Riot Blockchain, Inc. (Form: S-3ASR, Received: 08/31/2021 17:09:28)

REGISTRATION NO. 333-

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-3

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Riot Blockchain, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Nevada				84-1553387
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)				(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)


			202 6th Street, Suite 401 Castle Rock, CO 80104 303-794-2000
	(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code of registrant’s principal executive offices)


			Jeffrey G. McGonegal Chief Financial Officer Riot Blockchain, Inc. 202 6th Street, Suite 401 Castle Rock, CO 80104 (303) 794-2000
		(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

William Jackman

General Counsel

Riot Blockchain, Inc.
202 6th Street, Suite 401
Castle Rock, CO 80104
(303) 794-2000

Scott Y. MacTaggart

Donald G. Martin

Lewis Roca Rothgerber Christie LLP

3993 Howard Hughes Parkway, Suite 600

Las Vegas, NV 89169

(702) 474-2610

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.

If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box: o

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plants, check the following box: x

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, please check the following and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering: o

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering: o

If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the SEC pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box: x

If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box: o

Indicate by check mark below the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	o	Accelerated filer	o
Non-accelerated filer	x	Smaller reporting company	x
		Emerging growth company	o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. o

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered	Amount to be Registered		Proposed Maximum Offering Price per Share		Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price		Amount of Registration Fee
Offering covered by the base prospectus:
Common stock, no par value per share		(1)		(1)		(1)		(2)
Preferred stock, no par value per share		(1)		(1)		(1)		(2)
Warrants		(1)		(1)		(1)		(2)
Debt Securities		(1)		(1)		(1)		(2)
Units⁽³⁾		(1)		(1)		(1)		(2)
Offering covered by the sales agreement prospectus:
Common stock, no par value per share		(4)		(4)	$	600,000,000	$	65,460.00 ⁽⁵⁾

(1)	Omitted pursuant to General Instruction II.E. under Form S-3. An indeterminate amount of the securities of each identified class is being registered as may from time to time be offered hereunder at indeterminate prices, along with an indeterminate number of securities that may be issued upon exercise, settlement, exchange or conversion of securities offered or sold hereunder. Separate consideration may or may not be received for securities that are issuable upon conversion, exercise or exchange of other securities. Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), this registration statement also covers any additional securities that may be offered or issued in connection with any stock split, stock dividend or pursuant to anti-dilution provisions of any of the securities. We will determine the proposed maximum offering price per share and the proposed maximum aggregate offering price per class of security from time to time in connection with the issuance of such securities.

(2)	In accordance with Rules 456(b) and 457(r) under the Securities Act, the registrant is deferring payment of all registration fees, and will subsequently pay the applicable registration fees on a “pay-as-you-go” basis.

(3)	Any of the securities registered hereunder may be sold separately, or as units in any combination with any of the securities registered hereunder, which may be separable from one another, as specified in the applicable prospectus or prospectus supplement covering the offering of such units.

(4)	An indeterminate number of shares of common stock as shall have an aggregate initial offering price not to exceed $600,000,000 are being registered hereunder as may from time to time be issued at indeterminate prices. In addition, pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act, the shares of common stock being registered hereunder include such indeterminate number of shares of common stock as may be issuable with respect to the shares of common stock being registered hereunder as a result of stock splits, stock dividends or similar transactions.

(5)	The amount of the registration fee due with respect to the primary offering of our common stock covered by the sales agreement prospectus accompanying this registration statement has been calculated in accordance with Rules 457(o) and 457(r) of the Securities Act.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

We are filing this automatic registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) using a “shelf” registration process. Under this process, we may, from time to time, sell any combination of the securities described herein, in one or more offerings pursuant to one of the following two prospectuses contained in this automatic registration statement:

A base prospectus covering the offering, sale and issuance from time to time by the registrant or a selling securityholder identified in a future prospectus supplement, in one or more offerings at indeterminate prices, of an indeterminate amount of the registrant’s securities, including: shares of its common stock, no par value per share; shares of its preferred stock, no par value per share; warrants to purchase securities; debt securities, as may be authorized from time to time; and units comprised of any combination thereof, whether separable or not; and
A sales agreement prospectus covering the offering, sale and issuance by us of up to $600,000,000 of our common stock that may be issued and sold from time to time under a sales agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., B. Riley FBR, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC and Roth Capital Partners, LLC, as our sales agents.

The base prospectus immediately follows this Explanatory Note. The specific terms of any offering of the registrant’s securities pursuant to the base prospectus will be set forth in the applicable supplement to the base prospectus, which may be a free writing prospectus.

The sales agreement prospectus immediately follows the base prospectus.

The shares of common stock that may be offered, issued and sold under the sales agreement prospectus are included in securities that may be offered, issued and sold under the base prospectus. In the event of the termination of the sales agreement, any portion of the $600,000,000 included in the sales agreement prospectus that is not sold pursuant to the sales agreement will be available for sale in other offerings pursuant to the base prospectus.

PROSPECTUS

RIOT BLOCKCHAIN, INC.

_________________________________________

Common Stock, No Par Value per Share

Preferred Stock, No Par Value per Share

Warrants

Debt Securities

Units

_________________________________________

We, or any selling securityholder identified in a future prospectus supplement, may offer and sell from time to time, in one or more offerings, the securities identified herein, together in any combination or separately, in amounts, at prices and on terms that will be determined at the time of the offering, as described in this prospectus. We refer to our common stock, no par value per share, and our preferred stock, no par value per share, as well as warrants to acquire these shares, such debt securities as we may authorize from time to time, and units consisting of some or all of these securities as our “securities” in this prospectus.

This prospectus describes some of the general terms that may apply to an offering of our securities. Each time we or a selling securityholder sells securities pursuant to this prospectus, we will provide the specific terms of these offerings and securities in one or more supplements to this prospectus. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you in connection with these offerings. The applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus may also add, update, or change information contained in this prospectus. You should carefully read this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement, and any related free writing prospectus, and the documents incorporated by reference, before making an investment decision regarding our securities being offered pursuant to this prospectus.

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market stock exchange under the symbol “RIOT.”

The securities may be sold directly to investors, through agents designated from time to time or to or through underwriters or dealers in negotiated transactions or on a continuous or delayed basis; and the securities sold in such offerings may be resold by the securityholders who acquire them. If any agents, underwriters or dealers are involved in the sale of any securities with respect to which this prospectus is being delivered, the names of such agents, underwriters or dealers and any applicable fees, commissions, discounts and overallotment options will be set forth in a prospectus supplement. The price to the public of our securities and the net proceeds we and any selling securityholders expect to receive from the sale of such securities will also be set forth in a prospectus supplement. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock by the selling securityholders. See the section “Plan of Distribution” beginning on page 13 of this prospectus for further information.

_________________________________________

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before making any investment decision regarding our securities, you should read and carefully consider the risks described in the section “Risk Factors” on page 8 of this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or free-writing prospectus, as well as those disclosed in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC, as well as those which may be disclosed in subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and the other filings we subsequently make with the SEC. See the sections “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” on page 15 of this prospectus.

_________________________________________

Neither the SEC nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

_________________________________________

The date of this prospectus is August 31, 2021.

Table of Contents

	Page
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS	3

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	4

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	6

ABOUT RIOT BLOCKCHAIN	6

RISK FACTORS	8

DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES TO BE REGISTERED	8

SELLING SECURITYHOLDERS	12

USE OF PROCEEDS	13

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	13

LEGAL MATTERS	14

EXPERTS	15

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION	15

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE	15

_________________________________________

We are responsible for the information contained and incorporated by reference in this prospectus, in any accompanying prospectus supplement, and in any related free writing prospectus we prepare or authorize. You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or related free writing prospectus, or in any post-effective amendment to the automatic registration statement or in any amendment to this prospectus. Neither we nor any selling securityholder has authorized anyone to give you any other information, and we take no responsibility for any other information that others may give you. No dealer, salesperson or any other person is authorized to give any information or to represent anything not contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or related free writing prospectus. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you.

No action is being taken in any jurisdiction outside the United States to permit a public offering of the common stock or possession or distribution of this prospectus in that jurisdiction. Persons who come into possession of this prospectus in jurisdictions outside the United States are required to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions as to the offering and the distribution of this prospectus applicable to that jurisdiction.

Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “Riot Blockchain,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar terms refer to Riot Blockchain, Inc., a Nevada corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries.

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus forms a part of and is being filed with an automatic registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the SEC as a “well-known seasoned issuer”, as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), using a “shelf” registration process to register an indeterminate number of our securities for sale by us or one or more selling securityholders identified in a future prospectus supplement from time to time in one or more offerings.

This prospectus only provides you with a general description of the securities to be offered and may not be used to consummate a sale of securities unless accompanied by a prospectus supplement.

Each time we or any selling securityholders sell securities pursuant to this prospectus, we will describe specific information about the offering in a prospectus supplement, which will be delivered with this prospectus. In the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus relating to any sales by selling securityholders, we will, among other things, identify the number of shares of our common stock that each of the selling securityholders will be selling. The applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus may also add, update or change the information contained in this prospectus. If there is any inconsistency between the information in this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Before investing in our securities, you should carefully read the entire prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement, and any related free writing prospectus, including the risks of investing in our securities discussed therein under the heading “Risk Factors” and under similar headings in the documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. See the section “Risk Factors” on page 8 of this prospectus.

You should also carefully read the information incorporated by reference into this prospectus, including our financial statements, and the exhibits to the automatic registration statement of which this prospectus is a component. Further, the information contained and incorporated by reference in this prospectus speaks only as of the date of this prospectus, unless the information specifically indicates that another date applies. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since such date. Neither the delivery of this prospectus nor any sale made under it implies that there has been no change in our affairs or that the information in this prospectus is correct as of any date after the date of this prospectus. Please read the sections entitled “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” on page 15 of this prospectus.

The automatic registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, including the exhibits to the automatic registration statement and the documents incorporated by reference herein, provides additional information about us and the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus, some of which may include summaries of the documents we incorporate by reference. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Wherever references are made in this prospectus to information that will be included in a prospectus supplement, to the extent permitted by applicable law, rules or regulations, we or the selling securityholders may instead include such information or add, update or change the information contained in this prospectus by means of a post-effective amendment to the automatic registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, through filings we make with the SEC that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus or by any other method as may then be permitted under applicable law, rules or regulations.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that may not materialize or prove to be correct, which could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by such forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, statements concerning: our plans, strategies and objectives for future operations; new equipment, systems, technologies, services or developments; future economic conditions, performance or outlook; future political conditions; the outcome of contingencies; potential acquisitions or divestitures; the value of Bitcoin awards in our mining operation; expected cash flows or capital expenditures; our beliefs or expectations; activities, events or developments that we intend, expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future; and assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Forward-looking statements may be identified by their use of forward-looking terminology, such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “should,” “would,” “will,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “projects” and similar words or expressions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect our management’s opinions only as of the date of filing of this prospectus and are not guarantees of future performance or actual results. Forward-looking statements are made in reliance on the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The following are some of the factors we believe could cause our actual results to differ materially from our historical results or our current expectations or projections:

•

our strategic decision to concentrate on and make capital investments in cryptocurrency mining ties the success of our business to the success of the major cryptocurrencies we mine, particularly Bitcoin, as well as the success of cryptocurrencies, generally;

•

our cryptocurrency mining operations are subject to unique industry risks, including, among others, risks associated with the need for significant electrical power, intense competition for new miners, cybersecurity and increased world-wide competition for a fixed supply of Bitcoin rewards, which could have a material adverse effect on our business;

•

our present use of a third-party co-location arrangement for our mining operation at Coinmint, LLC;

•

we depend on our ability to mine cryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin, at a value above our cost to mine them; however, the historical volatility in the market prices of these cryptocurrencies significantly impairs our ability to accurately predict their future prices and, therefore, our future revenues;

•

strategic transactions, including mergers, acquisitions, investments and divestitures in other cryptocurrency- and blockchain-focused companies, involve significant risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and equity;

•

we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of our acquisition of Whinstone US, Inc. (“Whinstone”), or those benefits may take longer to realize than expected, as we encounter unforeseen difficulties integrating its operations into our own;

•

we will need to raise additional capital to fund our business objectives, goals and strategies; however, volatility in the trading price of shares of our common stock may make it difficult or impossible for us to raise the necessary capital;

•

our reputation and ability to do business may be impacted by the improper conduct of our employees, agents or business partners;

•

we have a small executive management team and board of directors, and it may be difficult for us to replace a departing member of our management team or board;

•

we have a history of operating losses and we may be unable to sustain profitability;

•

we participate in markets that are often subject to uncertain economic conditions, which makes it difficult to estimate growth in our markets and, as a result, future income and expenditures;

•

our operations could be materially and adversely impacted by a natural disaster or other significant disruption;

•

we cannot predict the consequences of future geo-political events, but they may adversely affect the markets in which we operate, our ability to insure against risks, our operations or our profitability;

•

we could be negatively impacted by a security breach, through cyber-attack, cyber intrusion, insider threats or otherwise, or other significant disruption of our information technology networks and related systems;

•

disputes with our suppliers, or their inability to perform or timely deliver new miners, parts or services, could adversely affect our expectations regarding future deployment of our miners;

•

we face certain significant risk exposures and potential liabilities that may not be covered adequately by insurance or indemnity;

•

our ability to successfully defend litigation brought against us; and

•

COVID-19 and its impact on supply chains could have a material adverse effect on our business operations, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and equity, as well as those of our transaction partners, including the overseas manufacturers of our miners.

Additional details and discussions concerning some of the various risks, factors and uncertainties that could cause future results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements are set forth in this prospectus under the heading “Risk Factors” on page 8 of this prospectus, and under Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as updated, supplemented, and amended by our subsequent disclosures contained in the reports and other filings we make with the SEC. For more information on these filings and the other disclosures incorporated by reference into this prospectus, please see the sections herein entitled “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information” on page 15 of this prospectus. The risks, factors and uncertainties disclosed herein and in our other filings are not exhaustive. Additional risks and uncertainties not known to us or that we currently believe not to be material may adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. Should any risks or uncertainties develop into actual events, these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Accordingly, you should read this prospectus completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus speak only as of the date of this prospectus and the forward-looking statements incorporated by reference in this prospectus speak only as of their date and, unless otherwise required by applicable securities laws, we disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified by these cautionary statements.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights selected information from this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that you should consider in making your investment decision. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement and related free writing prospectus, including the risks of investing in our securities discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in this prospectus below, and those contained in any applicable prospectus supplement and related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should also carefully read the information incorporated by reference into this prospectus, including our financial statements, and the exhibits to the automatic registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

ABOUT RIOT BLOCKCHAIN

We are a leading cryptocurrency mining company operating in North America, focused on supporting the Bitcoin blockchain through the operation of our fleet of next generation cryptocurrency mining computers (known as “miners”) and, through our wholly owned subsidiary, Whinstone US, Inc. (“Whinstone”), the operation of a commercial data center facility in Rockdale, Texas (the “Whinstone Facility”) that is focused on providing colocation services in the cryptocurrency space. Our strategic focus is on maximizing our mining power (known as “hash rate”) and efficiency by acquiring and deploying large numbers of next-generation miners that are more energy-efficient than legacy miners previously deployed in the industry. We operate a fleet of “Antminers” manufactured by Bitmain Technologies Limited (“Bitmain”) to mine Bitcoin. We expect to operate a miner fleet of over 80,000 Antminers after all deliveries under our purchase agreements with Bitmain have been fulfilled, which are expected to be completed in the fourth fiscal quarter of 2022, according to anticipated delivery schedules in our purchase agreements with Bitmain. Once all of these Antminers are fully deployed, our fleet is expected to achieve a hash rate capacity in excess of 7.7 exahash per second (EH/s) and to consume approximately 257 Megawatt hours (MWh) of energy, equating to an overall hash rate efficiency of 33 joules per terahash (J/TH), which we believe would make our fleet one of the largest and most efficient Bitcoin mining fleets in North America and in the industry. Our miners are deployed in our self-mining operation at the Whinstone Facility in Rockdale, Texas and, pursuant to the mining colocation services agreement we entered into with Coinmint, LLC (“Coinmint”), at Coinmint’s Massena, New York data center facility.

We are also exploring innovative cryptocurrency mining technologies and other strategic initiatives as part of a continual effort to maximize the energy efficiency and cost effectiveness of our cryptocurrency mining activities.

Whinstone Acquisition

On May 26, 2021, we completed our acquisition of Whinstone pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 8, 2021, with Northern Data AG (“Northern Data”) and Whinstone. Upon the closing of our acquisition of Whinstone, Whinstone became our wholly owned subsidiary, and as part of the consideration paid, we issued 11,800,000 shares of our common stock, no par value per share, to Northern Data, as reported on our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 26, 2021. As further consideration paid for our acquisition of Whinstone we entered into a Shareholder Agreement, dated as of May 26, 2021, with Northern Data (the “Shareholder Agreement”), which provides for, among other things, certain standstill restrictions, voting obligations and registration rights, pursuant to which we have registered the 11,800,000 shares of common stock issued to Northern Data.

Whinstone Facility

Whinstone, our wholly owned subsidiary, owns and operates the Whinstone Facility, a commercial data center located in Rockdale, Texas, which is among the largest Bitcoin mining and hosting facilities in North America. The Whinstone Facility provides third-party hosting services to other companies, including other cryptocurrency mining companies, through colocation services agreements, and also provides us with a self-owned facility where we can deploy our miners and carry out future strategic expansion initiatives.

As of the date of this prospectus, the Whinstone Facility has developed facilities with capacity to distribute 300 MWh of electrical power supplied to the Whinstone Facility pursuant to a long-term power supply agreement, and additional facilities under development with capacity to distribute 450 MWh of electrical power once completed, which is expected to bring the Whinstone Facility’s total electrical power distribution capacity up to 750 MWh once completed. The Whinstone Facility is located on a 100-acre site hosting Bitcoin mining customers and our self-mining in three buildings totaling 190,000 square feet, with additional buildings under development estimated to expand our total electrical power distribution capacity to 750 MWh. The site is subject to a long-term lease agreement, with electricity provided under a long-term power supply agreement that is in place with Whinstone’s power supplier.

We expect the expanded Whinstone Facility to be completed by the end of 2022 and to include four additional buildings totaling approximately 240,000 square feet of finished space, with sufficient developed electricity power capacity to support an estimated 130,000 Antminer model S19j miners. We believe this expansion of the Whinstone Facility will provide sufficient capacity to enable us to deploy a significant quantity of our miners (including our current deployed fleet and those expected to be delivered in future shipments) in a self-hosted facility, while allowing Whinstone to continue to operate and grow its existing data center hosting business. We believe deploying our miners at the expanded Whinstone Facility has many advantages for our mining operations, including allowing us to operate our miners without incurring third-party co-location services fees and to do so at the fixed low energy costs available to the Whinstone Facility under its long-term power supply agreement. We also anticipate this that expansion of the Whinstone Facility will provide space for third-party miner colocation services and for other enterprise-level data center hosting services.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 202 6th Street, Suite 401, Castle Rock, CO 80104, and our telephone number is (303) 794-2000. Our website address is www.riotblockchain.com. The information contained on, or accessible through, our website is not part of this prospectus.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before making an investment decision, you should consider carefully the risks, uncertainties and other factors described under Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, as well as those which may be disclosed in our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, including, without limitation, the supplemental risk factors disclosed on Exhibit 99.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 26, 2021 in connection with our acquisition of Whinstone, and in the other filings we make with the SEC, which are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. For more information regarding the incorporation of information herein by reference, please see the section of this prospectus entitled “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” on page 15 of this prospectus.

The risks, uncertainties and other factors discussed in the foregoing filings are not exhaustive. Additional risks and uncertainties not known to us or that we currently believe not to be material may adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations. Should any of these risks or uncertainties develop into actual events, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. For more information about the filings we make with the SEC, please see the section entitled “Where You Can Find More Information” on page 15 of this prospectus.

DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES TO BE REGISTERED

We may issue from time to time, in one or more offerings pursuant to future prospectus supplements setting forth the specific terms and conditions of such offerings, the securities being registered under the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, including: shares of our common stock, no par value per share; shares of our preferred stock, no par value per share; warrants to acquire shares of our common stock and/or preferred stock; debt securities, which may be senior or subordinated, and which may be convertible into our common stock or be non-convertible; and units consisting of some or all of these securities, in any combination and any amount, which may be issued together with such securities or separately as derivative securities, subject to vesting, payment and conversion.

In addition, any selling securityholders identified in a future prospectus supplement may offer and sell from time to time, in one or more offerings, shares of our securities which they hold, as described in the applicable future prospectus supplement.

We or any selling securityholders identified in a future prospectus supplement will, in accordance with Rule 430B under the Securities Act, set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement and/or free writing prospectus a description of the common stock, preferred stock, warrants, debt securities or units thereof to covered by this prospectus. The terms of the offering of securities, the initial offering price and the net proceeds to us or the selling securityholders, as applicable, will be contained in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to such offer, including the applicable securities purchase agreement and other offering material relating to such securities as will be included as an exhibit to or incorporated by reference in such future prospectus supplements or free writing prospectuses.

DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

The following description of the securities to be registered under the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part is not complete and may not contain all the information you should consider before investing in the shares of our common stock offered pursuant to this prospectus. This description is summarized from, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, our Articles of Incorporation, as amended, our Bylaws, as amended, and the certificates of designation related to our designated preferred stock, which have been filed with the SEC, as well as the applicable provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 78 and the associated provisions of the Nevada Administrative Code. See the sections “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” on page 15 of this prospectus.

Authorized Shares of Capital Stock

Our authorized capital stock consists of: (i) 170,000,000 shares of common stock, no par value per share; and (ii) 15,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock, no par value per share, including (a) 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock designated as “2% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock” and (b) 1,750,001 shares of preferred stock designated as “0% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock.” As of August 27, 2021, there were 95,948,232 shares of our common stock outstanding, no shares of our 2% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding, and 2,199 shares of our 0% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding.

Common Stock

Listing. Shares of our common stock are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol “RIOT.”

Voting Rights. Holders of shares of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock standing in such stockholder’s name on the records of the Company on all matters submitted to a stockholder vote, with no cumulative voting rights. Except as otherwise provided in our Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, the rules of any stock exchange applicable to us, applicable provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes, or any other applicable law or regulations, matters submitted to a stockholder vote require the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares of our capital stock present and voting at the applicable stockholders’ meeting to be approved. See the section entitled “Structure of Board of Directors; Director Elections and Terms of Office” under “Corporate Governance” on Page 10 for further details regarding the voting rights of our common stock.

Conversion and Redemption Rights. Shares of our common stock have no conversionary rights and are not subject to any rights of redemption by operation of a sinking fund or otherwise.

Dividend Rights. Subject to any preferential rights of holders of our preferred stock, if any, or any restrictions on the payments of dividends imposed under the terms of our indebtedness, if any, holders of our common stock shall be entitled to receive their pro rata shares of such dividends as may be declared from time to time by our board of directors, in its discretion, from legally available funds, based upon such holders’ proportionate ownership of the shares of our capital stock outstanding at the time such dividends are declared.

Liquidation Rights. Subject to any preferential rights of holders of our preferred stock, if any, in the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, holders of our common stock shall be entitled to participate pro rata in all assets of the Company that remain after payment of the Company’s liabilities, including satisfaction of all indebtedness of the Company then outstanding, based upon such holders’ proportionate ownership of the shares of our capital stock then outstanding.

Preemptive Rights. Shares of our common stock have no pre-emptive rights to purchase or subscribe for any of our capital stock or other securities. Thus, if additional shares of our common stock are issued, the current holders of our common stock will own a proportionately smaller interest in a larger number of outstanding shares of common stock to the extent that they do not participate in the additional issuance.

Transfer Agent and Registrar. The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Equiniti Trust Corporation.

Preferred Stock

We are authorized to issue up to 15,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock, no par value per share, in one or more series, subject to any limitations prescribed by law, without further vote or action by the stockholders. Each such series of preferred stock shall have such number of shares, designations, preferences, voting powers, qualifications, and special or relative rights or privileges as shall be determined by our board of directors, which may include, among others, dividend rights, voting rights, liquidation preferences, conversion rights and preemptive rights.

Preferred stock is available for possible future financings or acquisitions and for general corporate purposes without further authorization of stockholders unless such authorization is required by applicable law, the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market or any other securities exchange or market on which our stock is then listed or admitted to trading.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have designated 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock as “2% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock” and 1,750,001 shares of preferred stock as “0% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock.”

Voting Rights. Our board of directors may authorize the issuance of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of common stock.

As described more completely in the related certificate of designation, holders of shares of our 2% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled to vote on matters submitted to our stockholders for consideration based on the number of shares of our common stock underlying each share of our 2% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock held as of the record date for the applicable stockholder meeting.

Holders of shares of our 0% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are not entitled to vote on matters submitted to our stockholders prior to the conversion of their shares into shares of our common stock.

Conversion Rights. Subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations described in the applicable certificate of designation and under applicable rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market and the Nevada Revised Statutes, shares of our preferred stock are convertible into shares of our common stock based on the conversion calculation stated in such series of preferred stock’s certificate of designation.

Dividend, Liquidation, Redemption, and Other Preferential Rights. The rights of holders of shares of our common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of any shares of our preferred stock that may be issued in the future. Our board of directors may authorize the issuance of preferred stock with dividend, liquidation, redemption, conversion, or other preferential rights that could adversely affect the relative voting power and market price of shares of our common stock. Further, the issuance of preferred stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions and other corporate purposes could, under some circumstances, have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company, and may adversely affect the market price of shares of our common stock.

Each holder of our 2% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock or our 0% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive dividends on such shares on an “as converted” basis, which shall be payable, subject to applicable beneficial ownership limitations set forth in their certificate of designation, in shares of common stock or cash on their stated value, and holders of our 2% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled to receive such dividends at the cumulative dividend rate of two percent (2%) per year. Shares of our 0% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock have preferential rights ahead of all other shares of our capital stock with respect to dividends, distributions, redemptions, and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding-up of the Company, other than shares of our 2% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, which have the first priority of such preferential rights.

Corporate Governance

Structure of Board of Directors; Director Elections and Terms of Office. Our Bylaws provide for election of nominees to our board of directors by plurality vote of our stockholders present and entitled to vote at a meeting of our stockholders called for the purpose of electing nominees to serve on our board of directors. Therefore, those nominees for our board of directors receiving the most affirmative votes at a given stockholders’ meeting shall be elected as directors for the applicable term. Once elected, directors serve until the end of the term of office and their successor has been duly qualified to serve and elected by our stockholders, or his or her earlier death, resignation, or removal.

Our Bylaws permit our board to be divided into three classes, with each class serving a staggered three-year term. Each of our directors is currently serving a term that expires at our next annual meeting of stockholders and when his or her successor is duly elected and qualified. If implemented, a classified board structure could have the effect of making the removal of incumbent directors more time consuming and difficult, and, therefore may discourage a third party from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us, even though such an attempt might be beneficial to us and our stockholders.

Quorum for Conducting Business. Our Bylaws provide that, to conduct business at a meeting of our stockholders, holders of shares representing at least one-third of the issued and outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote at such meeting, whether represented in person or by proxy, must be present to establish a quorum.

Exclusive Forum. Article XIV of our Bylaws, as amended, provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and unless we consent to the selection of an alternative forum, the state and federal courts in and for the State of New York shall be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of certain actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, and that, by purchasing our securities, our stockholders are deemed to have notice of and consented to this forum selection clause. Under Article XIV of our Bylaws, the following claims are subject to this forum selection clause: (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company; (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders; (c) any action asserting a claim against the Company arising pursuant to any provision of the Nevada Revised Statutes or the Company’s Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws, in each case as amended; or (d) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

By its terms, the forum selection clause in our Bylaws applies to the foregoing claims to the fullest extent permitted by law, and, as such, should not be interpreted as precluding our stockholders from bringing claims under the Exchange Act in the appropriate federal court with jurisdiction over such claims, as provided by Section 27 of the Exchange Act. Likewise, the forum selection clause in our Bylaws should not be interpreted as precluding our stockholders from bringing claims under the Securities Act in the appropriate state or federal court with jurisdiction over such claims, as provided by Section 22 of the Securities Act.

We believe the choice-of-forum provision in our Bylaws will help provide for the orderly, efficient, and cost-effective resolution of legal issues affecting us by designating courts located in the State of New York as the exclusive forum for cases involving such issues. However, this provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it believes to be favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees, or agents, which may discourage such actions against us and our directors, officers, employees, and agents.

Nevada Anti-Takeover Statute. Certain provisions of Nevada law described below may make us a less attractive candidate for acquisition, which may adversely impact the value of the shares of our capital stock held by our stockholders. We have not opted out of these provisions in our Bylaws, as permitted under the Nevada Revised Statutes.

Nevada Revised Statutes Sections 78.411 through 78.444 (the “Nevada Combination with Interested Stockholders Statute”) generally prohibit “combinations” including mergers, consolidations, sales and leases of assets, issuances of securities and similar transactions by a Nevada corporation having a requisite number of stockholders of record (of which we are one) with any person who beneficially owns (or any affiliate or associate of the Company who within the previous two years owned), directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting power of the outstanding voting shares of the Company (an “interested stockholder”), within two years after such person first became an interested stockholder unless (i) the board of directors of the Company approved the combination or transaction by which the person first became an interested stockholder before the person first became an interested stockholder or (ii) the board of directors of the Company has approved the combination in question and, at or after that time, such combination is approved at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders of the target corporation, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of holders of stock representing at least 60% of the outstanding voting power of the target corporation not beneficially owned by the interested stockholder or the affiliates or associates of the interested stockholder. The Nevada Combination with Interested Stockholders Statute does not apply to combinations with an interested stockholder after the expiration of four years from when the person first became an interested stockholder.

Dividend Policy. We did not declare or pay any cash dividends on our common stock during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 or 2020, and, as of the date of this prospectus, we do not reasonably anticipate paying any cash dividends in the near future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors.

DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS

This section describes the general terms and provisions of our warrants that we may issue from time to time. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any future warrants we may offer under this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus will describe the specific terms of any warrants offered through such prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus in accordance with Rule 430B under the Securities Act. The terms of any warrants we offer under a prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus may differ from the terms we describe below.

We may issue warrants for the purchase of shares of our capital stock independently or together with any other security being registered under the automatic registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and as units attached to or separate from any offered securities. Each series of warrants will be issued under a separate warrant agreement to be entered into between a warrant agent specified in the agreement and us. The warrant agent will act solely as our agent in connection with the warrants of that series and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust for or with any holders or beneficial owners of warrants. This summary of some provisions of the securities warrants is not complete. You should refer to the securities warrant agreement, including the forms of securities warrant certificate representing the securities warrants, relating to the specific securities warrants being offered for the complete terms of the securities warrant agreement and the securities warrants. The securities warrant agreement, together with the terms of the securities warrant certificate and securities warrants, will be filed with the SEC in connection with the offering of the specific warrants.

Warrants for the purchase of common stock or preferred stock will be offered and exercisable for United States dollars only. Warrants will be issued in registered form only. Upon receipt of payment and the warrant certificate properly completed and duly executed at the corporate trust office of the warrant agent or any other office indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will, as soon as practicable, forward the purchased securities. If less than all of the warrants represented by the warrant certificate are exercised, a new warrant certificate will be issued for the remaining warrants.

Prior to the exercise of any securities warrants to purchase preferred stock or common stock, holders of the warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of the common stock or preferred stock purchasable upon exercise, including in the case of securities warrants for the purchase of common stock or preferred stock, the right to vote or to receive any payments of dividends on the preferred stock or common stock purchasable upon exercise.

The applicable prospectus supplement will contain the title of the warrants offered pursuant to such prospectus supplement; and the description of the terms of the offering of the warrants, the initial offering price and the net proceeds to us or the selling securityholders, as applicable, will be set forth in the prospectus supplement, and other offering material attached as an exhibit to or incorporated by reference therein, relating to such offer.

DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES

This section describes the general terms and provisions of our debt securities that we may issue from time to time. We may issue debt securities, in one or more series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any future debt securities we may offer under this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus will describe the specific terms of any debt securities offered through such prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. The terms of any debt securities we offer under a prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus may differ from the terms we describe below. Unless the context requires otherwise, whenever we refer to the “indentures,” we are also referring to any supplemental indentures that specify the terms of a particular series of debt securities.

We will issue any senior debt securities under the senior indenture that we will enter into with the trustee named in a senior indenture. We will issue any subordinated debt securities under the subordinated indenture that we will enter into with the trustee named in a subordinated indenture. Forms of these documents will be filed as exhibits to a current report on Form 8-K following their adoption and approval by our board of directors, and will be incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Any supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being offered will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC.

The indentures will be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended. We use the term “trustee” to refer to either the trustee under the senior indenture or the trustee under the subordinated indenture, as applicable. This summary of the debt securities are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the indenture applicable to a particular series of debt securities. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus and any related free writing prospectuses related to the debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete applicable indenture that contains the terms of the debt securities. Except as we may otherwise indicate, the terms of the senior indenture and the subordinated indenture are identical.

In a future prospectus supplement relating to a future offering of our debt securities, we will set forth the specific details of the offering of such debt securities, including, without limitation: (i) the conversion or exchange rights; (ii) whether any restrictions on our ability to enter into certain specified transactions, such as mergers, acquisitions, or sales; (iii) the events of default under the indenture; (iv) any restrictions on our ability to modify or amend the indenture; (v) the seniority and priority of the debt securities to be offered in relation to any other of our obligations as of the time of the offering; (vi) the form of the debt security instrument, as well as any rights regarding or restrictions on the exchange or transfer of such debt securities; (vii) certain information regarding the obligations and standard of care of the trustee appointed to oversee such debt securities; (viii) the terms and conditions of any payments to agents and of any paying agents with respect to such offering; and (ix) the governing law applicable to such debt securities.

DESCRIPTION OF UNITS

This section describes the general terms and provisions of units consisting of shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, warrants, debt securities or any combination of such securities that we may issue from time to time. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any future units we may offer under this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus will describe the specific terms of any units offered through such prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus in accordance with Rule 430B under the Securities Act. The terms of any units we offer under a prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus may differ from the terms we describe below.

We may issue units consisting of one or more of our securities being registered under the automatic registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, independently or together with any other security being registered, and as may be attached to or separate from any offered securities. The description of the terms of the offering of the units, the rights and obligations of the unitholders purchasing units in such offering, the tax attributes of the units, the initial offering price of the units and the net proceeds to us or the selling securityholders, as applicable, as well as such other information as we may be required to disclose in such prospectus supplement in accordance with Rule 430B under the Securities Act, will be set forth in the prospectus supplement relating to such offer, including the applicable unit agreement and the other offering material attached as an exhibit to or incorporated by reference into the applicable prospectus supplement.

SELLING SECURITYHOLDERS

This prospectus also relates to the possible resale by certain of our securityholders, whom we refer to in this prospectus as the “selling securityholders,” of shares of common stock. Information about any selling securityholders, where applicable, including their identities and the number of shares of common stock to be registered on their behalf, will be set forth in a prospectus supplement, in a post-effective amendment, in a free writing prospectus or in filings we make with the SEC under the Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference. The selling securityholders shall not sell any shares of our common stock pursuant to this prospectus until we have identified such selling securityholders and the shares being offered for resale by such selling securityholders. However, the selling securityholders may sell or transfer all or a portion of their shares of our common stock pursuant to any available exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities under this prospectus for general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, additions to working capital, repayment of corporate obligations, capital expenditures and acquisitions, investment in existing and future projects, and repurchases and redemptions of our securities. We will have significant discretion in the use of any net proceeds, and investors in our securities will be relying on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the proceeds of any sale of securities.

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock by any selling securityholders in connection with any reoffers and sales of our securities by the selling securityholders identified in a future prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, as applicable.

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We or the selling securityholders may sell our securities from time to time in one or more transactions. We or the selling securityholders may sell our securities to or through agents, underwriters, dealers, remarketing firms or other third parties or directly to one or more purchasers or through a combination of any of these methods. We may issue common stock as a dividend or distribution. In some cases, we or dealers acting with us or on behalf of us may also purchase our securities and reoffer them to the public. We or the selling securityholders may also offer and sell, or agree to deliver, our securities pursuant to, or in connection with, any option agreement or other contractual arrangement.

Agents whom we or the selling securityholders designate may solicit offers to purchase our securities, and, in which case:

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We or the selling securityholders will name any agent involved in offering or selling our securities and will disclose any commissions that we will pay to the sales agent, in the applicable prospectus supplement.

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Unless we or the selling securityholders indicate otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, agents will act on a best efforts basis for the period of their appointment.

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Agents may be deemed to be underwriters under the Securities Act, of any of our securities that they offer or sell.

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We or the selling securityholders may use an underwriter or underwriters in the offer or sale of our securities.

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If we or the selling securityholders use an underwriter or underwriters, we or the selling securityholders will execute an underwriting agreement with the underwriter or underwriters at the time that we reach an agreement for the sale of our securities.

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We or the selling securityholders will include the names of the specific managing underwriter or underwriters, as well as the names of any other underwriters, and the terms of the transactions, including the compensation the underwriters and dealers will receive, in the applicable prospectus supplement.

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The underwriters will use the applicable prospectus supplement, together with this prospectus, to sell our securities.

We or the selling securityholders may use a dealer to sell our securities. In such event, the following shall apply:

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If we or the selling securityholders use a dealer, we will sell our securities to the dealer, as principal.

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The dealer will then sell our securities to the public at varying prices that the dealer will determine at the time it sells our securities.

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We or the selling securityholders will include the name of the dealer and the terms of the transactions with the dealer in the applicable prospectus supplement.

We or the selling securityholders may solicit directly offers to purchase our securities, and we or the selling securityholders may directly sell our securities to institutional or other investors. We or the selling securityholders will describe the terms of direct sales in the applicable prospectus supplement.

We or the selling securityholders may engage in at the market offerings into an existing trading market in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4) of the Securities Act. We or the selling securityholders may indemnify agents, underwriters and dealers against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. Agents, underwriters and dealers, or their affiliates, may be customers of, engage in transactions with or perform services for us or our respective affiliates or the selling securityholders, in the ordinary course of business.

We or the selling securityholders may authorize agents and underwriters to solicit offers by certain institutions to purchase our securities at the public offering price under delayed delivery contracts. In such event, the following shall occur:

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If we or the selling securityholders use delayed delivery contracts, we will disclose that we are using them in the prospectus supplement and will tell you when we or the selling securityholders will demand payment and when delivery of our securities will be made under the delayed delivery contracts.

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These delayed delivery contracts will be subject only to the conditions that we or the selling securityholders describe in the prospectus supplement.

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We or the selling securityholders will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the commission that underwriters and agents soliciting purchases of our securities under delayed delivery contracts will be entitled to receive.

Any underwriter, agent or dealer that is a Financial Industry Regulatory Authority member is not permitted to sell our securities in an offering to accounts over which it exercises discretionary authority without the prior specific written approval of its customer. Unless otherwise specified in connection with a particular underwritten offering of our securities, the underwriters will not be obligated to purchase offered securities unless specified conditions are satisfied, and if the underwriters do purchase any offered securities, they will purchase all offered securities.

In connection with underwritten offerings of the offered securities and in accordance with applicable law and industry practice, the underwriters in certain circumstances are permitted to engage in certain transactions that stabilize the price of our securities. Such transactions consist of bids or purchases for the purpose of pegging, fixing or maintaining the price of our securities. If the underwriters create a short position in our securities in connection with the offering (i.e., if they sell more securities than are set forth on the cover page of the applicable prospectus supplement), the underwriters may reduce that short position by purchasing our securities in the open market or as otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. The underwriters also may impose a penalty bid, whereby selling concessions allowed to dealers participating in the offering may be reclaimed if the securities sold by them are repurchased in connection with stabilization transactions. In general, purchases of a security for the purpose of stabilization or to reduce a short position could cause the price of the security to be higher than it might be in the absence of such purchases. The imposition of a penalty bid might also have an effect on the price of our securities to the extent that it were to discourage resales of our securities. The underwriters are not required to engage in these activities and may end any of these activities at any time.

We or the selling securityholders may effect sales of securities in connection with forward sale, option or other types of agreements with third parties. Any distribution of securities pursuant to any forward sale agreement may be effected from time to time in one or more transactions that may take place through a stock exchange, including block trades or ordinary broker’s transactions, or through broker-dealers acting either as principal or agent, or through privately-negotiated transactions, or through an underwritten public offering, or through a combination of any such methods of sale, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices relating to such prevailing market prices or at negotiated or fixed prices. The specific terms of the lock-up provisions, if any, in respect of any given offering will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Selling securityholders may use this prospectus in connection with resales of securities they hold as described in the applicable prospectus supplement, in a post-effective amendment, in a free writing prospectus or in filings we make with the SEC under the Exchange Act that are to be incorporated by reference. Selling securityholders may be deemed to be underwriters under the Securities Act in connection with the securities they resell and any profits on the sales may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act.

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the issuance of the securities offered by this prospectus will be passed upon for us by Lewis Roca Rothgerber Christie LLP, Las Vegas, Nevada. If certain legal matters in connection with an offering of the securities covered by this prospectus and a related prospectus supplement are passed upon by counsel for the underwriters, if any, of such offering, that counsel will be named in the related prospectus supplement for such offering.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of Riot Blockchain, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020, have been audited by Marcum LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is incorporated herein by reference. Such consolidated financial statements of Riot Blockchain, Inc. and Subsidiaries are incorporated in this prospectus by reference in reliance on the report of such firm given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

The financial statements of Whinstone US, Inc. as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, which are incorporated in this prospectus by reference from the Current Report on Form 8-K/A of Riot Blockchain, Inc. filed with the SEC on August 12, 2021, have been audited by Malcolm M. Dienes, LLC, an independent audit firm, in their report, and the note related thereto, filed as Exhibit 99.1 to such Current Report on Form 8-K/A. Such financial statements have been incorporated by reference in this prospectus in reliance upon the report of such independent audit firm given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

This prospectus does not contain all of the information included in the automatic registration statement of which it forms a part, including certain exhibits and schedules and those items we incorporate by reference herein. We file annual, quarterly and special reports, along with other information, including the automatic registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, with the SEC. The filings we make with the SEC are available to the public over the internet at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Our filings with the SEC are also available on our website, https://www.riotblockchain.com/ under the heading “Investors.” The information on this website is not incorporated by reference into, and does not constitute a part of, this prospectus.

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE

The SEC permits us to “incorporate by reference” the information contained in documents we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents rather than by including them in this prospectus. Information that is incorporated by reference herein is considered to be part of this prospectus, and you should read it with the same care that you read this prospectus. Information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede the information that is either contained, or incorporated by reference, in this prospectus, and will be considered to be a part of this prospectus from the date those documents are filed. We have filed with the SEC, and incorporate by reference in this prospectus the following:

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Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the SEC on March 31, 2021, as amended by a filing made with the SEC on April 30, 2021;

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Our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021, as filed with the SEC on May 17, 2021, and the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021, as filed with the SEC on August 23, 2021;

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Our Current Reports on Form 8-K (excluding any reports or portions thereof that are deemed to be furnished and not filed, as provided therein) filed with the SEC on: February 10, 2021; March 17, 2021; April 7, 2021 (excluding Item 7.01); April 9, 2021; May 24, 2021; May 26, 2021 (excluding Item 7.01); June 8, 2021; August 16, 2021, and on Form 8-K/A, on August 12, 2021; and

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The description of our common stock contained in our registration statement on Form 8-A, filed pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act on August 27, 2007, including any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating that description.

We also incorporate by reference all additional documents that we file with the SEC under the terms of Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act that are made after the date of this prospectus but prior to the termination of the offering of the shares covered by this prospectus. We are not, however, incorporating, in each case, any documents or information that we are deemed to furnish and not file in accordance with SEC rules.

You may request, and we will provide you with, a copy of these filings, at no cost, by calling us at (303) 794-2000 or by writing to us at the following address: Riot Blockchain, Inc., Attn: Jeffrey G. McGonegal, Chief Financial Officer, 202 6^th Street, Suite 401 Castle Rock, CO 80104.

RIOT BLOCKCHAIN, INC.

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Common Stock, No Par Value per Share

Preferred Stock, No Par Value per Share

Warrants

Debt Securities

Units

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PROSPECTUS

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August 31, 2021

PROSPECTUS

RIOT BLOCKCHAIN, INC.

Up to $600,000,000 of

Shares of Common Stock, No Par Value per Share

We have entered into a Sales Agreement, dated as of August 31, 2021 (the “sales agreement”), with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., B. Riley FBR, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (collectively, the “sales agents”), under which we may offer and sell from time to time shares of our common stock, no par value per share, having an aggregate initial offering price of up to $600,000,000 through the sales agents pursuant to this prospectus.

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market stock exchange under the symbol “RIOT.” On August 27, 2021, the sales price of our common stock was $38.57 per share, as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market at the end of day or market close.

Under the sales agreement, we will deliver placement notices to the sales agents designating the maximum amount and the minimum price per share of our common stock to be offered. However, subject to the terms and conditions of the sales agreement, the sales agents are not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of our common stock but will act as a sales agent using their commercially reasonable efforts consistent with their normal sales and trading practices, on mutually agreed terms between us and the sales agents. We may also instruct the sales agents not to sell any common stock if the sales cannot be effected at or above the price designated in the applicable placement notice. We or any sales agent, with respect to itself only, may suspend the offering of our common stock by notifying the other party. Settlement of any sales of common stock will occur through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company on the second business day following the date on which such sales were made (or such earlier day as is industry practice for regular-way trading). There is no arrangement for funds to be received in an escrow, trust or similar arrangement.

We will pay the sales agents a commission of up to 3.0% of the gross sales price of the shares of our common stock sold under the sales agreement. We have also agreed to reimburse the sales agents for certain expenses under the sales agreement, and we have agreed to indemnify the sales agents against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as set forth in the sales agreement. In connection with the sale of the common stock on our behalf, each of the sales agents may be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act and, therefore, the compensation of the sales agents would be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. Sales of shares of our common stock, if any, under this prospectus may be made by any method permitted by law deemed to be “at the market offerings,” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act, including sales into the Nasdaq Capital Market. Please see the section entitled “Plan of Distribution” beginning on page S-14 of this prospectus for more information regarding issuance of shares of our common stock pursuant to offers made through our sales agents and commissions to be paid to the sales agents according to the sales agreement under this prospectus.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before making any investment decision regarding our common stock, you should read and carefully consider the risks described in the section “Risk Factors” on page S-9 of this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or free-writing prospectus, as well as those disclosed in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC, as well as those which may be disclosed in subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and the other filings we subsequently make with the SEC. See the sections “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” on page S-16 of this prospectus.


*Sales Agents*
Cantor	B. Riley FBR	BTIG	Compass Point	Roth Capital Partners

The date of this prospectus is August 31, 2021.

Table of Contents

	Page
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS	S-3

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	S-4

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	S-6

ABOUT RIOT BLOCKCHAIN	S-6

THE OFFERING	S-8

RISK FACTORS	S-9

DESCRIPTION OF COMMON STOCK	S-11

USE OF PROCEEDS	S-12

DILUTION	S-13

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	S-14

LEGAL MATTERS	S-15

EXPERTS	S-15

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION	S-16

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE	S-16

_________________________________________

We are responsible for the information contained and incorporated by reference in this prospectus, in any accompanying prospectus supplement, and in any related free writing prospectus we prepare or authorize. You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or related free writing prospectus, or in any post-effective amendment to the automatic registration statement or in any amendment to this prospectus. We have not, and the sales agents have not, authorized anyone to give you any other information, and we take no responsibility for any other information that others may give you. No dealer, salesperson or any other person is authorized to give any information or to represent anything not contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or related free writing prospectus. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you.

S-2

ABout this prospectus

This prospectus forms a part of and is being filed with an automatic registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the SEC as a “well-known seasoned issuer”, as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act, using a “shelf” registration process to register shares of our common stock, no par value per share, having an aggregate initial offering price of up to $600,000,000 via an “at-the-market offering,” as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act, conducted by our sales agents pursuant to the terms of the sales agreement included as an exhibit to and incorporated by reference into this prospectus. For more information regarding the plan for the distribution of the shares of our common stock offered for sale pursuant to this prospectus, please see the section “Plan of Distribution” starting on page S-14 of this prospectus.

This prospectus, including the documents incorporated by reference herein and any applicable prospectus supplement or related free writing prospectus, describes the specific terms of this offering of our common stock. The applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus may also add, update or change the information contained in this prospectus. Wherever references are made in this prospectus to information that will be included in a prospectus supplement, to the extent permitted by applicable law, rules or regulations, we may instead include such information or add, update or change the information contained in this prospectus by means of a post-effective amendment to the automatic registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, through filings we make with the SEC that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus or by any other method as may then be permitted under applicable law, rules or regulations. If there is any inconsistency between the information in this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information in the applicable prospectus supplement. We further note that the representations, warranties, and covenants made by us in any agreement that is filed as an exhibit to any document that is incorporated by reference herein were made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, including, in some cases, for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to such agreement, and should not be deemed to be a representation, warranty or covenant to you. Moreover, such representations, warranties or covenants were accurate only as of the date when made. Accordingly, such representations, warranties and covenants should not be relied on as accurately representing the current state of our affairs.

Before buying any of the common stock that we are offering, we urge you to carefully read this prospectus and all of the information incorporated by reference herein, as well as the additional information described under the headings “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” on page S-16 of this prospectus. These documents contain important information that you should consider when making your investment decision.

Neither we, nor the sales agents, have authorized anyone to provide you with any information other than that contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement or in any related free writing prospectus that we authorize for use in connection with this offering and to which we have referred you. We and the sales agents take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference herein, and any related prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus is accurate only as of their respective dates. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed materially since those dates.

Neither the delivery of this prospectus nor any sale made under it implies that there has been no change in our affairs or that the information in this prospectus is correct as of any date after the date of this prospectus.

S-3

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

We obtained the industry, market and competitive position data used throughout this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus from our own internal estimates and research, as well as from independent market research, industry and general publications and surveys, governmental agencies and publicly available information in addition to research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. Internal estimates are derived from publicly available information released by industry analysts and third-party sources, our internal research and our industry experience, and are based on assumptions made by us based on such data and our knowledge of our industry and market, which we believe to be reasonable. In some cases, we do not expressly refer to the sources from which this data is derived. In that regard, when we refer to one or more sources of this type of data in any paragraph, you should assume that other data of this type appearing in the same paragraph is derived from the same sources, unless otherwise expressly stated or the context otherwise requires. In addition, while we believe the industry, market and competitive position data included in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus is reliable and based on reasonable assumptions, such data involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those referenced in the section entitled “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-9 of this prospectus, and under similar headings in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties or by us.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that may not materialize or prove to be correct, which could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by such forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, statements concerning: our plans, strategies and objectives for future operations; new equipment, systems, technologies, services or developments; future economic conditions, performance or outlook; future political conditions; the outcome of contingencies; potential acquisitions or divestitures; the value of Bitcoin awards in our mining operation; expected cash flows or capital expenditures; our beliefs or expectations; activities, events or developments that we intend, expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future; and assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Forward-looking statements may be identified by their use of forward-looking terminology, such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “should,” “would,” “will,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “projects” and similar words or expressions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect our management’s opinions only as of the date of filing of this prospectus and are not guarantees of future performance or actual results. Forward-looking statements are made in reliance on the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act, Section 21E of the Exchange Act, and the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The following are some of the factors we believe could cause our actual results to differ materially from our historical results or our current expectations or projections:

•

our present use of a third-party co-location arrangement for our mining operation at Coinmint, LLC;

•

we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of our acquisition of Whinstone, or those benefits may take longer to realize than expected, as we encounter unforeseen difficulties integrating its operations into our own;

•

our reputation and ability to do business may be impacted by the improper conduct of our employees, agents or business partners;

S-4

•

we have a small executive management team and board of directors, and it may be difficult for us to replace a departing member of our management team or board;

•

we have a history of operating losses and we may be unable to sustain profitability;

•

we participate in markets that are often subject to uncertain economic conditions, which makes it difficult to estimate growth in our markets and, as a result, future income and expenditures;

•

our operations could be materially and adversely impacted by a natural disaster or other significant disruption;

•

disputes with our suppliers, or their inability to perform or timely deliver new miners, parts or services, could adversely affect our expectations regarding future deployment of our miners;

•

we face certain significant risk exposures and potential liabilities that may not be covered adequately by insurance or indemnity;

•

our ability to successfully defend litigation brought against us; and

•

Additional details and discussions concerning some of the various risks, factors and uncertainties that could cause future results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements are set forth in this prospectus under the heading “Risk Factors” on page S-9 of this prospectus, and under Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as updated, supplemented, and amended by our subsequent disclosures contained in the reports and other filings we make with the SEC. For more information on these filings and the other disclosures incorporated by reference into this prospectus, please see the sections herein entitled “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information” on page S-16 of this prospectus. The risks, factors and uncertainties disclosed herein and in our other filings are not exhaustive. Additional risks and uncertainties not known to us or that we currently believe not to be material may adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. Should any risks or uncertainties develop into actual events, these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

S-5

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

ABOUT RIOT BLOCKCHAIN

Whinstone Acquisition

On May 26, 2021, we completed our acquisition of Whinstone pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of April 8, 2021, with Northern Data AG (“Northern Data”) and Whinstone. Upon the closing of our acquisition of Whinstone, Whinstone became our wholly owned subsidiary, and as part of the consideration paid, we issued 11,800,000 shares of our common stock, no par value per share, to Northern Data, as reported on our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 26, 2021. As further consideration paid for our acquisition of Whinstone we entered into a shareholder agreement, dated as of May 26, 2021, with Northern Data (the “Shareholder Agreement”), which provides for, among other things, certain standstill restrictions, voting obligations and registration rights, pursuant to which we have registered the 11,800,000 shares of common stock issued to Northern Data.

Whinstone Facility

As of the date of this prospectus, the Whinstone Facility has developed facilities with capacity to distribute 300 MWh of electrical power supplied to the Whinstone Facility pursuant to a long-term power supply agreement, and additional facilities under development with capacity to distribute 450 MWh of electrical power once completed, which is expected to bring the Whinstone Facility’s total electrical power distribution capacity up to 750 MWh once completed. The Whinstone Facility is located on a 100-acre site hosting Bitcoin mining customers and Riot’s self-mining in three buildings totaling 190,000 square feet, with additional buildings under development to expand our total electrical power distribution capacity to 750 MWh. The site is subject to a long-term lease agreement, with electricity provided via a long-term power supply agreement.

S-6

We expect the expanded Whinstone Facility to be completed by the end of 2022 and to include four additional buildings totaling approximately 240,000 square feet of finished space, with sufficient developed electricity power capacity to support an estimated 130,000 Antminer model S19j miners. We believe this expansion of the Whinstone Facility will provide sufficient capacity to enable us to deploy a significant quantity of our miners (including our current deployed fleet and those expected to be delivered in future shipments) in a self-hosted facility, while allowing Whinstone to continue to operate and grow its existing data center hosting business. We believe deploying our miners at the expanded Whinstone Facility has many advantages for our mining operations, including allowing us to operate our miners without incurring third-party colocation services fees and to do so at the fixed low energy costs available to the Whinstone Facility under its long-term power supply agreement. We also anticipate this that expansion of the Whinstone Facility will provide space for third-party miner colocation services and for other enterprise-level data center hosting services.

Corporate Information

S-7

The Offering

Securities Being Offered:		Shares of our common stock, no par value per share, having an aggregate initial offering price of up to $600,000,000.

Number of Shares Outstanding Prior to this Offering⁽¹⁾:		95,948,232

Number of Shares Outstanding After this Offering⁽²⁾:		111,504,363⁽³⁾

Plan of Distribution:		The shares are being offered for sale in an “at the market offering,” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act, in transactions that may be made from time to time through the sales agents. See “Plan of Distribution” on page S-14 of this prospectus.

Use of Proceeds:		As of the date of this prospectus, we intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, additions to working capital, satisfaction of corporate obligations, capital expenditures and acquisitions, investment in existing and future projects, and repurchases and redemptions of our common stock. See “Use of Proceeds” and “Risk Factors” on pages S-12 and S-9 of this prospectus.

Risk Factors:		Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before making any investment decision regarding our common stock, you should read and carefully consider the risks described in the section “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-9 of this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or free-writing prospectus, as well as those disclosed in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC, as well as those which may be disclosed in subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and the other filings we subsequently make with the SEC.

Nasdaq Capital Market Trading Symbol:		“RIOT”
Transfer Agent and Registrar:		The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Equiniti Trust Corporation.

(1)	At August 27, 2021.
(2)	The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering as shown above is based upon 95,948,232 shares of our common stock outstanding at August 27, 2021, including 11,800,000 shares of our common stock, no par value per share, that we issued to Northern Data in connection with our acquisition of Whinstone. Excludes: • 2,199 shares issuable upon the conversion of 2,199 shares of our 2% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; • 12,000 shares underlying fully vested options to purchase shares of our common stock at the option strike price of $4.09 per share issuable under our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2019 Equity Plan”); • 693,683 shares issuable upon settlement of 693,683 restricted stock units granted under the 2019 Equity Plan, of which 57,838 are vested and 635,845 remain unvested subject to regular vesting schedules; and • 3,907,903 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2019 Equity Plan.
(3)	Assumes sales of shares of our common stock in the total aggregate amount of $600,000,000 at a price of $38.57, the reported sales price of shares of our common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market on August 27, 2021. The actual number of shares issued will vary depending on the actual price at which the shares are sold under this offering.

S-8

Risk factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks, uncertainties and other factors described under Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as those which may be disclosed in our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, including, without limitation, the supplemental risk factors disclosed on Exhibit 99.3 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 26, 2021 in connection with our acquisition of Whinstone, and in the other filings we make with the SEC, which are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. In addition, we have identified the risks, factors, and uncertainties relating to the offering of our common stock pursuant to this prospectus described below under the caption “Risks Relating to this Offering” and elsewhere throughout this prospectus.

The risks, uncertainties and other factors discussed in this prospectus and the foregoing filings are not exhaustive. Additional risks and uncertainties not known to us or that we currently believe not to be material may adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations. Should any of these risks or uncertainties develop into actual events, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and the trading price of our common stock could decline. As a result, you could lose part or all of your investment.

For more information regarding the incorporation of information herein by reference and the filings we make with the SEC, please see the sections “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” on page S-16 of this prospectus.

Risks Relating to this Offering

Future sales or other issuances of our common stock could adversely affect the market for our common stock, which has historically been subject to significant share price volatility.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock, or the perception by the market that those sales could occur, whether through this offering or other offerings of our securities, including an offering of our securities by a selling stockholder identified in any prospectus or prospectus supplement, could adversely affect the market for our common stock, which has historically been subject to significant share price volatility. As a result of this adverse effect on the market for our common stock and the significant historical volatility we have observed with respect to shares of our common stock, investors purchasing shares in the offering covered by this prospectus at present market prices could experience difficulty in selling the shares at prices at or above the price paid to acquire them, and they may lose some or all of the value of their investment. In addition, the adverse effect of these factors on the market for our securities could make it more difficult for us to raise funds through future equity offerings (including the offering covered by this prospectus), which could adversely affect our plans for expansion of the Whinstone Facility or other capital-intensive projects we may now or in the future wish to undertake. Further, the issuance and sale of a significant number of our securities could cause our current stockholders’ holdings to be significantly diluted. In addition, our current stockholders’ holdings may also be diluted if we enter into arrangements with third parties permitting us to issue shares of common stock in lieu of certain cash payments, or if we otherwise agree to sell shares at less than prevailing market prices.

We have broad discretion to use the net proceeds from this offering and our investment of these proceeds pending any such use may not yield a favorable return.

Our management has broad discretion as to how to spend the proceeds from this offering and may spend these proceeds in ways with which our stockholders may not agree and on substantial capital expenditures or investments that are based on current assumptions which may prove to be inaccurate. For example, we may use a substantial portion of the proceeds we receive from this offering to repurchase previously issued securities in an effort to decrease the liquidity of our common stock, which could inadvertently lead to other investors selling large numbers of their shares into the market, causing the market price for our common stock to decline. Or, we may use the proceeds to purchase new Bitcoin mining hardware or to fund part of the ongoing capital improvement projects at the Whinstone Facility, which are subject to fluctuating demand and high labor and material costs. Management cannot guarantee that its decisions regarding its use of the proceeds from this offering will produce gainful returns or have any beneficial impact on our business, cash flows and results of operations, which could adversely affect your investment.

S-9

This offering is being conducted on a “commercially reasonable efforts” basis; we cannot guarantee success in raising additional capital in this offering.

Pursuant to the terms of the sales agreement, the sales agents are required to exercise “commercially reasonable efforts,” rather than its best efforts, in attempting to sell the shares of our common stock offered under this prospectus. As a “commercially reasonable efforts” offering, there can be no assurance that the offering contemplated hereby will ultimately be consummated and, accordingly, we may not raise any additional capital. Therefore, we may be unable to sell most, or any, of the shares of our common stock offered for sale pursuant to this prospectus.

If we are unable to raise additional capital through the offering contemplated in this prospectus, we may not be able to continue to fund our operations and we may have to reduce or even halt our operations entirely. Our failure to raise additional capital through the offering contemplated in this prospectus may cause us to cease as a going concern and investors in our securities may lose their entire investment.

The actual number of shares we will issue and the aggregate proceeds resulting from sales made under the sales agreement, at any one time or in total, is uncertain.

Subject to certain limitations in the sales agreement and in compliance with applicable law, we have the discretion to deliver a placement notice to the sales agents at any time throughout the term of the sales agreement. The number of shares sold by the sales agents after we deliver a placement notice will fluctuate based on the market price of the common stock during the sales period and limits we set with the sales agents. Because this offering can be terminated at any time and the price per share of each share sold will fluctuate based on the market price of our common stock during the sales period, it is not possible at this stage to predict the number of shares that will be ultimately issued or the aggregate proceeds to be raised in connection with the sales under the sales agreement.

Purchasers in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the book value of their investment.

The public offering price of our common stock is substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our common stock as of June 30, 2021, before giving effect to this offering. Assuming we sell all $600,000,000 of shares of our common stock being offered by this prospectus at an assumed public offering price of $38.57 per share (which was the reported closing sales price per share of our common stock on August 27, 2021), we will have 111,504,363 shares of common stock issued and outstanding after completion of this offering.

After deducting estimated offering expenses and estimated sales agent commissions payable by us, our adjusted net tangible book value per share, after giving effect to the sale of shares of our common stock in the aggregate amount of $600,000,000 at the assumed offering price of $38.57 per share, would be approximately $8.04. Accordingly, purchasers of shares of our common stock in this offering will incur immediate and substantial dilution of approximately $30.53 per share, representing the difference between the net tangible book value per share of our securities after the offering and the net tangible book value per share of our securities prior to the offering. If the price at which the shares of our common stock are sold in this offering increases, the dilution experienced by such purchasers will increase proportionately. Furthermore, if previously issued and outstanding options or warrants are exercised, or if additional derivative securities are issued, you could experience further dilution upon their conversion into shares of our common stock. For a further description of the dilution that our stockholders will experience immediately after this offering, see the section “Dilution” on page S-13 of this prospectus.

The common stock is being offered on an “at-the-market” basis; therefore, investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices for their shares.

Investors who purchase shares in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices, and so may experience different outcomes in their investment results. We will have discretion, subject to market demand, to vary the timing, prices and numbers of shares sold, and there is no minimum or maximum sales price. Investors may experience a decline in the value of their shares as a result of share sales made at prices lower than the prices they paid.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.

We did not declare a dividend during the years ended December 31, 2019 or 2020, and we currently do not anticipate declaring a dividend in the future. Further, we plan to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the operation, development and growth of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt or credit agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

S-10

DESCRIPTION OF COMMON STOCK

The following description of our capital stock is not complete and may not contain all the information you should consider before investing in the shares of our common stock offered pursuant to this prospectus. This description is summarized from, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, our Articles of Incorporation, as amended, our Bylaws, as amended, and the certificates of designation related to our designated preferred stock, which have been filed with the SEC, as well as the applicable provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 78 and the associated provisions of the Nevada Administrative Code. See the sections “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” on page S-16 of this prospectus.

Common Stock

Authorized Shares. We have authorized 170,000,000 shares of common stock, no par value per share, for issuance. At August 27, 2021, there were 95,948,232 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. As of the date of this prospectus, only our common stock is registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act, and only shares of our common stock are being offered for sale pursuant to this prospectus.

Listing. Shares of our common stock are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol “RIOT.”

Voting Rights. Holders of shares of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock standing in such stockholder’s name on the records of the Company on all matters submitted to a stockholder vote, with no cumulative voting rights. Except as otherwise provided in our Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, the rules of any stock exchange applicable to us, applicable provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes, or any other applicable law or regulations, matters submitted to a stockholder vote require the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares of our capital stock present and voting at the applicable stockholders’ meeting to be approved. See the section entitled “Structure of Board of Directors; Director Elections and Terms of Office” under “Corporate Governance” on Page S-11 for further details regarding the voting rights of our common stock.

Conversion and Redemption Rights. Shares of our common stock have no conversionary rights and are not subject to any rights of redemption by operation of a sinking fund or otherwise.

Transfer Agent and Registrar. The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Equiniti Trust Corporation.

Corporate Governance

S-11

Nevada Anti-Takeover Statute. Certain provisions of Nevada law described below may make us a less attractive candidate for acquisition, which may adversely impact the value of the shares of our capital stock held by our stockholders. We have not opted out of these provisions in our bylaws, as permitted under the Nevada Revised Statutes.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We may issue and sell shares of our common stock having aggregate gross sales proceeds of up to $600,000,000 from time to time (before deducting sales agent commissions and expenses). Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to close this offering, the actual total public offering amount, commissions, and proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable at this time. There can be no assurance that we will sell any shares under or fully utilize the sales agreement as a source of financing.

We intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of our common stock under this prospectus for general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, additions to working capital, satisfaction of corporate obligations, capital expenditures and acquisitions, investment in existing and future projects, and repurchases and redemptions of our common stock. We will have significant discretion in the use of any net proceeds and investors in our securities will be relying on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the proceeds of any sale of securities.

S-12

Dilution

If you invest in our common stock, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the price per share you pay in this offering and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering.

As of June 30, 2021, our net tangible book value was approximately $308,477,000, or $3.22 per share of common stock, based on 95,948,232 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2021. Net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets, less total liabilities, divided by the total number of shares of our common stock issued and outstanding.

After giving effect to the assumed sale of 15,556,131 shares of our common stock at the assumed offering price of $38.57 per share (the reported closing sales price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on August 27, 2021), representing the maximum initial aggregate offering price under this prospectus of $600,000,000, and after deducting the estimated offering expenses and sales agent commissions payable by us, our adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2021 would have been approximately $896,242,000, or approximately $8.04 per share of common stock, based on 111,504,363 shares issued and outstanding (excluding shares issuable upon conversion of certain vested and unvested options to purchase shares and other conversionary rights, as described below). This would represent an immediate increase in adjusted net tangible book value of approximately $4.82 per share to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in adjusted net tangible book value of approximately $30.53 per share to new investors purchasing shares of common stock in this offering.

The following table illustrates, for illustrative purposes only, the change in net tangible book value on a per share basis resulting from the assumed sale of all of the shares of common stock available for issuance under this prospectus:

Assumed public offering price per share:			$	38.57
Net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2021:	$	3.22
Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering:	$	4.82
Adjusted net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2021, after giving effect to this offering:			$	8.04
Dilution in net tangible book value per share to investors purchasing shares in this offering:			$	30.53

This offering is being made pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act and the actual sales price of shares of our common stock will vary from time to time based on prevailing market prices. Accordingly, the actual dilution experienced by purchasers of our common stock, as well as the total number of shares sold, may increase or decrease with the actual price per share of our common stock sold in this offering. For example, a decrease in the price at which the shares are actually sold in this offering of $1.00 per share from the assumed offering price of $38.57 per share shown in the table above (assuming all of our common stock in the aggregate amount of $600,000,000 is sold at that reduced price) would result in an adjusted net tangible book value per share after the offering of approximately $8.01 and result in an immediate dilution in the adjusted net tangible book value of approximately $29.56 per share to new purchasers of our common stock in this offering. Conversely, assuming all of our common stock in the aggregate amount of $600,000,000 sold, an increase in the price at which the shares are actually sold in this offering of $1.00 per share from the assumed offering price of $38.57 per share would result in an adjusted net tangible book value after the offering of approximately $8.07 per share and an immediate dilution in adjusted net tangible book value of approximately $31.50 per share to purchasers of our common stock in this offering.

The foregoing table and computations are based on 95,948,232 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding at June 30, 2021, which excludes: (i) 2,199 shares issuable upon the conversion of 2,199 shares of our 2% Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; (ii) 12,000 shares underlying fully vested options to purchase shares of our common stock at the option strike price of $4.09 per share issuable under our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2019 Equity Plan”); (iii) 693,683 shares issuable upon settlement of 693,683 restricted stock units granted under the 2019 Equity Plan, of which 57,838 are vested and 635,845 remain unvested subject to regular vesting schedules; and (iv) 3,907,903 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2019 Equity Plan.

To the extent we issue in the future, shares in connection with the exercise of the foregoing warrants and/or options, or in settlement of these restricted stock units, or if we issue additional shares under the 2019 Equity Plan, further dilution of the net tangible book value of shares of our common stock may result. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital to accommodate our strategic plans or market conditions, even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent we raise this additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities at prices below the prevailing market price, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

S-13

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We have entered into a sales agreement with the sales agents, under which we may issue and sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $600,000,000 of our common stock through the sales agents acting as our agent or principal. Sales of our common stock, if any, will be made at market prices by any method that is deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act, including sales into the Nasdaq Capital Market or any other existing trading market for shares of our common stock, or any other method permitted by law.

From time to time during the term of the sales agreement, we may deliver a placement notice to the sales agents specifying the length of the selling period, the amount of common stock to be sold and the minimum price below which sales may not be made. Subject to the terms and conditions of the sales agreement, the sales agents will use commercially reasonable efforts to sell our common stock, but are not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of our common stock.

We or the sales agents may suspend the offering of our common stock made through the sales agents under the sales agreement upon proper notice to the other, at which time the placement notice will immediately terminate. We may also instruct the sales agents not to sell any common stock if the sales cannot be effected at or above the price designated by us in any such instruction. Sales of our common stock as contemplated in this prospectus will be settled through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company or by such other means as we and the sales agents may agree upon. Settlement for sales of our common stock will occur, unless we specify otherwise, on the second trading day following the date any sales were made. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in an escrow, trust or similar arrangement.

The aggregate compensation payable to the sales agents equals up to 3.0% of the gross sales price of the shares of our common stock sold pursuant to the sales agreement. We have also agreed to reimburse certain outside legal expenses incurred by the sales agents, including, in connection with the execution of the sales agreement, certain fees and disbursements of the sales agents’ legal counsel in an amount not to exceed $75,000 in the aggregate, in addition to certain ongoing disbursements of their legal counsel. In accordance with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Rule 5110, these reimbursed fees and expenses are deemed sales compensation for the offering. As set forth under Part II, Item 14. “Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution” of the automatic registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, we estimate that the total expenses for the offering payable by us, excluding commissions payable to the sales agents under the terms of the sales agreement, will be approximately $235,000.

The remaining sales proceeds, after deducting any expenses payable by us and any transaction fees imposed by any governmental, regulatory, or self-regulatory organization in connection with the any sales, will equal our net proceeds for the sale of such common stock. As there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to close this offering, the actual total public offering amount, commissions, and proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable as of the filing of this prospectus.

To the extent required by Regulation M, the sales agents will not engage in any market making activities involving our shares of common stock while the offering is ongoing under this prospectus. The sales agents and their affiliates may in the future provide various investment banking and other financial services for us and our affiliates, for which services they may in the future receive customary fees. In connection with the sale of the common stock on our behalf, the sales agents will be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act and, therefore, the compensation we have agreed to pay the sales agents under the sales agreement will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts.

We have agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to the sales agents (and their respective partners, members, directors, officers, employees and agents) against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

The offering of our common stock pursuant to the sales agreement will terminate upon the termination of the sales agreement as permitted therein. We and each of the sales agents (solely on its own behalf), may terminate the sales agreement at any time upon five days’ prior notice.

The foregoing description of the sales agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the sales agreement, dated as of August 31, 2021, by and between Riot Blockchain, Inc. and the sales agents, a copy of which is included as Exhibit 1.2 to the automatic registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

S-14

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the issuance of the securities offered by this prospectus have been passed upon for us by Lewis Roca Rothgerber Christie LLP, Las Vegas, Nevada. Additionally, Rogers Towers, P.A., counsel to the Company, has passed upon certain legal matters pertaining to the filing of this prospectus and the sales agreement between the Company and the sales agents referenced herein. Covington & Burling LLP acted as counsel to the sales agents in connection with this offering.

EXPERTS

The financial statements of Whinstone US, Inc. as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, which are incorporated in this prospectus by reference from the Current Report on Form 8-K/A of Riot Blockchain, Inc. filed with the SEC on August 12, 2021, have been audited by Malcolm M. Dienes, LLC, an independent audit firm, as stated in their report contained in the audited consolidated financial statements of Whinstone US, Inc. as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the note related thereto, filed as Exhibit 99.1 to such Current Report on Form 8-K/A. Such financial statements have been incorporated by reference in this prospectus in reliance upon the report of such independent audit firm given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

S-15

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

This prospectus does not contain all of the information included in the automatic registration statements of which it forms a part, including certain exhibits and schedules and those items we incorporate by reference herein. We file annual, quarterly and special reports, along with other information, including the automatic registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, with the SEC. The filings we make with the SEC are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Our filings with the SEC are also available on our website, https://www.riotblockchain.com/ under the heading “Investors.” The information on this website is not incorporated by reference into, and does not constitute a part of, this prospectus.

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE

The SEC permits us to “incorporate by reference” the information contained in documents we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents rather than by including them in this prospectus. Information that is incorporated by reference herein is considered to be part of this prospectus and you should read it with the same care that you read this prospectus. Information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede the information that is either contained, or incorporated by reference, in this prospectus, and will be considered to be a part of this prospectus from the date those documents are filed. We have filed with the SEC, and incorporate by reference in this prospectus the following:

•

Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the SEC on March 31, 2021, as amended by a filing made with the SEC on April 30, 2021;

•

S-16

RIOT BLOCKCHAIN, INC.

_____________________________

PROSPECTUS

_____________________________

Up to $600,000,000

Shares of Common Stock, No Par Value per Share

_____________________________

*Sales Agents*
Cantor	B. Riley FBR	BTIG	Compass Point	Roth Capital Partners

August 31, 2021

PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.

The following table sets forth the costs and expenses payable by the Registrant in connection with this offering of the securities being registered, other than underwriting commissions and discounts.

Item		Amount
SEC registration fee	$	65,460	⁽¹⁾
Legal fees and expenses		125,000	^(2),(3)
Accounting fees and expenses		30,000	⁽³⁾
Transfer agent and registrar’s fees and expenses		10,000	⁽³⁾
Miscellaneous expenses		5,762	⁽³⁾
Total	$	235,000	⁽³⁾

(1) Pursuant to Rules 456(b) and 457(r) under the Securities Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission registration fee will be paid at the time of any particular offering of securities under the registration statement, and is therefore not currently determinable, other than $65,460 of fees related to the offering, issuance and sale of up to $600,000,000 of our common stock pursuant to this registration statement and the Sales Agreement between the Registrant and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., B. Riley FBR, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC and Roth Capital Partners, LLC, as sales agents for the Registrant.

(2) Includes fees and expenses of the sales agents payable by the Registrant under the Sales Agreement that, pursuant to FINRA Rule 5110, are deemed sales compensation for the offering under the sales agreement prospectus filed with and forming a part of this automatic registration statement.

(3) These fees and expenses are calculated based on the maximum potential offering price for the securities offered pursuant to the sales agreement prospectus. The fees of any future offering of our securities pursuant to the base prospectus are not estimated at this time and will be reflected in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.

Nevada Revised Statutes Sections 78.7502 and 78.751 provide us with the power to indemnify any of our directors and officers. The director or officer must have conducted himself/herself in good faith and reasonably believe that his/her conduct was in, or not opposed to, our best interests. In a criminal action, the director, officer, employee or agent must not have had reasonable cause to believe his/her conduct was unlawful. Under Nevada Revised Statutes Section 78.751, advances for expenses may be made by agreement if the director or officer affirms in writing that he/she believes he/she has met the standards and will personally repay the expenses if it is determined such officer or director did not meet the standards.

Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws provide that our officers and directors shall be indemnified and held harmless to the fullest extent legally permissible under the laws of the State of Nevada against all expenses, liability and loss (including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and amounts paid or to be paid in settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by them in connection with any civil, criminal, administrative or investigative action, suit or proceeding related to their service as an officer or director except for damages for breach of fiduciary duty resulting from material facts or omissions which involve (a) intentional misconduct, (b) fraud, or (c) a knowing violation of law, including the payment of dividends in violation of Nevada Revised Statutes Section 78.300. Further, we have entered into employment agreements with our executive officers which contain provisions requiring us to indemnify them from certain liabilities arising in the course of their employment with us to the fullest extent permitted under our Bylaws and Articles of Incorporation, and we may enter into similar indemnification agreements with each of our directors, executive officers, and certain of our other employees in the future.

Subject to limitations established under applicable Nevada law, federal securities laws, our Articles of Incorporation, and our Bylaws, such right of indemnification shall be a contractual right which may be enforced in any manner desired by such person. These indemnification obligations may require us, among other things, to indemnify and hold our directors and executive officers harmless from certain expenses and against certain liabilities including, among other things, attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines, and settlement amounts actually and reasonably paid or incurred by such director or officer in any action, suit, or proceeding arising out of their services as a director or officer or any other company or enterprise to which the person provides services at our request. Upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of the director or officer to repay the amount if it is ultimately determined by a court of competent jurisdiction that he/she is not entitled to be indemnified by us, we must pay the expenses of officers and directors incurred in defending a civil or criminal action, suit or proceeding as they are incurred and in advance of the final disposition of the action, suit or proceeding. Such right of indemnification shall not be exclusive of any other right which such directors or officers may have or hereafter acquire. The indemnification provided in our Articles of Incorporation shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent, and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such person. We believe these indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve as directors and executive officers.

II-1

As permitted by our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws, we maintain general liability and directors’ and officers’ insurance policies that cover certain liabilities of our directors and officers arising out of claims based on acts or omissions in their capacities as directors or officers, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

THESE LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY DO NOT ALTER DIRECTOR LIABILITY UNDER THE FEDERAL SECURITIES LAWS AND DO NOT AFFECT THE AVAILABILITY OF EQUITABLE REMEDIES SUCH AS AN INJUNCTION OR RESCISSION.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, the Registrant has been informed that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.

Item 16. Exhibits.

Exhibit
Number		Description of Document

1.1		Form of Underwritten Sales Agreement†
1.2		Sales Agreement, dated as of August 31, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., B. Riley FBR, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC and Roth Capital Partners, LLC, as sales agents*
4.1		Articles of Incorporation filed September 20, 2017 (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on September 25, 2017)
4.2		Bylaws, effective September 20, 2017 (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on September 25, 2017)
4.3		Amendment to Bylaws (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 12, 2018)
4.4		Form of Certificate of Designation†
4.5		Form of Preferred Stock Certificate†
4.6		Form of Warrant Agreement†
4.7		Form of Warrant Certificate†
4.8		Form of Debt Security†
4.9		Form of Unit Agreement†
4.10		Form of Securities Purchase Agreement†
5.1		Opinion of Lewis Roca Rothgerber Christie LLP*
23.1		Consent of Marcum LLP*
23.2		Consent of Malcolm M. Dienes, LLC*
23.3		Consent of Lewis Roca Rothgerber Christie LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1)*
24.1		Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of this registration statement)*

Filed herewith.

† To be filed by amendment or by a Current Report on Form 8-K and incorporated by reference herein.

II-2

Item 17. Undertakings.

(a) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:

(1)

To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

(i)	To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;
(ii)	To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and
(iii)	To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement

provided, however, Paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(1)(iii) of this section do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the Registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, that are incorporated by reference in this registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of this registration statement.

(2)

That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3)

To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(4)

That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:

(i)

each prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and

(ii)

each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof; provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.

(5)

That, for the purpose of determining liability of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned Registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned Registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned Registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

(i)

any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned Registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

(ii)

any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned Registrant;

(iii)

the portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned Registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant; and

(iv)

any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned Registrant to the purchaser.

II-3

(b)	The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the Registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(c)	Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
(d)	The Registrant hereby undertakes that:
		(1)	For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.
		(2)	For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

II-4

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on August 31, 2021.

	Riot Blockchain, Inc.

Dated: August 31, 2021	By:	/s/ Jeffrey G. McGonegal
		Jeffrey G. McGonegal Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that the registrant and each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Messrs. Jason Les, Chief Executive Officer of the registrant, and Jeffrey G. McGonegal, Chief Financial Officer of the Registrant, his, her, or its true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him, her or it and in his, her or its name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign and file any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement on Form S-3, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he, she, or it might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name	Title	Date

/s/ Jason Les	Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director	August 31, 2021
Jason Les

/s/ Jeffrey G. McGonegal	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	August 31, 2021
Jeffrey G. McGonegal

/s/ Benjamin Yi	Executive Chairman (Director)	August 31, 2021
Benjamin Yi

/s/ Hubert Marleau	Director	August 31, 2021
Hubert Marleau

/s/ Hannah Cho	Director	August 31, 2021
Hannah Cho

/s/ Lance D’Ambrosio	Director	August 31, 2021
Lance D’Ambrosio

II-5

Exhibit 1.2

Riot Blockchain, Inc.
Shares of Common Stock

(no par value per share)

Controlled Equity Offering^SM

Sales Agreement

August 31, 2021

Cantor Fitzgerald & Co.

499 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10022

B. Riley FBR, Inc.

299 Park Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, New York 10171

BTIG, LLC

65 E 55th Street

New York, New York 10022

Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC

1055 Thomas Jefferson Street NW, Suite 303

Washington, DC 20007

Roth Capital Partners, LLC

888 San Clemente Drive

Newport Beach, California 92660

Ladies and Gentlemen:

Riot Blockchain, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the “Company”), confirms its agreement (this “Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., B. Riley FBR, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (collectively, the “Agents,” and individually, an “Agent”), as follows:

1. Issuance and Sale of Shares. The Company agrees that, from time to time during the term of this Agreement, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and sell through the Agents, shares of common stock (the “Placement Shares”) of the Company, no par value per share (the “Common Stock”); provided, however, that in no event shall the Company issue or sell through the Agents such number or dollar amount of Placement Shares that would (a) exceed the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock registered on the effective Registration Statement (defined below) pursuant to which the offering is being made, (b) exceed the number of authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock (less shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise, conversion or exchange of any outstanding securities of the Company or otherwise reserved from the Company’s authorized capital stock), (c) exceed the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock permitted to be sold under Form S-3 (including General Instruction I.B.6 thereof, if applicable) or (d) exceed the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock for which the Company has filed a Prospectus Supplement (defined below) (the lesser of (a), (b), (c) and (d), the “Maximum Amount”). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto agree that compliance with the limitations set forth in this Section 1 on the amount of Placement Shares issued and sold under this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility of the Company and that the Agents shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance. The offer and sale of Placement Shares through the Agents will be effected pursuant to the Registration Statement (as defined below) filed by the Company and deemed effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on August 31, 2021, although nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as requiring the Company to use the Registration Statement to issue Common Stock.

The Company has filed and prepared, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and the rules and regulations thereunder (the “Securities Act Regulations”), with the Commission a registration statement on Form S-3, including a base prospectus, relating to an indeterminate number or amount of unspecified securities of the Company, and a sales agreement prospectus, relating to the Placement Shares to be issued from time to time by the Company pursuant to offers and sales thereof made through the Designated Agent (as defined below) to whom a Placement Notice is delivered in accordance with the terms of this Agreement (the “Sales Agreement Prospectus”), and which incorporates by reference documents that the Company has filed or will file in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the rules and regulations thereunder. The Company will furnish to the Agents, for use by the Agents, as reasonably requested by the Designated Agent, copies of the prospectus included as part of such registration statement, as supplemented, by each prospectus supplement relating to the Placement Shares to be issued from time to time by the Company, if any (each, a “Prospectus Supplement”). The Company may file one or more additional registration statements from time to time that will contain a base prospectus and related prospectus or prospectus supplement, if applicable (which shall be a Prospectus Supplement), with respect to the Placement Shares. Except where the context otherwise requires, such registration statement(s), including all documents filed as part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and including any information contained in a Prospectus (as defined below) subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act Regulations or deemed to be a part of such registration statement pursuant to Rule 430B of the Securities Act Regulations, is herein called the “Registration Statement.” The base prospectus and the Sales Agreement Prospectus, including all documents incorporated therein by reference, included in the Registration Statement, as it may be supplemented, if necessary, by a Prospectus Supplement, in the form in which such prospectus or prospectuses and/or Prospectus Supplement have most recently been filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act Regulations, together with the then issued Issuer Free Writing Prospectus(es) (as defined below), is herein called the “Prospectus.”

Any reference herein to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, the Sales Agreement Prospectus, any Prospectus Supplement or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents, if any, incorporated by reference therein (the “Incorporated Documents”), including, unless the context otherwise requires, the documents, if any, filed as exhibits to such Incorporated Documents. Any reference herein to the terms “amend,” “amendment” or “supplement” with respect to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, the Sales Agreement Prospectus, any Prospectus Supplement, or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the filing of any document under the Exchange Act on or after the most-recent effective date of the Registration Statement, or the date of the Prospectus, the Sales Agreement Prospectus, any Prospectus Supplement, or such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, as the case may be, and incorporated therein by reference. For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or to any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to include the most recent copy filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval system, or if applicable, the Interactive Data Electronic Application system when used by the Commission (collectively, “EDGAR”).

2. Placements. Each time that the Company wishes to issue and sell Placement Shares hereunder (each, a “Placement”), it will notify an Agent (such Agent, the “Designated Agent”) by email notice (or other method mutually agreed to by the parties) of the number of Placement Shares to be issued, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the number of Placement Shares that may be sold in any one day and any minimum price below which sales may not be made (a “Placement Notice”), the form of which is attached hereto as Schedule 1. The Placement Notice shall originate from any of the individuals from the Company set forth on Schedule 3 (with a copy to each of the other individuals from the Company listed on such schedule), and shall be addressed to each of the individuals from the Designated Agent, as set forth on Schedule 3, as such Schedule 3 may be amended from time to time. The Placement Notice shall be effective unless and until (i) the Designated Agent declines to accept the terms contained therein for any reason, in its sole discretion, (ii) the entire amount of the Placement Shares thereunder have been sold, (iii) the Company suspends or terminates the Placement Notice or (iv) this Agreement has been terminated under the provisions of Section 12. The amount of any discount, commission or other compensation to be paid by the Company to the Designated Agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares shall be calculated in accordance with the terms set forth in Schedule 2. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that neither the Company nor the Agents will have any obligation whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and until the Company delivers a Placement Notice to the Designated Agent and the Designated Agent does not decline such Placement Notice pursuant to the terms set forth above, and then only upon the terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the terms of a Placement Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will control.

3. Sale of Placement Shares by the Designated Agent. Subject to the provisions of Section 5(a), the Designated Agent, for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, to sell the Placement Shares up to the amount specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. The Designated Agent will provide written confirmation to the Company no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined below) immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder setting forth the number of Placement Shares sold on such day, the compensation payable by the Company to the Designated Agent pursuant to Section 2 with respect to such sales, and the Net Proceeds (as defined below) payable to the Company, with an itemization of the deductions made by the Designated Agent (as set forth in Section 5(b)) from the gross proceeds that it receives from such sales. Subject to the terms of the Placement Notice, the Designated Agent may sell Placement Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) of the Securities Act Regulations, including sales made directly on or through The Nasdaq Capital Market (the “Exchange”) or any other existing trading market for the Common Stock, in negotiated transactions at market prices prevailing at the time of sale or at prices related to such prevailing market prices and/or any other method permitted by law. “Trading Day” means any day on which Common Stock is traded on the Exchange.

4. Suspension of Sales. The Company or the Designated Agent, acting as representative of the Agents, may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on Schedule 3, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on Schedule 3), suspend any sale of Placement Shares (a “Suspension”); provided, however, that such Suspension shall not affect or impair any party’s obligations with respect to any Placement Shares sold hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice. While a Suspension is in effect any obligation under Sections 7(l), 7(m), and 7(n) with respect to the delivery of certificates, opinions, or comfort letters to the Agents, shall be waived. Each of the parties agrees that no such notice under this Section 4 shall be effective against any other party unless it is made to one of the individuals named on Schedule 3 hereto, as such Schedule may be amended from time to time upon written notice to the other party.

5. Sale and Delivery to the Designated Agent; Settlement.

(a) Sale of Placement Shares. On the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, upon the Designated Agent’s acceptance of the terms of a Placement Notice, and unless the sale of the Placement Shares described therein has been declined, suspended, or otherwise terminated in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, the Designated Agent, for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable law and regulations to sell such Placement Shares up to the amount specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i) there can be no assurance that the Designated Agent will be successful in selling Placement Shares, (ii) the Agents will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if they do not sell Placement Shares for any reason other than a failure by the Designated Agent to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable law and regulations to sell such Placement Shares as required under this Agreement and (iii) the Designated Agent shall be under no obligation to purchase Placement Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except as otherwise agreed by the Designated Agent and the Company.

(b) Settlement of Placement Shares. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of Placement Shares will occur on the second (2nd) Trading Day (or such earlier day as is industry practice for regular-way trading) following the date on which such sales are made (each, a “Settlement Date”). The Designated Agent shall notify the Company of each sale of Placement Shares no later than the opening of the Trading Day immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder. The amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a Settlement Date against receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the “Net Proceeds”) will be equal to the aggregate sales price received by the Designated Agent, after deduction for (i) the Agents’ commission, discount or other compensation for such sales payable by the Company pursuant to Section 2 hereof, and (ii) any transaction fees imposed by any Governmental Authority (as defined below) in respect of such sales.

(c) Delivery of Placement Shares. On or before each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically transfer the Placement Shares being sold by crediting the Designated Agent’s or its designee’s account (provided the Designated Agent shall have given the Company written notice of such designee at least one Trading Day prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System or by such other means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto which in all cases shall be freely tradable, transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, the Designated Agent will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same day funds to an account designated by the Company on, or prior to, the Settlement Date. The Company agrees that if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver Placement Shares on a Settlement Date, the Company agrees that in addition to and in no way limiting the rights and obligations set forth in Section 10(a) hereto, it will (i) hold the Designated Agent harmless against any loss, claim, damage, or expense (including reasonable legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company or its transfer agent (if applicable) and (ii) pay to the Designated Agent any commission, discount, or other compensation to which it would otherwise have been entitled absent such default.

(d) Denominations; Registration. The Company and the Agents each acknowledge and agree that the Placements Shares shall, unless agreed by the Company or required by applicable Laws, not be issued in certificated form. Certificates for the Placement Shares, if any, shall be in such denominations and registered in such names as the Designated Agent may request in writing at least one full Business Day (as defined below) before the Settlement Date. The certificates for the Placement Shares, if any, will be made available by the Company for examination and packaging by the Designated Agent in The City of New York not later than noon (New York time) on the Business Day prior to the Settlement Date.

(e) Limitations on Offering Size. Under no circumstances shall the Company request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares if, after giving effect to the sale of such Placement Shares, the aggregate gross sales proceeds of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement would exceed the lesser of (A) together with all sales of Placement Shares under this Agreement, the Maximum Amount and (B) the amount authorized from time to time to be issued and sold under this Agreement by the Company’s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee, and notified to the Designated Agent in writing. Under no circumstances shall the Company request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement at a price lower than the minimum price authorized from time to time by the Company’s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee. Further, under no circumstances shall the Company request the offer or sale of Placement Shares such that, after giving effect to such request, the aggregate offering amount of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement to exceed the Maximum Amount.

(f) Sales Through Designated Agent. With respect to the offering and sale of Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement, the Company and Agents agree that any offer to sell Placement Shares, any solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares, and any sales of Placement Shares shall only be effected by or through the Designated Agent.

6. Representations and Warranties of the Company. The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with the Agents that as of the date of this Agreement and as of each Applicable Time (as defined below):

(a) Registration Statement and Prospectus. The Company and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement meet the requirements for and comply with the applicable conditions set forth in Form S-3 (including General Instructions I.A and I.B) under the Securities Act. The Registration Statement has been filed with the Commission and deemed effective by the Commission under the Securities Act. The Sales Agreement Prospectus identifies the Agents as the agents in the section titled “Plan of Distribution.” The Company has not received, and has no notice of, any order of the Commission preventing or suspending the use of the Registration Statement, or threatening or instituting proceedings for that purpose. The Registration Statement and the offer and sale of Placement Shares as contemplated hereby meet the requirements of Rule 415 under the Securities Act and comply in all material respects with said Rule. Any statutes, regulations, contracts or other documents that are required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement have been so described or filed. Copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and any such amendments or supplements and all documents incorporated by reference therein that were filed with the Commission on or prior to the date of this Agreement have been delivered, or are available through EDGAR, to the Agents and their counsel. The Company has not distributed and, prior to the later to occur of each Settlement Date and completion of the distribution of the Placement Shares, will not distribute any offering material in connection with the offering or sale of the Placement Shares other than the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (as defined below) to which the Agents have consented. The Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act and is currently listed on the Exchange under the trading symbol “RIOT.” The Company has taken no action designed to, or likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act, delisting the Common Stock from the Exchange, nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission or the Exchange is contemplating terminating such registration or listing. To the Company’s knowledge, it is in compliance with all applicable listing requirements of the Exchange.

(b) No Misstatement or Omission. The Registration Statement, when it became or becomes effective, and the Prospectus, and any amendment or supplement thereto, on the date of such Prospectus or amendment or supplement, conformed and will conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act. At each Settlement Date, the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as of such date, will conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act. The Registration Statement, when it became or becomes effective, did not, and will not, contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The Prospectus and any amendment and supplement thereto, as of the time of filing with the Commission and at each Applicable Time (defined below), did not or will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The documents incorporated by reference in the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement did not, and any further documents filed and incorporated by reference therein will not, when filed with the Commission, contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated in such document or necessary to make the statements in such document, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The foregoing shall not apply to statements in, or omissions from, any such document made in reliance upon, and in conformity with, information furnished to the Company by the Agents specifically for use in the preparation thereof.

(c) Conformity with Securities Act and Exchange Act. The Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, and the documents incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, when such documents were or are filed with the Commission under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or became or become effective under the Securities Act, as the case may be, conformed or will conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable.

(d) Financial Information. The consolidated financial statements of the Company included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses, if any, together with the related notes and schedules, present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company and the Subsidiaries (as defined below) as of the dates indicated and the consolidated results of operations, cash flows and changes in stockholders’ equity of the Company for the periods specified and have been prepared in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Act and Exchange Act and in conformity with GAAP (as defined below) applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved; the other financial and statistical data with respect to the Company and the Subsidiaries (as defined below) contained or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses, if any, are accurately and fairly presented and prepared on a basis consistent with the financial statements and books and records of the Company; there are no financial statements (historical or pro forma) that are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus that are not included or incorporated by reference as required; the Company and the Subsidiaries (as defined below) do not have any material liabilities or obligations, direct or contingent (including any off-balance sheet obligations), not described in the Registration Statement (excluding the exhibits thereto), and the Prospectus, or otherwise incorporated therein by reference to the Incorporated Documents; and all disclosures contained or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses, if any, regarding “non-GAAP financial measures” (as such term is defined by the rules and regulations of the Commission) comply with Regulation G of the Exchange Act and Item 10 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, to the extent applicable. The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with the Commission’s rules and guidelines applicable thereto.

(e) Conformity with EDGAR Filing. The Prospectus delivered to the Agents for use in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement will be identical to the versions of the Prospectus created to be transmitted to the Commission for filing via EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.

(f) Organization. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries are duly organized, validly existing as a corporation and in good standing under the laws of their respective jurisdictions of organization. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries are duly licensed or qualified as a foreign corporation for transaction of business and in good standing under the laws of each other jurisdiction in which their respective ownership or lease of property or the conduct of their respective businesses requires such license or qualification, and have all corporate power and authority necessary to own or hold their respective properties and to conduct their respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing or have such power or authority would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect or would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the assets, business, operations, earnings, properties, condition (financial or otherwise), prospects, stockholders’ equity or results of operations of the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, or prevent or materially interfere with consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby (a “Material Adverse Effect”).

(g) Subsidiaries. The subsidiaries set forth on Schedule 4 (collectively, the “Subsidiaries”), are the Company’s only significant subsidiaries (as such term is defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Commission). Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Company owns, directly or indirectly, all of the equity interests of the Subsidiaries free and clear of any lien, charge, security interest, encumbrance, right of first refusal or other restriction, and all the equity interests of the Subsidiaries are validly issued and are fully paid, nonassessable and free of preemptive and similar rights. No Subsidiary is currently prohibited, directly or indirectly, from paying any dividends to the Company, from making any other distribution on such Subsidiary’s capital stock, from repaying to the Company any loans or advances to such Subsidiary from the Company or from transferring any of such Subsidiary’s property or assets to the Company or any other Subsidiary of the Company.

(h) No Violation or Default. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is (i) in violation of its charter or by-laws or similar organizational documents; (ii) in default, and no event has occurred that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute such a default, in the due performance or observance of any term, covenant or condition contained in any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or by which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries are subject; or (iii) in violation of any law or statute or any judgment, order, rule or regulation of any Governmental Authority, except, in the case of each of clauses (ii) and (iii) above, for any such violation or default that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. To the Company’s knowledge, no other party under any material contract or other agreement to which it or any of its Subsidiaries is a party is in default in any respect thereunder where such default would have a Material Adverse Effect.

(i) No Material Adverse Change. Subsequent to the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Free Writing Prospectuses, if any (including any document deemed incorporated by reference therein), there has not been (i) any Material Adverse Effect or the occurrence of any development that the Company reasonably expects will result in a Material Adverse Effect, (ii) any transaction which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iii) any obligation or liability, direct or contingent (including any off-balance sheet obligations), incurred by the Company or any Subsidiary, which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iv) any material change in the capital stock or outstanding long-term indebtedness of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (v) any dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made on the capital stock of the Company or any Subsidiary, other than in each case above in the ordinary course of business or as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement or Prospectus (including any document deemed incorporated by reference therein).

(j) Capitalization. The issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been validly issued, are fully paid and nonassessable and, other than as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, are not subject to any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or similar rights. The Company has an authorized, issued and outstanding capitalization as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as of the dates referred to therein (other than the grant of additional options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units, or other convertible equity under any compensatory or incentive equity plans, benefits plans, stock ownership plans or dividend reinvestment plans of the Company that are disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, whether now in effect or hereafter implemented, or changes in the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company due to the issuance of shares upon the exercise or conversion of securities exercisable for, or convertible into, Common Stock outstanding on the date hereof) and such authorized capital stock conforms to the description thereof set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. The description of the securities of the Company in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus is complete and accurate in all material respects. Except as disclosed in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, as of the date referred to therein, the Company does not have outstanding any options to purchase, or any rights or warrants to subscribe for, or any securities or obligations convertible into, or exchangeable for, or any contracts or commitments to issue or sell, any shares of capital stock or other securities.

(k) Authorization; Enforceability. The Company has full legal right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement and perform the transactions contemplated hereby. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and, assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by the Agents, is a legal, valid and binding agreement of the Company enforceable in accordance with its terms, except to the extent that enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally and by general equitable principles.

(l) Authorization of Placement Shares. The Placement Shares, when issued and delivered pursuant to the terms approved by the board of directors of the Company or a duly authorized committee thereof, or a duly authorized executive committee, against payment therefor as provided herein, will be duly and validly authorized and issued and fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim, including any statutory or contractual preemptive rights, resale rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights, and will be registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act. The Placement Shares, when issued, will conform to the description thereof set forth in or incorporated into the Prospectus.

(m) No Consents Required. No consent, approval, authorization, order, registration or qualification of or with any Governmental Authority is required for the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement, and the issuance and sale by the Company of the Placement Shares, except for such consents, approvals, authorizations, orders and registrations or qualifications as may be required under applicable state securities laws or by the by-laws and rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) or the Exchange in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares by the Agent.

(n) No Preferential Rights. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, (i) no person, as such term is defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Act (each, a “Person”), has the right, contractual or otherwise, to cause the Company to issue or sell to such Person any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company, (ii) no Person has any preemptive rights, resale rights, rights of first refusal, rights of co-sale, or any other rights (whether pursuant to a “poison pill” provision or otherwise) to purchase any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company, (iii) no Person has the right to act as an underwriter or as a financial advisor to the Company in connection with the offer and sale of the Common Stock, and (iv) no Person has the right, contractual or otherwise, to require the Company to register under the Securities Act any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company, or to include any such shares or other securities in the Registration Statement or the offering contemplated thereby, whether as a result of the filing or effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated thereby or otherwise.

(o) Independent Public Accounting Firm. Marcum LLP (the “Accountant”), whose report on the consolidated financial statements of the Company is filed with the Commission as part of the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission and incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, is and, during the periods covered by their report, was an independent registered public accounting firm within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). To the Company’s knowledge, the Accountant is not in violation of the auditor independence requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) with respect to the Company. Malcolm M. Dienes, LLC (the “Whinstone Accountant”), former independent auditor for Whinstone US, Inc., a Delaware corporation and Subsidiary of the Company (“Whinstone”), which has expressed its opinion with respect to certain financial statements of Whinstone, incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, is and, during the periods covered by their report, was an independent auditor within the meaning of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (“AICPA”). To the Company’s knowledge, the Whinstone Accountant is not in violation of the auditor independence requirements of the FASB and the AICPA with respect to the Company and Whinstone.

(p) Enforceability of Agreements. All agreements between the Company and third parties expressly referenced in the Prospectus are legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company enforceable in accordance with their respective terms, except to the extent that (i) enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally and by general equitable principles and (ii) the indemnification provisions of certain agreements may be limited by federal or state securities laws or public policy considerations in respect thereof.

(q) No Litigation. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, there are no actions, suits or proceedings by or before any Governmental Authority pending, nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any audits or investigations by or before any Governmental Authority to which the Company or a Subsidiary is a party or to which any property of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is the subject that, individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect and, to the Company’s knowledge, no such actions, suits, proceedings, audits or investigations are threatened or contemplated by any Governmental Authority or threatened by others; and (i) there are no current or pending audits or investigations, actions, suits or proceedings by or before any Governmental Authority that are required under the Securities Act to be described in the Prospectus that are not so described; and (ii) there are no contracts or other documents that are required under the Securities Act to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement that are not so filed.

(r) Consents and Permits. The Company and each Subsidiary possess such valid and current certificates, authorizations or permits issued by the appropriate state, federal or foreign regulatory agencies or bodies necessary to conduct their respective businesses, and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received, or has any reason to believe that it will receive, any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of, or non-compliance with, any such certificate, authorization or permit which, singly or in the aggregate, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, ruling or finding, could result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(s) Intellectual Property. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company and its Subsidiaries own, possess, license or have other rights to use all foreign and domestic patents, patent applications, trade and service marks, trade and service mark registrations, trade names, copyrights, licenses, inventions, trade secrets, technology, Internet domain names, know-how and other intellectual property (collectively, the “Intellectual Property”), necessary for the conduct of their respective businesses as now conducted except to the extent that the failure to own, possess, license or otherwise hold adequate rights to use such Intellectual Property would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (i) there are no rights of third parties to any such Intellectual Property owned by the Company and its Subsidiaries; (ii) to the Company’s knowledge, there is no infringement by third parties of any such Intellectual Property; (iii) there is no pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the Company’s and its Subsidiaries’ rights in or to any such Intellectual Property, and the Company is unaware of any facts which could form a reasonable basis for any such action, suit, proceeding or claim; (iv) there is no pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the validity or scope of any such Intellectual Property; (v) there is no pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others that the Company and its Subsidiaries infringe or otherwise violate any patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret or other proprietary rights of others; (vi) to the Company’s knowledge, there is no third-party U.S. patent or published U.S. patent application which contains claims for which an Interference Proceeding (as defined in 35 U.S.C. § 135) has been commenced against any patent or patent application described in the Prospectus as being owned by or licensed to the Company; and (vii) the Company and its Subsidiaries have complied with the terms of each agreement pursuant to which Intellectual Property has been licensed to the Company or such Subsidiary, and all such agreements are in full force and effect, except, in the case of any of clauses (i)-(vii) above, for any such infringement by third parties or any such pending or threatened suit, action, proceeding or claim as would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(t) Market Capitalization. At the time the Registration Statement became effective, and at the time the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K was filed with the Commission, the Company met the then applicable requirements for the use of Form S-3 under the Securities Act, including, but not limited to, General Instruction I.B.1 of Form S-3. The Company is not a shell company (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) and has not been a shell company for at least 12 calendar months previously and if it has been a shell company at any time previously, has filed current Form 10 information (as defined in Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3) with the Commission at least 12 calendar months previously reflecting its status as an entity that is not a shell company.

(u) No Material Defaults. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has not filed a report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act since the filing of its last Annual Report on Form 10-K, indicating that it (i) has failed to pay any dividend or sinking fund installment on preferred stock or (ii) has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect.

(v) Certain Market Activities. Neither the Company, nor any of the Subsidiaries, nor any of their respective directors, officers or controlling persons has taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed, or that has constituted or might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, under the Exchange Act or otherwise, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Placement Shares.

(w) Broker/Dealer Relationships. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries (i) is required to register as a “broker” or “dealer” in accordance with the provisions of the Exchange Act or (ii) directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is a “person associated with a member” or “associated person of a member” (within the meaning set forth in the FINRA Manual).

(x) No Reliance. The Company has not relied upon the Agents or legal counsel for the Agents for any legal, tax or accounting advice in connection with the offering and sale of the Placement Shares.

(y) Taxes. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries have timely filed (including any extension of the time to file) all federal, state, local and foreign tax returns which have been required to be filed and paid all taxes shown thereon through the date hereof, to the extent that such taxes have become due and are not being contested in good faith, except where the failure to so file or pay would not have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as otherwise disclosed in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, no tax deficiency has been determined adversely to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries which has had, or would have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has no knowledge of any federal, state or other governmental tax deficiency, penalty or assessment which has been or might be asserted or threatened against it which would have a Material Adverse Effect.

(z) Title to Real and Personal Property. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Company and its Subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to all items of real property owned by them, good and valid title to all personal property described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus as being owned by them, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances and claims, except those matters that (i) do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and any of its Subsidiaries or (ii) would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. Any real or personal property described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus as being leased by the Company and any of its Subsidiaries is held by them under valid, existing and enforceable leases, except those that (A) do not materially interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such property by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (B) would not be reasonably expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect. Each of the properties of the Company and its Subsidiaries complies with all applicable codes, laws and regulations (including, without limitation, building and zoning codes, laws and regulations and laws relating to access to such properties), except if and to the extent disclosed in the Registration Statement or Prospectus or except for such failures to comply that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to interfere in any material respect with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and its Subsidiaries or otherwise have a Material Adverse Effect. None of the Company or its subsidiaries has received from any Governmental Authorities any notice of any condemnation of, or zoning change affecting, the properties of the Company and its Subsidiaries, and the Company knows of no such condemnation or zoning change which is threatened, except for such that would not reasonably be expected to interfere in any material respect with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and its Subsidiaries or otherwise have a Material Adverse Effect, individually or in the aggregate.

(aa) Environmental Laws. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Company and its Subsidiaries (i) are in compliance with any and all applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws, rules, regulations, decisions and orders relating to the protection of human health and safety, the environment or hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants (collectively, “Environmental Laws”); (ii) have received and are in compliance with all permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus; and (iii) have not received notice of any actual or potential liability for the investigation or remediation of any disposal or release of hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants, except, in the case of any of clauses (i), (ii) or (iii) above, for any such failure to comply or failure to receive required permits, licenses, other approvals or liability as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.

(bb) Disclosure Controls. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Company and each of its Subsidiaries maintain systems of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorizations; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and to maintain asset accountability; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus: (i) the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective and the Company is not aware of any material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting; (ii) since the date of the latest audited financial statements of the Company included in the Prospectus, there has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; (iii) the Company has established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15) for the Company and designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information relating to the Company and each of its Subsidiaries is made known to the certifying officers by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as the case may be, is being prepared; (iv) the Company’s certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of the Form 10-K for the fiscal year most recently ended (such date, the “Evaluation Date”); (v) the Company presented in its Form 10-K for the fiscal year most recently ended the conclusions of the certifying officers about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on their evaluations as of the Evaluation Date and the disclosure controls and procedures are effective; and (vi) since the Evaluation Date, there have been no significant changes in the Company’s internal controls (as such term is defined in Item 307(b) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act) or, to the Company’s knowledge, in other factors that could significantly affect the Company’s internal controls.

(cc) Sarbanes-Oxley. There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or any of the Company’s directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with any applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Each of the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer of the Company (or each former principal executive officer of the Company and each former principal financial officer of the Company as applicable) has made all certifications required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act with respect to all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by it or furnished by it to the Commission. For purposes of the preceding sentence, “principal executive officer” and “principal financial officer” shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

(dd) Finder’s Fees. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has incurred any liability for any finder’s fees, brokerage commissions or similar payments in connection with the transactions herein contemplated, except as may otherwise exist with respect to the Agents pursuant to this Agreement.

(ee) Labor Disputes. No labor disturbance by or dispute with employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is threatened which would result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(ff) Investment Company Act. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries is or, after giving effect to the offering and sale of the Placement Shares, will be an “investment company” or an entity “controlled” by an “investment company,” as such terms are defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”).

(gg) Operations. The operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in material compliance with applicable financial record keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all jurisdictions to which the Company or its Subsidiaries are subject, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any Governmental Authority (collectively, the “Money Laundering Laws”); and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any Governmental Authority involving the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened.

(hh) Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. There are no transactions, arrangements and other relationships between and/or among the Company, and/or any of its affiliates and any unconsolidated entity, including, but not limited to, any structured finance, special purpose or limited purpose entity (each, an “Off-Balance Sheet Transaction”) that could reasonably be expected to affect materially the Company’s liquidity or the availability of or requirements for its capital resources, including those Off-Balance Sheet Transactions described in the Commission’s Statement about Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations (Release Nos. 33-8056; 34-45321; FR-61), required to be described in the Prospectus which have not been described as required.

(ii) Underwriter Agreements. The Company is not a party to any agreement with an agent or underwriter for any other “at the market” or continuous equity transaction involving the primary offering of the Company’s securities.

(jj) ERISA. To the knowledge of the Company, each material employee benefit plan, within the meaning of Section 3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), that is maintained, administered or contributed to by the Company or any of its affiliates for employees or former employees of the Company and any of its Subsidiaries has been maintained in material compliance with its terms and the requirements of any applicable statutes, orders, rules and regulations, including but not limited to ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”); no prohibited transaction, within the meaning of Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code, has occurred which would result in a material liability to the Company with respect to any such plan excluding transactions effected pursuant to a statutory or administrative exemption; and for each such plan that is subject to the funding rules of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA, no “accumulated funding deficiency” as defined in Section 412 of the Code has been incurred, whether or not waived, and the fair market value of the assets of each such plan (excluding for these purposes accrued but unpaid contributions) exceeds the present value of all benefits accrued under such plan determined using reasonable actuarial assumptions.

(kk) Forward-Looking Statements. No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act) (a “Forward-Looking Statement”) contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus has been made or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed other than in good faith.

(ll) Agent Purchases. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Agents have informed the Company that the Agents may, to the extent permitted under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, purchase and sell Common Stock for their own accounts while this Agreement is in effect, provided, that (i) no such purchase or sales shall take place while a Placement Notice is in effect (except to the extent the Agents may engage in sales of Placement Shares purchased or deemed purchased from the Company as a “riskless principal” or in a similar capacity) and (ii) the Company shall not be deemed to have authorized or consented to any such purchases or sales by the Agents.

(mm) Margin Rules. Neither the issuance, sale and delivery of the Placement Shares nor the application of the proceeds thereof by the Company as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus will violate Regulation T, U or X of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or any other regulation of such Board of Governors.

(nn) Insurance. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries carry, or are covered by, insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as the Company and each of its Subsidiaries reasonably believe are adequate for the conduct of their business and as is customary for companies engaged in similar businesses in similar industries.

(oo) No Improper Practices. (i) Neither the Company nor the Subsidiaries, nor any director, officer, or employee of the Company or any Subsidiary nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any agent, affiliate or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary has, in the past five years, made any unlawful contributions to any candidate for any political office (or failed fully to disclose any contribution in violation of applicable law) or made any contribution or other payment to any official of, or candidate for, any federal, state, municipal, or foreign office or other person charged with similar public or quasi-public duty in violation of any applicable law or of the character required to be disclosed in the Prospectus; (ii) no relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or any Subsidiary or any affiliate of any of them, on the one hand, and the directors, officers and stockholders of the Company or any Subsidiary, on the other hand, that is required by the Securities Act to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus that is not so described; (iii) no relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or any Subsidiary or any affiliate of them, on the one hand, and the directors, officers, or stockholders of the Company or any Subsidiary, on the other hand, that is required by the rules of FINRA to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus that is not so described; (iv) except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, there are no material outstanding loans or advances or material guarantees of indebtedness by the Company or any Subsidiary to or for the benefit of any of their respective officers or directors or any of the members of the families of any of them; and (v) the Company has not offered, or caused any placement agent to offer, Common Stock to any person with the intent to influence unlawfully (A) a customer or supplier of the Company or any Subsidiary to alter the customer’s or supplier’s level or type of business with the Company or any Subsidiary or (B) a trade journalist or publication to write or publish favorable information about the Company or any Subsidiary or any of their respective products or services, and, (vi) neither the Company nor any Subsidiary nor any director, officer or employee of the Company or any Subsidiary nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any agent, affiliate or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary has (A) violated or is in violation of any applicable provision of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or any other applicable anti-bribery or anti-corruption law (collectively, “Anti-Corruption Laws”), (B) promised, offered, provided, attempted to provide or authorized the provision of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any person for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business, influencing any act or decision of the recipient, or securing any improper advantage; or (C) made any payment of funds of the Company or any Subsidiary or received or retained any funds in violation of any Anti-Corruption Laws.

(pp) Status Under the Securities Act. The Company was not and is not an ineligible issuer as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act at the times specified in Rules 164 and 433 under the Securities Act in connection with the offering of the Placement Shares.

(qq) No Misstatement or Omission in an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus. Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, as of its issue date and as of each Applicable Time (as defined in Section 23 below), did not, does not and will not include any information that conflicted, conflicts or will conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any incorporated document deemed to be a part thereof that has not been superseded or modified. The foregoing sentence does not apply to statements in or omissions from any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus based upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by the Agents specifically for use therein.

(rr) No Conflicts. Neither the execution of this Agreement, nor the issuance, offering or sale of the Placement Shares, nor the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated herein, nor the compliance by the Company with the terms and provisions hereof will conflict with, or will result in a breach of, any of the terms and provisions of, or has constituted or will constitute a default under, or has resulted in or will result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Company pursuant to the terms of any contract or other agreement to which the Company may be bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company is subject, except (i) such conflicts, breaches or defaults as may have been waived and (ii) such conflicts, breaches and defaults that would not have a Material Adverse Effect; nor will such action result (x) in any violation of the provisions of the organizational or governing documents of the Company, or (y) in any material violation of the provisions of any statute or any order, rule or regulation applicable to the Company or of any Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over the Company.

(ss) Sanctions. (i) The Company represents that, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries (collectively, the “Entity”) or any director, officer, employee, agent, affiliate or representative of the Entity, is a government, individual, or entity (in this paragraph (ss), “Person”) that is, or is owned or controlled by a Person that is:

(A) the subject of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”), the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, Her Majesty’s Treasury, or other relevant sanctions authorities, including, without limitation, designation on OFAC’s Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List or OFAC’s Foreign Sanctions Evaders List (as amended, collectively, “Sanctions”), nor

(B) located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of Sanctions that broadly prohibit dealings with that country or territory (including, without limitation, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, Syria and the Crimea Region of the Ukraine) (the “Sanctioned Countries”).

(ii) The Entity represents and covenants that it will not, directly or indirectly, use the proceeds of the offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other Person:

(A) to fund or facilitate any activities or business of or with any Person or in any country or territory that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject of Sanctions or is a Sanctioned Country; or

(B) in any other manner that will result in a violation of Sanctions by any Person (including any Person participating in the offering, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise).

(iii) The Entity represents and covenants that, except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, for the past 5 years, it has not engaged in, is not now engaging in, and will not engage in, any dealings or transactions with any Person, or in any country or territory, that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject of Sanctions or is or was a Sanctioned Country.

(tt) Stock Transfer Taxes. On each Settlement Date, all stock transfer or other taxes (other than income taxes) which are required to be paid in connection with the sale and transfer of the Placement Shares to be sold hereunder will be, or will have been, fully paid or provided for by the Company and all laws imposing such taxes will be or will have been fully complied with.

(uu) Compliance with Laws. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries are in material compliance with all applicable laws, regulations and statutes (including all environmental laws and regulations) in the jurisdictions in which it carries on business; the Company has not received a notice of non-compliance, nor knows of, nor has reasonable grounds to know of, any facts that could give rise to a notice of non-compliance with any such laws, regulations and statutes, and is not aware of any pending change or contemplated change to any applicable law or regulation or governmental position; in each case that would give rise to a Material Adverse Effect.

(vv) Statistical and Market-Related Data. The statistical, demographic and market-related data included in the Registration Statement and Prospectus are based on or derived from sources that the Company believes to be reliable and accurate or represent the Company’s good faith estimates that are made on the basis of data derived from such sources.

(ww) Cybersecurity. The Company and its subsidiaries’ information technology assets and equipment, computers, systems, networks, hardware, software, websites, applications, and databases (collectively, “IT Systems”) are adequate for, and operate and perform in all material respects as required in connection with the operation of the business of the Company as currently conducted, free and clear of all material bugs, errors, defects, Trojan horses, time bombs, malware and other corruptants. The Company and its subsidiaries have implemented and maintained commercially reasonable physical, technical and administrative controls, policies, procedures, and safeguards to maintain and protect their material confidential information and the integrity, continuous operation, redundancy and security of all IT Systems and data, including all “Personal Data” (defined below) and all sensitive, confidential or regulated data (“Confidential Data”) used in connection with their businesses. “Personal Data” means (i) a natural person’s name, street address, telephone number, e-mail address, photograph, social security number or tax identification number, driver’s license number, passport number, credit card number, bank information, or customer or account number; (ii) any information which would qualify as “personally identifying information” under the Federal Trade Commission Act, as amended; (iii) “personal data” as defined by the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (EU 2016/679) (“GDPR”); (iv) any information which would qualify as “protected health information” under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (collectively, “HIPAA”); (v) any “personal information” as defined by the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”); and (vi) any other piece of information that allows the identification of such natural person, or his or her family, or permits the collection or analysis of any data related to an identified person’s health or sexual orientation. There have been no breaches, violations, outages or unauthorized uses of or accesses to same, except for those that have been remedied without material cost or liability or the duty to notify any other person, nor any incidents under internal review or investigations relating to the same. The Company and its subsidiaries are presently in material compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems, Confidential Data, and Personal Data and to the protection of such IT Systems, Confidential Data, and Personal Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification.

(xx) Compliance with Data Privacy Laws. The Company and its subsidiaries are, and to the knowledge of the Company, at all prior times were, in material compliance with all applicable state and federal data privacy and security laws and regulations, including without limitation HIPAA, CCPA, and the GDPR (collectively, the “Privacy Laws”). To ensure compliance with the Privacy Laws, the Company has in place, complies with, and takes appropriate steps to ensure compliance in all material respects with their policies and procedures relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, processing, disclosure, handling, and analysis of Personal Data and Confidential Data (the “Policies”). The Company has at all times made all disclosures to users or customers required by applicable laws and regulatory rules or requirements, and none of such disclosures made or contained in any Policy have been inaccurate or in violation of any applicable laws and regulatory rules or requirements in any material respect. The Company further certifies that neither it nor any subsidiary: (i) has received notice of any actual or potential liability under or relating to, or actual or potential violation of, any of the Privacy Laws, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in any such notice; (ii) is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation, or other corrective action pursuant to any Privacy Law; or (iii) is a party to any order, decree, or agreement that imposes any obligation or liability under any Privacy Law.

Any certificate signed by an officer of the Company and delivered to the Agents or to counsel for the Agents pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement shall be deemed to be a representation and warranty by the Company, as applicable, to the Agents as to the matters set forth therein.

7. Covenants of the Company. The Company covenants and agrees with the Agents that:

(a) Registration Statement Amendments. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which a Prospectus relating to any Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Agents under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act or similar rule), (i) the Company will notify the Agents promptly of the time when any subsequent amendment to the Registration Statement, other than documents incorporated by reference, has been filed with the Commission and/or has become effective or any subsequent supplement to the Prospectus has been filed and of any request by the Commission for any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus or for additional information, (ii) the Company will prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon the Designated Agent’s reasonable request, any amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that, in the Designated Agent’s reasonable opinion, may be necessary or advisable in connection with the distribution of the Placement Shares by the Agents (provided, however, that the failure of the Designated Agent to make such request shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agents’ right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement and provided, further, that the only remedy the Agents shall have with respect to the failure to make such filing shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is filed); (iii) the Company will not file any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares or a security convertible into the Placement Shares unless a copy thereof has been submitted to the Agents within a reasonable period of time before the filing and the Agents have not objected thereto (provided, however, that the failure of the Agents to make such objection shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agents’ right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement and provided, further, that the only remedy the Agents shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to obtain such consent shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement) and the Company will furnish to the Agents at the time of filing thereof a copy of any document that upon filing is deemed to be incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus, except for those documents available via EDGAR; and (iv) the Company will cause each amendment or supplement to the Prospectus to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act or, in the case of any document to be incorporated therein by reference, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the Exchange Act, within the time period prescribed (the determination to file or not file any amendment or supplement with the Commission under this Section 7(a), based on the Company’s reasonable opinion or reasonable objections, shall be made exclusively by the Company).

(b) Notice of Commission Stop Orders. The Company will advise the Agents, promptly after it receives notice or obtains knowledge thereof, of the issuance or threatened issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, of the suspension of the qualification of the Placement Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or of the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for any such purpose; and it will promptly use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop order or to obtain its withdrawal if such a stop order should be issued. The Company will advise the Agents promptly after it receives any request by the Commission for any amendments to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplements to the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or for additional information related to the offering of the Placement Shares or for additional information related to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus.

(c) Delivery of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes. During any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Agents under the Securities Act with respect to the offer and sale of the Placement Shares, (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act or similar rule), the Company will comply with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and to file on or before their respective due dates all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If the Company has omitted any information from the Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities Act, it will use its commercially reasonable efforts to comply with the provisions of and make all requisite filings with the Commission pursuant to said Rule 430B and to notify the Agents promptly of all such filings. If during such period any event occurs as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then existing, not misleading, or if during such period it is necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to comply with the Securities Act, the Company will promptly notify the Designated Agent to suspend the offering of Placement Shares during such period and the Company will promptly amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus (at the expense of the Company) so as to correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance.

(d) Listing of Placement Shares. Prior to the date of the first Placement Notice, the Company will use its reasonable commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Placement Shares to be listed on the Exchange.

(e) Delivery of Registration Statement and Prospectus. The Company will furnish to the Agents and their counsel (at the expense of the Company), as reasonably requested by the Designated Agent, copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (including all documents incorporated by reference therein) and all amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that are filed with the Commission during any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered under the Securities Act (including all documents filed with the Commission during such period that are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein), in each case as soon as reasonably practicable and in such quantities as the Agents may from time to time reasonably request and, at the Agents’ request, will also furnish copies of the Prospectus to each exchange or market on which sales of the Placement Shares may be made; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to furnish any document (other than the Prospectus) to the Agents to the extent such document is available on EDGAR.

(f) Earning Statement. The Company will make generally available to its security holders as soon as practicable, but in any event not later than 15 months after the end of the Company’s current fiscal quarter, an earning statement covering a 12-month period that satisfies the provisions of Section 11(a) and Rule 158 of the Securities Act.

(g) Use of Proceeds. The Company will use the Net Proceeds as described in the Prospectus in the section entitled “Use of Proceeds.”

(h) Notice of Other Sales. Without the prior written consent of the Designated Agent, the Company will not, directly or indirectly, offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock during the period beginning on the fifth (5^th) Trading Day immediately prior to the date on which any Placement Notice is delivered to the Designated Agent hereunder and ending on the fifth (5^th) Trading Day immediately following the final Settlement Date with respect to Placement Shares sold pursuant to such Placement Notice (or, if the Placement Notice has been terminated or suspended prior to the sale of all Placement Shares covered by a Placement Notice, the date of such suspension or termination); and will not directly or indirectly in any other “at the market” or continuous equity transaction offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock prior to the sixtieth (60^th) day immediately following the termination of this Agreement; provided, however, that such restrictions will not be required in connection with the Company’s issuance or sale of (i) Common Stock, options to purchase Common Stock or Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units, or other convertible equity granted to the Company’s directors, officers, employees, contractors, advisors, consultants and other service providers, pursuant to any compensatory or incentive equity plan, benefits plan, stock ownership plan or dividend reinvestment plan (but not Common Stock subject to a waiver to exceed plan limits in its dividend reinvestment plan) of the Company whether now in effect or hereafter implemented, including, any restricted stock units or performance-based restricted stock units and the issuance, settlement (including net settlement) of Common Stock to any officers, directors and employees of the Company and/or its Subsidiaries in connection thereof, and pursuant to the Company’s equity plan, as may be amended from time to time; provided that any such plans in this clause (i) are disclosed in filings by the Company available on EDGAR, (ii) Common Stock issuable upon conversion of securities or the exercise of warrants, options or other rights in effect or outstanding, and disclosed in filings by the Company available on EDGAR or otherwise in writing to the Agents, and (iii) Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Common Stock as consideration for mergers, acquisitions, other business combinations or strategic alliances occurring after the date of this Agreement which are not issued for capital raising purposes.

(i) Change of Circumstances. The Company will, at any time during the pendency of a Placement Notice advise the Agents promptly after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would alter or affect in any material respect any opinion, certificate, letter or other document required to be provided to the Agents pursuant to this Agreement.

(j) Due Diligence Cooperation. The Company will cooperate with any reasonable due diligence review conducted by the Agents or their representatives in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation, providing information and making available documents and senior corporate officers, during regular business hours and at the Company’s principal offices, as the Agents may reasonably request.

(k) Required Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares. The Company agrees that on such dates as the Securities Act shall require, the Company will (i) file a prospectus supplement with the Commission under the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act (each and every filing date under Rule 424(b), a “Filing Date”), which prospectus supplement will set forth, within the relevant period, the amount of Placement Shares sold through the Agents, the Net Proceeds to the Company and the compensation payable by the Company to the Agents with respect to such Placement Shares, and (ii) deliver such number of copies of each such prospectus supplement to each exchange or market on which such sales were effected as may be required by the rules or regulations of such exchange or market.

(l) Representation Dates; Certificate. (1) Prior to the date of the first Placement Notice and (2) each time the Company:

(i) files the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares or amends or supplements (other than a prospectus supplement relating solely to an offering of securities other than the Placement Shares) the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares by means of a post-effective amendment, sticker, or supplement but not by means of incorporation of documents by reference into the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares;

(ii) files an annual report on Form 10-K under the Exchange Act (including any Form 10-K/A containing amended financial information or a material amendment to the previously filed Form 10-K);

(iii) files its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q under the Exchange Act; or

(iv) files a current report on Form 8-K containing amended financial information (other than information “furnished” pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K or to provide disclosure pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form 8-K relating to the reclassification of certain properties as discontinued operations in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144) under the Exchange Act (each date of filing of one or more of the documents referred to in clauses (i) through (iv) shall be a “Representation Date”);

the Company shall furnish the Agents (but in the case of clause (iv) above only if the Agents reasonably determine that the information contained in such Form 8-K is material) with a certificate dated as of the Representation Date, in the form attached as Exhibit A hereto, modified, as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented. The requirement to provide a certificate under this Section 7(l) shall be waived for any Representation Date occurring at a time during which no Placement Notice is pending or a Suspension is in effect, which waiver shall continue until the earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers instructions for the sale of Placement Shares hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall be considered a Representation Date) and the next occurring Representation Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company subsequently decides to sell Placement Shares following a Representation Date when a Suspension was in effect and did not provide the Agents with a certificate under this Section 7(l), then before the Company delivers the instructions for the sale of Placement Shares or the Designated Agent sells any Placement Shares pursuant to such instructions, the Company shall provide the Agents with a certificate in conformity with this Section 7(l) dated as of the date that the instructions for the sale of Placement Shares are issued.

(m) Legal Opinion. (1) Prior to the date of the first Placement Notice and (2) within five (5) Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(l) for which no waiver is applicable and excluding the date of this Agreement, the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agents written opinions of Rogers Towers, P.A. and Lewis Roca Rothgerber Christie LLP, outside counsel to the Company (together, “Company Counsel”), or other counsel satisfactory to the Agents, covering the matters in the form attached as Exhibit B hereto, substantially similar to the form previously provided to the Agents and their counsel, modified, as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented; provided, however, the Company shall be required to furnish to the Agents no more than one opinion hereunder per calendar quarter; provided, further, that in lieu of such opinions for subsequent periodic filings under the Exchange Act, counsel may furnish the Agents with a letter (a “Reliance Letter”) to the effect that the Agents may rely on a prior opinion delivered under this Section 7(m) to the same extent as if it were dated the date of such letter (except that statements in such prior opinion shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented as of the date of the Reliance Letter).

(n) Comfort Letter. (1) Prior to the date of the first Placement Notice and (2) within five (5) Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(l) for which no waiver is applicable and excluding the date of this Agreement, the Company shall cause each of the Accountant and the Whinstone Accountant to furnish the Agents a letter (together, the “Comfort Letters”), dated the date such Comfort Letter is delivered, which shall meet the requirements set forth in this Section 7(n); provided, that if requested by the Agents, the Company shall cause a Comfort Letter to be furnished to the Agents within ten (10) Trading Days of the date of occurrence of any material transaction or event, including the restatement of the Company’s financial statements. The Comfort Letters shall be in a form and substance satisfactory to the Agents, (i) confirming that the Accountant is an independent registered public accounting firm within the meaning of the Securities Act and the PCAOB, and that the Whinstone Accountant is an independent auditor, as defined by the FASB and the AICPA, with respect to the Company and Whinstone, (ii) stating, as of such date, the conclusions and findings of such firm with respect to the financial information and other matters ordinarily covered by accountants’ “comfort letters” to underwriters in connection with registered public offerings (the first such letter from each of the Accountant and the Whinstone Accountant, the “Initial Comfort Letter”) and (iii) updating the Initial Comfort Letter with any information that would have been included in the Initial Comfort Letter had it been given on such date and modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and supplemented to the date of such letter.

(o) Market Activities. The Company will not, directly or indirectly, (i) take any action designed to cause or result in, or that constitutes or might reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of Common Stock or (ii) sell, bid for, or purchase Common Stock in violation of Regulation M, or pay anyone any compensation for soliciting purchases of the Placement Shares other than the Agents.

(p) Investment Company Act. The Company will conduct its affairs in such a manner so as to reasonably ensure that neither it nor any of its Subsidiaries will be or become, at any time prior to the termination of this Agreement, required to register as an “investment company,” as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act.

(q) No Offer to Sell. Other than an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus approved in advance by the Company and the Agents in their capacity as agents hereunder, neither the Agents nor the Company (including its agents and representatives, other than the Agents in their capacity as such) will make, use, prepare, authorize, approve or refer to any written communication (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act), required to be filed with the Commission, that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares hereunder.

(r) Blue Sky and Other Qualifications. The Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts, in cooperation with the Agents, to qualify the Placement Shares for offering and sale, or to obtain an exemption for the Placement Shares to be offered and sold, under the applicable securities laws of such states and other jurisdictions (domestic or foreign) as the Agents may designate and to maintain such qualifications and exemptions in effect for so long as required for the distribution of the Placement Shares (but in no event for less than one year from the date of this Agreement); provided, however, that the Company shall not be obligated to file any general consent to service of process or to qualify as a foreign corporation or as a dealer in securities in any jurisdiction in which it is not so qualified or to subject itself to taxation in respect of doing business in any jurisdiction in which it is not otherwise so subject. In each jurisdiction in which the Placement Shares have been so qualified or exempt, the Company will file such statements and reports as may be required by the laws of such jurisdiction to continue such qualification or exemption, as the case may be, in effect for so long as required for the distribution of the Placement Shares (but in no event for less than one year from the date of this Agreement).

(s) Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Company and the Subsidiaries will maintain and keep accurate books and records reflecting their assets and maintain internal accounting controls in a manner designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and including those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, (iii) that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with management’s and the Company’s directors’ authorization, and (iv) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements. The Company and the Subsidiaries will maintain such controls and other procedures, including, without limitation, those required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the applicable regulations thereunder that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms, including, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and to ensure that material information relating to the Company or the Subsidiaries is made known to them by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which such periodic reports are being prepared.

(t) Secretary’s Certificate; Further Documentation. Prior to the date of the first Placement Notice, the Company shall deliver to the Agents a certificate of the Secretary of the Company and attested to by an executive officer of the Company, dated as of such date, certifying as to (i) the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, (ii) the By-laws of the Company, (iii) the resolutions of the Board of Directors of the Company authorizing the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the issuance of the Placement Shares and (iv) the incumbency of the officers duly authorized to execute this Agreement and the other documents contemplated by this Agreement. Within five (5) Trading Days of each Representation Date, the Company shall have furnished to the Agents such further information, certificates and documents as the Agents may reasonably request.

8. Payment of Expenses. The Company will pay all expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement, including (i) the preparation and filing of the Registration Statement, including any fees required by the Commission, and the printing or electronic delivery of the Prospectus as originally filed and of each amendment and supplement thereto, in such number as the Agents shall deem necessary, (ii) the printing and delivery to the Agents of this Agreement and such other documents as may be required in connection with the offering, purchase, sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares, (iii) the preparation, issuance and delivery of the certificates, if any, for the Placement Shares to the Agents, including any stock or other transfer taxes and any capital duties, stamp duties or other duties or taxes payable upon the sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares to the Agents, (iv) the fees and disbursements of the counsel, accountants and other advisors to the Company, (v) the fees and expenses of the Agents including but not limited to the actual fees and expenses of the counsel to the Agents, as invoiced and payable upon the execution of this Agreement, in an amount not to exceed $75,000 in connection with the execution of this Agreement, $40,000 for each program “reload” in connection with the filing of a registration statement, post-effective amendment or prospectus supplement registering additional Placement Shares after the date of this Agreement, and $10,000 for each program “refresh” in connection with any other Representation Date where a Representation Date certificate is required under Section 7(l) pursuant to this Agreement, (vi) the qualification or exemption of the Placement Shares under state securities laws in accordance with the provisions of Section 7(r) hereof, including filing fees, but excluding fees of the Agents’ counsel, (vii) the printing and delivery to the Agents of copies of any Permitted Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto in such number as the Agents shall deem necessary, (viii) the preparation, printing and delivery to the Agents of copies of the blue sky survey, (ix) the fees and expenses of the transfer agent and registrar for the Common Stock, (x) the filing and other fees incident to determining compliance of sales of the Placement Shares with FINRA’s rules and any review by FINRA of the terms of the sale of the Placement Shares including the fees of the Agents’ counsel (subject to the cap, set forth in clause (v) above), and (xi) the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange.

9. Conditions to the Agents’ Obligations. The obligations of the Agents hereunder with respect to a Placement will be subject to the continuing accuracy and completeness of the representations and warranties made by the Company herein, to the due performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder, to the completion by the Agents of a due diligence review satisfactory to them in their reasonable judgment, and to the continuing satisfaction (or waiver by the Agents in their sole discretion) of the following additional conditions:

(a) Registration Statement Effective. The Registration Statement shall have become effective and shall be available for the (i) resale of all Placement Shares issued to the Agents and not yet sold by the Agents and (ii) sale of all Placement Shares contemplated to be issued by any Placement Notice.

(b) No Material Notices. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i) receipt by the Company of any request for additional information from the Commission or any other federal or state Governmental Authority during the period of effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the response to which would require any post-effective amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus; (ii) the issuance by the Commission or any other federal or state Governmental Authority of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose; (iii) receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any of the Placement Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose; or (iv) the occurrence of any event that makes any material statement made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference untrue in any material respect or that requires the making of any changes in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or material documents incorporated so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading and, that in the case of the Prospectus, it will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.

(c) No Misstatement or Material Omission. The Agents shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement or Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact that in the Agents’ reasonable opinion is material, or omits to state a fact that in the Agents’ reasonable opinion is material and is required to be stated therein or is necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.

(d) Material Changes. Except as contemplated in the Prospectus, or disclosed in the Company’s reports filed with the Commission, there shall not have been any material adverse change in the authorized capital stock of the Company or any Material Adverse Effect or any development that would cause a Material Adverse Effect, or a downgrading in or withdrawal of the rating assigned to any of the Company’s securities (other than asset backed securities) by any rating organization or a public announcement by any rating organization that it has under surveillance or review its rating of any of the Company’s securities (other than asset backed securities), the effect of which, in the case of any such action by a rating organization described above, in the reasonable judgment of the Agents (without relieving the Company of any obligation or liability it may otherwise have), is so material as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering of the Placement Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated in the Prospectus.

(e) Legal Opinions. The Agents shall have received the opinions of Company Counsel required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(m) on or before the date on which such delivery of such opinions is required pursuant to Section 7(m).

(f) Comfort Letters. The Agents shall have received the Comfort Letters required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(n) on or before the date on which such delivery of such Comfort Letters are required pursuant to Section 7(n).

(g) Representation Certificate. The Agents shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(l) on or before the date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to Section 7(l).

(h) No Suspension. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended on the Exchange and the Common Stock shall not have been delisted from the Exchange.

(i) Other Materials. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(l), the Company shall have furnished to the Agents such appropriate further information, opinions, certificates, letters and other documents as the Agents may reasonably request. All such opinions, certificates, letters and other documents will be in compliance with the provisions hereof.

(j) Securities Act Filings Made. All filings with the Commission required by Rule 424 under the Securities Act to have been filed prior to the issuance of any Placement Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by Rule 424.

(k) Approval for Listing. The Placement Shares shall either have been (i) approved for listing on the Exchange, subject only to notice of issuance, or (ii) the Company shall have filed an application for listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange at, or prior to, the issuance of any Placement Notice and the Exchange shall have reviewed such application and not provided any objections thereto.

(l) FINRA. If applicable, FINRA shall have raised no objection to the terms of this offering and the amount of compensation allowable or payable to the Agents as described in the Prospectus.

(m) No Termination Event. There shall not have occurred any event that would permit the Agents to terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 12(a).

10. Indemnification and Contribution.

(a) Company Indemnification. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Agents, their affiliates and their and their affiliates’ respective partners, members, directors, officers, employees and agents and each person, if any, who controls the applicable Agent or any affiliate within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act as follows:

(i) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, arising out of or based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, or arising out of any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact included in any related Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading;

(ii) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, to the extent of the aggregate amount paid in settlement of any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any Governmental Authority, commenced or threatened, or of any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any alleged untrue statement contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto) or Prospectus, or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; provided that (subject to Section 10(d) below) any such settlement is effected with the written consent of the Company, which consent shall not unreasonably be delayed or withheld; and

(iii) against any and all expense whatsoever, as incurred (including the actual fees and disbursements of counsel to the Designated Agent), reasonably incurred in investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any Governmental Authority, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever based upon any alleged untrue statement contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto) or Prospectus, or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading (whether or not a party), to the extent that any such expense is not paid under (i) or (ii) above;

provided, however, that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to any loss, liability, claim, damage or expense to the extent arising out of any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made solely in reliance upon and in conformity with the Agent Information (as defined below).

(b) Agent Indemnification. Each Agent, severally and not jointly, agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense described in the indemnity contained in Section 10(a), as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or alleged untrue statements or omissions, made in the Registration Statement (or any amendments thereto), the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to such Agent and furnished to the Company in writing by such Agent expressly for use therein. The Company hereby acknowledges that the only information that the Agents have furnished to the Company expressly for use in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) are the statements set forth in the first two sentences of the sixth paragraph under the caption “Plan of Distribution” in the Prospectus (the “Agent Information”).

(c) Procedure. Any party that proposes to assert the right to be indemnified under this Section 10 will, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party or parties under this Section 10, notify each such indemnifying party of the commencement of such action, enclosing a copy of all papers served, but the omission so to notify such indemnifying party will not relieve the indemnifying party from (i) any liability that it might have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this Section 10 and (ii) any liability that it may have to any indemnified party under the foregoing provision of this Section 10 unless, and only to the extent that, such omission results in the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought against any indemnified party and it notifies the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in and, to the extent that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after receiving notice of the commencement of the action from the indemnified party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after notice from the indemnifying party to the indemnified party of its election to assume the defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any other legal expenses except as provided below and except for the reasonable costs of investigation subsequently incurred by the indemnified party in connection with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the fees, expenses and other charges of such counsel will be at the expense of such indemnified party unless (1) the employment of counsel by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (2) the indemnified party has reasonably concluded (based on advice of counsel) that there may be legal defenses available to it or other indemnified parties that are different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (3) a conflict or potential conflict exists (based on advice of counsel to the indemnified party) between the indemnified party and the indemnifying party (in which case the indemnifying party will not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party) or (4) the indemnifying party has not in fact employed counsel to assume the defense of such action or counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, in each case, within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action; in each of which cases the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the expense of the indemnifying party or parties. It is understood that the indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of more than one separate firm (plus local counsel) admitted to practice in such jurisdiction at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such fees, disbursements and other charges will be reimbursed by the indemnifying party promptly as they are incurred. An indemnifying party will not, in any event, be liable for any settlement of any action or claim effected without its written consent. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of each indemnified party, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or proceeding relating to the matters contemplated by this Section 10 (whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto), unless such settlement, compromise or consent (1) includes an express and unconditional release of each indemnified party, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party, from all liability arising out of such litigation, investigation, proceeding or claim and (2) does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party.

(d) Settlement Without Consent if Failure to Reimburse. If an indemnified party shall have requested an indemnifying party to reimburse the indemnified party for reasonable fees and expenses of counsel, such indemnifying party agrees that it shall be liable for any settlement of the nature contemplated by Section 10(a)(ii) effected without its written consent if (1) such settlement is entered into more than 45 days after receipt by such indemnifying party of the aforesaid request, (2) such indemnifying party shall have received notice of the terms of such settlement at least 30 days prior to such settlement being entered into and (3) such indemnifying party shall not have reimbursed such indemnified party in accordance with such request prior to the date of such settlement.

(e) Contribution. In order to provide for just and equitable contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided for in the foregoing paragraphs of this Section 10 is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable or insufficient from the Company or an Agent, the Company and such Agent will contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of, any action, suit or proceeding or any claim asserted) to which the Company and the Agents may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Agents on the other hand. The relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Agents on the other hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total net proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares (before deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the total compensation received by the Agents from the sale of Placement Shares on behalf of the Company. If, but only if, the allocation provided by the foregoing sentence is not permitted by applicable law, the allocation of contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing sentence but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and such Agent, on the other hand, with respect to the statements or omission that resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action in respect thereof, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or such Agent, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and each Agent agree that it would not be just and equitable if contributions pursuant to this Section 10(e) were to be determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations referred to herein. The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim, liability, expense, or damage, or action in respect thereof, referred to above in this Section 10(e) shall be deemed to include, for the purpose of this Section 10(e), any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim to the extent consistent with Section 10(c) hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 10(e), no Agent shall be required to contribute any amount in excess of the commissions received by such Agent under this Agreement and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section 10(e), any person who controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning of the Securities Act, any affiliates of an Agent and any officers, directors, partners, employees or agents of an Agent or any of its affiliates, will have the same rights to contribution as that party, and each director of the Company and each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement will have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this Section 10(e), will notify any such party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to so notify will not relieve that party or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under this Section 10(e) except to the extent that the failure to so notify such other party materially prejudiced the substantive rights or defenses of the party from whom contribution is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to the last sentence of Section 10(c) hereof, no party will be liable for contribution with respect to any action or claim settled without its written consent if such consent is required pursuant to Section 10(c) hereof.

11. Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery. The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in Section 10 of this Agreement and all representations and warranties of the Company herein or in certificates delivered pursuant hereto shall survive, as of their respective dates, regardless of (i) any investigation made by or on behalf of any Agent, any controlling persons, or the Company (or any of their respective officers, directors, employees or controlling persons), (ii) delivery and acceptance of the Placement Shares and payment therefor or (iii) any termination of this Agreement.

12. Termination.

(a) Any Agent may terminate this Agreement, with respect to its rights and obligations under this Agreement, by notice to the Company, as hereinafter specified at any time (1) if there has been, since the time of execution of this Agreement or since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus, any change, or any development or event involving a prospective change, in the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the business, properties, earnings, results of operations or prospects of the Company and its Subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business, which individually or in the aggregate, in the sole judgment of such Agent is material and adverse and makes it impractical or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Placement Shares, (2) if there has occurred any material adverse change in the financial markets in the United States or the international financial markets, any outbreak of hostilities or escalation thereof or other calamity or crisis or any change or development involving a prospective change in national or international political, financial or economic conditions (other than those as have developed in connection with the global coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak as of the date hereof), in each case the effect of which is such as to make it, in the judgment of such Agent, impracticable or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Placement Shares, (3) if trading in the Common Stock has been suspended or limited by the Commission or the Exchange, or if trading generally on the Exchange has been suspended or limited, or minimum prices for trading have been fixed on the Exchange, (4) if any suspension of trading of any securities of the Company on any exchange or in the over-the-counter market shall have occurred and be continuing, (5) if a major disruption of securities settlements or clearance services in the United States shall have occurred and be continuing, or (6) if a banking moratorium has been declared by either U.S. Federal or New York authorities. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section 8 (Payment of Expenses), Section 10 (Indemnification and Contribution), Section 11 (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), Section 17 (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and Section 18 (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. If an Agent elects to terminate this Agreement as provided in this Section 12(a), such Agent shall provide the required notice as specified in Section 13 (Notices). For the avoidance of doubt, the termination by one Agent of its rights and obligations under this Agreement pursuant to this Section 12(a) shall not affect the rights and obligations of the other Agents under this Agreement.

(b) The Company shall have the right, by giving five (5) days’ notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement, with respect to such Agent’s rights and obligations under this Agreement, in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section 8, Section 10, Section 11, Section 17 and Section 18 hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. For the avoidance of doubt, the termination by the Company of this Agreement with respect to one Agent shall not affect the rights and obligations of the other Agents under this Agreement.

(c) Each of the Agents shall have the right, by giving five (5) days’ notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section 8, Section 10, Section 11, Section 17 and Section 18 hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. For the avoidance of doubt, the termination by one Agent of its rights and obligations under this Agreement pursuant to this Section 12(c) shall not affect the rights and obligations of the other Agent under this Agreement.

(d) This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated pursuant to Sections 12(a), (b), or (c) above, upon the issuance and sale of all of the Placement Shares through the Agents on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties; provided, however, that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases be deemed to provide that Section 8, Section 10, Section 11, Section 17 and Section 18 shall remain in full force and effect. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Company shall not have any liability to an Agent for any discount, commission or other compensation with respect to any Placement Shares not otherwise sold by an Agent under this Agreement.

(e) Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; provided, however, that such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by an Agent or the Company, as the case may be. If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Placement Shares, such Placement Shares shall settle in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.

13. Notices. All notices or other communications required or permitted to be given by any party to any other party pursuant to the terms of this Agreement shall be in writing (including by electronic communication), unless otherwise specified, and if sent to the Agents, shall be delivered to Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. at:

Cantor Fitzgerald & Co.

499 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10022

Attention: Capital Markets

and:

Cantor Fitzgerald & Co.

499 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10022

Attention: General Counsel

and:

B. Riley Securities, Inc.

299 Park Avenue, 7th Floor

New York, NY 10171

Attention: General Counsel

Telephone: (212) 457-9947

and:

BTIG, LLC

65 E 55th Street

New York, New York 10022

Attention: ATM Trading Desk

and:

Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC

1055 Thomas Jefferson Street NW, Suite 303

Washington, DC 20007

Attention: Chris Nealon

Attention: Matt Anstey

and:

Roth Capital Partners, LLC

888 San Clemente Drive

Newport Beach, California 92660

Attention: ATM Desk

with a copy to:

Covington & Burling LLP

The New York Times Building

620 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10018

Attention: Christopher DeCresce

and if to the Company, shall be delivered to:

Riot Blockchain, Inc.

202 6th Street, Suite 401

Castle Rock, CO 80104

Attention: Chief Financial Officer

and:

Riot Blockchain, Inc.

202 6th Street, Suite 401

Castle Rock, CO 80104

Attention: General Counsel

with a copy to:

Rogers Towers, P.A.

1301 Riverplace Blvd., Suite 1500

Jacksonville, FL 32207

Attention: Jason Rudderman

Each party to this Agreement may change such address for notices by sending to the parties to this Agreement written notice of a new address for such purpose. Each such notice or other communication shall be deemed given (i) when delivered personally or by verifiable facsimile transmission (with an original to follow) on or before 4:30 p.m., New York City time, on a Business Day or, if such day is not a Business Day, on the next succeeding Business Day, (ii) by Electronic Notice as set forth in the next paragraph, (iii) on the next Business Day after timely delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier and (iv) on the Business Day actually received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid). For purposes of this Agreement, “Business Day” shall mean any day on which the Exchange and commercial banks in the City of New York are open for business.

An electronic communication (“Electronic Notice”) shall be deemed written notice for purposes of this Section 13 if sent to the electronic mail address specified herein or by the receiving party under separate cover. Electronic Notice shall be deemed received at the time the party sending Electronic Notice receives verification of receipt by the receiving party. Any party receiving Electronic Notice may request and shall be entitled to receive the notice on paper, in a nonelectronic form (“Nonelectronic Notice”) which shall be sent to the requesting party within ten (10) days of receipt of the written request for Nonelectronic Notice.

14. Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and the Agents and their respective successors and the parties referred to in Section 10 hereof. References to any of the parties contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors and permitted assigns of such party. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon any party other than the parties hereto or their respective successors and permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement, except as expressly provided in this Agreement. Neither party may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party; provided, however, that the Agents may assign their rights and obligations hereunder to an affiliate thereof without obtaining the Company’s consent.

15. Adjustments for Stock Splits. The parties acknowledge and agree that all share-related numbers contained in this Agreement shall be adjusted to take into account any stock split or consolidation, stock dividend or similar event effected with respect to the Placement Shares.

16. Entire Agreement; Amendment; Severability; Waiver. This Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached hereto and Placement Notices issued pursuant hereto) constitutes the entire agreement and supersedes all other prior and contemporaneous agreements and undertakings, both written and oral, among the parties hereto with regard to the subject matter hereof. Neither this Agreement nor any term hereof may be amended except pursuant to a written instrument executed by the Company and the Agents. In the event that any one or more of the provisions contained herein, or the application thereof in any circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable as written by a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible extent that it is valid, legal and enforceable, and the remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal or unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such provision and the remainder of the terms and provisions hereof shall be in accordance with the intent of the parties as reflected in this Agreement. No implied waiver by a party shall arise in the absence of a waiver in writing signed by such party. No failure or delay in exercising any right, power, or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise thereof preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any right, power, or privilege hereunder.

17. GOVERNING LAW AND TIME; WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL. THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT REGARD TO THE PRINCIPLES OF CONFLICTS OF LAWS. SPECIFIED TIMES OF DAY REFER TO NEW YORK CITY TIME. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY.

18. CONSENT TO JURISDICTION. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY SUBMITS TO THE EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF THE STATE AND FEDERAL COURTS SITTING IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN, FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY, AND HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, AND AGREES NOT TO ASSERT IN ANY SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING, ANY CLAIM THAT IT IS NOT PERSONALLY SUBJECT TO THE JURISDICTION OF ANY SUCH COURT, THAT SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING IS BROUGHT IN AN INCONVENIENT FORUM OR THAT THE VENUE OF SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING IS IMPROPER. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES PERSONAL SERVICE OF PROCESS AND CONSENTS TO PROCESS BEING SERVED IN ANY SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING BY MAILING A COPY THEREOF (CERTIFIED OR REGISTERED MAIL, RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED) TO SUCH PARTY AT THE ADDRESS IN EFFECT FOR NOTICES TO IT UNDER THIS AGREEMENT AND AGREES THAT SUCH SERVICE SHALL CONSTITUTE GOOD AND SUFFICIENT SERVICE OF PROCESS AND NOTICE THEREOF. NOTHING CONTAINED HEREIN SHALL BE DEEMED TO LIMIT IN ANY WAY ANY RIGHT TO SERVE PROCESS IN ANY MANNER PERMITTED BY LAW.

19. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery of an executed Agreement by one party to the other may be made by facsimile or electronic transmission.

20. Construction. The section and exhibit headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof. References herein to any law, statute, ordinance, code, regulation, rule or other requirement of any Governmental Authority shall be deemed to refer to such law, statute, ordinance, code, regulation, rule or other requirement of any Governmental Authority as amended, reenacted, supplemented or superseded in whole or in part and in effect from time to time and also to all rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

21. Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses. The Company represents, warrants and agrees that, unless it obtains the prior written consent of each of the Agents, and each of the Agents represents, warrants and agrees that, unless they obtain the prior written consent of the Company and the other Agents, it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Placement Shares that would constitute an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or that would otherwise constitute a “free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 405, required to be filed with the Commission. Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Agents or by the Company, as the case may be, is hereinafter referred to as a “Permitted Free Writing Prospectus.” The Company represents and warrants that it has treated and agrees that it will treat each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an “issuer free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 433, and has complied and will comply with the requirements of Rule 433 applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, including timely filing with the Commission where required, legending and record keeping. For the purposes of clarity, the parties hereto agree that all free writing prospectuses, if any, listed in Exhibit C hereto are Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses.

22. Absence of Fiduciary Relationship. The Company acknowledges and agrees that:

(a) the Agents are acting solely as agents in connection with the public offering of the Placement Shares and in connection with each transaction contemplated by this Agreement and the process leading to such transactions, and no fiduciary or advisory relationship between the Company or any of its respective affiliates, stockholders (or other equity holders), creditors or employees or any other party, on the one hand, and the Agents, on the other hand, has been or will be created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, irrespective of whether or not the Agents have advised or are advising the Company on other matters, and the Agents have no obligation to the Company with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement;

(b) it is capable of evaluating and understanding, and understands and accepts, the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;

(c) neither the Agents nor their affiliates have provided any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and it has consulted its own legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate;

(d) it is aware that the Agents and their affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may involve interests that differ from those of the Company and the Agents and their affiliates have no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions to the Company by virtue of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship or otherwise; and

(e) it waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against the Agents or their affiliates for breach of fiduciary duty or alleged breach of fiduciary duty in connection with the sale of Placement Shares under this Agreement and agrees that the Agents and their affiliates shall not have any liability (whether direct or indirect, in contract, tort or otherwise) to it in respect of such a fiduciary duty claim or to any person asserting a fiduciary duty claim on its behalf or in right of it or the Company, employees or creditors of the Company.

23. Definitions. As used in this Agreement, the following terms have the respective meanings set forth below:

“Applicable Time” means (i) each Representation Date, (ii) the time of each sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement and (iii) each Settlement Date.

“Governmental Authority” means (i) any federal, provincial, state, local, municipal, national or international government or governmental authority, regulatory or administrative agency, governmental commission, department, board, bureau, agency or instrumentality, court, tribunal, arbitrator or arbitral body (public or private); (ii) any self-regulatory organization; or (iii) any political subdivision of any of the foregoing.

“Issuer Free Writing Prospectus” means any “issuer free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 433, relating to the Placement Shares that (1) is required to be filed with the Commission by the Company, (2) is a “road show” that is a “written communication” within the meaning of Rule 433(d)(8)(i) whether or not required to be filed with the Commission, or (3) is exempt from filing pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i) because it contains a description of the Placement Shares or of the offering that does not reflect the final terms, in each case in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to be filed, in the form retained in the Company’s records pursuant to Rule 433(g) under the Securities Act Regulations.

“Law” means any and all laws, including all federal, state, local, municipal, national or foreign statutes, codes, ordinances, guidelines, decrees, rules, regulations and by-laws and all judicial, arbitral, administrative, ministerial, departmental or regulatory judgments, orders, directives, decisions, rulings or awards or other requirements of any Governmental Authority, binding on or affecting the person referred to in the context in which the term is used and rules, regulations and policies of any stock exchange on which securities of the Company are listed for trading; and

“Rule 164,” “Rule 172,” “Rule 405,” “Rule 415,” “Rule 424,” “Rule 424(b),” “Rule 430B,” and “Rule 433” refer to such rules under the Securities Act Regulations.

All references in this Agreement to financial statements and schedules and other information that is “contained,” “included” or “stated” in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (and all other references of like import) shall be deemed to mean and include all such financial statements and schedules and other information that is incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, as the case may be.

All references in this Agreement to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing shall be deemed to include the copy filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR; all references in this Agreement to any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (other than any Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses that, pursuant to Rule 433, are not required to be filed with the Commission) shall be deemed to include the copy thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR; and all references in this Agreement to “supplements” to the Prospectus shall include, without limitation, any supplements, “wrappers” or similar materials prepared in connection with any offering, sale or private placement of any Placement Shares by the Agents outside of the United States.

[Signature Page Follows]

If the foregoing correctly sets forth the understanding between the Company and the Agents, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding agreement between the Company and the Agents.

Very truly yours, RIOT BLOCKCHAIN, INC.

By:	/s/ Jeffrey G. McGonegal
	Name: Jeffrey G. McGonegal
	Title: Chief Financial Officer

[Signature Page to Sales Agreement]

ACCEPTED as of the date first-above written: CANTOR FITZGERALD & CO.

By:	/s/ Sage Kelly
	Name: Sage Kelly
	Title: Senior Managing Director, Head of Investment Banking

ACCEPTED as of the date first-above written: B. RILEY FBR, INC.

By:	/s/ Patrice McNicoll
	Name: Patrice McNicoll
	Title: Co-Head of Investment Banking

ACCEPTED as of the date first-above written: BTIG, LLC

By:	/s/ Dean O’Connor
	Name: Dean O’Connor
	Title: Managing Director

ACCEPTED as of the date first-above written: COMPASS POINT RESEARCH & TRADING, LLC

By:	/s/ Christopher Nealon
	Name: Christopher Nealon
	Title: President & Chief Operating Officer

ACCEPTED as of the date first-above written: ROTH CAPITAL PARTNERS, LLC

By:	/s/ Aaron M. Gurewitz
	Name: Aaron M. Gurewitz
	Title: Head of Equity Capital Markets

SCHEDULE 1

__________________________

Form of Placement Notice

__________________________

From: Riot Blockchain, Inc.

To:

[Designated Agent] (the “Designated Agent”)
Attention: [●]

Subject: Placement Notice

Date: [●], 202[●]

Ladies and Gentlemen:

Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the Sales Agreement among Riot Blockchain, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the “Company”), Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., B. Riley FBR, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC, and Roth Capital Partners, LLC, dated August 31, 2021, the Company hereby requests that the Designated Agent sell up to [●] shares of the Company’s common stock, no par value per share, at a minimum market price of $[●] per share, during the time period beginning [month, day, time] and ending [month, day, time].

SCHEDULE 2

__________________________

Compensation

__________________________

The Company shall pay to the Designated Agent in cash, upon each sale of Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement, an amount equal to up to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from each sale of Placement Shares by the Designated Agent.

SCHEDULE 3

__________________________

Notice Parties

__________________________

[***]

SCHEDULE 4

__________________________

Subsidiaries

__________________________

Whinstone US, Inc., a Delaware corporation

Exhibit A

Form of Representation Date Certificate Pursuant to Section 7(l)

The undersigned, the duly qualified and elected Chief Financial Officer of Riot Blockchain, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the “Company”), does hereby certify in such capacity and on behalf of the Company, pursuant to Section 7(l) of the Sales Agreement, dated August 31, 2021 (the “Sales Agreement”), among the Company and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., B. Riley FBR, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC and Roth Capital Partners, LLC, that to the best of the knowledge of the undersigned:

(i) The representations and warranties of the Company in Section 6 of the Sales Agreement are true and correct on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly made on and as of the date hereof, except for those representations and warranties that speak solely as of a specific date and which were true and correct as of such date; provided, however, that such representations and warranties also shall be qualified by the disclosure included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and Prospectus; and

(ii) The Company has complied with all agreements and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied pursuant to the Sales Agreement at or prior to the date hereof.

Capitalized terms used herein without definition shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Sales Agreement.

RIOT BLOCKCHAIN, INC.

By:

Name:

Title: Chief Financial Officer

Exhibit B

Form of Legal Opinions Pursuant to Section 7(m)

[***]

Exhibit C

Permitted Free Writing Prospectus

None.

Exhibit 5.1

O. 702.949.8200

3993 Howard Hughes Parkway
Suite 600
Las Vegas, NV 89169

lewisroca.com

August 31, 2021

Riot Blockchain, Inc.

Attn: Jeffrey G. McGonegal

202 6th Street, Suite 401

Castle Rock, CO 80140

RE: Riot Blockchain, Inc.; Registration Statement on Form S-3

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We have acted as special Nevada counsel to Riot Blockchain, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the “Company”), in connection with the registration by the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and pursuant to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (the “Registration Statement”), of: (i) pursuant to the base prospectus filed with and forming a part of the Registration Statement (the “Base Prospectus”), an indeterminate number of: (a) shares of Company common stock without par value (the “Common Stock”), (b) shares of Company preferred stock without par value (the “Preferred Stock”), (c) warrants to purchase Common Stock and/or Preferred Stock (the “Warrants”), (d) Debt Securities of Company, and (e) the units of any of the foregoing (the “Units” and together with the Common Stock, the Preferred Stock and Warrants, the “Securities”); and (ii) pursuant to the Sales Agreement Prospectus filed with and forming a part of the Registration Statement, (the “Sales Agreement Prospectus” and, together with the Base Prospectus, the “Prospectus”), of an indeterminate number of shares of the Common Stock having an aggregate initial offering price of up to $600,000,000 (the “Placement Shares”) to be offered and sold through or to the Company’s sales agents identified in the Sales Agreement Prospectus, Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., B. Riley FBR, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Compass Point Research & Trading, LLC and Roth Capital Partners, LLC (the “Agents” and each, an “Agent”) from time to time at prevailing prices on an “At-the-Market” basis (the “Offering”) according to the terms of that certain Controlled Equity Offering^SM Sales Agreement, dated effective as of August 31, 2021, by and between the Company and the Agents (the “Sales Agreement”). This opinion is being furnished in connection with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act.

As such counsel, we have examined the Sales Agreement, the Registration Statement, and the Prospectus and such matters of fact and questions of law as we have considered appropriate for purposes of this letter. With your consent, we have relied upon corporate records, certificates and other assurances of officers of the Company and others as to factual matters without having independently verified such factual matters. We are opining herein as to the Corporation Law of the State of Nevada, Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 78 (“Nevada Corporation Law”), and we express no opinion with respect to any other laws, including any federal securities law, or any state securities or “blue sky” laws or regulations.

Riot Blockchain, Inc.

August 31, 2021

Page 2

In rendering the opinion as set forth below, we have assumed: (a) the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals; (b) the conformity to the originals of all documents submitted to us as copies; (c) the genuineness of all signatures; (d) the legal capacity of natural persons; (e) the truth, accuracy, and completeness of the factual statements contained in all of such documents; (f) the legal, valid, and binding effect of all such documents on the parties thereto; (g) that the Company will act in accordance with its representations and warranties as set forth in the documents; (h) all Securities will be issued and sold in compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws and in the manner specified in the Registration Statement; (i) each person executing relevant documents (other than persons executing documents on behalf of Company) has the legal capacity and authority to do so; and (j) the Registration Statement, and any amendments thereto (including post-effective amendments), will have become effective, and no stop order suspending its effectiveness will have been issued and remain in effect.

Subject to the foregoing and the other matters set forth herein, it is our opinion that, as of the date hereof:

1. The Company has been duly incorporated and is validly existing as a corporation in good standing under the laws of the State of Nevada. The Company has the corporate power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and assets and to carry on its business as now conducted (as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus).

2. The issuance and sale of the Placement Shares has been duly and validly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company.

3. The registration by the Company of the Common Stock, Preferred Stock, Warrants, Debt Securities and Units identified under the Base Prospectus has been duly and validly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company.

4. When certain conditions are fully satisfied, those conditions being:

a. with respect to the issuance of the Placement Shares under the Sales Agreement Prospectus, the Placement Shares have been issued and delivered by the Company against payment of the authorized consideration therefor,

b. the issuance of the Common Stock has been duly authorized by appropriate corporate action and, as applicable, certificates evidencing such shares of Common Stock have been duly executed and delivered against payment of the authorized consideration therefor,

c. the issuance of any series of Preferred Stock has been duly authorized by appropriate corporate action, the amendment to Company’s articles of incorporation has been filed in the State of Nevada and certificates evidencing such shares of Preferred Stock have been duly executed and delivered against payment of the authorized consideration therefor,

Riot Blockchain, Inc.

August 31, 2021

Page 3

d. the issuance of the Warrants and approval of the final terms thereof, including any related warrant agreement and warrant certificates under which the Warrants are to be delivered, have been duly authorized by appropriate corporate action, and the Warrants and any related warrant agreement and warrant certificates have been duly executed and delivered against payment of the authorized consideration therefor,

e. the issuance of the Debt Securities and approval of the final terms thereof, including any related indenture or security instrument under which the Debt Securities are to be delivered, have been duly authorized by appropriate corporate action, and the Debt Securities and any related indenture or security instrument have been duly executed and delivered against payment of the authorized consideration therefor, and

f. the issuance of the Units and approval of the final terms thereof have been duly authorized by appropriate corporate action, including authorization of each of the constituent securities forming a part of such Units, and the related agreements under which such securities comprising the Units are to be delivered, as applicable, and the Units have been duly executed and delivered against payment of the authorized consideration therefor;

then, subject to the final terms being in compliance with then-applicable law, (i) the Securities will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free of any preemptive rights arising by operation of Nevada Corporation Law or rights of first refusal or other similar rights to subscribe for the Securities pursuant to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws or Nevada Corporation Law.

In rendering the foregoing opinions, we have assumed that the Company will comply with any and all applicable notice requirements regarding uncertificated shares pursuant to the Nevada Corporation Law. This opinion is given as of the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to advise you after the date hereof of facts or circumstances that come to our attention, or changes in law that occur, that could affect the opinions contained herein.

This opinion is for your benefit and each Agent in connection with the Registration Statement and may be relied upon by you, each Agent, and by persons entitled to rely upon it pursuant to the applicable provisions of the Act. We consent to your filing this opinion as exhibit 5.1 to the Registration Statement. In giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder.

Very truly yours,

/s/ LEWIS ROCA ROTHGERBER CHRISTIE LLP

LEWIS ROCA ROTHGERBER CHRISTIE LLP

Exhibit 23.1

INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM’S CONSENT

We consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement of Riot Blockchain, Inc. on Form S-3 of our report dated March 31, 2021, with respect to our audits of the consolidated financial statements of Riot Blockchain, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020 appearing in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Riot Blockchain, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2020. We also consent to the reference to our firm under the heading “Experts” in the Prospectus, which is part of this Registration Statement.

/s/ Marcum llp

Marcum llp

Los Angeles, CA

August 31, 2021

Exhibit 23.2

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITOR

We consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form S-3 of Riot Blockchain, Inc., of our report, dated August 12, 2021, with respect to our audits of the consolidated financial statements of Whinstone US, Inc., as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020, as filed as Exhibit 99.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K/A of Riot Blockchain, Inc., dated August 12, 2021. We also consent to the reference to us under the heading “Experts” in such Prospectus, which is part of this Registration Statement.

/s/ Malcolm M. Dienes, LLC

Malcolm M. Dienes, LLC

Metairie, LA

August 31, 2021