Exhibit 3.1

AMENDED AND RESTATED

by, or at the direction of, the Board of Directors, or (c) otherwise properly brought before the meeting by any holder of record (both as of the time notice of such proposal is given by the stockholder as set forth below and as of the record date for the annual meeting in question) of any shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote at such annual meeting who complies with the requirements set forth in this Section 2.

In addition to any other applicable requirements, for business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder of record of any shares of capital stock entitled to vote at such annual meeting (other than a stockholder proposal included in the Corporation’s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), such stockholder shall: (i) give timely notice as required by this Section 2 to the Secretary of the Corporation and (ii) be present at such meeting, either in person or by a representative. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice must be delivered to, or mailed to and received by, the Corporation at its principal executive office not less than 75 days nor more than 120 days prior to the anniversary date of the immediately preceding annual meeting of stockholders (the “Anniversary Date”); provided, however, that in the event the annual meeting is scheduled to be held on a date more than 30 days before the Anniversary Date or more than 60 days after the Anniversary Date, timely notice by the stockholder must be delivered not later than the close of business on the later of (A) the 75th day prior to the scheduled date of such annual meeting or (B) the 15th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such annual meeting is first made by the Corporation. In no event shall the public announcement of an adjournment of an annual meeting commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder’s notice under these By-laws.

For purposes of these By-laws, “public announcement” shall mean: (i) disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or comparable national news service, (ii) a report or other document filed publicly with the Securities and Exchange Commission (including, without limitation, a Form 8-K), or (iii) a letter or report sent to stockholders of record of the Corporation at the time of the mailing of such letter or report.

A stockholder’s notice to the Secretary shall set forth as to each matter proposed to be brought before an annual meeting of stockholders: (i) a brief description of the business the stockholder desires to bring before such annual meeting and the reasons for conducting such business at such annual meeting, (ii) the name and address, as they appear on the Corporation’s stock transfer books, of the stockholder proposing such business, (iii) the class and number of shares of the Corporation’s capital stock beneficially owned by the stockholder proposing such business, (iv) the names and addresses of the beneficial owners, if any, of any capital stock of the Corporation registered in such stockholder’s name on such books, and the class and number of shares of the Corporation’s capital stock beneficially owned by such beneficial owners, (v) the names and addresses of other stockholders known by the stockholder proposing such business to support such proposal, and the class and number of shares of the Corporation’s capital stock beneficially owned by such other stockholders, and (vi) any material interest of the stockholder proposing to

bring such business before such meeting (or any other stockholders known to be supporting such proposal) in such proposal.

If the Board of Directors or a designated committee thereof determines that any stockholder proposal was not made in a timely fashion in accordance with the provisions of this Section 2 or that the information provided in a stockholder’s notice does not satisfy the information requirements of this Section 2 in any material respect, such proposal shall not be presented for action at the annual meeting in question. If neither the Board of Directors nor such committee makes a determination as to the validity of any stockholder proposal in the manner set forth above, the presiding officer of the annual meeting shall determine and declare at the annual meeting whether the stockholder proposal was made in accordance with the terms of this Section 2. If the presiding officer determines that a stockholder proposal was made in accordance with the requirements of this Section 2, he shall so declare at the annual meeting and ballots shall be provided for use at the meeting with respect to such proposal. If the presiding officer determines that a stockholder proposal was not made in accordance with the requirements of this Section 2, he shall so declare at the annual meeting and such proposal shall not be acted upon at such meeting.

SECTION 3. OTHER MEETINGS. Meetings of stockholders for any purpose other than the election of directors may be held at such time and place, within or without the State of Delaware, as shall be stated in the notice of the meeting.

SECTION 4. Voting and Proxies.  Stockholders shall have one vote for each share of stock entitled to vote owned by them of record according to the stock transfer books of the Corporation, unless otherwise provided by law or by the Certificate.  Stockholders may vote either (i) in person, (ii) by written proxy or (iii) by an electronic transmission permitted by §212(c) of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”).  No proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period.  Any copy, facsimile telecommunication or other reliable reproduction of the writing or transmission permitted by §212(c) of the DGCL may be substituted for or used in lieu of the original writing or transmission for any and all purposes for which the original writing or transmission could be used, provided that such copy, facsimile telecommunication or other reproduction shall be a complete reproduction of the entire original writing or transmission.  Proxies shall be filed with the Secretary of the meeting before being.  Except as otherwise limited therein or as otherwise provided by law, proxies shall entitle the persons authorized thereby to vote at any adjournment of such meeting, but they shall not be valid after final adjournment of such meeting.  A proxy with respect to stock held in the name of two or more persons shall be valid if executed by or on behalf of any one of them unless at or prior to the exercise of the proxy the Corporation receives a specific written notice to the contrary from any one of them.  A proxy purporting to be executed by or on behalf of a stockholder shall be deemed valid, and the burden of proving invalidity shall rest on the challenger.  At any meeting of stockholders for the election of one or more directors at which a quorum is present, each director shall be elected by the vote of a

majority of the votes cast with respect to the director, provided that if, as of a date that is ten (10) days in advance of the date on which the Corporation files its definitive proxy statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (regardless of whether thereafter revised or supplemented), the number of nominees for director exceeds the number of directors to be elected, the directors shall be elected by the vote of a plurality of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote at the election. For purposes of this Section 4, a majority of the votes cast means that the number of shares voted “for” a director exceeds the number of votes cast “against” that director. The following shall not be votes cast: (a) a share otherwise present at the meeting but for which there is an abstention; and (b) a share otherwise present at the meeting as to which a shareholder gives no authority or direction. If an incumbent director then serving on the Board of Directors does not receive the required majority, the director shall promptly tender his or her resignation to the Board of Directors. Within ninety (90) days after the date of the certification of the election results, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of the Board of Directors (or other committee that may be designated by the Board of Directors) will make a recommendation to the Board of Directors as to whether to accept or reject the resignation, or whether other action should be taken. The Board of Directors will act on the tendered resignation, taking into account the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s recommendation, and publicly disclose its decision regarding the tendered resignation and the rationale behind the decision. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee in making its recommendation, and the Board of Directors in making its decision, may each consider any factors or other information that they consider appropriate and relevant. The director who tenders his or her resignation will not participate in the recommendation of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee or the decision of the Board of Directors with respect to his or her resignation. If such incumbent director’s resignation is not accepted by the Board of Directors, such director shall continue to serve until the next annual meeting and until his or her successor is duly elected, or his or her earlier resignation or removal. If a director’s resignation is accepted by the Board of Directors pursuant to this Section 4, or if a nominee for director is not elected and the nominee is not an incumbent director, then the Board of Directors may fill the resulting vacancy pursuant to the provisions of these By-Laws or may decrease the size of the Board of Directors pursuant to these By-Laws.

SECTION 5. QUORUM. Except as otherwise required by law, by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these By-Laws, the presence, in person or by proxy, of stockholders holding a majority of the stock of the Corporation entitled to vote shall constitute a quorum at all meetings of the stockholders. In case a quorum shall not be present at any meeting, a majority in interest of the stockholders entitled to vote thereat, present in person or by proxy, shall have power to adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until the requisite amount of stock entitled to vote shall be present. At any such adjourned meeting at which the requisite amount of stock entitled to vote shall be represented,

any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally noticed, but only those stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting as originally noticed shall be entitled to vote at any adjournment or adjournments thereof.

SECTION 6. SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of the stockholders for any purpose or purposes may be called by the Chairman of the Board, President, or Secretary, or by resolution of the directors.

SECTION 7. NOTICE OF MEETINGS. Written notice, stating the place, date and time of the meeting, and the general nature of the business to be considered, shall be given to each stockholder entitled to vote thereat at his address as it appears on the records of the Corporation, not less than ten nor more than sixty days before the date of the meeting. No business other than that stated in the notice shall be transacted at any meeting without the unanimous consent of all the stockholders entitled to vote thereat.

SECTION 8. ACTION WITHOUT MEETING. Unless otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, any action required to be taken at any annual or special meeting of stockholders, or any action which may be taken at any annual or special meeting, may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted. Prompt notice of the taking of the corporate action without a meeting by less than unanimous written consent shall be given to those stockholders who have not consented in writing.

ARTICLE III

DIRECTORS

SECTION 1. NUMBER AND TERM. The number of directors shall be no less than three but no more than nine. The directors shall be elected at the annual meeting of the stockholders and each director shall be elected to serve until his successor shall be elected and shall qualify. Directors need not be stockholders.

SECTION 2. DIRECTOR NOMINATIONS. Nominations of candidates for election as directors of the Corporation at any annual meeting of stockholders may be made (a) by, or at the direction of, a majority of the Board of Directors or (b) by any holder of record (both as of the time notice of such nomination is given by the stockholder as set forth below and as of the record date for the annual meeting in question) of any shares of the capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote at such annual meeting who complies with the procedures set forth in this Section 2. Any stockholder who seeks to make such a nomination or his representative must be present in person

at the annual meeting.  Only persons nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2 shall be eligible for election as directors at an annual meeting of stockholders.

Nominations, other than those made by, or at the direction of, the Board of Directors, shall be made pursuant to timely notice in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation as set forth in this Section 2. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice shall be delivered to, or mailed to and received by, the Corporation at its principal executive office not less than 75 days nor more than 120 days prior to the Anniversary Date; provided, however, that in the event the annual meeting is scheduled to be held on a date more than 30 days before the Anniversary Date or more than 60 days after the Anniversary Date, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be delivered not later than the close of business on the later of (i) the 75th day prior to the scheduled date of such annual meeting or (ii) the 15th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such annual meeting is first made by the Corporation. Public announcement of the scheduled date of the annual meeting of stockholders shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article II, Section 2 of these By-laws. In no event shall the public announcement of an adjournment of an annual meeting commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder’s notice under these By-laws.

A stockholder’s notice to the Secretary shall set forth as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election or re-election as a director (i) the name, age, business address and residence address of such person, (ii) the principal occupation or employment of such person, (iii) the class and number of shares of the Corporation’s capital stock which are beneficially owned by such person on the date of such stockholder notice, and (iv) the consent of each nominee to serve as a director if elected. A stockholder’s notice to the Secretary shall further set forth as to the stockholder giving such notice (i) the name and address, as they appear on the Corporation’s stock transfer books, of such stockholder and of the beneficial owners (if any) of the Corporation’s capital stock registered in such stockholder’s name and the name and address of other stockholders known by such stockholder to be supporting such nominee(s), (ii) the class and number of shares of the Corporation’s capital stock which are held of record, beneficially owned or represented by proxy by such stockholder and by any other stockholders known by such stockholder to be supporting such nominee(s) on the record date for the annual meeting in question (if such date shall then have been made publicly available) and on the date of such stockholder’s notice, and (iii) a description of all arrangements or understandings between such stockholder and each nominee and any other person or persons (naming such person or persons) pursuant to which the nomination or nominations are to be made by such stockholder.

If the Board of Directors or a designated committee thereof determines that any stockholder nomination was not timely made in accordance with the terms of this Section 2 or that the information provided in a stockholder’s notice does not satisfy the informational requirements of this Section 2 in any material respect, then such nomination shall not be considered at the annual meeting in question. If neither the Board of Directors nor such committee makes a determination

as to whether a nomination was made in accordance with the provisions of this Section 2 , the presiding officer of the annual meeting shall determine and declare at the annual meeting whether a nomination was made in accordance with such provisions. If the presiding officer determines that a nomination was made in accordance with the terms of this Section 2, he shall so declare at the annual meeting and ballots shall be provided for use at the meeting with respect to such nominee. If the presiding officer determines that a nomination was not made in accordance with the terms of this Section 2, he shall so declare at the annual meeting and such nomination shall not be considered at such meeting.

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the second sentence of the second paragraph of this Section 2, in the event that the number of directors to be elected to the Board of Directors of the Corporation is increased and there is no public announcement by the Corporation naming all of the nominees for director or specifying the size of the increased Board of Directors at least 75 days prior to the Anniversary Date, a stockholder’s notice required by this Section 2 shall also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if such notice shall be delivered to, or mailed to and received by, the Corporation at its principal executive office not later than the close of business on the 15th day following the day on which such public announcement is first made by the Corporation.

SECTION 3. RESIGNATIONS. Any director, member of a committee or officer may resign at any time. Such resignation shall be made in writing, and shall take effect at the time specified therein, and if no time be specified, at the time of its receipt by the Chairman of the Board, the President or the Secretary. The acceptance of a resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective.

SECTION 4. VACANCIES. If the office of any director, member of a committee or officer becomes vacant, the remaining directors in office, though less than a quorum, by a majority vote may appoint any qualified person to fill such vacancy, who shall hold such office for the unexpired term and until his successor shall be duly elected and shall qualify.

SECTION 5. REMOVAL. Except as hereinafter provided, any director or directors may be removed either for or without cause at any time by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of all the shares of stock outstanding and entitled to vote, at a special meeting of the stockholders called for the purpose and the vacancies thus created may be filled, at the meeting held for the purpose of removal, by the affirmative vote of a majority in interest of the stockholders entitled to vote.

Unless the Certificate of Incorporation otherwise provides, stockholders may effect removal of a director who is a member of a classified Board of Directors only for cause. If the Certificate of Incorporation provides for cumulative voting and if less than the entire Board is to be removed, no director may be removed without cause if the vote cast against his removal would be

sufficient to elect him if then cumulatively voted at an election of the entire Board of Directors, or, if there be classes of directors, at an election of the class of directors of which he is a part.

If the holders of any class or series of stock are entitled to elect one or more directors by the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, these provisions shall apply, in respect to the removal without cause of a director or directors so elected, to the vote of the holders of the outstanding shares of that class or series of stock and not to the vote of the outstanding shares as a whole.

SECTION 6. INCREASE OF NUMBER. The number of directors may be increased by amendment of these By-Laws by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors, though less than a quorum, or by the affirmative vote of a majority in interest of the stockholders, at the annual meeting or at a special meeting called for that purpose, and by like vote, the additional directors may be chosen at such meeting to hold office until the next annual election and until their successors are elected and qualify.

SECTION 7. POWERS. The Board of Directors shall exercise all of the powers of the Corporation except such as are by law, by the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation or by these By-Laws conferred or reserved to the stockholders.

SECTION 8. COMMITTEES. The Board of Directors may, by resolution or resolutions passed by a majority of the whole Board, designate one or more committees, each committee to consist of two or more of the directors of the Corporation. The Board may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of any member of such committee or committees, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he or they constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member.

Any such committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors or in these By-Laws, shall have and may exercise the powers of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers which may require it; but no such committee shall have the power or authority to amend the Certificate of Incorporation, adopt an agreement of merger or consolidation, recommend to the stockholders the sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of the Corporation’s property and assets, recommend to the stockholders a dissolution of the Corporation or a revocation of a dissolution, or amend the By-Laws of the Corporation; and, unless a resolution of the Board of Directors, these By-Laws or the Certificate of Incorporation expressly so provides, no such committee shall have the power or authority to declare a dividend or to authorize the issuance of stock.

SECTION 9. MEETINGS. The newly elected directors may hold their first meeting for the purpose of organization and the transaction of business, if a quorum be present, immediately after the annual meeting of the stockholders; or the time and place of such meeting may be fixed by consent in writing of all the directors.

Regular meetings of the directors may be held without notice at such places and times as shall be determined from time to time by resolution of the directors.

Special meetings may be held at any time upon call of the Chairman of the Board, the President or any two directors, upon written or telegraphic notice deposited in the U.S. mail or delivered to the telegraphic company at least two (2) days prior to the day of the meeting. An attempt shall also be made at least two (2) days prior to the day of the meeting to give notice thereof by telephone and the Secretary shall file a written statement with the minutes of the meeting that written notice was duly given and telephonic notice duly attempted in accordance herewith. Special meetings may be held at any time without notice if all the directors are present or if, before the meeting, those not present waive such notice in writing and such waivers are filed with the minutes of such meeting. Notice of a special meeting of the Board of Directors need not state the purpose of, nor the business to be transacted at, such meeting. Special meetings of the Board shall be held at such place or places as may be determined by the directors, or as shall be stated in the call of the meeting.

The directors shall elect a Chairman of the Board of Directors, who shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and who shall have and perform such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to him by the Board of Directors.

Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws, members of the Board of Directors or of any committee designated by the Board of Directors may participate in a meeting of the Board of Directors or such committee, as the case may be, by means of conference telephone or similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and such participation in a meeting shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.

SECTION 10. QUORUM. A majority of the directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. If at any meeting of the Board there shall be less than a quorum present, a majority of those present may adjourn the meeting from time to time until a quorum is obtained, and no further notice need be given other than by announcement at the meeting which shall be so adjourned.

SECTION 11. COMPENSATION. Directors, and members of any committee of the Board of Directors, shall be entitled to such reasonable compensation for serving as directors and as members of any committee as shall be fixed from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors, and shall also be entitled to reimbursement for any reasonable expenses incurred in attending those meetings.  The compensation of directors may be on any basis as determined in

the resolution of the Board of Directors. Nothing herein contained shall be construed to preclude any director from serving the Corporation in another capacity as an officer, agent or otherwise, and receiving compensation therefor.

SECTION 12. ACTION WITHOUT MEETING. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or of any committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if prior to such action all members of the Board or such committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission, and the writing or writings or electronic transmission or transmissions are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board or committee, respectively.  Such filing shall be in paper form if the minutes are maintained in paper form and shall be in electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic form.

ARTICLE IV

OFFICERS

SECTION 1. OFFICERS. The officers of the Corporation shall be a President, a Chief Financial Officer and a Secretary, all of whom shall be elected by the Board of Directors and each of whom shall hold office until their successors are elected and qualified. In addition, the Board of Directors may elect one or more Vice Presidents, a Treasurer and such Assistant Secretaries and Assistant Treasurers as they may deem proper. None of the officers of the Corporation need be directors. The officers shall be elected at the first meeting of the Board of Directors after each annual meeting. More than two offices may be held by the same person.

SECTION 2. OTHER OFFICERS AND AGENTS. The Board of Directors may appoint such other officers and agents as it may deem advisable, who shall hold their offices for such terms and shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as shall be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors.

SECTION 3. PRESIDENT. The President shall be the chief executive officer of the Corporation. Subject to the provisions of these By-Laws and to the direction of the Board of Directors, the President shall have the responsibility for the general management and control of the business and affairs of the Corporation and shall perform all duties and have all powers which are commonly incident to the office of chief executive or which are delegated to him by the Board of Directors. The President shall have the power to sign all stock certificates, contracts and other instruments of the Corporation which are authorized and shall have general supervision and direction of all of the other officers, employees and agents of the Corporation.

SECTION 4. VICE PRESIDENT. Each Vice President, if any, shall have such powers as shall be assigned by the Board of Directors and shall perform such duties as shall be assigned by the President or the Board of Directors.

SECTION 5. CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER. The Chief Financial Officer shall have the custody of the corporate funds and securities and shall keep full and accurate account of receipts and disbursements in books belonging to the Corporation. He shall deposit all moneys and other valuables in the name and to the credit of the Corporation in such depositaries as may be designated by the Board of Directors.

The Chief Financial Officer shall disburse the funds of the Corporation as may be ordered by the Board of Directors or the President, taking proper vouchers for such disbursements. He shall render to the President and the Board of Directors at the regular meetings of the Board of Directors, or whenever they may request it, an account of all his transactions as Chief Financial Officer and of the financial condition of the Corporation. If required by the Board of Directors, he shall give the Corporation a bond for the faithful discharge of his duties, in such amount and with such surety as the Board of Directors shall prescribe.

SECTION 6. SECRETARY. The Secretary shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all meetings of stockholders and directors, and all other notices required by law or by these By-Laws, and in case of his absence or refusal or neglect so to do, any such notice may be given by any person thereunto directed by the President, or by the Board of Directors, or by those stockholders upon whose requisition the meeting is called as provided in these By-Laws. He shall record all the proceedings of the meetings of the Corporation and of the directors, in a book to be kept for that purpose, and shall perform such other duties as may be assigned to him by the Board of Directors or by the President.  He shall have the custody of the seal of the Corporation and shall affix the same to all instruments requiring it, when authorized by the directors or the President, and attest the same.

SECTION 7. TREASURER. The Treasurer, if any, shall have the powers and shall perform the duties as shall be assigned to him by the directors.

SECTION 8. ASSISTANT TREASURERS AND ASSISTANT SECRETARIES. Assistant Treasurers and Assistant Secretaries, if any, shall be elected and shall have such powers and shall perform such duties as shall be assigned to them, respectively, by the directors.

ARTICLE V

STOCK CERTIFICATES AND THEIR TRANSFER

SECTION 1. CERTIFICATE OF STOCK.  Each stockholder shall be entitled to a certificate of the capital stock of the Corporation in such form as may from time to time be prescribed by the Board of Directors; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may provide that some or all of any or all classes or series of shares of the Corporation shall be uncertificated shares, in which case the holders of such shares will not be entitled to certificates with respect to such shares,

unless a holder requests a certificate with respect to such shares.  Certificates of stock may be signed by the President or a Vice President, and the Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer, or Secretary or an Assistant Secretary.  Any or all of the signatures may be facsimiles.

SECTION 2. LOST CERTIFICATES. A new certificate of stock may be issued in the place of any certificate, theretofore issued by the Corporation, alleged to have been lost or destroyed.  When authorizing such issue of a new certificate, the directors may, in their discretion, require the owner of such a lost or destroyed certificate, or his legal representative, to give the Corporation a bond, in such sum as they may direct, not exceeding double the value of the stock, to indemnify the Corporation against any claim that may be made against it or its transfer agent on account of the alleged loss of any such certificate or the issuance of any such new certificate.

SECTION 3. TRANSFER OF SHARES. The shares of stock of the Corporation shall be transferable only upon its books by the holders thereof in person or by their duly authorized attorneys or legal representatives, and, if such shares are certificated shares, upon such transfer the old certificates shall be surrendered to the Corporation by the delivery thereof to the person in charge of the stock and transfer books and ledgers, or to such other person as the directors may designate, by whom they shall be cancelled, and new certificates shall thereupon be issued. A record shall be made of each transfer and whenever a transfer shall be made for collateral security, and not absolutely, it shall be so expressed in the entry of the transfer.

SECTION 4. STOCKHOLDERS RECORD DATE. In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, or to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a record date, which shall not be more than sixty nor less than ten days before the date of such meeting, nor more than sixty days prior to any other action. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.

ARTICLE VI

INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

SECTION 1. GENERAL. The Corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in

the right of the Corporation) by reason of the fact that he is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation, as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and accounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if he (a) acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation and (b) with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the person (x) did not act in good faith and in a manner which he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation and (y) with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, did not have reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful.

SECTION 2. DERIVATIVE ACTIONS. The Corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that he is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if he acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, provided, however, that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable for negligence or misconduct in the performance of his duty to the Corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper.

SECTION 3. INDEMNIFICATION IN CERTAIN CASES. To the extent that a director, officer, employee, or agent of the Corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding referred to in Sections 1 and 2 of this Article VI, or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, he shall be indemnified against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection therewith.

SECTION 4. PROCEDURE. Any indemnification under Sections 1 and 2 of this Article VI (unless ordered by a court) shall be made by the Corporation only as authorized in the specific case upon a determination that indemnification of the director, officer, employee or agent is proper in the circumstances because he has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in such Sections 1 and 2.  Such determination shall be made (a) by the Board of Directors by a

majority vote of a quorum consisting of directors who were not parties to such action, suit or proceeding, or (b) if such quorum is not obtainable, or even if obtainable a quorum of disinterested directors so directs, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion, or (c) by the stockholders.

SECTION 5. ADVANCES FOR EXPENSES. Expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by an officer or director in defending a civil, criminal, administrative or investigative action, suit or proceeding shall be paid by the Corporation in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of the director or officer to repay such amount unless it shall be ultimately determined that he is entitled to be indemnified by the Corporation as authorized in this Article VI.  Such expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by other employees and agents of the Corporation may be so paid upon such terms and conditions, if any, as the Board of Directors deems appropriate.

SECTION 6. RIGHTS NON-EXCLUSIVE. The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by or granted pursuant to this Article VI shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under law, by-law, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in his official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office, and shall continue as a contract right in favor of any person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.

SECTION 7. INSURANCE. The Corporation shall have power to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any liability asserted against him and incurred by him in any such capacity, or arising out of his status as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify him against such liability under the provisions of this Article VI.

SECTION 8. DEFINITION OF CORPORATION. For the purposes of this Article VI, reference to the “Corporation” shall include any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors, officers and employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise shall stand in the same position under this Article VI with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as he would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued.

SECTION 9. OTHER DEFINITIONS. For purposes of this Article VI, references to “other enterprises” shall include employee benefit plans; references to “fines” shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to any employee benefit plan; and references to “serving at the request of the Corporation” shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director, officer, employee, or agent with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner “not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation” as referred to in this Article VI.

ARTICLE VII

GENERAL PROVISIONS

SECTION 1. DIVIDENDS. Subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, the Board of Directors may, out of funds legally available therefor at any regular or special meeting, declare dividends upon the capital stock of the Corporation as and when they deem expedient. Before declaring any dividend there may be set apart out of any funds of the Corporation available for dividends, such sum or sums as the directors from time to time in their discretion deem proper for working capital or as a reserve fund to meet contingencies or for equalizing dividends or for such other purposes as the directors shall deem conducive to the interests of the Corporation.

SECTION 2. SEAL. The corporate seal shall be circular in form and shall contain the name of the Corporation, the year of its creation and the words “CORPORATE SEAL DELAWARE”. Said seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or reproduced or otherwise.

SECTION 3. FISCAL YEAR. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be determined by resolution of the Board of Directors.

SECTION 4. CHECKS. All checks, drafts or other orders for the payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of the Corporation shall be signed by such officer or officers, agent or agents of the Corporation, and in such manner an shall be determined from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors.

SECTION 5. NOTICE AND WAIVER OF NOTICE. Whenever any notice is required by these By-Laws to be given, personal notice is not meant unless expressly so stated, and any notice so required shall be deemed sufficient if given by depositing the same in the United States mail, postage prepaid, addressed to the person entitled thereto at his address as it appears on the records of the Corporation, and such notice shall be deemed to have been given on the day of

such mailing. Stockholders not entitled to vote shall not be entitled to receive notice of any meetings except as otherwise provided by statute.

Whenever any notice whatsoever is required to be given under the provisions of any law, or under the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation or these By-Laws, a waiver thereof in writing, signed by the person or persons entitled to said notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent thereto.

ARTICLE VIII

AMENDMENTS

These By-Laws may be altered or repealed and By-Laws may be made (a) at any annual meeting of the stockholders or at any special meeting thereof, if notice of the proposed alteration or repeal or By-Law or By-Laws to be made is contained in the notice of such special meeting, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote thereat, or (b) by the affirmative vote of a majority of the Board of Directors at any regular meeting of the Board of Directors, or at any special meeting of the Board of Directors if notice of the proposed alteration or repeal, or By-Law or By-Laws to be made, is contained in the notice of such special meeting.