As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on October 19, 2009
Securities Act File (No. 333- 151800 )
Investment Company Act File (No. 811-22211)
U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM N-1A
Registration Statement under the Securities Act of 1933 |
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Pre-Effective Amendment No. |
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Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 |
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and/or |
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Registration Statement under the Investment Company Act of 1940 |
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Amendment No. 3 |
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(Check appropriate box or boxes) |
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IVA FIDUCIARY TRUST
(Exact Name of Registrant Specified in Charter)
645 Madison Avenue, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10022
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Registrants Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (212) 584-3570
Michael W. Malafronte
International Value Advisers, LLC
645
Madison Avenue, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10022
(Name and Address of Agent for Service)
Copies to:
Clair Pagnano, Esq.
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Brian F. Link, Esq.
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It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box):
o Immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b) |
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o On (date) pursuant to paragraph (b) |
x 60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) |
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o On (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) of Rule 485 |
o 75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) |
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o On (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 485 |
If appropriate, check the following box:
o This post-effective amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment.
The information in this Prospectus is not complete and may be changed. A registration statement relating to these securities has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The securities described herein may not be sold until the registration statement becomes effective. This Prospectus is not an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state in which the offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful.
IVA FUNDS
IVA WORLDWIDE FUND
Share Class |
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Ticker Symbol |
Class A |
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IVWAX |
Class C |
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IVWCX |
Class I |
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IVWIX |
IVA INTERNATIONAL FUND
Share Class |
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Ticker Symbol |
Class A |
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IVIOX |
Class C |
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IVICX |
Class I |
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IVIQX |
PROSPECTUS
December 18, 2009
As with all mutual funds, the Securities and Exchange Commission has not approved or disapproved these securities or determined whether this Prospectus is accurate or complete. Any statement to the contrary is a crime.
(This page has been left blank intentionally.)
IVA FUNDS
IVA Worldwide Fund
IVA International Fund
CONTENTS
THE FUNDS |
1 |
Investment Objectives and Principal Investment Strategies |
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Principal Investment Risks of Both Funds |
3 |
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PERFORMANCE |
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IVA Worldwide Fund |
7 |
IVA International Fund |
9 |
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FEES AND EXPENSES |
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IVA Worldwide Fund |
7 |
IVA International Fund |
9 |
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MANAGEMENT |
11 |
Investment Adviser |
11 |
Portfolio Managers |
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SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION |
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How Fund Share Prices Are Calculated |
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How to Purchase Shares |
13 |
Minimum Account Size |
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Systematic Investment Program |
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Retirement Plans |
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Customer Identification Program |
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Investment OptionsClass A, C and I Shares |
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How to Redeem or Exchange Shares |
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Systematic Exchange Program |
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Conversion of Shares |
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Systematic Withdrawal Plan |
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Dividend Reinvestment Program |
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Dividends, Distributions and Taxes |
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Frequent Purchases and Sales of Fund Shares |
22 |
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DISTRIBUTION ARRANGEMENTS |
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Distribution and Servicing (12b-1) Plans |
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Payments to Financial Firms |
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FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS |
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Financial Highlights |
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USEFUL SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION |
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Useful Shareholder Information |
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THE FUNDS
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
IVA Worldwide Fund
Investment Objective
The IVA Worldwide Fund (Worldwide Fund) will seek long-term growth of capital by investing in a range of securities and asset classes from markets around the world, including U.S. markets. However, there is no assurance that the Worldwide Funds investment objective will be achieved.
Since the Worldwide Funds investment objective has been adopted as a non-fundamental investment policy, the Worldwide Funds investment objective may be changed without a vote of shareholders upon 60 days prior written notice.
Principal Investment Strategies
To achieve its objective, the Worldwide Fund primarily seeks investment opportunities in companies of any capitalization that International Value Advisers, LLC (IVA or the Adviser) believes have fundamental value, financial strength and stability. However, the Worldwide Fund may invest in companies with fundamental value that do not have the other characteristics.
The Adviser, under normal market conditions, intends to invest at least 40%, but no less than 30%, of the Worldwide Funds total assets in equity and debt securities issued by foreign companies and governments.
The Worldwide Fund identifies investment opportunities through intensive research of individual companies and generally does not focus or rely on current stock market conditions and other macro factors when assessing potential investment opportunities. For these reasons, the Worldwide Fund may seek investments in the equity securities of companies in industries that the Adviser believes to be temporarily depressed. The Worldwide Fund determines an issuers economic ties to a particular country based on the location where such issuer is headquartered or incorporated, and the location from where the issuer derives at least 50% of its revenues or profits if such location is other than the location where such issuer is headquartered or incorporated.
Under normal circumstances, no one position in equity securities will exceed 5% of the total assets of the Worldwide Fund at the time of investment. If the Worldwide Funds position in one of the below referenced securities exceeds 5% of the Worldwide Funds total assets after the time of investment, the Worldwide Fund may continue to hold such securities.
As part of the principal investment strategies, the Worldwide Fund intends to invest in (a) foreign and domestic fixed income securities, (b) common equity securities, American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) and Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs), and (c) precious metals, primarily gold bullion, silver, platinum and palladium. Under normal circumstances, the Worldwide Fund will invest in the following fixed income securities: notes, bills and debentures that are investment grade (rated in one of the four highest ratings categories by Moodys Investor Service, Inc. (Moodys) or Standard & Poors, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (Standard & Poors)); bank debt obligations, high-yield debt securities (commonly referred to as junk bonds), convertible securities, loan participations, Rule 144A securities and structured notes that are below investment grade (rated Ba or lower by Moodys or BB or lower by Standard & Poors) or that are in default; and securities issued by supranational organizations and sovereign debt securities which are rated by Moodys or Standard & Poors as either investment grade or below investment grade. In selecting debt securities to achieve the Worldwide Funds investment objective, the Adviser will consider the likelihood of default and the potential for capital appreciation. Although the Worldwide Fund may purchase precious metals in any form (bullion and coins or contract form), the Worldwide Fund intends to purchase only those forms of precious metals that are readily marketable and that can be stored in accordance with custody regulations applicable to mutual funds.
When deemed appropriate by the Adviser for short term investment or defensive purposes, the Worldwide Fund may hold up to 100% of its assets in cash and equivalents including, government obligations in the local currency of any developed country (including the U.S.), commercial paper and certificates of deposit. To the extent the Worldwide
1
Fund employs a temporary defensive measure due to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions, the Worldwide Fund may not achieve its investment goal.
The Adviser will consider selling a security when it determines that such security no longer offers fundamental value or financial strength and stability.
For a discussion of the Worldwide Funds policies regarding the ratings of investment securities and the use of nationally recognized statistical ratings agencies, such as Moodys and Standard & Poors, please see the Securities Ratings section in the Worldwide Funds Statement of Additional Information (SAI), which is available without charge upon request as described on the back cover of this Prospectus. Any investments in unrated bonds will be evaluated by the Adviser or by a nationally recognized ratings agency to determine the comparative credit quality of the unrated debt.
IVA International Fund
Investment Objective
The IVA International Fund (International Fund ) will seek long-term growth of capital by investing in a range of securities and asset classes from markets around the world. However, there is no assurance that the International Funds investment objective will be achieved.
Since the International Funds investment objective has been adopted as a non-fundamental investment policy, the International Funds investment objective may be changed without a vote of shareholders upon 60 days prior written notice.
The International Fund will generally invest in markets outside the United States and the Worldwide Fund will invest globally, including the U.S.
Principal Investment Strategies
To achieve its objective, the International Fund primarily seeks investment opportunities in companies of any capitalization that the Adviser believes have fundamental value, financial strength and stability. However, the International Fund may invest in companies with fundamental value that do not have the other characteristics.
The Adviser, under normal market conditions, intends to invest at least 65% of the International Funds total assets in equity and debt securities issued by foreign companies and governments.
The International Fund identifies investment opportunities through intensive research of individual companies and generally does not focus or rely on current stock market conditions and other macro factors when assessing potential investment opportunities. For these reasons, the International Fund may seek investments in the equity securities of companies in industries that are believed to be temporarily depressed. The International Fund determines an issuers economic ties to a particular country based on the location where such issuer is headquartered or incorporated, and the location from where the issuer derives at least 50% of its revenues or profits if such location is other than the location where such issuer is headquartered or incorporated.
Under normal circumstances, no one position in equity securities will exceed 5% of the total assets of the International Fund at the time of investment. If the International Funds position in one of the below referenced securities exceeds 5% of the International Funds total assets after the time of investment, the International Fund may continue to hold such securities.
As part of the principal investment strategies, the International Fund intends to invest in (a) foreign and domestic fixed income securities, (b) common equity securities, ADRs and GDRs, and (c) precious metals, primarily gold bullion, silver, platinum and palladium. Under normal circumstances, the International Fund will invest in the following fixed income securities: notes, bills and debentures that are investment grade (rated in one of the four highest ratings categories by Moodys or Standard & Poors); bank debt obligations, high-yield debt securities (commonly referred to as junk bonds), convertible securities, loan participations, Rule 144A securities and structured notes that are below investment grade (rated Ba or lower by Moodys or BB or lower by Standard & Poors) or that are in default; and securities issued by supranational organizations and sovereign debt securities
2
which are rated by Moodys or Standard & Poors as either investment grade or below investment grade. In selecting debt securities to achieve the International Funds investment objective, the Adviser will consider the likelihood of default and the potential for capital appreciation. Although the International Fund may purchase precious metals in any form (bullion and coins or contract form), the International Fund intends to purchase only those forms of precious metals that are readily marketable and that can be stored in accordance with custody regulations applicable to mutual funds.
When deemed appropriate by the Adviser for short term investment or defensive purposes, the International Fund may hold up to 100% of its assets in cash and equivalents including, government obligations in the local currency of any developed country (including the U.S.), commercial paper and certificates of deposit. To the extent the International Fund employs a temporary defensive measure due to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions, the International Fund may not achieve its investment goal.
The Adviser will consider selling a security when it determines that such security no longer offers fundamental value or financial strength and stability.
For a discussion of the International Funds policies regarding the ratings of investment securities and the use of nationally recognized statistical ratings agencies, such as Moodys and Standard & Poors, please see the Securities Ratings section in the International Funds SAI. Any investments in unrated bonds will be evaluated by the Adviser or by a nationally recognized ratings agency to determine the comparative credit quality of the unrated debt.
Principal Investment Risks of Both Funds
The following is a description of the principal risks of each of the Worldwide Funds and International Funds (each a Fund and collectively, the Funds) portfolio. There are various circumstances, including additional risks not described here, which could prevent a Fund from achieving its investment objectives. It is important to read the provided disclosure in its entirety and to understand that you may lose money by investing in the Funds.
Stock Market Risk. The trading prices of equity securities fluctuate in response to a variety of factors. These factors include events impacting a single issuer, as well as political, market and economic developments that affect specific market segments and the stock market as a whole. Each Funds net asset value or NAV, like stock prices generally, will fluctuate within a wide range in response to these factors. As a result, an investor in a Fund could lose money over short or even long periods.
Investment Style Risk. The returns from the types of securities in which a Fund invests may underperform returns from the various general securities markets or different asset classes. This may cause a Fund to underperform other investment vehicles that invest in different asset classes. Different types of securities (for example, large-, mid- and small-capitalization stocks or growth or value stocks) tend to go through cycles of performing betteror worsethan the general securities markets. In the past, these periods have lasted in excess of several years.
Foreign Securities Risk. Each Fund invests in foreign securities. Foreign securities can involve additional risks relating to political, economic or regulatory conditions in foreign countries. These risks include fluctuations in foreign currencies; withholding or other taxes; trading, settlement, custodial, and other operational risks; and the less stringent investor protection and disclosure standards of some foreign markets. Since foreign exchanges may be open on days when a Fund does not price its shares, the value of the securities in such Funds portfolio may change on days when shareholders will not be able to purchase or sell the Funds shares. All of these factors can make foreign investments more volatile and potentially less liquid than U.S. investments. In addition, a foreign markets performance can diverge from the U.S. market due to potentially higher risks of adverse issuer, political, regulatory, market, and economic developments.
Foreign securities may include depositary receipts, such as ADRs and GDRs. ADRs are U.S. dollar denominated receipts issued in registered form by a domestic bank or trust company that evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a foreign issuer. GDRs are receipts structured similarly to ADRs and are marketed globally. Depositary receipts will not necessarily be denominated in the same currency as their underlying securities. In general, ADRs, in registered form, are designed for use in the U.S. securities markets. GDRs are tradable both in the United States and in Europe and are designed for use throughout the world. A Fund may invest in depositary receipts through sponsored or unsponsored facilities. A sponsored facility is established jointly by the issuer of the underlying security and a depositary, whereas a depositary may establish an unsponsored facility without
3
participation by the issuer of the deposited security. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of such facilities and the depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute interest holder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through voting rights to the holders of such receipts in respect of the deposited securities. The issuers of unsponsored depositary receipts are not obligated to disclose material information in the United States, and, therefore, there may be limited information available regarding such issuers and/or limited correlation between available information and the market value of the depositary receipts.
Emerging Markets Risk. Each Fund may invest all or a portion of its assets in securities listed and traded in emerging markets. Such investments may be subject to additional risks associated with emerging market economies. Such risks may include: (i) greater market volatility, (ii) lower trading volume, (iii) greater social, political and economic uncertainty, (iv) governmental controls on foreign investments and limitations on repatriation of invested capital, (v) the risk that companies may be held to lower disclosure, corporate governance, auditing and financial reporting standards than companies in more developed markets, and (vi) the risk that there may be less protection of property rights than in other countries. Emerging markets are generally less liquid and less efficient than developed securities markets. Certain emerging markets are also subject to the possibility of nationalization, expropriation or confiscatory taxation. Trading in emerging market countries can be expensive. To the extent a Fund invests in emerging markets, the value of Fund shares may be particularly sensitive to changes in the economics of such countries.
Precious Metals Risk. Prices of precious metals and of precious metal related securities historically have been very volatile. The production and sale of precious metals by governments or central banks or other larger holders can be affected by various economic, financial, social and political factors, which may be unpredictable and may have a significant impact on the prices of precious metals. Other factors that may affect the prices of precious metals and securities related to them include changes in inflation, the outlook for inflation and changes in industrial and commercial demand for precious metals. A Fund may incur higher custody and transaction costs for precious metals than for securities. Holding precious metals in any form results in no income being derived from such holding and involves the risk of delay in obtaining or disposing of such assets in the case of bankruptcy or insolvency of the Funds custodian. The income derived from trading in precious metals will be closely monitored to avoid potentially negative tax consequences. Holding precious metals in book account involves credit risk of the party holding the precious metal.
Tax Risks. To qualify as a regulated investment company for income tax purposes, income derived from investing or trading in precious metals, together with any other non-qualifying income received by a Fund in any tax year, must not exceed 10% of the Funds gross income for such year. If a Fund fails to meet these requirements (i) the Fund would not qualify as a regulated investment company, (ii) the Fund would incur regular corporate income tax on its taxable income for that year, (iii) the Fund would lose its deduction for dividends paid to shareholders, and (iv) the Fund would be subject to certain gain recognition and distribution requirements upon requalification. Further distributions of income by the Fund to its shareholders would be treated as dividend income. This tax requirement may cause a Fund to hold or sell precious metal or securities when it would not otherwise do so.
Issuer-Specific Risk. Changes in the financial condition of an issuer or counterparty, changes in specific economic or political conditions that affect a particular type of security or issuer, and changes in general economic or political conditions can affect a securitys or instruments value. The value of securities or instruments of smaller, less-well-known issuers can be more volatile than that of larger issuers. Issuer-specific events can have a negative impact on the value of a Fund.
Management Risk. This is the risk that a Funds investment strategy, the implementation of which is subject to a number of internal and external constraints, may not produce the desired results, including the risk that the Funds management teams judgments about asset allocations may not be correct and could adversely affect a Funds performance.
Small and Mid-Capitalization Investing. The Funds invest a portion of their assets in securities of small- and mid-capitalization companies. The securities of small- and mid-capitalization companies may be subject to more unpredictable price changes than securities of larger companies or the market as a whole.
4
Risks of Debt Securities. Fixed income securities include bonds, notes, bills, debentures, bank debt obligations, preferred stock, convertible securities, loan participations and assignments, Rule 144A securities, structured notes, securities issued by supranational organizations, and sovereign debt securities. The following describes the risks associated with investments in fixed income securities:
Credit Risk
This is the risk that the issuer or guarantor of a fixed income security will be unable or unwilling to make timely payments of interest or principal. This risk is magnified for lower-rated debt securities, such as high yield securities.
High yield securities are considered predominantly speculative with respect to the ability of the issuer to make timely payments of interest or principal. In addition, funds that invest in fixed income securities issued in connection with corporate restructurings by highly leveraged issuers or in fixed income securities that are in default may be subject to greater credit risk because of such investments.
Interest Rate Risk
This is the risk that changes in interest rates will affect the value of a Funds fixed income investments. In general, as interest rates rise, bond prices fall, and as interest rates fall, bond prices rise. Interest rate risk is generally greater for funds that invest a significant portion of their assets in high yield securities. However, funds that generally invest a significant portion of their assets in higher-rated fixed income securities are also subject to this risk. Funds also face increased interest rate risk when they invest in fixed income securities paying no current interest (such as zero coupon securities and principal-only securities), interest-only securities and fixed income securities paying non-cash interest in the form of other securities.
High Yield Securities Risk
High yield securities, also known as junk bonds, are below investment grade quality and may be considered speculative with respect to the issuers continuing ability to make principal and interest payments. To be considered below investment grade quality, one of the major rating agencies must have rated the security below one of its top four rating categories (i.e., BBB/Baa or higher) at the time a Fund acquires the security or, if the security is unrated, the manager must have determined it to be of comparable quality. Analysis of the creditworthiness of issuers of lower-rated securities may be more complex than for issuers of higher-rated debt securities, and a Funds ability to achieve its investment objectives may, to the extent the Fund invests in lower-rated securities, be more dependent upon the managers credit analysis than would be the case if the Fund were investing in higher-rated securities. The issuers of these securities may be in default at the time of the Funds investment, or have a currently identifiable vulnerability to default on their interest or principal payments, or may otherwise be subject to present elements of danger with respect to payments of principal or interest. Securities that are in default are rated Caa or lower by Moodys or D by Standard & Poors.
Lower-rated securities may be more susceptible to real or perceived adverse economic and competitive industry conditions than higher-rated securities. Yields on high yield securities will fluctuate. If an issuer of high yield securities defaults, a Fund may incur additional expenses to seek recovery.
The secondary markets in which lower-rated securities are traded may be less liquid than the markets for higher-rated securities. A lack of liquidity in the secondary trading markets could adversely affect the price at which a Fund could sell a particular high yield security when necessary to meet liquidity needs or in response to a specific economic event, such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuer, and could adversely affect and cause large fluctuations in the NAV of a Funds shares. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions may decrease the values and liquidity of high yield securities generally.
5
Rule 144A Securities Risk. Rule 144A securities are restricted securities that can be resold to qualified institutional buyers but not to the general public. Rule 144A securities may have an active trading market, but carry the risk that the active trading market may not continue. To the extent that qualified institutional buyers become for a time uninterested in purchasing these securities, they will become illiquid while held by the Fund.
Derivative Investment Risk. Each Fund may invest in derivatives. These include forward contracts, options, futures contracts and options on futures, and swaps (including rate caps, floors and collars, total return swap contracts, currency swap contracts, and credit default swap contracts). Derivatives are subject to a number of risks, such as interest rate risk, market risk, credit risk and management risk. They also involve the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate perfectly with the underlying asset, rate or index, or that the counterparty to a derivative contract might default on its obligations. A small investment in a derivative could have a relatively large positive or negative impact on the performance of a Fund, potentially resulting in losses to Fund shareholders.
Other risks, such as liquidity risk, arise from the potential inability to terminate or sell derivatives positions. A liquid secondary market may not always exist for a Funds derivatives positions at any time. In fact, many over-the-counter instruments (investments not traded on an exchange) will not be liquid. Over-the-counter instruments also involve the risk that the other party to the derivative transaction will not meet its obligations. For further information about the risks of derivatives, see the Funds SAI.
Other Investments. In addition to the main investment strategies described above, each Fund may invest in other types of non principal investments. These practices may be subject to other risks, as more fully described in the Funds SAI.
6
IVA Worldwide Fund
PERFORMANCE : As of the date of this Prospectus, the Worldwide Fund has been in operation for less than one full calendar year and therefore does not report its performance information.
FEES AND EXPENSES : The table below describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Worldwide Fund.
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Class A |
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Class C |
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Class I |
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Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment) |
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Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of price) |
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5.00 |
% |
None |
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None |
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Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of the lesser of your purchase or redemption price) |
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None |
(1) |
1.00 |
% |
None |
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Redemption Fee (as a percentage of the amount redeemed within 30 days of purchase)(2) |
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2.00 |
% |
2.00 |
% |
2.00 |
% |
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Annual Operating Expenses (as a Percentage of Net Assets) |
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Class A |
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Class C |
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Class I |
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Management Fees |
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0.90 |
% |
0.90 |
% |
0.90 |
% |
Distribution (12b-1)/Service Fees |
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0.25 |
% |
1.00 |
% |
None |
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Other Expenses |
|
[ ] |
% |
[ ] |
% |
[ ] |
% |
[Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses] |
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[ ] |
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[ ] |
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[ ] |
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Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
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[ ] |
% |
[ ] |
% |
[ ] |
% |
Less Expense Reimbursement |
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[ ] |
% |
[ ] |
% |
[ ] |
% |
Net Annual Operating Expenses(3) |
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1.40 |
% |
2.15 |
% |
1.15 |
% |
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|
You may convert Class A shares of the Fund having an aggregate value of $1 million or more into Class I shares of the Fund. Such conversion will take place at net asset value and will not result in the recognition of gain or loss for federal income tax purposes. This is not an automated change and you must contact your financial representative to effect it. |
(1) |
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You may pay a 0.75% contingent deferred sales charge if you purchase $1,000,000 or more of Class A shares (and therefore pay no initial sales charge) and then redeem the shares during the first 18 months after your initial purchase. In addition, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay dealers of record finders fee commissions of up to 0.75% of purchases of Class A shares of any Fund that were not previously subject to a front-end sales charge or dealer commission paid by the investor. |
(2) |
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The Fund will charge a fee for wire transfers of redeemed shares. |
(3) |
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The Adviser has given a contractual, written and binding undertaking to the IVA Worldwide Fund to limit the amount of the Funds total annual operating expenses, which will be borne by the Funds shareholders, exclusive of acquired fund fees and expenses, brokerage expenses, interest expense, taxes, organizational and extraordinary expenses, to 1.40%, 2.15% and 1.15% of the Funds average daily net assets for Class A, Class C and Class I shares, respectively. This undertaking is in effect through January 31, 2011, is reevaluated on an annual basis, and may only be terminated by the Board of Trustees. Without this undertaking, expenses for these share classes would be higher. The Adviser will be permitted to recover, on a class by class basis, expenses it has borne through the undertakings described above to the extent that the Funds expenses in later periods fall below the annual rates set forth in the relevant undertaking. The Board of Trustees must approve any recoupment payment made to the Adviser. The Fund will not be obligated to pay any such deferred fees and expenses more than one year after the end of the fiscal year in which the fee and expense was deferred. |
7
Example. This example is intended to help you compare the costs of investing in the Worldwide Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. Your actual costs may be higher or lower.
The first example assumes that you redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The second example assumes that you keep your shares. Both examples assume the following: that you invest $10,000 in the Worldwide Fund for the time periods indicted; that you reinvest all distributions and dividends without a sales charge; that the Worldwide Funds operating expenses (before expense reimbursements, if any) remain the same; that the Advisers contractual management fee waiver is in effect until January 31, 2011; and that your investment has a 5% return each year. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
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1 Year |
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3 Years |
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5 Years |
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10 Years |
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||||
Class A Shares |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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Class C Shares |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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Class I Shares |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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Since only Class C shares have a one-year contingent deferred sales charge, you would pay the following expenses if you did not sell your Class C shares of the Worldwide Fund at the end of the following periods:
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1 Year |
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3 Years |
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5 Years |
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10 Years |
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||||
Class C Shares |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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8
IVA International Fund
PERFORMANCE : As of the date of this Prospectus, the International Fund has been in operation for less than one full calendar year and therefore does not report its performance information.
FEES AND EXPENSES : The table below describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the International Fund.
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Class A |
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Class C |
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Class I |
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Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment) |
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|
|
|
|
|
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Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of price) |
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5.00 |
% |
None |
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None |
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Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of the lesser of your purchase or redemption price) |
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None |
(1) |
1.00 |
% |
None |
|
Redemption Fee (as a percentage of the amount redeemed within 30 days of purchase)(2) |
|
2.00 |
% |
2.00 |
% |
2.00 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annual Operating Expenses (as a Percentage of Net Assets) |
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Class A |
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Class C |
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Class I |
|
Management Fees |
|
0.90 |
% |
0.90 |
% |
0.90 |
% |
Distribution (12b-1)/Service Fees |
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0.25 |
% |
1.00 |
% |
None |
|
Other Expenses |
|
[ ] |
% |
[ ] |
% |
[ ] |
% |
[Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses] |
|
[ ] |
|
[ ] |
|
[ ] |
|
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
|
[ ] |
% |
[ ] |
% |
[ ] |
% |
Less Expense Reimbursement |
|
[ ] |
% |
[ ] |
% |
[ ] |
% |
Net Annual Operating Expenses (3) |
|
1.40 |
% |
2.15 |
% |
1.15 |
% |
|
|
You may convert Class A shares of the Fund having an aggregate value of $1 million or more into Class I shares of the Fund. Such conversion will take place at net asset value and will not result in the recognition of gain or loss for federal income tax purposes. This is not an automated change and you must contact your financial representative to effect it. |
(1) |
|
You may pay a 0.75% contingent deferred sales charge if you purchase $1,000,000 or more of Class A shares (and therefore pay no initial sales charge) and then redeem the shares during the first 18 months after your initial purchase. In addition, the Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay dealers of record finders fee commissions of up to 0.75% of purchases of Class A shares of any Fund that were not previously subject to a front-end sales charge or dealer commission paid by the investor. |
(2) |
|
The Fund will charge a fee for wire transfers of redeemed shares. |
(3) |
|
The Adviser has given a contractual, written and binding undertaking to the IVA International Fund to limit the amount of the Funds total annual operating expenses, which will be borne by the Funds shareholders, exclusive of acquired fund fees and expenses, brokerage expenses, interest expense, taxes, organizational and extraordinary expenses, to 1.40%, 2.15% and 1.15% of the Funds average daily net assets for Class A, Class C and Class I shares, respectively. This undertaking is in effect through January 31, 2011, is reevaluated on an annual basis, and may only be terminated by the Board of Trustees. Without this undertaking, expenses for these share classes would be higher. The Adviser will be permitted to recover, on a class by class basis, expenses it has borne through the undertakings described above to the extent that the Funds expenses in later periods fall below the annual rates set forth in the relevant undertaking. The Board of Trustees must approve any recoupment payment made to the Adviser. The Fund will not be obligated to pay any such deferred fees and expenses more than one year after the end of the fiscal year in which the fee and expense was deferred. |
9
Example. This example is intended to help you compare the costs of investing in the International Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. Your actual costs may be higher or lower.
The first example assumes that you redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The second example assumes that you keep your shares. Both examples assume the following: that you invest $10,000 in the International Fund for the time periods indicted; that you reinvest all distributions and dividends without a sales charge; that the International Funds operating expenses (before expense reimbursements, if any) remain the same; that the Advisers contractual management fee waiver is in effect until January 31, 2011; and that your investment has a 5% return each year. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
|
1 Year |
|
3 Years |
|
5 Years |
|
10 Years |
|
||||
Class A Shares |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
Class C Shares |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
Class I Shares |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
Since only Class C shares have a one-year contingent deferred sales charge, you would pay the following expenses if you did not sell your Class C shares of the International Fund at the end of the following periods:
|
|
1 Year |
|
3 Years |
|
5 Years |
|
10 Years |
|
||||
Class C Shares |
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
$ |
|
|
10
More on the Funds Principal Investment Strategies and Principal Risks
This section provides additional information about the Funds investments and certain portfolio management techniques the Funds management team may use, as well as the principal risks that may affect a Funds portfolio. In seeking to achieve the investment objectives, the Funds management team may also invest in various types of securities and engage in various investment practices which are not the principal focus of the Funds and therefore are not described in this Prospectus. Additional information about these other investments and portfolio management techniques and their associated risks is more extensively discussed in the Funds SAI.
In order to try to mitigate the risk of impairment of capital, both Funds will consider investments in fixed-income securities of U.S. or foreign issuers which may provide some income and in certain cases a potential for long-term growth of capital. There is no guarantee that either Fund will be successful against the risk of impairment of capital.
Other asset classes with different correlations to the economy or the stock market will be considered to provide further diversification and to seek downside protection in a difficult stock market. These include distressed debt securities, bank loans, real estate related securities, commodities futures, municipal bonds, exchange traded funds (ETFs), exchange traded notes (ETNs) and auction market preferred securities (AMPS). Distressed debt securities provide downside protection in a difficult stock market because distressed debt is generally considered a special class of securities that has a low correlation with other securities in the stock market, which in turn provides diversification. The ETFs in which the Funds may invest may themselves invest in or have exposure to commodities, or may provide returns based on a multiple of an index as well as the inverse of a multiple of an index. ETFs are subject to tracking error and may be unable to sell poorly performing stocks that are included in their index. ETFs may trade in the secondary market at prices below the value of their underlying portfolios and may not be liquid. ETFs may be more subject to daily stock market fluctuations and therefore may experience volatile changes in value as market conditions, consumer sentiment or the financial condition of the ETFs underlying securities change.
The Funds also may use derivatives (e.g., options, futures), which are investments whose value is determined by underlying securities, indices or reference rates. The Funds may invest in derivatives to hedge exposure to certain markets and for speculative (i.e., non-hedging) purposes. The Funds also seek to enhance their return by managing their exposure to non-U.S. currencies, typically through the use of foreign currency derivatives, including currency forward contracts and currency swaps.
The Funds will not engage in selling short as a principal investment strategy and each Fund will use a de minimis amount of its total assets for short sales. The costs associated with selling short are not anticipated to exceed 2% of net assets.
Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings
A description of the Funds policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of the Funds portfolio securities is available in the Funds SAI. In addition, each Fund discloses its complete portfolio holdings as of the end of its fiscal year (September 30) and its second fiscal quarter (March 30) in its reports to shareholders. Each Fund files its complete portfolio holdings as of the end of its first and third fiscal quarters (December 31 and June 30, respectively) with the SEC on Form N-Q no later than 60 days after the relevant fiscal period. You can find the SEC filings on the SECs website, www.sec.gov.
MANAGEMENT
Investment Adviser
International Value Advisers, LLC is the investment adviser of the Funds. The Adviser was organized as a Delaware limited liability company in 2007. Its primary place of business is at 645 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10022. The Advisers primary business is to provide a variety of investment management services to investment vehicles, including an investment program for each Fund. The Adviser is responsible for all business activities and oversight of the investment decisions made for the Funds. As of September 30, 2009, IVAs assets under management were in excess of $ billion.
11
In return for providing investment management services to the Funds, each Fund pays the Adviser an annual fee monthly in arrears. The following table shows the advisory fee rate paid to the Adviser for the most recent fiscal year as a percentage of each Funds average daily net assets. Please refer to the FEES AND EXPENSES section in each Funds Prospectus for more information about the fees payable to the Adviser and fee waivers and reimbursements.
Investment Management Fee
(as a percentage of average daily net assets)
IVA Worldwide Fund |
|
0.90 |
% |
IVA International Fund |
|
0.90 |
% |
A discussion regarding the basis of the Board of Trustees approval of the initial investment advisory contract between the Trust, on behalf of the Funds, and the Adviser is available in the Funds semi-annual report to shareholders for the period ended March 31, 2009.
Portfolio Managers
Charles de Lardemelle
Charles de Lardemelle, Co-Portfolio Manager of each Fund, is responsible for the day-to-day management of both Funds and their investments jointly with Charles de Vaulx. Mr. de Lardemelle is a founding partner of IVA and has co-managed both Funds since their inception. Until September 2007, Mr. de Lardemelle was a Senior Vice President of Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder Advisers LLC (ASB) and the Associate Portfolio Manager for the First Eagle Global, Overseas and Value Funds, as well as a variety of separate accounts and offshore accounts, including SoFire Fund Ltd. From 2005 to 2007, Mr. de Lardemelle was Director of Research at ASB. From 1996 to 2005, Mr. de Lardemelle was a securities analyst for the First Eagle Funds and its predecessors, the SoGen Funds.
Charles de Vaulx
Charles de Vaulx, Co-Portfolio Manager of each Fund, is responsible for the day-to-day management of both Funds and their investments jointly with Mr. de Lardemelle. Mr. de Vaulx has co-managed both Funds since their inception. Prior to joining IVA as a partner in May 2008, Mr. de Vaulx was Chief Investment Officer of the Global Value Group at ASB. He also served as Portfolio Manager of the First Eagle Global, Overseas, Gold, U.S. Value and Overseas Variable Funds, as well as a variety of separate accounts and offshore accounts. Mr. de Vaulx joined Societe Generale Bank as a credit analyst in 1985. In 1987, he joined the SoGen Funds as a securities analyst, was named Associate Portfolio Manager in mid-1996, and Co-Portfolio Manager in January 2000.
More information about each portfolio managers compensation, other accounts managed by each Portfolio Manager, and each Portfolio Managers ownership of securities in the Funds is included in the Funds SAI.
SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION
How Fund Share Prices Are Calculated
The NAV of a Funds Class A shares, Class C shares and Class I shares is determined by dividing the total value of the Funds portfolio investments and other assets attributable to that class, less any liabilities, by the total number of shares outstanding of that class. While the assets of each of Class A shares, Class C shares and Class I shares are invested in a single portfolio of securities, the NAV of each respective Class will differ because each of Class A shares, Class C shares and Class I shares have different ongoing distribution fees. Each Funds shares are valued as of a particular time (the Valuation Time) on each day that the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is open for trading. The Valuation Time is ordinarily at the close of regular trading on the NYSE (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern time).
For purposes of calculating the NAV, the Funds investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at market value. Market values for various types of securities and other instruments are determined on the basis of closing prices or last sales prices on an exchange or other market, or based on quotes or other market information obtained from quotation reporting systems, established market makers or pricing services. Please see Net Asset Value in the SAI for more information.
12
To the extent a Fund invests in open-end management companies that are registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the 1940 Act), the Funds NAV will be calculated based upon the net asset value of such funds. The prospectuses for such funds explain the circumstances under which they will use fair value pricing and its effects.
If market quotations are not readily available (including in cases where available market quotations are deemed to be unreliable), the Funds investments will be valued as determined in good faith pursuant to policies and procedures approved by the Funds Board of Trustees (so-called fair value pricing). The Pricing and Fair Valuation Committee (established pursuant to the policies and procedures by the Funds Board of Trustees) has the responsibility to perform fair value pricing under the supervision of the Board. The Pricing and Fair Valuation Committee may determine that market quotations are not readily available due to events relating to a single issuer (e.g., corporate actions or announcements) or events relating to multiple issuers (e.g., governmental actions or natural disasters). The Pricing and Fair Valuation Committee may determine the fair value of investments based on information provided by pricing services and other third parties including broker-dealers and other market intermediaries, which may recommend fair value prices or adjustments with reference to other securities, indices or assets. For securities that do not trade during NYSE hours, fair value determinations are based on analyses of market movements after the close of those securities primary markets, and include reviews of developments in foreign markets, the performance of U.S. securities markets, and the performance of instruments trading in U.S. markets that represent foreign securities and baskets of foreign securities. Fair value pricing may require subjective determinations about the value of a security or other asset, and fair values used to determine a Funds NAV may differ from quoted or published prices, or from prices that are used by others, for the same investments. Also, the use of fair value pricing may not always result in adjustments to the prices of securities or other assets held by a Fund. The Funds use of fair value pricing may help deter stale price arbitrage as discussed below under Frequent Purchases and Sales of Fund Shares.
For purposes of calculating the NAV, foreign securities are normally priced using data reflecting the earlier closing of the principal markets for those securities, subject to possible fair value adjustments. Information that becomes known to the Funds or their agents after the NAV has been calculated on a particular day will not be used to retroactively adjust the price of a security or the NAV determined earlier that day.
Investments initially valued in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are converted to U.S. dollars using exchange rates obtained from pricing services. As a result, the NAV of a Funds shares may be affected by changes in the value of currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar. International markets are sometimes open on days when U.S. markets are closed, which means that the value of foreign securities owned by the Fund could change on days when Fund shares cannot be bought or sold. The value of investments traded in markets outside the United States or denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar may be affected significantly on a day that the NYSE is closed(1), and the NAV of a Funds shares may change on days when an investor is not able to purchase, redeem or exchange shares. The calculation of a Funds NAV may not take place contemporaneously with the determination of the prices of foreign securities used in NAV calculations.
How to Purchase Shares
All purchases are subject to acceptance by the Funds, and the price of the shares will be the NAV which is next computed after receipt by the transfer agent, Boston Financial Data Services, Inc. (the Transfer Agent), or other authorized agent of sub-agent, of the purchase in good order. All payments must be made in U.S. dollars and all checks must be drawn on U.S. banks. No cash or equivalents (such as travelers checks, cashiers checks, bankers official checks or money orders) will be accepted. If your payment is not received or you pay with a check or Automated Clearing House (ACH) transfer that does not clear, your purchase will be cancelled. In limited circumstances, completed purchases also may be cancelled when IVA Funds Distributors, LLC, the Funds distributor (the Distributor), or Transfer Agent receives satisfactory instructions that a trade order was placed in error. Non-resident aliens are also permitted to purchase shares provided that a U.S. address, social security number and/or taxpayer identification number is associated with the account application.
Purchases are subject to certain additional fees and sales charges, as described below.
(1) The NYSE is open from Monday through Friday 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Eastern time. NYSE, NYSE Arca, NYSE Bonds and NYSE Arca Options markets will generally close on, and in observation of the following holidays: New Years Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Washingtons Birthday/Presidents Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas.
13
Good order means that the request includes:
· |
|
Fund name and account number; |
· |
|
Amount of the transaction (in dollars or shares); |
· |
|
Signatures of all owners exactly as registered on the account (for written requests); |
· |
|
Medallion signature guarantee, if required; |
· |
|
Corporate/Institutional accounts only: A certified corporate resolution dated within the last six months (or a certified corporate resolution and letter of indemnity) must be on file with the Transfer Agent; and |
· |
|
Any supporting legal documentation that may be required. |
Payment of share purchase price is not considered part of good order. If your request is received after 4:00 p.m. Eastern time it will be priced at the next business days NAV. Purchases are subject to certain additional fees and sales charges, as described below.
You may also purchase a Funds shares through selected securities dealers, and their designees, with whom the Distributor has sales agreements. For a list of authorized dealers, please call the Distributor at (866) 251-6920. Authorized dealers and financial services firms may charge you a transaction fee in addition to any applicable sales loads. Authorized dealers and financial services firms are responsible for promptly transmitting purchase orders to
14
the Distributor. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order when these authorized dealers and financial service firms, or, if applicable, their authorized designee, determines that it is in good order and accepts a purchase or redemption order. Orders received by the Fund in good order will be priced at the Funds NAV next computed after they are accepted by the authorized dealers or financial services firms or their authorized designee.
The Distributor or Adviser, in their sole discretion, may accept or reject any order for purchase of Fund shares if it involves unsuitable business practices such as market timing, late trading, or unsuitable investments. No share certificates will be issued unless specifically requested in writing.
An investor should invest in the Funds for long-term investment purposes only. The Trust and the Adviser each reserves the right to refuse purchases if, in the judgment of the Trust or the Adviser, the purchases would adversely affect a Fund and its shareholders. In particular, the Trust and the Adviser each reserves the right to restrict purchases of Fund shares (including exchanges) when a pattern of frequent purchases and sales made in response to short-term fluctuations in share price appears evident. Notice of any such restrictions, if any, will vary according to the particular circumstances. See Frequent Purchases and Sales of Fund Shares below for more information.
Householding
Householding is a method of delivery in which a single copy of certain shareholder documents are delivered to investors who share the same address and are members of the same family, even if their accounts are registered under different names. Each Fund currently households. If you are no longer interested in householding and would like to have each investor, at the same address, receive individual copies of prospectuses and other shareholder documents, please contact your broker-dealer or call . We will begin sending your individual copies with the next scheduled mailing.
Minimum Account Size
Due to the high cost of maintaining smaller accounts, the Trust reserves the right to redeem shares in any account if, as the result of a withdrawal, the value of that account drops below $4,000. The Trust also reserves the right to redeem Class I shares held in any account of the Funds if the value of those Class I shares drops below $500,000. This does not apply to accounts participating in the Systematic Investment Program or to retirement accounts. The Trust also reserves the right to convert shares in any Class I account of the Funds to Class A shares of the same Fund if the value of that Class I account drops below $500,000. You will have at least 30 days to make an additional investment to bring the account value to the stated minimum before the redemption is processed.
Systematic Investment Program
You may make regular bi-monthly, monthly, quarterly or annual investments of $100 (or more) in shares of any Fund automatically from a checking or savings account on or about the 5th and/or 20th of the month. Upon written authorization, the Transfer Agent will debit your designated bank account as indicated and use the proceeds to purchase Fund shares. Because your bank must provide approval for the transfer process, establishing a Systematic Investment Program may take at least 30 days. You must indicate your desire to establish a Systematic Investment Program on the New Account Application. You also must include a check (minimum of $5,000, if a new account is being established), a savings account deposit slip or savings account statement. The Funds will not be responsible for non-sufficient funds fees. If your check does not clear, your purchase will be cancelled and you will be liable for any resulting losses or fees a Fund or its Transfer Agent incurs. If your purchase through the Systematic Investment Program fails to clear on two consecutive occasions, the Fund may terminate your Systematic Investment Program. Shares purchased through Systematic Investment Program payments are subject to the redemption restrictions for recent purchases described in Redeeming Your Shares. The Trust may amend or cease to offer the Systematic Investment Program at any time.
Retirement Plans
Retirement plans may purchase Class I shares of the Worldwide Fund or the International Fund provided they meet the minimum initial investment amount of $1 million in an omnibus or pooled account within the relevant Fund and will not require the Fund to pay any type of administrative fee or payment per participant account to any third party. Retirement plans requiring the payment of such fees may purchase Class A shares of the Worldwide Fund or the
15
International Fund without an initial sales charge.
Customer Identification Program
To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires the Funds Transfer Agent to obtain certain personal information from you (or persons acting on your behalf) in order to verify your (or such persons) identity when you open an account, including name, address, date of birth, social security number and other information and documentation that will allow the Transfer Agent to verify your identity. If this information is not provided, the Transfer Agent may not be able to open your account. If the Transfer Agent is unable to verify your identity (or that of another person authorized to act on your behalf) shortly after your account is opened, or believes it has identified potentially criminal activity, the Funds, the Distributor and the Transfer Agent each reserve the right to reject further purchase orders from you or to take such other action as they deem reasonable or required by law, including closing your account and redeeming your shares at NAV at the time of redemption.
Investment OptionsClass A, C and I Shares
The Trust offers investors Class A, Class C and Class I shares of each Fund. Each class of shares is subject to different types and levels of sales charges and other fees and, as such, bears a different level of expenses.
The class of shares that is best for you depends upon a number of factors, including the amount and the intended length of your investment. The following summarizes key information about each class to help you make your investment decision, including the various expenses associated with each class and the payments made to financial intermediaries for distribution and other services. More extensive information about the Trusts multi-class arrangements is included in the SAI.
Class A Shares
· You pay an initial sales charge of up to 5.00% when you buy Class A shares. The sales charge is deducted from your investment so that not all of your purchase payment is invested.
· You normally pay no contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC) when you redeem Class A shares, although you may pay a 0.75% CDSC if you purchase $1,000,000 or more of Class A shares (and therefore pay no initial sales charge) and then redeem the shares during the first 18 months from their purchase.
· You may be eligible for a reduction or a complete waiver of any sales charge under a number of circumstances. For example, you normally pay no sales charge if you purchase $1,000,000 or more of Class A shares. In addition, Class As sales charges may be waived for employees of the Adviser or its affiliates; investors who purchase through accounts with the Adviser and through their existing trust relationship with the Adviser; Trustees of the Funds; legal counsel to the Funds or the Trustees; certain existing shareholders who own shares in a Fund within their trust accounts; investors within wrap accounts; investors who purchase shares in connection with 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, and other employer-sponsored retirement plans; investors who purchase in connection with non-transaction fee fund programs and programs offered by fee-based financial planners and other types of financial institutions; and others at the discretion of the Adviser (such groups of investors are known as Qualifying Investors). Please see Initial Sales ChargesClass A shares for further details.
· Class A shares are subject to lower 12b-1 fees than Class C shares. Therefore, Class A shareholders generally pay lower annual expenses and receive higher dividends than Class C shareholders.
· A redemption fee of 2.00% will generally apply to any shares that are exchanged or redeemed within 30 days after their acquisition (including acquisition by exchange). Please see Redeeming Your Shares for details.
Class C Shares
· You do not pay an initial sales charge when you buy Class C shares. The full amount of your purchase payment is invested initially.
16
· You normally pay a CDSC of 1.00% if you redeem Class C shares during the first 12 months after your initial purchase. The Class C CDSC may be waived for certain Qualifying Investors.
· Class C shares are subject to higher 12b-1 fees than Class A shares. Therefore, Class C shareholders normally pay higher annual expenses and receive lower dividends than Class A shareholders.
· A redemption fee of 2.00% will generally apply to any shares that are exchanged or redeemed within 30 days after their acquisition (including acquisition by exchange). Please see Redeeming Your Shares for details.
Class I Shares
· You do not pay an initial sales charge when you buy Class I shares. The full amount of your purchase payment is invested initially.
· The minimum may be waived for Class I shares for sponsors of 401(k) plans, wrap fee programs and omnibus accounts if approved by the Adviser and/or its affiliates and/or the Distributor.
· Class I shares are not subject to 12b-1 fees. Therefore, Class I shareholders normally pay lower annual expenses and receive higher dividends than Class A and Class C shareholders.
· Employees and partners of the Adviser, as well as family members thereof, are not subject to the minimum initial investment of $1,000,000.
· A redemption fee of 2.00% will generally apply to any shares that are exchanged or redeemed within 30 days after their acquisition (including acquisition by exchange). Please see Redeeming Your Shares for details.
Additional Information Regarding Class A and Class C Shares
Contingent Deferred Sales Charge . Unless you are eligible for a waiver, if you sell (redeem) your Class C shares of any Fund within the first 12 months after purchase, you will pay a 1.00% CDSC. Investors who purchase $1 ,000,000 or more of Class A shares (and, thus, pay no initial sales charge) may be subject to a 0.75% CDSC if the shares are redeemed within 18 months from their purchase.
The CDSC may be waived on the redemption of shares:
· As the result of an error correction;
· Due to hardship as defined by the Internal Revenue Service for purposes of hardship withdrawals from retirement plans;
· Termination distributions from a defined contribution plan;
· As the result of a de minimus distribution from a defined contribution plan;
· As the result of a loan distribution from a defined contribution plan;
· As the result of an excess contribution distribution from a defined contribution plan;
· As the result of a qualified (e.g., mandatory) distribution to one or more of the account holders; or
· As the result of a non-vested participant balance distribution from a defined contribution plan.
How CDSCs are Calculated . Shares acquired through the reinvestment of dividends or capital gains distributions will be redeemed first and will not be subject to any CDSC. For the redemption of all other shares, the CDSC will be based on either your original purchase price or the then current NAV of the shares being sold, whichever is lower. To illustrate this point, consider shares purchased at an NAV per share of $10. If the Funds NAV per share at the time of redemption is $12, the CDSC will apply to the purchase price of $10. If the NAV per share at the time of redemption is $8, the CDSC will apply to the $8 current NAV per share. CDSCs will be deducted from the proceeds
17
of your redemption, not from amounts remaining in your account. In determining whether a CDSC is payable, it is assumed that the shareholder will redeem first the lot of shares which will incur the lowest CDSC.
In addition to the fees described above, the Distributor normally pays to broker-dealers who sell Fund shares a separate initial 1.00% fee on the sale of Class C shares. The Class C CDSC is intended to compensate the Distributor for these payments, if investors hold Fund shares for less than one year. Broker-dealers who sell Class C shares that are not subject to a CDSC will be paid the distribution and service fees on a quarterly basis.
IN ADDITION TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PROSPECTUS, YOU MAY OBTAIN MORE INFORMATION ABOUT SHARE CLASSES, SALES CHARGES AND SALES CHARGE REDUCTIONS AND WAIVERS THROUGH A LINK ON THE HOME PAGE OF THE FUNDS WEBSITE AT WWW.IVAFUNDS.COM, FROM THE SAI OR BY CALLING YOUR FINANCIAL CONSULTANT.
How to Redeem or Exchange Shares
General Information
You may withdraw any part of your account by selling shares. The sale price of your shares will be the Funds next-determined NAV after the Transfer Agent or an authorized agent or sub-agent receives all required documents in good order (as term is defined above). If the Transfer agent, an authorized agent or sub-agent receives a redemption request in good order before the close of trading on the NYSE (generally 4 p.m. Eastern time) that transaction will be priced at that days NAV. If the request is received after close of trading on the NYSE, it will be priced at the next business days NAV.
|
|
Account Type |
By Telephone
Business Hours: 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. ET |
|
All Types
Call (866) 941-4482 during business hours to redeem or exchange shares if you have a preauthorized form on file with the Transfer Agent. You can exchange shares from a Fund to open an account in another Fund within the same class of shares or to add to an existing account with an identical registration. Redemption proceeds can only be sent by check to your address of record or by wire transfer to a bank account designated in your application. You may be asked to provide proper identification information. There is a $100,000 maximum for telephone redemptions by check; there is no limit on redemptions by ACH transfer or bank wire. Certain retirement accounts are not eligible for all the telephone privileges referenced above. |
By Mail |
|
|
|
|
|
Regular Mail:
IVA
Funds
Express, Certified or Registered Mail:
|
|
All Types Except IRA Accounts
Send a letter of instruction signed by all registered account holders. Include the Fund name and account number and (if you are selling) a dollar amount or number of shares OR (if you are exchanging) the name of the Fund you want to exchange into and a dollar amount or number of shares. To exchange into an account with a different registration (including a different name, address, or taxpayer identification number), you must provide the Transfer Agent with written instructions that include the Medallion guaranteed signatures of all current account owners. |
|
|
IRA Accounts |
|
|
To make a distribution from your IRA, call (866) 941-4482 or visit the Funds website at www.ivafunds.com and request or download an IRA Distribution Form. |
18
By Wire
The Fund will wire redemption proceeds only to the bank account designated on the Account Application or in written instructionswith Medallion signature guaranteereceived with the redemption order. |
|
|
|
|
|
Automatically |
|
The Funds offer ways to sell shares automatically. See Systematic Withdrawal Plan below. |
Exchanging Your SharesAdditional Information
You may exchange shares of one Fund into shares of the other Fund as described below by contacting the Transfer Agent. An exchange is a taxable transaction. To be eligible for an exchange, shares of the respective Fund must be registered in your name or in the name of your financial adviser for your benefit for at least 15 days.
You may exchange:
· Class A shares of a Fund for Class A shares or Class I shares (if the exchange involves Class A shares valued at more than $1 million) of another Fund;
· Class C shares of a Fund for Class C shares of another Fund; and
· Class I shares of a Fund for Class I shares of another Fund.
Shares will be exchanged at their respective net asset values, computed as of the close of trading on the NYSE on the day you request the exchange. There is no charge for the exchange privilege. Any exchange must meet the applicable minimum investment amount for the Fund and share class into which the exchange is being made. You should carefully review the description of the Fund into which you plan to exchange because the new Fund may have different fees, expenses and investment risks.
Systematic Exchange Program
You may automatically exchange shares of one Fund for shares of another Fund on a monthly basis through the Systematic Exchange Program. The minimum exchange amount is $5,000. If the balance in the account you are exchanging from falls below the designated systematic exchange amount, all remaining shares in your account will be exchanged.
Conversion of Shares
You may convert Class A shares of either Fund having an aggregate value of $1 million or more into Class I shares of the same Fund. You may not convert Class A shares to Class C shares of the same Fund, or Class C shares to Class A shares of the same Fund. Such conversions will take place at net asset value and shall not result in the recognition of gain or loss for federal income tax purposes. This is not an automatic change. You must contact your financial representative. Conversions of Class A shares to Class I shares will be subject to a CDSC if the conversion takes place within 18 months of purchase. For additional information concerning conversions, or to initiate a conversion, contact your dealer or the Funds at (866) 941-4482.
Redeeming Your SharesAdditional Information
Redemptions through Dealers
Shares held in the dealers street name must be redeemed through the dealer and cannot be made by shareholders directly. You must submit a redemption request to your dealer. Dealers may charge for this service, and they may have particular requirements that you may be subject to. Contact your authorized dealers for more information.
19
Redemption Payments
In all cases, your redemption price is the net asset value per share next determined after your request is received in good order. Redemption proceeds normally will be sent within three business days. However, if you recently purchased your shares by check, your redemption proceeds will not be sent to you until your original check clears, which may take up to 15 days. Your redemption proceeds can be sent by check, made payable to you, to your address of record or by wire transfer to a bank account designated on your application. Your bank may charge you a fee for wire transfers. Any request that your redemption proceeds be sent by check to an address other than the address of record or if the address of record has been changed within 30 days of the redemption request or by wire to a destination other than your bank account of record must be in writing and must include a Medallion signature guarantee. Domestic wire transfers are subject to a fee of $15.00, which will be deducted from the redemption proceeds.
Redemptions In-Kind
The Funds reserve the right to make payment in securities rather than cash. If a Fund deems it advisable for the benefit of all shareholders that a redemption payment wholly or partly in-kind would be in the best interests of the Funds remaining shareholders, the Fund may pay redemption proceeds to you in whole or in part with securities held by the Fund. A redemption-in kind could occur under extraordinary circumstances, such as a very large redemption that could affect a Funds operations. Securities used to redeem Fund shares will be valued as described in How Fund Share Prices are Calculated above. Redemptions in-kind may only be made with liquid securities. A shareholder will bear market risk for the securities received as a result of a redemption-in kind and a shareholder may pay brokerage charges on the sale of any securities received as a result of a redemption-in kind.
Redemption Fee
Sales or exchanges of shares within 30 days of purchase are subject to a 2% redemption fee on the gross redemption proceeds. The fee is determined using the first-in-first-out calculation methodology, comparing the date of redemption with the earliest purchase date of shares. Redemption fees will be deducted from the redemption proceeds.
The purpose of the redemption fees is to deter excessive, short-term trading and other abusive trading practices, and to help offset the costs associated with the sale of portfolio securities to satisfy redemption and exchange requests made by market timers and other short-term shareholders, thereby insulating longer-term shareholders from such costs. There is no assurance that the use of redemption fees will be successful in this regard.
The Funds may waive or reverse the redemption fee for qualified retirement plans, systematic redemption programs, wrap programs, certain omnibus accounts, shares that were bought with reinvested dividends and distributions and shares sold following the death or disability (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code)) of the shareholder, including a registered joint owner. The Funds generally will depend on the relevant intermediary (for example, the wrap program sponsor or omnibus account holder) to monitor trading frequency and apply redemption fees to shareholders who hold shares through these programs or accounts. Financial intermediaries who hold Fund shares through omnibus and other accounts may not provide shareholder information and enforce restrictions on purchases, redemptions and exchanges or may fail to assess or collect the redemption fee in a manner fully consistent with this Prospectus. The Funds may modify their redemption fee policies at any time.
Systematic Withdrawal Plan
If you own Fund shares worth at least $5,000, you may establish a Systematic Withdrawal Plan. A check in a stated amount of at least $500 will be mailed to you on or about the 5th or 20th of the month, or on a quarterly basis. Dividends and distributions on shares must be reinvested. A Funds shares will be redeemed as necessary to meet withdrawal payments, which may result in a gain or loss for federal income tax purposes. If you establish a new account by check within 15 days of an expected withdrawal date, the Funds will not begin withdrawals until the following month, due to the Funds 15-day hold on check purchases. The Funds may amend or cease to offer the Systematic Withdrawal Plan at any time.
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Dividend Reinvestment Program
Dividends and capital gains distributions are automatically reinvested, without sales charges, into any share class of any Fund in which you have an existing account, unless otherwise noted. You may notify the Transfer Agent in writing to:
· Choose to receive dividends or distributions (or both) in cash; or
· Change the way you currently receive distributions.
Your taxable income is the same regardless of which option you choose. For further information about dividend reinvestment, contact the Transfer Agent by telephone at (866) 941-4482.
Dividends, Distributions and Taxes
It is each Funds policy to make distributions at least annually of all or substantially all of its net investment income and net realized capital gains, if any. Unless you elect to receive your distributions in cash, your ordinary income and capital gain distributions will be reinvested in additional shares of the same share class of the Fund at net asset value calculated as of the payment date. The Funds pay distributions on a per-share basis. As a result, on the ex-dividend date of such a payment, the net asset value of the Funds will be reduced by the amount of the payment.
Each Fund intends to elect and to qualify each year to be treated as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. To qualify, a Fund must meet certain income, diversification and distribution requirements. As a regulated investment company, a Fund generally will not be subject to federal income or excise taxes on ordinary income and capital gains distributed to shareholders within applicable time limits. However, a Funds failure to qualify as a regulated investment company would result in corporate level taxation, and consequently, a reduction in income available for distribution to you and other shareholders. In general, a Fund that fails to distribute at least 98% of its ordinary income for the calendar year plus 98% of its capital gain net income recognized during the one-year period ending October 31 of such year (or later if the Fund is permitted to elect and so elects) will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the underdistributed amount.
For federal income tax purposes, distributions of net investment income are generally taxable as ordinary income. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the Fund owned the investments that generated them, rather than how long you owned your shares. Distributions of net capital gains (that is, the excess of net long-term capital gains from the sale of investments that a Fund owned for more than one year over net short-term capital losses) that are properly designated by the Fund as capital gain dividends will be taxable as long-term capital gains. Distribution of net gains from the sale of investments that a Fund owned for one year or less will be taxable as ordinary income.
Long-term capital gain rates have been temporarily reducedin general, to 15%, with lower rates applying to taxpayers in the 10% and 15% bracketsfor taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011. Capital gains realized on collectibles (i.e. gold bullion) held for greater than one year are taxed at a rate of 28%.
For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, distributions of investment income designated by each Fund as derived from qualified dividend income will be taxed in the hands of individuals at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains, provided that certain holding period and other requirements are met at both the shareholder and Fund level. A distribution will be treated as paid on December 31 of the current calendar year if it is declared by a Fund in October, November or December with a record date in such a month and paid by the Fund during January of the following calendar year.
Distributions are taxable to you even if they are paid from income or gains earned before your investment (and thus were included in the price you paid for your shares). In general, you will be taxed on the distributions you receive from a Fund, whether you receive them as additional shares or in cash. Any gain resulting from the sale or exchange of your shares in a Fund will generally be subject to tax.
A Funds investment in foreign securities may be subject to foreign withholding taxes. In that case, the Funds yield on those securities would be decreased. However, the Fund may be able to pass through to you a deduction or credit for such foreign taxes, as further described in the SAI.
21
In addition, a Funds investments in foreign securities or foreign currencies may increase or accelerate the Funds recognition of ordinary income and may affect the timing, amount or character of the Funds distributions.
In general, dividends (other than capital gain dividends) paid by a Fund to a person who is not a U.S. person within the meaning of the Code (a foreign person) are subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate). For taxable years of a Fund beginning before January 1, 2010, a Fund is not required to withhold any amounts with respect to (i) distributions of net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses, and (ii) distributions of U.S.-source interest income that would not be subject to U.S. federal income tax if earned directly by a foreign person, in each case to the extent that the Fund properly designated such distributions. This exemption from withholding is scheduled to expire for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2010.
The discussion above is very general. Please consult your tax adviser about the effect that an investment in a Fund could have on your own tax situation, including possible foreign, federal, state, or local tax consequences, or about any other tax questions you may have.
By January 31 of each year, we will send you a statement showing the tax status of your dividends and distributions for the prior year.
Frequent Purchases and Sales of Fund Shares
The Funds do not permit market timing or other abusive trading practices. The Funds reserve the right, but do not have the obligation, to reject any purchase or exchange transaction at any time. In addition, the Funds reserve the right to suspend their offering of shares or to impose restrictions on purchases or exchanges at any time that are more restrictive than those that are otherwise stated in this Prospectus with respect to disruptive, excessive or short-term trading. The maximum amount of time the Funds will take to reject or cancel a transaction is 48 hours. Shareholders will be notified of the Funds intention to restrict exchanges of shares at least 60 days in advance of such action.
Excessive short-term trading or other abusive trading practices may disrupt portfolio management strategies, increase brokerage and administrative costs and hurt Fund performance. These risks may be relatively higher for the Funds because they invest significantly in foreign securities and an investor may seek to take advantage of a delay between the change in value of the Funds foreign portfolio securities and the determination of the Funds net asset value as a result of different closing times of U.S. and foreign markets by buying or selling Fund shares at a price that does not reflect their true value. Your Funds management team has established procedures to mitigate these risks. Please see How Fund Share Prices Are Calculated for more information.
The Funds do not accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions of the Funds shares by the Funds shareholders. The Board of Trustees of the Funds has adopted policies and procedures designed to deter frequent purchases and redemptions. To minimize the negative effect of frequent purchases and redemptions on the Funds and their shareholders, the Funds management team reserves the right to reject, in their sole discretion, any purchase order (including an exchange from another Fund) from any investor they believe has a history of abusive trading or whose trading, in their judgment, has been or may be disruptive to the Funds. If the Funds detect that an investor has made two material round trips in any period (as determined by the Adviser), it will generally reject the investors future buy orders, including exchange buy orders, involving a Fund. For these purposes, a round trip is a purchase or exchange into a Fund followed by a sale or exchange out of a Fund. A material round trip is one that is deemed by the Funds to be material in terms of its amount or its potential detrimental impact on the Funds. Independent of this limit, the Funds may, in their discretion, reject future buy orders by any person, group or account that appears to have engaged in any type of excessive trading activity. These limits generally do not apply to automated transactions or transactions by registered investment companies that invest in the Funds using a fund of funds structure. These limits do not apply to payroll deduction contributions by retirement plan participants, transactions initiated by a retirement plan sponsor or certain other retirement plan transactions consisting of rollover transactions, loan repayments and disbursements, and required minimum distribution redemptions. They may be modified or rescinded for accounts held by certain retirement plans to conform to plan limits, for considerations relating to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 or regulations of the Department of Labor, and for certain asset allocation or wrap programs. In making this judgment, accounts known to be under common ownership or control generally will be counted together, but accounts maintained or managed by a common intermediary generally will not be considered to be under common ownership or control. The Fund retains the right to modify
22
these restrictions at any time without prior notice to shareholders.
On a periodic basis, the Adviser will review transaction history reports and will identify redemptions that are within a specific time period from a previous purchase in the same account(s) in the Funds, or in multiple accounts that are known to be under common control. Redemptions meeting these criteria will be investigated for possible inappropriate trading.
Certain accounts, and omnibus accounts in particular, include multiple investors and typically provide the Funds with a net purchase or redemption request on any given day. In these cases, purchases and redemptions of Fund shares are netted against one another and the identity of individual purchasers and redeemers whose orders are aggregated may not be known by the Funds. Therefore, it becomes more difficult for the Funds management team to identify market timing or other abusive trading activities in these accounts, and the Funds management team may be unable to eliminate abusive traders in these accounts from a Fund. Identification of abusive traders may further be impaired by limitations of the operational systems and other technical issues. Whenever abusive or disruptive trading is identified, the Funds management team will encourage omnibus account intermediaries to address such trading activity directly.
Due to the complexity and subjectivity involved in identifying market timing and other abusive trading practices, there can be no assurance that the Funds efforts will identify all market timing or abusive trading activities. Therefore, investors should not assume that the Funds will be able to detect or prevent all practices that may place the Funds at a disadvantage.
DISTRIBUTION ARRANGEMENTS
Distribution and Servicing (12b-1) Plans
The Funds pay fees to the Distributor, on an ongoing basis as compensation for the services the Distributor renders and the expenses it bears in connection with the sale and distribution of Class A and Class C Fund shares (distribution fees) and/or in connection with personal services rendered to Class A and Class C Fund shareholders and the maintenance of shareholder accounts (servicing fees). These payments are made pursuant to Distribution and Servicing Plans (12b-1 Plans) adopted by each Fund pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
There is a separate 12b-1 Plan for each Funds Class A and Class C shares offered in this Prospectus. There is no 12b-1 Plan for each Funds Class I shares. Currently, Class A shares pay only distribution fees; Class C shares pay both distribution and servicing fees. The following lists the maximum annual rates at which the distribution and/or servicing fees may be paid under each 12b-1 Plan (calculated as a percentage of each Funds average daily net assets attributable to the particular class of shares):
Class |
|
Annual Distribution Related and Service Fee |
Class A Shares |
|
0.25%* |
Class C Shares |
|
1.00% |
Class I Shares |
|
None |
* For purchases of Class A shares at NAV where dealers of record receive finders fee commissions, dealers will start to receive the 12b-l fee beginning in the 19th month after purchase. For purchases at NAV where dealers of record do not receive finders fee commissions, dealers will start to receive the 12b-l fee at the time of purchase.
Because 12b-1 fees are paid out of a Funds assets on an ongoing basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than other types of sales charges. Therefore, although Class C shares may not pay initial sales charges, the distribution fees payable on Class C shares may, over time, cost you more than the initial sales charge imposed on Class A shares.
Initial Sales ChargesClass A Shares
This section includes important information about sales charge reduction programs available to investors in Class A shares of the Funds and describes information or records you may need to provide to the Distributor or your financial intermediary in order to be eligible for sales charge reduction programs.
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Unless you are eligible for a waiver, the public offering price you pay when you buy Class A shares of the Funds is the NAV of the shares plus an initial sales charge. The initial sales charge varies depending upon the size of your purchase, as set forth below.
|
|
Sales Charge as a Percentage of: |
|
Dealer Allowance |
|
||
Class A Shares Dollars Invested |
|
Offering Price |
|
Net Amount
|
|
as a Percentage
|
|
Less than $25,000 |
|
5.00 |
% |
5.26 |
% |
4.50 |
% |
$25,000 but less than $50,000 |
|
4.50 |
% |
4.71 |
% |
4.25 |
% |
$50,000 but less than $100,000 |
|
4.00 |
% |
4.17 |
% |
3.75 |
% |
$100,000 but less than $250,000 |
|
3.25 |
% |
3.36 |
% |
3.00 |
% |
$250,000 but less than $500,000 |
|
2.50 |
% |
2.56 |
% |
2.25 |
% |
$500,000 but less than $1,000,000 |
|
1.50 |
% |
1.52 |
% |
1.25 |
% |
$1,000,000 and over |
|
0.00 |
% |
0.00 |
% |
0.00 |
% |
Investors in the Funds may reduce or eliminate sales charges applicable to purchases of Class A shares through utilization of Cumulative Quantity Discount (Right of Accumulation), a Letter of Intent or the Reinstatement Privilege. These programs, which apply to purchases of one or more Funds that are series of the Trust (together, Eligible Funds), are summarized below.
Contingent Deferred Sales Charge. If you invest $1,000,000 or more in Class A shares, you will not pay any initial sales charge. The Adviser and/or its affiliates may pay dealers of record finders fee commissions of up to 0.75% of purchases of Class A shares of any Fund that were not previously subject to a front-end sales charge or dealer commission paid by the investor.
Finders fee commissions will not be paid in connection with purchases made by an Omnibus Account maintained with a Fund for trading on behalf of its customers. Finders fee commissions also may be paid under certain other circumstances at the discretion of the Adviser.
If you redeem your Class A shares within 18 months after purchase and were paid a finders fee, you may be charged a CDSC of 0.75% of the lesser of the original cost of the shares being redeemed or your redemption proceeds. Shares acquired through the reinvestment of dividends or capital gains distributions will be redeemed first and will not be subject to any CDSC.
Right of Accumulation (Breakpoints). A Qualifying Investor (as defined above in Investment OptionsClass A, C and I Shares-Class A shares) may qualify for a reduced sales charge on Class A shares (the Right of Accumulation or Cumulative Quantity Discount) by combining concurrent purchases of the Class A shares of one or both Funds into a single purchase or by combining the purchase of Class A shares of an Eligible Fund with the current aggregate net asset value of all Class A, C, and I shares of any Eligible Fund held by accounts for the benefit of such Qualifying Investor for purposes of determining the applicable front-end sales charge. A trustee/custodian of an IRA (which includes a Roth IRA and an employer sponsored IRA such as a SIMPLE IRA) or your non-ERISA covered 403(b), if the shares are registered/recorded under your or an immediate family members Social Security number also would qualify for a Cumulative Quantity Discount.
Fund shares held through an administrator or trustee/custodian of an Employer Sponsored Retirement Plan such as a 401(k) plan do not qualify for a Cumulative Quantity Discount.
For purposes of obtaining a Class A shares breakpoint discount, the value of your account will be deemed to include the value of all applicable shares in eligible accounts that are held by your immediate family, which includes your spouse (or legal equivalent under state law), sibling, parent, step-parent, legal guardian, child, step-child, father-in-law, mother-in-law, sister-in-law, brother-in-law, grand children and grand parents.
Letter of Intent . An investor may also obtain a reduced sales charge on purchases of Class A shares by means of a written Letter of Intent, which expresses an intent to invest not less than $50,000 within a period of 13 months in Class A shares of any Eligible Fund(s). Each purchase of shares under a Letter of Intent will be made at the public offering price or prices applicable at the time of such Fund(s) purchase to a Single Purchase of the dollar amount indicated in the Letter. You may include purchases of Fund shares made up to 90 days before receipt of the Letter of Intent. Previous purchases may be included in your Letter of Intent, however no adjustments will be made to
24
account for them retroactively. You must notify the Transfer Agent of any additional accounts, not included in your Letter of Intent application, that you may hold indirectly. A Letter of Intent is not a binding obligation to purchase the full amount indicated. Shares purchased with the first 5% of the amount indicated in the Letter of Intent will be held in escrow (while remaining registered in your name) to secure payment of the higher sales charges applicable to the shares actually purchased in the event the full intended amount is not purchased.
Reinstatement Privilege . A Class A shareholder who has caused any or all of his shares to be redeemed may reinvest all or any portion of the redemption proceeds in Class A shares of any Eligible Fund at NAV without any sales charge, provided that such investment is made within 90 calendar days after the redemption or repurchase date. The purchase must be made into an account for the same owner but does not need to be into the same Eligible Fund from which the shares were sold. The reinstatement privilege does not apply to any shares bought through a previous reinstatement.
Please note that reinstatement will not prevent recognition of a gain realized on the redemption, and a loss may be disallowed for tax purposes. The gain or loss resulting from the redemption may be affected by exercising the reinstatement privilege if you reinvest within 30 days.
Method of Valuation of Accounts . To determine whether a shareholder qualifies for a reduction in sales charges on a purchase of Class A shares of Eligible Funds, the offering price of the shares is used for purchases relying on a Letter of Intent and the amount of the total current purchase (including any sales load) plus the NAV (at the close of business on the day of the current purchase) of shares previously acquired is used for the Cumulative Quantity Discount.
Sales at Net Asset Value . The Funds may also sell their Class A shares at NAV without an initial sales charge to certain Qualifying Investors. In addition, Class A shares of the Funds issued pursuant to the automatic reinvestment of income dividends or capital gains distributions are issued at net asset value and are not subject to any sales charges.
Required Shareholder Information and Records . In order for investors in Class A shares of the Funds to take advantage of sales charge reductions, an investor or his or her financial intermediary must notify the Distributor that the investor qualifies for such a reduction. If the Distributor is not notified that the investor is eligible for these reductions, the Distributor will be unable to ensure that the reduction is applied to the investors account. An investor may have to provide certain information or records to his or her financial intermediary or the Distributor to verify the investors eligibility for breakpoint privileges or other sales charge waivers. An investor may be asked to provide information or records, including account statements, regarding shares of the Eligible Funds held in:
· all of the investors accounts held directly with the Funds or through a financial intermediary;
· any account of the investor at another financial intermediary; and
· accounts of related parties of the investor, such as members of the same family or household, at any financial intermediary.
Payments to Financial Firms
The Adviser and/or its affiliates and/or the Distributor may also make payments for distribution and/or shareholder servicing activities out of their own resources. The Adviser may also make payments for marketing, promotional or related expenses to dealers. Such payments also may include any other payment requirement of a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary, including certain agreed upon finders fee commissions as described in greater detail under Initial Sales Charges-Class A Shares. These payments are derived from the Advisers legitimate business activities. The amount of these payments is determined by the Adviser and may be substantial. These payments are often referred to as revenue sharing payments. The recipients of such payments may include the Distributor, other affiliates of the Adviser, and broker-dealers, financial institutions, plan sponsors and administrators and other financial intermediaries through which investors may purchase shares of a Fund. In some circumstances, such payments may create an incentive for an intermediary or its employees or associated persons to recommend or sell shares of a Fund to you, rather than shares of another mutual fund. Please contact your financial intermediary or plan administrator or sponsor for details about revenue sharing payments it may receive.
Certain broker-dealers or other third-parties hold their accounts in street name and perform the services normally handled by the Funds transfer agent. These services may include client statements, tax reporting, order-processing
25
and client relations. As a result, these third parties may charge the Funds for these services. Sub-transfer agency fees paid by the Funds are, in aggregate, no more than what the Funds otherwise would have paid to the Funds transfer agent for the same services. Arrangements may involve a per-account fee, an asset-based fee, a sales-based fee or, in some cases, a combination of the three. These fees are directly attributable to shareholder services performed by the relevant party. While the Adviser and the Distributor consider these to be payments for services rendered, they represent an additional business relationship between these sub-transfer agents and the Funds that often results, at least in part, from past or present sales of Fund shares by the sub-transfer agents or their affiliates.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
The financial highlight tables are intended to help you understand each Funds financial performance for the period of the Funds operations. Certain information reflects financial results for a single Fund share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned (or lost) on an investment in the Fund (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and other distributions). The information presented in the tables has been audited by , the Trusts independent registered public accounting firm, whose report, along with the Funds financial statements, is included in the Trusts annual report to shareholders, and is incorporated by reference into the Statement of Additional Information, which is available upon request. You may obtain the annual report without charge by calling (866) 941-4482 .
26
USEFUL SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION
Trust. IVA Fiduciary Trust consists of IVA Worldwide Fund and IVA International Fund. Each of the Worldwide Fund and the International Fund is an investment portfolio of IVA Fiduciary Trust, an open-end series management investment company organized as a Massachusetts Business Trust.
Shareholder Reports. Annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders provide additional information about the Funds investments. These reports discuss the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected each Funds performance during its last fiscal year.
Statement of Additional Information. The statement of additional information provides more detailed information about each Fund. It is incorporated by reference into (and is legally a part of) this combined Prospectus.
How to Obtain Additional Information.
· You can obtain shareholder reports or the Statement of Additional Information (without charge), make inquiries or request other information about the Funds by contacting the Transfer Agent at (866) 941-4482, writing the Funds at IVA Funds, P.O. Box 8077, Boston, MA 02266-8077, visiting the Funds website at www.ivafunds.com or calling your financial consultant.
· You may review and copy information about a Fund, including its SAI, at the Securities and Exchange Commissions Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. You may call the Commission at 1-202-942-8090 for information about the operation of the Public Reference Room. You may also access reports and other information about the Fund on the EDGAR Database on the Commissions website at http://www.sec.gov. You may get copies of this information, with payment of a duplication fee, by electronic request at the following E-mail address: publicinfo@sec.gov, or by writing the Commissions Public Reference Section, Washington, D.C. 20549-0102. You may need to refer to the Funds file number.
If someone makes a statement about the Funds that is not in this Prospectus, you should not rely upon that information. Neither the Funds nor the Distributor is offering to sell shares of the Funds to any person to whom the Funds may not lawfully sell their shares.
How to Reach IVA Funds
Please send all requests for information or transactions to:
IVA Funds
P. O. Box 8077
Boston, MA 02266-8077
You may contact us by telephone at (866) 941-4482.
You can also visit our website at:
www.ivafunds.com
Distributor
IVA Funds Distributors, LLC
Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100
Portland, ME 04101
Investment Adviser
International Value Advisers, LLC
645 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10022
Investment Company Act File Number: 811-22211
27
PRIVACY POLICY
International Value Advisers, LLC ( IVA) recognizes and respects the privacy expectation of each of its customers. IVA believes that the confidentiality and protection of its customers non-public personal information is one of its fundamental responsibilities. This means, most importantly, that IVA does not sell customers non-public personal information to any third parties. IVA uses its customers non-public personal information primarily to complete financial transactions that its customers request or to make its customers aware of other financial products and services offered by a IVA affiliated company.
IVA collects non-public personal information about its customers from the following sources:
· Account Applications and Other Forms , which may include a customers name and address, social security number or tax identification number, total assets, income, and accounts at other institutions;
· Account History , which may include information about the transactions and balances in accounts with IVA; and
· Correspondence , which may include written, telephonic or electronic communications.
As emphasized above, IVA does not sell non-public personal information about current or former customers to third parties. Below are the details of circumstances in which IVA may disclose non-public personal information to third parties:
· In order to complete certain transactions or account changes that a customer directs, it may be necessary to provide certain non-public personal information about that customer to companies, individuals, or groups that are not affiliated with IVA. For example, if a customer asks IVA to transfer assets from another financial institution, IVA will need to provide certain non-public personal information about that customer to the company to complete the transaction.
· In order to alert a customer to other financial products and services that an IVA affiliated company offers, IVA may share non-public personal information it has about that customer with an IVA affiliated company.
· In certain instances, IVA may contract with non-affiliated companies to perform services for IVA. Where necessary, IVA will disclose non-public personal information it has about its customers to these third parties. For example, IVA may provide non-public personal information about a customers separate account to a qualified brokerage firm in order to enter into futures transactions. In all such cases, IVA will provide the third party with only the information necessary to carry out its assigned responsibilities and only for that purpose. In addition, IVA requires these third parties to treat IVA customers non-public information with the same high degree of confidentiality that IVA does.
· Finally, IVA will release non-public information about customers if directed by that customer to do so or if IVA is authorized by law to do so.
(1) For purposes of this notice, the term customer or customers includes both individuals who have investments with an IVA affiliated company and individuals who have provided non-public personal information to an IVA affiliated company, but did not invest with an IVA affiliated company.
1
IVA restricts access to information about customers only to those employees who require that information to provide financial products and services to that customer. IVA maintains physical, electronic, and procedural safeguards that comply with federal standards to guard its customers non-public personal information.
As required by federal law, IVA will notify customers of IVAs Privacy Policy annually. IVA reserves the right to modify this policy at any time, but in the event that there is a change, IVA will promptly inform its customers of that change.
2
IVA FUNDS
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
December 18, 2009
IVA Worldwide Fund
Share Class |
|
Ticker Symbol |
Class A |
|
IVWAX |
Class C |
|
IVWCX |
Class I |
|
IVWIX |
IVA International Fund
Share Class |
|
Ticker Symbol |
Class A |
|
IVIOX |
Class C |
|
IVICX |
Class I |
|
IVIQX |
645 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10022
(866) 941-4482
IVA Fiduciary Trust consists of IVA Worldwide Fund (the Worldwide Fund) and IVA International Fund (the International Fund) (each, a Fund and, together, the Funds).
Each of the Worldwide Fund and the International Fund is an investment portfolio of IVA Fiduciary Trust, an open-end series management investment company organized as a Massachusetts Business Trust.
This Statement of Additional Information (SAI) is not a prospectus and is only authorized for distribution when preceded or accompanied by the Funds current prospectus dated December 18, 2009, as supplemented from time to time (the Prospectus). This SAI supplements and should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus, a copy of which may be obtained without charge by writing the Funds at the address, or by calling the toll-free telephone number, listed above. The Prospectus is incorporated by reference into this Statement of Additional Information.
IVA FUNDS
IVA Worldwide Fund
IVA International Fund
CONTENTS
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES, POLICIES AND RESTRICTIONS |
1 |
Investment Objectives of the Funds |
1 |
Principal Investment Strategies and Risks of the Funds |
1 |
Non-Principal Investment Strategies and Risks of the Funds |
7 |
Investment Restrictions |
19 |
Portfolio Turnover |
21 |
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DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS |
21 |
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MANAGEMENT OF THE FUNDS |
22 |
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PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES |
25 |
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CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES |
26 |
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INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES |
26 |
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REVENUE SHARING |
33 |
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PURCHASE, REDEMPTION AND EXCHANGE OF SHARES |
33 |
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COMPUTATION OF NET ASSET VALUE |
33 |
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TAX STATUS |
35 |
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PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE |
42 |
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DESCRIPTION OF THE TRUST |
44 |
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SECURITIES RATINGS |
46 |
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APPENDIX A Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures |
48 |
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES, POLICIES AND RESTRICTIONS
The Prospectus discusses the investment objectives of the Worldwide Fund and the International Fund, as well as the primary strategies they employ to achieve those objectives. Each Fund is an investment portfolio of IVA Fiduciary Trust (the Trust), an open-end series management investment company organized as a Massachusetts Business Trust on June 12, 2008. Each Fund is a diversified portfolio. A copy of the Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as amended (the Declaration of Trust), which is governed by Massachusetts law, is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The discussion below supplements the information set forth in the Prospectus under the Investment Objective and Principal Investment Strategies sections. References herein to the Adviser shall mean International Value Advisers, LLC.
Investment Objectives of the Funds
IVA Worldwide Fund . The Fund will seek long-term growth of capital by investing in a range of securities and asset classes from markets around the world, including U.S. markets. No attempt is made to construct a portfolio relative to a benchmark. Rather, the objective is to achieve a positive annual return with moderate annual downside risk.
There is no assurance that the Funds investment objective will be achieved. Additionally, since the Funds investment objective has been adopted as a non-fundamental investment policy, the Funds investment objective may be changed without a vote of shareholders.
IVA International Fund . The Fund will seek long-term growth of capital by investing in a range of securities and asset classes from markets around the world. No attempt is made to construct a portfolio relative to a benchmark. Rather, the objective is to achieve a positive annual return with moderate annual downside risk.
There is no assurance that the Funds investment objective will be achieved. Additionally, since the Funds investment objective has been adopted as a non-fundamental investment policy, the Funds investment objective may be changed without a vote of shareholders.
Principal Investment Strategies and Risks of the Funds
IVA Worldwide Fund . To achieve its objective, the Fund primarily seeks investment opportunities in companies of any capitalization that the Adviser believes have fundamental value, financial strength and stability. However, the Fund may invest in companies with fundamental value that do not have the other characteristics. The Adviser, under normal market conditions, intends to invest at least 40%, but no less than 30%, of the Funds total assets in equity and debt securities issued by foreign companies and governments.
IVA International Fund . To achieve its objective, the Fund primarily seeks investment opportunities in companies of any capitalization that the Adviser believes have fundamental value, financial strength and stability. However, the Fund may invest in companies with fundament al value that do not have the other characteristics. The Adviser, under normal market conditions, intends to invest at least 65% of the International Funds total assets in equity and debt securities issued by foreign companies and governments.
Principal Investment Strategies
As part of the principal investment strategies, the Funds intend to invest in both foreign and domestic fixed income securities and equities, as well as precious metals.
The Funds may invest a maximum of 25% of total assets in precious metals, primarily gold bullion, silver, platinum, and palladium.
Fixed income securities include bonds, notes, bills, debentures, bank debt obligations, high-yield debt securities (commonly referred to as junk-bonds), preferred stock, convertible securities, loan participations and assignments, Rule 144A securities , structured notes, securities issued by supranational organizations, and sovereign debt securities.
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The Funds will normally invest their assets in common stocks, preferred stocks, convertible securities, bonds, debentures, or other debt instruments, including bank loans, of, in the case of the Worldwide Fund, U.S. and non-U.S. companies, and in the case of the International Fund, primarily non-U.S. companies. The Funds may invest in securities of non-U.S. issuers directly or in the form of American Depository Receipts (ADRs), Global Depository Receipts (GDRs), European Depository Receipts (EDRs), or other securities representing underlying shares of non-U.S. issuers. When deemed appropriate by the Adviser for short term investment or defensive purposes, the Funds may hold up to 100% of their assets in cash and equivalents including government obligations in the local currency of any developed country including the U.S., commercial paper and certificates of deposit.
Other asset classes with different correlations to the economy or the stock market will be considered to enable each Fund further diversification and, where possible, to provide downside protection in a difficult stock market. These include distressed debt securities, bank loans, real estate interests, commodities futures, municipal bonds, and auction market preferred securities (AMPS).
Among the types of fixed income securities in which the Funds may invest from time to time are United States government obligations. United States government obligations include Treasury Notes, Bonds and Bills which are direct obligations of the United States government backed by the full faith and credit of the United States, and securities issued by agencies and instrumentalities of the United States government, which may be (i) guaranteed by the United States Treasury, such as the securities of the Government National Mortgage Association, or (ii) supported by the issuers right to borrow from the Treasury and backed by the credit of the federal agency or instrumentality itself, such as securities of the Federal Intermediate Land Banks, Federal Land Banks, Bank of Cooperatives, Federal Home Loan Banks, Tennessee Valley Authority and Farmers Home Administration.
For all securities that give rise to an obligation on the part of the Funds to repay an obligation, the Funds will establish and maintain segregated accounts to cover such obligations as agreed upon with the counterparty and consistent with any regulatory requirements under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the 1940 Act).
Principal Investment Risks
Foreign (non-U.S.) Securities . Investors should recognize that investing in the securities of non-U.S. issuers generally, and particularly in emerging market issuers, involves special considerations, which are not typically associated with investing in securities of U.S. issuers. Investments in securities of non-U.S. issuers may involve risks arising from differences between U.S. and non-U.S. securities markets, including less volume, much greater price volatility in and relative illiquidity of non-U.S. securities markets, different trading and settlement practices and less governmental supervision and regulation, from changes in currency exchange rates, from high and volatile rates of inflation, from economic, social and political conditions and, as with domestic multinational corporations, from fluctuating interest rates.
Since most non-U.S. securities are denominated in non-U.S. currencies or traded primarily in securities markets in which settlements are made in non-U.S. currencies, the value of these investments and the net investment income available for distribution to shareholders of a Fund may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency exchange rates or exchange control regulations. Because a Fund may purchase securities denominated in non-U.S. currencies, a change in the value of any such currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a change in the U.S. dollar value of the Funds assets and the Funds income available for distribution. Certain of the Funds foreign currency transactions may give rise to ordinary income or loss, for federal income tax purposes, to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency.
In addition, although a Funds income may be received or realized in foreign currencies, the Fund will be required to compute and distribute its income in U.S. dollars. Therefore, if the value of a currency relative to the U.S. dollar declines after a Funds income has been earned in that currency, translated into U.S. dollars and declared as a dividend, but before payment of such dividend, the Fund could be required to liquidate portfolio securities to pay such dividend. Similarly, if the value of a currency relative to the U.S. dollar declines between the time a Fund incurs expenses or other obligations in U.S. dollars in order to pay such expenses in U.S. dollars will be greater than the equivalent amount in such currency of such expenses at the time they were incurred.
Certain markets are in only the earliest stages of development. There is also a high concentration of market capitalization and trading volume in a small number of issuers representing a limited number of industries, as well as
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a high concentration of investors and financial intermediaries. Many of such markets also may be affected by developments with respect to more established markets in the region. Brokers in non-U.S. and emerging market countries typically are fewer in number and less capitalized than brokers in the United States. These factors, combined with the U.S. regulatory requirements for open-end investment companies and the restrictions on foreign investment, result in potentially fewer investment opportunities for a Fund and may have an adverse impact on the investment performance of a Fund.
There generally is less governmental supervision and regulation of exchanges, brokers and issuers in non-U.S. countries than there is in the United States. For example, there may be no comparable provisions under certain non-U.S. laws to insider trading and similar investor protection securities laws that apply with respect to securities transactions consummated in the United States. Further, brokerage commissions and other transaction costs on non-U.S. securities exchanges generally are higher than in the United States. With respect to investments in certain emerging market countries, archaic legal systems may have an adverse impact on a Fund. For example, while the potential liability of a shareholder in a U.S. corporation with respect to acts of the corporation is generally limited to the amount of the shareholders investment, the notion of limited liability is less clear in certain emerging market countries. Similarly, the rights of investors in emerging market companies may be more limited than those of shareholders of U.S. corporations.
Other investment risks include the possible imposition of foreign withholding taxes on certain amounts of a Funds income which may reduce the net return on non-U.S. investments as compared to income received from a U.S. issuer, the possible seizure or nationalization of foreign assets and the possible establishment of exchange controls, expropriation, confiscatory taxation, other foreign governmental laws or restrictions which might affect adversely payments due on securities held by a Fund, the lack of extensive operating experience of eligible foreign subcustodians and legal limitations on the ability of a Fund to recover assets held in custody by a foreign subcustodian in the event of the subcustodians bankruptcy.
In addition, there may be less publicly-available information about a non-U.S. issuer than about a U.S. issuer, and non-U.S. issuers may not be subject to the same accounting, auditing and financial record-keeping standards and requirements as U.S. issuers. In particular, the assets and profits appearing on the financial statements of an emerging market country issuer may not reflect its financial position or results of operations in the way they would be reflected had the financial statements been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. In addition, for an issuer that keeps accounting records in local currency, inflation accounting rules may require, for both tax and accounting purposes, that certain assets and liabilities be restated on the issuers balance sheet in order to express items in terms of currency of constant purchasing power. Inflation accounting may indirectly generate losses or profits. Consequently, financial data may be materially affected by restatements for inflation and may not accurately reflect the real condition of those issuers and securities markets. Finally, in the event of a default of any such foreign obligations, it may be more difficult for a Fund to obtain or enforce a judgment against the issuers of such obligations. The manner in which foreign investors may invest in companies in certain emerging market countries, as well as limitations on such investments, also may have an adverse impact on the operations of a Fund. For example, the Fund may be required in certain of such countries to invest initially through a local broker or other entity and then have the shares purchased re-registered in the name of the Fund. Re-registration may in some instances not be able to occur on a timely basis, resulting in a delay during which the Fund may be denied certain of its rights as an investor.
Non-U.S. markets have different clearance and settlement procedures, and in certain markets there have been times when settlements have failed to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. Further, satisfactory custodial services for investment securities may not be available in some countries having smaller, emerging capital markets, which may result in a Fund incurring additional costs and delays in transporting and custodying such securities outside such countries. Delays in settlement or other problems could result in periods when assets of a Fund are uninvested and no return is earned thereon. The inability of a Fund to make intended security purchases due to settlement problems or the risk of intermediary counterparty failures could cause a Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. The inability to dispose of a portfolio security due to settlement problems could result either in losses to a Fund due to subsequent declines in the value of such portfolio security or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the security, could result in possible liability to the purchaser.
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Illiquid Assets and Restricted Securities . Each Fund may hold up to 15% of its respective net assets in illiquid securities, including certain securities that are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale (restricted securities). When a Funds holdings in illiquid securities exceed 15% of net assets, the Adviser will use its best efforts to remedy the situation as promptly as practicable under the circumstances. Generally, restricted securities may be sold only in privately negotiated transactions or in a public offering with respect to which a registration statement is in effect under the Securities Act of 1933 (the 1933 Act). Where registration is required, a Fund may be obligated to pay all or part of the registration expenses and a considerable period may elapse between the time of the decision to sell and the time the Fund may be permitted to sell a security under an effective registration statement. If, during such a period, adverse market conditions were to develop, a Fund might obtain a less favorable price than that which prevailed when it decided to sell. Restricted securities will be priced at fair value as determined in good faith by the procedures adopted, approved and set forth by the Board of Trustees.
Notwithstanding the above, a Fund may purchase securities that have been privately placed but that are eligible for purchase and sale under Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. That rule permits certain qualified institutional buyers, such as the Funds, to trade in privately placed securities that have not been registered for sale under the 1933 Act. The Adviser, under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of the Trust, will consider whether securities purchased under Rule 144A are illiquid and thus subject to a Funds restriction on investing in illiquid securities. A determination as to whether a Rule 144A security is liquid or not is a factual issue requiring an evaluation of a number of factors. In making this determination, the Adviser will consider the trading markets for the specific security, taking into account the unregistered nature of a Rule 144A security. In addition, the Adviser could consider (1) the frequency of trades and quotes, (2) the number of dealers and potential purchasers, (3) the dealer undertakings to make a market, and (4) the nature of the security and of market place trades (e.g., the time needed to dispose of the security, the method of soliciting offers and the mechanics of transfer). The liquidity of Rule 144A securities would be monitored and if, as a result of changed conditions, it is determined that a Rule 144A security is no longer liquid, a Funds holdings of illiquid securities would be reviewed to determine what steps, if any, are required to assure that the Fund does not invest more than the maximum percentage of its assets in illiquid securities.
Investing in Rule 144A securities could have the effect of increasing the amount of a Funds assets invested in illiquid securities if qualified institutional buyers are unwilling to purchase such securities. Because the liquidity or illiquidity of a security depends on various factors, other types of restricted securities also may be determined to be liquid under largely the same type of analysis and process as is applied in respect of Rule 144A.
Liquidity Risk is the risk that the value of a security will fall if trading in the security is limited or absent. Liquidity risk also refers to the possibility that the Fund may not be able to sell a security, or close out an investment contract, when it wants to.
Precious Metals. The Funds may invest a maximum of 25% of total assets in precious metals. Precious metals at times have been subject to substantial price fluctuations over short periods of time and may be affected by unpredictable monetary and political policies such as currency devaluations or revaluations, economic and social conditions within a country, trade imbalances, or trade or currency restrictions between countries. The prices of precious metals, however, are less subject to local and company-specific factors than securities of individual companies. As a result, precious metals may be more or less volatile in price than securities of companies engaged in precious metals-related businesses. Investments in precious metals can present concerns such as delivery, storage and maintenance, possible illiquidity, and the unavailability of accurate market valuations. Although precious metals can be purchased in any form, including bullion and coins, the Funds intend to purchase only those forms of precious metals that are readily marketable and that can be stored in accordance with custody regulations applicable to mutual funds. A Fund may incur higher custody and transaction costs for precious metals than for securities. Also, precious metals investments do not pay income.
For a Fund to qualify as a regulated investment company under current federal tax law, gains from selling precious metals may not exceed 10% of the Funds gross income for its taxable year. This tax requirement could cause a Fund to hold or sell precious metals or securities when it would not otherwise do so.
Commodities and Commodity Contracts . Each Fund may purchase or sell precious metals directly or may invest in precious metal commodity contracts and options on such contracts (metals are considered commodities under the federal commodities laws). Investing in precious metals in this manner carries risks, as described below. Each Fund may also invest in instruments related to precious metals, including structured notes, securities of precious metal
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finance and operating companies. The Funds exposure to the commodities markets may subject the Fund to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. The value of commodity-linked instruments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates, and other risks affecting a particular industry or commodity.
Floating Rate, Inverse Floating Rate and Index Obligations . Each Fund may invest in debt securities with interest payments or maturity values that are not fixed, but float in conjunction with (or inversely to) an underlying index or price. These securities may be backed by sovereign or corporate issuers, or by collateral such as mortgages. The indices and prices upon which such securities can be based include interest rates, currency rates and commodities prices.
Floating rate securities pay interest according to a coupon, which is reset periodically. The reset mechanism may be formula based, or reflect the passing through of floating interest payments on an underlying collateral pool. Inverse floating rate securities are similar to floating rate securities except that their coupon payments vary inversely with an underlying index by use of a formula. Inverse floating rate securities tend to exhibit greater price volatility than other floating rate securities.
Floating rate obligations generally exhibit a low price volatility for a given stated maturity or average life because their coupons adjust with changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk and price volatility on inverse floating rate obligations can be high, especially if leverage is used in the formula. Index securities pay a fixed rate of interest, but have a maturity value that varies by formula, so that when the obligation matures a gain or loss may be realized. The risk of index obligations depends on the volatility of the underlying index, the coupon payment and the maturity of the obligation.
Bank Obligations . The Funds may invest in bank obligations, which may include bank certificates of deposit, time deposits or bankers acceptances. Certificates of deposit and time deposits are negotiable certificates issued against funds deposited in a commercial bank for a definite period of time and earning a specified return. Bankers acceptances are negotiable drafts or bills of exchange, normally drawn by an importer or exporter to pay for specific merchandise, which are accepted by a bank, meaning in effect that the bank unconditionally agrees to pay the face value of the instrument on maturity.
Lower-Rated Debt Securities . Each Fund may invest in lower-rated fixed-income securities (commonly known as junk bonds). The lower ratings reflect a greater possibility that adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer or in general economic conditions, or both, or an unanticipated rise in interest rates, may impair the ability of the issuer to make payments of interest and principal. The inability (or perceived inability) of issuers to make timely payment of interest and principal would likely make the values of securities held by the Fund more volatile and could limit the Funds ability to sell its securities at prices approximating the values the Fund had placed on such securities. In the absence of a liquid trading market for securities held by it, the Fund at times may be unable to establish the fair value of such securities.
Securities ratings are based largely on the issuers historical financial condition and the rating agencies analysis at the time of rating. Consequently, the rating assigned to any particular security is not necessarily a reflection of the issuers current financial condition, which may be better or worse than the rating would indicate. In addition, the rating assigned to a security by Moodys Investors Service, Inc. (Moodys) or Standard & Poors, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (Standard & Poors) (or by any other nationally recognized securities rating agency) does not reflect an assessment of the volatility of the securitys market value or the liquidity of an investment in the security.
Like those of other fixed-income securities, the values of lower-rated securities fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. A decrease in interest rates will generally result in an increase in the value of the Funds fixed-income assets. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the value of the Funds fixed-income assets will generally decline. The values of lower-rated securities may often be affected to a greater extent by changes in general economic conditions and business conditions affecting the issuers of such securities and their industries. Negative publicity or investor perceptions may also adversely affect the values of lower-rated securities. Changes by nationally recognized securities rating agencies in their ratings of any fixed-income security and changes in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal may also affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value of portfolio securities generally will not affect income derived from these securities, but will affect the Funds net asset value. The Fund will not necessarily dispose of a security when its rating is reduced
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below its rating at the time of purchase. However, the Adviser will take this reduction into consideration when analyzing an investment and will carefully monitor the investment to determine whether its retention will assist in meeting the Funds investment objective(s).
Issuers of lower-rated securities are often highly leveraged, so that their ability to service their debt obligations during an economic downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest rates may be impaired. Such issuers may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them and may be unable to repay outstanding obligations at maturity by refinancing. The risk of loss due to default in payment of interest or repayment of principal by such issuers is significantly greater because such securities frequently are unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior indebtedness.
At times, a substantial portion of each Funds assets may be invested in an issue of which the Fund, by itself or together with other funds and accounts managed by the Adviser, holds all or a major portion. Although the Adviser generally considers such securities to be liquid because of the availability of an institutional market for such securities, it is possible that, under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the Fund could find it more difficult to sell these securities when the Adviser believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell the securities only at prices lower than if they were more widely held. Under these circumstances, it may also be more difficult to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of computing the Funds net asset value. In order to enforce its rights in the event of a default, the Fund may be required to participate in various legal proceedings or take possession of and manage assets securing the issuers obligations on such securities. This could increase the Funds operating expenses and adversely affect the Funds net asset value. In the case of tax-exempt funds, any income derived from the Funds ownership or operation of such assets would not be tax-exempt. The ability of a holder of a tax-exempt security to enforce the terms of that security in a bankruptcy proceeding may be more limited than would be the case with respect to securities of private issuers. In addition, the Funds intention to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Internal Revenue Code may limit the extent to which the Fund may exercise its rights by taking possession of such assets.
To the extent each Fund invests in securities in the lower rating categories, the achievement of the Funds goals is more dependent on the Advisers investment analysis than would be the case if the Fund were investing in securities in the higher rating categories.
Zero-Coupon and Pay-in-Kind Securities . The Funds may invest in zero coupon and pay-in-kind (PIK) securities. Zero coupon securities are debt securities that pay no cash income but are sold at substantial discounts from their value at maturity. PIK securities pay all or a portion of their interest in the form of additional debt or equity securities. Because such securities do not pay current cash income, the price of these securities can be volatile when interest rates fluctuate. While these securities do not pay current cash income, federal income tax law requires the holders of zero coupon and PIK securities to include in income each year the portion of the original issue discount (or deemed discount) and other non-cash income on such securities accrued during that year.
Investment in Relatively New Issuers . Each Fund intends to invest occasionally in the common stock of selected new issuers. Investments in relatively new issuers, i.e., those having continuous operating histories of less than three years, may carry special risks and may be more speculative because such companies are relatively unseasoned. Such companies may also lack sufficient resources, may be unable to generate internally the funds necessary for growth and may find external financing to be unavailable on favorable terms or even totally unavailable. Those companies will often be involved in the development or marketing of a new product with no established market, which could lead to significant losses. The securities of such issuers may have a limited trading market, which may adversely affect their disposition and can result in their being priced lower than might otherwise be the case. If other investors who invest in such issuers trade the same securities when a Fund attempts to dispose of its holdings, the Fund may receive lower prices than might otherwise be the case.
Bank Loans . Each Fund may invest in bank loans. By purchasing a loan, the Fund acquires some or all of the interest of a bank or other lending institution in a loan to a particular borrower. The Fund may act as part of a lending syndicate, and in such cases would be purchasing a participation in the loan. The Fund may also purchase loans by assignment from another lender. Many loans are secured by the assets of the borrower, and most impose restrictive covenants that must be met by the borrower. These loans are typically made by a syndicate of banks, represented by an agent bank which has negotiated and structured the loan and which is responsible generally for collecting interest, principal, and other amounts from the borrower on its own behalf and on behalf of the other lending institutions in the syndicate, and for enforcing its and their other rights against the borrower. Each of the
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lending institutions, including the agent bank, lends to the borrower a portion of the total amount of the loan, and retains the corresponding interest in the loan.
Each Funds ability to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts in connection with loan participations held by it will depend primarily on the financial condition of the borrower (and, in some cases, the lending institution from which it purchases the loan). The value of collateral, if any, securing a loan can decline, or may be insufficient to meet the borrowers obligations or difficult to liquidate. In addition, the Funds access to collateral may be limited by bankruptcy or other insolvency laws. The failure by the Fund to receive scheduled interest or principal payments on a loan would adversely affect the income of the Fund and would likely reduce the value of its assets, which would be reflected in a reduction in the Funds net asset value. Banks and other lending institutions generally perform a credit analysis of the borrower before originating a loan or participating in a lending syndicate. In selecting the loans in which the Fund will invest, however, the Adviser will not rely solely on that credit analysis, but will perform its own investment analysis of the borrowers. The Advisers analysis may include consideration of the borrowers financial strength and managerial experience, debt coverage, additional borrowing requirements or debt maturity schedules, changing financial conditions, and responsiveness to changes in business conditions and interest rates. The Adviser will generally not have access to non-public information to which other investors in syndicated loans may have access. Because loans in which the Fund may invest are not generally rated by independent credit rating agencies, a decision by the Fund to invest in a particular loan will depend almost exclusively on the Advisers, and the original lending institutions, credit analysis of the borrower. Investments in loans may be of any quality, including distressed loans, and will be subject to the Funds credit quality policy. The loans in which the Fund may invest include those that pay fixed rates of interest and those that pay floating rates i.e. , rates that adjust periodically based on a known lending rate, such as a banks prime rate.
Investing directly in loans or other direct debt instruments exposes the Funds to various risks similar to those borne by a creditor. Such risks include the risk of default, the risk of delayed repayment, and the risk of inadequate collateral. Investments in loans are also less liquid than investment in publicly traded securities and carry less legal protections in the event of fraud or misrepresentation. Unlike debt instruments that are securities, investments in loans are not regulated by federal securities laws or the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In addition, loan participations involve a risk of insolvency by the lending bank or other financial intermediary.
Arbitrage Transactions . To the extent that a Fund invests significantly in foreign securities traded on markets that close before the Funds valuation time, it may be particularly susceptible to dilution as a result of excessive trading. Because events may occur after the close of foreign markets and before the Funds valuation time that influence the value of foreign securities, investors may seek to trade Fund shares in an effort to benefit from their understanding of the value of foreign securities as of the Funds valuation time. This is often referred to as price arbitrage. The Fund has adopted procedures designed to adjust closing market prices of foreign securities under certain circumstances to reflect what the Fund believes to be the fair value of those securities as of its valuation time. To the extent the adjustments dont work fully, investors engaging in price arbitrage may cause dilution in the value of the Funds shares held by other shareholders.
Non-Principal Investment Strategies and Risks of the Funds
Non-Principal Investment Strategies
The Funds may also invest their assets in trade claims, municipal bonds, and auction market preferred security loans, of, in the case of the Worldwide Fund, U.S. and non-U.S. companies, and in the case of the International Fund, primarily non-U.S. companies.
In addition, the Funds may invest in currencies, warrants, options or other similar rights, in asset-backed securities, collateralized debt or loan obligations or other structured securities in which the value is linked to the price of an underlying instrument, such as a currency, commodity or index, or purchase or sell contracts for future delivery of commodities, currencies, indices or securities. The Funds may invest in swaps, including rate caps, floors and collars, credit default swap contracts, total return swaps and currency swaps, for hedging purposes or to gain exposure to a credit which the Funds may otherwise invest, as well as other derivative instruments, including products that have yet to be developed. The Funds may invest in mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. The Funds may, subject to a number of restrictions, hold securities issued by other investment funds or trusts as well as securities issued by private investment funds. The Funds may enter into repurchase agreements.
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Non-Principal Investment Risks
Mortgage-Backed Securities . Each Fund may invest in mortgage-backed securities and derivative mortgage-backed securities, and may also invest in principal only and interest only components. Mortgage-backed securities are securities that directly or indirectly represent a participation in, or are secured by and payable from, mortgage loans on real property.
As with other debt securities, mortgage-backed securities are subject to credit risk and interest rate risk. However, the yield and maturity characteristics of mortgage-backed securities differ from traditional debt securities. A major difference is that the principal amount of the obligations may normally be prepaid at any time because the underlying assets (i.e., loans) generally may be prepaid at any time. The relationship between prepayments and interest rates may give some mortgage-backed securities less potential for growth in value than conventional fixed-income securities with comparable maturities. In addition, in periods of falling interest rates, the rate of prepayments tends to increase. During such periods, the reinvestment of prepayment proceeds by each Fund will generally be at lower rates than the rates that were carried by the obligations that have been prepaid. If interest rates rise, borrowers may prepay mortgages more slowly than originally expected. This may further reduce the market value of mortgage-backed securities and lengthen their durations. Because of these and other reasons, a mortgage-backed securitys total return, maturity and duration may be difficult to predict precisely. Mortgage-backed securities come in different classes that have different risks. Junior classes of mortgage-backed securities protect the senior class investors against losses on the underlying mortgage loans by taking the first loss if there are liquidations among the underlying loans. Junior classes generally receive principal and interest payments only after all required payments have been made to more senior classes. If a Fund invests in junior classes of mortgage-related securities, it may not be able to recover all of its investment in the securities it purchases. In addition, if the underlying mortgage portfolio has been overvalued, or if mortgage values subsequently decline, a Fund may suffer significant losses.
Investments in mortgage-backed securities involve the risks of interruptions in the payment of interest and principal (delinquency) and the potential for loss of principal if the property underlying the security is sold as a result of foreclosure on the mortgage (default). These risks include the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate, such as the effects of general and local economic conditions on real estate values, the conditions of specific industry segments, the ability of tenants to make lease payments and the ability of a property to attract and retain tenants, which in turn may be affected by local market conditions such as oversupply of space or a reduction of available space, the ability of the owner to provide adequate maintenance and insurance, energy costs, government regulations with respect to environmental, zoning, rent control and other matters, and real estate and other taxes. If the underlying borrowers cannot pay their mortgage loans, they may default and the lenders may foreclose on the property. Finally, the ability of borrowers to repay mortgage loans underlying mortgage-backed securities will typically depend upon the future availability of financing and the stability of real estate values.
For mortgage loans not guaranteed by a government agency or other party, the only remedy of the lender in the event of a default is to foreclose upon the property. If borrowers are not able or willing to pay the principal balance on the loans, there is a good chance that payments on the related mortgage-related securities will not be made. Certain borrowers on underlying mortgages may become subject to bankruptcy proceedings, in which case the value of the mortgage-backed securities may decline.
Asset-Backed Securities . Each Fund may invest in asset-backed securities that, through the use of trusts and special purpose vehicles, are securitized with various types of assets, such as automobile receivables, credit card receivables and home-equity loans in pass-through structures similar to the mortgage-related securities described above. In general, the collateral supporting asset-backed securities is of shorter maturity than the collateral supporting mortgage loans and is less likely to experience substantial prepayments. However, asset-backed securities are not backed by any governmental agency.
Recent Developments in the Sub-prime Mortgage Markets, Commercial Real Estate Markets, Financial Institutions and Government Regulation . Certain real estate markets have experienced declines in prices and demand, in the residential housing and commercial markets, with recent declines more heavily impacting the residential housing markets. In addition, there have been rising delinquency rates in highly leveraged loans to weaker borrowers, specifically in the sub-prime mortgage and commercial real estate sector, that have caused rising defaults on loans. These defaults have caused unexpected losses for loan originators and certain sub-prime lenders. The deteriorating situation with loans and lenders has led to instability in capital markets associated with securities that are linked to
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the sub-prime mortgage market. These events may increase the risks associated with investments in mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities. There is limited historical precedent to analyze recent market declines.
The collapse of various large financial institutions and investment funds across the globe and widespread related losses have continued a series of unprecedented catastrophic economic events that have resulted in an ongoing severe liquidity crisis throughout the global credit markets during the last two years. Sectors of the credit markets that are experiencing particular difficulty include the collateralized mortgage-backed securities and leveraged finance markets, along with various other areas of consumer finance. The lack of transparency and reliable pricing of assets has resulted in some investors withdrawing from the markets for asset-backed securities and related securities. The resulting lack of liquidity has become sufficiently widespread to cause credit issues in areas of the capital markets that have limited exposure to subprime mo rtgages and has prompted central banks in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and elsewhere to take action to attempt to ease these liquidity issues and has also resulted in the United States experiencing a broad and ongoing economic recession. Delinquencies and losses with respect to certain of these asset types, such as auto loans, generally have increased in recent months and may continue to increase. Rising unemployment and the continued lack of availability of credit may lead to increased default rates on the collateral underlying many of these securities. As a result, this may adversely affect the performance and market value of a Fund.
If a perception develops that there is or in the future could be renewed regulatory focus on participants who benefit from their participation in any U.S. government sponsored program, or attempts by legislative and/or regulatory bodies to impose new restrictions and/or taxes and penalties on such participants, possibly even with retroactive effect, then a Funds position in such securities may be compromised.
Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) . Each Fund may invest in ETFs, which are investment companies or special purpose trusts whose primary objective is to achieve the same rate of return as a particular market index while trading throughout the day on an exchange. The Funds will purchase and sell individual shares of ETFs in the secondary market. These secondary market transactions require the payment of commissions.
ETF shares are subject to the same risks as other investment companies, as described above. Certain risks of investing in an ETF are similar to those of investing in an indexed mutual fund, including tracking error risk (the risk of errors in matching the ETFs underlying assets to the index); and the risk that because an ETF is not actively managed, it cannot sell poorly performing stocks as long as they are represented in the index. Other ETF risks include the risk that ETFs may trade in the secondary market at a discount from their NAV and the risk that the ETFs may not be liquid. Furthermore, there may be times when the exchange halts trading, in which case a Fund owning ETF shares would be unable to sell them until trading is resumed. In addition, because ETFs often invest in a portfolio of common stocks and track a designated index, an overall decline in stocks comprising an ETFs benchmark index could have a greater impact on the ETF and investors than might be the case in an investment company with a more widely diversified portfolio. Losses could also occur if the ETF is unable to replicate the performance of the chosen benchmark index. Other risks associated with ETFs include the possibility that: (i) an ETFs distributions may decline if the issuers of the ETFs portfolio securities fail to continue to pay dividends; and (ii) under certain circumstances, an ETF could be terminated. Should termination occur, the ETF could have to liquidate its portfolio when the prices for those assets are falling. In addition, inadequate or irregularly provided information about an ETF or its investments could expose investors in ETFs to unknown risks.
Exchange Traded Notes (ETNs) An investment in an Exchange Traded Note (ETN) involves risks, including possible loss of principal. ETNs are unsecured debt securities issued by a bank that are linked to the total return of a market index. Risks of investing in ETNs also include limited portfolio diversification, uncertain principal payment, and illiquidity. Additionally, the investor fee will reduce the amount of return on maturity or at redemption, and as a result the investor may receive less than the principal amount a maturity or upon redemption, even if the value of the relevant index has increased. An investment in an ETN may not be suitable for all investors.
Structured Investments . A structured investment is a security having a return tied to an underlying index or other security or asset class. Structured investments generally are individually negotiated agreements and may be traded over-the-counter. Structured investments are organized and operated to restructure the investment characteristics of the underlying security. This restructuring involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity, such as a corporation or trust, on specified instruments (such as commercial bank loans) and the issuance by that entity or one or more classes of securities (structured securities) backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying instruments. The
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cash flow on the underlying instruments may be apportioned among the newly issued structured securities to create securities with different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, payment priorities and interest rate provisions, and the extent of such payments made with respect to structured securities is dependent on the extent of the cash flow on the underlying instruments. Because structured securities typically involve no credit enhancement, their credit risk generally will be equivalent to that of the underlying instruments. Investments in structured securities are generally of a class of structured securities that is either subordinated or unsubordinated to the right of payment of another class. Subordinated structured securities typically have higher yields and present greater risks than unsubordinated structured securities. Structured securities are typically sold in private placement transactions, and there currently is no active trading market for structured securities. Investments in government and government-related and restructured debt instruments are subject to special risks, including the inability or unwillingness to repay principal and interest, requests to reschedule or restructure outstanding debt and requests to extend additional loan amounts.
Certain issuers of structured investments may be deemed to be investment companies as defined in 1940 Act. As a result, a Funds investment in these structured investments may be limited by the restrictions contained in the 1940 Act. Structured investments are typically sold in private placement transactions, and there currently is no active trading market for Structured Investments.
Private Investment Funds . Each Fund may invest in private investment funds (Hedge Funds) managed by various investment managers (Managers) that use a variety of investment strategies, including investment in other Hedge Funds. By investing in Hedge Funds indirectly through the Fund, an investor indirectly bears a portion of the asset-based fees, incentive-based allocations and other expenses borne by a Fund as an investor in Hedge Funds, in addition to the operating expenses of a Fund. The incentive-based allocations assessed by Managers and borne directly by a Fund may create an incentive for Managers to make investments that are riskier or more speculative than those that might have been made in the absence of incentive-based allocations. Because the Managers value the Hedge Funds they manage, which directly affects the amount of incentive-based allocations they receive, Managers face a conflict of interest in performing such valuations. Various risks are associated with the securities and other instruments in which Hedge Funds may invest, their investment strategies and the specialized investment techniques they may use. Hedge Funds are not registered as investment companies under the 1940 Act. Therefore, a Fund, as an investor in Hedge Funds, will not have the benefit of the protections afforded by the 1940 Act to investors in registered investment companies, such as mutual funds. To the extent a Fund invests in a Hedge Fund that allows its investors to effect withdrawals only at certain specified times, a Fund may not be able to withdraw its investment in such Hedge Fund promptly after it has made a decision to do so, which may result in a loss and adversely affect a Funds investment return. To the extent a Fund invests in a Hedge Fund that is permitted to distribute securities in kind to investors making withdrawals, upon a Funds withdrawal of all or a portion of its interest in such Hedge Fund a Fund may receive securities that are illiquid or difficult to value.
Investment in Other Investment Companies . Each Fund may invest in unaffiliated investment funds that invest principally in securities in which that Fund is authorized to invest. Under the 1940 Act, a Fund may invest a maximum of 10% of its total assets in the securities of other investment companies. In addition, under the 1940 Act, not more than 5% of the Funds total assets may be invested in the securities of any one investment company and a Fund may not purchase more than 3% of the outstanding voting stock of such investment company.
Investing in other investment companies involves substantially the same risks as investing directly in the underlying securities, but may involve additional expenses at the investment company level. To the extent a Fund invests in other investment funds, the Funds shareholders will incur certain duplicative fees and expenses, including investment advisory fees. The return on such investments will be reduced by the operating expenses, including investment advisory and administration fees, of such investment funds, and will be further reduced by fund expenses, including management fees; that is, there will be a layering of certain fees and expenses. Investments in investment companies also may involve the payment of substantial premiums above the value of such companies portfolio securities.
Despite the possibility of greater fees and expenses, investment in other investment companies may be attractive for several reasons, especially in connection with non-U.S. investments. Because of restrictions on direct investment by U.S. entities in certain countries, investing indirectly in such countries (by purchasing shares of another fund that is permitted to invest in such countries) may be the most practical and efficient way for a Fund to invest in such countries. In other cases, when a Funds portfolio manager desires to make only a relatively small investment in a particular country, investing through another fund that holds a diversified portfolio in that country may be more
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effective than investing directly in issuers in that country. The Funds do not intend to invest in such vehicles or funds unless the Adviser determines that the potential benefits of such investment justify the payment of any applicable premiums.
Adjustable Rate and Auction Preferred Stocks . Typically, the dividend rate on an adjustable rate preferred stock is determined prospectively each quarter by applying an adjustment formula established at the time of issuance of the stock. Although adjustment formulas vary among issues, they typically involve a fixed premium or discount relative to rates on specified debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury. Typically, an adjustment formula will provide for a fixed premium or discount adjustment relative to the highest base yield of three specified U.S. Treasury securities: the 90-day Treasury bill, the 10-year Treasury note and the 20-year Treasury bond. The premium or discount adjustment to be added to or subtracted from this highest U.S. Treasury base rate yield is fixed at the time of issue and cannot be changed without the approval of the holders of the stock. The dividend rate on other preferred stocks, commonly known as auction preferred stocks, is adjusted at intervals that may be more frequent than quarterly, such as every 49 days, based on bids submitted by holders and prospective purchasers of such stocks and may be subject to stated maximum and minimum dividend rates. The issues of most adjustable rate and auction preferred stocks currently outstanding are perpetual, but are redeemable after a specified date at the option of the issuer. Certain issues supported by the credit of a high-rated financial institution provide for mandatory redemption prior to expiration of the credit arrangement. No redemption can occur if full cumulative dividends are not paid. Although the dividend rates on adjustable and auction preferred stocks generally are adjusted or reset frequently, the market values of these preferred stocks still may fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. Market values of adjustable preferred stocks also may substantially fluctuate if interest rates increase or decrease once the maximum or minimum dividend rate for a particular stock is approached.
Municipal Bonds . Municipal bonds are debt obligations issued by the states, possessions, or territories of the United States (including the District of Columbia) or a political subdivision, public instrumentality, agency or other governmental unit of such states, possessions, or territories (e.g., counties, cities, towns, villages, districts and authorities). For example, states, possessions, territories and municipalities may issue municipal bonds to raise funds for various public purposes such as airports, housing, hospitals, mass transportation, schools, water and sewer works. They may also issue municipal bonds to refund outstanding obligations and to meet general operating expenses.
Municipal bonds may be general obligation bonds or revenue bonds. General obligation bonds are secured by the issuers pledge of its full faith, credit and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest. Revenue bonds are payable from revenues derived from particular facilities, from the proceeds of a special excise tax or from other specific revenue sources. They are not usually payable from the general taxing power of a municipality.
In addition, certain types of private activity bonds may be issued by public authorities to obtain funding for privately operated facilities, such as housing and pollution control facilities, for industrial facilities and for water supply, gas, electricity and waste disposal facilities. Other types of private activity bonds are used to finance the construction, repair or improvement of, or to obtain equipment for, privately operated industrial or commercial facilities. Current federal tax laws place substantial limitations on the size of certain of such issues. In certain cases, the interest on a private activity bond may not be exempt from federal income tax or the alternative minimum tax.
Futures and Options on Futures . The Funds may use interest rate, foreign currency, index and other futures contracts. The Funds may use options on futures contracts. A futures contract provides for the future sale by one party and purchase by another party of a specified quantity of the security or other financial instrument at a specified price and time. A futures contract on an index is an agreement pursuant to which two parties agree to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of the index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the index contract originally was written. Although the value of an index might be a function of the value of certain specified securities, physical delivery of these securities is not always made. A public market exists in futures contracts covering a number of indexes, as well as financial instruments, including, without limitation: U.S. Treasury bonds; U.S. Treasury notes; GNMA Certificates; three-month U.S. Treasury bills; 90-day commercial paper; bank certificates of deposit; Eurodollar certificates of deposit; the Australian dollar; the Canadian dollar; the British pound; the Japanese yen; the Swiss franc; the Mexican peso; and certain multinational currencies, such as the euro. It is expected that other futures contracts will be developed and traded in the future.
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Each Fund may purchase and write call and put futures options. Futures options possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and indexes (discussed above). A futures option gives the holder the right, in return for the premium paid, to assume a long position (call) or short position (put) in a futures contract at a specified exercise price upon expiration of, or at any time during the period of, the option. Upon exercise of a call option, the holder acquires a long position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite short position. In the case of a put option, the opposite is true.
When a purchase or sale of a futures contract is made by a Fund, the Fund is required to deposit with its futures commission merchant a specified amount of liquid assets (initial margin). The margin required for a futures contract is set by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified during the term of the contract. The initial margin is in the nature of a performance bond or good faith deposit on the futures contract that is returned to the Fund upon termination of the contract, assuming all contractual obligations have been satisfied. Each Fund expects to earn taxable interest income on its initial margin deposits. A futures contract held by a Fund is valued daily at the official settlement price of the exchange on which it is traded. Each day the Fund pays or receives cash, called variation margin, equal to the daily change in value of the futures contract. This process is known as marking to market. Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by the Fund but is instead a settlement between the Fund and the broker of the amount one would owe the other if the futures contract expired. In computing daily net asset value, each Fund will mark to market its open futures positions.
Each Fund also is required to deposit and to maintain margin with respect to put and call options on futures contracts written by it. Such margin deposits will vary depending on the nature of the underlying futures contract (and the related initial margin requirements), the current market value of the option and other futures positions held by the Fund.
Although some futures contracts call for making or taking delivery of the underlying securities, generally these obligations are closed out prior to delivery by offsetting purchases or sales of matching futures contracts (involving the same exchange, underlying security or index and delivery month). If an offsetting purchase price is less than the original sale price, a Fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is more, the Fund realizes a capital loss. Conversely, if an offsetting sale price is more than the original purchase price, a Fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is less, the Fund realizes a capital loss. The transaction costs also must be included in these calculations.
The Funds may write covered straddles consisting of a call and a put written on the same underlying futures contract. A straddle will be covered when sufficient assets are deposited to meet the Funds immediate obligations. Each Fund may use the same liquid assets to cover both the call and put options if the exercise price of the call and put are the same, or if the exercise price of the call is higher than that of the put. In such cases, each Fund also will segregate liquid assets equivalent to the amount, if any, by which the put is in the money.
Limitations on Use of Futures and Futures Options . When purchasing a futures contract, the purchaser or seller of a futures contract or an option for a futures contract is not required to deliver or pay for the underlying instrument unless the contract is held until the delivery date. However, both the purchaser and seller are required to deposit initial margin with a futures broker, known as a futures commission merchant (FCM), when the contract is entered into. If the value of either partys position declines, that party will be required to make additional variation margin payments to settle the change in value on a daily basis.
This process of marking to market will be reflected in the daily calculation of open positions computed in a Funds net asset value per share. The party that has a gain is entitled to receive all or a portion of this amount. Initial and variation margin payments do not constitute purchasing securities on margin for purposes of a Funds investment limitations. In the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of an FCM that holds margin on behalf of a Fund, the Fund may be entitled to return of margin owed to it only in proportion to the amount received by the FCMs other customers, potentially resulting in losses to the Fund. Each Fund will be required to comply with asset coverage requirements pursuant to SEC guidelines. See Asset Segregation.
The requirements for qualification as a regulated investment company under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), also may limit the extent to which a Fund may enter into futures, futures options or forward contracts.
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Risks Associated with Futures and Futures Options . There are several risks associated with the use of futures contracts and futures options. A purchase or sale of a futures contract may result in losses in excess of the amount invested in the futures contract. There can be no guarantee that there will be a correlation between price movements in the futures contracts or futures options and in the securities or index positions covering them. In addition, there are significant differences between the securities and indexes and futures markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between the markets. The degree of imperfection of correlation depends on circumstances such as variations in speculative market demand for futures and futures options on securities or indexes, including technical influences in futures trading and futures options, and differences between the financial instruments held by a Fund and the instruments underlying the standard contracts available for trading in such respects as interest rate levels, maturities and creditworthiness of issuers. A decision as to whether, when and how to employ futures contracts and futures options involves the exercise of skill and judgment, and even well-conceived uses may be unsuccessful to some degree because of market behavior or unexpected interest rate trends.
Futures exchanges may limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in certain futures contract prices during a single trading day. The daily limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of a futures contract may vary either up or down from the previous days settlement price at the end of the current trading session. Once the daily limit has been reached in a futures contract subject to the limit, no more trades may be made on that day at a price beyond that limit. The daily limit governs only price movements during a particular trading day and therefore does not limit potential losses because the limit may work to prevent the liquidation of unfavorable positions. For example, futures prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days with little or no trading, thereby preventing prompt liquidation of positions and subjecting some holders of futures contracts to substantial losses.
There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist at a time when a Fund seeks to close out a futures contract or a futures option position, and the Fund would remain obligated to meet margin requirements until the position is closed. In addition, many of the contracts discussed above are relatively new instruments without a significant trading history. As a result, there can be no assurance that an active secondary market will develop or continue to exist.
Over the Counter Options and Futures Transactions . Each Fund may invest in options, futures, swaps and related products. Each Fund may enter into interest rate, currency and index swaps and the purchase or sale of related caps, floors and collars. Each Fund may enter into these transactions to preserve a return or spread on a particular investment or portion of its portfolio, to protect against currency fluctuations or to protect against any increase in the price of securities it anticipates purchasing at a later date. Swaps may be used in conjunction with other instruments to offset interest rate, currency or other underlying risks. For example, interest rate swaps may be offset with caps, floors or collars. A cap is essentially a call option, which places a limit on the amount of floating rate interest that must be paid on a certain principal amount. A floor is essentially a put option, which places a limit on the minimum amount that would be paid on a certain principal amount. A collar is essentially a combination of a long cap and a short floor where the limits are set at different levels.
Each Fund will usually enter into swaps on a net basis; that is, the two payment streams will be netted out in a cash settlement on the payment date or dates specified in the instrument, with a Fund receiving or paying, as the case may be, only the net amount of the two payments. To the extent obligations created thereby may be deemed to constitute senior securities, each Fund will maintain required collateral in a segregated account consisting of U.S. government securities or cash or cash equivalents.
If a Fund were assigned an exercise notice on a call it has written, it would be required to liquidate portfolio securities in order to satisfy the exercise, unless it has other liquid assets that are sufficient to satisfy the exercise of the call. When a Fund has written a call, there is also a risk that the market may decline between the time the Fund has a call exercised against it, at a price that is fixed as of the closing level of the index on the date of exercise, and the time it is able to sell securities in its portfolio. As with stock options, a Fund will not learn that an index option has been exercised until the day following the exercise date but, unlike a call on stock where it would be able to deliver the underlying securities in settlement, a Fund may have to sell part of its securities portfolio in order to make settlement in cash, and the price of such securities might decline before they can be sold. For example, even if an index call which a Fund has written is covered by an index call held by the Fund with the same strike price, it will bear the risk that the level of the index may decline between the close of trading on the date the exercise notice is filed with the Options Clearing Corporation and the close of trading on the date the Fund exercises the call it holds
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or the time it sells the call, which in either case would occur no earlier than the day following the day the exercise notice was filed.
Over-the-Counter (OTC) transactions differ from exchange-traded transactions in several respects. OTC transactions are transacted directly with dealers and not with a clearing corporation. Without the availability of a clearing corporation, OTC transaction pricing is normally done by reference to information from market makers, which information is carefully monitored by the Adviser and verified in appropriate cases.
As OTC transactions are transacted directly with dealers, there is a risk of nonperformance by the dealer as a result of the insolvency of such dealer or otherwise. An OTC transaction may only be terminated voluntarily by entering into a closing transaction with the dealer with whom a Fund originally dealt. Any such cancellation may require a Fund to pay a premium to that dealer. In those cases in which a Fund has entered into a covered transaction and cannot voluntarily terminate the transaction, the Fund will not be able to sell the underlying security until the transaction expires or is exercised or different cover is substituted. The Funds intend to enter into OTC transactions only with dealers which agree to, and which are expected to be capable of, entering into closing transactions with the Funds. There is also no assurance that a Fund will be able to liquidate an OTC transaction at any time prior to expiration.
The Funds administrator shall be entitled to rely upon prices received from a reputable pricing service. In addition and with respect to securities valued by the Adviser, the administrator shall be entitled to rely without inquiry upon the valuations submitted to it by the Adviser and shall have no responsibility to determine the accuracy or otherwise thereof.
Currency Exchange Transactions . A Fund may engage in currency transactions with counterparties to hedge the value of portfolio securities denominated in particular currencies against fluctuations in relative value, to gain or reduce exposure to certain currencies, or to generate income or gains.
Currency transactions include currency forward contracts, exchange-listed currency futures contracts and options thereon, exchange-listed and OTC options on currencies, and currency swaps. A forward currency contract involves a privately negotiated obligation to purchase or sell (with delivery generally required) a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. A currency swap is an agreement to exchange cash flows based on the notional difference among two or more currencies and operates similarly to an interest rate swap.
Each Fund may enter into a forward contract to sell, for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars, the amount of that currency approximating the value of some or all of a Funds portfolio securities denominated in such currency. For example, a Fund may do this if the manager believes that the currency of a particular country may decline in relation to the U.S. dollar. Forward contracts may limit potential gain from a positive change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies. Transaction hedging includes entering into a currency transaction with respect to specific assets or liabilities of the Fund, which will generally arise in connection with the purchase or sale of portfolio securities or the receipt of income from them. Position hedging is entering into a currency transaction with respect to portfolio securities positions denominated or generally quoted in that currency.
Each Fund may cross-hedge currencies by entering into transactions to purchase or sell one or more currencies that are expected to increase or decline in value relative to other currencies to which the Fund has or in which the Fund expects to have exposure. To reduce the effect of currency fluctuations on the value of existing or anticipated holdings of its securities, a Fund may also engage in proxy hedging. Proxy hedging is often used when the currency to which the Funds holdings is exposed is difficult to hedge generally or difficult to hedge against the dollar. Proxy hedging entails entering into a forward contract to sell a currency, the changes in the value of which are generally considered to be linked to a currency or currencies in which some or all of the Funds securities are or are expected to be denominated, and to buy dollars.
Currency hedging involves some of the same risks and considerations as other derivative transactions. Currency transactions can result in losses to a Fund if the currency being hedged fluctuates in value to a degree or in a direction that is not anticipated. Further, the risk exists that the perceived linkage between various currencies may not be present or may not be present during the particular time that the Fund is engaging in these transactions. Currency transactions are also subject to risks different from those of other portfolio transactions. Because currency control is of great importance to the issuing governments and influences economic planning and policy, purchases
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and sales of currency and related instruments can be adversely affected by government exchange controls, limitations or restrictions on repatriation of currency, and manipulations or exchange restrictions imposed by governments. These forms of governmental actions can result in losses to a Fund if it is unable to deliver or receive currency or monies in settlement of obligations and could also cause hedges it has entered into to be rendered useless, resulting in full currency exposure as well as incurring transaction costs. Buyers and sellers of currency futures contracts are subject to the same risks that apply to the use of futures contracts generally. Further, settlement of a currency futures contract for the purchase of most currencies must occur at a bank based in the issuing nation. Trading options on currency futures contracts is relatively new, and the ability to establish and close out positions on these options is subject to the maintenance of a liquid market that may not always be available. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate based on factors extrinsic to that countrys economy.
Asset Segregation. With respect to certain kinds of derivative transactions entered into by the Funds that involve obligations to make future payments to third parties, under applicable federal securities laws, rules, and interpretations thereof, the Fund must set aside (referred to sometimes as asset segregation) liquid assets, or engage in other measures to cover open positions with respect to such transactions. For example, with respect to certain foreign currency transactions and futures contracts that are not contractually required to cash-settle, the Fund must cover its open positions by setting aside liquid assets equal to the contracts full, notional value, except that deliverable certain foreign currency transactions for currencies that are liquid will be treated as the equivalent of cash-settled contracts. As such, each Fund may set aside liquid assets in an amount equal to the Funds daily marked-to-market (net) obligation (i.e., the Funds daily net liability if any) rather than the full notional amount under such deliverable foreign currency transactions. With respect to certain forward foreign currency exchange contracts and futures contracts that are contractually required to cash-settle, the Fund may set aside liquid assets in an amount equal to the Funds daily marked-to-market (net) obligation rather than the notional value. The Funds reserves the right to modify their asset segregation policies in the future. As a result, if a large portion of assets is segregated or committed as cover, it could impede portfolio management or the ability to meet redemption requests or other current obligations.
Investment in Blank Check Companies . Each Fund may also invest a maximum of 10% of total assets in equity securities of so-called blank check companies. These are companies that raise commitments from investors that enable the company to identify and negotiate an acquisition of an operating company, obtain shareholder approval of the transaction and then close on the acquisition. There is a risk that the company will not be able to identify a suitable acquisition candidate or negotiate a transaction or obtain approval and close on the transaction, in which case, a Fund may miss other investment opportunities. If the company closes on an acquisition, it will have similar risks to other operating companies with similar characteristics operating in a similar industry or market.
Trade Claims . Each Fund may invest a maximum of 10% of total assets in trade claims. Trade claims are interests in amounts owed to suppliers of goods or services and are purchased from creditors of companies in financial difficulty and often involved in bankruptcy proceedings. For purchasers such as the Funds, trade claims offer the potential for profits since they are often purchased at a significant discount from face value and, consequently, may generate capital appreciation in the event that the market value of the claim increases as the debtors financial position improves or the claim is paid.
An investment in trade claims is very speculative and carries a high degree of risk. Trade claims are illiquid instruments, which generally do not pay interest, and there can be no guarantee that the debtor will ever be able to satisfy the obligation on the trade claim. The markets in trade claims are not regulated by federal securities laws or the SEC. Because trade claims are unsecured, holders of trade claims may have a lower priority in terms of payment than certain other creditors in a bankruptcy proceeding.
Repurchase Agreements . Each Fund may enter into repurchase agreements. The Funds may invest a maximum of 10% of total assets in repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the seller of a security commits itself at the time of sale to repurchase that security from the buyer at a mutually agreed upon time and price. The resale price is in excess of the purchase price and reflects an agreed-upon market interest rate unrelated to the coupon rate on the purchased security. Such transactions afford a Fund the opportunity to earn a return on temporarily available cash at relatively low market risk. The manager monitors the value of the securities underlying the repurchase agreement at the time the transaction is entered into and at all times during the term of the repurchase agreement to ensure that the value of the securities always equals or exceeds the repurchase price. Each Fund requires that additional securities be deposited if the value of the securities purchased decreases below their
15
resale price and does not bear the risk of a decline in the value of the underlying security unless the seller defaults under the repurchase obligation.
While the underlying security may be a bill, certificate of indebtedness, note or bond issued by an agency, authority or instrumentality of the U.S. government, the obligation of the seller is not guaranteed by the U.S. government and there is a risk that the seller may fail to repurchase the underlying security. In such event, a Fund would attempt to exercise rights with respect to the underlying security, including possible disposition in the market. However, a Fund may be subject to various delays and risks of loss, including (i) possible declines in the value of the underlying security during the period while the Fund seeks to enforce its rights thereto, (ii) possible reduced levels of income and lack of access to income during this period and (iii) inability to enforce rights and the expenses involved in the attempted enforcement.
Repurchase agreements with maturities of more than seven days will be treated as illiquid securities.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements . The Funds may enter into reverse repurchase agreements to avoid selling securities during unfavorable market conditions to meet redemptions. The Funds may invest a maximum of 10% of total assets in reverse repurchase agreements. Pursuant to a reverse repurchase agreement, a Fund will sell portfolio securities and agree to repurchase them from the buyer at a particular date and price. Whenever a Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it will establish a segregated account in which it will maintain liquid assets in an amount at least equal to the repurchase price marked to market daily (including accrued interest), and will subsequently monitor the account to ensure that such equivalent value is maintained. A Fund pays interest on amounts obtained pursuant to reverse repurchase agreements. Reverse repurchase agreements are considered to be borrowings by a Fund.
Borrowing . Borrowing creates an opportunity for increased return, but, at the same time, creates special risks. Furthermore, if a Fund were to engage in borrowing, an increase in interest rates could reduce the value of the Funds shares by increasing the Funds interest expense.
Subject to the limitations described under Investment Limitations below, a Fund may be permitted to borrow for temporary purposes and/or for investment purposes. Such a practice will result in leveraging of a Funds assets and may cause a Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it would not be advantageous to do so. This borrowing may be secured or unsecured. Provisions of the 1940 Act require a Fund to maintain continuous asset coverage (that is, total assets including borrowings, less liabilities exclusive of borrowings) of 300% of the amount borrowed, with an exception for borrowings not in excess of 5% of the Funds total assets made for temporary administrative purposes. Any borrowings for temporary administrative purposes in excess of 5% of a Funds total assets will count against this asset coverage requirement. If the 300% asset coverage should decline as a result of market fluctuations or other reasons, a Fund may be required to sell some of its portfolio holdings within three days to reduce the debt and restore the 300% asset coverage, even though it may be disadvantageous from an investment standpoint if the Fund sells securities at that time. Borrowing will tend to exaggerate the effect on net asset value of any increase or decrease in the market value of a Funds portfolio. Money borrowed will be subject to interest costs, which may or may not be recovered by appreciation of the securities purchased, if any. A Fund also may be required to maintain minimum average balances in connection with such borrowings or to pay a commitment or other fee to maintain a line of credit; either of these requirements would increase the cost of borrowing over the stated interest rate.
From time to time, the Trust may enter into, and make borrowings for temporary purposes related to the redemption of shares under, a credit agreement with third-party lenders. Borrowings made under such a credit agreement will be allocated between the Funds pursuant to guidelines approved by the Board of Trustees.
Warrants . Each Fund may invest in warrants, which are instruments that give a Fund the right to purchase certain securities from an issuer at a specific price (the strike price) for a limited period of time. The strike price of warrants typically is much lower than the current market price of the underlying securities, yet they are subject to similar price fluctuations. As a result, warrants may be more volatile investments than the underlying securities and may offer greater potential for capital appreciation as well as capital loss. Warrants do not entitle a holder to dividends or voting rights with respect to the underlying securities and do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuing company. Also, the value of the warrant does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities and a warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to the expiration date. These factors can make warrants more speculative than other types of investments.
16
In addition to warrants on securities, each Fund may purchase put warrants and call warrants whose values vary depending on the change in the value of one or more specified securities indices (index warrants). Index warrants are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and give the holder the right, at any time during the term of the warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index at the time of exercise. In general, if the value of the underlying index rises above the exercise price of the index warrant, the holder of a call warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the value of the index and the exercise price of the warrant; if the value of the underlying index falls, the holder of a put warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the exercise price of the warrant and the value of the index. The holder of a warrant would not be entitled to any payments from the issuer at any time when, in the case of a call warrant, the exercise price is greater than the value of the underlying index, or, in the case of a put warrant, the exercise price is less than the value of the underlying index. If a Fund were not to exercise an index warrant prior to its expiration, then the Fund would lose the amount of the purchase price paid by it for the warrant.
Each Fund will normally use index warrants in a manner similar to its use of options on securities indices. The risks of a Funds use of index warrants are generally similar to those relating to its use of index options. Unlike most index options, however, index warrants are issued in limited amounts and are not obligations of a regulated clearing agency, but are backed only by the credit of the bank or other institution which issues the warrant. Also, index warrants generally have longer terms than index options. Index warrants are not likely to be as liquid as certain index options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of index warrants may limit a Funds ability to exercise the warrants at such time, or in such quantities, as the Fund would otherwise wish to do.
Lending of Securities . The Funds may lend securities if such loans are secured continuously by liquid assets consisting of cash, United States Government securities or other appropriate securities or by a letter of credit in favor of the Fund at least equal at all times to 100% of the market value of the securities loaned, plus any accrued interest. While such securities are on loan, the borrower pays the applicable Fund any dividends or income received on the securities loaned and has the right to vote the securities on any matter in which the securities are entitled to be voted. Loans may be terminated by the lending Fund or the borrower and shall be affected according to the standard settlement time for trades in the particular loaned securities. Borrowed securities must be returned to the lending Fund when a loan is terminated. If a loan is collateralized by U.S. Government securities or other non-cash collateral, the lending Fund receives a fee from the borrower. If a loan is collateralized by cash, the lending Fund typically invests the cash collateral for its own account in short-term, interest-bearing securities and pays a fee to the borrower that normally represents a portion of the Funds earnings on the collateral. Any gain or loss in the market price of the borrowed securities that occurs during the term of the loan inures to the lending Fund. The Funds may incur custodial fees and other costs in connection with loans. In addition, the Funds lending agent receives a fixed fee from the Funds, representing a percentage of the securities loaned. The Funds may, in the future, appoint and pay compensation to additional securities lending agents. Each Fund will loan no more than one-third of its total assets.
In lending their portfolio securities, the Funds consider all facts and circumstances, including the creditworthiness of the borrowing financial institution, and the Funds will not make any loans for terms in excess of one year. The Funds will recall a loaned security in order to vote the shares on a material proxy issue. The Funds will not lend their securities to any Director, officer, employee, or any other affiliated person (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund, the Advisor, any sub-advisor, the Administrator or IVA Funds Distributors, LLC (the Distributor), unless permitted by applicable law.
Options Transactions . The Adviser believes that certain transactions in options on securities and on stock indices may be useful in limiting each Funds investment risk and augmenting its investment return. The Adviser expects, however, the amount of each Funds assets that will be involved in options transactions to be small relative to the Funds assets. Accordingly, it is expected that only a relatively small portion of each Funds investment return will be attributable to transactions in options on securities and on stock indices. Each Fund may invest in put and call options transactions involving options on securities and on stock indices that are traded on U.S. and foreign exchanges or in the over-the-counter markets.
Securities and options exchanges have established limitations on the maximum number of options that an investor or group of investors acting in concert may write. It is possible that the Funds, other investment vehicles advised by the Adviser and other clients of the Adviser may be considered such a group. Position limits may restrict a Funds ability to purchase or sell options on particular securities and on stock indices.
17
Index prices may be distorted if trading in certain stocks included in the index is interrupted. Trading in the index options may also be interrupted in certain circumstances, such as if trading were halted in a substantial number of stocks included in the index. If this occurred, a Fund would not be able to close out options which it had purchased or written and, if restrictions on exercise were imposed, might be unable to exercise an option it held, which could result in substantial losses to a Fund.
Covered Option Writing . Each Fund may write covered calls and covered puts on equity or debt securities and on stock indices in seeking to enhance investment return or to hedge against declines in the prices of portfolio securities or may write put options to hedge against increases in the prices of securities which it intends to purchase. A call option is covered if a Fund holds, on a share-for-share basis, either the underlying shares or a call on the same security as the call written where the exercise price of the call held is equal to or less than the exercise price of the call written (or greater than the exercise price of the call written if the difference is maintained by a Fund in cash, treasury bills or other high grade short-term obligations in a segregated account with its custodian). A put option is covered if a Fund maintains cash, treasury bills or other high grade short-term obligations with a value equal to the exercise price in a segregated account with its custodian, or holds on a share-for-share basis a put on the same equity or debt security as the put written where the exercise price of the put held is equal to or greater than the exercise price of the put written, or lower than the exercise price of the put written if the difference is maintained in a segregated account with its custodian.
Options on Stock Indices . Each Fund will write call options on broadly based stock market indices only if at the time of writing it holds a portfolio of stocks. When a Fund writes a call option on a broadly based stock market index, it will segregate or put into escrow with its custodian any combination of cash, cash equivalents or qualified securities with a market value at the time the option is written of not less than 100% of the current index value times the multiplier times the number of contracts. A qualified security is an equity security which is listed on a securities exchange or on the NASDAQ against which a Fund has not written a call option and which has not been hedged by the sale of stock index futures.
When-Issued or Delayed-Delivery Securities . The Funds may purchase securities on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis. For example, delivery of and payment for these securities can take place a month or more after the date of the purchase commitment. The purchase price and the interest rate payable, if any, on the securities are fixed on the purchase commitment date or at the time the settlement date is fixed. The value of such securities is subject to market fluctuations and, in the case of fixed income securities, no interest accrues to a Fund until settlement takes place. When purchasing a security on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis, a Fund assumes the rights and risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield fluctuations. Accordingly, at the time a Fund makes the commitment to purchase securities on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis, it will record the transaction, reflect the value each day of such securities in determining its net asset value and, if applicable, calculate the maturity for the purposes of average maturity from that date. At the time of its acquisition, a when-issued security may be valued at less than the purchase price. A Fund will make commitments for such when-issued transactions only when it has the intention of actually acquiring the securities. To facilitate such acquisitions, each Fund will maintain with the Custodian a segregated account with liquid assets, consisting of cash, United States Government securities or other appropriate securities, in an amount at least equal to such commitments. On delivery dates for such transactions, each Fund will meet its obligations from maturities or sales of the securities held in the segregated account and/or from cash flow. If, however, a Fund chooses to dispose of the right to acquire a when-issued security prior to its acquisition, it could, as with the disposition of any other portfolio obligation, incur a taxable capital gain or loss due to market fluctuation. Also, a Fund may be disadvantaged if the other party to the transaction defaults. It is the current policy of each Fund not to enter into when-issued commitments exceeding in the aggregate 25% of the market value of the Funds total assets, less liabilities other than the obligations created by when-issued commitments.
Swap Agreements .
Total Return Swaps . The Funds may enter into total return swap contracts for investment purposes. Total return swaps are contracts in which one party agrees to make periodic payments based on the change in market value of the underlying assets, which may include a specified security, basket of securities or security indexes during the specified period, in return for periodic payments based on a fixed or variable interest rate of the total return from other underlying assets. Total return swap agreements may be used to obtain exposure to a security or market without owning or taking physical custody of such security or market, including in cases in which there may be
18
disadvantages associated with direct ownership of a particular security. In a typical total return equity swap, payments made by a Fund or the counterparty are based on the total return of a particular reference asset or assets (such as an equity security, a combination of such securities, or an index). That is, one party agrees to pay another party the return on a stock, basket of stocks, or stock index in return for a specified interest rate. By entering into an equity index swap, for example, the index receiver can gain exposure to stocks making up the index of securities without actually purchasing those stocks. Total return swaps involve not only the risk associated with the investment in the underlying securities, but also the risk of the counterparty not fulfilling its obligations under the agreement.
Credit Default Swaps. The Funds may enter into credit default swap agreements for investment purposes. A credit default swap agreement may have as reference obligations one or more securities that are not currently held by the Funds. The Funds may be either the buyer or seller in the transaction. Credit default swaps may also be structured based on the debt of a basket of issuers, rather than a single issuer, and may be customized with respect to the default event that triggers purchase or other factors. As a seller, a Fund generally receives an up front payment or a fixed rate of income throughout the term of the swap, which typically is between six months and three years, provided that there is no credit event. If a credit event occurs, generally the seller must pay the buyer the full face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference obligations that may have little or no value. If the Fund is a buyer and no credit event occurs, the Fund recovers nothing if the swap is held through its termination date. However, if a credit event occurs, the buyer may elect to receive the full notional value of the swap in exchange for an equal face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference obligation that may have little or no value.
The use of swap agreements by a Fund entails certain risks, which may be different from, or possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in the securities and other investments that are the referenced asset for the swap agreement. Swaps are highly specialized instruments that require investment techniques, risk analyses, and tax planning different from those associated with stocks, bonds, and other traditional investments. The use of a swap requires an understanding not only of the referenced asset, reference rate, or index, but also of the swap itself, without the benefit of observing the performance of the swap under all the possible market conditions. Because some swap agreements have a leverage component, adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, reference rate, or index can result in a loss substantially greater than the amount invested in the swap itself. Certain swaps have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment.
The largest risks associated with swaps include: Credit Risk, Liquidity Risk and Market Risk.
The Funds may also purchase credit default swap contracts in order to hedge against the risk of default of the debt of a particular issuer or basket of issuers, in which case the Funds would function as the counterparty referenced in the preceding paragraphs. This would involve the risk that the investment may expire worthless and would only generate income in the event of an actual default by the issuer(s) of the underlying obligation(s) (or, as applicable, a credit downgrade or other indication of financial instability). It would also involve the risk that the seller may fail to satisfy its payment obligations to the Funds in the event of a default. The purchase of credit default swaps involves costs, which will reduce the Funds return.
Currency Swaps. The Funds may enter into currency swap agreements for investment purposes. Currency swaps are similar to interest rate swaps, except that they involve multiple currencies. A Fund may enter into a currency swap when it has exposure to one currency and desires exposure to a different currency. Typically the interest rates that determine the currency swap payments are fixed, although occasionally one or both parties may pay a floating rate of interest. Unlike an interest rate swap, however, the principal amounts are exchanged at the beginning of the contract and returned at the end of the contract. In addition to paying and receiving amounts at the beginning and termination of the agreements, both sides will also have to pay in full periodically based upon the currency they have borrowed. Change in foreign exchange rates and changes in interest rates, as described above, may negatively affect currency swaps.
Investment Restrictions
Fundamental Investment Restrictions of the Worldwide Fund and International Fund
The investment restrictions set forth below are fundamental policies of the Funds and may not be changed without shareholder approval by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of each Fund. Under these restrictions, each Fund:
19
(1) may not issue senior securities, except as permitted borrowings or as otherwise permitted under the 1940 Act(1);
(2) may not borrow money, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act (see Borrowing above);
(3) may not underwrite securities issued by other persons except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of its portfolio investments, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under federal securities laws;
(4) may not concentrate 25% or more of the value of its total assets in any one industry(2) or group of industries;
(5) with respect to 75% of its total assets (exclusive of cash, cash items, and government securities), may not invest in securities of any issuer if, immediately after such investment, more than 5% of the total assets of the Fund (taken at current value) would be invested in the securities of such issuer;
(6) with respect to 75% of its total assets, may not acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any issuer;
(7) may not purchase or sell real estate, although it may purchase securities of issuers which deal in real estate, including securities of real estate investment trusts, and may purchase securities which are secured by interests in real estate;
(8) may not make loans, except by purchase of debt obligations in which the Fund may invest consistent with its investment policies, by entering into repurchase agreements, or by lending its portfolio securities. A Fund may loan no more than one-third of its total assets; and
(9) may not purchase or sell commodities, except that the Fund may purchase and sell futures contracts and options, may enter into foreign exchange contracts, and may enter into swap agreements and other financial transactions not requiring the delivery of physical commodities. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Fund may purchase or sell up to 25% in precious metals directly,(3) and purchase or sell precious metal commodity contracts or options on such contracts in compliance with applicable commodities laws.
In determining whether a transaction is permitted under the 1940 Act, restriction 1 above will not be construed to prohibit any transaction that is permitted under the 1940 Act, as interpreted or modified, or as otherwise permitted by regulatory authority having jurisdiction from time to time.
In addition, under normal circumstances, the Worldwide Fund and the International Fund each will invest in at least three foreign countries.
Notwithstanding the foregoing investment restrictions, the Funds may purchase securities pursuant to the exercise of subscription rights. Japanese and European corporations frequently issue additional capital stock by means of subscription rights offerings to existing shareholders at a price substantially below the market price of the shares. The failure to exercise such rights would result in a Funds interest in the issuing company being diluted. The market for such rights is not well developed in all cases and, accordingly, a Fund may not always realize full value on the sale of rights. The exception applies in cases where the limits set forth in the investment restrictions would otherwise be exceeded by exercising rights or would have already been exceeded as a result of fluctuations in the market value of a Funds portfolio securities with the result that a Fund would be forced either to sell securities at a time when it might not otherwise have done so, or to forego exercising the rights.
(1) Section 18(f)(1)of the 1940 Act generally prohibits registered open-end investment companies from issuing senior securities other than with respect to bank borrowings. Section 18(g) defines senior security, in pertinent part, as any bond, debenture, note, or similar obligation or instrument constituting a security and evidencing indebtedness, and any stock of a class having priority over any other class as to distribution of assets or payment of dividends.
(2) The Funds use the term industry as a classification that refers to a group of companies related in terms of their primary business activities.
(3) The commodities in which the Funds will invest directly have robust, deep and liquid markets. The Funds investments in precious metals can be readily liquidated.
Non-Fundamental Investment Restrictions of the Worldwide Fund and International Fund
Notwithstanding the foregoing investment restrictions, as a non-fundamental restriction, each Fund may not purchase additional securities while it has outstanding borrowings exceeding 5% of its total assets.
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Notwithstanding the foregoing investment restrictions, as a non-fundamental restriction, each Fund may pledge, mortgage, hypothecate, or otherwise encumber any of its assets to secure borrowings; provided that such amount shall not exceed one-third of the respective Funds total assets. This restriction shall not prohibit the Funds from engaging in options, futures, and non-U.S. currency transactions.
Portfolio Turnover
Purchases and sales of portfolio securities may be made as considered advisable by the Adviser in the best interests of the shareholders. Each Funds portfolio turnover rate may vary from year to year, as well as within a year. A Funds distributions of any net short-term capital gains realized from portfolio transactions are taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. In addition, higher portfolio turnover rates can result in corresponding increases in portfolio transaction costs for a Fund. See Portfolio Transactions and Brokerage in this SAI.
For reporting purposes, a Funds portfolio turnover rate is calculated by dividing the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal year by the monthly average of the value of the portfolio securities owned by the Fund during the fiscal year. In determining such portfolio turnover, all securities whose maturities at the time of acquisition were one year or less are excluded. A 100% portfolio turnover rate would occur, for example, if all of the securities in the Funds investment portfolio (other than short-term money market securities) were replaced once during the fiscal year. Portfolio turnover will not be a limiting factor should the Adviser deem it advisable to purchase or sell securities.
Set forth below are the portfolio turnover rates for the Funds for the period since commencement of operations (October 1, 2008).
Funds |
|
Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2009 |
|
Worldwide Fund |
|
|
% |
International Fund |
|
|
% |
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
The Board of Trustees has adopted, on behalf of the Funds, policies and procedures relating to disclosure of a Funds portfolio securities. These policies and procedures are designed to protect the confidentiality of each Funds portfolio holdings information and to prevent the selective disclosure of such information. These policies and procedures may be modified at any time with the approval of the Board of Trustees. In addition, the Funds have policies in place to regulate the Boards oversight of the disclosure of portfolio holdings.
Each Fund may disclose portfolio holdings information as required by applicable law or as requested by governmental authorities. Portfolio holdings of each Fund will also be disclosed on a quarterly basis on forms required to be filed with the SEC as follows: portfolio holdings as of the end of each Funds second and fourth fiscal quarters will be filed as part of the annual or semi-annual report filed on Form N-CSR, and portfolio holdings as of the end of each Funds first and third fiscal quarters will be filed on Form N- Q. The Trusts Form N-CSRs and Form N-Qs will be available on the SECs website at www.sec.gov approximately 60 days after the end of each respective quarter. The Trust also discloses to the general public top positional holdings and portfolio related statistical information on the Trusts website at http://www.ivafunds.com/mutual-funds no earlier than 21 days after the end of each calendar month.
Disclosure of a Funds portfolio holdings information that is not publicly available (Confidential Portfolio Information) is periodically made to the Adviser (International Value Advisers, LLC) and to the Funds custodian (State Street Bank and Trust Company) and sub-custodians, transfer agent (Boston Financial Data Services, Inc.), administrator, principal underwriter (IVA Funds Distributors, LLC), financial printers (Merrill Corporation), pricing services, proxy voting services, Funds independent registered public accounting firm, and counsel (K&L Gates LLP) that require access to such information in order to fulfill their contractual duties with respect to the Funds (Financial Service Providers) and to facilitate the review of a Fund by certain mutual fund analysts and ratings agencies (such as Morningstar and Lipper Analytical Services) (Rating Agencies); provided that such disclosure is limited to the information that a Fund believes is reasonably necessary in connection with the services to be provided. Except to the extent permitted under the Funds portfolio holdings disclosure policies and procedures, Confidential Portfolio Information may not be disseminated for compensation or other consideration. Financial
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Service Providers and Rating Agencies must sign a non-disclosure agreement unless otherwise approved by the Chief Compliance Officer of the Funds, are required to keep such information confidential, and are prohibited from trading based on the information or otherwise using the information except as necessary in providing services to the Funds.
Before any disclosure of Confidential Portfolio Information to Financial Service Providers or Rating Agencies is permitted, the Funds Chief Compliance Officer (or an officer designated by the Funds Chief Compliance Officer) must determine that, under the circumstances, the disclosure is being made for a legitimate business purpose and is in the best interest of shareholders. Furthermore, the recipient of Confidential Portfolio Information by a Financial Service Provider or Rating Agency must be subject to a written confidentiality agreement that prohibits any trading upon the Confidential Portfolio Information or the recipient must be subject to professional or ethical obligations not to disclose or otherwise improperly use the information, such as would apply to independent registered public accounting firms or legal counsel. The Chief Compliance Officer shall attempt to uncover any apparent conflict between the interests of Fund shareholders and the Adviser, underwriter and their affiliates. Any conflict of interest that may rise as a result of a request for Confidential Portfolio Information shall be resolved by the Chief Compliance Officer in the best interests of Fund shareholders.
Exceptions to these procedures may only be made if the Funds Chief Compliance Officer (or an officer designated by the Funds Chief Compliance Officer) determines that the disclosure is being made for a legitimate business purpose, and must be reported to the Board of Trustees on a quarterly basis.
The Adviser shall have primary responsibility for ensuring that a Funds portfolio holdings information is only disclosed in accordance with these policies. As part of this responsibility, the Adviser will maintain such internal policies and procedures as it believes are reasonably necessary for preventing the unauthorized disclosure of Confidential Portfolio Information.
Separate account clients of the Adviser have access to their portfolio holdings and are not subject to the Funds portfolio holdings disclosure policies. Some of the separate accounts managed by the Adviser may have investment objectives and strategies that are substantially similar or identical to the Funds, and therefore potentially substantially similar, and in certain cases nearly identical, portfolio holdings, as the Funds.
MANAGEMENT OF THE FUNDS
Trustees and Officers
The business and affairs of each Fund are managed under the direction of its Board of Trustees (the Board). The Board of Trustees approves all significant agreements between a Fund and the persons or companies that furnish services to a Fund, including agreements with its distributor, investment manager, administrator, custodian and transfer agent. The day-to-day operations of the Funds are delegated to the Funds investment manager and administrator.
The name, address, age and principal occupations for the past five years of the Trustees and officers of the Trust are listed below, along with the number of portfolios in the Fund complex overseen by and the other directorships held by each Trustee. Certain of the Trustees and officers are also directors and officers of one or more other investment companies for which the Adviser acts as investment manager.
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Independent Trustees (1)
Name, Age and Address |
|
Position(s) Held
|
|
Term of Office(2)
|
|
Principal
|
|
Number of
|
|
Other Directorships
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adele R. Wailand
born
February 1949
c/o
International Value
|
|
Trustee and Chair of the Board of Trustees |
|
since August 2008 |
|
Vice President, General Counsel & Corporate Secretary, Case, Pomeroy & Company, Inc. (real estate and investments) |
|
2 |
|
Director of various wholly owned subsidiaries of Case, Pomeroy & Company, Inc.
Director, Shaker Museum & Library (not-for-profit) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Manu Bammi
born
August 1962
International
Value
|
|
Trustee |
|
since August 2008 |
|
Founder & CEO, SMARTANALYST, Inc. (provider of research and analytics and decision support) |
|
2 |
|
None. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ronald
S. Gutstein
born
August 1971
International
Value
|
|
Trustee |
|
since September 2008 |
|
Institutional Trader and Market Maker, Access Securities |
|
2 |
|
None. |
(1) Trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust as defined in the 1940 Act.
(2) Each Trustee serves until resignation or removal from the Board of Trustees.
Interested Trustee
Name, Age and Address |
|
Position(s) Held
|
|
Term of Office(2)
|
|
Principal
|
|
Number of
|
|
Other Directorships
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Michael W. Malafronte(3)
born
June 1974
International
Value
|
|
President and Trustee |
|
since August 2008 |
|
CEO and Research Analyst, International Value Advisers, LLC (2007-present); Senior Research Analyst, Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder Advisers, LLC ( asset management advisory services) (2005-2007); Portfolio Manager, Oppenheimer & Close ( broker dealer and an investment advisor ) (prior to 2005) |
|
2 |
|
Director, Bresler & Reiner Inc. |
(2) Each Trustee serves until resignation or removal from the Board of Trustees.
(3) Mr. Malafronte is considered an interested trustee due to his position as Chief Executive Officer of the Adviser.
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Officers
Name, Age and Address |
|
Position(s)
|
|
Term of Office and
|
|
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shanda Scibilia
born
August 1971
International Value Advisers, LLC
645
Madison Avenue
|
|
Chief Compliance Officer and Secretary |
|
since August 2008 |
|
Chief Operating Officer, International Value Advisers, LLC (February 2008-present); acting Chief Operating Officer and head of compliance, Oppenheimer & Close (prior to February 2008). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stefanie
J. Hempstead
born
July 1973
International Value Advisers, LLC
645
Madison Avenue
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Treasurer |
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since August 2008 |
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Chief Financial Officer, International Value Advisers, LLC (March 2008-present); Senior Vice President, Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder Advisers, LLC (prior to March 2008); Vice President, ASB Securities LLC (prior to March 2008); Vice President and Treasurer, First Eagle Funds and First Eagle Variable Funds (prior to March 2008). |
(1) The term of office of each officer is indefinite. Length of time served represents time served as an officer of the Trust, although various positions may have been held during the period.
The Trust has an Audit Committee and a Nominating and Governance Committee. The members of both the Audit Committee and the Nominating and Governance Committee consist of all the Independent Trustees, namely Manu Bammi, Ronald S. Gutstein and Adele R. Wailand. The following committee meetings were held during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2009: Audit Committee (three meetings) and Nominating and Governance Committee (one meeting).
In accordance with its written charter, the Audit Committees primary purposes are to assist the Board in fulfilling its responsibility for oversight of the integrity of the accounting, auditing and financial reporting practices of the Funds, the qualifications and independence of the Funds independent registered public accounting firm, and the Funds compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. The Audit Committee reviews the scope of the Funds audits, the Funds accounting and financial reporting policies and practices and its internal controls. The Audit Committee approves, and recommends to the Independent Trustees for their ratification, the selection, appointment, retention or termination of the Funds independent registered public accounting firm and approves the compensation of the independent registered public accounting firm. The Audit Committee also approves all audit and permissible non-audit services provided to the Funds by the independent registered public accounting firm and all permissible non-audit services provided by the Funds independent registered public accounting firm to the Adviser and any affiliated service providers if the engagement relates directly to the Funds operations and financial reporting.
The Nominating and Governance Committee will accept nominees recommended by a shareholder as it deems appropriate. Shareholders who wish to recommend a nominee should send recommendations to the Funds Secretary that include all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for the election of Trustees. A recommendation must be accompanied by a written consent of the individual to stand for election if nominated by the Board of Trustees and to serve if elected by the shareholders. The Nominating and Governance Committee will consider nominees recommended by each Funds shareholders when a vacancy becomes available.
Trustee Ownership of the Funds. The following table sets forth, for each Trustee, the aggregate dollar range of equity securities owned of the Funds and of all funds in the Fund Complex overseen by each Trustee as of December 31, 2008.
24
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Dollar Range of
Equity
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Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity
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Independent Trustees |
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Adele R. Wailand |
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Manu Bammi |
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Ronald S. Gutstein |
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Interested Trustee |
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Michael W. Malafronte |
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As of November 30, 2009, the Trustees and officers of each Fund, individually and as a group, owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of each Fund. [To be confirmed]
Compensation of Board Members. The Trust pays each Trustee who is not an interested person, as defined by the 1940 Act, of the Adviser or any of its affiliates, a fee of $15,000 per annum. The Chair of the Trust receives an additional annual fee of $10,000. All Trustees are reimbursed for travel and out-of-pocket expenses incurred to attend such meetings. The Funds do not pay retirement benefits to its Trustees and officers. Officers and interested Trustees of the Funds are not compensated by the Funds.
The following table summarizes the compensation for the Independent Trustees for the 12-month period ended September 30, 2009.
Name of Person,
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Aggregate
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Pension or Retirement
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Estimated
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Total Compensation
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Manu Bammi |
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$ |
15,000 |
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None |
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None |
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$ |
15,000 |
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Ronald S. Gutstein |
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$ |
15,000 |
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None |
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None |
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$ |
15,000 |
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Adele R. Wailand |
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$ |
25,000 |
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None |
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None |
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$ |
25,000 |
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Sales Loads . In recognition of the limited sales support and servicing required for certain accounts, Trustees and officers and other affiliated persons of the Trust qualify for a waiver of the Class A sales charge.
Codes of Ethics . The Funds, the Adviser, and the Funds Distributor each have adopted a code of ethics under Rule 17j-1 of the 1940 Act. These codes of ethics permit the personnel of these entities to invest in securities, including securities that the Funds may purchase or hold. The codes of ethics are on public file with, and are available from, the SEC.
PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
Attached as Appendix A is the summary of the guidelines and procedures that the Adviser uses to determine how to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities, including the procedures that the Adviser uses when a vote presents a conflict between the interests of Fund shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Adviser or any affiliated person of the Fund or the Adviser, on the other. This summary of the guidelines gives a general indication as to how the Adviser will vote proxies relating to portfolio securities on each issue listed. However, the guidelines do not address all potential voting issues or the intricacies that may surround individual proxy votes. For that reason, there may be instances in which votes may vary from the guidelines presented. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Adviser always endeavors to vote proxies relating to portfolio securities in accordance with the Funds investment objectives. Information on how the Funds voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent prior 12-month period as of June 30 is available without charge, (1) upon request, by calling (866) 941-4482, and (2) on the SECs website at http://www.sec.gov.
25
CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES
As of November 30, 2009, the following entities held of record more than 25% of the outstanding shares of a Fund. Persons holding more than 25% of the outstanding shares of a Fund may be deemed to have control (as that term is defined in the 1940 Act) of the applicable Fund and may be able to affect or determine the outcome of matters presented for a vote of the shareholders of the applicable Fund.
Fund |
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Name and Address on Account |
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% of Shares |
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IVA Worldwide Fund |
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[ If an entity, the jurisdiction of organization will need to be provided. ] |
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IVA International Fund |
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As of November 30, 2009, no single shareholder or group (as the term is used in Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) beneficially owned of record more than 5% of the outstanding shares of the Funds with the exception of the following:
Fund |
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Name and Address on Account |
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% of Shares |
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IVA Worldwide Fund |
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IVA International Fund |
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INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES
The Adviser
International Value Advisers, LLC is the investment manager of the Funds (IVA or the Adviser). The Adviser was organized as a Delaware limited liability company in 2007. The managing member of the Adviser is IVA Holdings, LLC. Michael Malafronte, Chief Executive Officer and President of the Adviser, Stefanie Hempstead, Chief Financial Officer of the Adviser and Shanda Scibilia, Chief Operating Officer of the Adviser are affiliated persons of the Trust.
IVA serves as the investment manager of each Fund pursuant to an investment advisory agreement dated as of August 21, 2008. The investment advisory agreement between the Adviser and the Trust provides that the Adviser shall manage the operations of each Fund, subject to policies established by the Board of Trustees. Pursuant to the investment advisory agreement, the Adviser manages each Funds investment portfolio, directs purchases and sales of portfolio securities and reports thereon to a Funds officers and Board regularly. The Adviser also provides the office space, facilities, equipment and personnel necessary to perform the following services for each Fund: SEC compliance, including record keeping, reporting requirements and registration statements and proxies; supervision of Fund operations, including custodian, accountants and counsel and other parties performing services or operational functions for each Fund; certain administrative and clerical services, including certain accounting services, facilitation of redemption requests, exchange privileges, account adjustments, development of new shareholder services and maintenance of certain books and records; and certain services related to each Funds shareholders, including assuring that investments and redemptions are completed efficiently, responding to shareholder inquiries, and maintaining a flow of information to shareholders. In addition, the Adviser pays the compensation of each Funds officers, employees and Trustees affiliated with the Adviser. Each Fund bears all other costs of its operations, including the compensation of its Trustees not affiliated with the Adviser.
As compensation for its services, the Worldwide Fund pays the Adviser a monthly fee at an annual rate of 0.90% of the Funds average daily net assets and the International Fund pays the Adviser a monthly fee at an annual rate of 0.90% of the Funds average daily net assets. The investment advisory fee is allocated among each Funds Classes pro rata based on the net assets of the Fund attributable to each Class.
Under the terms of the investment advisory agreement between each Fund and the Adviser, neither the Adviser nor its affiliates shall be liable for losses or damages incurred by a Fund, unless such losses or damages are attributable to the willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of either the Adviser or its affiliates or from reckless disregard by it of its obligations and duties under the management contract (disabling conduct). In addition, the Funds will indemnify the Adviser and its affiliates and hold each of them harmless against any losses or damages not resulting from disabling conduct.
26
The Adviser has contractually agreed, in a letter agreement dated August 21, 2008 and in a separate letter agreement dated August 11, 2009 to waive the fees payable to it under the investment advisory agreement and/or to reimburse the operating expenses allocated to a Fund to the extent the Classes operating expenses (excluding acquired fund fees and expense, brokerage commissions, interest, taxes, organizational and extraordinary expenses) exceed, in the aggregate, the rate per annum as set forth below. With respect to each Fund, the Adviser is permitted to recover, on a Class by Class basis, expenses it has borne subsequent to the effective date of the letter agreements (whether through reduction of its management fee or otherwise) in later periods to the extent that a Funds expenses fall below the annual rates set forth below and to the extent that, the Fund does not exceed its operating expense limitation after giving effect to the reimbursement ; provided, however, that a Fund is not obligated to pay any such deferred fees more than one year after the end of the fiscal year in which the fee was deferred. The fee waiver will remain in effect until January 31, 2011, at which time it may be continued, modified or eliminated and net expenses will be adjusted as necessary.
Fund |
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Expense Cap |
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IVA Worldwide Fund |
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1.40% for Class A Shares |
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2.15% for Class C Shares |
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1.15% for Class I Shares |
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IVA International Fund |
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1.40% for Class A Shares |
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2.15% for Class C Shares |
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1.15% for Class I Shares |
Set forth below are the gross advisory fees the Funds paid and the advisory fees waived or reimbursed for the period since commencement of operations (October 1, 2008).
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Fiscal Year
Ended
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Funds |
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Gross
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Advisory
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Worldwide Fund |
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International Fund |
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Portfolio Managers
Charles de Lardemelle and Charles de Vaulx, each a Portfolio Manager, are primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the Funds. Each Portfolio Manager functions as a member of a portfolio management team. Messrs. de Lardemelle and de Vaulx have been Portfolio Managers of the Funds since their inceptions. The following tables set forth certain additional information with respect to the portfolio managers for each of the Funds. The information is as of the fiscal year ended September 30, 2009.
Other Accounts Managed by the Portfolio Managers
In addition to the Funds, the table below identifies, for each portfolio manager, the number of accounts for which he has day-to-day management responsibilities and the total assets in such accounts, within each of the following categories: registered investment companies, other pooled investment vehicles, and other accounts.
27
The table below identifies, for each portfolio manager, the number of accounts for which he has day-to-day management responsibilities and the total assets in such accounts with respect to which the advisory fee is based on the performance of the account, within each of the following categories: registered investment companies, other pooled investment vehicles, and other accounts
Potential Conflicts of Interest
Because each portfolio manager manages other accounts, including accounts that pay higher fees or accounts that pay performance-based fees, potential conflicts of interest exist, including potential conflicts between the investment strategy of a Fund and the investment strategy of the other accounts managed by the portfolio manager and potential conflicts in the allocation of investment opportunities between a Fund and the other accounts.
The Adviser and the Funds have adopted compliance polices and procedures that are designed to avoid, mitigate, monitor and oversee areas that could present potential conflicts of interest. The adviser attempts to address these potential conflicts of interest through various compliance policies that are generally intended to place all accounts, regardless of fee structure, on the same footing for investment management purposes. For example, the Adviser seeks to minimize the effects of competing interests for the time and attention of portfolio managers by assigning portfolio managers to manage funds and accounts that share a similar investment style. The Adviser has also adopted trade allocation procedures that are designed to facilitate the fair allocation of limited investment opportunities among multiple funds and accounts. The Advisers trade allocation policies generally provide that each days transactions in securities that are purchased or sold by multiple accounts are, insofar as possible, averaged as to price and allocated between such accounts (including the Funds) in a manner which in the Advisers opinion is equitable to each account and in accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each account. Certain exceptions exist for specialty, regional or sector accounts. Trade allocations are reviewed on a periodic basis as part of the Advisers trade oversight procedures in an attempt to ensure fairness over time across accounts and to monitor whether any account is systematically favored over time. There is no guarantee, however, that the policies and procedures adopted by the Adviser and the Funds will be able to detect and/or prevent every situation in which an actual or potential conflict may appear.
These potential conflicts include:
Allocation of Limited Time and Attention. A portfolio manager who is responsible for managing multiple funds and/or accounts may devote unequal time and attention to the management of those funds and/or accounts. As a result, the portfolio manager may not be able to formulate as complete a strategy or identify equally attractive investment opportunities for each of those accounts as might be the case if he or she were to devote substantially more attention to the management of a single fund. The effects of this potential conflict may be more pronounced where funds and/or accounts overseen by a particular portfolio manager have different investment strategies.
28
Allocation of Limited Investment Opportunities. If a portfolio manager identifies a limited investment opportunity that may be suitable for multiple funds and/or accounts, the opportunity may be allocated among these several funds or accounts, which may limit a Funds ability to take full advantage of the investment opportunity.
Pursuit of Differing Strategies. At times, a portfolio manager may determine that an investment opportunity may be appropriate for only some of the funds and/or accounts for which he or she exercises investment responsibility, or may decide that certain of the funds and/or accounts should take differing positions with respect to a particular security. In these cases, the portfolio manager may place separate transactions for one or more funds or accounts which may affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the detriment or benefit of one or more other funds and/or accounts.
Selection of Brokers/Dealers. Portfolio managers may be able to select or influence the selection of the brokers and dealers that are used to execute securities transactions for the funds and/or accounts that they supervise. In addition to executing trades, some brokers and dealers provide portfolio managers with brokerage and research services (as those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), which may result in the payment of higher brokerage fees than might have otherwise been available. These services may be more beneficial to certain funds or accounts than to others.
Variation in Compensation. A conflict of interest may arise where the financial or other benefits available to the portfolio manager differ among the funds and/or accounts that he or she manages. If the structure of the Advisers management fee and/or the portfolio managers compensation differs among funds and/or accounts (such as where certain funds or accounts pay higher management fees or performance-based management fees), the portfolio manager might be motivated to help certain funds and/or accounts over others. The portfolio manager might be motivated to favor funds and/or accounts in which he or she has an interest or in which the Adviser and/or its affiliates have interests. Similarly, the desire to maintain or raise assets under management or to enhance the portfolio managers performance record or to derive other rewards, financial or otherwise, could influence the portfolio manager to lend preferential treatment to those funds and/or accounts that could most significantly benefit the portfolio manager.
Related Business Opportunities. The Adviser or its affiliates may provide more services (such as distribution or recordkeeping) for some types of funds or accounts than for others. In such cases, a portfolio manager may benefit, either directly or indirectly, by devoting disproportionate attention to the management of funds and/or accounts that provide greater overall returns to the Adviser and its affiliates.
Portfolio Manager Compensation
Each portfolio manager is a member (partner) of the Adviser. The compensation of each portfolio manager consists of a partnership interest in the Advisers profits. The compensation program does not disproportionately reward outperformance by higher fee/performance fee products. An Adviser membership interest is the primary incentive for persons to maintain employment with the Adviser. The Adviser believes this is the best incentive to maintain stability of portfolio management personnel.
Portfolio Manager Securities Ownership
The table below identifies ownership of Fund securities by each Portfolio Manager as of September 30, 2009.
FUND |
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PORTFOLIO
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DOLLAR RANGE OF
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IVA Worldwide Fund |
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Charles de Lardemelle |
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Charles de Vaulx |
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IVA International Fund |
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Charles de Lardemelle |
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Charles de Vaulx |
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Principal Underwriter
Shares of the Funds are offered on a continuous basis through the Distributor, located at Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, Maine 04101, as distributor pursuant to a distribution agreement (the Distribution Agreement) between the Distributor and the Funds. Pursuant to the Distribution Agreement, the Distributor shall devote its best efforts to effect sales of Shares of the Funds but shall not be obligated to sell any certain number of Shares.Set forth below are the fees the Funds paid to the Distributor for the period since commencement of operations (October 1, 2008).
Funds |
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Fiscal Year Ended
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Worldwide Fund |
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International Fund |
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(1) Prior to October 1, 2009, the Distributor was Foreside Distribution Services, L.P.
Rule 12b-1 Plans
As described in the Prospectus, the Funds have adopted Rule 12b-1 plans (Plans) for their Class A and Class C shares. The Plans, among other things, permit the Class A and Class C share classes to pay the Distributor quarterly fees, other than in exceptional cases, at annual rates not exceeding 0.25% and 1.00%, respectively, of the assets of the Class A and Class C share classes as compensation for its services as principal underwriter of the shares of such classes. Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, each Plan (together with the Distribution Agreement) was approved by the Funds Board of Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Funds (as defined in the 1940 Act) and who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operations of the Plans or the Distribution Agreement. The principal types of activities for which payments under these Plans may be made include payments to intermediaries for shareholder servicing, for no transaction fee or wrap programs, and for retirement plan record keeping. Payments under the Plans also may be made for activities such as advertising, printing and mailing the Prospectuses to persons who are not current shareholders, compensation to underwriters, compensation to broker-dealers, compensation to sales personnel, and interest, carrying or other financing charges. The Trust believes that the Plans may benefit the Trust by increasing net sales of the Funds (or reducing net redemptions), potentially allowing the Funds to benefit from economies of scale.
Each Plan may be terminated by vote of a majority of the Independent Trustees, or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the relevant class of shares of the relevant Fund. Each Plan may be amended by a vote of the Board of Trustees, including a majority of the Independent Trustees, cast in person at a meeting called for that purpose. Any change in either Plan that would materially increase the fees payable thereunder by the relevant class of shares of the relevant Fund requires approval by a vote of the holders of a majority of such shares outstanding. The Funds Board reviews quarterly a written report detailing the costs and the purposes for which such costs have been incurred.
The Plans will continue in effect for successive one-year periods, provided that each such continuance is specifically approved (i) by the vote of a majority of the Independent Trustees and (ii) by the vote of a majority of the entire Board of Trustees cast in person at a meeting called for that purpose or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding securities of the relevant class.
Set forth below are the fees paid to the Distributor pursuant to the Plans for the Class A and Class C shares of the Funds for the period since commencement of operations (October 1, 2008).
30
Class A Shares
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Fiscal Year Ended
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Funds |
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Distribution
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Contingent
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Worldwide Fund |
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$ |
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International Fund |
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Class C Shares
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Fiscal Year Ended
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Funds |
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Distribution
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Contingent
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Worldwide Fund |
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$ |
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International Fund |
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The following amounts paid to the Distributor under the Plan for Class A shares during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2009 were spent on:
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Trail Commissions
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Finders Fees |
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Promotions
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Prospectus / Shareholder
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Worldwide Fund |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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International Fund |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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Sales Literature |
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Subscriptions |
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Interest
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Other Distribution
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Worldwide Fund |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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International Fund |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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The following amounts paid to the Distributor under the Plan for Class C shares during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2009 were spent on:
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Trail Commissions
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Trail
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Promotions
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Prospectus / Shareholder
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Worldwide Fund |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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International Fund |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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Sales Literature |
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Subscriptions |
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Interest
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Other Distribution
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Worldwide Fund |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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International Fund |
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$ |
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$ |
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$ |
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31
The Plans compensate the Distributor regardless of its expenses.
No interested person of the Funds nor any Independent Trustee has any direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Plans except to the extent that the Distributor, the Adviser or certain of their employees may be deemed to have such an interest as a result of benefits derived from the successful operation of the Plans.
Other Service Providers
Administrator
The Trust has entered into an administration agreement dated August 21, 2008, with State Street Bank and Trust Company (Administrator), Two Avenue de Lafayette, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, pursuant to which State Street provides administrative services to the Funds. The Administrator is responsible for (i) the general administrative duties associated with the day-to-day operations of the Funds; (ii) conducting relations with the custodian, independent registered public accounting firm, legal counsel and other service providers; (iii) providing regulatory reporting; and (iv) providing necessary office space, equipment, personnel, compensation and facilities for handling the affairs of the Funds. In performing its duties and obligations under the Administration Agreement, the Administrator shall not be held liable except in the case of its gross negligence or willful misconduct in the performance of its duties. For providing these services, State Street receives a fee which is calculated daily and paid monthly at an annual rate based on the average daily net assets of the Funds as follows: 0.04% on the first $1.0 billion of net assets, 0.03% on the next $1.0 billion of net assets and 0.02% on net assets over $2.0 billion. There is a minimum annual charge of $135,000 per Fund.
Set forth below are the fees the Funds paid to the Administrator for the period since commencement of operations (October 1, 2008).
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Fiscal Year Ended
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Worldwide Fund |
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International Fund |
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Transfer Agent/Dividend Disbursing Agent
Boston Financial Data Services, Inc. is the Transfer Agent for the Funds shares and the Dividend Disbursing Agent for payment of dividends and distributions on Fund shares. The principal business address of the Transfer Agent is 2 Heritage Drive, North Quincy, Massachusetts 02171.
Custodian
State Street Bank and Trust Company (the Custodian), located at 200 Newport Avenue, North Quincy, Massachusetts 02171, serves as the custodian for the Funds. As such, the Custodian holds in safekeeping certificated securities and cash belonging to each Fund and, in such capacity, is the registered owner of securities in book-entry form belonging to each Fund. Upon instruction, the Custodian receives and delivers cash and securities of each Fund in connection with Fund transactions and collects all dividends and other distributions made with respect to Fund portfolio securities. The Custodian also maintains certain accounts and records of the Funds and calculates the total net asset value, total net income and net asset value per share of each Fund on a daily basis.
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
serves as each Funds independent registered public accountant. provides audit services, tax return preparation and assistance and consultation in connection with the review of SEC filings. is located at .
The financial statements of the Funds included or incorporated by reference in the Prospectus and SAI have been audited by as stated in their report which is also included or incorporated by reference in the Prospectus and SAI, and have been so included or incorporated by reference in reliance upon the report of such firm, given on
32
the authority of that firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
Counsel
K&L Gates LLP serves as counsel to the Funds, and is located at State Street Financial Center, One Lincoln Street Boston, Massachusetts 02111-2950
REVENUE SHARING
The Distributor, the Adviser or an affiliate may, from time to time, out of its (or their) own resources, make substantial cash paymentssometimes referred to as revenue sharing to broker-dealers or financial intermediaries for various reasons in addition to any Rule 12b-1 payments described elsewhere in this SAI. These payments may support the delivery of services to the Funds or to shareholders in the Funds, including, without limitation, transaction processing and sub-accounting services. The recipients of such payments may include the Distributor, other affiliates of the Adviser, and broker-dealers, financial institutions, plan sponsors and administrators and other financial intermediaries through which investors may purchase shares of a Fund. In some circumstances, such payments may create an incentive for an intermediary or its employees or associated persons to recommend or sell shares of a Fund to you, rather than shares of another mutual fund. Please contact your financial intermediary or plan administrator or sponsor for details about revenue sharing payments it may receive.
Revenue sharing payments may include any portion of sub-transfer agency fees that exceed the costs of similar services provided by the Funds transfer agent, Boston Financial Data Services, Inc. Such excess sub-transfer agency payments are paid by the Distributor, the Adviser or an affiliate out of its or their own resources. Because payments will vary according to a number of factors (including, for example, numbers of shareholder accounts serviced), the firms receiving the largest such excess payments from these parties can be expected to change in order and composition from time to time.
PURCHASE, REDEMPTION AND EXCHANGE OF SHARES
The methods of buying and selling shares and the sales charges applicable to purchases of shares of a Fund are described in the Funds Prospectus. As stated in the Prospectus, shares of each Fund may be purchased at net asset value by various persons associated with the Trust, the Adviser, certain firms providing services to the Trust or affiliates thereof for the purpose of promoting good will with employees and others with whom the Trust has business relationships, as well as in other special circumstances. Shares are offered to other persons at net asset value in circumstances where there are economies of selling efforts and sales related expenses with respect to offers to certain investors.
The Funds reserve the right to make payment in securities rather than cash. If a Fund deems it advisable for the benefit of all shareholders that a redemption payment wholly or partly in-kind would be in the best interests of the Funds remaining shareholders, the Fund may pay redemption proceeds to you in whole or in part with securities held by the Fund. A redemption-in kind could occur under extraordinary circumstances, such as a very large redemption that could affect a Funds operations. Securities used to redeem Fund shares will be valued as described in the Funds Prospectus. A Fund is obligated to redeem shares solely in cash up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of its net assets during any 90-day period for any one shareholder. Redemptions in-kind may only be made with liquid securities. A shareholder will bear market risk for the securities received as a result of a redemption-in kind and a shareholder may pay brokerage charges on the sale of any securities received as a result of a redemption-in kind.
COMPUTATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
As described in the Prospectus under the heading How Fund Share Prices are Calculated, the net asset value per share (NAV) of a Funds shares of a particular class is determined by dividing the total value of a Funds portfolio investments and other assets attributable to that class, less any liabilities, by the total number of shares outstanding of that class. The Prospectus further notes that Fund shares are valued on each day that the New York Stock Exchange is open (a Business Day), and describes the time (the Valuation Time) as of which Fund shares are valued each Business Day. The Trust expects that the holidays upon which the New York Stock Exchange will be closed are as follows: New Years Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.
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Each Funds liabilities are allocated among its classes. The total of such liabilities allocated to a class plus that classs distribution and/or servicing fees and any other expenses specially allocated to that class are then deducted from the classs proportionate interest in the Funds assets, and the resulting amount for each class is divided by the number of shares of that class outstanding to produce the classs NAV. Under certain circumstances, NAV of classes of shares of the Funds with higher service and/or distribution fees may be lower than NAV of the classes of shares with lower or no service and/or distribution fees as a result of the relative daily expense accruals that result from paying different service and/or distribution fees. Generally, for funds that pay income dividends, those dividends are expected to differ over time by approximately the amount of the expense accrual differential between a particular Funds classes. In accordance with regulations governing registered investment companies, a Funds transactions in portfolio securities and purchases and sales of Fund shares (which bear upon the number of Fund shares outstanding) are generally not reflected in the NAV determined for the Business Day on which the transactions are effected (the trade date), but rather on the following Business Day.
The Board of Trustees of the Trust has delegated primary responsibility for determining or causing to be determined the value of the Funds portfolio securities and other assets (including any fair value pricing) and NAV of the Funds shares to the Administrator, pursuant to valuation policies and procedures approved by the Board (the Valuation Procedures). The Administrator has, in turn, delegated various of these responsibilities to the Custodian, and other agents. The Trustees have established a Pricing and Fair Valuation Committee to which they have delegated responsibility to officers of the Adviser for overseeing the implementation of the Valuation Procedures and fair value determinations made on behalf of the Board. As described in the Prospectus, for purposes of calculating NAV, the Funds investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at market value. The following summarizes the methods used by the Funds to determine market values for the noted types of securities or instruments (although other appropriate market-based methods may be used at any time or from time to time):
Equity securities are generally valued at the official closing price or the last sale price on the exchange or over-the-counter market that is the primary market for such securities. If no sales or closing prices are reported during the day, equity securities are generally valued at the mean of the last available bid and asked quotations on the exchange or market on which the security is primarily traded, or using other market information obtained from a quotation reporting system, established market makers, or pricing services. If there is only a bid or only an asked price on such date, valuation will be at such bid or asked price for long or short positions, respectively.
Precious metals are valued at the spot price at the time trading on the New York Stock Exchange closes (normally 4:00 p.m. E.S.T.).
Debt securities (except for short-term investments as described below) for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the mean between the last bid and asked prices received from dealers in the over-the-counter market in the United States or abroad, except that when no asked price is available, debt securities are valued at the last bid price alone. Short-term investments having a maturity of 60 days or less are generally valued at amortized cost.
Forward currency contracts are valued at the current cost of offsetting such contracts. Futures contracts are generally valued at the settlement price determined by the exchange on which the instrument is primarily traded or, if there were no trades that day for a particular instrument, at the mean of the last available bid and asked quotations on the market in which the instrument is primarily traded.
Exchange-traded options are generally valued at the mean of the bid and asked quotations on the exchange at closing. Exchange-traded options may also be valued at their NBBO (national best bid and offer from participant exchanges) reported by the Options Price Reporting Authority. Over-the-counter options not traded on an exchange are valued at the mean of the bid and asked quotations. If there is only a bid or only an asked price on such date, valuation will be at such bid or asked price for long or short options, respectively.
Swap agreements are generally valued using a broker-dealer bid quotation or on market-based prices provided by approved pricing sources.
Portfolio securities and other assets initially valued in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are converted to U.S. dollars using exchange rates obtained from pricing services. The value of any investment that is listed or traded on more than one exchange is based on the exchange or market determined by the Adviser to be the primary trading venue for that investment. A quotation from the exchange or market deemed by the Adviser to be the secondary
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trading venue for a particular investment may be relied upon in instances where a quotation is not available on the primary exchange or market.
As described in the Prospectus, if market quotations are not readily available (including in cases where available market quotations are deemed to be unreliable), the Funds investments will be valued as determined in good faith pursuant to the Valuation Procedures (so-called fair value pricing). Fair value pricing may require subjective determinations about the value of a security or other asset, and fair values used to determine a Funds NAV may differ from quoted or published prices, or from prices that are used by others, for the same investments. Also, the use of fair value pricing may not always result in adjustments to the prices of securities or other assets held by a Fund. The Prospectus provides additional information regarding the circumstances in which fair value pricing may be used and related information.
TAX STATUS
Taxation of the Funds: In General
The following discussion of the U.S. federal income tax consequences of investment in a Fund is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), U.S. Treasury regulations, and other applicable authority, as of the date of this SAI. These authorities are subject to change by legislative or administrative action, possibly with retroactive effect. The following discussion is only a summary of some of the important U.S. federal tax considerations generally applicable to investments in a Fund. There may be other tax considerations applicable to particular shareholders. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding their particular situation and the possible application of foreign, state and local tax laws.
Each Fund intends to elect to be treated and to qualify each year as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. In order to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded regulated investment companies and their shareholders, each Fund must, among other things:
(a) derive at least 90% of its gross income for each taxable year from (i) dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies and (ii) net income derived from interests in qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined below);
(b) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of the quarter of each Funds taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the market value of each Funds total assets consists of cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to a value not greater than 5% of the value of the Funds total assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of the Funds total assets is invested (x) in the securities (other than those of the U.S. government or other regulated investment companies) of any one issuer or of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and that are engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses, or (y) in the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined below); and
(c) distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code without regard to the deduction for dividends paidgenerally taxable ordinary income and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses) and net tax-exempt interest income, for such year.
For purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described in (a) above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership which would be qualifying income if realized by the regulated investment company. However, 100% of the net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership will be treated as qualifying income. A qualified publicly traded partnership is defined as a partnership (i) interests in which are traded on an established securities market or readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof, (ii) that derives at least 90% of its income from the passive income sources defined in Code section 7704(d), and (iii) that derives less than 90% of its income from the qualifying income described in (a)(i) above. In addition, although in general the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to regulated investment companies, such rules do apply to a regulated investment company with respect to items attributable to an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership.
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Gains from foreign currencies (including foreign currency options, foreign currency swaps, foreign currency futures and foreign currency forward contracts) currently constitute qualifying income for purposes of the 90% good income test, described in (a) above. However, the Treasury Department has the authority to issue regulations (possibly with retroactive effect) excluding from the definition of qualifying income a Funds foreign currency gains to the extent that such income is not directly related to the Funds principal business of investing in stock or securities.
For purposes of the diversification requirements described in (b) above, in the case of a Funds investment in loan participations, the Fund shall treat both the financial intermediary and the issuer of the underlying loan as an issuer. Also, for purposes of (b) above, the term outstanding voting securities of such issuer will include the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership.
Each Fund may invest in certain assets that do not give rise to good income and do not constitute securities for purposes of the regulated investment company qualification tests referred to above. Each Fund may also invest in other assets, such as various derivative and structured investment products, the status of which as securities for the above purposes may not be fully settled.
For example, income derived from investing or trading in precious metals is not qualifying income for purposes of the 90% good income requirement, unless the investment in metals is made for purposes of hedging a Funds investment in securities of issuers engaged in metals-related businesses, such as mining companies. Also, under an Internal Revenue Service revenue ruling effective after September 30, 2006, income from certain commodities-linked derivatives is not considered qualifying income for purposes of the 90% good income test. Although certain commodity-linked notes are not affected by this revenue ruling, it is unclear what other types of commodity-linked derivatives are affected.
In general, if a Fund qualifies as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax treatment, that Fund will not be subject to federal income tax on income distributed in a timely manner to its shareholders in the form of dividends (including Capital Gain Dividends, as defined below).
By contrast, if a Fund were to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company in any taxable year, that Fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates. In addition, all distributions from earnings and profits, including any distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital gains, would be taxable to shareholders as dividend income. Some portions of such distributions may be eligible for the dividends received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders or may be treated as qualified dividend income to individual shareholders. Finally, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before requalifying as a regulated investment company.
Each Fund intends to distribute at least annually to its shareholders all or substantially all of its investment company taxable income (computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction) and may distribute its net capital gain. Investment company taxable income that is retained by the Fund will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates. If a Fund retains any net capital gain, it will be subject to tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained. However, a Fund may designate the retained capital gain amount as undistributed capital gains in a notice to its shareholders who (i) will be required to include in income for federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their share of such undistributed amount, and (ii) will be entitled to credit their proportionate share of the tax paid by the Fund on such undistributed amount against their federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim refunds on a properly-filed U.S. tax return to the extent the credit exceeds such liabilities. For federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of shares owned by a shareholder of the Fund will be increased by an amount equal under current law to the difference between the amount of undistributed capital gains included in the shareholders gross income and the tax deemed paid by the shareholder under clause (ii) of the preceding sentence.
In determining its net capital gain for Capital Gain Dividend purposes, a regulated investment company generally must treat any net capital loss or any net long-term capital loss incurred after October 31 as if it had been incurred in the succeeding year. Treasury regulations permit a regulated investment company, in determining its taxable income, to elect to treat all or part of any net capital loss, any net long-term capital loss or any foreign currency loss incurred after October 31 as if it had been incurred in the succeeding year.
If a Fund fails to distribute in a calendar year an amount at least equal to the sum of 98% of its ordinary income for such year and 98% of its capital gain net income for the one-year period ending October 31 of such year, plus any
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retained amount from the prior year, that Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax on the under-distributed amounts. For these purposes, a Fund will be treated as having distributed any amount on which it has been subject to corporate income tax in the taxable year ending within the calendar year. A dividend paid to shareholders in January of a year generally is deemed to have been paid by a Fund on December 31 of the preceding year, if the dividend was declared and payable to shareholders of record on a date in October, November or December of that preceding year. Each Fund intends generally to make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the 4% excise tax, although there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so.
Fund Distributions
Except in the case of certain shareholders eligible for preferential tax treatment, e.g. , qualified retirement or pension trusts, shareholders of each Fund generally will be subject to federal income tax on Fund distributions. Distributions are taxable whether shareholders receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares through a dividend reinvestment plan.
Distributions are taxable to shareholders even if they are paid from income or gains earned by a Fund before a shareholders investment (and thus were included in the price the shareholder paid for his or her shares). Such distributions are likely to occur in respect of shares purchased at a time when the Funds net asset value reflects gains that are either unrealized, or realized but not distributed. Such realized gains may be required to be distributed even when a Funds net asset value also reflects unrealized losses.
Distributions by a Fund of investment income generally will be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the Fund owned the investments that generated them, rather than how long a shareholder has owned his or her shares. Distributions of net capital gains from the sale of investments that the Fund owned for more than one year and that are properly designated by the Fund as capital gain dividends (Capital Gain Dividends) will be taxable as long-term capital gains. Distributions from capital gains are generally made after applying any available capital loss carryovers. Long-term capital gain rates applicable to individuals have been temporarily reducedin general, to 15% with lower rates applying to taxpayers in the 10% and 15% rate bracketsfor taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011. Distributions of gains from the sale of investments that the Fund owned for one year or less will be taxable as ordinary income.
For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, distributions of investment income designated by a Fund as derived from qualified dividend income will be taxed in the hands of individuals at the rates applicable to long-term capital gain, provided that both the shareholder and the Fund meet certain holding period and other requirements. Specifically, in order for some portion of the dividends received by a Fund shareholder to be qualified dividend income, the Fund must meet certain holding period and other requirements with respect to some portion of the dividend-paying stocks in its portfolio and the shareholder must meet certain holding period and other requirements with respect to the Funds shares. A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income (at either the Fund or shareholder level) (1) if the dividend is received with respect to any share of stock held for fewer than 61 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date which is 60 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (or, in the case of certain preferred stock, 91 days during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date), (2) to the extent that the recipient is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property, (3) if the recipient elects to have the dividend income treated as investment income for purposes of the limitation on deductibility of investment interest, or (4) if the dividend is received from a foreign corporation that is (a) not eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States (with the exception of dividends paid on stock of such a foreign corporation that is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States) or (b) treated as a passive foreign investment company.
In general, distributions of investment income designated by the Fund as derived from qualified dividend income will be treated as qualified dividend income by a shareholder taxed as an individual, provided the shareholder meets the holding period and other requirements described above with respect to the Funds shares. If the aggregate qualified dividends received by the Fund during any taxable year are 95% or more of its gross income (excluding net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), then 100% of the Funds dividends (other than dividends properly designated as Capital Gain Dividends) will be eligible to be treated as qualified dividend income.
Dividends of net investment income received by corporate shareholders of each Fund will qualify for the 70% dividends received deduction generally available to corporations to the extent of the amount of qualifying dividends
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received by the Fund from domestic corporations for the taxable year. A dividend received by a Fund will not be treated as a qualifying dividend (1) if the stock on which the dividend is paid is considered to be debt-financed (generally, acquired with borrowed funds), (2) if it has been received with respect to any share of stock that the Fund has held for less than 46 days during the 91-day period beginning on the date which is 45 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (less than 91 days during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date in the case of certain preferred stock) or (3) to the extent that the Fund is under an obligation (pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. Moreover, the dividends received deduction may be disallowed or reduced (1) if the corporate shareholder fails to satisfy the foregoing requirements with respect to its shares of the Fund or (2) otherwise by application of the Code.
A portion of the interest paid or accrued on certain high yield discount obligations owned by a Fund may be treated as a dividend for purposes of the corporate dividends received deduction. In such cases, if the issuer of the high yield discount obligations is a domestic corporation, dividend payments by the Fund may be eligible for the dividends received deduction to the extent of the deemed dividend portion of such accrued interest.
If a Fund makes a distribution to a shareholder in excess of the Funds current and accumulated earnings and profits in any taxable year, the excess distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of such shareholders tax basis in its shares, and thereafter as capital gain. A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces a shareholders tax basis in its shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable disposition by the shareholder of its shares.
Sales, Redemptions, and Exchanges
The sale, exchange or redemption of Fund shares may give rise to a gain or loss. In general, any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than 12 months. Otherwise, the gain or loss on a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss. However, any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received (or deemed received) by the shareholder with respect to the shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will be disallowed if other substantially identical shares of the Fund are purchased within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
Foreign Taxes and Investments .
Income received by a Fund from sources within foreign countries may be subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by such countries. Tax treaties between certain countries and the U.S. may reduce or eliminate such taxes. If more than 50% of a Funds assets at year end consist of the securities of foreign corporations, the Fund may elect to permit shareholders to claim a credit or deduction on their income tax returns for their pro rata portions of qualified taxes paid by the Fund to foreign countries in respect of foreign securities that the Fund has held for at least the minimum period specified in the Code. In such a case, shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata share of such taxes. A shareholders ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by a Fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in the shareholders not getting a full credit or deduction for the amount of such taxes. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but not a deduction) for such foreign taxes.
A Fund may invest in one or more passive foreign investment companies (PFICs). A PFIC is generally any foreign corporation if, for any year in the Funds holding period, (i) 75 percent or more of the income of the corporation is passive income, or (ii) at least 50 percent of the assets of the corporation (generally by value, but by adjusted tax basis in certain cases) produce or are held for the production of passive income. Generally, passive income for this purpose means dividends, interest (including income equivalent to interest), royalties, rents, annuities, the excess of gain over losses from certain property transactions and commodities transactions, and foreign currency gains.
Investments by a Fund in a PFIC could potentially subject the Fund to a U.S. federal income tax (including interest charges) on distributions received from the PFIC or on proceeds received from the disposition of shares in the PFIC. This tax cannot be eliminated by making distributions to Fund shareholders. However, a Fund may make elections
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to avoid the imposition of such taxes. For example, a Fund may be able to elect to treat a PFIC as a qualified electing fund (i.e., make a QEF election), in which case the Fund will be required to include its share of the PFICs income and net capital gains annually, regardless of whether it receives any distribution from the PFIC. A Fund may also make an election to mark the gains (and to a limited extent losses) in a PFIC to the market as though it had sold and repurchased its holdings in the PFIC on the last day of the Funds taxable year. Such gains and losses are treated as ordinary income and loss. The QEF and mark-to-market elections may accelerate the recognition of income by the Fund (without the receipt of cash) and increase the amount required to be distributed by the Fund to avoid taxation. Making either of these elections therefore may require the Fund to liquidate other investments (including when it is not advantageous to do so) to meet its distribution requirement, which also may accelerate the recognition of gain and affect the Funds total return. Dividends paid by PFICs will not be eligible to be treated as qualified dividend income.
Finally, a Funds transactions in foreign currencies, foreign currency-denominated debt obligations and certain foreign currency options, futures contracts and forward contracts (and similar instruments) may give rise to ordinary income or loss to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency concerned.
Certain Investments in Debt Obligations
If a Fund purchases a debt obligation with acquisition discount or original issue discount (OID), the Fund may be required to include the acquisition discount or OID in income over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, usually when the debt security matures. A Fund may make one or more of the elections applicable to debt obligations having acquisition discount or OID, which could affect the character and timing of recognition of income by the Fund. The Fund may be required to pay out as an income distribution each year an amount which is greater than the total amount of cash interest the Fund actually received. Such distributions may be made from the cash assets of the Fund or by liquidation of portfolio securities, if necessary. The Fund may realize gains or losses from such liquidations. In the event the Fund realizes net capital gains from such transactions, its shareholders may receive a larger distributions than they would in the absence of such transactions.
Payment-in-kind securities will also give rise to income which is required to be distributed even though the Fund holding the security receives no interest payment in cash on the security during the year. In addition, investments in certain ETNs may accrue interest which is required to be distributed to shareholders, even though the Fund may not receive any interest payment in cash on the security during the year.
Investments in debt obligations that are in the lowest rating categories or are unrated, including debt obligations of issuers at risk of or in default present special tax issues for the Fund. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as when the Fund may cease to accrue interest, OID or market discount, when and to what extent deductions may be taken for bad debts or worthless securities and how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and interest. These and other related issues will be addressed by each Fund when, as and if it invests in such securities, in order to seek to ensure that it distributes sufficient income to preserve its status as a regulated investment company and does not become subject to U.S. federal income or excise tax.
Derivative Transactions
If a Fund engages in derivative transactions, including transactions in options, futures contracts, forward contracts, swap agreements, foreign currencies and straddles, other Section 1256 contracts or other similar transactions, including for hedging purposes, it will be subject to special tax rules (including mark-to-market, constructive sale, straddle, wash sale and short sale rules), the effect of which may be to accelerate income to the Fund, defer losses to the Fund, cause adjustments in the holding periods of the Funds securities, convert long-term capital gains into short-term capital gains and convert short-term capital losses into long-term capital losses. These rules could therefore affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders.
A Funds transactions in foreign currency-denominated debt instruments and certain of its derivative activities may produce a difference between its book income and its taxable income. If the Funds book income exceeds its taxable income, the distribution (if any) of such excess generally will be treated as (i) a dividend to the extent of the Funds remaining earnings and profits (including earnings and profits arising from tax-exempt income), (ii) thereafter, as a return of capital to the extent of the recipients basis in its shares, and (iii) thereafter, as gain from the sale or
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exchange of a capital asset. If the Funds book income is less than the sum of its taxable income and net tax-exempt income (if any), the Fund could be required to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify as a regulated investment company and to eliminate fund-level income tax.
Certain Investments in Real Estate Investment Trusts.
If a Fund invests in equity securities of real estate investment trusts (REITs), such investments may require the Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. In order to generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, a Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. A Funds investment in REIT equity securities may at other times result in the Funds receipt of cash in excess of the REITs earnings. If a Fund distributes such amounts, such distribution could constitute a return of capital to the Funds shareholders for federal income tax purposes. Dividends received by a Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income.
A Fund may invest directly or indirectly in residual interests in real estate mortgage investment conduits (REMICs) or equity interests in taxable mortgage pools (TMPs) or REITs that invest in TMPs. Under a notice issued by the IRS and Treasury regulations that have not yet been issued, but may apply retroactively, a portion of a Funds income (including income allocated to the Fund from a REIT or other pass-through entity) that is attributable to a residual interest in a REMIC or an equity interest in a TMP (referred to in the Code as an excess inclusion) will be subject to federal income tax in all events. This notice also provides, and the regulations are expected to provide, that excess inclusion income of a regulated investment company, such as the Funds, will be allocated to shareholders of the regulated investment company in proportion to the dividends received by such shareholders, with the same consequences as if the shareholders held the related interest directly. As a result, a Fund investing in such interests may not be a suitable investment for certain tax-exempt shareholders, as discussed under Tax-Exempt Shareholders below.
In general, excess inclusion income allocated to shareholders (i) cannot be offset by net operating losses (subject to a limited exception for certain thrift institutions), (ii) will constitute unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) to entities (including a qualified pension plan, an individual retirement account, a 401(k) plan, a Keogh plan or other tax-exempt entity) subject to tax on unrelated business income, thereby potentially requiring such an entity that is allocated excess inclusion income, and otherwise might not be required to file a tax return, to file a tax return and pay tax on such income, and (iii) in the case of a non-U.S. shareholder, will not qualify for any reduction in U.S. federal withholding tax.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders
Under current law, the Funds generally serve to block (that is, prevent the attribution to shareholders of) UBTI from being realized by tax-exempt shareholders. Notwithstanding this blocking effect, a tax-exempt shareholder of a Fund could realize UBTI by virtue of its investment in a Fund if shares in that Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of Code Section 514(b). A tax-exempt shareholder may also recognize UBTI if a Fund recognizes excess inclusion income derived from direct or indirect investments in residual interests in REMICS or equity interests in TMPs (as described above). Any investment by a Fund in residual interests of a Collateralized Mortgage Obligation (a CMO) that has elected to be treated as a REMIC can create complex tax problems, especially if the Fund has state or local governments or other tax-exempt organizations as shareholders.
In addition, special tax consequences apply to charitable remainder trusts (CRTs) that invest in regulated investment companies that invest directly or indirectly in residual interests in REMICs or equity interests in TMPs. Under legislation enacted in December 2006, a CRT, as defined in section 664 of the Code, that realizes UBTI for a taxable year must pay an excise tax annually of an amount equal to such UBTI. Under IRS guidance issued in November 2006, a CRT will not recognize UBTI solely as a result of investing in a Fund that recognizes excess inclusion income (which is described earlier). Rather, as described above, if at any time during any taxable year a CRT (or one of certain other tax-exempt shareholders, such as the United States, a state or political subdivision, or an agency or instrumentality thereof, and certain energy cooperatives) is a record holder of a share in a Fund that recognizes excess inclusion income, then such Fund will be subject to a tax on that portion of its excess inclusion income for the taxable year that is allocable to such shareholders at the highest federal corporate income tax rate. The extent to which the IRS guidance in respect of CRTs remains applicable in light of the December 2006 CRT legislation is unclear. To the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the Funds may elect to allocate any such tax
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specifically to the applicable CRT, or other shareholder, and thus reduce such shareholders distributions for the year by the amount of the tax that relates to such shareholders interest in the Fund. CRTs are urged to consult their tax advisors concerning the consequences of investing in a Fund.
Backup Withholding
Each Fund generally is required to withhold and remit to the U.S. Treasury a percentage of the taxable distributions and redemption proceeds paid to any individual shareholder who fails to properly furnish the Fund with a correct taxpayer identification number (TIN), who has under-reported dividend or interest income, or who fails to certify to the Fund that he or she is not subject to such withholding. The backup withholding tax rate is 28% for amounts paid through 2010. This rate will expire, and the backup withholding tax rate will be 31% for amounts paid after December 31, 2010, unless Congress enacts legislation providing otherwise.
Non-U.S. Shareholders .
In general, dividends (other than capital gain dividends) paid by a Fund to a shareholder that is not a U.S. person within the meaning of the Code (such shareholder, a foreign person) are subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30 percent (or lower applicable treaty rate) even if they are funded by income or gains (such as portfolio interest, short-term capital gains, or foreign-source dividend and interest income) that, if paid to a foreign person directly, would not be subject to withholding.
For taxable years of a Fund beginning before January 1, 2010, a Fund is not required to withhold any amounts with respect to (i) distributions of net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses, and (ii) distributions of U.S.-source interest income that would not be subject to U.S. federal income tax if earned directly by a foreign person, in each case to the extent that the Fund properly designated such distributions. A Fund was also allowed to opt not to designate dividends as interest-related dividends or short-term capital gain dividends to the full extent permitted by the Code. The exemption from withholding for interest related and short-term capital gain dividends expires for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2010.
In order to qualify for this exemption from withholding, if it is reinstated, a foreign person will need to comply with applicable certification requirements relating to its non-US status (including, in general, furnishing an IRS Form W-8BEN or substitute Form). In the case of shares held through an intermediary, the intermediary may withhold even if the Fund makes a designation with respect to a payment. Foreign persons should contact their intermediaries regarding the application of these rules to their accounts.
Under U.S. federal tax law, a beneficial holder of shares who is a foreign person is not, in general, subject to U.S. federal income tax on gains (and is not allowed a deduction for losses) realized on the sale of shares of a Fund or on Capital Gain Dividends unless (i) such gain or Capital Gain Dividend is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business carried on by such holder within the United States or (ii) in the case of an individual holder, the holder is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the sale or Capital Gain Dividend and certain other conditions are met. If a shareholder is eligible for the benefits of a tax treaty, any effectively connected income or gain will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net basis only if it is also attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the shareholder in the United States.
In order for a foreign investor to qualify for an exemption from the backup withholding, the foreign investor must comply with special certification and filing requirements. Foreign investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisers in this regard. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be credited against the shareholders U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the appropriate information is furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.
A beneficial holder of shares who is a foreign person may be subject to state and local tax and to the U.S. federal estate tax in addition to the federal tax on income referred to above.
Tax Deferred Plans
Special tax rules apply to investments through defined contribution plans and other tax-qualified plans. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the suitability of shares of a Fund as an investment through such plans and the precise effect of such an investment on their particular tax situation.
41
Tax Shelter Reporting
Under Treasury regulations, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file with the Internal Revenue Service a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a regulated investment company are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all regulated investment companies. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayers treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE
Investment Decisions and Portfolio Transactions
Investment decisions for the Funds are made with a view to achieving their respective investment objectives. Investment decisions are the product of many factors in addition to basic suitability for the particular client involved (including the Funds). Some securities considered for investment by the Funds may also be appropriate for other clients served by the Adviser. Thus, a particular security may be bought or sold for certain clients even though it could have been bought or sold for other clients at the same time. If a purchase or sale of securities consistent with the investment policies of a Fund and one or more of these clients is considered at or about the same time, transactions in such securities will be allocated among the Fund and clients in a manner deemed fair and reasonable by the Adviser. Particularly when investing in less liquid or illiquid securities of smaller capitalization companies, such allocation may take into account the asset size of a Fund in determining whether the allocation of an investment is suitable. The Adviser may aggregate orders for the Funds with simultaneous transactions entered into on behalf of its other clients so long as price and transaction expenses are averaged either for the portfolio transaction or for that day. Likewise, a particular security may be bought for one or more clients when one or more clients are selling the security. In some instances, one client may sell a particular security to another client. It also sometimes happens that two or more clients simultaneously purchase or sell the same security, in which event each days transactions in such security are, insofar as possible, averaged as to price and allocated between such clients in a manner which in the Advisers opinion is equitable to each and in accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each. There may be circumstances when purchases or sales of portfolio securities for one or more clients will have an adverse effect on other clients, including the Funds.
Brokerage and Research Services
There is generally no stated commission in the case of securities traded on a principal basis in the over-the-counter markets, but the price paid by the Funds usually includes an undisclosed dealer commission or markup. In underwritten offerings, the price paid by the Funds includes a disclosed, fixed commission or discount retained by the underwriter or dealer. Transactions on U.S. stock exchanges and other agency transactions involve the payment by the Funds of negotiated brokerage commissions. Such commissions vary among different brokers. Also, a particular broker may charge different commissions according to such factors as the difficulty and size of the transaction. Transactions in non-U.S. securities generally involve the payment of fixed brokerage commissions, which are generally higher than those in the United States. The purchase by a Fund of participations or assignments may be pursuant to privately negotiated transactions pursuant to which a Fund may by required to pay fees to the seller or forego a portion of payments in respect of the participation agreement.
The Adviser places orders for the purchase and sale of portfolio securities, options and futures contracts and buys and sells such securities, options and futures for a Fund through a substantial number of brokers and dealers. In so doing, the Adviser uses its best efforts to obtain for the Fund the most favorable price and execution available, except to the extent it may be permitted to pay higher brokerage commissions as described below. In seeking the most favorable price and execution, the Adviser, having in mind a Funds best interests, considers all factors it deems relevant, including, by way of illustration, price, the size of the transaction, the nature of the market for the security, the amount of the commission, the timing of the transaction taking into account market prices and trends, the reputation, experience and financial stability of the broker-dealer involved and the quality of service rendered by the broker-dealer in that or other transactions.
42
The Adviser places orders for the purchase and sale of portfolio investments for a Funds accounts with brokers or dealers selected by it in its discretion. In effecting purchases and sales of portfolio securities for the accounts of the Funds, the Adviser will seek the best price and execution of the Funds orders. In doing so, a Fund may pay higher commission rates than the lowest available when the Adviser believes it is reasonable to do so in light of the value of the brokerage and research services provided by the broker effecting the transaction, as discussed below. Although the Funds may use a broker-dealer that sells Fund shares to effect transactions for the Funds portfolios, the Funds will not consider the sale of Fund shares as a factor when selecting broker-dealers to execute those transactions.
Each Fund currently has no intention to use soft dollars.
It has for many years been a common practice in the investment advisory business for advisers of investment companies and other institutional investors to receive research and brokerage products and services (together, services) from broker-dealers which execute portfolio transactions for the clients of such advisers. Consistent with this practice, the Adviser receives services from many broker-dealers with which the Adviser places the Funds portfolio transactions. These services, which in some cases may also be purchased for cash, may include, among other things, such items as general economic and security market reviews, industry and company reviews, evaluations of securities, recommendations as to the purchase and sale of securities, and services related to the execution of securities transactions. The advisory fees paid by the Funds are not reduced because the Adviser receives such services even though the receipt of such services relieves the Adviser from expenses they might otherwise bear. Research and brokerage services provided by broker-dealers chosen by the Adviser to place the Funds portfolio transactions may be useful to the Adviser in providing services to the Advisers other clients, although not all of these services may be necessarily useful and of value to the Adviser in managing the Funds. Conversely, research and brokerage services provided to the Adviser by broker-dealers in connection with trades executed on behalf of other clients of the Adviser may be useful to the Adviser in managing the Funds, although not all of these services may be necessarily useful and of value to the Adviser in managing such other clients.
In reliance on the safe harbor provided by Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the 1934 Act), the Adviser may cause a Fund to pay a broker-dealer which provides brokerage and research services (as defined for purposes of Section 28(e)) to the Adviser an amount of commission for effecting a securities transaction for the Fund in excess of the commission which another broker-dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction if the Adviser determines in good faith that the commission is reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided by the broker-dealer viewed in terms of either a particular transaction or the Advisers overall responsibilities to the advisory accounts for which it exercises investment discretion.
The Adviser may place orders for the purchase and sale of exchange-listed portfolio securities with a broker-dealer that is an affiliate of the Adviser where, in the judgment of the Adviser, such firm will be able to obtain a price and execution at least as favorable as other qualified broker-dealers. Pursuant to rules of the SEC, a broker-dealer that is an affiliate of the Adviser may receive and retain compensation for effecting portfolio transactions for a Fund on a securities exchange if the commissions paid to such an affiliated broker-dealer by a Fund on exchange transactions do not exceed usual and customary brokerage commissions. The rules define usual and customary commissions to include amounts which are reasonable and fair compared to the commission, fee or other remuneration received or to be received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold on a securities exchange during a comparable period of time.
The table below shows information on brokerage commissions paid by each Fund since the commencement of operations (October 1, 2008), all of which were paid to entities that are not affiliated with the Funds or Advisor.
Funds |
|
Fiscal
year ended
|
|
Worldwide Fund |
|
$ |
|
International Fund |
|
$ |
|
Regular Broker Dealers . Each Fund is required to identify the securities of its regular brokers or dealers (as defined in Rule 10b-1 under the 1940 Act) or their parent companies held by the Fund as of the close of their most recent fiscal year and state the value of such holdings. As of September 30, 2009, the Funds held securities in the indicated firms in the following amounts:
43
Worldwide Fund |
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
|
|
International Fund |
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
|
|
$ |
|
DESCRIPTION OF THE TRUST
The Trusts Declaration of Trust permits the Trustees to issue an unlimited number of full and fractional shares of each series. Each share of each Fund represents an equal proportionate interest in such Fund with each other share of that Fund and is entitled to a proportionate interest in the dividends and distributions from that Fund. The Declaration of Trust further permits the Board of Trustees to divide the shares of each series into any number of separate classes, each having such rights and preferences relative to other classes of the same series as the Board of Trustees may determine. When you invest in a Fund, you acquire freely transferable shares of beneficial interest that entitle you to receive dividends as determined by the Board of Trustees and to cast a vote for each share you own at shareholder meetings. The shares of each Fund do not have any preemptive rights. Upon termination of any Fund, whether pursuant to liquidation of the Trust or otherwise, shareholders of each class of that Fund are entitled to share pro rata in the net assets attributable to that class of shares of that Fund available for distribution to shareholders. The Declaration of Trust also permits the Board of Trustees to charge shareholders directly for custodial, transfer agency, and servicing expenses.
Shares of each Fund are currently divided into three classes, designated Class A, Class C and Class I Shares.
The assets received by each class of a Fund for the issue or sale of its shares and all income, earnings, profits, losses and proceeds therefrom, subject only to the rights of creditors, are allocated to, and constitute the underlying assets of, that class of the Fund. The underlying assets of each class of a Fund are segregated and are charged with the expenses with respect to that class of the Fund and with a share of the general expenses of the relevant Fund and Trust. Any general expenses of the Trust that are not readily identifiable as belonging to a particular class of a Fund are allocated by or under the direction of the Trustees in such manner as the Trustees determine to be fair and equitable. While the expenses of the Trust are allocated to the separate books of account of each Fund, certain expenses may be legally chargeable against the assets of all of the Funds in a Trust.
The Declaration of Trust also permits the Board of Trustees, without shareholder approval, to subdivide any Fund or series or class of shares into various sub-series or sub-classes with such dividend preferences and other rights as the Trustees may designate. The Board of Trustees may also, without shareholder approval, establish one or more additional series or classes or merge two or more existing series or classes without shareholder approval. Shareholders investments in such an additional or merged series would be evidenced by a separate series of shares ( i.e. , a new Fund).
44
The Declaration of Trust provides for the perpetual existence of the Trust. The Trust or any Fund, however, may be terminated at any time by vote of at least two thirds of the outstanding shares of each Fund affected. Similarly, any class within a Fund may be terminated by vote of at least two thirds of the outstanding shares of such class. The Declaration of Trust further provides that the Board of Trustees may also without shareholder approval terminate the relevant Trust or Fund upon written notice to its shareholders.
Voting Rights. Shareholders of all Funds are entitled to one vote for each full share held (with fractional votes for each fractional share held) and may vote (to the extent provided therein) on the election of Trustees and the termination of the Trust and on other matters submitted to the vote of shareholders.
All classes of shares of the Funds have identical voting rights except that each class of shares has exclusive voting rights on any matter submitted to shareholders that relates solely to that class, and has separate voting rights on any matter submitted to shareholders in which the interests of one class differ from the interests of any other class. Each class of shares has exclusive voting rights with respect to matters pertaining to any distribution or servicing plan or agreement applicable to that class. Matters submitted to shareholder vote will be approved by each series separately except (i) when required by the 1940 Act, shares shall be voted together and (ii) when the matter does not affect all series, then only shareholders of the series affected shall be entitled to vote on the matter. Consistent with the current position of the SEC, shareholders of all series and classes vote together, irrespective of series or class, on the election of Trustees and the selection of the Trusts independent registered public accounting firm, but shareholders of each series vote separately on most other matters requiring shareholder approval, such as certain changes in investment policies of that series or the approval of the investment advisory and any subadvisory agreement relating to that series, and shareholders of each class within a series vote separately as to the Rule 12b-1 plan (if any) relating to that class.
There will normally be no meetings of shareholders for the purpose of electing Trustees, except that, in accordance with the 1940 Act, (i) a Trust will hold a shareholders meeting for the election of Trustees at such time as less than a majority of the Trustees holding office have been elected by shareholders, and (ii) if there is a vacancy on the Board of Trustees, such vacancy may be filled only by a vote of the shareholders unless, after filling such vacancy by other means, at least two-thirds of the Trustees holding office shall have been elected by the shareholders. In addition, Trustees may be removed from office by a written consent signed by the holders of two-thirds of the outstanding shares and filed with a Trusts custodian or by a vote of the holders of two-thirds of the outstanding shares at a meeting duly called for that purpose.
Except as set forth above, the Trustees shall continue to hold office and may appoint successor Trustees. Shareholder voting rights are not cumulative.
The affirmative vote of a majority of shares of the Trust voted (assuming a quorum is present in person or by proxy) is required to amend the Declaration of Trust if such amendment (1) affects the power of shareholders to vote, (2) amends the section of the relevant Declaration of Trust governing amendments, (3) is one for which a vote is required by law or by the Trusts registration statement or (4) is submitted to the shareholders by the Trustees. If one or more new series of a Trust is established and designated by the Trustees, the shareholders having beneficial interests in the Funds shall not be entitled to vote on matters exclusively affecting such new series, such matters including, without limitation, the adoption of or any change in the investment objectives, policies or restrictions of the new series and the approval of the investment advisory contracts of the new series. Similarly, the shareholders of the new series shall not be entitled to vote on any such matters as they affect the other Funds.
Shareholder and Trustee Liability. Under Massachusetts law, shareholders could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust. However, the Declaration of Trust disclaims shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by the Trust or the Trustees. The Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of each Funds property for all loss and expense of any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Fund by reason of owning shares of such Fund. Thus, the risk of a shareholder incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is considered remote since it is limited to circumstances in which the disclaimer is inoperative and a Fund itself would be unable to meet its obligations.
The Declaration of Trust further provides that the Board of Trustees will not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law. However, nothing in the Declaration of Trust protects a Trustee against any liability to
45
which the Trustee would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his or her office. The Declaration of Trust of the Trust provides for indemnification by the Trust of Trustees and officers of the Trust, except with respect to any matter as to which any such person did not act in good faith in the reasonable belief that his or her action was in the best interests of the Trust. Such persons may not be indemnified against any liability to the Trust or the Trusts shareholders to whom he or she would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his or her office.
Redemptions at the Option of the Trust . The Trust shall have the right at its option and at any time to redeem shares of any shareholder at the net asset value thereof: (i) if at such time such shareholder owns shares of any series or class having an aggregate net asset value of less than an amount determined from time to time by the Trustees; (ii) to the extent that such shareholder owns shares equal to or in excess of a percentage determined from time to time by the Trustees of the outstanding shares of the Trust or of any series or class; (iii) if the Trustees determine that such shareholder is engaging in conduct that is harmful to the Trust or any series or class; or (iv) if the Trustees otherwise determine such redemption to be necessary or appropriate.
SECURITIES RATINGS
The rating of a rating service represents the services opinion as to the credit quality of the security being rated. However, the ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality or guarantees as to the creditworthiness of an issuer. Consequently, the Adviser believes that the quality of debt securities in which a Fund invests should be continuously reviewed. A rating is not a recommendation to purchase, sell or hold a security, because it does not take into account market value or suitability for a particular investor. When a security has received a rating from more than one service, each rating should be evaluated independently. Ratings are based on current information furnished by the issuer or obtained by the ratings services from other sources, which they consider reliable. Ratings may be changed, suspended or withdrawn as a result of changes in or unavailability of such information, or for other reasons.
The following is a description of the characteristics of ratings used by Moodys and Standard & Poors.
Moodys Ratings
Aaa Bonds rated Aaa are judged to be the best quality. They carry the smallest degree of investment risk and are generally referred to as giltedge. Interest payments are protected by a large or by an exceptionally stable margin and principal is secure. Although the various protective elements are likely to change, such changes as can be visualized are most unlikely to impair the fundamentally strong position of such bonds.
Aa Bonds rated Aa are judged to be high quality by all standards. Together with the Aaa group they comprise what are generally known as high grade bonds. They are rated lower than the best bonds because margins of protection may not be as large as in Aaa bonds or fluctuation of protective elements may be of greater amplitude or there may be other elements present which make the long-term risk appear somewhat larger than in Aaa bonds.
A Bonds rated A possess many favorable investment attributes and are to be considered as upper medium grade obligations. Factors giving security to principal and interest are considered adequate but elements may be present which suggest a susceptibility to impairment sometime in the future.
Baa Bonds rated Baa are considered as medium grade obligations, i.e., they are neither highly protected nor poorly secured. Interest payments and principal security appear adequate for the present but certain protective elements may be lacking or may be characteristically unreliable over any great length of time. Such bonds lack outstanding investment characteristics and in fact have speculative characteristics as well.
Ba Bonds rated Ba are judged to have speculative elements; their future cannot be considered as well assured. Often the protection of interest and principal payments may be very moderate and thereby not well safeguarded during both good and bad times over the future. Uncertainty of position characterizes bonds in this class.
B Bonds rated B generally lack characteristics of the desirable investment. Assurance of interest and principal payments or of maintenance of other terms of the contract over any long period of time may be small.
46
Caa Bonds rated Caa are of poor standing. Such bonds may be in default or there may be present elements of danger with respect to principal or interest.
Ca Bonds rated Ca represent obligations which are speculative in a high degree. Such bonds are often in default or have other marked shortcomings.
Standard & Poors Ratings
AAA Bonds rated AAA have the highest rating. Capacity to pay principal and interest is extremely strong.
AA Bonds rated AA have a very strong capacity to pay principal and interest and differ from AAA bonds only in small degree.
A Bonds rated A have a strong capacity to pay principal and interest, although they are somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than bonds in higher rated categories.
BBB Bonds rated BBB are regarded as having an adequate capacity to pay principal and interest. Whereas they normally exhibit protection parameters, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity to pay principal and interest for bonds in this capacity than for bonds in higher rated categories.
BBBCCCCCBonds A-1A-rated BB, B, CCC and CC are regarded, on balance, as predominantly speculative with respect to the issuers capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligation.
BB indicates the lowest degree of speculation among such bonds and CC the highest degree of speculation. Although such bonds will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these are outweighed by large uncertainties or major risk exposures to adverse conditions.
47
APPENDIX A
PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
The Board of Trustees of the Funds has delegated the authority to develop policies and procedures relating to proxy voting to the Adviser. The Adviser has adopted a set of proxy voting policies and procedures (the Policies) to ensure that the Adviser votes proxies relating to equity securities in the best interest of clients.
In voting proxies, the Adviser is guided by general fiduciary principles and seeks to act prudently and solely in the best interest of clients. The Adviser attempts to consider all factors that could affect the value of the investment and will vote proxies in the manner that it believes will be consistent with efforts to maximize shareholder values. The Adviser may utilize an external service provider to provide it with information and/or a recommendation with regard to proxy votes. However, such recommendations do not relieve the Adviser of its responsibility for the proxy vote.
In the case of a proxy issue for which there is a stated position in the Policies, the Adviser generally votes in accordance with such stated position. In the case of a proxy issue for which there is a list of factors set forth in the Policies that the Adviser considers in voting on such issue, the Adviser votes on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the general principles set forth above and considering such enumerated factors. In the case of a proxy issue for which there is no stated position or list of factors that the Adviser considers in voting on such issue, the Adviser votes on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the general principles set forth above. Issues for which there is a stated position set forth in the Policies or for which there is a list of factors set forth in the Policies that the Adviser considers in voting on such issues fall into a variety of categories, including election of trustees, ratification of auditors, proxy and tender offer defenses, capital structure issues, executive and trustee compensation, mergers and corporate restructurings, and social and environmental issues. The stated position on an issue set forth in the Policies can always be superseded, subject to the duty to act solely in the best interest of the beneficial owners of accounts, by the investment management professionals responsible for the account whose shares are being voted. Issues applicable to a particular industry may cause the Adviser to abandon a policy that would have otherwise applied to issuers generally. The Advisers policy is to vote all proxies from a specific issuer in the same way for each client absent qualifying restrictions from the client.
In furtherance of the Advisers goal to vote proxies in the best interest of clients, the Adviser follows procedures designed to identify and address material conflicts that may arise between the Advisers interests and those of its clients before voting proxies on behalf of such clients. To seek to identify conflicts of interest, the Adviser reviews its relationship with the issuer of each security to determine if the Adviser or any of its employees has any financial, business or personal relationship with the issuer. The Adviser is also sensitive to the fact that a significant, publicized relationship between an issuer and a non- affiliate might appear to the public to influence the manner in which the Adviser decides to vote a proxy with respect to such issuer.
The Advisers CCO reviews and addresses conflicts of interest brought to her attention. A proxy issue that will be voted in accordance with a stated position on an issue or in accordance with the recommendation of an independent third party is not brought to the attention of the CCO for a conflict of interest review because the Advisers position is that to the extent a conflict of interest issue exists, it is resolved by voting in accordance with a pre-determined policy or in accordance with the recommendation of an independent third party. With respect to a conflict of interest brought to its attention, the CCO first determines whether such conflict of interest is material. A conflict of interest is considered material to the extent that it is determined that such conflict is likely to influence, or appear to influence, the Advisers decision-making in voting proxies.
If it is determined by the CCO that a conflict of interest is not material, the Adviser may vote proxies notwithstanding the existence of the conflict. If it is determined by the CCO that a conflict of interest is material, the CCO is responsible for determining an appropriate method to resolve such conflict of interest before the proxy affected by the conflict of interest is voted. Such determination is based on the particular facts and circumstances, including the importance of the proxy issue and the nature of the conflict of interest. Methods of resolving a material conflict of interest may include, but are not limited to, disclosing the conflict to clients and obtaining their consent before voting, or suggesting to clients that they engage another party to vote the proxy on their behalf.
48
PART C
OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 23. EXHIBITS
(1) Incorporated herein by reference from Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to Registrants Registration Statement on Form N-1A (the Registration Statement) (File Nos. 333- 151800 , 811-22211) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 19, 2008.
ITEM 24. PERSONS CONTROLLED BY OR UNDER COMMON CONTROL WITH REGISTRANT
[None.]
ITEM 25. INDEMNIFICATION
Article VII of Registrants Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust provides:
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), may be permitted to trustees, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant understands that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a trustee, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such trustee, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
Section 7 of the Distribution Agreement (Agreement) between the Registrant and IVA Funds Distributors, LLC (the Distributor) provides:
The Registrant shall indemnify, defend and hold the Distributor, its affiliates and each of their respective members, managers, directors, officers, employees, representatives and any person who controls or previously controlled the Distributor within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act (collectively, the Distributor Indemnitees), free and harmless from and against any and all losses, claims, demands, liabilities, damages and expenses (including the costs of investigating or defending any alleged losses, claims, demands, liabilities, damages or expenses and any reasonable counsel fees incurred in connection therewith) (collectively, Losses) that any Distributor Indemnitee may incur under the 1933 Act, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, any other statute (including Blue Sky laws) or any rule or regulation thereunder, or under common law or otherwise, arising out of or relating to (i) the Distributor serving as distributor of the Funds pursuant to this Agreement; (ii) the Registrants breach of any of its obligations, representations, warranties or covenants contained in this Agreement; (iii) the Registrants failure to comply with any applicable securities laws or regulations; or (iv) any claim that the Registration Statement, Prospectus, shareholder reports, sales literature and advertising materials or other information filed or made public by the Registrant (as from time to time amended) include or included an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading under the 1933 Act, or any other statute or the common law any violation of any rule of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority or of the Securities and Exchange Commission or any other jurisdiction wherein Shares of the Funds are sold, provided, however , that the Registrants obligation to indemnify any of the Distributor Indemnitees shall not be deemed to cover any Losses arising out of any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in the Registration Statement, Prospectus, annual or interim report, or any such advertising materials or sales literature in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to the Distributor and furnished to the Registrant or its counsel by the Distributor in writing and acknowledging the purpose of its use. In no event shall anything contained herein be so construed as to protect the Distributor against any liability to the Registrant or its shareholders to which the Distributor would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, or gross negligence in the performance of its obligations or duties under this Agreement or by reason of its reckless disregard of its obligations or duties under this Agreement.
Section 4 of the Indemnity Agreement between the Registrant, International Value Advisers, LLC (Adviser) and IVA Funds Distributors, LLC provides:
The Registrant and Adviser hereby jointly and severally indemnify, defend and hold Distributor, its affiliates and each of their respective members, managers, directors, officers, employees, representatives and any person who controls or previously controlled Distributor within the meaning of Section 15 of the 1933 Act (collectively the Distributor Indemnitees) free and harmless from and against any and all losses, claims, demands, damages, liabilities and expenses (including the reasonable cost of investigating or defending such claims, demands or liabilities and any reasonable counsel fees incurred in connection therewith such fees to be payable upon the final disposition of any such claims demands or liabilities) (collectively, the Losses) which any Distributor Indemnitee may incur arising out of or based upon (a) Distributor being a party to any covered agreement; (b) any failure by Distributor or any other service provider to the Funds to carry out its or their duties and obligations as required by the covered agreements; or (c) any indemnification provided by Distributor under the covered agreements with respect to Distributors and any other service providers performance pursuant to the covered agreements; provided, however, that the Trust and Adviser shall not be required to indemnify any Distributor Indemnitee for any Losses arising out of or based upon the willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence of Distributor in the performance of its duties or its reckless disregard of its obligations and duties under the covered agreements.
ITEM 26. BUSINESS AND OTHER CONNECTIONS OF INVESTMENT ADVISER
Describe any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature in which the investment adviser and each trustee, officer or partner of the investment adviser, is or has been, engaged within the last two fiscal years for his or her own account or in the capacity of trustee, officer, employee, partner or trustee. (Disclose the name and principal business address of any company for which a person listed above serves in the capacity of trustee, officer, employee, partner or trustee, and the nature of the relationship.)
Reference is made to the caption Investment Adviser in the Prospectus constituting Part A which is incorporated by reference to this Registration Statement and Investment Advisory and Other Services in the Statement of Additional Information constituting Part B which is incorporated by reference to this Registration Statement.
The information as to the trustees and executive officers of International Value Advisers, LLC is set forth in Form ADV filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 1, 2009 (IARD/CRD No. 146105), as amended through the date hereof, which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 27. PRINCIPAL UNDERWRITERS
(a) State the name of each investment company (other than the Registrant) for which each principal underwriter currently distributing securities of the Registrant also acts as a principal underwriter, depositor or investment adviser.
None
(b) Provide the information required by the following table with respect to each trustee, officer or partner of each principal underwriter named in the response to Item 20.
The following are officers of IVA Funds Distributors, LLC
The following officers of IVA Funds Distributors, LLC, the Registrants underwriter, hold the following positions with the Registrant. Their business address is Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, Maine 04101.
Name |
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Position with Underwriter |
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Position with Registrant |
Mark S. Redman |
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President |
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None |
Richard J. Berthy |
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Treasurer |
|
None |
Linda C. Carley |
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Chief Compliance Officer |
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None |
Elliott S. Dobin |
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Secretary |
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None |
Wayne A. Rose |
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Assistant Chief Compliance Officer |
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None |
(c) Provide the information required by the following table for all commissions and other compensation received, directly or indirectly, from the Registrant during the last fiscal year by each principal underwriter who is not an affiliated person of the Registrant or any affiliated person of an affiliate person.
Reference is made to the captions Principal Underwriter and Rule 12b-1 Plans in the Statement of Additional Information constituting Part B, which is incorporated by reference to this Registration Statement.
ITEM 28. LOCATION OF ACCOUNTS AND RECORDS
The books, accounts and other documents required by Section 31(a) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules promulgated thereunder are maintained as follows:
International Value Advisers, LLC
645 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10022
(records relating to its function as investment adviser)
IVA Funds Distributors, LLC
Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100
Portland, Maine 04101
(records relating to its function as principal underwriter)
State Street Bank and Trust Company
Two Avenue de Lafayette
Boston, Massachusetts 02111
(records relating to its function as administrator)
Boston Financial Data Services, Inc.
2 Heritage Drive
North Quincy, Massachusetts 02171
(records relating to its function as t ransfer agent for the Registrants shares and the dividend disbursing agent )
State Street Bank and Trust Company
200 Newport Avenue
North Quincy, Massachusetts 02171
(records relating to its function as custodian)
ITEM 29. MANAGEMENT SERVICES
Not applicable.
ITEM 30. UNDERTAKINGS
None.
NOTICE
A copy of the Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust of IVA Fiduciary Trust (the Trust), together with all amendments thereto, is on file with the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and notice is hereby given that this Registration Statement is executed on behalf of the Trust by an officer of the Trust as an officer and not individually and that the obligations of or arising out of this Registration Statement are not binding upon any of the Trustees of the Trust or shareholders of any series of the Trust individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of the Trust or the respective series.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to its Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, duly authorized, in the City of New York, and State of New York, on the 19th day of October, 2009.
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IVA Fiduciary Trust
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/s/ Michael W. Malafronte |
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Michael W. Malafronte
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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this a mendment to the registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the date indicted.
SIGNATURE |
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TITLE |
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DATE |
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/s/ Adele R. Wailand * |
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Trustee |
|
October 19, 2009 |
Adele R. Wailand |
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|
/s/ Manu Bammi * |
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Trustee |
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October 19, 2009 |
Manu Bammi |
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/s/ Ronald S. Gutstein |
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Trustee |
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October 19, 2009 |
Ronald S. Gutstein |
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/s/ Michael W. Malafronte |
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Trustee, President and Chief Executive Officer |
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October 19, 2009 |
Michael W. Malafronte |
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/s/ Stefanie Hempstead |
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Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer |
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October 19, 2009 |
Stefanie Hempstead |
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* By: |
/s/ Michael W. Malafronte |
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Michael W. Malafronte |
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(Attorney-in-Fact) |
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IVA Fiduciary Trust
Exhibit Index
Exhibits for Item 23 of Form N-1A
Exhibit |
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Exhibit Description |
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99.(a)(1) |
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Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust |
99.(b)(1) |
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Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated By-Laws of IVA Fiduciary Trust |
99.(d)(3) |
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Fee Waiver/Expense Reimbursement Letter Agreement, dated August 11, 2009 |
99.(p)(3) |
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Code of Ethics of the Distributor |
Exhibit 99.(a)(1)
IVA FIDUCIARY TRUST
AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO AMENDED AND RESTATED
AGREEMENT AND DECLARATION OF TRUST
Amendment No. 1, dated as of March 6, 2009 to the Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust of the IVA Fiduciary Trust dated as of August 21, 2008.
Article VIII, Section 9 of the Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust is replaced in its entirety with the following text:
Section 9 . Address . The address of the Trust is c/o International Value Advisers, LLC, 645 Madison Avenue, Fl. 12, New York, New York 10022.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the undersigned Trustees has hereto set his or her hand as of the day and year first written above.
/s/ Manu Bammi |
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Manu Bammi, Trustee |
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/s/ Ronald S. Gutstein |
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Ronald S. Gutstein, Trustee |
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/s/ Michael W. Malafronte |
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Michael W. Malafronte, Trustee |
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/s/ Adele R. Wailand |
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Adele R. Wailand, Trustee |
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Exhibit 99.(b)(1)
AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO THE
AMENDED AND RESTATED BY-LAWS
OF
IVA FIDUCIARY TRUST
Amendment No. 1, dated as of March 6, 2009, to the Amended and Restated By-Laws of IVA Fiduciary Trust (the Trust).
Article 1, Section 1.2, of the Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Trust is replaced in its entirety with the following text:
1.2 Principal Office of the Trust . The principal office of the Trust shall be located in New York, New York.
Exhibit 99.(d)(3)
August 11, 2009
IVA Fiduciary Trust
645 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10022
Re: Fee Waiver/Expense Reimbursement
Ladies and Gentlemen:
International Value Advisers, LLC notifies you that it will waive its management fee with respect to, and/or bear other expenses of, the Funds listed below from October 1, 2009 through January 31, 2011 to the extent that expenses of each class of a Fund, exclusive of acquired fund fees and expenses, brokerage, interest, taxes, organizational and extraordinary expenses, would exceed the following annual rates:
Name of Fund |
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Expense Cap |
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IVA Worldwide Fund |
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1.40% for Class A Shares |
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2.15% for Class C Shares |
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1.15% for Class I Shares |
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IVA International Fund |
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1.40% for Class A Shares |
|
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2.15% for Class C Shares |
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1.15% for Class I Shares |
With respect to each Fund, International Value Advisers, LLC shall be permitted to recover, on a class by class basis, expenses it has borne subsequent to the effective date of this agreement (whether through reduction of its management fee or otherwise) in later periods to the extent that a Funds expenses fall below the annual rates set forth above; provided, however, that a Fund is not obligated to pay any such deferred fees more than one year after the end of the fiscal year in which the fee was deferred.
During the periods covered by this letter agreement, the expense cap arrangement set forth above for each of the Funds may only be modified by a majority of the non-interested Trustees of IVA Fiduciary Trust
We understand and intend that you will rely on this undertaking in preparing and filing the Registration Statements on Form N-1A for the above referenced Funds with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in accruing each Funds expenses for
purposes of calculating its net asset value per share and for other purposes permitted under Form N-1A and/or the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and expressly permit you to do so.
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International Value Adviser, LLC |
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By: |
/s/ Michael Malafronte |
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Name: Michael Malafronte |
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Title: President |
Exhibit 99.(p)(3)
FORESIDE FINANCIAL GROUP, LLC
CODE OF ETHICS
May 1, 2009
INTRODUCTION
This Code of Ethics (the Code) has been adopted by each of the entities listed in Appendix A (each, a Company and collectively, the Companies) . This Code pertains to the Companies distribution services to registered management investment companies or series thereof, as well as those funds for which certain employees of the Companies (or an affiliate thereof) serve as an officer or director of a registered investment company (Fund Officer), (each a Fund and as set forth in the List of Access Persons & Funds maintained by the Review Officer(1)). This Code:
1. establishes standards of professional conduct;
2. establishes standards and procedures for the detection and prevention of activities by which persons having knowledge of the investments and investment intentions of a Fund may abuse their fiduciary duties to the Fund; and
3. addresses other types of conflict of interest situations.
Definitions of underlined terms are included in Appendix B.
Each Company, through its President, may impose internal sanctions should Access Persons of any Company (as identified on the List of Access Persons & Funds maintained by the Review Officer) violate these policies or procedures. A registered broker-dealer and its personnel may be subject to various regulatory sanctions, including censure, suspension, fines, expulsion or revocation of registration for violations of securities rules, industry regulations and the firms internal policies and procedures. In addition, negative publicity associated with regulatory investigations and private lawsuits can negatively impact and severely damage business reputation.
Furthermore, failure to comply with this Code is a very serious matter and may result in internal disciplinary action being taken. Such action can include, among other things, warnings,
(1) Each Company is adopting this Code pursuant to Rule 17j-1 with respect to certain funds that it distributes. Adopting and approving a Rule 17j-1 code of ethics with respect to a Fund, as well as the Codes administration, by a principal underwriter is not required unless:
· the principal underwriter is an affiliated person of the Fund or of the Funds adviser, or
· an officer, director, or general partner of the principal underwriter serves as an officer, director or general partner of the Fund or of the Funds investment adviser.
A Fund Officer is permitted to report as an Access Person under this Code with respect to the Funds listed on the List of Access Persons & Funds maintained by the Review Officer.
monetary fines, disgorgement of profits, suspension or termination. In addition to sanctions, violations may result in referral to civil or criminal authorities where appropriate.
Should Access Persons require additional information about this Code or have ethics-related questions, please contact the Review Officer, as defined under Section 8 below, directly.
1. STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Each Company forbids any Access Person from engaging in any conduct that is contrary to this Code. Furthermore, certain persons subject to the Code are also subject to other restrictions or requirements that affect their ability to open securities accounts, effect securities transactions, report securities transactions, maintain information and documents in a confidential manner and other matters relating to the proper discharge of their obligations to the Company or to a Fund.
Each Company has always held itself and its employees to the highest ethical standards. Although this Code is only one manifestation of those standards, compliance with its provisions is essential. Each Company adheres to the following standards of professional conduct, as well as those specific policies and procedures discussed throughout this Code:
(a) Fiduciary Duties . Each Company and its Access Persons are fiduciaries and shall
· act solely for the benefit of the Funds; and
· place each Funds interests above their own
(b) Compliance with Laws . Access Persons shall maintain knowledge of and comply with all applicable federal and state securities laws, rules and regulations, and shall not knowingly participate or assist in any violation of such laws, rules or regulations.
It is unlawful for Access Persons to use any information concerning a security held or to be acquired by a Fund, or their ability to influence any investment decisions, for personal gain or in a manner detrimental to the interests of a Fund.
Access Persons shall not, directly or indirectly in connection with the purchase or sale of a security held or to be acquired by a Fund:
(i) employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud a Fund or engage in any manipulative practice with respect to a Fund;
(ii) make to a Fund any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state to a Fund a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading;
(iii) engage in any act, practice, or course of business that operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon a Fund; or
(iv) engage in any manipulative practice with respect to securities, including price manipulation.
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(c) Corporate Culture . Access Persons, through their words and actions, shall act with integrity, encourage honest and ethical conduct, and adhere to a high standard of business ethics.
(d) Professional Misconduct . Access Persons shall not engage in any professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation or commit any act that reflects adversely on their honesty, trustworthiness, or professional competence. Access Persons shall not knowingly misrepresent, or cause others to misrepresent, facts about a Company to a Fund, a Funds shareholders, regulators or any member of the public. Disclosure in reports and documents should be fair and accurate.
(e) Disclosure of Conflicts . As a fiduciary, each Company has an affirmative duty of care, loyalty, honesty and good faith to act in the best interests of a Fund. Compliance with this duty can be achieved by trying to avoid conflicts of interest and by fully disclosing all material facts concerning any conflict that does arise with respect to any Fund. Access Persons must try to avoid situations that have even the appearance of conflict or impropriety.
Access Persons shall support an environment that fosters the ethical resolution of, and appropriate disclosure of, conflicts of interest.
This Code prohibits inappropriate favoritism of one Fund over another that would constitute a breach of fiduciary duty. Access Persons shall comply with any prohibitions on activities imposed by a Company if a conflict of interest exists.
(f) Undue Influence . Access Persons shall not cause or attempt to cause any Fund to purchase, sell or hold any security in a manner calculated to create any personal benefit to them.
(g) Confidentiality and Protection of Material Nonpublic Information. Information concerning the identity of portfolio holdings and financial circumstances of a Fund is confidential. Access Persons are responsible for safeguarding nonpublic information about portfolio recommendations and fund holdings. Except as required in the normal course of carrying out their business responsibilities and as permitted by the Funds policies and procedures, Access Persons shall not reveal information relating to the investment intentions or activities of any Fund, or securities that are being considered for purchase or sale on behalf of any Fund.
Each Company shall be bound by a Funds policies and procedures with regard to disclosure of an investment companys identity, affairs and portfolio holdings. The obligation to safeguard such Fund information would not preclude Access Persons from providing necessary information to, for example, persons providing services to a Company or a Funds account such as brokers, accountants, custodians and fund transfer agents, or in other circumstances when the Fund consents, as long as such disclosure conforms to the Funds portfolio holdings disclosure policies and procedures.
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In any case, Access Persons shall not:
· trade based upon confidential, proprietary information where Fund trades are likely to be pending or imminent; or
· use knowledge of portfolio transactions of a Fund for personal benefit or the personal benefit of others
(h) Personal Securities Transactions . All personal securities transactions shall be conducted in such a manner as to be consistent with this Code and to avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest or any abuse of any Access Persons position of trust and responsibility.
(i) Gifts . Access Persons shall not accept or provide anything in excess of $100.00 (per individual per year) or any other preferential treatment, in each case as a gift, to or from any broker-dealer or other entity with which a Company or a Fund does business;
(j) Service on Boards . Access Persons shall not serve on the boards of directors of publicly traded companies, absent prior authorization based upon a determination by the Review Officer that the board service would be consistent with the interests of the Company, a Fund and its shareholders.
(k) Prohibition Against Market Timing . Access Persons shall not engage in market timing of shares of Reportable Funds (a list of which are provided in the List of Access Persons & Funds maintained by the Review Officer). For purposes of this section, a persons trades shall be considered market timing if made in violation of any stated policy in the Funds prospectus.
All Access Persons, in each case only with respect to those Funds as listed on the List of Access Persons & Funds maintained by the Review Officer, shall abide by this Code. Access Persons are required to comply with specific reporting requirements as set forth in Sections 3 and 4 of this Code.
(a) Blackout Period . Access Persons shall not purchase or sell a Reportable Security in an account in their name, or in the name of others in which they hold a beneficial ownership interest, if they had actual knowledge at the time of the transaction that, during the 24 hour period immediately preceding or following the transaction, the security was purchased or sold or was considered for purchase or sale by a Fund.
(b) Requirement for Pre-clearance . Access Persons must obtain prior written approval from the designated Review Officer before:
4
(i) directly or indirectly acquiring beneficial ownership in securities in an initial public offering for which no public market in the same or similar securities of the issue has previously existed; and
(ii) directly or indirectly acquiring beneficial ownership in securities in a private placement.
In determining whether to pre-clear the transaction, the Review Officer designated under Section 8 shall consider, among other factors, whether such opportunity is being offered to the Access Person by virtue of their position with the Fund.
(c) Fund Officer Prohibition . No Fund Officer shall directly or indirectly seek to obtain information (other than that necessary to accomplish the functions of the office) from any Fund portfolio manager regarding (i) the status of any pending securities transaction for a Fund or (ii) the merits of any securities transaction contemplated by the Fund Officer.
4. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS OF ACCESS PERSONS
(a) Reporting . Access Persons must report the information described in this Section with respect to transactions in any Reportable Security in which they have, or by reason of such transaction acquire, any direct or indirect beneficial ownership . They must submit the appropriate reports to the designated Review Officer or his or her designee, unless they are otherwise required by a Fund, pursuant to a Code of Ethics adopted by the Fund, to report to the Fund or another entity.
(b) Exceptions from Reporting Requirement of Section 4 . Access Persons need not submit:
(i) any report with respect to securities held in accounts over which the Access Person had no direct or indirect influence or control;
(ii) a quarterly transaction report with respect to transactions effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan. However, any transaction that overrides the pre-set schedule or allocations of the automatic investment plan must be included in a quarterly transaction report;
(iii) a quarterly transaction report if the report would duplicate information contained in broker trade confirmations or account statements that the Company holds in its records so long as the Company receives the confirmations or statements no later than 30 days after the end of the applicable calendar quarter.
(c) Initial Holding Reports . No later than ten (10) days after a person becomes an Access Person, the person must report the following information:
(i) the title, type of security, and as applicable the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP number, number of shares and principal amount of each Reportable Security
5
(whether or not publicly traded) in which the person has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership as of the date they became an Access Person;
(ii) the name of any broker, dealer or bank with whom the person maintains an account in which any securities were held for the Access Persons direct or indirect benefit as of the date they became an Access Person; and
(iii) the date that the report is submitted by the Access Person.
The information must be current as of a date no more than 45 days prior to the date the person becomes an Access Person.
(d) Quarterly Transaction Reports . No later than thirty (30) days after the end of a calendar quarter, each Access Person must submit a quarterly transaction report which report must cover, at a minimum, all transactions during the quarter in a Reportable Security (whether or not publicly traded) in which the Access Person had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership, and provide the following information:
(i) the date of the transaction, the title, and as applicable the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP number, the interest rate and maturity date (if applicable), the number of shares and the principal amount of each Reportable Security involved;
(ii) the nature of the transaction (i.e., purchase, sale or any other type of acquisition or disposition);
(iii) the price of the Reportable Security at which the transaction was effected;
(iv) the name of the broker, dealer or bank with or through which the transaction was effected; and
(v) the date that the report is submitted.
(e) New Account Opening; Quarterly New Account Report . Each Access Person shall provide written notice to the Review Officer prior to opening any new account with any entity through which a Reportable Securities (whether or not publicly traded) transaction may be effected for which the Access Person has direct or indirect beneficial ownership.
In addition, no later than thirty (30) days after the end of a calendar quarter, each Access Person must submit a quarterly new account report with respect to any account established by such a person in which any Reportable Securities (whether or not publicly traded) were held during the quarter for the direct or indirect benefit of the Access Person. The Quarterly New Account Report shall cover, at a minimum, all accounts at a broker-dealer, bank or other institution opened during the quarter and provide the following information:
(1) the name of the broker, dealer or bank with whom the Access Person has established the account;
(2) the date the account was established; and
(3) the date that the report is submitted by the Access Person.
(f) Annual Holdings Reports . Annually, each Access Person must report the following information (which information must be current as of a date no more than forty-five (45) days before the report is submitted):
6
(i) the title, type of security, and as applicable the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP number, number of shares and principal amount of each Reportable Security (whether or not publicly traded) in which the Access Person had any direct or indirect beneficial ownership;
(ii) the name of any broker, dealer or bank with whom the Access Person maintained an account in which any securities are held for the Access Persons direct or indirect benefit; and
(iii) the date that the report is submitted by the Access Person.
(g) Alternative Reporting . The submission to the Review Officer of duplicate broker trade confirmations and statements on all securities transactions required to be reported under this Section shall satisfy the reporting requirements of Section 4. The annual holdings report may be satisfied by confirming annually, in writing, the accuracy of the information delivered by, or on behalf of, the Access Person to the Review Officer and recording the date of the confirmation.
(h) Report Qualification . Any report may contain a statement that the report shall not be construed as an admission by the person making the report that he or she has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the Reportable Securities to which the report relates.
(i) Providing Access to Account Information . Covered Persons will promptly:
(i) provide full access to a Fund, its agents and attorneys to any and all records and documents which a Fund considers relevant to any securities transactions or other matters subject to the Code;
(ii) cooperate with a Fund, or its agents and attorneys, in investigating any securities transactions or other matter subject to the Code;
(iii) provide a Fund, its agents and attorneys with an explanation (in writing if requested) of the facts and circumstances surrounding any securities transaction or other matter subject to the Code; and
(iv) promptly notify the Review Officer or such other individual as a Fund may direct, in writing, from time to time, of any incident of noncompliance with the Code by anyone subject to this Code.
(j) Confidentiality of Reports . Transaction and holding reports will be maintained in confidence, expect to the extent necessary to implement and enforce the provisions of this Code or to comply with requests for information from government agencies.
Each Access Person is required to acknowledge in writing, initially and annually (in the form of Attachment A), that the person has received, read and understands the Code (and in the case of any amendments thereto, shall similarly acknowledge such amendment) and recognizes that they are subject to the Code. Further, each such person is required to certify annually that they have:
7
· read, understood and complied with all the requirements of the Code;
· disclosed or reported all personal securities transactions pursuant to the requirements of the Code; and
· not engaged in any prohibited conduct.
If a person is unable to make the above representations, they shall report any violations of this Code to the Review Officer.
Access Persons shall report any violations of this Code promptly to the Review Officer, unless the violations implicate the Review Officer, in which case the individual shall report to the President of Foreside Financial Group, LLC (Foreside), as appropriate. Such reports will be confidential, to the extent permitted by law, and investigated promptly and appropriately. Retaliation against an individual who reports a violation is prohibited and constitutes a further violation of this Code.
Reported violations of the Code will be investigated and appropriate actions will be taken. Types of reporting that are required include, but are not limited to:
· Noncompliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations
· Fraud or illegal acts involving any aspect of the firms business
· Material misstatements in regulatory filings, internal books and records, Fund records or reports
· Activity that is harmful to a Fund, including Fund shareholders
· Deviations from required controls and procedures that safeguard a Fund or a Company
Access Persons should seek advice from the Review Officer with respect to any action or transaction that may violate this Code and refrain from any action or transaction that might lead to the appearance of a violation. Access Persons should report apparent or suspected violations in addition to actual or known violations of this Code.
7. TRAINING
Training with respect to the Code will occur periodically and all Access Persons are required to attend any training sessions or read any applicable materials. Training may include, among other things (1) periodic orientation or training sessions with new and existing personnel to remind them of their obligations under the Code and/or (2) certifications that Access Persons have read and understood the Code, and require re-certification that the person has re-read, understands and has complied with the Code.
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8. REVIEW OFFICER
(a) Duties of Review Officer . The Chief Operating Officer of Foreside has been appointed by the President of each Company as the Review Officer to:
(i) review all securities transaction and holdings reports and shall maintain the names of persons responsible for reviewing these reports;
(ii) identify all persons subject to this Code and promptly inform each person of the requirements of this Code and provide them with a copy of the Code and any amendments;
(iii) compare, on a quarterly basis, all Reportable Securities transactions with each Funds completed portfolio transactions to determine whether a Code violation may have occurred;
(iv) maintain signed acknowledgments and certifications by each person who is then subject to this Code, in the form of Attachment A;
(v) identify persons who are Access Persons of each Company and inform those persons of their requirements to obtain prior written approval from the Review Officer prior to directly or indirectly acquiring beneficial ownership of a security in any private placement or initial public offering.
(vi) ensure that Access Persons receive adequate training on the principles and procedures of this Code.
(vii) review, at least annually, the adequacy of this Code and the effectiveness of its implementation
(viii) submit a written report to a Funds Board and the Companys senior management as described in Section 8(e) and (f), respectively.
The President of Foreside shall review the Review Officers personal transactions. The President shall assume the responsibilities of the Review Officer in his or her absence. The Review Officer may delegate responsibilities to an appropriate Foreside representative.
( b) Potential Trade Conflict . When there appears to be a Reportable Securities transaction that conflicts with the Code, the Review Officer shall request a written explanation of from the Access Person with regard to the transaction. If, after post-trade review, it is determined that there has been a violation of the Code, a report will be made by the Review Officer with a recommendation of appropriate action to the President of the Company and a Funds Board of Trustees (or Directors).
(c) Required Records . The Review Officer shall maintain and cause to be maintained:
(i) a copy of any code of ethics adopted by each Company that is in effect, or at any time within the past five (5) years was in effect, in an easily accessible place;
(ii) (ii) a record of any violation of any code of ethics, and of any action taken as a result of such violation, in an easily accessible place for at least five (5) years after the end of the fiscal year in which the last entry was made on any such report, the first two (2) years in an easily accessible place;
9
(iii) a copy of each holding and transaction report (including duplicate confirmations and statements) made by anyone subject to this Code as required by Section 4 for at least five (5) years after the end of the fiscal year in which the report is made, the first two (2) years in an easily accessible place;
(iv) a record of all written acknowledgements and certifications by each Access Person who is currently, or within the past five (5) years was, an Access Person (records must be kept for 5 years after individual ceases to be a Access Person under the Code);
(v) a list of all persons who are currently, or within the past five years were , required to make reports or who were responsible for reviewing these reports pursuant to any code of ethics adopted by each Company, in an easily accessible place;
(vi) a copy of each written report and certification required pursuant to Section 8(e) of this Code for at least five (5) years after the end of the fiscal year in which it is made, the first two (2) years in an easily accessible place;
(vii) a record of any decision, and the reasons supporting the decision, approving the acquisition of securities by Access Persons under Section 3(b) of this Code, for at least five (5) years after the end of the fiscal year in which the approval is granted; and
(viii) a record of any decision, and the reasons supporting the decision, granting an Access Person a waiver from, or exception to, the Code for at least five (5) years after the end of the fiscal year in which the waiver is granted.
(d) Post-Trade Review Process . Following receipt of trade confirms and statements, transactions will be screened by the Review Officer (or his or her designee) for the following:
(i) same day trades : transactions by Access Persons occurring on the same day as the purchase or sale of the same security by a Fund for which they are an Access Person.
(ii) fraudulent conduct : transaction by Access Persons which, within the most recent 15 days, is or has been held by a Fund or is being or has been considered by a Fund for purchase by a Fund.
(iii) market timing of Reportable Funds : transactions by Access Persons that appear to be market timing of Reportable Funds
(iv) other activities : transactions which may give the appearance that an Access Person has executed transactions not in accordance with this Code or otherwise reflect patterns of abuse.
(e) Submission to Fund Board .
(i) The Review Officer shall, at a minimum, annually prepare a written report to the Board of Trustees (or Directors) of a Fund listed in the List of Access Persons & Funds maintained by the Review Officer that
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A. describes any issues under this Code or its procedures since the last report to the Trustees, including, but not limited to, information about material violations of the code or procedures and sanctions imposed in response to the material violations; and
B. certifies that each Company has adopted procedures reasonably necessary to prevent Covered Persons from violating this Code.
(ii) The Review Officer shall ensure that this Code and any material amendments are approved by the Board of Trustees (or Directors) for those funds listed in the List of Access Persons & Funds maintained by the Review Officer.
(f) Report to the President . The Review Officer shall report to the President of Foreside regarding his or her annual review of the Code and shall bring material violations to the attention of senior management.
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FORESIDE FINANCIAL GROUP, LLC
CODE OF ETHICS
APPENDIX A
The following Foreside subsidiaries are subject to the Foreside Code of Ethics:
Foreside Distribution Services, L.P.*
Foreside Fund Services, LLC*
IVA Funds Distributors, LLC *
Funds Distributor, LLC *
Performance Funds Distributor, LLC*
PNC Fund Distributor, LLC*
RidgeWorth Distributors LLC*
Foreside Plaza Distributors, LLC*
Northern Funds Distributors, LLC*
Foreside Management Services, LLC
Foreside Compliance Services, LLC
· FINRA-registered broker-dealer
The companies listed on this Appendix A may be amended from time to time, as required.
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FORESIDE FINANCIAL GROUP, LLC
CODE OF ETHICS
APPENDIX B
DEFINITIONS
(a) Access Person :
(i)(1) of a Company means each director or officer of the Companies who in the ordinary course of business makes, participates in or obtains information regarding the purchase or sale of Reportable Securities for a Fund or whose functions or duties as part of the ordinary course of business relate to the making of any recommendation to a Fund regarding the purchase or sale of Reportable Securities.
(ii)(2) of a Fund, whereby an employee or agent of a Company serves as an officer of a Fund ( Fund Officer ). Such Fund Officer is an Access Person of a Fund and is permitted to report under this Code unless otherwise required by a Funds Code of Ethics.
(iii)(3) of a Company includes anyone else specifically designated by the Review Officer.
(b) Beneficial Owner shall have the meaning as that set forth in Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except that the determination of direct or indirect beneficial ownership shall apply to all Reportable Securities that a Covered Person owns or acquires. A beneficial owner of a security is any person who, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, has or shares a direct or indirect pecuniary interest (the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to profit or share in any profit derived from a transaction in the subject securities) in a security. A Covered Person is presumed to be a beneficial owner of securities that are held by his or her immediate family members sharing the Covered Persons household.
(c) Indirect pecuniary interest in a security includes securities held by a persons immediate family sharing the same household. Immediate family means any child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse, sibling, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law (including adoptive relationships).
(d) Control means the power to exercise a controlling influence over the management or policies of an entity, unless this power is solely the result of an official position with the company. Ownership of 25% or more of a companys outstanding voting securities is presumed to give the holder thereof control over the company. This presumption may be rebutted by the Review Officer based upon the facts and circumstances of a given situation.
(e) Purchase or sale includes, among other things, the writing of an option to purchase or sell a Reportable Security.
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(f) Reportable Fund (see List of Access Persons & Funds maintained by the Review Officer) means any fund that triggers the Companys compliance with a Rule 17j-1 Code of Ethics or any fund for which an employee or agent of the Company serves as a Fund Officer.
(g) Reportable Security means any security such as a stock, bond, future, investment contract or any other instrument that is considered a security under Section 2(a)(36) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, except:
(i) direct obligations of the Government of the United States;
(ii) bankers acceptances and bank certificates of deposits;
(iii) commercial paper and debt instruments with a maturity at issuance of less than 366 days and that are rated in one of the two highest rating categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization;
(iv) repurchase agreements covering any of the foregoing;
(v) shares issued by money market mutual funds;
(vi) shares of SEC registered open-end investment companies ( other than a Reportable Fund ); and
(vii) shares of unit investment trusts that are invested exclusively in one or more open-end funds, none of which are Reportable Funds.
Included in the definition of Reportable Security are:
· Options on securities, on indexes, and on currencies;
· All kinds of limited partnerships;
· Foreign unit trusts, UCITs, SICAVs and foreign mutual funds; and
· Private investment funds, hedge funds and investment clubs
(h) Security held or to be acquired by the Fund means
(i) any Reportable Security which, within the most recent 15 days (x) is or has been held by the applicable Fund or (y) is being or has been considered by the applicable Fund or its investment adviser for purchase by the applicable Fund; and
(i) and any option to purchase or sell, and any security convertible into or exchangeable for, a Reportable Security.
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FORESIDE FINANCIAL GROUP, LLC
CODE OF ETHICS
ATTACHMENT A
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I understand that I am subject to the Code of Ethics (the Code) adopted by each Company. I have read and I understand the current Code of Ethics, and will comply with it in all respects. In addition, I certify that I have complied with the requirements of the Code in that I have disclosed or reported all personal securities transactions required to be disclosed or reported pursuant to the requirements of the Code.
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This form must be completed and returned to the Compliance Department:
Foreside Financial Group, LLC
ATTN: Review Officer
Three Canal Plaza
Portland, ME 04101
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