phase 2. See the financial model in Table 19-11 regarding the expected yearly cash flow.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Production profiles summarized below are limited to the Company's proven and probable ore reserves. The production and financial outcomes from these reserves are summarized in Table 19-5 and Table 19-6.
Table 19-5 Average Production Values (40 Year/Base Case)
Item |
Units |
Value |
Lithium Carbonate Plant Production |
|
|
Operational Life |
years |
40 |
Annual Lithium Carbonate Production - 40 years |
kt |
66.8 |
Metallurgical Recovery - 40 Years |
% |
73.2% |
Mine Production |
|
|
Ore Reserves Production Scenario |
years |
40 |
Annual LCE Mined - 40 years |
kt |
91.3 |
Table 19-6 Average Production Values (Years 1-25 of 40-Year LOM)
Item |
Units |
Value |
Lithium Carbonate Plant Production |
|
|
Operational Life |
years |
25 |
Annual Lithium Carbonate Production - 25 years |
kt |
69.9 |
Metallurgical Recovery - 25 Years |
% |
73.3% |
Mine Production |
|
|
Ore Reserves Production Scenario |
years |
25 |
Annual LCE Mined - 25 years |
kt |
95.4 |
Figure 19-1 shows the total mined, total ore processed and total lithium carbonate production for each year.
Figure 19-1 Total Mined, Ore Processed and Lithium Carbonate Production by Year
Source: M3, 2022
Lithium Americas Corp. |
19.3.8 Revenues
Product selling prices have been forecasted over the study period (See Section 19). The base case value for price selling was set at $24,000/t. Sensitivities are discussed in Section 19.5.
Total annual revenues by year are shown in Figure 19-2 and summarized in Table 19-7 and Table 19-8.
Figure 19-2 Total Annual Revenue by Year
Source: M3, 2022
Table 19-7 Total Annual Production and Revenue (40 Year LOM - Base Case)
Production and Revenue |
Annual Average |
Total |
Lithium Carbonate Production (t) |
66,783 |
2,671,318 |
Lithium Carbonate Revenue ($-M) |
$1,603 |
$64,112 |
Annual Lithium Carbonate Selling Price ($/t) |
$24,000 |
Table 19-8 Total Annual Production and Revenue (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM)
Production and Revenue |
Annual Average |
Total |
Lithium Carbonate Production (t) |
69,911 |
1,747,777 |
Lithium Carbonate Revenue ($-M) |
$1,678 |
$41,947 |
Annual Lithium Carbonate Selling Price ($/t) |
$24,000 |
19.3.9 Financing
Lithium Americas is contemplating multiple options for funding the construction and operation of the Project. Financial modeling has considered multiple discount rates to account for various funding avenues. Project financing costs are excluded from the model.
19.3.10 Discount Rate
A discount rate of 8% per year has been applied to the model, though other levels from 6-16% are also included for Project assessment at various risk profiles and financing options.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
19.3.11 Taxes
The modeling is broken into the following categories: Operational Taxes (which are eligible deductions to arrive at taxable income) and Corporate Net Income Taxes. The 10% operating cost tax credit under the US Inflation Reduction Act for "Advanced Manufacturing Production" has been applied during the first 10 years of Project operation. The legislation specifies phase-out of this credit after 10 years. Future legislation may extend the duration allowable to claim this credit.
19.3.11.1 Operational Taxes
Payroll taxes are included in salary burdens applied in the OPEX. These include social security, Medicare, federal and state unemployment, Nevada modified business tax, workers compensation and health insurance.
Property tax is assessed by the Nevada Centrally Assessed Properties group on any property operating a mine and/or mill supporting a mine. Tax is 3% to 3.5% of the assessed value, which is estimated at 35% of the taxable value of the property. The property tax owed each year is estimated as 1.1% of the net book value at the close of the prior year plus current year expenditures with no depreciation.
Currently, Humboldt County does not maintain a revenue-based business license for mining operations. No business license costs are included.
19.3.11.2 Corporate Net Income Taxes
In Nevada, lithium mining activities are taxed at 2-5% of net proceeds, depending on the ratio of net proceeds to gross proceeds. Net proceeds are estimated as equal to gross profit for purposes of this study. A tax rate of 5% is applicable to the Thacker Pass Project.
Revenue subject to a net proceeds of minerals tax is exempt from the Nevada Commerce tax; therefore, the Nevada Commerce tax is excluded from the study.
The current corporate income tax rate applicable to the Project under the Tax Cut and Jobs Act is 21% of taxable income.
At the time of this report, a tax reform is being proposed by the US administration that has the potential to increase corporate income taxes in the US. Whether the tax reform will be passed into law remains uncertain, as does the potential impact to corporate income tax rates generally, including the potential impact of any increase on the Project. An increase to the federal corporate income tax rate from 21% to 25% would result in a reduction in after-tax IRR (at the 8% discount rate) of 0.4% and a reduction in after-tax NPV (at the 8% discount rate) of $257 million.
19.3.12 Royalties
The Project is subject to a 1.75% royalty on net revenue produced directly from ore, subject to a buy-down right. This royalty has been included in the economic model on the assumption that the Project owner will exercise its buy-down right to reduce the royalty from 8.0% to 1.75% by making an upfront payment of US$22 million in the first year of operations. At US$24,000/t lithium carbonate the ongoing annual royalty payments will average $428/t lithium carbonate sold over the 40-year LOM (base case).
19.4 Cash Flow
Undiscounted annual cash flows, including CAPEX, OPEX, and net revenues (pre-tax) are presented in Figure 19-3.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 19-3 Undiscounted Annual Cash Flow
Source: M3, 2022
Cumulative discounted cash flow at the 8% discount rate is presented in Figure 19-4.
Figure 19-4 Cumulative Discounted Cash Flow
Source: M3, 2022
For the Base Case financial assumptions outlined in Section 19.3, the Project financial performance is measured through Net Present value, Internal Rate of Return and Payback periods. The after-tax financial model results are summarized in Table 19-9.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 19-9 After-Tax Financial Model Results (40 Year LOM - Base Case)
Production Scenario |
Unit |
Values |
Operational Life |
years |
40 |
Mine and Process Plant Operational Life |
years |
40 |
Ore Reserve Life |
years |
40 |
Average annual EBITDA |
$-M / y |
1,093.5 |
After-tax Net Present Value ("NPV") @ 8% discount rate |
$-M |
5,727.0 |
After-tax Internal Rate of Return |
% |
21.4% |
Payback (undiscounted) |
years |
5.4 |
*includes capital investments in years up to production |
|
|
Table 19-10 After-Tax Financial Model Results (Years 1-25 of 40 Year LOM)
Production Scenario |
Unit |
Values |
Operational Life |
years |
25 |
Mine and Process Plant Operational Life |
years |
25 |
Ore Reserve Life |
years |
40 |
Average annual EBITDA |
$-M / y |
1,176.2 |
After-tax Net Present Value ("NPV") @ 8% discount rate |
$-M |
4,950.1 |
After-tax Internal Rate of Return |
% |
21.2% |
Payback (undiscounted) |
years |
5.4 |
Table 19-11 presents the detailed cash flow model for the Project.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 19-11 Financial Model
Thacker Pass Financial Model | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1-25year | 21-40yrs | LOM | Year -3 | Year -2 | Year -1 | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 | Year 11 | Year 12 | Year 13 | Year 14 | Year 15 | Year 16 | Year 17 | Year 18 | Year 19 | Year 20 | Year 21 | Year 22 | Year 23 | Year 24 | Year 25 | Year 26 | Year 27 | Year 28 | Year 29 | Year 30 | Year 31 | Year 32 | Year 33 | Year 34 | Year 35 | Year 36 | Year 37 | Year 38 | Year 39 | Year 40 | Year 41 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Process Plant Production | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Ore Mined (95% Rec wet) | ktonne | 233,073 | 148,848 | 114,743 | 233,073 | - | - | 1,859 | 2,979 | 3,564 | 5,273 | 6,961 | 6,416 | 6,260 | 7,170 | 6,316 | 6,533 | 6,919 | 6,318 | 6,390 | 6,665 | 6,368 | 6,487 | 6,766 | 6,301 | 6,373 | 6,413 | 6,177 | 6,093 | 6,385 | 5,936 | 5,926 | 6,271 | 6,135 | 5,886 | 6,082 | 5,770 | 5,767 | 5,922 | 5,547 | 5,332 | 5,370 | 4,907 | 5,583 | 5,714 | 5,063 | 4,876 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Waste Mined (waste) | ktonne | 351,792 | 209,241 | 171,558 | 351,792 | - | - | 7,275 | 9,107 | 8,967 | 7,039 | 5,003 | 9,420 | 8,962 | 11,969 | 9,924 | 10,729 | 10,116 | 9,734 | 12,573 | 13,139 | 10,665 | 7,120 | 5,694 | 7,720 | 7,921 | 7,157 | 6,613 | 6,286 | 6,545 | 5,455 | 4,108 | 3,507 | 3,909 | 4,400 | 6,161 | 8,602 | 9,516 | 11,902 | 10,618 | 11,426 | 10,625 | 12,472 | 13,877 | 9,625 | 12,825 | 13,087 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Mined (ore + waste + growth media) | ktonne | 587,242 | 359,536 | 287,418 | 587,242 | - | - | 9,225 | 12,241 | 12,606 | 12,312 | 12,007 | 15,836 | 15,352 | 19,151 | 16,276 | 17,312 | 17,118 | 16,136 | 19,046 | 19,887 | 17,116 | 13,657 | 12,510 | 14,071 | 14,344 | 13,620 | 12,827 | 12,416 | 12,968 | 11,429 | 10,071 | 9,839 | 10,105 | 10,348 | 12,305 | 14,434 | 15,353 | 17,894 | 16,234 | 16,828 | 16,064 | 17,434 | 19,514 | 15,393 | 17,942 | 18,018 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Tailings Moved (CTFS and CGS) | ktonne | 451,619 | 280,534 | 230,239 | 451,619 | - | - | 3,265 | 5,727 | 5,676 | 9,923 | 12,776 | 11,857 | 11,974 | 13,128 | 11,972 | 12,233 | 12,877 | 11,960 | 12,090 | 12,621 | 12,010 | 12,186 | 12,723 | 11,943 | 12,072 | 12,370 | 11,818 | 11,792 | 12,342 | 11,577 | 11,624 | 12,228 | 11,777 | 11,584 | 12,038 | 11,411 | 11,465 | 11,878 | 11,187 | 11,029 | 11,324 | 10,547 | 11,328 | 11,859 | 10,703 | 10,725 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Leach Ore Processed (dry) | ktonne | 154,200 | 93,210 | 81,185 | 154,200 | - | - | 1,156 | 1,938 | 1,889 | 3,195 | 3,999 | 3,836 | 4,009 | 4,201 | 3,978 | 4,019 | 4,201 | 3,978 | 4,019 | 4,201 | 3,978 | 4,019 | 4,201 | 3,978 | 4,019 | 4,201 | 3,978 | 4,019 | 4,201 | 3,978 | 4,019 | 4,201 | 3,978 | 4,019 | 4,201 | 3,978 | 4,019 | 4,201 | 3,978 | 4,019 | 4,201 | 3,978 | 4,019 | 4,201 | 3,978 | 4,019 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LCE Mined | ktonne | 3,650 | 2,385 | 1,751 | 3,650 | 28.213 | 47.781 | 47.394 | 82.563 | 112.6 | 100.268 | 98.931 | 118.098 | 104.498 | 108.377 | 114.956 | 101.725 | 100.172 | 104.688 | 100.013 | 101.208 | 110.273 | 104.346 | 102.575 | 110.11 | 102.059 | 98.442 | 102.969 | 93.056 | 89.687 | 98.351 | 94.974 | 87.593 | 93.387 | 88.601 | 87.758 | 87.906 | 82.552 | 78.715 | 76.343 | 66.303 | 91.042 | 84.483 | 73.928 | 73.103 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Li PPM Head Grade | ppm | 3,155 | 3,244 | 3,256 | 3,155 | 3,496 | 3,232 | 3,186 | 3,086 | 3,194 | 3,149 | 3,170 | 3,319 | 3,327 | 3,343 | 3,348 | 3,245 | 3,159 | 3,165 | 3,165 | 3,144 | 3,284 | 3,337 | 3,243 | 3,460 | 3,330 | 3,256 | 3,250 | 3,159 | 3,050 | 3,160 | 3,120 | 2,999 | 3,094 | 3,094 | 3,066 | 2,991 | 2,999 | 2,975 | 2,865 | 2,723 | 3,259 | 2,884 | 2,943 | 2,930 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LCE Produced/Sold | ktonne | 2,671 | 1,748 | 1,279 | 2,671.32 | - | - | 20.731 | 36.403 | 35.068 | 61.988 | 83.796 | 75.702 | 72.102 | 86.934 | 75.593 | 78.975 | 84.704 | 75.585 | 74.773 | 76.985 | 72.978 | 73.102 | 79.632 | 74.811 | 73.557 | 79.293 | 74.012 | 71.748 | 75.293 | 68.442 | 65.568 | 72.962 | 70.974 | 64.603 | 68.326 | 64.441 | 63.996 | 64.139 | 58.438 | 57.409 | 55.913 | 46.606 | 67.123 | 62.85 | 52.503 | 53.259 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
% Li Recovery | % | 73.20% | 73.30% | 73% | 73.20% | 73% | 76% | 74% | 75% | 74% | 75% | 73% | 74% | 72% | 73% | 74% | 74% | 75% | 74% | 73% | 72% | 72% | 72% | 72% | 72% | 73% | 73% | 73% | 74% | 73% | 74% | 75% | 74% | 73% | 73% | 73% | 73% | 71% | 73% | 73% | 70% | 74% | 74% | 71% | 73% | 0% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liquid Sulfuric Acid -Sold | ktonne | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Selling Price | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LCE Sale Price | $/mt | $ | 275 | $ | 282 | $ | 267 | $ | 275 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liquid Sulfuric Acid | $/mt | $ | 90 | $ | 90 | $ | 90 | $ | 90 | $ | 78 | $ | 75 | $ | 76 | $ | 74 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 73 | $ | 74 | $ | 74 | $ | 73 | $ | 74 | $ | 74 | $ | 73 | $ | 74 | $ | 74 | $ | 74 | $ | 74 | $ | 74 | $ | 74 | $ | 74 | $ | 74 | $ | 74 | $ | 74 | $ | 74 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenues | $0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LCE | 64,111,640 | 41,946,640 | 30,686,517 | $ | 64,111,640 | $ | 497,541 | $ | 873,679 | $ | 841,637 | $ | 1,487,712 | $ | 2,011,108 | $ | 1,816,843 | $ | 1,730,458 | $ | 2,086,426 | $ | 1,814,225 | $ | 1,895,403 | $ | 2,032,907 | $ | 1,814,033 | $ | 1,794,548 | $ | 1,847,645 | $ | 1,751,466 | $ | 1,754,438 | $ | 1,911,178 | $ | 1,795,475 | $ | 1,765,366 | $ | 1,903,035 | $ | 1,776,293 | $ | 1,721,952 | $ | 1,807,032 | $ | 1,642,616 | $ | 1,573,624 | $ | 1,751,080 | $ | 1,703,386 | $ | 1,550,477 | $ | 1,639,827 | $ | 1,546,586 | $ | 1,535,898 | $ | 1,539,328 | $ | 1,402,516 | $ | 1,377,806 | $ | 1,341,922 | $ | 1,118,538 | $ | 1,610,945 | $ | 1,508,402 | $ | 1,260,073 | $ | 1,278,215 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Selling Fee | - | - | - | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Transportation | - | - | - | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liquid Sulfuric Acid | - | - | - | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Revenues | 64,111,640 | 41,946,640 | 30,686,517 | $ | 64,111,640 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 497,541 | $ | 873,679 | $ | 841,637 | $ | 1,487,712 | $ | 2,011,108 | $ | 1,816,843 | $ | 1,730,458 | $ | 2,086,426 | $ | 1,814,225 | $ | 1,895,403 | $ | 2,032,907 | $ | 1,814,033 | $ | 1,794,548 | $ | 1,847,645 | $ | 1,751,466 | $ | 1,754,438 | $ | 1,911,178 | $ | 1,795,475 | $ | 1,765,366 | $ | 1,903,035 | $ | 1,776,293 | $ | 1,721,952 | $ | 1,807,032 | $ | 1,642,616 | $ | 1,573,624 | $ | 1,751,080 | $ | 1,703,386 | $ | 1,550,477 | $ | 1,639,827 | $ | 1,546,586 | $ | 1,535,898 | $ | 1,539,328 | $ | 1,402,516 | $ | 1,377,806 | $ | 1,341,922 | $ | 1,118,538 | $ | 1,610,945 | $ | 1,508,402 | $ | 1,260,073 | $ | 1,278,215 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LCE sales price | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 24,000 | $ | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating Cost | $0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mining - $ | 1,922,736 | 1,157,653 | 993,608 | $ | 1,922,736 | $ | 23,456 | $ | 36,810 | $ | 27,157 | $ | 41,111 | $ | 44,581 | $ | 46,316 | $ | 45,292 | $ | 55,296 | $ | 47,666 | $ | 49,566 | $ | 55,463 | $ | 51,315 | $ | 56,654 | $ | 61,593 | $ | 51,007 | $ | 46,009 | $ | 46,599 | $ | 48,268 | $ | 48,439 | $ | 46,529 | $ | 47,060 | $ | 47,012 | $ | 48,107 | $ | 44,283 | $ | 42,062 | $ | 40,987 | $ | 43,928 | $ | 42,472 | $ | 48,185 | $ | 49,820 | $ | 51,140 | $ | 54,803 | $ | 50,945 | $ | 55,638 | $ | 51,494 | $ | 52,182 | $ | 58,799 | $ | 52,639 | $ | 55,189 | $ | 56,863 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mining $/mt (ore+waste) | $ | 3.22 | $ | 3.46 | $ | 3.27 | $ | 2.54 | $ | 3.01 | $ | 2.15 | $ | 3.34 | $ | 3.71 | $ | 2.92 | $ | 2.95 | $ | 2.89 | $ | 2.93 | $ | 2.86 | $ | 3.24 | $ | 3.18 | $ | 2.97 | $ | 3.10 | $ | 2.98 | $ | 3.37 | $ | 3.73 | $ | 3.43 | $ | 3.38 | $ | 3.42 | $ | 3.67 | $ | 3.79 | $ | 3.71 | $ | 3.87 | $ | 4.18 | $ | 4.17 | $ | 4.35 | $ | 4.10 | $ | 3.92 | $ | 3.45 | $ | 3.33 | $ | 3.06 | $ | 3.14 | $ | 3.31 | $ | 3.21 | $ | 2.99 | $ | 3.01 | $ | 3.42 | $ | 3.08 | $ | 3.16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Process Labor - $ | 1,159,279 | 715,842 | 591,250 | $ | 1,159,279 | $ | 20,275 | $ | 20,275 | $ | 24,919 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 29,562 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Labor $/mt LCE sold | $ | 434 | $ | 410 | $ | 462 | $ | 434 | $ | 978 | $ | 557 | $ | 711 | $ | 477 | $ | 353 | $ | 391 | $ | 410 | $ | 340 | $ | 391 | $ | 374 | $ | 349 | $ | 391 | $ | 395 | $ | 384 | $ | 405 | $ | 404 | $ | 371 | $ | 395 | $ | 402 | $ | 373 | $ | 399 | $ | 412 | $ | 393 | $ | 432 | $ | 451 | $ | 405 | $ | 417 | $ | 458 | $ | 433 | $ | 459 | $ | 462 | $ | 461 | $ | 506 | $ | 515 | $ | 529 | $ | 634 | $ | 440 | $ | 470 | $ | 563 | $ | 555 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Raw Materials - $ | 8,699,752 | 5,412,773 | 4,434,870 | $ | 8,699,752 | $ | 66,110 | $ | 114,074 | $ | 108,792 | $ | 188,561 | $ | 241,553 | $ | 226,964 | $ | 230,143 | $ | 251,908 | $ | 231,950 | $ | 236,560 | $ | 249,742 | $ | 232,176 | $ | 232,589 | $ | 242,276 | $ | 229,622 | $ | 230,617 | $ | 245,173 | $ | 230,509 | $ | 231,343 | $ | 244,220 | $ | 230,337 | $ | 229,728 | $ | 240,732 | $ | 224,410 | $ | 222,684 | $ | 237,923 | $ | 227,479 | $ | 222,174 | $ | 232,261 | $ | 220,009 | $ | 222,255 | $ | 228,317 | $ | 214,079 | $ | 215,914 | $ | 216,281 | $ | 192,373 | $ | 224,417 | $ | 227,694 | $ | 200,621 | $ | 205,181 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reagents $/mt LCE sold | $ | 3,257 | $ | 3,097 | $ | 3,469 | $ | 3,257 | $ | 3,189 | $ | 3,134 | $ | 3,102 | $ | 3,042 | $ | 2,883 | $ | 2,998 | $ | 3,192 | $ | 2,898 | $ | 3,068 | $ | 2,995 | $ | 2,948 | $ | 3,072 | $ | 3,111 | $ | 3,147 | $ | 3,146 | $ | 3,155 | $ | 3,079 | $ | 3,081 | $ | 3,145 | $ | 3,080 | $ | 3,112 | $ | 3,202 | $ | 3,197 | $ | 3,279 | $ | 3,396 | $ | 3,261 | $ | 3,205 | $ | 3,439 | $ | 3,399 | $ | 3,414 | $ | 3,473 | $ | 3,560 | $ | 3,663 | $ | 3,761 | $ | 3,868 | $ | 4,128 | $ | 3,343 | $ | 3,623 | $ | 3,821 | $ | 3,853 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fuel (non-mining) - $ | 55,531 | 34,637 | 27,858 | $ | 55,531 | $ | 1,270 | $ | 1,353 | $ | 1,370 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 1,393 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fuel $/mt LCE sold | $ | 20 | $ | 22 | $ | 21 | $ | 61 | $ | 37 | $ | 39 | $ | 22 | $ | 17 | $ | 18 | $ | 19 | $ | 16 | $ | 18 | $ | 18 | $ | 16 | $ | 18 | $ | 19 | $ | 18 | $ | 19 | $ | 19 | $ | 17 | $ | 19 | $ | 19 | $ | 18 | $ | 19 | $ | 19 | $ | 19 | $ | 20 | $ | 21 | $ | 19 | $ | 20 | $ | 22 | $ | 20 | $ | 22 | $ | 22 | $ | 22 | $ | 24 | $ | 24 | $ | 25 | $ | 30 | $ | 21 | $ | 22 | $ | 27 | $ | 26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Raw Materials Logistics - $ | 3,392,200 | 2,086,416 | 1,752,425 | $ | 3,392,200 | $ | 25,577 | $ | 43,418 | $ | 42,023 | $ | 71,810 | $ | 91,583 | $ | 86,816 | $ | 89,134 | $ | 95,860 | $ | 89,382 | $ | 90,843 | $ | 95,414 | $ | 89,361 | $ | 89,762 | $ | 93,692 | $ | 88,806 | $ | 89,264 | $ | 94,283 | $ | 88,958 | $ | 89,621 | $ | 94,168 | $ | 88,973 | $ | 89,230 | $ | 93,312 | $ | 87,570 | $ | 87,556 | $ | 92,675 | $ | 88,276 | $ | 87,370 | $ | 91,364 | $ | 86,568 | $ | 87,415 | $ | 90,488 | $ | 85,258 | $ | 85,872 | $ | 87,646 | $ | 79,326 | $ | 87,986 | $ | 90,413 | $ | 81,609 | $ | 83,517 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Raw Materials Logistics $/mt LCE sold | $ | 1,270 | $ | 1,194 | $ | 1,371 | $ | 1,270 | $ | 1,234 | $ | 1,193 | $ | 1,198 | $ | 1,158 | $ | 1,093 | $ | 1,147 | $ | 1,236 | $ | 1,103 | $ | 1,182 | $ | 1,150 | $ | 1,126 | $ | 1,182 | $ | 1,200 | $ | 1,217 | $ | 1,217 | $ | 1,221 | $ | 1,184 | $ | 1,189 | $ | 1,218 | $ | 1,188 | $ | 1,202 | $ | 1,244 | $ | 1,239 | $ | 1,279 | $ | 1,335 | $ | 1,270 | $ | 1,244 | $ | 1,352 | $ | 1,337 | $ | 1,343 | $ | 1,366 | $ | 1,411 | $ | 1,459 | $ | 1,496 | $ | 1,568 | $ | 1,702 | $ | 1,311 | $ | 1,439 | $ | 1,554 | $ | 1,568 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Power - $ | 989,421 | 600,251 | 518,740 | $ | 989,421 | $ | 7,335 | $ | 14,425 | $ | 14,895 | $ | 20,566 | $ | 25,089 | $ | 25,133 | $ | 25,805 | $ | 26,097 | $ | 25,879 | $ | 25,858 | $ | 26,097 | $ | 25,879 | $ | 25,858 | $ | 26,097 | $ | 25,879 | $ | 25,858 | $ | 26,097 | $ | 25,879 | $ | 25,858 | $ | 26,097 | $ | 25,879 | $ | 25,858 | $ | 26,097 | $ | 25,879 | $ | 25,858 | $ | 26,097 | $ | 25,879 | $ | 25,858 | $ | 26,097 | $ | 25,879 | $ | 25,858 | $ | 26,097 | $ | 25,879 | $ | 25,858 | $ | 26,097 | $ | 25,879 | $ | 25,858 | $ | 26,097 | $ | 25,879 | $ | 25,858 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Power $/mt LCE sold | $ | 370 | $ | 343 | $ | 406 | $ | 370 | $ | 354 | $ | 396 | $ | 425 | $ | 332 | $ | 299 | $ | 332 | $ | 358 | $ | 300 | $ | 342 | $ | 327 | $ | 308 | $ | 342 | $ | 346 | $ | 339 | $ | 355 | $ | 354 | $ | 328 | $ | 346 | $ | 352 | $ | 329 | $ | 350 | $ | 360 | $ | 347 | $ | 378 | $ | 394 | $ | 358 | $ | 365 | $ | 400 | $ | 382 | $ | 402 | $ | 404 | $ | 407 | $ | 443 | $ | 450 | $ | 467 | $ | 555 | $ | 385 | $ | 415 | $ | 493 | $ | 486 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maintenance, Parts, Outside Services - $ | 1,121,970 | 667,211 | 604,058 | $ | 1,121,970 | $ | 7,645 | $ | 11,281 | $ | 15,192 | $ | 21,463 | $ | 24,333 | $ | 28,708 | $ | 28,800 | $ | 28,800 | $ | 28,896 | $ | 29,017 | $ | 29,036 | $ | 29,158 | $ | 29,259 | $ | 29,259 | $ | 29,359 | $ | 29,441 | $ | 29,460 | $ | 29,542 | $ | 29,622 | $ | 29,642 | $ | 29,723 | $ | 29,805 | $ | 29,843 | $ | 29,905 | $ | 30,023 | $ | 30,023 | $ | 30,111 | $ | 30,164 | $ | 30,164 | $ | 30,216 | $ | 30,269 | $ | 30,269 | $ | 30,321 | $ | 30,374 | $ | 30,374 | $ | 30,426 | $ | 30,479 | $ | 30,479 | $ | 30,531 | $ | 30,560 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maint $/mt LCE sold | $ | 420 | $ | 382 | $ | 472 | $ | 420 | $ | 369 | $ | 310 | $ | 433 | $ | 346 | $ | 290 | $ | 379 | $ | 399 | $ | 331 | $ | 382 | $ | 367 | $ | 343 | $ | 386 | $ | 391 | $ | 380 | $ | 402 | $ | 403 | $ | 370 | $ | 395 | $ | 403 | $ | 374 | $ | 402 | $ | 415 | $ | 396 | $ | 437 | $ | 458 | $ | 411 | $ | 424 | $ | 467 | $ | 441 | $ | 469 | $ | 473 | $ | 472 | $ | 519 | $ | 529 | $ | 543 | $ | 653 | $ | 454 | $ | 485 | $ | 582 | $ | 574 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Supplies - $ | 181,577 | 115,553 | 89,685 | $ | 181,577 | $ | 2,850 | $ | 2,498 | $ | 2,451 | $ | 3,758 | $ | 6,220 | $ | 4,636 | $ | 4,510 | $ | 5,029 | $ | 4,632 | $ | 6,051 | $ | 4,951 | $ | 4,632 | $ | 4,604 | $ | 4,681 | $ | 5,841 | $ | 4,545 | $ | 4,774 | $ | 4,605 | $ | 4,561 | $ | 6,062 | $ | 4,577 | $ | 4,498 | $ | 4,622 | $ | 4,382 | $ | 5,582 | $ | 4,540 | $ | 4,471 | $ | 4,248 | $ | 4,378 | $ | 5,542 | $ | 4,227 | $ | 4,232 | $ | 4,032 | $ | 3,996 | $ | 5,244 | $ | 3,618 | $ | 4,336 | $ | 4,186 | $ | 3,824 | $ | 5,151 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Supplies $/mt LCE sold | $ | 68 | $ | 66 | $ | 70 | $ | 68 | $ | 137 | $ | 69 | $ | 70 | $ | 61 | $ | 74 | $ | 61 | $ | 63 | $ | 58 | $ | 61 | $ | 77 | $ | 58 | $ | 61 | $ | 62 | $ | 61 | $ | 80 | $ | 62 | $ | 60 | $ | 62 | $ | 62 | $ | 76 | $ | 62 | $ | 63 | $ | 61 | $ | 64 | $ | 85 | $ | 62 | $ | 63 | $ | 66 | $ | 64 | $ | 86 | $ | 66 | $ | 66 | $ | 69 | $ | 70 | $ | 94 | $ | 78 | $ | 65 | $ | 67 | $ | 73 | $ | 97 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tailings Placement - $ | 1,132,742 | 636,068 | 654,145 | $ | 1,132,742 | $ | 5,399 | $ | 6,995 | $ | 11,060 | $ | 17,388 | $ | 22,629 | $ | 21,414 | $ | 23,681 | $ | 24,992 | $ | 23,071 | $ | 24,511 | $ | 29,551 | $ | 28,018 | $ | 32,501 | $ | 26,467 | $ | 27,533 | $ | 29,325 | $ | 32,982 | $ | 28,066 | $ | 30,766 | $ | 32,247 | $ | 29,578 | $ | 30,060 | $ | 35,535 | $ | 28,703 | $ | 33,595 | $ | 33,838 | $ | 29,743 | $ | 30,703 | $ | 28,810 | $ | 33,075 | $ | 30,433 | $ | 35,313 | $ | 32,062 | $ | 35,033 | $ | 34,578 | $ | 33,547 | $ | 32,350 | $ | 38,833 | $ | 34,987 | $ | 33,370 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tailings $/mt LCE sold | $ | 424 | $ | 364 | $ | 512 | $ | 424 | $ | 2 | $ | 1 | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | 3 | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | 2 | $ | 3 | $ | 2 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 2 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 2 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | $ | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
G&A - $ | 573,019 | 358,632 | 285,850 | $ | 573,019 | $ | 14,850 | $ | 14,600 | $ | 14,596 | $ | 14,443 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 14,293 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
G&A $/mt LCE sold | $ | 215 | $ | 205 | $ | 224 | $ | 215 | $ | 716 | $ | 401 | $ | 416 | $ | 233 | $ | 171 | $ | 189 | $ | 198 | $ | 164 | $ | 189 | $ | 181 | $ | 169 | $ | 189 | $ | 191 | $ | 186 | $ | 196 | $ | 196 | $ | 179 | $ | 191 | $ | 194 | $ | 180 | $ | 193 | $ | 199 | $ | 190 | $ | 209 | $ | 218 | $ | 196 | $ | 201 | $ | 221 | $ | 209 | $ | 222 | $ | 223 | $ | 223 | $ | 245 | $ | 249 | $ | 256 | $ | 307 | $ | 213 | $ | 227 | $ | 272 | $ | 268 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Operating Cost | ` | 19,228,227 | 11,785,035 | 9,952,490 | $ | 19,228,227 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 174,768 | $ | 265,728 | $ | 262,455 | $ | 410,055 | $ | 501,234 | $ | 485,236 | $ | 492,613 | $ | 533,230 | $ | 496,724 | $ | 507,655 | $ | 535,503 | $ | 505,786 | $ | 516,474 | $ | 529,312 | $ | 503,294 | $ | 500,307 | $ | 524,615 | $ | 501,075 | $ | 505,460 | $ | 524,213 | $ | 501,376 | $ | 501,438 | $ | 523,496 | $ | 490,381 | $ | 492,608 | $ | 511,330 | $ | 495,134 | $ | 488,236 | $ | 506,506 | $ | 496,357 | $ | 496,844 | $ | 514,767 | $ | 487,825 | $ | 497,933 | $ | 496,961 | $ | 462,599 | $ | 509,473 | $ | 515,590 | $ | 477,889 | $ | 485,748 | $ | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
$/mt LCE sold | $ | 7,198 | $ | 6,743 | $ | 7,784 | $ | 7,198 | $ | 8,430 | $ | 7,300 | $ | 7,484 | $ | 6,615 | $ | 5,982 | $ | 6,410 | $ | 6,832 | $ | 6,134 | $ | 6,571 | $ | 6,428 | $ | 6,322 | $ | 6,692 | $ | 6,907 | $ | 6,876 | $ | 6,897 | $ | 6,844 | $ | 6,588 | $ | 6,698 | $ | 6,872 | $ | 6,611 | $ | 6,774 | $ | 6,989 | $ | 6,953 | $ | 7,165 | $ | 7,513 | $ | 7,008 | $ | 6,976 | $ | 7,557 | $ | 7,413 | $ | 7,702 | $ | 7,764 | $ | 8,026 | $ | 8,348 | $ | 8,673 | $ | 8,888 | $ | 9,926 | $ | 7,590 | $ | 8,203 | $ | 9,102 | $ | 9,120 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
$/mt LCE moving average | $ | 8,430 | $ | 7,710 | $ | 7,624 | $ | 7,218 | $ | 6,783 | $ | 6,693 | $ | 6,719 | $ | 6,611 | $ | 6,606 | $ | 6,583 | $ | 6,552 | $ | 6,566 | $ | 6,595 | $ | 6,618 | $ | 6,638 | $ | 6,652 | $ | 6,648 | $ | 6,651 | $ | 6,663 | $ | 6,660 | $ | 6,666 | $ | 6,681 | $ | 6,694 | $ | 6,713 | $ | 6,743 | $ | 6,754 | $ | 6,762 | $ | 6,788 | $ | 6,809 | $ | 6,837 | $ | 6,864 | $ | 6,898 | $ | 6,935 | $ | 6,978 | $ | 7,023 | $ | 7,078 | $ | 7,092 | $ | 7,119 | $ | 7,159 | $ | 7,198 | $ | 7,198 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
$ | 433 | $ | 428 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Royalties (1.75% of Net LCE Rev) | 1,143,954 | 756,066 | 537,014 | $ | 1,143,954 | $ | 30,707 | $ | 15,289 | $ | 14,729 | $ | 26,035 | $ | 35,194 | $ | 31,795 | $ | 30,283 | $ | 36,512 | $ | 31,749 | $ | 33,170 | $ | 35,576 | $ | 31,746 | $ | 31,405 | $ | 32,334 | $ | 30,651 | $ | 30,703 | $ | 33,446 | $ | 31,421 | $ | 30,894 | $ | 33,303 | $ | 31,085 | $ | 30,134 | $ | 31,623 | $ | 28,746 | $ | 27,538 | $ | 30,644 | $ | 29,809 | $ | 27,133 | $ | 28,697 | $ | 27,065 | $ | 26,878 | $ | 26,938 | $ | 24,544 | $ | 24,112 | $ | 23,484 | $ | 19,574 | $ | 28,192 | $ | 26,397 | $ | 22,051 | $ | 22,369 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Salvage Value | -9,341 | - | - | ($9,341 | ) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -9,341 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reclamation & Closure | 53,496 | - | - | $ | 53,496 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 53,496 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Production Cost | 20,416,335 | 12,541,101 | 10,489,504 | $ | 20,372,181 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 205,475 | $ | 281,017 | $ | 277,184 | $ | 436,090 | $ | 536,428 | $ | 517,031 | $ | 522,896 | $ | 569,743 | $ | 528,473 | $ | 540,825 | $ | 571,079 | $ | 537,532 | $ | 547,879 | $ | 561,646 | $ | 533,945 | $ | 531,010 | $ | 558,060 | $ | 532,496 | $ | 536,354 | $ | 557,516 | $ | 532,461 | $ | 531,572 | $ | 555,119 | $ | 519,127 | $ | 520,146 | $ | 541,974 | $ | 524,943 | $ | 515,370 | $ | 535,203 | $ | 523,422 | $ | 523,722 | $ | 541,705 | $ | 512,369 | $ | 522,044 | $ | 520,445 | $ | 482,173 | $ | 537,665 | $ | 541,987 | $ | 499,940 | $ | 508,117 | $ | 44,154 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating Income (EBITDA) | 43,695,304 | 29,405,538 | 20,152,858 | $ | 43,695,304 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 292,066 | $ | 592,662 | $ | 564,453 | $ | 1,051,622 | $ | 1,474,680 | $ | 1,299,812 | $ | 1,207,562 | $ | 1,516,683 | $ | 1,285,753 | $ | 1,354,578 | $ | 1,461,828 | $ | 1,276,501 | $ | 1,246,669 | $ | 1,285,999 | $ | 1,217,521 | $ | 1,223,428 | $ | 1,353,117 | $ | 1,262,979 | $ | 1,229,012 | $ | 1,345,518 | $ | 1,243,831 | $ | 1,190,380 | $ | 1,251,913 | $ | 1,123,490 | $ | 1,053,478 | $ | 1,209,106 | $ | 1,178,442 | $ | 1,035,107 | $ | 1,104,624 | $ | 1,023,164 | $ | 1,012,176 | $ | 997,623 | $ | 890,147 | $ | 855,762 | $ | 821,478 | $ | 636,365 | $ | 1,073,280 | $ | 966,415 | $ | 760,133 | $ | 770,098 | ($44,154 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Initial Capital | 3,995,500 | 3,995,500 | - | $ | 3,995,500 | $ | 343,846 | $ | 705,302 | $ | 725,835 | $ | 629,395 | $ | 454,664 | $ | 385,960 | $ | 357,947 | $ | 249,167 | $ | 105,628 | $ | 36,215 | $ | 1,541 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sustaining Capital | 1,461,539 | 431,826 | 1,213,541 | $ | 1,461,539 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 919 | $ | 2,298 | $ | 4,349 | $ | 6,870 | $ | 8,072 | $ | 9,132 | $ | 10,213 | $ | 11,567 | $ | 13,252 | $ | 14,945 | $ | 15,720 | $ | 18,447 | $ | 21,489 | $ | 23,168 | $ | 22,976 | $ | 20,366 | $ | 21,312 | $ | 22,903 | $ | 36,177 | $ | 44,264 | $ | 34,486 | $ | 28,468 | $ | 40,433 | $ | 88,226 | $ | 108,349 | $ | 80,969 | $ | 62,304 | $ | 94,701 | $ | 125,740 | $ | 102,953 | $ | 72,519 | $ | 51,776 | $ | 51,309 | $ | 52,281 | $ | 40,081 | $ | 24,058 | $ | 18,632 | $ | 55,815 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Depreciation | 5,457,039 | 4,427,326 | 1,213,541 | $ | 5,457,039 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 343,846 | $ | 705,302 | $ | 726,753 | $ | 631,693 | $ | 459,013 | $ | 392,830 | $ | 366,019 | $ | 258,298 | $ | 115,841 | $ | 47,783 | $ | 14,793 | $ | 14,945 | $ | 15,720 | $ | 18,447 | $ | 21,489 | $ | 23,168 | $ | 22,976 | $ | 20,366 | $ | 21,312 | $ | 22,903 | $ | 36,177 | $ | 44,264 | $ | 34,486 | $ | 28,468 | $ | 40,433 | $ | 88,226 | $ | 108,349 | $ | 80,969 | $ | 62,304 | $ | 94,701 | $ | 125,740 | $ | 102,953 | $ | 72,519 | $ | 51,776 | $ | 51,309 | $ | 52,281 | $ | 40,081 | $ | 24,058 | $ | 18,632 | $ | 55,815 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Income after Depreciation | 38,238,266 | 24,978,212 | 18,983,472 | $ | 38,238,266 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | ($51,780 | ) | ($112,640 | ) | ($162,300 | ) | $ | 419,929 | $ | 1,015,667 | $ | 906,983 | $ | 841,543 | $ | 1,258,385 | $ | 1,169,912 | $ | 1,306,796 | $ | 1,447,035 | $ | 1,261,556 | $ | 1,230,949 | $ | 1,267,552 | $ | 1,196,032 | $ | 1,200,260 | $ | 1,330,142 | $ | 1,242,613 | $ | 1,207,701 | $ | 1,322,615 | $ | 1,207,654 | $ | 1,146,116 | $ | 1,217,427 | $ | 1,095,021 | $ | 1,013,045 | $ | 1,120,880 | $ | 1,070,093 | $ | 954,138 | $ | 1,042,320 | $ | 928,463 | $ | 886,436 | $ | 894,670 | $ | 817,628 | $ | 803,986 | $ | 770,169 | $ | 584,085 | $ | 1,033,198 | $ | 942,358 | $ | 741,501 | $ | 714,283 | ($44,154 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Property Tax | 216,632 | 181,401 | 44,025 | $ | 216,632 | $ | 1,996 | $ | 13,721 | $ | 24,449 | $ | 22,734 | $ | 24,041 | $ | 24,425 | $ | 18,003 | $ | 13,168 | $ | 9,041 | $ | 5,130 | $ | 2,429 | $ | 1,276 | $ | 930 | $ | 943 | $ | 1,014 | $ | 1,003 | $ | 1,192 | $ | 1,192 | $ | 1,287 | $ | 1,158 | $ | 1,108 | $ | 1,192 | $ | 1,174 | $ | 2,052 | $ | 1,743 | $ | 1,453 | $ | 1,353 | $ | 2,194 | $ | 4,319 | $ | 3,365 | $ | 2,688 | $ | 2,388 | $ | 4,609 | $ | 3,704 | $ | 2,729 | $ | 2,318 | $ | 1,973 | $ | 1,719 | $ | 1,467 | $ | 1,324 | $ | 1,105 | $ | 985 | $ | 537 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Proceeds of Mineral Tax | 1,948,982 | 1,276,329 | 959,126 | $ | 1,948,982 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 21,406 | $ | 51,285 | $ | 45,834 | $ | 42,570 | $ | 63,452 | $ | 58,992 | $ | 65,847 | $ | 72,887 | $ | 63,584 | $ | 62,064 | $ | 63,907 | $ | 60,305 | $ | 60,513 | $ | 67,032 | $ | 62,632 | $ | 60,890 | $ | 66,655 | $ | 60,884 | $ | 57,807 | $ | 61,395 | $ | 55,241 | $ | 51,145 | $ | 56,555 | $ | 54,000 | $ | 48,195 | $ | 52,623 | $ | 46,919 | $ | 44,819 | $ | 45,248 | $ | 41,369 | $ | 40,697 | $ | 39,005 | $ | 29,667 | $ | 52,169 | $ | 47,633 | $ | 37,553 | $ | 36,200 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income Taxes | 6,216,975 | 4,076,360 | 3,076,254 | $ | 6,216,975 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 153,591 | $ | 138,872 | $ | 127,811 | $ | 202,739 | $ | 191,385 | $ | 216,815 | $ | 241,611 | $ | 209,670 | $ | 204,012 | $ | 210,085 | $ | 198,044 | $ | 198,819 | $ | 221,105 | $ | 206,321 | $ | 200,050 | $ | 219,792 | $ | 199,789 | $ | 188,768 | $ | 201,024 | $ | 180,409 | $ | 165,648 | $ | 183,058 | $ | 174,031 | $ | 154,432 | $ | 169,957 | $ | 149,398 | $ | 141,260 | $ | 142,820 | $ | 130,616 | $ | 128,463 | $ | 122,546 | $ | 90,590 | $ | 168,803 | $ | 153,048 | $ | 118,721 | $ | 112,871 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adv. Manuf. Production Credit | -301,669 | -301,669 | - | ($301,669 | ) | 0 | - | - | - | - | -50,123 | -48,524 | -49,261 | -53,323 | -49,672 | -50,766 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Income after Taxes | 30,157,346 | 19,745,791 | 14,904,066 | $ | 30,157,346 | ($1,996 | ) | ($13,721 | ) | ($24,449 | ) | ($74,514 | ) | ($136,682 | ) | ($186,725 | ) | $ | 380,519 | $ | 847,746 | $ | 761,759 | $ | 715,294 | $ | 1,043,088 | $ | 967,932 | $ | 1,073,968 | $ | 1,131,594 | $ | 987,288 | $ | 963,871 | $ | 992,368 | $ | 936,491 | $ | 939,641 | $ | 1,040,847 | $ | 972,553 | $ | 945,568 | $ | 1,034,994 | $ | 944,929 | $ | 897,798 | $ | 953,555 | $ | 858,018 | $ | 794,058 | $ | 876,947 | $ | 838,697 | $ | 748,823 | $ | 817,354 | $ | 727,537 | $ | 696,652 | $ | 703,873 | $ | 643,325 | $ | 632,852 | $ | 606,898 | $ | 462,361 | $ | 810,901 | $ | 740,572 | $ | 584,242 | $ | 564,676 | ($44,154 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash Flow | $0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net Income after Depreciation | 38,238,266 | 24,978,212 | 18,983,472 | $ | 38,238,266 | ($51,780 | ) | ($112,640 | ) | ($162,300 | ) | $ | 419,929 | $ | 1,015,667 | $ | 906,983 | $ | 841,543 | $ | 1,258,385 | $ | 1,169,912 | $ | 1,306,796 | $ | 1,447,035 | $ | 1,261,556 | $ | 1,230,949 | $ | 1,267,552 | $ | 1,196,032 | $ | 1,200,260 | $ | 1,330,142 | $ | 1,242,613 | $ | 1,207,701 | $ | 1,322,615 | $ | 1,207,654 | $ | 1,146,116 | $ | 1,217,427 | $ | 1,095,021 | $ | 1,013,045 | $ | 1,120,880 | $ | 1,070,093 | $ | 954,138 | $ | 1,042,320 | $ | 928,463 | $ | 886,436 | $ | 894,670 | $ | 817,628 | $ | 803,986 | $ | 770,169 | $ | 584,085 | $ | 1,033,198 | $ | 942,358 | $ | 741,501 | $ | 714,283 | ($44,154 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Add back Depreciation | 5,457,039 | 4,427,326 | 1,213,541 | $ | 5,457,039 | $ | 343,846 | $ | 705,302 | $ | 726,753 | $ | 631,693 | $ | 459,013 | $ | 392,830 | $ | 366,019 | $ | 258,298 | $ | 115,841 | $ | 47,783 | $ | 14,793 | $ | 14,945 | $ | 15,720 | $ | 18,447 | $ | 21,489 | $ | 23,168 | $ | 22,976 | $ | 20,366 | $ | 21,312 | $ | 22,903 | $ | 36,177 | $ | 44,264 | $ | 34,486 | $ | 28,468 | $ | 40,433 | $ | 88,226 | $ | 108,349 | $ | 80,969 | $ | 62,304 | $ | 94,701 | $ | 125,740 | $ | 102,953 | $ | 72,519 | $ | 51,776 | $ | 51,309 | $ | 52,281 | $ | 40,081 | $ | 24,058 | $ | 18,632 | $ | 55,815 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Working Capital | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Account Receivables | -3,512,967 | -2,298,446 | -1,681,453 | ($3,512,967 | ) | ($27,263 | ) | ($47,873 | ) | ($46,117 | ) | ($81,518 | ) | ($110,198 | ) | ($99,553 | ) | ($94,820 | ) | ($114,325 | ) | ($99,410 | ) | ($103,858 | ) | ($111,392 | ) | ($99,399 | ) | ($98,331 | ) | ($101,241 | ) | ($95,971 | ) | ($96,134 | ) | ($104,722 | ) | ($98,382 | ) | ($96,732 | ) | ($104,276 | ) | ($97,331 | ) | ($94,354 | ) | ($99,015 | ) | ($90,006 | ) | ($86,226 | ) | ($95,950 | ) | ($93,336 | ) | ($84,958 | ) | ($89,854 | ) | ($84,744 | ) | ($84,159 | ) | ($84,347 | ) | ($76,850 | ) | ($75,496 | ) | ($73,530 | ) | ($61,290 | ) | ($88,271 | ) | ($82,652 | ) | ($69,045 | ) | ($70,039 | ) | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accounts Payable | 1,580,402 | 968,633 | 818,013 | $ | 1,580,402 | $ | 14,364 | $ | 21,841 | $ | 21,572 | $ | 33,703 | $ | 41,197 | $ | 39,882 | $ | 40,489 | $ | 43,827 | $ | 40,827 | $ | 41,725 | $ | 44,014 | $ | 41,571 | $ | 42,450 | $ | 43,505 | $ | 41,367 | $ | 41,121 | $ | 43,119 | $ | 41,184 | $ | 41,545 | $ | 43,086 | $ | 41,209 | $ | 41,214 | $ | 43,027 | $ | 40,305 | $ | 40,488 | $ | 42,027 | $ | 40,696 | $ | 40,129 | $ | 41,631 | $ | 40,796 | $ | 40,836 | $ | 42,310 | $ | 40,095 | $ | 40,926 | $ | 40,846 | $ | 38,022 | $ | 41,875 | $ | 42,377 | $ | 39,279 | $ | 39,924 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Inventory - Parts, Supplies | - | - | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Working Capital | - | -45,738 | 31,075 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | ($12,898 | ) | ($13,134 | ) | $ | 1,487 | ($23,270 | ) | ($21,185 | ) | $ | 9,330 | $ | 5,340 | ($16,167 | ) | $ | 11,915 | ($3,550 | ) | ($5,246 | ) | $ | 9,551 | $ | 1,946 | ($1,854 | ) | $ | 3,132 | ($408 | ) | ($6,591 | ) | $ | 4,405 | $ | 2,010 | ($6,002 | ) | $ | 5,068 | $ | 2,983 | ($2,849 | ) | $ | 6,287 | $ | 3,963 | ($8,185 | ) | $ | 1,282 | $ | 7,812 | ($3,394 | ) | $ | 4,275 | $ | 626 | $ | 1,285 | $ | 5,282 | $ | 2,185 | $ | 1,886 | $ | 9,416 | ($23,128 | ) | $ | 6,121 | $ | 10,508 | ($348 | ) | $ | 30,115 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital Expenditures | $0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Initial Capital | 3,995,500 | 3,995,500 | - | $ | 3,995,500 | $ | 181,440 | $ | 1,065,960 | $ | 975,240 | $ | 183,560 | $ | 811,925 | $ | 742,825 | $ | 34,550 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sustaining Capital | 1,461,539 | 582,496 | 1,155,566 | $ | 1,461,539 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6,431 | 5,063 | 13,883 | 12,468 | 9,682 | 12,736 | 11,037 | 16,353 | 15,985 | 21,403 | 14,682 | 35,676 | 21,488 | 31,785 | 11,201 | 15,820 | 28,983 | 21,298 | 115,960 | 16,179 | 8,150 | 19,314 | 116,921 | 281,409 | 21,655 | 19,425 | 34,976 | 296,611 | 43,520 | 14,266 | 35,172 | 20,457 | 28,214 | 29,369 | 27,086 | 4,090 | 7,719 | 15,074 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sawtooth Capital Recovery | 48,778 | 48,778 | - | $ | 48,778 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4,373 | 12,229 | 12,349 | 8,302 | 5,608 | 5,120 | 797 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Capital Expenditures | 5,505,817 | 4,626,774 | 1,155,566 | $ | 5,505,817 | $ | 181,440 | $ | 1,065,960 | $ | 975,240 | $ | 187,933 | $ | 824,154 | $ | 761,605 | $ | 47,915 | $ | 19,492 | $ | 17,588 | $ | 10,480 | $ | 12,736 | $ | 11,037 | $ | 16,353 | $ | 15,985 | $ | 21,403 | $ | 14,682 | $ | 35,676 | $ | 21,488 | $ | 31,785 | $ | 11,201 | $ | 15,820 | $ | 28,983 | $ | 21,298 | $ | 115,960 | $ | 16,179 | $ | 8,150 | $ | 19,314 | $ | 116,921 | $ | 281,409 | $ | 21,655 | $ | 19,425 | $ | 34,976 | $ | 296,611 | $ | 43,520 | $ | 14,266 | $ | 35,172 | $ | 20,457 | $ | 28,214 | $ | 29,369 | $ | 27,086 | $ | 4,090 | $ | 7,719 | $ | 15,074 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAPEX intensity ($/mt LCE) | $ | 2,061 | $ | 2,647 | $ | 904 | $ | 2,061 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1.6 | 4.3 | 4 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 6.6 | 4.6 | 11.3 | 6.8 | 10.1 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 8.9 | 6.2 | 34.8 | 5 | 2.5 | 6.1 | 38.3 | 89 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 11.3 | 95.9 | 14.2 | 4.8 | 11.7 | 6.9 | 9.8 | 10.8 | 8.3 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 5.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash Flow before Taxes | $0 | 38,189,487 | 24,733,026 | 19,072,521 | $ | 38,189,487 | ($181,440 | ) | ($1,065,960 | ) | ($975,240 | ) | $ | 91,235 | ($244,626 | ) | ($195,665 | ) | $ | 980,438 | $ | 1,434,003 | $ | 1,291,555 | $ | 1,202,422 | $ | 1,487,781 | $ | 1,286,630 | $ | 1,334,676 | $ | 1,440,598 | $ | 1,264,649 | $ | 1,233,934 | $ | 1,248,469 | $ | 1,199,165 | $ | 1,191,235 | $ | 1,335,326 | $ | 1,251,565 | $ | 1,202,039 | $ | 1,318,219 | $ | 1,132,939 | $ | 1,177,184 | $ | 1,240,914 | $ | 1,110,463 | $ | 940,520 | $ | 919,512 | $ | 1,158,070 | $ | 1,023,494 | $ | 1,066,254 | $ | 730,827 | $ | 969,282 | $ | 984,642 | $ | 860,257 | $ | 837,490 | $ | 795,150 | $ | 616,412 | $ | 1,023,065 | $ | 968,447 | $ | 762,923 | $ | 754,676 | ($14,040 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cummulative Cash Flow before Taxes | ($181,440 | ) | ($1,247,400 | ) | ($2,222,640 | ) | ($2,131,405 | ) | ($2,376,031 | ) | ($2,571,696 | ) | ($1,591,258 | ) | ($157,255 | ) | $ | 1,134,300 | $ | 2,336,722 | $ | 3,824,502 | $ | 5,111,133 | $ | 6,445,808 | $ | 7,886,406 | $ | 9,151,056 | $ | 10,384,990 | $ | 11,633,458 | $ | 12,832,623 | $ | 14,023,858 | $ | 15,359,183 | $ | 16,610,748 | $ | 17,812,787 | $ | 19,131,006 | $ | 20,263,945 | $ | 21,441,129 | $ | 22,682,043 | $ | 23,792,506 | $ | 24,733,026 | $ | 25,652,538 | $ | 26,810,608 | $ | 27,834,102 | $ | 28,900,356 | $ | 29,631,183 | $ | 30,600,465 | $ | 31,585,107 | $ | 32,445,364 | $ | 33,282,854 | $ | 34,078,004 | $ | 34,694,416 | $ | 35,717,481 | $ | 36,685,929 | $ | 37,448,851 | $ | 38,203,527 | $ | 38,189,487 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Taxes | 8,080,920 | 5,232,421 | 4,079,405 | $ | 8,080,920 | $ | 1,996 | $ | 13,721 | $ | 24,449 | $ | 22,734 | $ | 24,041 | $ | 24,425 | $ | 39,410 | $ | 167,921 | $ | 145,224 | $ | 126,249 | $ | 215,298 | $ | 201,980 | $ | 232,827 | $ | 315,441 | $ | 274,268 | $ | 267,079 | $ | 275,184 | $ | 259,541 | $ | 260,620 | $ | 289,294 | $ | 270,060 | $ | 262,133 | $ | 287,621 | $ | 262,725 | $ | 248,318 | $ | 263,872 | $ | 237,003 | $ | 218,987 | $ | 243,932 | $ | 231,396 | $ | 205,315 | $ | 224,967 | $ | 200,926 | $ | 189,783 | $ | 190,797 | $ | 174,303 | $ | 171,134 | $ | 163,271 | $ | 121,724 | $ | 222,297 | $ | 201,786 | $ | 157,259 | $ | 149,607 | $ | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash Flow after Taxes | $0 | 30,108,567 | 19,500,605 | 14,993,116 | $ | 30,108,567 | ($183,436 | ) | ($1,079,681 | ) | ($999,689 | ) | $ | 68,501 | ($268,667 | ) | ($220,090 | ) | $ | 941,028 | $ | 1,266,083 | $ | 1,146,331 | $ | 1,076,173 | $ | 1,272,483 | $ | 1,084,650 | $ | 1,101,848 | $ | 1,125,157 | $ | 990,382 | $ | 966,855 | $ | 973,285 | $ | 939,624 | $ | 930,615 | $ | 1,046,031 | $ | 981,505 | $ | 939,907 | $ | 1,030,598 | $ | 870,213 | $ | 928,866 | $ | 977,041 | $ | 873,460 | $ | 721,533 | $ | 675,580 | $ | 926,673 | $ | 818,178 | $ | 841,287 | $ | 529,901 | $ | 779,499 | $ | 793,845 | $ | 685,953 | $ | 666,355 | $ | 631,880 | $ | 494,689 | $ | 800,768 | $ | 766,661 | $ | 605,663 | $ | 605,069 | ($14,040 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cummulative Cash Flow after Taxes | ($183,436 | ) | ($1,263,117 | ) | ($2,262,806 | ) | ($2,194,305 | ) | ($2,462,973 | ) | ($2,683,062 | ) | ($1,742,034 | ) | ($475,951 | ) | $ | 670,379 | $ | 1,746,552 | $ | 3,019,035 | $ | 4,103,685 | $ | 5,205,534 | $ | 6,330,690 | $ | 7,321,072 | $ | 8,287,927 | $ | 9,261,212 | $ | 10,200,835 | $ | 11,131,450 | $ | 12,177,482 | $ | 13,158,987 | $ | 14,098,893 | $ | 15,129,491 | $ | 15,999,705 | $ | 16,928,571 | $ | 17,905,612 | $ | 18,779,072 | $ | 19,500,605 | $ | 20,176,185 | $ | 21,102,858 | $ | 21,921,037 | $ | 22,762,324 | $ | 23,292,225 | $ | 24,071,724 | $ | 24,865,569 | $ | 25,551,522 | $ | 26,217,878 | $ | 26,849,757 | $ | 27,344,446 | $ | 28,145,214 | $ | 28,911,875 | $ | 29,517,538 | $ | 30,122,607 | $ | 30,108,567 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Period | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 42 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discounted Cash Flow after Taxes @ 0% | ($183,436 | ) | ($1,079,681 | ) | ($999,689 | ) | $ | 68,501 | ($268,667 | ) | ($220,090 | ) | $ | 941,028 | $ | 1,266,083 | $ | 1,146,331 | $ | 1,076,173 | $ | 1,272,483 | $ | 1,084,650 | $ | 1,101,848 | $ | 1,125,157 | $ | 990,382 | $ | 966,855 | $ | 973,285 | $ | 939,624 | $ | 930,615 | $ | 1,046,031 | $ | 981,505 | $ | 939,907 | $ | 1,030,598 | $ | 870,213 | $ | 928,866 | $ | 977,041 | $ | 873,460 | $ | 721,533 | $ | 675,580 | $ | 926,673 | $ | 818,178 | $ | 841,287 | $ | 529,901 | $ | 779,499 | $ | 793,845 | $ | 685,953 | $ | 666,355 | $ | 631,880 | $ | 494,689 | $ | 800,768 | $ | 766,661 | $ | 605,663 | $ | 605,069 | ($14,040 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cumulative Discounted cashflow after taxes @ 0% | ($183,436 | ) | ($1,263,117 | ) | ($2,262,806 | ) | ($2,194,305 | ) | ($2,462,973 | ) | ($2,683,062 | ) | ($1,742,034 | ) | ($475,951 | ) | $ | 670,379 | $ | 1,746,552 | $ | 3,019,035 | $ | 4,103,685 | $ | 5,205,534 | $ | 6,330,690 | $ | 7,321,072 | $ | 8,287,927 | $ | 9,261,212 | $ | 10,200,835 | $ | 11,131,450 | $ | 12,177,482 | $ | 13,158,987 | $ | 14,098,893 | $ | 15,129,491 | $ | 15,999,705 | $ | 16,928,571 | $ | 17,905,612 | $ | 18,779,072 | $ | 19,500,605 | $ | 20,176,185 | $ | 21,102,858 | $ | 21,921,037 | $ | 22,762,324 | $ | 23,292,225 | $ | 24,071,724 | $ | 24,865,569 | $ | 25,551,522 | $ | 26,217,878 | $ | 26,849,757 | $ | 27,344,446 | $ | 28,145,214 | $ | 28,911,875 | $ | 29,517,538 | $ | 30,122,607 | $ | 30,108,567 |
Economic Indicators before Taxes | 25 Yr LoM | 40 Yr LoM | NPV with mid-year convention | ||||
NPV @ 0% | 0.00% | $24,733,026 | $38,189,487 | ||||
NPV @ 6% | 6.00% | $8,990,703 | $10,836,234 | 10,827,003 | |||
NPV @ 8% | 8.00% | $6,502,472 | $7,490,888 | 7,482,674 | |||
NPV @ 10% | 10.00% | $4,698,227 | $5,236,790 | 5,229,714 | |||
NPV @ 12% | 12.00% | $3,369,044 | $3,667,306 | 3,661,294 | |||
NPV @ 16% | 16.00% | $1,623,028 | $1,718,738 | 1,714,465 | |||
IRR | 23.80% | 23.90% | 23.90% | ||||
Payback | Years | 5.1 | 5.1 |
Economic Indicators after Taxes | 25 Yr LoM | 40 Yr LoM | NPV with mid-year convention | ||||
NPV @ 0% | 0.00% | $19,500,605 | $30,108,567 | ||||
NPV @ 6% | 6.00% | $6,947,487 | $8,398,919 | 8,391,585 | |||
NPV @ 8% | 8.00% | $4,950,134 | $5,726,852 | 5,720,319 | |||
NPV @ 10% | 10.00% | $3,497,855 | $3,920,727 | 3,915,096 | |||
NPV @ 12% | 12.00% | $2,425,349 | $2,659,351 | 2,654,570 | |||
NPV @ 16% | 16.00% | $1,012,718 | $1,087,688 | 1,084,310 | |||
IRR | 21.20% | 21.37% | 21.40% | ||||
Payback | Years | 5.4 | 5.4 | ||||
Payback (discounted) | Years | 5.4 | 5.4 |
Lithium Americas Corp. |
19.5 Sensitivity Analysis
A sensitivity analysis was performed to examine variables in the economic model to understand the impact of the variables on the Project value and economics. The variables examined are lithium carbonate selling price, recovery, OPEX, CAPEX and liquid sulfur price. The change in Project NPV was estimated based on the defined increase or decrease of the particular variable. The results of this sensitivity analysis are presented on an after-tax basis in Figure 19-5 for Project NPV and Figure 19-6 for IRR.
Figure 19-5 Sensitivity Analysis of Various Variables, After-Tax NPV, 8% Discount Rate
Source: M3, 2022
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Figure 19-6 Sensitivity Analysis of Various Variables, After-Tax IRR, 8% Discount Rate
Source: M3, 2022
The analysis demonstrates high sensitivity to lithium carbonate price, overall plant production, and operating costs. The Project is relatively insensitive to changes in initial capital or to sustaining capital costs.
Table 19-12 presents NPV and IRR at a range of discount rates for three lithium carbonate product selling price cases: -50% (downside), 0% (base-fixed), and +50% (high).
Table 19-12 After-Tax NPV at 8% ($ Millions) and IRR
Economic Indicator |
Unit |
Value |
NPV @ 8% |
$ millions |
$5,727 |
IRR |
% |
21.4% |
Payback |
Years |
5.4 |
Payback (discounted) |
Years |
5.4 |
Selling Price ($/tonne) |
$12,000 |
$24,000 |
$36,000 |
NPV ($-M) |
($623) |
$5,727 |
$11,829 |
IRR (%) |
6.0% |
21.4% |
31.9% |
Table 19-13 presents the sensitivity of NPV to different discount rates.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Table 19-13 NPV for Various Discount Rates (40-Year LOM)
Economic Indicators after Taxes |
Years 1-25 of |
40-Year LoM |
NPV @ 0% |
$19,500,605 |
$30,108,567 |
NPV @ 6% |
$6,947,487 |
$8,398,919 |
NPV @ 8% |
$4,950,134 |
$5,726,852 |
NPV @ 10% |
$3,497,855 |
$3,920,727 |
NPV @ 12% |
$2,425,349 |
$2,659,351 |
NPV @ 16% |
$1,012,718 |
$1,087,688 |
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20 Adjacent Properties
There are no adjacent properties that bear on the lithium properties and there are no nearby operating mines. There is no information used in this TRS that has been sourced from adjacent properties. No public drilling information was available or sourced for the development of the geological model.
The drilling and exploration activities at the Thacker Pass Deposit well defines the geology, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. Due to this and the relatively simple geology at the Thacker Pass Deposit, material changes to the Mineral Resource estimates and Mineral Reserve estimates are not likely if adjacent property information is included in future estimates.
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21 Other Relevant Data and Information
21.1 Project Execution Plan
A proposed Project execution plan describes, at a high level, how the Project could be carried out. This plan contains an overall description of what the main work focuses are, Project organization, the estimated schedule, and where important aspects of the Project will be carried out. Key milestones of the proposed plan include the following:
21.1.1 Focus
The proposed Project execution plan incorporates an integrated strategy for engineering, procurement, and construction management (EPCM).
The majority of mechanical and electrical equipment required for the Project will be procured within North America. Concrete, building construction materials and timber products will be sourced primarily in the Western US region. Structural and miscellaneous steel, piping, tanks, electrical and miscellaneous process equipment will be largely sourced within the US, and to the extent practical, within the region. Some commodities, such as structural steel and fabricated piping materials, may be sourced out of country depending on cost and schedule.
21.1.2 Engineering
The Project will enter the basic engineering phase, followed by detailed engineering. During the engineering phase, priorities for long lead procurement and early construction will be identified to that support the overall construction schedule. Engineering must be completed to the point that key procurement and construction activities have been decided contractually prior to the Project's Notice to Proceed. Some funding may need to be committed to achieve this status.
21.1.3 Procurement
Equipment and bulk material suppliers will be selected through a competitive bidding process. Similarly, construction contractors will be selected through a pre-qualification process followed by a competitive bidding process. The Project will employ a combination of lump sum and unit price contracts as appropriate for the level of engineering and scope definition available at the time contracts are awarded.
Procurement of long lead equipment and materials will be scheduled with their relevant engineering tasks. This will allow the applicable vendor information to be incorporated into the design drawings and facilitate the delivery of equipment to site at the appropriate time, as well as support the overall Project schedule. Particular emphasis will be placed on procuring the material and contract services required to establish the temporary construction infrastructure required for the construction program.
Construction documents need to be completed for bidding, bids offered and received, and contractors accepted and prepared to begin work before the Full Notice to Proceed. Contractors will be selected, and a hold will be put on their contracts awaiting the release of funds and the notice to proceed.
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21.1.4 Project Services
The EPCM contractor will be responsible for management and control of the various Project activities and will ensure that the team has appropriate resources to accomplish LAC's objectives. The EPCM integrated Project services system from construction documents through procurement, cost control, Project accounts, warehousing, and start-up.
21.1.5 Construction Management
Construction will be completed in two phases for the plant, with Phase 2 concluding four years after the Phase 1 ends.
The construction program will start with Early Works after the Notice to Proceed. The completion of well water pipeline will be of the highest priority which will provide construction water to the mass civil works. It will be necessary to get the large earth-moving equipment onto the site to begin major work. This work will include the clearing and grubbing of the Process Plant building pads, access roads, tailings facility, and Mine Infrastructure.
Process Plant Area construction will begin in area blocks as mass grading is completed from South to North, starting with the Sulfuric Acid Plant, then moving to the Lithium Carbonate/ Magnesium Sulfate units, and finally the Mineral Beneficiation / Leach & Neutralization units. Once completed with the Process Plant building pads, civil crews will move onto the Mine Facilities, ROM, and Attrition Scrubbing areas with process construction to follow. Ancillary Facilities and other site infrastructure will continue installation throughout the schedule as areas become available and are of secondary importance to the critical path. Process Plant construction will finish with Commissioning. Ramp-up to 100% capacity should last less than one year following construction completion of each phase.
21.1.6 Contracting
A combination of vertical, horizontal, and design construction contracts will be employed as best suits the work to be performed, and as best suits the degree of engineering and scope definition available at the time of award. A site-installed concrete batch plant will supply concrete to all construction contractors. A site-installed crushing and screening operation will be initiated to provide engineered soils materials (sand and gravel) for the benefit of the Project. The Owner-furnished Temporary Housing Facilities will be available to all construction contractors at their option. Should they opt out, they may provide for their own housing. Camp operations will be provided by LAC. Early piping and earthwork contractors will be expected to provide their housing, as they will be on site prior to the completion of the housing facilities.
21.1.7 Labor
Construction labor will largely be sourced from regional general and specialty contractors. The labor market in northern Nevada and the surrounding region has been stressed in recent years similar to the overall labor market in the US. Provisions have been made in the plan of execution to account for attracting workers to the Project. The region has a mix of unionized and non-union labor.
21.1.8 Construction Completion and Turn-Over Procedure
The Construction Completion Procedure is part of the Construction Quality Plan. Contractors are to enter into contractual agreements with LAC to perform certain portions of the work, which includes quality control of their work. Facilities will be verified and accepted in a stepwise documented process of mechanical completion and pre-operational testing. The main steps are as follows:
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21.1.9 Quality Plan
A Project-specific quality plan will be developed and implemented. The quality plan is a management tool for the EPCM contractor to maintain the quality of construction and installation on every aspect of a project. The plan will be developed during the engineering phase and available prior to the start of construction. The quality plan is designed to check for compliance with various technical and accounting activities that will take place.
21.1.10 Health and Safety Plan
The Health and Safety Plan (HASP) will be established for the construction of the Thacker Pass Project and any other authorized work at the Project site. The HASP covers both contractor personnel and operational personnel working at the Project site and on any other sites authorized for Project work.
The HASP specifies regulatory compliance requirements, training, certifications, and medical requirements necessary for Project completion by contractors. Along with the Operations Procedures, the HASP is to be followed by all contractor personnel working at the site.
21.1.11 Temporary Housing Transition
Temporary housing facilities will be built as a construction camp and made available for use by the Project workforce at their discretion. Workers may also elect to arrange their own accommodation in the area. The temporary housing facilities are expected to be used for Phase 1 of the Project, and then maintained for future use during Phase 2.
21.1.12 Project Schedule
At the present time, a tentative overview schedule is shown in Table 21-1.
Table 21-1 Overview Schedule
Source: M3, 2022
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21.2 Limestone Quarry
One of the main reagents used in processing is limestone. In order to keep costs down and ensure consistent supply, LAC has evaluated several sources of limestone including existing market sources and two new sources located in Humboldt County. The sources in Humboldt County nearest to the Thacker Pass site are expected to provide more favorable transportation costs and vehicular emissions when compared to the projects that are further away.
LAC has evaluated one regional project (the "Limestone Quarry") in relation to the economics and schedule for availability of limestone product. The estimated delivery cost for limestone from this property was estimated to be $34.24/t. The pricing was based on a high-level scoping study. Additional work and information will be needed to confirm the limestone quantity, quality and delivery cost.
21.2.1 Geology
Geological mapping and initial exploration drilling have been completed at the Limestone Quarry to define the limestone extents and grade. Eight drill holes have intersected the limestone zone. These drill holes were logged by LAC geologists and sampled at selected points along the core length for analysis. The point samples were designed to include one limestone and one chert sample for every logged interval (3-6 m).
The field mapping data along with the exploration drilling results were utilized to build a 3-D geological model to define the limestone zone for a scoping level analysis. Within the limestone zone, the drilling results were interpolated into a block model to better define the lithology in the limestone zone as limestone, chert, cherty-limestone, and volcanic waste. The assay point samples were then interpolated in the block model to estimate the grade of the limestone zone based on lithology.
Bulk density has not been sampled for the Limestone Quarry. The following bulk density assumptions were used based on the SME Mining Engineering Handbook, Geological Survey Bulletin 1144-E (Manger 1963), and Thacker Pass values for volcanic waste:
It is recommended that the limestone core be analyzed as full-length samples, rather than point samples, to better define the density, grade, neutralization, and physical characteristics. The current geological and block models demonstrate a scoping level analysis, but this is subject to change based on additional sampling and analysis of the core.
21.2.2 Quantity and Quality
LAC provided a range of delivered limestone tonnes. The range of limestone tonnes over the 40-year life of mine are in Table 21-2. The grade required is 77-100% CaCO3 Purity (Average 88%).
Table 21-2 Delivered Limestone tonnes (LS)
|
Minimum LS MT |
Average LS MT |
Maximum LS MT |
Delivered |
14.4 |
17.9 |
23.0 |
To validate that the limestone ore body has the required tonnes of limestone as shown in Table 21-2 and the required grade, a pit shell was developed in the block model using the parameters below.
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A Run of Mine (ROM) limestone tonnage was achieved by applying the 10% loss to the delivered limestone tonnes. Table 21-3 shows the ROM limestone tonnes required to be mined along with the limestone tonnes required to be delivered.
Table 21-3 Delivered and ROM tonnes
|
Minimum LS MT |
Average LS MT |
Maximum LS MT |
Delivered |
14.4 |
17.9 |
23.0 |
ROM |
16.0 |
19.9 |
25.5 |
The 40-year pit shell that was developed in the block model is shown below in Figure 21-1.
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Figure 21-1 Limestone Quarry pit outline
A cross-section of the orebody is shown below in Figure 21-2.
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Figure 21-2 Limestone Quarry cross section A-A'
The tonnes of limestone at a cut-off-grade of 60% CaCO3 and waste for the pit shell are shown in Table 21-4. The 10% loss in limestone was added into the waste category.
Table 21-4 Pit shell material quantities and quality
Bench Height (m) |
Cumulative |
Cumulative Limestone |
Cumulative Waste (MT) |
1410 |
88.7 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
1380 |
89.2 |
3.1 |
5.0 |
1350 |
90.4 |
9.5 |
10.1 |
1320 |
90.8 |
17.0 |
13.9 |
1290 |
90.7 |
24.0 |
17.4 |
1260 |
90.7 |
28.4 |
20.2 |
21.2.3 Mining Method
The process to mine and deliver the limestone to Thacker Pass is as follows:
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21.2.4 Costs
The mining, crushing, and transportation costs have been estimated at a scoping study level with the following assumptions:
Table 21-5 shows the breakdown of costs by category for the delivery of limestone to Thacker Pass.
Table 21-5 Limestone Delivery Cost per tonne
Category |
$/tonne |
Description |
D&B/LHD/Crushing |
$3.14 |
D&B, crushing, LHD and equipment/labor cost |
On-highway haulage |
$24.55 |
Contractor haulage, loading cost |
Support |
$0.49 |
Equipment/labor cost |
Water haulage to the site |
$0.47 |
The contractor cost to haul water to the site |
Other |
$4.90 |
Supervisor, contingency (waste haulage and other), overhead, profit |
Capital |
$0.69 |
Equipment capital |
Operating & Capital Total |
$34.24 |
|
Available LAC drilling data for Limestone Quarry has been evaluated and quality checked. Haulage routes are under development.
21.2.5 Permitting
LAC has been collecting baseline environmental data to characterize conditions at the Limestone Quarry (see Section 21.2.6). Shortly after a quarry plan is developed, LAC will initiate permitting of the Limestone Quarry. LAC is expecting that permitting of the limestone source will require approval of a Plan of Operations from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and state permits including a Water Pollution Control Permit, air quality permit, and reclamation permit.
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The Limestone Quarry is expected to encompass a smaller footprint than the Thacker Pass Project. Based on experience with permitting the Thacker Pass Project and considering current NEPA guidance from the U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, LAC anticipates that permits could be secured within 2 years.
This schedule would allow for the Limestone Quarry to provide a source of metallurgical grade limestone to the Thacker Pass Project (and potentially other buyers) in advance of Thacker Pass commissioning. The anticipated schedule for completing permitting by mid-2025 also allows for approximately one year of buffer time in advance of commissioning, to account for unforeseen delays relating to scoping and permitting of the Limestone Quarry. Existing market sources are expected to be available for short-term supply of limestone in the event of any delays with advancing the Limestone Quarry.
21.2.6 Baseline Characterization
LAC completed initial baseline studies in 2021 to characterize existing conditions in the Limestone Quarry Project area. Biological baseline studies included soils, vegetation communities, special status plants, noxious weeds and invasive species, raptors, burrowing owls, migratory birds, kangaroo mice, pygmy rabbits, bats, greater sage grouse, and other wildlife.
Cultural baseline surveys included a Class III Cultural inventory and a Paleontological Resources Evaluation. The inventory was sent to the BLM and the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). Paleontological surveys determined that proposed excavation of limestone will not negatively impact significant fossil-bearing units.
Hydrologic baseline studies included seep and spring monitoring and groundwater monitoring. Initial data collection suggests deep piezometric levels below the Project area, ranging from approximately 60 feet to 500 feet. No aquatic resources are present in the Project area. Features do not have a connection to interstate of foreign commerce, are not tributaries, and do not meet the significant nexus standard. The Jurisdictional Determination for Aquatic Resources was submitted to the US Army Corps of Engineers and is pending approval.
Once a quarry plan is developed and LNC initiate consultations with the BLM resources specialists, additional baseline data collection may be required.
21.3 Transload Facility
High volume raw materials are generally expected to be shipped by rail to a transload facility to be constructed for the Thacker Pass Project in Winnemucca, NV. Quicklime is anticipated to be shipped via the Graymont-owned existing Golconda terminal. The Winnemucca facility is designed for molten sulfur, which requires a receiving site capable of fully melting tankers prior to unloading. The switch yard of the facility will allow for warm storage/melting of 48 rail tankers, which represents 4 days storage for Phase 1 of the Project, and 2 days storage for Phase 2. Incidental to warm storage will be a variable number of other tankers on site as fresh shipments are dropped off and empty tankers retrieved.
The design of the transload facility has been advanced to an FEL-2 level of design by Savage Services Corporation (Savage) for the purpose of this study (+30%/-15%). Currently, only molten sulfur to tank, soda ash direct to truck, and miscellaneous bulk liquid direct to truck are captured in Phase 1 construction costs for the Thacker Pass Winnemucca transload terminal. Miscellaneous, low-volume palletized shipments may also be offloaded direct to truck without construction of a dedicated spur (caustic, antiscalant, HCL, diesel, sulfuric acid, etc.). All capital costs for the Winnemucca transload terminal are assumed to be borne by the Thacker Pass Project, and all operating costs are assumed to be borne by the integrator operating the terminal.
Phase 1 capital and operating costs assume the following exclusions for other reagents, though they may be reevaluated for Phase 2 to optimize logistics costs:
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Full design assumptions may be found in Savage's 11/8/22 "Transload Terminal FEL Summary Report" Revision 2. Figure 21-3 shows the overall site layout for both phases of the proposed facility.
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Figure 21-3 Transload Facility Site General Arrangement
Note: Green signifies Phase 1 and Purple signifies Phase 2.
Source: Savage Services Corporation, 2022
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21.3.1 Design Criteria
The Winnemucca transload terminal CAPEX estimate includes the scope described below for each phase. This capacity is believed by the integrator (Savage Services Corporation) to comfortably exceed the nominal demand of 340,000 t/a of sulfur for each phase, given constraints associated with sulfur shipments. The following scope is assumed for each phase of Project operation:
1. Phase 1 - (1,000 TPD molten sulfur)
a. Installation of a switch on the Nevada Sub
b. Spurs for Drop, Pull, Index and RIP.
c. Sulfur unloading spurs, platforms, sump and (2) pumps (P‐101A/B)
d. Sulfur tank (TK‐101)
e. (2) pumps for the truck loading rack, (P‐203A/B)
f. Sulfur truck loading rack; (2) spot, double sided
g. Soda Ash transloading spur, silo and truck loading area
h. Boilers;(2) primary and (1) spare for steaming up to 36 railcars, heat tracing & tank coils (F‐101A/B/C)
i. Bulk liquid transload spur and road, for mobile transloading equipment
j. Supporting utilities including electrical infrastructure, a caustic scrubber, fire water and supplied breathing air.
k. Roads and buildings
2. Phase 2 - (2,000 TPD molten sulfur)
a. Additional sulfur storage tank (TK‐102)
b. Pump (P‐303C) to support the new truck loading rack
c. Completion of the rail loop with roads running parallel to the tracks
d. Additional truck loading rack; (2) spot, single sided
e. Sulfur unloading spur extensions with a new (3) spot rack and pump
f. Quicklime transloading spur, silo and truck loading area
g. Additional (2) boilers (F‐101D/E)
21.3.2 Cost Basis
Capital costs for this report are developed by Savage to an FEL 2 level of (+30%/-15%), according to the design criteria in the preceding section with the following exclusions:
1. Boiler capacity to meet NFPA snuffing steam standards
2. Savage overhead and profit and/or any fees
3. Permitting costs/fees, wildlife and environmental studies
4. Builder's risk insurance
5. Underground utility protection, modification or moves
6. Guardhouse
7. Fire suppression halogen system
8. NV Energy power distribution modifications or supply
(Note: escalation was mistakenly listed as an exclusion in the latest Savage report documentation, though it has subsequently been confirmed that escalation was applied to bring all costs to 2022 dollars)
Currently, only modest capital increases are considered in the Phase 2 Winnemucca transload facility. OPEX optimization may drive exploration into additional options during Phase 2, such as flocculant handling through transload, installation of additional silos, and/or purchasing of dedicated trucks to be driven by cross-trained transload operators. These costs are not included in CAPEX or OPEX estimates used in this report, but represent potential savings to be considered during the next design phase.
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Transload operating costs assumed for this study come from three sources:
21.3.3 Permitting
LAC has evaluated several locations for a transloading facility in or near the city of Winnemucca Nevada to allow for the transfer of raw materials including liquid sulfur, soda ash and quicklime for delivery to the Project site. Upon finalizing the location and design, permitting of the transloading facility will commence. Based on the current design, LAC is expecting permitting will require an air quality permit from the state, as well as several smaller permits required by the state and county.
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22 Interpretation and Conclusions
The mineralization within the volcanogenic clays in the Thacker Pass Project area are of economic grade and suited to open-pit mining operations. The proven and probable Mineral Reserves were estimated from forecasted lithium carbonate sales price, capital investment required for mine and processing plant development, operating costs for mine and processing plant production, mineral and metallurgical process data engineered to produce lithium carbonate economically, and ability to acquire all necessary permits and approvals.
The Project is viable at this stage of development based on the findings in this report, provided the mentioned risks are mitigated and the design development process shows continued favorable results from the designed process. The recommendations as described in Section 23 are typical design development tasks and/or are studies with potential to optimize efficiency, reduce operational and financial risk, or lower capital cost.
22.1 Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimate
The Thacker Pass Project is set in the moat sediments of a large extinct caldera. The nature of the deposit is sub-horizontal with consistent grades over large lateral distances. The mineralization is at or near surface and made up of a claystone and ash mix that can be free dug without blasting using conventional mining equipment. The 2022 Resource Estimate consists of 325.2 Mt of Measured Resource averaging 1,990 ppm Li for 3.4 Mt of lithium carbonate equivalent, 895.2 Mt of Indicated Resource averaging 1,820 ppm Li for 8.7 Mt of lithium carbonate equivalent and 297.2 Mt of Inferred Resource averaging 1,870 ppm Li for 3.0 Mt lithium carbonate equivalent. A cutoff grade of 1,047 ppm Li and an open pit shell were used to constrain the resource estimate based on break even economics. The cost to remove constructed structures was included in this economic evaluation.
Bulk density for claystone/ash mineralization at 1.54 g/cm3 and 2.04 g/cm3 were applied to the resources and tonnages were re-estimated to show the effect of bulk density sensitivities. This resulted in an increase in mineralization tonnes by 14% when compared to the default density of 1.79 g/cm3, assuming a 2.04 g/cm3 bulk density factor and a decrease in mineralization tonnes by 14% compared to the default density of 1.79 g/cm3 when assuming a 1.54 g/cm3 bulk density factor.
The proven and probable Mineral Reserve ore tonnages for a 40-year mine life constitute 217.3 Mt. Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves total 3.7 Mt lithium carbonate equivalent over the 40-year mine life.
Illite mineralization has a higher recovery than smectite and mixed zone mineralization. Additional studies or exploration should be performed to identify if more illite mineralization exists within the PoO boundary.
22.2 Mining
Since the completion of the PFS (NI 43-101 compliant Technical Report) report dated August 1st, 2018:
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22.3 Infrastructure
Infrastructure required for the execution and operation of the Project can be delivered. The Project resides in a mining jurisdiction where labor, housing, and support is available. Key aspects of the infrastructure include:
22.4 Environment
Work to-date has demonstrated that the Project can expect to receive all necessary environmental permits and licenses. The key risks that may impact the Project include:
22.5 Economics
The economic analysis of the Project includes:
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The Project economics are most sensitive to the selling price of lithium carbonate. A low-end sales price that is 50% below the projected selling price results in a decline in NPV (8%, after-tax) to -$623 M, whereas a 50% higher selling price increases the NPV (8%, after tax) to $11,829 M. IRR is estimated at 6.0% and 31.9% respectively.
The Project is less sensitive to production levels. A ±10% variation in extraction of lithium results in a corresponding increase/decrease in IRR of -2.4% and +2.4%, respectively%. CAPEX sensitivity of ±20% has an IRR effect of -1.3% or +1.3%. Sulfur price affects IRR -1.0% or +0.6% for the levels considered (+80% -50%). All other raw materials, mining, power, and operating labor affect IRR sensitivity by less than 0.3% each for the ranges presented in this report.
Overall, the Project is resilient to market changes in raw materials, lithium extraction fluctuations, and CAPEX.
22.6 Metallurgy
Metallurgical and process development testing performed to-date has been used for flowsheet development, various equipment selection, definition of operating parameters and development of process design criteria. All test work was performed on material collected from the proposed pit at the Thacker Pass deposit and is considered representative of the ore body. In instances where data was not available, assumptions were made based on best industry practices and recommendations, and/or from best estimates by the LAC engineering team and process consultants familiar with the metallurgical processes associated with the Thacker Pass Project and lithium production.
The Project will be the first of its kind with respect to lithium extraction, and therefore lithium carbonate production, from clay mineralization. As such, technical challenges could occur. The technology utilized in this Project is not new to mineral, metallurgical and chemical processing; however, it is being used in a novel way.
22.6.1 Attrition Scrubbing
Attrition scrubbing has proven to be an effective method to separate lithium containing clays from coarse gangue material. This is done to upgrade the clay feed to the plant and remove non-valuable material as waste. The flowsheet includes two stages of attrition scrubbing. The first "mild" stage of scrubbing is performed in a log washer and removes the easily separable clay from ROM via washing under mild agitation. In the second "intense" stage, the log washer discharge solids are sent to attrition scrubbers to separate the remaining clay by high intensity agitation.
22.6.2 Classification
The attrition scrubber discharge slurry is classified using hydrocyclones followed by hydraulic classifiers to separate clay from gangue mineralization. The hydrocyclone circuit was designed based on a target separation size of 75µm. The cyclone underflow is fed to a hydraulic classifier which further separates any clay present. Test work has demonstrated that cyclones combined with a hydraulic classifier can make a very sharp separation at 75µm. The hydraulic classifier underflow discharges onto dewatering screens to further recover clay fines. Based on large-scale pilot testing, the mass of coarse gangue rejected aligns with the expected LOM pit ash content (approximately 34% of total mass). Pilot testing validated a lithium recovery of 92% reporting to the clay (fines) fraction.
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22.6.3 Solid-Liquid Separation
The lithium bearing clay slurry will be dewatered in two stages, a high-rate thickener to achieve 20-25% solids followed by decanter centrifuges to generate a discharge slurry of 55% solids. The thickener design and flocculant dosage were based on independent bench scale test work by four vendors. Pilot scale testing of a decanter centrifuge has confirmed, over multiple batches, that 55% solids is achievable.
22.6.4 Acid leaching
Based on external acid leaching bench scale testing, an acid dose of approximately 490 kg H2SO4/tonne leach feed solids was found to be optimal to maximize lithium production. This was used as the design acid addition. Large scale batch leaching of clay has been performed by LAC over the past 3 years, and these data were used to build an empirical predictive model of lithium leach extraction as a function of the slurry composition. This model was used to optimize the mine plan to maximize lithium production. Based on the mine plan and leach correlation and the beneficiation and leach variability study, an average of approximately 87% lithium extraction is expected in the acid leach circuit.
22.6.5 Neutralization
Pulverized limestone and recycled magnesium hydroxide-bearing solids from the magnesium precipitation circuit have proven effective to neutralize residual acid in the leach residue and bring the final pH to a target of approximately 6.5. It has been confirmed that lithium in solution does not precipitate during the neutralization step. Test work has demonstrated good reagent efficiency and has been used for consumption estimates. The target limestone particle size of 44 microns was developed through pilot testing.
22.6.6 Neutralized Slurry CCD & Filtration
A combined CCD and filtration circuit was selected to minimize losses of lithium contained in the residual moisture in the filter cake. The circuit consists of seven stages of CCD coupled with a final stage of filtration in recessed plate filter presses. Recovery of lithium in solution for the circuit is estimated to be approximately 99%. Geotechnical testing shows the filter cakes are suitable for stacking.
22.6.7 Calcium, Magnesium and Boron Removal
Pilot scale tests have demonstrated that on average 79% of magnesium in neutralized brine can be removed via a flash cooling crystallization approach (Aquatech, 2021). A multistage MgSO4 cooling crystallization circuit has been selected for the flowsheet. The residual magnesium in the liquor discharging the crystallization circuit is removed by addition of milk-of-lime in the magnesium precipitation circuit. Testing has demonstrated that low levels of magnesium can be achieved at high reagent efficiency (Hazen, 2021a). Calcium is primarily removed by precipitation with Na2CO3 followed by ion exchange. Bench scale testing has shown that calcium can be reduced to low levels in a dilute brine using sodium carbonate without precipitating lithium. Ion Exchange following calcium precipitation has been tested and found to reduce divalent ion concentrations, i.e., Ca and Mg, to very low levels. Boron is subsequently removed to very low levels from the brine via ion exchange (Aquatech, 2022b). Pilot testing of Ion Exchange columns is in progress and will be completed in Q1 2023.
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Calcium and magnesium are removed from the concentrated soda ash solution using ion exchange prior to being used in the lithium carbonate crystallization circuit.
22.6.8 Lithium Carbonate Purification & Crystallization
Pilot scale test work has confirmed a conventional three-stage circuit for Li2CO3 production including primary Li2CO3 purification, lithium bicarbonate dissolution and secondary Li2CO3 purification is necessary to achieve battery quality product (Veolia, 2020).
Additional pilot scale simulation of the commercial circuit verified key design criteria, equilibrium concentrations, reagent consumptions, and power demand. Over 19 kg of battery quality lithium carbonate (>99.5 wt%) were produced with an overall circuit lithium recovery of >96.0% (Aquatech, 2022a). LAC has produced over 5 kg of battery quality lithium carbonate following the same process design criteria that were confirmed during the Aquatech testing. This work was completed at their Technical Center in Reno, NV with the same three-stage circuit (Lithium Nevada, 2022).
22.6.9 ZLD Crystallization
Pilot scale test work has shown sodium and potassium can be removed as sulfate salts in a conventional ZLD crystallization system without crystallization of lithium. It has also verified the design ZLD mother liquor and crystals composition and demonstrated no loss of lithium to crystals (Aquatech, 2022a). Similarly, internal pilot testing at the LAC Technical Center has confirmed that lithium loss to crystals can be avoided if the mother liquor composition is controlled (Lithium Nevada, 2022).
22.6.10 Water and Reagents
Sufficient water supply is permitted for the current flowsheet design and operating parameters. The water demand is estimated to be approximately 5% below currently available limits. Even small demand increases above current estimates have the potential to impact production if additional water rights are not obtained.
A number of recirculating water inputs and outputs for the heat/mass balance are currently rectified outside of the steady-state Aspen process model with a linked excel sheet that assumes fixed temperatures and concentrations. No critical concerns have been identified that would impact process performance or reagent consumption. A complete heat/mass balance to account for raw water requirements for the entire process would minimize risk and uncertainties associated with the Project.
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23 Recommendations
Lithium Americas has performed an FEL-3 level estimate based on 2022 pricing for the Project and expects to receive final permits in 2023 to begin construction. Next steps include:
The sections that follow describe areas that have recommendations for increasing Project certainty.
23.1 Environmental Permitting
It is recommended LAC continue their current permitting strategy to develop positive community support and streamline final Project approval as outlined below. Costs for these activities are carried in the LAC 2022 operating budget.
23.2 Mining
It is recommended that a material density and swell factor study/test should be done on the ore and waste material. The study will involve excavating and loading of ore and waste material. The study will aid in ensuring that mining equipment (haul truck beds and excavator buckets) is properly sized. The estimated cost for the study/test is $500,000.
23.3 Exploration
Developmental drilling in the northwest area of the pit shell should be performed to better define the resources in the initial mine pit area. The northern margins along the Montana Mountains should be drilled to further define the contact between the ore body and the mountains. The eastern boundaries of the permitted pit should be drilled to better delineate the clay to basalt contact and to better understand the correlations between the different basalt flows. Acquiring additional samples and assays to better understand the lithium mineralization at this contact would further refine the resource model. Additional exploration in the areas that are permitted for exploration (Figure 17-1) is recommended to target additional illite clays. The cost for the proposed additional exploration, drilling, testing and studies is estimated in the range of $3 million to $5 million.
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Additional studies or exploration should be performed to identify the extent of illite mineralization in order to improve lithium production and the sites economics. This program could include:
Additional geological model refinements could include: updated block size selection, updated fault trace mapping, updated basalt zone domaining, updated lithological domaining, updated resource classification, and updated composite length selection. These improvements will likely have minimal impacts on the global Mineral Resource grade and tonnage estimates, but could allow for changes at the local level.
23.4 Metallurgical Testing
Major recommendations are listed below and grouped by process areas.
The LAC pilot plant in Reno, NV will be used for future testing in support of detailed engineering for the Project. Preparation of samples required by equipment manufacturers may be necessary to support equipment selection. The cost estimated is $100,000.
23.4.1 Solid-Liquid Separation
To reduce CAPEX and OPEX, test other decanter centrifuge and flocculant manufacturers. The estimated cost is $50,000.
The thickener underflow rheology should be evaluated and the pump and pipeline design confirmed by an expert in slurry flow. The estimated cost is $120,000.
23.4.2 Acid leaching
The areas of opportunity identified include fast leach kinetics and acid dosage.
The fast leach kinetics merit further investigation. Leach optimization studies should be conducted to fine tune the leach parameters in an attempt to reduce operating costs. Leach extraction efficiency is a primary focus of LAC, and those investigations will take place both internally and with independent research partners.
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Sensitivity analysis shows that improvement of leach extraction will result in a significant improvement in Project economics. The estimated cost is $200,000.
Corroborative testing will be necessary to ensure the validity of the optimized leach parameters. Have an external laboratory perform leach testing in parallel to LAC and compare results. The estimated cost is $20,000.
Slurry level of agitation merits further study to ensure that sufficient mixing in plant equipment matches lab parameters. Mixing studies should be conducted to develop leach slurry rheology data required for agitator design. Energy requirements will be determined on the optimum design for agitation of the leach vessels. The estimated cost for this study is $50,000.
The leach slurry rheology should be evaluated, and agitator design confirmed by an expert in mixer design. The estimated cost is $120,000.
23.4.3 Neutralization
It is recommended to verify that contaminants will not build up in the neutralization circuit due to the recycled magnesium precipitation stream. LAC has budgeted and will perform testing that will include the recycle stream in 2022.
The neutralized slurry rheology should be evaluated. The estimated cost is $20,000.
23.4.4 Neutralized Slurry CCD & Filtration
To reduce OPEX, test other flocculants. The estimated cost is $50,000.
Pilot scale filtration testing should be performed on washed, neutralized slurry to confirm the number of CCD stages and filters in the design. Li losses should be evaluated as well to confirm the estimates included in the design criteria. The estimated cost is $70,000.
23.4.5 Calcium, Magnesium and Boron Removal
It is recommended to perform bench scale testing to determine the minimum concentration of calcium achievable without precipitating lithium in a lithium-concentrated brine. It is also recommended to perform testing on various IX resins to confirm efficacy for the divalent ion removal from the brine and soda ash solution, and boron removal from the brine. Pilot testing is currently underway to generate data that will be used for final column design, as well as operating and regeneration conditions. The testing is expected to be complete in Q1 2023. The estimated cost is $20,000.
23.4.6 General
23.4.6.1 Specific Gravity
Testing is recommended to validate specific gravity and viscosity measurements of solids and solutions used to size equipment in various stages of the process. This will ensure that equipment and piping are properly sized. The estimated cost is $50,000.
23.4.6.2 Steady State Aspen Process Model
It is recommended to incorporate all recirculating water inputs/outputs into the Aspen process model to automatically account for the energy and water flows throughout the process. This will more accurately estimate the water consumption and the design parameters for equipment that is sized based on the heat balance, but more importantly eliminate risk for errors associated with manual input and the inability to reconcile streams in other areas of the process. The estimated cost is $20,000.
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23.5 Infrastructure
It is recommended that the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Harney Electric (HEC) and LAC finalize interim power planning and complete contracting for Phase 1 and Phase 2 power import.
It is recommended that contingency plans be developed to commission and potentially operate the facility at reduced capacity for an extended duration if BPA import power availability is delayed beyond schedule requirements for Phase 1.
It is recommended to secure water rights for Phase 2 after Phase 1 becomes operational. Required funds to acquire additional water rights are included in the initial capital costs. Additionally, water table levels should be monitored at production wells and surrounding monitoring wells throughout operation to ensure the aquifer levels continue to support water demand for the Project.
It is recommended that further studies be done to determine available aggregate material on site for construction use. Not having sufficient quality aggregate material on-site or nearby could negatively affect construction costs. The estimated cost of the studies is $300,000.
23.6 Limestone Quarry
Analysis of the limestone core as full-length samples is recommended, rather than point samples, to better define the density, grade, neutralization, and physical characteristics. Current geological and block modelling demonstrates a scoping level analysis but is subject to change based on additional sampling and analysis of the core. The estimated cost is $35,000. Equipment size and other affected areas should also be reviewed based on the quality.
It is recommended that the limestone model be updated based on updated sampling and analysis of core, and that a detailed mine plan be developed based on the updated model. The estimated cost is $200,000.
It is recommended that work for all permit applications be started. Permit work includes a Plan of Operation for submission to the BLM, along with state permits including a Water Pollution Control Permit, Air Quality Permit, and Reclamation Permit.
It is recommended that surface rights be acquired for road from highway to mine area. The access road will need to be upgraded. It is also recommended that additional mining claims or surface rights be acquired to expand the processing area if needed and for a waste dump.
It is recommended that water rights be acquired so a well can be drilled. Water will be used for dust suppression, crushing and haulage. The estimated cost is $500,000.
23.7 Execution Strategy Impact
Any project associated with emerging products or commodities will present unique market risks. The Thacker Pass Project requires use of a new process that has a high capital investment requirement. The United States and other major world economies have experienced historically high inflation during the compilation of this report. Lithium prices have experienced historic volatility over the past 4 years. It will likely continue to vary in the short term as major automakers endeavor to expand electric vehicle offerings to the mass market and transition away from fossil fuel energy; this requires extreme increases in energy storage capacity, both on and off grid. Third party market reports highlight the projected range for stable lithium prices but are not able to account for the effects of such volatility coupled with high inflation. Due to these factors, the Project faces two distinctly different market risk profiles for the short versus long term.
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Short term, the risk of Project overspending is high, due to inflationary pressures. The risk to the selling price of lithium carbonate in the short term, however, is relatively lower, despite volatility. Inflation has historically tended to prop up all commodity and equipment prices agnostically. 5-to-10-year demand is high due to capacity constraints and demand from automotive industry pre-orders.
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SWCA Environmental Consultants (2019a). Thacker Pass Project Wildlife Baseline Surveys, February 2019 (Final).
SWCA Environmental Consultants (2019b). Thacker Pass Project Greater Sage-Grouse Habitat Quantification Report. March 2019.
Tetra Tech (2012). Preliminary Feasibility Study, Kings Valley Lithium Project; Humboldt County, Nevada; 27 January 2012.
Tetra Tech (2014). NI 43-101 Technical Report: King's Valley Property Humboldt County, Nevada. Prepared by Tetra Tech, 2014.
Tetra Tech (2014a). Preliminary Feasibility Study, Lithium Nevada Project, Humboldt County, Nevada, Effective Date of Stage 1 Resource Estimate; Effective Date: June 28, 2014 (Tetra Tech Prefeasibility Study).
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (2020). Thacker Pass Lithium Mine Project Final Environmental Impact Statement DOI-BLM-NV-W010-2020-0012-EIS. December 4, 2020.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (2020). Memorandum. Request for informal consultation on the Thacker Pass Lithium Mine Project (Consultation Code: 08NVD00-2020-SLI-0619). 6 November 2020.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (2021). Thacker Pass Lithium Mine Project Record of Decision and Plan of Operations Approval DOI-BLM-NV-W010-2020-0012-EIS. January 2021.
URS (2010). Western Lithium Kings Valley Project NI 43-101 Technical Report, Preliminary Assessment and Economic Evaluation Humboldt County, Nevada.
US Energy Information Administration's August short term energy diesel forecast for 2022
US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) (1995). Recovery Plan for Lahontan Cutthroat Trout. Region 1, Portland Oregon. January 1995.
US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) (2020). Memorandum. Informal Consultation on the Proposed Thacker Pass Project, Humboldt County, Nevada. December 4, 2020. File No. 2021-I-0041.
USBM Bulletin 691 (1988).
USGS. (1988). Major Ground-Water Flow Systems in the Great Basin Region of Nevada, Utah, and Adjacent States. Atlas HA-694-C.
Veolia Water Technologies (2020). Thacker Pass Project Lithium Carbonate Production PCS #5300219071.
Visher, F. N. (1957). Water Resources Bulletin No. 14. Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Quinn River Valley, Humboldt County, Nevada.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
Westech (2021). Westech Testing Report Bench Scale Sedimentation & Rheology Studies, Lithium Nevada Thacker Pass. 2021.
Westech (2021a). Westech CaCO3 Testing, Lithium Nevada Thacker Pass. 2021.
Wildlife Resource Consultants LLC (WRC) (2018). Lithium Nevada 2018 Springsnail (Pyrgulopsis spp.) Survey. 19 December 2018.
Wildlife Resource Consultants LLC (WRC) (2018a). Lithium Nevada Thacker Pass Project, 2018 Golden Eagle and raptor nesting survey. Report prepared for Lithium Nevada Corporation, Reno, NV.
Wildlife Resource Consultants LLC (WRC) (2019a). Lithium Nevada Thacker Pass Project. 2018 Golden Eagle and Raptor Nesting Surveys. Revised 15 January 2019.
Wildlife Resource Consultants LLC (WRC) (2019b). Lithium Nevada Thacker Pass Project. 2019. Golden Eagle and Raptor Nesting Surveys. 21 June 2019.
Wildlife Resource Consultants LLC (WRC) (2019c). Lithium Nevada 2019 Supplemental Springsnail (Pyrgulopsis spp.) Survey. 29 June 2019.
Wildlife Resource Consultants LLC (WRC) (2020). Lithium Nevada Thacker Pass Project. 2020 Golden Eagle Nesting Surveys. 1 September 2020.
Wildlife Resource Consultants LLC (WRC) (2021). Lithium Nevada Thacker Pass Project. 2021 Golden Eagle Nesting Surveys. 17 September 2021.
Wildlife Resource Consultants LLC (WRC) (2022). Lithium Nevada Thacker Pass Project. 2022 Golden Eagle and raptor nesting survey. Report prepared for Lithium Nevada Corporation, Reno, NV, 14 September 2022.
Wood Mackenzie (2022). Global lithium 10-year investment horizon outlook, Pederson & Liu, Wood Mackenzie. September 2022.
Worley Parsons (2018). Factual Geotechnical Investigation Report for Mine Pit Area. March 2018.
Young, D. Craig (2018). Volume I: Technical Report, Class III Inventory of 12,963 Acres for Lithium Nevada's Thacker Pass Project, Humboldt County, Nevada, BLM Report CR2-3402(P). September 2018. Draft. Revised 1 November 2019.
Zones, C. P. (1963). Ground Water in the Alluvium of Kings River Valley Humboldt County, Nevada. Geologic Survey Water-Supply Paper 1619-L.
Lithium Americas Corp. |
25 Reliance on Information Provided by the Registrant
In cases where the study authors have relied on contributions from third parties, the conclusions and recommendations are exclusively the qualified persons' own. The results and opinions outlined in this TRS that are dependent on information provided by the registrant are assumed to be current, accurate and complete as of the date of this report.
Information received from the registrant has been reviewed for factual errors by the Qualified Persons. Any changes made as a result of these reviews did not involve any alteration to the conclusions made. Hence, the statements and opinions expressed in these documents are given in good faith and in the belief that such statements and opinions are not false and misleading at the date of these reports.
The QPs for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves have relied upon the registrant to supply information that was used for the following Sections:
For the information relating to mineral and property rights in this TRS, the QPs have relied entirely, and without independent investigation on the information provided by the registrant. The QPs consider this to be appropriate and reasonable to rely on the registrant for this information since the registrant has a permitting team who is responsible for maintaining this information.
The registrant has provided market research documents and reports for the pricing utilized for the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve pit optimizations, cutoff grades and estimates. The QPs consider this to be appropriate and reasonable to rely on the registrant for this information since the registrant has a marketing and financial team who is responsible for maintaining this information.
CONSENT OF QUALIFIED THIRD-PARTY FIRM
M3 ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
July 14, 2023
Re: Form 20-F Registration Statement to be filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (the "Company")
I, Daniel Roth, P.E., on behalf of M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation, consent to:
• the public filing by the Company and use of the technical report titled "Preliminary Feasibility Study S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary for the Thacker Pass Project Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" (the "Technical Report Summary"), with an effective date of December 31, 2022, and that was prepared in accordance with Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission, as an exhibit to and referenced in the Registration Statement on Form 20-F (the "Registration Statement") being filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto (the "Form 20-F");
• the use of and reference to our company name, including our status as an expert or "qualified person" (as defined in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission), in connection with the Form 20-F and the Technical Report Summary; and
• the use of any extracts from, or summary of, the Technical Report Summary in the Form 20-F and the use of any information derived, summarized, quoted or referenced from the Technical Report Summary, or portions thereof, that was prepared by us, that we supervised the preparation of, and/or that was reviewed and approved by us, that is included or incorporated by reference in the Form 20-F.
We are responsible for authoring, and this consent pertains to, Sections 2, Section 14.1, Tables 14-1 and 14-3 and corresponding parts of 14.2.1 in Section 14.2, 14.3.1 to 14.3.4, 14.3.5.2, 14.3.8, 14.4.1 to 14.4.3, 14.4.6, corresponding parts of 14.4.10 and 14.4.11, and 14.5 to 14.12, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, and 15.9, 16, 18 (except for 18.1.3, 18.2.1, 18.3.3.1 and 18.3.3.3), 19, 21.1, 21.3.1, 21.3.2, 25 and corresponding sections of 1, 22, 23, and 24 of the Technical Report Summary. We certify that we have read the Form 20-F and that it fairly and accurately represents the information in the Technical Report Summary for which we are responsible.
M3 Engineering & Technology Corporation | ||
By: | /s/ Daniel Roth | |
Name: | Daniel Roth, P.E. | |
Title: | Project Manager |
CONSENT OF QUALIFIED THIRD-PARTY FIRM
SAWTOOTH MINING LLC
July 14, 2023
Re: Form 20-F Registration Statement to be filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (the "Company")
I, Justin Burggraff, on behalf of Sawtooth Mining LLC, consent to:
• the public filing by the Company and use of the technical report titled "Preliminary Feasibility Study S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary for the Thacker Pass Project Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" (the "Technical Report Summary"), with an effective date of December 31, 2022, and that was prepared in accordance with Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission, as an exhibit to and referenced in the Registration Statement on Form 20-F (the "Registration Statement") being filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto (the "Form 20-F");
• the use of and reference to our company name, including our status as an expert or "qualified person" (as defined in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission), in connection with the Form 20-F and the Technical Report Summary; and
• the use of any extracts from, or summary of, the Technical Report Summary in the Form 20-F and the use of any information derived, summarized, quoted or referenced from the Technical Report Summary, or portions thereof, that was prepared by us, that we supervised the preparation of, and/or that was reviewed and approved by us, that is included or incorporated by reference in the Form 20-F.
We are responsible for authoring, and this consent pertains to, Sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.1, 7.2, 7.4.1, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 18.1.3, 18.2.1, 18.3.3.1, 20, 21.2.1 to 21.2.4 and corresponding sections of 1, 22, 23 and 24 of the Technical Report Summary. We certify that we have read the Form 20-F and that it fairly and accurately represents the information in the Technical Report Summary for which we are responsible.
Sawtooth Mining LLC | ||
By: | /s/ Justin Burggraff | |
Name: | Justin Burggraff | |
Title: | President |
CONSENT OF QUALIFIED THIRD-PARTY FIRM
PROCESS ENGINEERING LLC
July 14, 2023
Re: Form 20-F Registration Statement to be filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (the "Company")
I, Eugenio Iasillo, P.E., on behalf of Process Engineering LLC, consent to:
• the public filing by the Company and use of the technical report titled "Preliminary Feasibility Study S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary for the Thacker Pass Project Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" (the "Technical Report Summary"), with an effective date of December 31, 2022, and that was prepared in accordance with Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission, as an exhibit to and referenced in the Registration Statement on Form 20-F (the "Registration Statement") being filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto (the "Form 20-F");
• the use of and reference to our company name, including our status as an expert or "qualified person" (as defined in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission), in connection with the Form 20-F and the Technical Report Summary; and
• the use of any extracts from, or summary of, the Technical Report Summary in the Form 20-F and the use of any information derived, summarized, quoted or referenced from the Technical Report Summary, or portions thereof, that was prepared by us, that we supervised the preparation of, and/or that was reviewed and approved by us, that is included or incorporated by reference in the Form 20-F.
We are responsible for authoring, and this consent pertains to, Section 10 (except for 10.2.4.1, 10.2.4.3, 10.2.5.1 to 10.2.5.3) and corresponding sections of 1, 22, 23 and 24 of the Technical Report Summary. We certify that we have read the Form 20-F and that it fairly and accurately represents the information in the Technical Report Summary for which we are responsible.
Process Engineering LLC | ||
By: | /s/ Eugenio Iasillo | |
Name: | Eugenio Iasillo, P.E. | |
Title: | Principal |
CONSENT OF QUALIFIED THIRD-PARTY FIRM
WOOD CANADA LIMITED
July 14, 2023
Re: Form 20-F Registration Statement to be filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (the "Company")
I, Gregory J. Gosson, on behalf of Wood Canada Limited (Wood), consent to:
• the public filing by the Company and use of the report titled "Preliminary Feasibility Study S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary for the Thacker Pass Project Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" (the "Technical Report Summary"), with an effective date of December 31, 2022, and that was prepared in accordance with Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission, as an exhibit to and referenced in the Registration Statement on Form 20-F (the "Registration Statement") being filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto (the "Form 20-F");
• the use of and reference to our company name, including our status as a third-party firm comprising mining experts (as that term is used in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission), in connection with the Form 20-F and the Technical Report Summary; and
• the use of any extracts from, or summary of, the Technical Report Summary in the Form 20-F and the use of any information derived, summarized, quoted or referenced from the Technical Report Summary, or portions thereof, that was prepared by Wood, that is included or incorporated by reference in the Form 20-F.
We are responsible for authoring, and this consent pertains to the magnesium sulfate crystallization to production of final product, excluding magnesium precipitation in Sections 10.2.4.1, 10.2.4.3, 10.2.5.1 to 10.2.5.3, portions of 10.5, Tables 14-2 and 14-4 and corresponding parts of 14.2.1 in Section 14.2, Sections 14.3.5.1, 14.3.5.3, 14.3.5.4, 14.3.6, 14.3.7, 14.4.4, 14.4.5, 14.4.7, 14.4.8, 14.4.9 and corresponding parts of 14.4.10 and 14.4.11 and corresponding sections of 1.9, 1.12, 2.1, 22.6, 23.4 and 24 of the Technical Report Summary. We certify that we have read the Form 20-F and that it fairly and accurately represents the information in the Technical Report Summary for which we are responsible.
Wood Canada Limited | ||
By: | /s/ Gregory J. Gosson | |
Name: | Gregory J. Gosson | |
Title: | Technical Director, Geology & Compliance |
CONSENT OF QUALIFIED THIRD-PARTY FIRM
EXP U.S. SERVICES INC.
July 14, 2023
Re: Form 20-F Registration Statement to be filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (the "Company")
I, Walter Mutler, P.Eng., on behalf of EXP U.S. Services Inc., consent to:
• the public filing by the Company and use of the technical report titled "Preliminary Feasibility Study S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary for the Thacker Pass Project Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" (the "Technical Report Summary"), with an effective date of December 31, 2022, and that was prepared in accordance with Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission, as an exhibit to and referenced in the Registration Statement on Form 20-F (the "Registration Statement") being filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto (the "Form 20-F");
• the use of and reference to our company name, including our status as an expert or "qualified person" (as defined in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission), in connection with the Form 20-F and the Technical Report Summary; and
• the use of any extracts from, or summary of, the Technical Report Summary in the Form 20-F and the use of any information derived, summarized, quoted or referenced from the Technical Report Summary, or portions thereof, that was prepared by us, that we supervised the preparation of, and/or that was reviewed and approved by us, that is included or incorporated by reference in the Form 20-F.
We are responsible for authoring, and this consent pertains to, Sections 15.8, 18.2.1 and 18.3.3.3 and corresponding sections of 22 and 23 of the Technical Report Summary. We certify that we have read the Form 20-F and that it fairly and accurately represents the information in the Technical Report Summary for which we are responsible.
EXP U.S. Services Inc. | ||
By: |
/s/ Walter Mutler |
|
Name: |
Walter Mutler, P.Eng. |
|
Title: |
Senior Vice President, OG&C Group |
CONSENT OF QUALIFIED THIRD-PARTY FIRM
NEWFIELDS MINING DESIGN & TECHNICAL SERVICES
July 14, 2023
Re: Form 20-F Registration Statement to be filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (the "Company")
I, Paul Kaplan, P.E., on behalf of NewFields Mining Design & Technical Services, consent to:
• the public filing by the Company and use of the technical report titled "Preliminary Feasibility Study S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary for the Thacker Pass Project Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" (the "Technical Report Summary"), with an effective date of December 31, 2022, and that was prepared in accordance with Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission, as an exhibit to and referenced in the Registration Statement on Form 20-F (the "Registration Statement") being filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto (the "Form 20-F");
• the use of and reference to our company name, including our status as an expert or "qualified person" (as defined in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission), in connection with the Form 20-F and the Technical Report Summary; and
• the use of any extracts from, or summary of, the Technical Report Summary in the Form 20-F and the use of any information derived, summarized, quoted or referenced from the Technical Report Summary, or portions thereof, that was prepared by us, that we supervised the preparation of, and/or that was reviewed and approved by us, that is included or incorporated by reference in the Form 20-F.
We are responsible for authoring, and this consent pertains to, Sections 7.4.2, 15.10, 17 (except for 17.7.4.1 to 17.7.4.6), 21.2.5, 21.2.6 and 21.3.3 and corresponding sections of 1, 22, 23 and 24 of the Technical Report Summary. We certify that we have read the Form 20-F and that it fairly and accurately represents the information in the Technical Report Summary for which we are responsible.
NewFields Mining Design & Technical Services | ||
By: |
/s/ Paul Kaplan |
|
Name: |
Paul Kaplan, P.E. |
|
Title: |
Principal |
CONSENT OF QUALIFIED THIRD-PARTY FIRM
PITEAU ASSOCIATES
July 14, 2023
Re: Form 20-F Registration Statement to be filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (the "Company")
I, Tyler Cluff, RM-SME, on behalf of Piteau Associates, consent to:
• the public filing by the Company and use of the technical report titled "Preliminary Feasibility Study S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary for the Thacker Pass Project Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" (the "Technical Report Summary"), with an effective date of December 31, 2022, and that was prepared in accordance with Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission, as an exhibit to and referenced in the Registration Statement on Form 20-F (the "Registration Statement") being filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto (the "Form 20-F");
• the use of and reference to our company name, including our status as an expert or "qualified person" (as defined in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission), in connection with the Form 20-F and the Technical Report Summary; and
• the use of any extracts from, or summary of, the Technical Report Summary in the Form 20-F and the use of any information derived, summarized, quoted or referenced from the Technical Report Summary, or portions thereof, that was prepared by us, that we supervised the preparation of, and/or that was reviewed and approved by us, that is included or incorporated by reference in the Form 20-F.
We are responsible for authoring, and this consent pertains to, Sections 7.3 and 17.7.4.1 to 17.7.4.6 and corresponding sections of 1, 22, 23 and 24 of the Technical Report Summary. We certify that we have read the Form 20-F and that it fairly and accurately represents the information in the Technical Report Summary for which we are responsible.
Piteau Associates | ||
By: |
/s/ Tyler Cluff |
|
Name: |
Tyler Cluff, RM-SME |
|
Title: |
Principal Hydrogeologist |
CONSENT OF QUALIFIED THIRD-PARTY FIRM
INDUSTRIAL TURNAROUND CORPORATION
July 14, 2023
Re: Form 20-F Registration Statement to be filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (the "Company")
I, Bruce Shannon, P.E., on behalf of Industrial TurnAround Corporation, consent to:
• the public filing by the Company and use of the technical report titled "Preliminary Feasibility Study S-K 1300 Technical Report Summary for the Thacker Pass Project Humboldt County, Nevada, USA" (the "Technical Report Summary"), with an effective date of December 31, 2022, and that was prepared in accordance with Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission, as an exhibit to and referenced in the Registration Statement on Form 20-F (the "Registration Statement") being filed by 1397468 B.C. Ltd. with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and any amendments thereto (the "Form 20-F");
• the use of and reference to our company name, including our status as an expert or "qualified person" (as defined in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission), in connection with the Form 20-F and the Technical Report Summary; and
• the use of any extracts from, or summary of, the Technical Report Summary in the Form 20-F and the use of any information derived, summarized, quoted or referenced from the Technical Report Summary, or portions thereof, that was prepared by us, that we supervised the preparation of, and/or that was reviewed and approved by us, that is included or incorporated by reference in the Form 20-F.
We are responsible for authoring, and this consent pertains to, Section 15.7 and corresponding sections of 1, 22, 23, and 24 of the Technical Report Summary. We certify that we have read the Form 20-F and that it fairly and accurately represents the information in the Technical Report Summary for which we are responsible.
Industrial TurnAround Corporation | ||
By: |
/s/ Bruce Shannon |
|
Name: |
Bruce Shannon, P.E. |
|
Title: |
Vice President, Design-Build |
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form 20-F of 1397468 B.C. Ltd. (the "Company") of our reports (the "Reports") dated (i) June 16, 2023, relating to the financial statements of the Company as of March 31, 2023 and for the period from incorporation on January 23, 2023 to March 31, 2023, and (ii) June 16, 2023, relating to the carve-out financial statements for the North American Division of the Company (LAC North America) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, which appear in this Form 20-F.
We also consent to references to us under the heading "Statement by experts" in this Registration Statement on Form 20-F.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants
Vancouver, Canada
August 21, 2023