MARKEL CORP (Form: 10-Q, Received: 04/28/2021 16:37:15)

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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

___________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

______________________________________________________________________________________

☒ Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021

☐ Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission File Number: 001-15811

_________________________________________

MARKEL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

___________________________________________________________________________________


Virginia						54-1959284
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

4521 Highwoods Parkway, Glen Allen, Virginia 23060-6148

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(804) 747-0136

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of exchange on which registered

Common Stock, no par value

MKL

New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x

Number of shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding at April 21, 2021: 13,758,155

Table of Contents

Markel Corporation

Form 10-Q

Index


		Page Number
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements

	Consolidated Balance Sheets—March 3 1 , 202 1 and December 31, 20 20	3

	Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss)—Three Months Ended March 31 , 202 1 and 20 20	4

	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity—Thre e Months Ended March 31 , 2021 and 2020	5

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020	6

	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	7

Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	41

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	41

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	42

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	42

Item 6.	Exhibits	43

Signatures		45

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

MARKEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Investments, at estimated fair value:
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale (amortized cost of $10,119,406 in 2021 and $9,655,261 in 2020)	$	10,828,145	$	10,681,734
Equity securities (cost of $2,758,061 in 2021 and $2,732,998 in 2020)	7,528,817		6,994,110
Short-term investments, available-for-sale (estimated fair value approximates cost)	2,736,982		2,034,099
Total Investments	21,093,944		19,709,943
Cash and cash equivalents	3,882,379		4,341,736
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	615,525		874,913
Receivables	2,254,424		1,930,211
Reinsurance recoverables	6,188,894		5,989,337
Deferred policy acquisition costs	722,865		630,794
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	1,477,997		1,451,858
Goodwill	2,604,820		2,604,624
Intangible assets	1,736,148		1,782,718
Other assets	2,466,033		2,393,920
Total Assets	$	43,043,029	$	41,710,054
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	16,600,500	$	16,222,376
Life and annuity benefits	977,647		1,069,986
Unearned premiums	4,838,032		4,433,245
Payables to insurance and reinsurance companies	561,155		493,470
Senior long-term debt and other debt (estimated fair value of $4,096,000 in 2021 and $4,367,000 in 2020)	3,564,949		3,484,023
Other liabilities	3,080,928		2,946,631
Total Liabilities	29,623,211		28,649,731
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	234,654		245,642
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders' equity:
Preferred stock	591,891		591,891
Common stock	3,447,614		3,428,340
Retained earnings	8,754,760		8,195,182
Accumulated other comprehensive income	369,679		584,376
Total Shareholders' Equity	13,163,944		12,799,789
Noncontrolling interests	21,220		14,892
Total Equity	13,185,164		12,814,681
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	43,043,029	$	41,710,054

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table o f Contents

MARKEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS) AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2021		2020
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
OPERATING REVENUES
Earned premiums		$	1,497,695	$	1,330,709
Net investment income		96,570		88,243
Net investment gains (losses)		526,871		(1,681,441)
Products revenues		328,832		352,161
Services and other revenues		450,226		245,994
Total Operating Revenues		2,900,194		335,666
OPERATING EXPENSES
Losses and loss adjustment expenses		879,918		1,076,348
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses		526,743		495,163
Products expenses		296,526		314,071
Services and other expenses		412,097		217,556
Amortization of intangible assets		39,553		37,858

Total Operating Expenses		2,154,837		2,140,996
Operating Income (Loss)		745,357		(1,805,330)
Interest expense		(42,389)		(45,030)
Net foreign exchange gains		25,084		78,301

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes		728,052		(1,772,059)
Income tax (expense) benefit		(148,371)		370,683
Net Income (Loss)		579,681		(1,401,376)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests		(5,987)		(4,387)
Net Income (Loss) to Shareholders		573,694		(1,405,763)
Preferred stock dividends		—		—

Net Income (Loss) to Common Shareholders		$	573,694	$	(1,405,763)

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Change in net unrealized gains on available-for-sale investments, net of taxes:
Net holding gains (losses) arising during the period		$	(214,376)	$	64,377

Reclassification adjustments for net gains (losses) included in net income (loss)		(88)		1,187
Change in net unrealized gains on available-for-sale investments, net of taxes		(214,464)		65,564
Change in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes		(808)		(12,734)
Change in net actuarial pension loss, net of taxes		592		—
Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		(214,680)		52,830
Comprehensive Income (Loss)		365,001		(1,348,546)
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests		(6,004)		(4,263)
Comprehensive Income (Loss) to Shareholders		$	358,997	$	(1,352,809)

NET INCOME (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE
Basic		$	42.09	$	(100.60)
Diluted		$	42.02	$	(100.60)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table o f Contents

MARKEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(Unaudited)


Three Months Ended March 31, 2021	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total Shareholders' Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity		Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
(dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2020	$	591,891	$	3,428,340	$	8,195,182	$	584,376	$	12,799,789	$	14,892	$	12,814,681	$	245,642
Net income (loss)					573,694		—		573,694		6,675		580,369		(688)
Other comprehensive income (loss)					—		(214,697)		(214,697)		—		(214,697)		17
Comprehensive Income (Loss)									358,997		6,675		365,672		(671)


Repurchase of common stock	—		—		(22,023)		—		(22,023)		—		(22,023)		—

Restricted stock units expensed	—		19,160		—		—		19,160		—		19,160		—

Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interests	—		—		7,906		—		7,906		—		7,906		(7,906)
Purchase of noncontrolling interest	—		(531)		—		—		(531)		—		(531)		(147)
Other	—		645		1		—		646		(347)		299		(2,264)
March 31, 2021	$	591,891	$	3,447,614	$	8,754,760	$	369,679	$	13,163,944	$	21,220	$	13,185,164	$	234,654


Three Months Ended March 31, 2020	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total Shareholders' Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity		Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
(dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2019	$	—	$	3,404,919	$	7,457,176	$	208,772	$	11,070,867	$	7,549	$	11,078,416	$	177,562
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU No. 2016-13, net of taxes					(3,827)		—		(3,827)		—		(3,827)		—
January 1, 2020	—		3,404,919		7,453,349		208,772		11,067,040		7,549		11,074,589		177,562
Net income (loss)					(1,405,763)		—		(1,405,763)		3,301		(1,402,462)		1,086
Other comprehensive income (loss)					—		52,954		52,954		—		52,954		(124)
Comprehensive Income (Loss)									(1,352,809)		3,301		(1,349,508)		962

Repurchase of common stock	—		—		(23,865)		—		(23,865)		—		(23,865)		—
Restricted stock units expensed	—		19,369		—		—		19,369		—		19,369		—
Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interests	—		—		16,013		—		16,013		—		16,013		(16,013)
Purchase of noncontrolling interest	—		(4,833)		—		—		(4,833)		—		(4,833)		(5,252)
Other	—		73		(260)		—		(187)		752		565		(1,842)
March 31, 2020	$	—	$	3,419,528	$	6,039,474	$	261,726	$	9,720,728	$	11,602	$	9,732,330	$	155,417

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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MARKEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
	(dollars in thousands)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income (loss)	$	579,681	$	(1,401,376)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities	(261,557)		1,467,054
Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities	318,124		65,678
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from sales of fixed maturity securities and equity securities	69,118		266,421
Proceeds from maturities, calls and prepayments of fixed maturity securities	100,123		104,226
Cost of fixed maturity securities and equity securities purchased	(595,695)		(382,415)
Net change in short-term investments	(663,120)		942,695


Additions to property and equipment	(30,650)		(29,907)



Other	42,637		5,599
Net Cash Provided (Used) By Investing Activities	(1,077,587)		906,619
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Additions to senior long-term debt and other debt	152,355		89,428
Repayment of senior long-term debt and other debt	(71,586)		(30,274)

Repurchases of common stock	(22,023)		(23,865)




Other	(5,039)		(14,382)
Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities	53,707		20,907
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents	(12,989)		(35,233)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents	(718,745)		957,971
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents at beginning of period	5,216,649		3,500,353
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, RESTRICTED CASH AND RESTRICTED CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD	$	4,497,904	$	4,458,324

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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MARKEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Markel Corporation is a diverse financial holding company serving a variety of niche markets. Markel Corporation's principal business markets and underwrites specialty insurance products. Through its wholly owned subsidiary, Markel Ventures, Inc. (Markel Ventures), Markel Corporation also owns interests in various businesses that operate outside of the specialty insurance marketplace. See note 2 for details regarding reportable segments.

a) Basis of Presentation. The consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2021 and the related consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are unaudited. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for fair presentation of such consolidated financial statements have been included. Such adjustments consist only of normal, recurring items. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results of operations for the entire year. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 was derived from Markel Corporation's audited annual consolidated financial statements.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States (U.S.) generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and include the accounts of Markel Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, as well as any variable interest entities (VIEs) that meet the requirements for consolidation (the Company). All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company consolidates the results of its Markel Ventures subsidiaries on a one-month lag, with the exception of significant transactions or events that occur during the intervening period. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

The consolidated financial statements and notes are presented as permitted by Form 10-Q and do not contain certain information included in the Company's annual consolidated financial statements and notes. Readers are urged to review the Company's 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a more complete description of the Company's business and accounting policies, as well as a description of the risks and uncertainties associated with the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company's businesses and results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, including in note 20 of the notes to consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. There were no material changes in the Company's assessment of the risks and uncertainties associated with the COVID-19 pandemic during the three months ended March 31, 2021.

b) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2021

The Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes effective January 1, 2021. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. The FASB subsequently issued several ASUs as amendments to ASU No. 2018-12. The standard requires insurance entities with long duration contracts to: (1) review and, if there is a change, update the assumptions used to measure expected cash flows at least annually, as well as update the discount rate assumption at each reporting date; (2) measure all market risk benefits associated with deposit (or account balance) contracts at fair value; and (3) disclose liability rollforwards and information about significant inputs, judgments, assumptions and methods used to measure the liability, including changes thereto and the effect of those changes on measurement. ASU No. 2018-12 becomes effective for the Company during the first quarter of 2023. The standard will, among other things, impact the discount rate used in estimating reserves for the Company's life and annuity reinsurance portfolio, which is in runoff. Currently, the discount rate assumption is locked-in for the life of the contracts, unless there is a loss recognition event. The Company is currently evaluating ASU No. 2018-12 to determine the impact that adopting this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

2. Segment Reporting Disclosures

The chief operating decision maker reviews the Company's ongoing underwriting operations on a global basis in the following two segments: Insurance and Reinsurance. In determining how to allocate resources and assess the performance of its underwriting results, management considers many factors, including the nature of the insurance product sold, the type of account written and the type of customer served. The Insurance segment includes all direct business and facultative placements written within the Company's underwriting operations. The Reinsurance segment includes all treaty reinsurance written within the Company's underwriting operations. All investing activities related to the Company's insurance operations are included in the Investing segment.

The chief operating decision maker reviews and assesses Markel Ventures' performance in the aggregate, as a single operating segment. The Markel Ventures segment primarily consists of controlling interests in a diverse portfolio of businesses that operate in various industries.

The Company's other operations primarily consist of the results of the Company's insurance-linked securities operations and program services business. Other operations also include results for lines of business discontinued prior to, or in conjunction with, acquisitions, including development on asbestos and environmental loss reserves and results attributable to the run-off of life and annuity reinsurance business, which are monitored separately from the Company's ongoing underwriting operations. For purposes of segment reporting, none of these other operations are considered to be reportable segments.

Segment profit for each of the Company's underwriting segments is measured by underwriting profit. The property and casualty insurance industry commonly defines underwriting profit as earned premiums net of losses and loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses. Underwriting profit does not replace operating income or net income computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP as a measure of profitability. Underwriting profit or loss provides a basis for management to evaluate the Company's underwriting performance. Segment profit for the Investing segment is measured by net investment income and net investment gains. Segment profit for the Markel Ventures segment is measured by operating income.

For management reporting purposes, the Company allocates assets to its underwriting operations and to its Investing and Markel Ventures segments and certain of its other operations, including its insurance-linked securities and program services operations. Underwriting assets include assets attributed to the Company's Insurance and Reinsurance segments, discontinued underwriting lines of business, as well as assets that are not specifically allocated to the Company's other operations. Underwriting and investing assets are not allocated to the Company's underwriting segments since the Company does not manage its assets by underwriting segment. The Company does not allocate capital expenditures for long-lived assets to either of its underwriting segments for management reporting purposes.

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a) The following tables summarize the Company's segment disclosures.


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
(dollars in thousands)	Insurance			Reinsurance			Investing		Markel Ventures (1)		Other (2)			Consolidated
Gross premium volume	$	1,638,327		$	532,518		$	—	$	—	$	634,007		$	2,804,852
Net written premiums	1,387,430			494,085			—		—		(445)			1,881,070

Earned premiums	1,244,027			254,087			—		—		(419)			1,497,695
Losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current accident year	(798,247)			(172,501)			—		—		—			(970,748)
Prior accident years	119,064			(28,655)			—		—		421			90,830
Amortization of policy acquisition costs	(260,599)			(61,988)			—		—		—			(322,587)
Other operating expenses	(187,297)			(14,161)			—		—		(2,698)			(204,156)
Underwriting profit (loss)	116,948			(23,218)			—		—		(2,696)			91,034
Net investment income	—			—			96,567		3		—			96,570
Net investment gains	—			—			526,871		—		—			526,871
Products revenues	—			—			—		328,832		—			328,832
Services and other revenues	—			—			—		377,767		72,459			450,226
Products expenses	—			—			—		(296,526)		—			(296,526)
Services and other expenses	—			—			—		(344,908)		(67,189)			(412,097)
Amortization of intangible assets (3)	—			—			—		(13,705)		(25,848)			(39,553)

Segment profit (loss)	$	116,948		$	(23,218)		$	623,438	$	51,463	$	(23,274)		$	745,357
Interest expense														(42,389)
Net foreign exchange gains														25,084

Income before income taxes														$	728,052
U.S. GAAP combined ratio (4)	91		%	109		%					NM		(5)	94		%

(1) Products expenses and services and other expenses for the Markel Ventures segment include depreciation expense of $16.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

(2) Other represents the total profit (loss) attributable to the Company's operations that are not included in a reportable segment as well as any amortization of intangible assets that is not allocated to a reportable segment. Amortization of intangible assets attributable to the Company's underwriting segments was $10.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, however, the Company does not allocate amortization of intangible assets between the Insurance and Reinsurance segments.

(3) Segment profit for the Markel Ventures segment includes amortization of intangible assets attributable to Markel Ventures. Amortization of intangible assets is not allocated to the Company's Insurance and Reinsurance segments.

(4) The U.S. GAAP combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance and represents the relationship of incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums.

(5) NM - Ratio is not meaningful

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	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)	Insurance			Reinsurance			Investing		Markel Ventures (1)		Other (2)			Consolidated
Gross premium volume	$	1,414,711		$	513,186		$	—	$	—	$	394,927		$	2,322,824
Net written premiums	1,195,737			452,749			—		—		(2,008)			1,646,478

Earned premiums	1,106,851			225,960			—		—		(2,102)			1,330,709
Losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current accident year	(1,006,635)			(173,730)			—		—		—			(1,180,365)
Prior accident years	116,132			(13,912)			—		—		1,797			104,017
Amortization of policy acquisition costs	(239,420)			(56,391)			—		—		—			(295,811)
Other operating expenses	(183,302)			(15,886)			—		—		(164)			(199,352)
Underwriting loss	(206,374)			(33,959)			—		—		(469)			(240,802)
Net investment income	—			—			88,059		184		—			88,243
Net investment losses	—			—			(1,681,441)		—		—			(1,681,441)
Products revenues	—			—			—		352,161		—			352,161
Services and other revenues	—			—			—		158,876		87,118			245,994
Products expenses	—			—			—		(314,071)		—			(314,071)
Services and other expenses	—			—			—		(143,552)		(74,004)			(217,556)
Amortization of intangible assets (3)	—			—			—		(11,841)		(26,017)			(37,858)

Segment profit (loss)	$	(206,374)		$	(33,959)		$	(1,593,382)	$	41,757	$	(13,372)		$	(1,805,330)
Interest expense														(45,030)
Net foreign exchange gains														78,301

Loss before income taxes														$	(1,772,059)
U.S. GAAP combined ratio (4)	119		%	115		%					NM		(5)	118		%

(1) Products expenses and services and other expenses for the Markel Ventures segment include depreciation expense of $13.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

(2) Other represents the total profit (loss) attributable to the Company's operations that are not included in a reportable segment as well as any amortization of intangible assets that is not allocated to a reportable segment. Amortization of intangible assets attributable to the Company's underwriting segments was $10.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, however, the Company does not allocate amortization of intangible assets between the Insurance and Reinsurance segments.

(5) NM - Ratio is not meaningful

b) The following table reconciles segment assets to the Company's consolidated balance sheets.


(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Segment assets:
Investing	$	25,470,635	$	24,781,946
Underwriting	7,704,190		7,228,297
Markel Ventures	3,706,069		3,636,060
Total segment assets	36,880,894		35,646,303
Other operations	6,162,135		6,063,751
Total assets	$	43,043,029	$	41,710,054

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3. Investments

a) The following tables summarize the Company's available-for-sale investments. Commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities include securities issued by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and U.S. government agencies. The net unrealized holding gains in the tables below are presented before taxes and any reserve deficiency adjustments for life and annuity benefit reserves. See note 8.


	March 31, 2021
(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Holding Gains		Gross Unrealized Holding Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	924,319	$	5,467	$	(5,469)	$	924,317
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	591,883		31,639		(9,110)		614,412
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions	3,928,674		294,394		(10,680)		4,212,388
Foreign governments	1,354,681		196,055		(1,967)		1,548,769
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,761,869		99,451		(3,009)		1,858,311
Residential mortgage-backed securities	790,950		48,935		(13)		839,872
Asset-backed securities	5,713		113		—		5,826
Corporate bonds	761,317		65,916		(2,983)		824,250
Total fixed maturity securities	10,119,406		741,970		(33,231)		10,828,145
Short-term investments	2,732,659		4,327		(4)		2,736,982
Investments, available-for-sale	$	12,852,065	$	746,297	$	(33,235)	$	13,565,127


	December 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Holding Gains		Gross Unrealized Holding Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	580,716	$	9,091	$	(507)	$	589,300
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	500,053		51,593		(92)		551,554
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions	3,903,292		386,784		(235)		4,289,841
Foreign governments	1,352,616		275,450		(57)		1,628,009
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,736,257		149,359		(34)		1,885,582
Residential mortgage-backed securities	811,732		58,742		(29)		870,445
Asset-backed securities	5,812		154		—		5,966
Corporate bonds	764,783		96,257		(3)		861,037
Total fixed maturity securities	9,655,261		1,027,430		(957)		10,681,734
Short-term investments	2,030,460		3,645		(6)		2,034,099
Investments, available-for-sale	$	11,685,721	$	1,031,075	$	(963)	$	12,715,833

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b) The following tables summarize gross unrealized investment losses on available-for-sale investments by the length of time that securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position.


	March 31, 2021
	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Holding Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Holding Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Holding Losses
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	529,340	$	(5,469)	$	—	$	—	$	529,340	$	(5,469)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	279,682		(9,110)		—		—		279,682		(9,110)
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions	258,698		(10,671)		2,926		(9)		261,624		(10,680)
Foreign governments	101,907		(1,967)		—		—		101,907		(1,967)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	105,483		(3,009)		—		—		105,483		(3,009)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	1,084		(9)		430		(4)		1,514		(13)

Corporate bonds	79,402		(2,983)		—		—		79,402		(2,983)
Total fixed maturity securities	1,355,596		(33,218)		3,356		(13)		1,358,952		(33,231)
Short-term investments	968,973		(4)		—		—		968,973		(4)
Total	$	2,324,569	$	(33,222)	$	3,356	$	(13)	$	2,327,925	$	(33,235)

At March 31, 2021, the Company held 139 available-for-sale securities with a total estimated fair value of $2.3 billion and gross unrealized losses of $33.2 million. Of these 139 securities, seven securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for one year or longer and had a total estimated fair value of $3.4 million and gross unrealized losses of $13 thousand. The Company does not intend to sell or believe it will be required to sell these available-for-sale securities before recovery of their amortized cost.


	December 31, 2020
	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Holding Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Holding Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Holding Losses
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	66,220	$	(507)	$	—	$	—	$	66,220	$	(507)
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	14,878		(92)		—		—		14,878		(92)
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions	28,037		(223)		2,960		(12)		30,997		(235)
Foreign governments	20,790		(57)		—		—		20,790		(57)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	13,178		(26)		2,526		(8)		15,704		(34)
Residential mortgage-backed securities	3,345		(29)		—		—		3,345		(29)

Corporate bonds	92		(3)		—		—		92		(3)
Total fixed maturity securities	146,540		(937)		5,486		(20)		152,026		(957)
Short-term investments	349,978		(6)		—		—		349,978		(6)
Total	$	496,518	$	(943)	$	5,486	$	(20)	$	502,004	$	(963)

At December 31, 2020, the Company held 36 available-for-sale securities with a total estimated fair value of $502.0 million and gross unrealized losses of $963 thousand. Of these 36 securities, six securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for one year or longer and had a total estimated fair value of $5.5 million and gross unrealized losses of $20 thousand.

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The Company completes a detailed analysis each quarter to assess whether the decline in the fair value of any investment below its cost basis is the result of a credit loss. All available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses are reviewed. The Company considers many factors in completing its quarterly review of securities with unrealized losses for credit-related impairment to determine whether a credit loss exists, including the extent to which fair value is below cost, the implied yield to maturity, rating downgrades of the security and whether or not the issuer has failed to make scheduled principal or interest payments. The Company also takes into consideration information about the financial condition of the issuer and industry factors that could negatively impact the capital markets.

If the decline in fair value of an available-for-sale security below its amortized cost is considered to be the result of a credit loss, the Company compares the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost of the security. The extent to which the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the security represents the credit loss, which is recorded as an allowance and recognized in net income. The allowance is limited to the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost of the security. Any remaining decline in fair value represents the non-credit portion of the impairment, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company did not have an allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2021 or December 31, 2020.

Quarterly, the Company also considers whether it intends to sell an available-for-sale security or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost. In these instances, a decline in fair value is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment, resulting in a new cost basis for the security.

c) The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities at March 31, 2021 are shown below by contractual maturity.


(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	370,251	$	373,762
Due after one year through five years	2,298,104		2,417,512
Due after five years through ten years	2,522,776		2,686,728
Due after ten years	2,369,743		2,646,134
	7,560,874		8,124,136
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,761,869		1,858,311
Residential mortgage-backed securities	790,950		839,872
Asset-backed securities	5,713		5,826
Total fixed maturity securities	$	10,119,406	$	10,828,145

d) The following table presents the components of net investment income.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2021		2020
Interest:
Municipal bonds (tax-exempt)		$	15,236	$	16,601
Municipal bonds (taxable)		16,495		16,895
Other taxable bonds		39,395		39,972
Short-term investments, including overnight deposits		672		10,243
Dividends on equity securities		25,385		28,614
Income (loss) from equity method investments		3,925		(19,979)
Other		(195)		757
		100,913		93,103
Investment expenses		(4,343)		(4,860)
Net investment income		$	96,570	$	88,243

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e) The following table presents the components of net investment gains (losses) and the change in net unrealized gains included in other comprehensive income (loss).


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2021		2020
Fixed maturity securities:
Realized gains		$	83	$	1,385
Realized losses		—		(2,884)

Short-term investments:
Realized gains		30		98
Realized losses		(94)		(172)
Cost-method investments:
Realized gains		4,722		11,167
Other investment gains (losses)		(1,332)		144
Net realized investment gains		3,409		9,738
Equity securities:
Change in fair value of securities sold during the period		3,117		(39,065)
Change in fair value of securities held at the end of the period		520,345		(1,652,114)
Total change in fair value		523,462		(1,691,179)
Net investment gains (losses)		$	526,871	$	(1,681,441)
Change in net unrealized gains on available-for-sale investments included in other comprehensive income (loss):
Fixed maturity securities		$	(321,232)	$	98,567
Short-term investments		684		(6,706)
Reserve deficiency adjustment for life and annuity benefit reserves (see note 8)		49,333		(12,872)
Net increase (decrease)		$	(271,215)	$	78,989

4. Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, establishes a three-level hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). If the inputs used to measure the assets or liabilities fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the classification is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability.

Classification of assets and liabilities within the hierarchy considers the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability and transparency of the assumptions used to determine fair value. The hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. The levels of the hierarchy are defined as follows:

Level 1 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities traded in active markets.

Level 2 – Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability and market-corroborated inputs.

Level 3 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable for the asset or liability and are significant to the fair value measurement.

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In accordance with ASC 820, the Company determines fair value based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, the Company uses various methods, including the market, income and cost approaches. The Company uses valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The following section describes the valuation methodologies used by the Company to measure assets and liabilities at fair value, including an indication of the level within the fair value hierarchy in which each asset or liability is generally classified.

Available-for-sale investments and equity securities. Available-for-sale investments and equity securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Available-for-sale investments include fixed maturity securities and short-term investments. Short-term investments include certificates of deposit, commercial paper, discount notes and treasury bills with original maturities of one year or less. Fair value for available-for-sale investments and equity securities are determined by the Company after considering various sources of information, including information provided by a third party pricing service. The pricing service provides prices for substantially all of the Company's fixed maturity securities and equity securities. In determining fair value, the Company generally does not adjust the prices obtained from the pricing service. The Company obtains an understanding of the pricing service's valuation methodologies and related inputs, which include, but are not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids, offers, duration, credit ratings, estimated cash flows and prepayment speeds. The Company validates prices provided by the pricing service by reviewing prices from other pricing sources and analyzing pricing data in certain instances.

The Company has evaluated the various types of securities in its investment portfolio to determine an appropriate fair value hierarchy level based upon trading activity and the observability of market inputs. Level 1 investments include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange. Level 2 investments include U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, municipal bonds, foreign government bonds, commercial mortgage-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and corporate debt securities. Level 3 investments include the Company's investments in certain insurance-linked securities funds managed by Markel CATCo Investment Management Ltd. (MCIM), a consolidated subsidiary, that are not traded on an active exchange, as further described and defined in note 9 (the Markel CATCo Funds), and are valued using unobservable inputs.

Fair value for available-for-sale investments and equity securities is measured based upon quoted prices in active markets, if available. Due to variations in trading volumes and the lack of quoted market prices, fixed maturity securities are classified as Level 2 investments. The fair value of fixed maturity securities is normally derived through recent reported trades for identical or similar securities, making adjustments through the reporting date based upon available market observable data previously described. If there are no recent reported trades, the fair value of fixed maturity securities may be derived through the use of matrix pricing or model processes, where future cash flow expectations are developed based upon collateral performance and discounted at an estimated market rate. Significant inputs used to determine the fair value of obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions, corporate bonds and obligations of foreign governments include reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids, offers, credit information and estimated cash flows. Significant inputs used to determine the fair value of commercial mortgage-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities include the type of underlying assets, benchmark yields, prepayment speeds, collateral information, tranche type and volatility, estimated cash flows, credit information, default rates, recovery rates, issuer spreads and the year of issue.

Due to the significance of unobservable inputs required in measuring the fair value of the Company's investments in the Markel CATCo Funds, these investments are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the securities are derived using their reported net asset value (NAV) as the primary input, as well as other observable and unobservable inputs as deemed necessary by management. Management has obtained an understanding of the inputs, assumptions, process and controls used to determine NAV, which is calculated by an independent third party. Unobservable inputs to the NAV calculations include assumptions around premium earnings patterns and loss reserve estimates for the underlying securitized reinsurance contracts in which the Markel CATCo Funds invest. In July 2019, the Markel CATCo Funds were placed into run-off and capital is being returned to investors as it becomes available the timing of which is impacted by contractual terms regarding release of collateral on the underlying securitized reinsurance contracts, as well as required regulatory approvals.

The Company's valuation policies and procedures for Level 3 investments are determined by management. Fair value measurements are analyzed quarterly to ensure the change in fair value from prior periods is reasonable relative to management's understanding of the underlying investments, recent market trends and external market data.

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Senior long-term debt and other debt. Senior long-term debt and other debt is carried at amortized cost with the estimated fair value disclosed on the consolidated balance sheets. Senior long-term debt and other debt is classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy due to variations in trading volumes and the lack of quoted market prices. Fair value for senior long-term debt and other debt is generally derived through recent reported trades for identical securities, making adjustments through the reporting date, if necessary, based upon available market observable data including U.S. Treasury securities and implied credit spreads. Significant inputs used to determine the fair value of senior long-term debt and other debt include reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids and offers.

The following tables present the balances of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy.


	March 31, 2021
(dollars in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	—	$	924,317	$	—	$	924,317
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	—		614,412		—		614,412
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions	—		4,212,388		—		4,212,388
Foreign governments	—		1,548,769		—		1,548,769
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		1,858,311		—		1,858,311
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		839,872		—		839,872
Asset-backed securities	—		5,826		—		5,826
Corporate bonds	—		824,250		—		824,250
Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	—		10,828,145		—		10,828,145
Equity securities:
Insurance, banks and other financial institutions	2,738,320		—		56,138		2,794,458
Industrial, consumer and all other	4,734,359		—		—		4,734,359
Total equity securities	7,472,679		—		56,138		7,528,817
Short-term investments, available-for-sale	2,620,422		116,560		—		2,736,982
Total investments	$	10,093,101	$	10,944,705	$	56,138	$	21,093,944

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	December 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	—	$	589,300	$	—	$	589,300
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	—		551,554		—		551,554
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions	—		4,289,841		—		4,289,841
Foreign governments	—		1,628,009		—		1,628,009
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		1,885,582		—		1,885,582
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		870,445		—		870,445
Asset-backed securities	—		5,966		—		5,966
Corporate bonds	—		861,037		—		861,037
Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	—		10,681,734		—		10,681,734
Equity securities:
Insurance, banks and other financial institutions	2,516,361		—		58,493		2,574,854
Industrial, consumer and all other	4,419,256		—		—		4,419,256
Total equity securities	6,935,617		—		58,493		6,994,110
Short-term investments, available-for-sale	1,922,459		111,640		—		2,034,099
Total investments	$	8,858,076	$	10,793,374	$	58,493	$	19,709,943

The following table summarizes changes in Level 3 investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, all of which are attributed to the Company's investments in the Markel CATCo Funds.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2021		2020
Equity securities, beginning of period		$	58,493	$	45,992
Purchases		—		90,000
Sales		—		(1,364)
Net investment gains (losses)		(2,355)		(3,321)


Equity securities, end of period		$	56,138	$	131,307

In connection with the run-off of one of the Markel CATCo Funds and to facilitate the return of capital to third party investors, the Company invested $90.0 million in that fund effective January 1, 2020. This investment replaced collateral previously provided by other investors for risk exposures within the underlying reinsurance contracts in which the fund is invested related to loss events that occur after December 31, 2019 and through the expiration of the reinsurance contracts, all of which either had expired or were commuted in 2020. Underwriting results for the 2020 loss exposures on these contracts are attributed to the Company through its investment in the fund.

The Company did not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

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5. Products, Services and Other Revenues

The amount of revenues from contracts with customers for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was $719.6 million and $542.2 million, respectively.

The following tables present revenues from contracts with customers by segment and type, all of which are included in products revenues and services and other revenues in the consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss).


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021						2020
(dollars in thousands)	Markel Ventures		Other		Total		Markel Ventures		Other		Total
Products	$	318,642	$	—	$	318,642	$	338,238	$	—	$	338,238
Services	356,688		27,979		384,667		143,264		30,885		174,149
Investment management	—		16,337		16,337		—		29,823		29,823
Total revenues from contracts with customers	675,330		44,316		719,646		481,502		60,708		542,210
Program services and other fronting	—		27,617		27,617		—		25,704		25,704
Other	31,269		526		31,795		29,535		706		30,241
Total	$	706,599	$	72,459	$	779,058	$	511,037	$	87,118	$	598,155

Receivables from contracts with customers were $406.7 million and $406.4 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

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6. Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The following table presents a reconciliation of consolidated beginning and ending reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2021		2020
Net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, beginning of year	$	10,485,717	$	9,475,261
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on beginning of year balance	(9,485)		(96,339)
Effect of adoption of ASU No. 2016-13	—		3,849
Adjusted net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, beginning of year	10,476,232		9,382,771
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses:
Current accident year	970,748		1,180,365
Prior accident years	(90,870)		(104,072)
Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses	879,878		1,076,293
Payments:
Current accident year	52,770		58,699
Prior accident years	633,025		591,513
Total payments	685,795		650,212
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on current year activity	475		(488)

Net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, end of period	10,670,790		9,808,364
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses	5,929,710		5,230,448
Gross reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, end of period	$	16,600,500	$	15,038,812

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, current accident year losses and loss adjustment expenses included $64.3 million of net losses and loss adjustment expenses from Winter Storm Uri. The net losses and loss adjustment expenses from Winter Storm Uri as of March 31, 2021 represent the Company's best estimates based upon information currently available. The estimates for these losses are based on claims received to date, detailed policy and reinsurance contract level reviews, preliminary industry loss estimates and output from both industry and proprietary models, as well as analysis of the Company's ceded reinsurance contracts. Due to the limited claims activity thus far, these estimates are based on various assumptions about coverage, liability and reinsurance and are therefore subject to change. While the Company believes its reserves for Winter Storm Uri as of March 31, 2021 are adequate, it continues to closely monitor reported claims and will adjust estimates of gross and net losses as new information becomes available.

For the three months ended March 31, 2020, current accident year losses and loss adjustment expenses included $325.0 million of net losses and loss adjustment expenses attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, prior accident years' losses and loss adjustment expenses included $90.9 million of favorable development on prior years' loss reserves, which included $89.1 million of favorable development on the Company's marine and energy, general liability, workers' compensation and property product lines within the Insurance segment. Favorable development on prior years' loss reserves for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was partially offset by $18.6 million of adverse development within the Reinsurance segment related to COVID-19. The Company's estimate of ultimate losses directly attributed to COVID-19 is based on assumptions about coverage, liability and reinsurance, for which significant uncertainty still exists, and represents the Company's best estimate as of March 31, 2021 based upon information currently available. While the Company believes the net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses for COVID-19 as of March 31, 2021 are adequate based on information available at this time, the Company will continue to closely monitor reported claims, government actions, judicial decisions and changes in the levels of worldwide social disruption and economic activity arising from the pandemic and will adjust the estimates of gross and net losses as new information becomes available. Such adjustments to the Company's reserves for COVID-19 losses and loss adjustment expenses may be material to the Company's results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

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For the three months ended March 31, 2020, prior accident years' losses and loss adjustment expenses included $104.1 million of favorable development on prior years' loss reserves, which included $89.6 million of favorable development on the Company's professional liability, workers' compensation and marine and energy product lines within the Insurance segment. Favorable development on prior years' loss reserves for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was partially offset by $13.9 million of adverse development within the Reinsurance segment.

7. Reinsurance

The following table summarizes the effect of reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance on premiums written and earned.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021								2020
(dollars in thousands)	Direct		Assumed		Ceded		Net Premiums		Direct		Assumed		Ceded		Net Premiums
Underwriting:
Written	$	1,549,097	$	621,748	$	(289,313)	$	1,881,532	$	1,349,241	$	578,656	$	(279,389)	$	1,648,508
Earned	1,431,333		365,898		(299,100)		1,498,131		1,275,671		326,700		(269,538)		1,332,833
Program services and other fronting:
Written	608,037		25,970		(634,469)		(462)		388,924		6,003		(396,957)		(2,030)
Earned	583,160		14,905		(598,501)		(436)		545,343		13,723		(561,190)		(2,124)
Consolidated:
Written	2,157,134		647,718		(923,782)		1,881,070		1,738,165		584,659		(676,346)		1,646,478
Earned	$	2,014,493	$	380,803	$	(897,601)	$	1,497,695	$	1,821,014	$	340,423	$	(830,728)	$	1,330,709

Substantially all of the premiums written and earned in the Company's program services and other fronting operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were ceded. The percentage of consolidated ceded earned premiums to gross earned premiums was 37% and 38% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The percentage of consolidated assumed earned premiums to net earned premiums was 25% and 26% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Substantially all of the incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses in the Company's program services and other fronting operations, which totaled $443.0 million and $308.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, were ceded.

The following table summarizes the effect of reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance on losses and loss adjustment expenses in the Company's underwriting operations.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2021		2020
Gross		$	1,073,923	$	1,243,557
Ceded		(191,971)		(167,180)
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses		$	881,952	$	1,076,377

8. Life and Annuity Benefits

Life and annuity benefits are compiled on a reinsurance contract-by-contract basis and are discounted using standard actuarial techniques and cash flow models. Since the development of the life and annuity reinsurance reserves is based upon cash flow projection models, the Company must make estimates and assumptions based on cedent experience, industry mortality tables, and expense and investment experience, including a provision for adverse deviation. The assumptions used to determine policy benefit reserves are generally locked-in for the life of the contract unless an unlocking event occurs. Loss recognition testing is performed to determine if existing policy benefit reserves, together with the present value of future gross premiums and expected investment income earned thereon, are adequate to cover the present value of future benefits, settlement and maintenance costs. If the existing policy benefit reserves are not sufficient, the locked-in assumptions are revised to current best estimate assumptions and a charge to earnings for life and annuity benefits is recognized at that time.

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Life and annuity benefits are also adjusted to the extent unrealized gains on the investments supporting the policy benefit reserves would result in a reserve deficiency if those gains were realized. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the cumulative adjustment to life and annuity benefits attributable to unrealized gains on the underlying investment portfolio totaled $70.3 million and $119.6 million, respectively. The $49.3 million decrease in the cumulative adjustment to life and annuity benefits for the three months ended March 31, 2021 reflects an increase in the market yield on the investment portfolio supporting the policy benefit reserves during the period for which the Company decreased life and annuity benefits and increased the change in net unrealized holding gains included in other comprehensive income (loss) by a corresponding amount. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company increased life and annuity benefits by $12.9 million, as a result of decreases in the market yield on the investment portfolio supporting the policy benefit reserves, and decreased the change in net unrealized holding gains included in other comprehensive income (loss) by a corresponding amount.

9. Variable Interest Entities

MCIM, a wholly-owned consolidated subsidiary of the Company, is an insurance-linked securities investment fund manager and reinsurance manager headquartered in Bermuda. Results attributable to MCIM are not included in a reportable segment.

MCIM serves as the insurance manager for Markel CATCo Re Ltd. (Markel CATCo Re), a Bermuda Class 3 reinsurance company, and as the investment manager for Markel CATCo Reinsurance Fund Ltd., a Bermuda exempted mutual fund company comprised of multiple segregated accounts (Markel CATCo Funds). The Markel CATCo Funds issue multiple classes of nonvoting, redeemable preference shares to investors and the Markel CATCo Funds are primarily invested in nonvoting preference shares of Markel CATCo Re. The underwriting results of Markel CATCo Re are attributed to the Markel CATCo Funds through those nonvoting preference shares. Voting shares in Markel CATCo Reinsurance Fund Ltd. and Markel CATCo Re are held by MCIM.

The Markel CATCo Funds and Markel CATCo Re are considered VIEs, as their preference shareholders have no voting rights. MCIM has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these entities, but does not have a variable interest in any of the entities. With the exception of an investment in one of the Markel CATCo Funds ($56.1 million and $58.5 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively), the Company's involvement is generally limited to that of an investment or insurance manager, receiving fees that are at market and commensurate with the level of effort required. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of the Markel CATCo Funds or Markel CATCo Re and therefore does not consolidate these entities.

The Company's exposure to risk from unconsolidated Markel CATCo Funds and Markel CATCo Re is generally limited to its investment and any earned but uncollected fees. The Company has not issued any investment performance guarantees to these VIEs or their investors. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, net assets under management of MCIM for unconsolidated VIEs were $817.2 million and $929.2 million, respectively.

In July 2019, both the Markel CATCo Funds and Markel CATCo Re were placed into run-off, and MCIM is returning capital to investors as it becomes available. See note 12 for further details regarding the Company's Markel CATCo operations.

10. Related Party Transactions

The Company engages in certain related party transactions in the normal course of business at arm's length.

Insurance-Linked Securities

Within the Company's Nephila insurance-linked securities operations, the Company provides investment management services to several Bermuda, Ireland and U.S. based private funds (the Nephila Funds). To provide access for the Nephila Funds to the insurance, reinsurance and weather markets, Nephila also provides managing general agent services and acts as an insurance manager to certain Bermuda Class 3 and 3A reinsurance companies and Lloyd's Syndicate 2357 (Syndicate 2357) (collectively, the Nephila Reinsurers). The Company receives management fees for investment and insurance management services provided through Nephila's insurance-linked securities operations based on the net asset value of the accounts managed, and, for certain funds, incentive fees based on the annual performance of the funds managed. Nephila also receives commissions from the Nephila Reinsurers, which are based on the direct written premiums of the insurance contracts placed. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, total revenues attributed to unconsolidated entities managed by Nephila were $28.6 million and $41.5 million, respectively.

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Through the Company's program services operations and other fronting arrangements, the Company has programs with Nephila through which the Company writes insurance policies that are ceded to Syndicate 2357 and certain other Nephila Reinsurers. Through these programs, Nephila utilizes certain of the Company's licensed insurance companies to write U.S. catastrophe exposed property risk that is then ceded to Nephila Reinsurers. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, gross premiums written through these programs with Nephila were $117.3 million and $90.5 million, respectively, all of which were ceded to Nephila Reinsurers. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, reinsurance recoverables on the consolidated balance sheets included $365.2 million and $353.8 million, respectively, due from Nephila Reinsurers. Under these programs, the Company bears underwriting risk for annual aggregate agreement year losses in excess of a limit the Company believes is unlikely to be exceeded. To the extent losses under these programs exceed the prescribed limits, the Company is obligated to pay such losses to the cedents without recourse to the Nephila Reinsurers. While the Company believes losses under these programs are unlikely, those losses, if incurred, could be material to the Company's consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

The Company has also entered into other assumed and ceded reinsurance transactions with the Nephila Reinsurers in the normal course of business, which are not material to the Company's consolidated financial statements.

The Hagerty Group, LLC

The Company holds a minority ownership interest in The Hagerty Group, LLC, which is accounted for under the equity method. Hagerty Group primarily operates as a managing general agent under the names Hagerty Insurance Agency and Hagerty Classic Marine Insurance Agency (collectively, Hagerty). Hagerty Group also includes Hagerty Re, a Bermuda Class 3 reinsurance company. Essentia Insurance Company (Essentia), one of the Company's insurance subsidiaries, is the exclusive insurance underwriter for Hagerty in the U.S., and a portion of this insurance is ceded to Hagerty Re. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, gross written premiums attributable to Hagerty written on Essentia were $119.9 million and $100.9 million, respectively, of which $67.9 million and $47.8 million, respectively, were ceded to Hagerty Re.

11. Shareholders' Equity

a) The Company has 50,000,000 shares of no par value common stock authorized. The following table presents a rollforward of changes in common shares issued and outstanding.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2021	2020
Issued and outstanding common shares, beginning of year	13,783	13,794
Issuance of common shares	1	2
Repurchase of common shares	(19)	(21)
Issued and outstanding common shares, end of period	13,765	13,775

b) The Company has 10,000,000 shares of no par value preferred stock authorized, of which 600,000 shares were issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

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c) Net income (loss) per common share was determined by dividing adjusted net income (loss) to common shareholders by the applicable weighted average common shares outstanding. Basic common shares outstanding include restricted stock units that are no longer subject to any contingencies for issuance, but for which corresponding shares have not been issued. Diluted net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing adjusted net income (loss) to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts)		2021		2020
Net income (loss) to common shareholders		$	573,694	$	(1,405,763)
Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interests		7,906		16,013
Adjusted net income (loss) to common shareholders		$	581,600	$	(1,389,750)

Basic common shares outstanding		13,819		13,815

Dilutive potential common shares from restricted stock units and restricted stock (1)		22		—
Diluted common shares outstanding		13,841		13,815
Basic net income (loss) per common share		$	42.09	$	(100.60)
Diluted net income (loss) per common share (1)		$	42.02	$	(100.60)

(1) The impact of restricted stock units and restricted stock of 13 thousand shares was excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2020 because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

a) Late in the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company was contacted by and received inquiries from the U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and Bermuda Monetary Authority (collectively, Governmental Authorities) into loss reserves recorded in late 2017 and early 2018 at Markel CATCo Re (the Markel CATCo Inquiries), an unconsolidated subsidiary managed by MCIM. As a result, the Company engaged outside counsel to conduct an internal review.

The internal review was completed in April 2019 and found no evidence that MCIM personnel acted in bad faith in exercising business judgment in the setting of reserves and making related disclosures during late 2017 and early 2018. The Company's outside counsel has met with the Governmental Authorities and reported the findings from the internal review. The Company cannot currently predict the duration, scope or result of the Markel CATCo Inquiries.

The Markel CATCo Inquiries, as well as other matters related to or arising from the Markel CATCo Inquiries, including matters of which the Company is currently unaware, could result in additional claims, litigation, investigations, enforcement actions or proceedings. For example, additional litigation may be filed by investors in the Markel CATCo Funds. The Company also could become subject to increased regulatory scrutiny, investigations or proceedings in any of the jurisdictions where it operates. If any regulatory authority takes action against the Company or the Company enters into an agreement to settle a matter, the Company may incur sanctions or be required to pay substantial fines or implement remedial measures that could prove costly or disruptive to its businesses and operations. Costs associated with the Company's internal review, including legal and investigation costs, as well as legal costs incurred in connection with any existing or future litigation, are being expensed as incurred.

An unfavorable outcome in one or more of these matters, and others the Company cannot anticipate, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the Company may take further steps to mitigate potential risks or liabilities that may arise from the Markel CATCo Inquiries and related developments and some of those steps may have a material impact on the Company's results of operations or financial condition. Even if an unfavorable outcome does not materialize, these matters, and actions the Company may take in response, could have an adverse impact on the Company's reputation and result in substantial expense and disruption.

b) In 2019, the Company established Lodgepine Capital Management Limited (Lodgepine), a new retrocessional insurance-linked securities fund manager in Bermuda. Lodgepine's initial product offering will be Lodgepine Fund Limited, a property catastrophe retrocessional investment fund, and subject to certain conditions, the Company has committed to invest up to $100 million in Lodgepine Fund Limited.

c) Contingencies arise in the normal course of the Company's operations and are not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial condition or results of operations.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with United States (U.S.) generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and include the accounts of Markel Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, as well as any variable interest entities that meet the requirements for consolidation (the Company). See note 1(b) of the notes to consolidated financial statements for details of recently issued accounting pronouncements that we have not yet adopted and the expected effects on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

On March 11, 2020, COVID-19, a novel coronavirus outbreak, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. This pandemic has caused unprecedented social and economic disruption, increased volatility of capital markets and intervention by various governments and central banks around the world. Readers are urged to review our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a comprehensive description of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our businesses and results of operations, financial condition and cash flows in 2020, as well as a description of potential future impacts to our businesses and results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, including in "Developments Related to COVID-19" under Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. There were no material changes in the Company's assessment of the risks and uncertainties associated with the COVID-19 pandemic during the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Our Business

We are a diverse financial holding company serving a variety of niche markets. We aspire to build one of the world's great companies and deploy three financial engines in pursuit of this goal.

Insurance - Our principal business markets and underwrites specialty insurance products using multiple platforms that enable us to best match risk and capital.

Investing - Our investing activities are primarily related to our underwriting operations. The majority of our investable assets come from premiums paid by policyholders and the remainder is comprised of shareholder funds.

Markel Ventures - Through our Markel Ventures operations, we own controlling interests in a diverse portfolio of businesses that operate outside of the specialty insurance marketplace.

Our financial goals are to earn consistent underwriting and operating profits and superior investment returns to build shareholder value. We measure financial success by our ability to grow book value per common share and the market price per common share of our stock, or total shareholder return, at high rates of return over a long period of time. To mitigate effects of short-term volatility and align with the longer-term perspective we apply to operating our businesses, we generally use five-year time periods to measure our performance. Growth in book value per common share is an important measure of our success because it includes all underwriting, operating and investing results. Over the five-year period ended March 31, 2021, the compound annual growth in book value per common share outstanding was 9%. Growth in total shareholder value is also an important measure of our success, as a significant portion of our operations are not recorded at fair value or otherwise captured in book value. Over the five-year period ended March 31, 2021, our common share price increased at a compound annual rate of 5%.

Insurance

Our insurance engine is comprised of the following types of operations:

•Underwriting - Our underwriting operations are comprised of our risk-bearing insurance and reinsurance operations.

•Insurance-linked securities - Our insurance-linked securities (ILS) operations include investment fund managers that offer a variety of investment products, including insurance-linked securities, catastrophe bonds, insurance swaps and weather derivatives, as well as managing general agents that place risks with the funds managed or with third parties.

•Program services - Our program services business serves as a fronting platform that provides other insurance entities access to the U.S. property and casualty insurance market.

Through our underwriting, ILS and program services operations, we have a suite of capabilities through which we can access capital to support our customers' risks, which includes our own capital through our underwriting operations, as well as third party capital through our ILS and program services operations. Within each of these platforms, we believe that our specialty product focus and niche market strategy enable us to develop expertise and specialized market knowledge. We seek to

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differentiate ourselves from competitors by our expertise, service, continuity and other value-based considerations, including the multiple platforms through which we can manage risk and deploy capital. Our ability to access multiple insurance platforms allows us to achieve income streams from our insurance operations beyond the traditional underwriting model.

Underwriting

Our chief operating decision maker allocates resources to and assesses the performance of our ongoing underwriting operations on a global basis in the following two segments: Insurance and Reinsurance. In determining how to monitor our underwriting results, we consider many factors, including the nature of the insurance product sold, the type of account written and the type of customer served. The Insurance segment includes all direct business and facultative placements written across the Company. The Reinsurance segment includes all treaty reinsurance written across the Company.

Our Insurance segment includes both hard-to-place risks written outside of the standard market on an excess and surplus basis and unique and hard-to-place risks that must be written on an admitted basis due to marketing and regulatory reasons. Risks written in our Insurance segment are written on either a direct basis or a subscription basis, the latter of which means that the loss exposures brought into the market are typically insured by more than one insurance company or Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) syndicate. When we write business in the subscription market, we prefer to participate as lead underwriter in order to control underwriting terms, policy conditions and claims handling. The following products are included in this segment: general liability, professional liability, primary and excess of loss property, personal property, workers' compensation, marine and energy liability coverages, specialty program insurance for well-defined niche markets, and liability and other coverages tailored for unique exposures. Business in this segment is primarily written through our Markel Specialty and Markel International divisions. The Markel Specialty division writes business on both an excess and surplus and admitted basis, primarily based in the United States, as well as Bermuda, London, and Europe. The Markel International division writes business worldwide from our London and Munich-based platforms, which include branch offices around the world. The Insurance segment also includes collateral protection insurance written on an admitted basis through our State National division.

Our Reinsurance segment includes casualty, specialty and property treaty reinsurance products offered to other insurance and reinsurance companies globally through the broker market. Our treaty reinsurance offerings include both quota share and excess of loss reinsurance and are typically written on a participation basis, which means each reinsurer shares proportionally in the business ceded under the reinsurance treaty written. Principal lines of business include: professional liability, general liability, workers' compensation, credit and surety and property. Business in this segment is written primarily by our Global Reinsurance division. Effective January 2021, we discontinued writing catastrophe-exposed property reinsurance business on a risk-bearing basis within our Global Reinsurance division. Instead, any such business written is now ceded to our Nephila ILS operations to be placed with third party capital to the extent it fits the ILS investors' risk profile and will be included with our other fronting operations, which are not included in a reportable segment. However, as some of our reinsurance contracts were written with multi-year terms, we will continue to have catastrophe-exposure through the expiration of those contracts, some of which extend into 2023. We also continue to have exposure to catastrophes on our retrocessional reinsurance property business.

Insurance-Linked Securities

Our insurance-linked securities operations are primarily comprised of our Nephila operations and are not included in a reportable segment. Nephila Holdings Ltd. (together with its subsidiaries, Nephila) serves as an insurance and investment fund manager and managing general agent that offers a broad range of investment products, including insurance-linked securities, catastrophe bonds, insurance swaps and weather derivatives. Nephila serves as the investment manager to several Bermuda, Ireland and U.S. based private funds (the Nephila Funds). To provide access for the Nephila Funds to the insurance, reinsurance and weather markets, Nephila acts as an insurance manager to certain Bermuda Class 3 and 3A reinsurance companies and Lloyd's Syndicate 2357 (Syndicate 2357) (collectively, the Nephila Reinsurers). Nephila also serves as a managing general agent that underwrites and administers property insurance policies and provides delegated underwriting services to providers of insurance capital, including Nephila Reinsurers. The results of the Nephila Reinsurers are attributed to the Nephila Funds primarily through derivative transactions between these entities. Neither the Nephila Funds nor the Nephila Reinsurers are subsidiaries of Markel Corporation, and as such, these entities are not included in our consolidated financial statements. See note 10 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further details regarding our Nephila operations.

In 2019, we established Lodgepine Capital Management Limited (Lodgepine), our new retrocessional insurance-linked securities fund manager in Bermuda. Lodgepine's initial product offering will be Lodgepine Fund Limited, a property catastrophe retrocessional investment fund, and subject to certain conditions, we have committed to invest up to $100 million in Lodgepine Fund Limited. Lodgepine Fund Limited initially plans to subscribe to a portfolio of retrocessional reinsurance, which includes contracts written in our Reinsurance segment.

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Our insurance-linked securities operations also include our run-off Markel CATCo operations, the results of which are reported separately from our ongoing insurance-linked securities operations. Our Markel CATCo operations are conducted through Markel CATCo Investment Management Ltd. (MCIM), an ILS investment fund manager headquartered in Bermuda. In July 2019, these operations were placed into run-off, and MCIM is returning capital to investors as it becomes available. See note 12 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further details regarding our Markel CATCo operations.

Program Services

Our program services business generates fee income in the form of ceding fees in exchange for fronting insurance business to other insurance carriers (capacity providers). In general, fronting refers to business in which we write insurance on behalf of a general agent or capacity provider and then cede all, or substantially all, of the risk under these policies to the capacity provider in exchange for ceding fees.

Our program services business, which is provided through our State National division and is separately managed from our underwriting operations, offers issuing carrier capacity to both specialty managing general agents and other producers who sell, control, and administer books of insurance business that are supported by third parties that assume reinsurance risk, including Syndicate 2357 and other Nephila Reinsurers. Through our program services business, we write a wide variety of insurance products, principally including general liability insurance, commercial liability insurance, commercial multi-peril insurance, property insurance and workers' compensation insurance. The results of our program services operations are not included in a reportable segment.

In certain instances, we may also leverage the strength of our underwriting platform to front business to our ILS operations to support their business plans and assist in meeting their desired return objectives. This business is conducted separately from our program services business and primarily consists of the catastrophe-exposed property reinsurance business previously written through our Reinsurance segment. Effective January 1, 2021, any such business written is ceded to our Nephila ILS operations to be placed with third party capital in exchange for ceding fees. Gross and ceded written premiums for this business in the first quarter of 2021 were not significant.

Although we reinsure substantially all of the risks inherent in our program services business and other fronting arrangements, we have certain programs that contain limits on our reinsurers' obligations to us that expose us to underwriting risk, including loss ratio caps, aggregate reinsurance limits or exclusion of the credit risk of producers. Under certain programs with Nephila Reinsurers, we also bear underwriting risk for annual aggregate agreement year losses in excess of a limit that we believe is unlikely to be exceeded. See note 10 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further details regarding our programs with Nephila Reinsurers.

Investments

Our business strategy recognizes the importance of both consistent underwriting and operating profits and superior investment returns to build shareholder value. We rely on sound underwriting practices to produce investable funds. The majority of our investable assets come from premiums paid by policyholders. Policyholder funds are invested predominantly in high-quality government, municipal and corporate bonds that generally match the duration and currency of our loss reserves. The balance, comprised of shareholder funds, is available to be invested in equity securities, which over the long run, have produced higher returns relative to fixed maturity investments. When purchasing equity securities, we seek to invest in profitable companies, with honest and talented management, that exhibit reinvestment opportunities and capital discipline, at reasonable prices. We intend to hold these investments over the long term. Substantially all of our investment portfolio is managed by company employees.

Markel Ventures

Through our wholly-owned subsidiary Markel Ventures, Inc. (Markel Ventures), we own interests in various businesses that operate outside of the specialty insurance marketplace. These businesses are viewed by management as separate and distinct from our insurance operations. Local management teams oversee the day-to-day operations of these companies, including investment and capital allocation decisions for their respective companies. Our senior management team is responsible for decisions regarding allocation of capital for acquisitions and new investments. Our strategy in making these investments is similar to our strategy for purchasing equity securities. We seek to invest in profitable companies, with honest and talented management, that exhibit reinvestment opportunities and capital discipline, at reasonable prices. We intend to own the businesses acquired for a long period of time.

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Our chief operating decision maker allocates resources to and assesses the performance of these various businesses in the aggregate as the Markel Ventures segment. This segment includes a diverse portfolio of businesses from different industries that offer various types of products and services to businesses and consumers. Our Markel Ventures products group is comprised of businesses that manufacture or produce equipment, transportation-related products and consumer and building products. Our Markel Ventures services group is comprised of businesses that provide distribution, consulting and other types of services to businesses and consumers.

In April 2020, we acquired a controlling interest in Lansing Building Products, LLC, a supplier of exterior building products and materials to professional contractors throughout the U.S., which simultaneously acquired the distribution business of Harvey Building Products to enhance its geographic reach and scale (together, Lansing), bringing our ownership in Lansing to 91%. Results attributable to Lansing are included in our Markel Ventures segment.

Results of Operations

The following table presents the components of net income (loss) to shareholders, net income (loss) to common shareholders and comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2021		2020
Insurance segment underwriting profit (loss)		$	116,948	$	(206,374)
Reinsurance segment underwriting loss		(23,218)		(33,959)
Investing segment profit (loss) (1)		623,438		(1,593,382)
Markel Ventures segment profit (2)		51,463		41,757
Other operations (3)		(23,274)		(13,372)
Interest expense		(42,389)		(45,030)
Net foreign exchange gains		25,084		78,301

Income tax (expense) benefit		(148,371)		370,683
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests		(5,987)		(4,387)
Net income (loss) to shareholders		573,694		(1,405,763)

Net income (loss) to common shareholders		573,694		(1,405,763)
Other comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders		(214,697)		52,954
Comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders		$	358,997	$	(1,352,809)

(1) Net investment income and net investment gains (losses), if any, attributable to Markel Ventures are included in segment profit for Markel Ventures. All other net investment income and net investment gains (losses) are included in Investing segment profit.

(2) Segment profit for the Markel Ventures segment includes amortization of intangible assets attributable to Markel Ventures.

(3) Other operations include the results attributable to our operations that are not included in a reportable segment, as well as any amortization of intangible assets that is not allocated to a reportable segment. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, amortization of intangible assets attributable to our underwriting segments was $10.4 million and $10.5 million, respectively; however, we do not allocate amortization of intangible assets between the Insurance and Reinsurance segments.

The change in comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders from 2020 to 2021 was primarily due to pre-tax net investment gains of $526.9 million in 2021 compared to pre-tax net investment losses of $1.7 billion in 2020. We also recognized meaningful underwriting profits in 2021 compared to underwriting losses in 2020, which included $325.0 million of pre-tax net losses and loss adjustment expenses attributed to COVID-19.

The components of net income (loss) to shareholders and comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders are discussed in further detail under "Underwriting Results," "Investing Results," "Markel Ventures," "Other Operations," "Interest Expense and Income Taxes" and "Comprehensive Income (Loss) to Shareholders and Book Value per Common Share."

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Underwriting Results

Underwriting profits are a key component of our strategy to build shareholder value. We believe that the ability to achieve consistent underwriting profits demonstrates knowledge and expertise, commitment to superior customer service and the ability to manage insurance risk. The property and casualty insurance industry commonly defines underwriting profit or loss as earned premiums net of losses and loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses. We use underwriting profit or loss and the combined ratio as a basis for evaluating our underwriting performance. The combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance and represents the relationship of incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums. The combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio. The loss ratio represents the relationship of incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses to earned premiums. The expense ratio represents the relationship of underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums. A combined ratio less than 100% indicates an underwriting profit, while a combined ratio greater than 100% reflects an underwriting loss.

In addition to the U.S. GAAP combined ratio, loss ratio and expense ratio, we also evaluate our underwriting performance using measures that exclude the impacts of certain items on these ratios. We believe these adjusted measures, which are non-GAAP measures, provide financial statement users with a better understanding of the significant factors that comprise our underwriting results and how management evaluates underwriting performance.

When analyzing our combined ratio, we exclude current accident year losses and loss adjustment expenses attributed to natural catastrophes. We also exclude losses and loss adjustment expenses attributed to certain significant, infrequent loss events, for example, the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the unique characteristics of a catastrophe loss, there is inherent variability as to the timing or loss amount, which cannot be predicted in advance. The same is true for the COVID-19 pandemic, as there are no events in recent history with characteristics similar to COVID-19. We believe measures that exclude the effects of catastrophe events, and COVID-19, are meaningful to understand the underlying trends and variability in our underwriting results that may be obscured by these items.

When analyzing our loss ratio, we evaluate losses and loss adjustment expenses attributable to the current accident year separate from losses and loss adjustment expenses attributable to prior accident years. Prior accident year reserve development, which can either be favorable or unfavorable, represents changes in our estimates of losses and loss adjustment expenses related to loss events that occurred in prior years. We believe a discussion of current accident year loss ratios, which exclude prior accident year reserve development, is helpful since it provides more insight into estimates of current underwriting performance and excludes changes in estimates related to prior year loss reserves. We also analyze our current accident year loss ratio excluding losses and loss adjustment expenses attributable to catastrophes, and in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, for the reasons previously discussed. The current accident year loss ratio excluding the impact of catastrophes and significant, infrequent loss events is also commonly referred to as an attritional loss ratio within the property and casualty insurance industry.

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Consolidated


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2021			2020			% Change
Gross premium volume (1)		$	2,170,383		$	1,925,867		13	%
Net written premiums		$	1,881,070		$	1,646,478		14	%
Earned premiums		$	1,497,695		$	1,330,709		13	%
Underwriting profit (loss)		$	91,034		$	(240,802)		138	%

Underwriting Ratios								Point Change
Loss ratio
Current accident year loss ratio		64.8		%	88.7		%	(23.9)
Prior accident years loss ratio		(6.1)		%	(7.8)		%	1.7
Loss ratio		58.7		%	80.9		%	(22.2)
Expense ratio		35.2		%	37.2		%	(2.0)
Combined ratio		93.9		%	118.1		%	(24.2)

Current accident year loss ratio catastrophe impact (2)		4.3		%	—		%	4.3
Current accident year loss ratio COVID-19 impact (2)		—		%	24.4		%	(24.4)
Prior accident years loss ratio COVID-19 impact (2)		1.2		%	—		%	1.2

Current accident year loss ratio, excluding COVID-19 and catastrophes		60.5		%	64.3		%	(3.8)
Combined ratio, excluding COVID-19 and current year catastrophes		88.4		%	93.7		%	(5.3)

(1) Gross premium volume excludes $634.5 million and $397.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, of written premiums attributable to our program services business and other fronting arrangements that were ceded.

(2) The point impact of catastrophes and COVID-19 is calculated as the associated net losses and loss adjustment expenses divided by total earned premiums.

Premiums

The increase in gross premium volume for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was driven by new business and more favorable rates within our general liability and professional liability product lines across both of our underwriting segments.

Following the high level of catastrophes that have occurred in recent years, and based on general market conditions, we continue to see more favorable rates, particularly on catastrophe-exposed and loss-affected lines of business. We also continue to see improved pricing on most of our other product lines, most notably within our general liability and professional liability product lines. The primary exception is workers' compensation, where we continue to see low single digit rate decreases given generally favorable loss experience in recent years. When we believe the prevailing market price will not support our underwriting profit targets, the business is not written. As a result of our underwriting discipline, gross premium volume may vary when we alter our product offerings to maintain or improve underwriting profitability.

Net retention of gross premium volume for our underwriting operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was 87% compared to 85% for the same period of 2020. The increase in net retention was driven by changes in mix of business within our Reinsurance segment. Within our underwriting operations, we purchase reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance to manage our net retention on individual risks and overall exposure to losses and to enable us to write policies with sufficient limits to meet policyholder needs.

The increase in earned premiums for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was primarily attributable to the higher gross premium volume within our professional liability and general liability product lines.

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Combined Ratio

Underwriting results for the three months ended March 31, 2021 included $64.3 million of net losses and loss adjustment expenses from Winter Storm Uri as well as $18.6 million of net losses and loss adjustment expenses resulting from an increase in our estimate of ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses directly attributed to COVID-19. Underwriting results for the three months ended March 31, 2020 included $325.0 million of net losses and loss adjustment expenses attributed to COVID-19. Excluding these losses attributed to Winter Storm Uri and COVID-19, the decrease in our consolidated combined ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the same period of 2020 was driven by a lower current accident year loss ratio and lower expense ratio in 2021 compared to 2020 across both of our underwriting segments.

The net losses and loss adjustment expenses from Winter Storm Uri as of March 31, 2021 represent our best estimates based upon information currently available. Our estimates for these losses are based on claims received to date, detailed policy and reinsurance contract level reviews, preliminary industry loss estimates and output from both industry and proprietary models, as well as analysis of our ceded reinsurance contracts. Due to the limited claims activity thus far, these estimates are based on various assumptions about coverage, liability and reinsurance and are therefore subject to change. While we believe our reserves for Winter Storm Uri as of March 31, 2021 are adequate, we continue to closely monitor reported claims and will adjust our estimates of gross and net losses as new information becomes available.

Additionally, our estimate of ultimate net losses and loss adjustment expenses directly attributed to COVID-19, as described in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K in "Underwriting Results" under Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, is based on assumptions about coverage, liability and reinsurance, for which significant uncertainty still exists, and represents our best estimate as of March 31, 2021 based upon information currently available. We continue to closely monitor reported claims, government actions, judicial decisions and changes in the levels of worldwide social disruption and economic activity arising from the pandemic and will adjust our estimates of gross and net losses as new information becomes available. Such adjustments to our reserves for COVID-19 losses and loss adjustment expenses may be material to the Company's results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Insurance Segment


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2021			2020			% Change
Gross premium volume		$	1,638,327		$	1,414,711		16	%
Net written premiums		$	1,387,430		$	1,195,737		16	%
Earned premiums		$	1,244,027		$	1,106,851		12	%
Underwriting profit (loss)		$	116,948		$	(206,374)		157	%

Underwriting Ratios								Point Change
Loss ratio
Current accident year loss ratio		64.2		%	90.9		%	(26.7)
Prior accident years loss ratio		(9.6)		%	(10.5)		%	0.9
Loss ratio		54.6		%	80.4		%	(25.8)
Expense ratio		36.0		%	38.2		%	(2.2)
Combined ratio		90.6		%	118.6		%	(28.0)

Current accident year loss ratio catastrophe impact (1)		3.2		%	—		%	3.2
Current accident year loss ratio COVID-19 impact (1)		—		%	26.5		%	(26.5)


Current accident year loss ratio, excluding COVID-19 and catastrophes		61.0		%	64.4		%	(3.4)
Combined ratio, excluding COVID-19 and current year catastrophes		87.4		%	92.1		%	(4.7)

(1) The point impact of catastrophes and COVID-19 is calculated as the associated net losses and loss adjustment expenses divided by total earned premiums.

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Premiums

The increase in gross premium volume in our Insurance segment for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was driven by new business and more favorable rates within our professional liability, general liability, marine and energy and personal lines product lines. Net retention of gross premium volume was 85% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. The increase in earned premiums for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was primarily attributable to the higher gross premium volume.

Combined Ratio

The Insurance segment's current accident year losses and loss adjustment expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2021 included $39.3 million of net losses and loss adjustment expenses from Winter Storm Uri. Current accident year losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 included $293.0 million of net losses and loss adjustment expenses attributed to COVID-19. Excluding these losses attributed to Winter Storm Uri and COVID-19, the decrease in the current accident year loss ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the same period of 2020 was primarily attributable to lower attritional loss ratios across several product lines, primarily due to the benefit of achieving higher premium rates, most notably on our professional liability product lines.

The Insurance segment's combined ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2021 included $119.1 million of favorable development on prior accident years loss reserves compared to $116.1 million for the same period of 2020. The increase reflects favorable development on our property product lines in 2021 compared to adverse development in 2020 and more favorable development on our general liability product lines in 2021 compared to 2020, which were offset by less favorable development on our professional liability product lines in 2021 compared to 2020. Higher earned premiums in 2021 compared to 2020 had an unfavorable impact on the prior accident years loss ratio, which more than offset the favorable impact of more favorable development in 2021 compared to 2020. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, favorable development was most significant on our marine and energy and property product lines, primarily on the 2018 to 2020 accident years, and general liability and workers' compensation product lines across several accident years. The favorable development on prior years' loss reserves in 2020 was most significant on our professional liability, workers' compensation and marine and energy product lines.

The decrease in the Insurance segment's expense ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the same period of 2020 was primarily due to the favorable impact of higher earned premiums in 2021 while maintaining consistent levels of general expenses with the same period of 2020.

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Reinsurance Segment


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2021			2020			% Change
Gross premium volume		$	532,518		$	513,186		4	%
Net written premiums		$	494,085		$	452,749		9	%
Earned premiums		$	254,087		$	225,960		12	%
Underwriting profit (loss)		$	(23,218)		$	(33,959)		32	%

Underwriting Ratios								Point Change
Loss ratio
Current accident year loss ratio		67.8		%	76.8		%	(9.0)
Prior accident years loss ratio		11.3		%	6.2		%	5.1
Loss ratio		79.1		%	83.0		%	(3.9)
Expense ratio		30.0		%	32.0		%	(2.0)
Combined ratio		109.1		%	115.0		%	(5.9)

Current accident year loss ratio catastrophe impact (1)		9.8		%	—		%	9.8
Current accident year loss ratio COVID-19 impact (1)		—		%	14.2		%	(14.2)
Prior accident years loss ratio COVID-19 impact (1)		7.3		%	—		%	7.3

Current accident year loss ratio, excluding COVID-19 and catastrophes		58.0		%	62.6		%	(4.6)
Combined ratio, excluding COVID-19 and current year catastrophes		92.0		%	100.8		%	(8.8)

(1) The point impact of catastrophes and COVID-19 is calculated as the associated net losses and loss adjustment expenses divided by total earned premiums.

Premiums

The increase in gross premium volume in our Reinsurance segment for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was primarily attributable to new business within our general liability and professional liability product lines, partially offset by lower gross premiums within our property product lines. Significant variability in gross premium volume can be expected in our Reinsurance segment due to individually significant contracts and multi-year contracts.

Lower gross premiums within our property product lines were primarily attributable to non-renewals following our decision to discontinue writing catastrophe-exposed property reinsurance business on a risk-bearing basis effective January 1, 2021. We continue to have catastrophe-exposure on property treaties written in prior years with contract terms that extend beyond January 1, 2021 and on our retrocessional reinsurance property business.

Net retention of gross premium volume for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was 93% compared to 88% for the same period of 2020. The increase in net retention was driven by changes in mix of business resulting from the changes in gross premium volume. The new business in our general liability and professional liability product lines was fully retained while the non-renewed property business had a lower retention rate than the rest of the segment.

The increase in earned premiums for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was primarily attributable to our professional liability and general liability product lines, reflecting growth in premium volume in recent periods.

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Combined Ratio

The Reinsurance segment's current accident year losses and loss adjustment expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2021 included $25.0 million of net losses and loss adjustment expenses from Winter Storm Uri. Current accident year losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 included $32.0 million of net losses and loss adjustment expenses attributed to COVID-19. Excluding these losses attributed to Winter Storm Uri and COVID-19, the decrease in the current accident year loss ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the same period of 2020 was primarily attributable to our property product lines, which reflected lower attritional losses and benefited from lower ceded reinsurance costs in 2021 compared to 2020. As we are no longer writing catastrophe-exposed property reinsurance business in our Reinsurance segment effective January 1, 2021, earned premiums and exposures on this business will ultimately trend significantly lower in 2021 than 2020 and we modified our ceded reinsurance structures accordingly.

The Reinsurance segment's combined ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2021 included $28.7 million of adverse development on prior accident years loss reserves, of which $18.6 million, or seven points on the segment combined ratio, was directly attributed to COVID-19. Substantially all of the adverse development related to COVID-19 was within our property product lines following changes in our estimates resulting from updated and new loss information from cedents. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, the combined ratio included $13.9 million of adverse development, primarily due to adverse development on our public entity and professional liability product lines, partially offset by favorable development on our property product lines.

The decrease in the expense ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the same period of 2020 was primarily due to the favorable impact of higher earned premiums in 2021 while maintaining consistent levels of general expenses with the same period of 2020.

Investing Results

Our business strategy recognizes the importance of both consistent underwriting and operating profits and superior investment returns to build shareholder value. We rely on sound underwriting practices to produce investable funds. We measure investing results by our net investment income, net investment gains and the change in net unrealized investment gains on available-for-sale investments, as well as investment yield and our taxable equivalent total investment return.

The following table summarizes our investment performance.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2021			2020			Change
Net investment income		$	96,570		$	88,243		9		%
Net investment gains (losses)		$	526,871		$	(1,681,441)		$	2,208,312
Change in net unrealized investment gains on available-for-sale securities (1)		$	(271,215)		$	78,989		$	(350,204)

Investment Ratios
Investment yield (2)		0.5		%	0.6		%	(0.1)
Taxable equivalent total investment return		1.4		%	(7.0)		%	8.4

(1) The change in net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was net of an adjustment related to our life and annuity benefit reserves of $49.3 million and $12.9 million, respectively. See note 8 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for details of our life and annuity benefit reserve adjustments.

(2) Investment yield reflects net investment income as a percentage of monthly average invested assets at amortized cost.

The increase in net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the same period of 2020 was driven primarily by income on our equity method investments in 2021 compared to losses on our equity method investments in 2020. This increase was partially offset by lower short-term investment income due to lower short-term interest rates during the first quarter of 2021 compared to the first quarter of 2020. See note 3(d) of the notes to consolidated financial statements for details regarding the components of net investment income.

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Net investment gains for the three months ended March 31, 2021 were primarily attributable to an increase in the fair value of our equity portfolio driven by favorable market value movements. Net investment losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 were primarily attributable to a decrease in the fair value of our equity portfolio driven by unfavorable market value movements resulting from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. See note 3(e) of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further details on the components of net investment gains (losses).

The decrease in net unrealized gains on available-for-sale investments for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was attributable to a decrease in the fair value of our fixed maturity portfolio as a result of increases in interest rates during the first quarter of 2021.

We also evaluate our investment performance by analyzing taxable equivalent total investment return, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. Taxable equivalent total investment return includes items that impact net income, such as coupon interest on fixed maturity securities, changes in fair value of equity securities, dividends on equity securities and realized investment gains or losses on available-for-sale securities, as well as changes in unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities, which do not impact net income. Certain items that are included in net investment income have been excluded from the calculation of taxable equivalent total investment return, such as amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on our fixed maturity portfolio, to provide a comparable basis for measuring our investment return against industry investment returns. The calculation of taxable equivalent total investment return also includes the current tax benefit associated with income on certain investments that is either taxed at a lower rate than the statutory income tax rate or is not fully included in U.S. taxable income. We believe the taxable equivalent total investment return is a better reflection of the economics of our decision to invest in certain asset classes. We focus on our long-term investment return, understanding that the level of investment gains or losses may vary from one period to the next.

The following table reconciles investment yield to taxable equivalent total investment return.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
Investment yield (1)	0.5	%	0.6	%
Adjustment of investment yield from amortized cost to fair value	(0.1)	%	(0.2)	%
Net amortization of net premium on fixed maturity securities	0.1	%	0.1	%
Net investment gains (losses) and change in net unrealized investment gains on available-for-sale securities	0.9	%	(7.9)	%

Other (2)	—	%	0.4	%
Taxable equivalent total investment return	1.4	%	(7.0)	%

(1) Investment yield reflects net investment income as a percentage of monthly average invested assets at amortized cost.

(2) Adjustment to reflect the impact of time-weighting the inputs to the calculation of taxable equivalent total investment return.

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Markel Ventures

Our Markel Ventures segment includes a diverse portfolio of businesses from different industries that offer various types of products and services to businesses and consumers, predominantly in the United States. We measure Markel Ventures' results by its operating income and net income, as well as earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA). We consolidate the results of our Markel Ventures subsidiaries on a one-month lag, with the exception of any significant transactions or events that occur in the intervening period.

The following table summarizes the operating revenues, operating income, EBITDA and net income to shareholders from our Markel Ventures segment.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2021		2020		% Change
Operating revenues		$	706,602	$	511,221	38	%
Operating income		$	51,463	$	41,757	23	%
EBITDA		$	81,178	$	67,460	20	%
Net income to shareholders		$	32,683	$	17,739	84	%

The increase in operating revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the same period of 2020 was driven by a $239.8 million increase in operating revenues from our construction services businesses due to the acquisition of Lansing in April 2020. Operating revenues from our other Markel Ventures businesses decreased due to lower sales volumes, primarily at our transportation-related and consulting services businesses. The first quarter of 2020 reflected strong revenues across many of our businesses, the results of which had not yet been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, due in part to their cyclical nature. Additionally, operating revenues attributable to our healthcare businesses decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the same period of 2020, due in part to the sale of certain subsidiaries of one of our healthcare businesses in January 2021. In connection with this sale, and other associated changes in this business, we recognized a transaction gain of $22.0 million, which was included in services and other expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase in operating income, EBITDA and net income to shareholders in 2021 attributable to this gain was partially offset by the impact of lower operating revenues at our transportation-related and consulting services businesses in 2021 compared to 2020.

Markel Ventures EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. We use Markel Ventures EBITDA as an operating performance measure in conjunction with U.S. GAAP measures, including operating revenues, operating income and net income to shareholders, to monitor and evaluate the performance of our Markel Ventures segment. Because EBITDA excludes interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, it provides an indicator of economic performance that is useful to both management and investors in evaluating our Markel Ventures businesses as it is not affected by levels of debt, interest rates, effective tax rates or levels of depreciation or amortization resulting from purchase accounting. The following table reconciles Markel Ventures operating income to Markel Ventures EBITDA.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2021		2020
Markel Ventures operating income		$	51,463	$	41,757
Depreciation expense		16,010		13,862
Amortization of intangible assets		13,705		11,841
Markel Ventures EBITDA		$	81,178	$	67,460

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Other Operations

The following table presents the components of operating revenues and operating expenses that are not included in a reportable segment.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021						2020
(dollars in thousands)	Services and other revenues		Services and other expenses		Amortization of intangible assets		Services and other revenues		Services and other expenses		Amortization of intangible assets
Other operations:
Insurance-linked securities	$	36,987	$	48,132	$	9,612	$	50,838	$	48,202	$	9,612
Program services and other fronting	28,163		6,328		5,234		25,850		7,154		5,234
Life and annuity	526		6,414		—		378		6,048		—
Other (1)	6,783		6,315		599		10,052		12,600		682
	72,459		67,189		15,445		87,118		74,004		15,528
Underwriting operations					10,403						10,489
Total	$	72,459	$	67,189	$	25,848	$	87,118	$	74,004	$	26,017

(1) Other includes the results of our run-off Markel CATCo operations for both periods presented.

Insurance-Linked Securities

Our insurance-linked securities operations include results from our Nephila operations, as well as start-up costs associated with Lodgepine. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the decrease in operating revenues in our insurance-linked securities operations was driven by lower investment management fees at our Nephila operations due in part to lower assets under management during the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020. Nephila's net assets under management were $9.5 billion as of March 31, 2021.

Program Services and Other Fronting

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the increase in operating revenues in our program services and other fronting operations was primarily due to higher gross premium volume at our program services operations. Gross written premiums in our program services operations were $611.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $393.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase in gross premium volume was driven by the expansion of existing programs, as well as new programs. Gross premium volume in 2020 was unfavorably impacted by the cancellation of an in-force book of policies related to a large program resulting in a one-time unfavorable premium adjustment of $55.0 million.

Interest Expense and Income Taxes

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $42.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $45.0 million for the same period of 2020.

Income Taxes

The effective tax rate was 20% and 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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Comprehensive Income (Loss) to Shareholders and Book Value per Common Share

The following table summarizes the components of comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2021		2020
Net income (loss) to shareholders		$	573,694	$	(1,405,763)
Other comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders:
Change in net unrealized gains on available-for-sale investments, net of taxes		(214,464)		65,564
Other, net of taxes		(216)		(12,734)
Other comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest		(17)		124
Other comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders		(214,697)		52,954
Comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders		$	358,997	$	(1,352,809)

Book value per common share increased 3% from $885.72 at December 31, 2020 to $913.33 as of March 31, 2021, primarily due to the net income to shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Financial Condition

Investments, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents (invested assets) were $25.6 billion and $24.9 billion at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Our holding company had $4.0 billion and $4.1 billion of invested assets at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $318.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $65.7 million for the same period of 2020. The increase in net cash flows from operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was primarily driven by higher net premium volumes in our Insurance segment.

Net cash used by investing activities was $1.1 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $906.6 million for the same period of 2020. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, we increased our holdings of short-term investments by $663.1 million and our purchases of fixed maturity securities exceeded proceeds from maturities and sales of fixed maturities by $480.5 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, net cash provided by investing activities reflects a significant reduction in our holdings of short-term investments as we were retaining proceeds from maturities of short-term investments in cash and cash equivalents in response to uncertainties related to COVID-19. Cash flow from investing activities is affected by various factors such as anticipated payment of claims, financing activity, acquisition opportunities and individual buy and sell decision made in the normal course of our investment portfolio management.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $53.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $20.9 million for the same period of 2020. During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we had net increases in borrowings, primarily on a revolving line of credit at one of our Markel Ventures businesses. Cash of $22.0 million and $23.9 million was used to repurchase outstanding common shares of our stock during the first three months of 2021 and 2020, respectively.

We seek to maintain prudent levels of liquidity and financial leverage for the protection of our policyholders, creditors and shareholders. Our debt to capital ratio was 21% at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

We have access to various capital sources, including dividends from certain of our insurance and Markel Ventures subsidiaries, holding company invested assets, undrawn capacity under our corporate revolving credit facility and access to the debt and equity capital markets. We believe that we have sufficient liquidity to meet our capital needs. However, the availability of these sources of capital and the availability and terms of future financings will depend on a variety of factors, and could be adversely affected by, among other things, risks and uncertainties related to COVID-19.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

Critical accounting estimates are those estimates that both are important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require us to exercise significant judgment. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of material contingent assets and liabilities. These estimates, by necessity, are based on assumptions about numerous factors.

Our critical accounting estimates consist of estimates and assumptions used in determining the reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and life and annuity reinsurance benefit reserves as well as estimates and assumptions used in the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets. We review the adequacy of reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and life and annuity reinsurance benefit reserves quarterly. Estimates and assumptions for goodwill and intangible assets are reviewed in conjunction with acquisitions and goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reassessed for impairment at least annually or when events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Actual results may differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

Readers are urged to review our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a more complete description of our critical accounting estimates.

Safe Harbor and Cautionary Statement

This report contains statements concerning or incorporating our expectations, assumptions, plans, objectives, future financial or operating performance and other statements that are not historical facts. These statements are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements may use words such as "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "predict," "project" and similar expressions as they relate to us or our management.

There are risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from predicted results in forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ are often presented with the forward-looking statements themselves. Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ from those predicted are set forth under "Business Overview," "Risk Factors," and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, or are included in the items listed below:

•current global economic, market and industry conditions, as well as significant volatility, uncertainty and disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, including governmental, legislative, judicial or regulatory actions or developments affecting our businesses;

•our expectations about future results of our underwriting, investing, Markel Ventures and other operations are based on current knowledge and assume no significant man-made or natural catastrophes, no significant changes in products or personnel and no adverse changes in market conditions;

•the effect of cyclical trends on our underwriting, investing, Markel Ventures and other operations, including demand and pricing in the insurance, reinsurance and other markets in which we operate;

•actions by competitors, including the use of technology and innovation to simplify the customer experience, increase efficiencies, redesign products, alter models and effect other potentially disruptive changes in the insurance industry, and the effect of competition on market trends and pricing;

•our efforts to develop new products, expand in targeted markets or improve business processes and workflows may not be successful and may increase or create new risks (e.g., insufficient demand, change to risk exposures, distribution channel conflicts, execution risk, increased expenditures);

•the frequency and severity of man-made and natural catastrophes (including earthquakes, wildfires and weather-related catastrophes) may exceed expectations, are unpredictable and, in the case of wildfires and weather-related catastrophes, may be exacerbated if, as many forecast, changing conditions in the oceans and atmosphere result in increased hurricane, flood, drought or other adverse weather-related activity;

•we offer insurance and reinsurance coverage against terrorist acts in connection with some of our programs, and in other instances we are legally required to offer terrorism insurance; in both circumstances, we actively manage our exposure, but if there is a covered terrorist attack, we could sustain material losses;

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•emerging claim and coverage issues, changing legal and social trends, and inherent uncertainties in the loss estimation process can adversely impact the adequacy of our loss reserves and our allowance for reinsurance recoverables;

•reinsurance reserves are subject to greater uncertainty than insurance reserves, primarily because of reliance upon the original underwriting decisions made by ceding companies and the longer lapse of time from the occurrence of loss events to their reporting to the reinsurer for ultimate resolution;

•inaccuracies (whether due to data error, human error or otherwise) in the various modeling techniques and data analytics (e.g., scenarios, predictive and stochastic modeling, and forecasting) we use to analyze and estimate exposures, loss trends and other risks associated with our insurance and insurance-linked securities businesses could cause us to misprice our products or fail to appropriately estimate the risks to which we are exposed;

•changes in the assumptions and estimates used in establishing reserves for our life and annuity reinsurance book (which is in runoff), for example, changes in assumptions and estimates of mortality, longevity, morbidity and interest rates, could result in material increases in our estimated loss reserves for such business;

•adverse developments in insurance coverage litigation or other legal or administrative proceedings could result in material increases in our estimates of loss reserves;

•initial estimates for catastrophe losses are often based on limited information, are dependent on broad assumptions about the nature and extent of losses, coverage, liability and reinsurance, and those losses may ultimately differ materially from our expectations;

•changes in the availability, costs, quality and providers of reinsurance coverage, which may impact our ability to write or continue to write certain lines of business or to mitigate the volatility of losses on our results of operations and financial condition;

•the ability or willingness of reinsurers to pay balances due may be adversely affected by industry and economic conditions, deterioration in reinsurer credit quality and coverage disputes, and collateral we hold, if any, may not be sufficient to cover a reinsurer's obligation to us;

•after the commutation of ceded reinsurance contracts, any subsequent adverse development in the re-assumed loss reserves will result in a charge to earnings;

•regulatory actions can impede our ability to charge adequate rates and efficiently allocate capital;

•general economic and market conditions and industry specific conditions, including extended economic recessions or expansions; prolonged periods of slow economic growth; inflation or deflation; fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity and energy prices and interest rates; volatility in the credit and capital markets; and other factors;

•economic conditions, actual or potential defaults in corporate bonds, municipal bonds, mortgage-backed securities or sovereign debt obligations, volatility in interest and foreign currency exchange rates and changes in market value of concentrated investments can have a significant impact on the fair value of our fixed maturity securities and equity securities, as well as the carrying value of our other assets and liabilities, and this impact may be heightened by market volatility and our ability to mitigate our sensitivity to these changing conditions;

•economic conditions may adversely affect our access to capital and credit markets;

•the effects of government intervention, including material changes in the monetary policies of central banks, to address financial downturns and economic and currency concerns;

•the impacts that political and civil unrest and regional conflicts may have on our businesses and the markets they serve or that any disruptions in regional or worldwide economic conditions generally arising from these situations may have on our businesses, industries or investments;

•the impacts that health epidemics and pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as actions of local, state and federal authorities in response thereto, may have on our business operations and claims activity;

•the impact on our businesses in the event of a repeal, in part or in whole, or modification of U.S. health care reform legislation and regulations;

•changes in U.S. tax laws, regulations or interpretations, or in the tax laws, regulations or interpretations of other jurisdictions in which we operate, and adjustments we may make in our operations or tax strategies in response to those changes;

•a failure or security breach of enterprise information technology systems that we use or a failure to comply with data protection or privacy regulations;

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•outsourced providers may perform poorly, breach their obligations to us or expose us to enhanced risks;

•our acquisitions may increase our operational and internal control risks for a period of time;

•we may not realize the contemplated benefits, including cost savings and synergies, of our acquisitions;

•any determination requiring the write-off of a significant portion of our goodwill and intangible assets;

•the failure or inadequacy of any methods we employ to manage our loss exposures;

•the loss of services of any executive officer or other key personnel could adversely impact one or more of our operations;

•the manner in which we manage our global operations through a network of business entities could result in inconsistent management, governance and oversight practices and make it difficult for us to implement strategic decisions and coordinate procedures;

•our substantial international operations and investments expose us to increased political, civil, operational and economic risks, including foreign currency exchange rate and credit risk;

•the political, legal, regulatory, financial, tax and general economic impacts, and other impacts we cannot anticipate, related to the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union (Brexit), which could have adverse consequences for our businesses, particularly our London-based international insurance operations;

•our ability to obtain additional capital for our operations on terms favorable to us;

•our compliance, or failure to comply, with covenants and other requirements under our revolving credit facility, senior debt and other indebtedness and our preferred shares;

•our ability to maintain or raise third party capital for existing or new investment vehicles and risks related to our management of third party capital;

•the effectiveness of our procedures for compliance with existing and future guidelines, policies and legal and regulatory standards, rules, laws and regulations;

•the impact of economic and trade sanctions and embargo programs on our businesses, including instances in which the requirements and limitations applicable to the global operations of U.S. companies and their affiliates are more restrictive than, or conflict with, those applicable to non-U.S. companies and their affiliates;

•regulatory changes, or challenges by regulators, regarding the use of certain issuing carrier or fronting arrangements;

•our dependence on a limited number of brokers for a large portion of our revenues and third-party capital;

•adverse changes in our assigned financial strength, debt or preferred share ratings or outlook could adversely impact us, including our ability to attract and retain business, the amount of capital our insurance subsidiaries must hold and the availability and cost of capital;

•changes in the amount of statutory capital our insurance subsidiaries are required to hold, which can vary significantly and is based on many factors, some of which are outside our control;

•losses from litigation and regulatory investigations and actions; and

•a number of additional factors may adversely affect our Markel Ventures operations, and the markets they serve, and negatively impact their revenues and profitability, including, among others: adverse weather conditions, plant disease and other contaminants; changes in government support for education, healthcare and infrastructure projects; changes in capital spending levels; changes in the housing and commercial construction markets; liability for environmental matters; volatility in the market prices for their products; and volatility in commodity prices and interest and foreign currency exchange rates.

Results from our underwriting, investing, Markel Ventures and other operations have been and will continue to be potentially materially affected by these factors. In addition, with respect to previously reported developments at Markel CATCo and the decision to place both the Markel CATCo Reinsurance Fund Ltd., a Bermuda exempted mutual fund company comprised of multiple segregated accounts, and Markel CATCo Re Ltd. (Markel CATCo Re) into run-off:

•the inquiries by the U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and Bermuda Monetary Authority into loss reserves recorded in late 2017 and early 2018 at Markel CATCo Re (the Markel CATCo Inquiries) may result in adverse findings, reputational damage, the imposition of sanctions, increased costs, litigation and other negative consequences; and

•management time and resources may be diverted to address the Markel CATCo Inquiries, as well as related litigation.

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By making forward-looking statements, we do not intend to become obligated to publicly update or revise any such statements whether as a result of new information, future events or other changes. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as at their dates.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of economic losses due to adverse changes in the estimated fair value of a financial instrument as the result of changes in equity prices, interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. Our consolidated balance sheets include assets and liabilities with estimated fair values that are subject to market risk. Our primary market risks have been equity price risk associated with investments in equity securities, interest rate risk associated with investments in fixed maturity securities and foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with our international operations. Some businesses within our Markel Ventures operations are exposed to commodity price risk resulting from changes in the price of raw materials, parts and other components necessary to manufacture products, however, this risk is not material to the Company. The operating results of these businesses could be adversely impacted should they be unable to obtain price increases from customers in response to significant increases in raw materials, parts and other component prices. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, there were no material changes to the market risk components described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

The estimated fair value of our investment portfolio at March 31, 2021 was $25.6 billion, 42% of which was invested in fixed maturity securities and 29% of which was invested in equity securities. At December 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of our investment portfolio was $24.9 billion, 43% of which was invested in fixed maturity securities and 28% of which was invested in equity securities.

Our fixed maturity portfolio includes corporate bonds, mortgage-backed securities and securities issued by municipalities, foreign governments and non-sovereign foreign institutions. Credit risk exists within our fixed maturity portfolio from the potential for loss resulting from adverse changes in an issuer's ability to repay its debt obligations. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, there were no material changes in our corporate bond, mortgage-backed security, municipal bond or foreign government fixed maturity holdings.

We believe that our fixed maturity portfolio is highly diversified and is comprised of high quality securities. Our fixed maturity portfolio has an average rating of "AAA," with 99% rated "A" or better by at least one nationally recognized rating organization. Our policy is to invest in investment grade securities and to minimize investments in fixed maturity securities that are unrated or rated below investment grade. At March 31, 2021, less than 1% of our fixed maturity portfolio was unrated or rated below investment grade. Our fixed maturity portfolio includes securities issued with financial guaranty insurance. We purchase fixed maturity securities based on our assessment of the credit quality of the underlying assets without regard to insurance.

We also have credit risk to the extent any of our reinsurers are unwilling or unable to meet their obligations under our ceded reinsurance agreements. As of December 31, 2020, all of our ten largest reinsurers within our underwriting operations were rated "A" or better by A.M. Best and within our program services business, six of our ten largest reinsurers were rated "A" or better by A.M. Best. For reinsurers within our program services business with a credit rating of lower than "A" we employ a stringent collateral monitoring program, under which the majority of the reinsurance recoverable balances are fully collateralized. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, there were no material changes to the credit ratings of our top ten reinsurers within our underwriting and program services operations as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (Disclosure Controls), as defined under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act). This evaluation was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Co-Principal Executive Officers (Co-PEOs) and the Principal Financial Officer (PFO).

Based upon this evaluation, the Co-PEOs and PFO concluded that effective Disclosure Controls were in place to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the first quarter of 2021 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

In addition to the matter below, see note 12 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for discussion of pending legal and regulatory matters.

Thomas Yeransian v. Markel Corporation

We previously reported that Thomas Yeransian, in his capacity as the representative of holders of certain contingent value rights (CVRs), has filed three suits against the Company:

•Thomas Yeransian v. Markel Corporation (U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware), filed September 15, 2016. On July 31, 2017, the court granted our motion to stay the litigation and compel arbitration under the terms of the CVR agreement;

•Thomas Yeransian v. Markel Corporation (U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware), filed November 13, 2018. On August 6, 2019, the court granted our motion to stay this suit until the arbitration for the original suit has concluded; and

•Thomas Yeransian v. Markel Corporation (U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware), filed June 5, 2020. On March 16, 2021, the court granted our motion to stay this suit.

For additional information regarding these three suits, see Item 3 Legal Proceedings in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The following table summarizes our common share repurchases for the quarter ended March 31, 2021.


Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
	(a)	(b)		(c)	(d)
Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1)	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in thousands)
January 1, 2021 through January 31, 2021	—	$	—	—	$	240,846
February 1, 2021 through February 28, 2021	7,150	$	1,098.79	7,150	$	232,989
March 1, 2021 through March 31, 2021	12,096	$	1,125.86	12,096	$	219,371
Total	19,246	$	1,115.80	19,246	$	219,371

(1) The Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to $300 million of our common shares pursuant to a share repurchase program publicly announced on August 21, 2019 (the Program). Under the Program, we may repurchase outstanding common shares of our stock from time to time in privately negotiated or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act. The Program has no expiration date, but may be terminated by the Board of Directors at any time.

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Item 6. Exhibits


Exhibit No.			Document Description

3.1(a)			Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission May 13, 2011)

3.1(b)			Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission May 27, 2020)

3.2			Bylaws, as amended and restated May 11, 2020 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.2 in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission for the quarter ended June 30, 2020)

4.1(a)			Indenture dated as of June 5, 2001, between Markel Corporation and The Chase Manhattan Bank, as Trustee (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.1 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission June 5, 2001)

4.1(b)			Form of Third Supplemental Indenture dated as of August 13, 2004 between Markel Corporation and JPMorgan Chase Bank (formerly known as The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission August 11, 2004)

4.1(c)			Form of Seventh Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 2, 2012 between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission June 29, 2012)

4.1(d)			Form of Eighth Supplemental Indenture dated as of March 8, 2013 between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission March 7, 2013)

4.1(e)			Form of Ninth Supplemental Indenture dated as of March 8, 2013 between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission March 7, 2013)

4.1(f)			Form of Tenth Supplemental Indenture dated as of April 5, 2016 between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission March 31, 2016)

4.1(g)			Eleventh Supplemental Indenture dated as of November 2, 2017 between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission November 2, 2017)

4.1(h)			Twelfth Supplemental Indenture dated as of November 2, 2017 between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission November 2, 2017)

4.1(i)			Thirteenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 20, 2019, between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission May 20, 2019)

4.1(j)			Fourteenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 17, 2019, between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.2 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission September 17, 2019)

4.1(k)			Fifteenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 17, 2019, between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.3 in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission September 17, 2019)

The registrant hereby agrees to furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, a copy of all other instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the registrant and its subsidiaries.

10.1(a)			Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (adopted 2021) for Executive Officers for the 2016 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan* **

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10.1(b)			Form of Time Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (adopted 2021) for Executive Officers for the 2016 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan* **

31.1			Certification of Co-Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)**

31.2			Certification of Co-Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)**

31.3			Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)**

32.1			Certification furnished Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350**

101			The following consolidated financial statements from Markel Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, filed on April 28, 2021, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iii) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.**
104			Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

** Filed with this report.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, this 28th day of April 2021.


			Markel Corporation

			By:			/s/ Thomas S. Gayner
						Thomas S. Gayner
						Co-Chief Executive Officer
						(Co-Principal Executive Officer)

			By:			/s/ Richard R. Whitt, III
						Richard R. Whitt, III
						Co-Chief Executive Officer
						(Co-Principal Executive Officer)

			By:			/s/ Jeremy A. Noble
						Jeremy A. Noble
						Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
						(Principal Financial Officer)


AWARDED TO XXXXX	AWARD DATE [ ]	VESTING SCHEDULE1
AWARDED TO XXXXX	AWARD DATE [ ]	VESTING DATE [ ]	PERCENTAGE OF UNITS 100%


AWARDED TO XXXXX	AWARD DATE XXXXXX	VESTING SCHEDULE1
AWARDED TO XXXXX	AWARD DATE XXXXXX	VESTING DATE XXXXX	PERCENTAGE OF UNITS 100%


April 28, 2021						/s/ Thomas S. Gayner
						Thomas S. Gayner
						Co-Chief Executive Officer
						(Co-Principal Executive Officer)