As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 31, 2020
File No. 033-65137
File No. 811-07455
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM N-1A
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under the SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 | ¨ | |
Pre-Effective Amendment No. | ¨ | |
Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 | x |
and/or
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under the INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940 | ¨ | |
Amendment No. 115 | x |
(Check appropriate box or boxes)
Virtus Opportunities Trust
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
Area Code and Telephone Number: (800) 243-1574
101 Munson Street
Greenfield, Massachusetts 01301
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Kevin J. Carr, Esq.
Vice President and Senior Counsel
Virtus Investment Partners, Inc.
One Financial Plaza
Hartford, Connecticut 06103
(Name and Address of Agent for Service)
Copies of All Correspondence to:
David C. Mahaffey, Esq.
Sullivan & Worcester LLP
1666 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20006
It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box):
x | immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b) | |
¨ | on ______ pursuant to paragraph (b) of Rule 485 | |
¨ | 60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) | |
¨ | on or at such later date as the Commission shall order pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) | |
¨ | 75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) | |
¨ | on pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 485. |
If appropriate, check the following box:
¨ | this post-effective amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment. |
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TICKER SYMBOL BY CLASS
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FUND
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A
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C
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I
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R6
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Virtus FORT Trend Fund | | |
VAPAX
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VAPCX
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VAPIX
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VRPAX
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| FUND SUMMARY | | | | |
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| MORE INFORMATION ABOUT INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES | | | | |
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| ADDITIONAL RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH INVESTMENT TECHNIQUES AND FUND OPERATIONS | | | | |
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Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
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Class A
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Class C
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Class I
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Class R6
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Maximum Sales Charge (load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of
offering price) |
| | | | | 5.75 | % | | | | | | | Non | e | | | | | | | Non | e | | | | | | | Non | e | | | |
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Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (load) (as a percentage of the lesser of purchase price or redemption proceeds)
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| | | | | Non | e | | | | | | | 1.00 | %(a) | | | | | | | Non | e | | | | | | | Non | e | | | |
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Class A
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Class C
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Class I
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Class R6
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Management Fees (b)
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| | | | | 1.00 | % | | | | | | | 1.00 | % | | | | | | | 1.00 | % | | | | | | | 1.00 | % | | | |
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Distribution and Shareholder Servicing (12b-1) fees
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| | | | | 0.25 | % | | | | | | | 1.00 | % | | | | | | | Non | e | | | | | | | Non | e | | | |
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Other Expenses
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| | | | | 0.31 | % | | | | | | | 0.30 | % | | | | | | | 0.31 | % | | | | | | | 0.21 | % | | | |
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Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses
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| | | | | 1.56 | % | | | | | | | 2.30 | % | | | | | | | 1.31 | % | | | | | | | 1.21 | % | | | |
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Share Status
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1 Year
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3 Years
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5 Years
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10 Years
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Class A
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Sold or Held
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| | | | | $725 | | | | | | | $1,039 | | | | | | | $1,376 | | | | | | | $2,325 | | | | ||||
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Class C
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Sold
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| | | | | $333 | | | | | | | $718 | | | | | | | $1,230 | | | | | | | $2,636 | | | | ||||
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Held
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| | | | | $233 | | | | | | | $718 | | | | | | | $1,230 | | | | | | | $2,636 | | | | |||||||||
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Class I
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Sold or Held
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| | | | | $133 | | | | | | | $415 | | | | | | | $718 | | | | | | | $1,579 | | | | ||||
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Class R6
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Sold or Held
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| | | | | $123 | | | | | | | $384 | | | | | | | $665 | | | | | | | $1,466 | | | |
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Best Quarter:
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Q1/2013:
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10.82%
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Worst Quarter:
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Q4/2018:
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-13.15%
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Since Inception
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1 Year
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5 Years
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Class A,C
and I (7/1/10) |
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Class R6
(11/12/14) |
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Class I
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Return Before Taxes
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| | | | | 16.58 | % | | | | | | | 3.66 | % | | | | | | | 8.36 | % | | | | | | | | — | | | |
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Return After Taxes on Distributions
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| | | | | 16.58 | % | | | | | | | 3.66 | % | | | | | | | 7.56 | % | | | | | | | | — | | | |
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Return After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares
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| | | | | 9.82 | % | | | | | | | 2.84 | % | | | | | | | 6.63 | % | | | | | | | | — | | | |
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Class A
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Return Before Taxes
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| | | | | 9.66 | % | | | | | | | 2.19 | % | | | | | | | 7.43 | % | | | | | | | | — | | | |
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Class C
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Return Before Taxes
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| | | | | 15.42 | % | | | | | | | 2.68 | % | | | | | | | 7.31 | % | | | | | | | | — | | | |
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Class R6
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Returns Before Taxes
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| | | | | 16.79 | % | | | | | | | 3.79 | % | | | | | | | | — | | | | | | | 3.32 | % | | | |
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ICE BofA US Treasury Bill 3 Month Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)
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| | | | | 2.28 | % | | | | | | | 1.07 | % | | | | | | | 0.61 | % | | | | | | | 1.12 | % | | | |
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S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes)
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| | | | | 31.49 | % | | | | | | | 11.70 | % | | | | | | | 15.18 | % | | | | | | | 11.65 | % | | | |
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Class A Shares
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Class C Shares
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Class I Shares
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Class R6 Shares
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Virtus FORT Trend Fund
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| | | | | 1.60 | % | | | | | | | 2.35 | % | | | | | | | 1.35 | % | | | | | | | 1.26 | % | | | |
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Class A Shares
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Class C Shares
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Class I Shares
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Class R6 Shares
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Virtus FORT Trend Fund
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| | | | | 1.59 | % | | | | | | | 2.33 | % | | | | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | | | | 1.24 | % | | | |
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First $1 billion
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$1+ billion
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| | Virtus FORT Trend Fund | | | | | | 1.00% | | | | | | | 0.95% | | | |
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Fund
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Class A
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Class C
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Class I
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Class R6
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| | Virtus FORT Trend Fund | | | | | | 0.25% | | | | | | | 1.00% | | | | | | | None | | | | | | | None | | | |
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Sales Charge as a percentage of
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Amount of Transaction at Offering Price
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Offering Price
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Net Amount Invested
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Under $50,000 | | | | | 5.75% | | | | | | 6.10% | | |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | | | | | 4.75 | | | | | | 4.99 | | |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | | | 3.75 | | | | | | 3.90 | | |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | | | | | 2.75 | | | | | | 2.83 | | |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | | | | | 2.00 | | | | | | 2.04 | | |
$1,000,000 or more | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | |
Year
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1
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2+
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CDSC | | | | | 1% | | | | | | 0% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amount of Transaction at Offering Price
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Sales Charge as a
Percentage of Offering Price |
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Sales Charge as a
Percentage of Amount Invested |
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Dealer Discount as a
Percentage of Offering Price |
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Under $50,000 | | | | | 5.75% | | | | | | 6.10% | | | | | | 5.00% | | |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | | | | | 4.75 | | | | | | 4.99 | | | | | | 4.25 | | |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | | | 3.75 | | | | | | 3.90 | | | | | | 3.25 | | |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | | | | | 2.75 | | | | | | 2.83 | | | | | | 2.25 | | |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | | | | | 2.00 | | | | | | 2.04 | | | | | | 1.75 | | |
$1,000,000 or more | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | |
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To Open An Account
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Through a financial professional
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Contact your professional. Some professionals may charge a fee and may set different minimum investments or limitations on buying shares.
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Through the mail
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Complete a new account application and send it with a check payable to the fund. Mail them to: Virtus Mutual Funds, P.O. Box 9874, Providence, RI 02940-8074.
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Through express delivery
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Complete a new account application and send it with a check payable to the fund. Send them to: Virtus Mutual Funds, 4400 Computer Drive, Westborough, MA 01581-1722.
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By Federal Funds wire
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Call us at 800-243-1574 (press 1, then 0).
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By Systematic Purchase
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Complete the appropriate section on the application and send it with your initial investment payable to the fund. Mail them to: Virtus Mutual Funds, P.O. Box 9874, Providence, RI 02940-8074.
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By telephone exchange
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Call us at 800-243-1574 (press 1, then 0).
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To Sell Shares
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Through a financial professional
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Contact your professional. Some professionals may charge a fee and may set different minimums on redemptions of accounts.
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Through the mail
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Send a letter of instruction to: Virtus Mutual Funds, P.O. Box 9874, Providence, RI 02940-8074. Be sure to include the registered owner’s name, fund and account number, and number of shares or dollar value you wish to sell.
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To Sell Shares
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Through express delivery
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Send a letter of instruction to: Virtus Mutual Funds, 4400 Computer Drive, Westborough, MA 01581-1722. Be sure to include the registered owner’s name, fund and account number, and number of shares or dollar value you wish to sell.
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By telephone
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For sales up to $50,000, requests can be made by calling 800-243-1574.
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By telephone exchange
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Call us at 800-243-1574 (press 1, then 0).
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Fund
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Dividend Paid
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Virtus FORT Trend Fund
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Semiannually
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Net Asset
Value, Beginning of Period |
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Net
Investment Income (Loss)(1) |
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Net Realized
and Unrealized Gain (Loss) |
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Total from
Investment Operations |
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Dividends
from Net Investment Income |
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Distributions
from Net Realized Gains |
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Total
Distributions |
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Change in Net
Asset Value |
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Net Asset
Value, End of Period |
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Total
Return(2) |
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Net Assets,
End of Period (in thousands) |
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Ratio of Net
Expenses to Average Net Assets(3) |
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Ratio of Gross
Expenses to Average Net Assets (before waivers and reimbursements)(3) |
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Ratio of Net
Investment Income (Loss) to Average Net Assets |
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Portfolio
Turnover Rate |
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Virtus FORT Trend Fund | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Class A | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
10/1/19 to 3/31/20(11) | | | | $ | 15.16 | | | | | | 0.01 | | | | | | (2.89) | | | | | | (2.88) | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | (2.88) | | | | | $ | 12.28 | | | | | | (19.00)%(9) | | | | | $ | 80,565 | | | | | | 1.57%(5)(8) | | | | | | 1.57%(8) | | | | | | 0.09%(8) | | | | | | 32%(9) | | |
10/1/18 to 9/30/19 | | | | | 15.79 | | | | | | 0.03 | | | | | | (0.66) | | | | | | (0.63) | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | (0.63) | | | | | | 15.16 | | | | | | (3.99) | | | | | | 108,998 | | | | | | 1.56(5) | | | | | | 1.56 | | | | | | 0.19 | | | | | | 228 | | |
10/1/17 to 9/30/18 | | | | | 13.60 | | | | | | 0.01 | | | | | | 2.18 | | | | | | 2.19 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | 2.19 | | | | | | 15.79 | | | | | | 16.10 | | | | | | 109,943 | | | | | | 1.56(5) | | | | | | 1.56 | | | | | | 0.08 | | | | | | 57 | | |
10/1/16 to 9/30/17 | | | | | 12.23 | | | | | | 0.03 | | | | | | 1.34 | | | | | | 1.37 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | 1.37 | | | | | | 13.60 | | | | | | 11.20 | | | | | | 134,267 | | | | | | 1.51(6) | | | | | | 1.60 | | | | | | 0.23 | | | | | | 92 | | |
10/1/15 to 9/30/16 | | | | | 12.14 | | | | | | (0.01) | | | | | | 0.10 | | | | | | 0.09 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | 0.09 | | | | | | 12.23 | | | | | | 0.74 | | | | | | 245,109 | | | | | | 1.50(6)(7) | | | | | | 1.58 | | | | | | (0.05) | | | | | | 229 | | |
10/1/14 to 9/30/15 | | | | | 17.39 | | | | | | (0.03) | | | | | | (1.79) | | | | | | (1.82) | | | | | | (0.01) | | | | | | (3.42) | | | | | | (3.43) | | | | | | | | | (5.25) | | | | | | 12.14 | | | | | | (12.79) | | | | | | 520,337 | | | | | | 1.60(5) | | | | | | 1.60 | | | | | | (0.22) | | | | | | 674 | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Class C | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
10/1/19 to 3/31/20(11) | | | | $ | 14.41 | | | | | | (0.05) | | | | | | (2.73) | | | | | | (2.78) | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | (2.78) | | | | | $ | 11.63 | | | | | | (19.29)%(9) | | | | | $ | 83,324 | | | | | | 2.32%(5)(8) | | | | | | 2.32%(8) | | | | | | (0.66)%(8) | | | | | | 32%(9) | | |
10/1/18 to 9/30/19 | | | | | 15.12 | | | | | | (0.08) | | | | | | (0.63) | | | | | | (0.71) | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | (0.71) | | | | | | 14.41 | | | | | | (4.70) | | | | | | 128,143 | | | | | | 2.30(5) | | | | | | 2.30 | | | | | | (0.57) | | | | | | 228 | | |
10/1/17 to 9/30/18 | | | | | 13.11 | | | | | | (0.09) | | | | | | 2.10 | | | | | | 2.01 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | 2.01 | | | | | | 15.12 | | | | | | 15.33 | | | | | | 218,543 | | | | | | 2.29(5) | | | | | | 2.29 | | | | | | (0.65) | | | | | | 57 | | |
10/1/16 to 9/30/17 | | | | | 11.88 | | | | | | (0.06) | | | | | | 1.29 | | | | | | 1.23 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | 1.23 | | | | | | 13.11 | | | | | | 10.35 | | | | | | 257,078 | | | | | | 2.21(6) | | | | | | 2.35 | | | | | | (0.47) | | | | | | 92 | | |
10/1/15 to 9/30/16 | | | | | 11.87 | | | | | | (0.08) | | | | | | 0.09 | | | | | | 0.01 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | 0.01 | | | | | | 11.88 | | | | | | 0.08 | | | | | | 423,675 | | | | | | 2.16(6)(7) | | | | | | 2.33 | | | | | | (0.69) | | | | | | 229 | | |
10/1/14 to 9/30/15 | | | | | 17.16 | | | | | | (0.13) | | | | | | (1.76) | | | | | | (1.89) | | | | | | — | | | | | | (3.40) | | | | | | (3.40) | | | | | | | | | (5.29) | | | | | | 11.87 | | | | | | (13.45) | | | | | | 746,390 | | | | | | 2.36(5) | | | | | | 2.36 | | | | | | (0.97) | | | | | | 674 | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Class I | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
10/1/19 to 3/31/20(11) | | | | $ | 15.37 | | | | | | 0.03 | | | | | | (2.93) | | | | | | (2.90) | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | (2.90) | | | | | $ | 12.47 | | | | | | (18.87)%(9) | | | | | $ | 48,962 | | | | | | 1.32%(5)(8) | | | | | | 1.32%(8) | | | | | | 0.33%(8) | | | | | | 32%(9) | | |
10/1/18 to 9/30/19 | | | | | 15.97 | | | | | | 0.06 | | | | | | (0.66) | | | | | | (0.60) | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | (0.60) | | | | | | 15.37 | | | | | | (3.76) | | | | | | 73,639 | | | | | | 1.31(5) | | | | | | 1.31 | | | | | | 0.42 | | | | | | 228 | | |
10/1/17 to 9/30/18 | | | | | 13.71 | | | | | | 0.05 | | | | | | 2.21 | | | | | | 2.26 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | 2.26 | | | | | | 15.97 | | | | | | 16.48 | | | | | | 110,950 | | | | | | 1.30(5) | | | | | | 1.30 | | | | | | 0.34 | | | | | | 57 | | |
10/1/16 to 9/30/17 | | | | | 12.31 | | | | | | 0.06 | | | | | | 1.34 | | | | | | 1.40 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | 1.40 | | | | | | 13.71 | | | | | | 11.37 | | | | | | 148,047 | | | | | | 1.29(6) | | | | | | 1.35 | | | | | | 0.45 | | | | | | 92 | | |
10/1/15 to 9/30/16 | | | | | 12.19 | | | | | | 0.02 | | | | | | 0.10 | | | | | | 0.12 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | 0.12 | | | | | | 12.31 | | | | | | 0.98 | | | | | | 282,818 | | | | | | 1.29(6)(7) | | | | | | 1.33 | | | | | | 0.16 | | | | | | 229 | | |
10/1/14 to 9/30/15 | | | | | 17.42 | | | | | | 0.01 | | | | | | (1.80) | | | | | | (1.79) | | | | | | (0.02) | | | | | | (3.42) | | | | | | (3.44) | | | | | | | | | (5.23) | | | | | | 12.19 | | | | | | (12.57) | | | | | | 594,460 | | | | | | 1.35(5) | | | | | | 1.35 | | | | | | 0.04 | | | | | | 674 | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Class R6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
10/1/19 to 3/31/20(11) | | | | $ | 15.47 | | | | | | 0.04 | | | | | | (2.96) | | | | | | (2.92) | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | (2.92) | | | | | $ | 12.55 | | | | | | (18.88)%(9) | | | | | $ | 606 | | | | | | 1.22%(5)(8) | | | | | | 1.22%(8) | | | | | | 0.45%(8) | | | | | | 32%(9) | | |
10/1/18 to 9/30/19 | | | | | 16.05 | | | | | | 0.08 | | | | | | (0.66) | | | | | | (0.58) | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | (0.58) | | | | | | 15.47 | | | | | | (3.61) | | | | | | 602 | | | | | | 1.21(5) | | | | | | 1.21 | | | | | | 0.53 | | | | | | 228 | | |
10/1/17 to 9/30/18 | | | | | 13.77 | | | | | | 0.08 | | | | | | 2.20 | | | | | | 2.28 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | 2.28 | | | | | | 16.05 | | | | | | 16.56 | | | | | | 625 | | | | | | 1.20(5) | | | | | | 1.20 | | | | | | 0.50 | | | | | | 57 | | |
10/1/16 to 9/30/17 | | | | | 12.34 | | | | | | 0.08 | | | | | | 1.35 | | | | | | 1.43 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | 1.43 | | | | | | 13.77 | | | | | | 11.59 | | | | | | 203 | | | | | | 1.16(6) | | | | | | 1.23 | | | | | | 0.58 | | | | | | 92 | | |
10/1/15 to 9/30/16 | | | | | 12.20 | | | | | | 0.06 | | | | | | 0.08 | | | | | | 0.14 | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | — | | | | | | | | | 0.14 | | | | | | 12.34 | | | | | | 1.15 | | | | | | 182 | | | | | | 1.10(6)(7) | | | | | | 1.25 | | | | | | 0.49 | | | | | | 229 | | |
11/12/14(4) to 9/30/15 | | | | | 17.20 | | | | | | 0.01 | | | | | | (1.57) | | | | | | (1.56) | | | | | | (0.02) | | | | | | (3.42) | | | | | | (3.44) | | | | | | | | | (5.00) | | | | | | 12.20 | | | | | | (11.39)(9) | | | | | | 89 | | | | | | 1.28(8)(5) | | | | | | 1.28(8) | | | | | | 0.10(8) | | | | | | 674(10) | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Investment Company Act File No. 811-07455 | | | | |
| 8650 | | |
8-20
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| | |
TICKER SYMBOL BY CLASS
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| |||||||||||||||
FUND
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| |
A
|
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C
|
| |
I
|
| |
R6
|
| | | ||||
Virtus FORT Trend Fund | | |
VAPAX
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VAPCX
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VAPIX
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VRPAX
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Page
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Glossary | | | | | 3 | | |
| | | | 6 | | | |
| | | | 12 | | | |
| | | | 54 | | | |
| | | | 56 | | | |
| | | | 72 | | | |
| | | | 72 | | | |
| | | | 78 | | | |
| | | | 79 | | | |
| | | | 80 | | | |
| | | | 82 | | | |
| | | | 90 | | | |
| | | | 92 | | | |
| | | | 97 | | | |
| | | | 98 | | | |
Appendix A — Description of Ratings
|
| | | | A-1 | | |
Appendix B — Control Persons and Principal Shareholders
|
| | | | B-1 | | |
| 1933 Act | | | The Securities Act of 1933, as amended | |
| 1940 Act | | | The Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended | |
| ACH | | | Automated Clearing House, a nationwide electronic money transfer system that provides for the inter-bank clearing of credit and debit transactions and for the exchange of information among participating financial institutions | |
| Administrator | | | The Trust’s administrative agent, Virtus Fund Services, LLC | |
| ADRs | | | American Depositary Receipts | |
| ADSs | | | American Depositary Shares | |
| Adviser | | | The investment adviser to the Fund, Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc. | |
| BNY Mellon | | | BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc., the sub-administrative and accounting agent and sub-transfer agent for the Fund | |
| Board | | | The Board of Trustees of Virtus Opportunities Trust (also referred to herein as the “Trustees”) | |
| CCO | | | Chief Compliance Officer | |
| CDRs | | | Continental Depositary Receipts (another name for EDRs) | |
| CDSC | | | Contingent Deferred Sales Charge | |
| CEA | | | Commodity Exchange Act, which is the U.S. law governing trading in commodity futures | |
| CFTC | | | Commodity Futures Trading Commission, which is the U.S. regulator governing trading in commodity futures | |
| Code | | | The Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which is the law governing U.S. federal taxes | |
| Custodian | | | The custodian of the Fund’s assets, The Bank of New York Mellon | |
| Distributor | | | The principal underwriter of shares of the Fund, VP Distributors, LLC | |
| EDRs | | | European Depositary Receipts (another name for CDRs) | |
| ETFs | | | Exchange-traded Funds | |
| FHFA | | | Federal Housing Finance Agency, an independent Federal agency that regulates FNMA, FHLMC and the twelve Federal Home Loan Banks | |
| FHLMC | | | Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, also known as “Freddie Mac”, which is a government-sponsored corporation formerly owned by the twelve Federal Home Loan Banks and now owned entirely by private stockholders | |
| FINRA | | | Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, a self-regulatory organization with authority over registered broker-dealers operating in the United States, including VP Distributors | |
| Fitch | | | Fitch Ratings, Inc. | |
| FNMA | | | Federal National Mortgage Association, also known as “Fannie Mae”, which is a government-sponsored corporation owned entirely by private stockholders and subject to general regulation by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | |
| FORT | | | FORT, L.P., subadviser to the Trend Fund | |
| Fund Complex | | | The group of funds sponsored by Virtus and managed by VIA and its affiliates, including the Virtus Mutual Funds, Virtus Variable Insurance Trust and certain other closed-end funds | |
| Fund | | | The series of the Trust discussed in this SAI | |
| GDRs | | | Global Depositary Receipts | |
| GICs | | | Guaranteed Investment Contracts | |
| GNMA | | | Government National Mortgage Association, also known as “Ginnie Mae”, which is a wholly-owned United States Government corporation within the Department of Housing and Urban Development | |
| IMF | | | International Monetary Fund, an international organization seeking to promote international economic cooperation, international trade, employment and exchange rate stability, among other things | |
| Independent Trustees | | | Those members of the Board who are not “interested persons” as defined by the 1940 Act | |
| IRA | | | Individual Retirement Account | |
| IRS | | | The United States Internal Revenue Service, which is the arm of the U.S. government that administers and enforces the Code | |
| LIBOR | | | London Interbank Offering Rate, an interest rate at which banks can borrow funds, in marketable size, from other banks in the London interbank market | |
| Moody’s | | | Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. | |
| NAV | | | Net Asset Value, which is the per-share price of the Fund | |
| NYSE | | | New York Stock Exchange | |
| OCC | | | Options Clearing Corporation, a large equity derivatives clearing corporation | |
| OECD | | | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, an international organization seeking to promote economic progress and world trade | |
| PERLS | | | Principal Exchange Rate Linked Securities | |
| PNX | | | Phoenix Life Insurance Company, which is the former parent company of Virtus Investment Partners, Inc., and certain of its corporate affiliates | |
| Prospectuses | | | The prospectuses for the Fund, as amended from time to time | |
| PwC | | | PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm for the Trust | |
| Regulations | | | The Treasury Regulations promulgated under the Code | |
| RIC | | | Regulated Investment Company, a designation under the Code indicating a U.S.-registered investment company meeting the specifications under the Code allowing the investment company to be exempt from paying U.S. federal income taxes | |
| S&P | | | Standard & Poor’s Corporation | |
| S&P 500® Index | | | The Standard & Poor’s 500® Index, which is a free-float market capitalization-weighted index of 500 of the largest U.S. companies, calculated on a total return basis with dividends reinvested | |
| SAI | | | Statement of Additional Information, such as this document, which is a part of a mutual fund registration statement | |
| SEC | | | U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | |
| SIFMA | | | Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (formerly, the Bond Market Association), a financial industry trade group consisting of broker-dealers and asset managers across the United States | |
| SMBS | | | Stripped Mortgage-backed Securities | |
| Subsidiary | | | The Fund's wholly owned subsidiary, VATS Offshore Fund, Ltd. | |
| Transfer Agent | | | The Trust’s transfer agent, Virtus Fund Services, LLC | |
| Trend Fund | | | Virtus FORT Trend Fund | |
| Trust | | | Virtus Opportunities Trust | |
| Trust Funds | | | The series of the Trust | |
| VAIA | | | Virtus Alternative Investment Advisers, Inc., the Adviser to the Funds | |
| VFS | | |
Virtus Fund Services, LLC, the Administrator and Transfer Agent of the Trust
|
|
| VIA | | | Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc., an affiliated investment adviser of the Adviser | |
| Virtus | | | Virtus Investment Partners, Inc., which is the parent company of the Adviser, the Distributor and the Administrator/Transfer Agent | |
| Virtus Funds | | | The family of funds overseen by the Board, consisting of the Trust Funds, the series of Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust, the series of Virtus Asset Trust, the series of Virtus Equity Trust, the series of Virtus Retirement Trust and the series of Virtus Variable Insurance Trust | |
| Virtus Mutual Funds | | | The family of funds consisting of the Trust Funds, the series of Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust, the series of Virtus Asset Trust, the series of Virtus Equity Trust | |
| VP Distributors | | | VP Distributors, LLC, the Trust’s Distributor | |
| VVIT | | | Virtus Variable Insurance Trust, a separate trust consisting of several series advised by VIA and distributed by VP Distributors | |
| |
Fund Type
|
| | |
Fund
|
| | |
Investment Objective
|
| |
| | Alternatives | | | | Trend Fund | | | | The fund has an investment objective of long-term capital appreciation. | | |
| |
Type of Service Provider
|
| | |
Name of Service Provider
|
| | |
Timing of Release of Portfolio Holdings
Information |
| |
| | Adviser | | | | Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc. | | | | Daily, with no delay | | |
| | Subadviser | | | | FORT | | | | Daily, with no delay | | |
| | Administrator | | | | Virtus Fund Services, LLC | | | | Daily, with no delay | | |
| | Distributor | | | | VP Distributors, LLC | | | | Daily, with no delay | | |
| | Custodian and Security Lending Agent | | | | The Bank of New York Mellon | | | | Daily, with no delay | | |
| | Class Action Service Provider | | | | Financial Recovery Technologies and Institutional Shareholder Services | | | | Daily, with no delay | | |
| |
Type of Service Provider
|
| | |
Name of Service Provider
|
| | |
Timing of Release of Portfolio Holdings
Information |
| |
| | Sub-administrative and Accounting Agent and Sub-transfer Agent | | | | BNY Mellon | | | | Daily, with no delay | | |
| | Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | | | | PwC | | | | Annually, within 15 business days of end of fiscal year. | | |
| | Performance Analytics Firm | | | | FactSet Research Systems Inc. | | | | Daily, with no delay | | |
| | Liquidity Management Analytics System | | | | MSCI Group | | | | Daily, with no delay | | |
| | Back-end Compliance Monitoring System | | | | BNY Mellon | | | | Daily, with no delay | | |
| | Code of Ethics | | | | StarCompliance, LLC | | | | Daily, with no delay | | |
| | Printing firm for Financial Reports | | | | DFIN | | | | Semiannually, within 60 days of end of reporting period. | | |
| | Proxy Voting Service | | | | Institutional Shareholder Services | | | | Daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly depending on subadviser | | |
| | Intermediary Selling Shares of the Fund | | | | Merrill Lynch | | | | Quarterly within 10 days of quarter end | | |
| | Rating Agencies | | | | Lipper Inc. and Morningstar | | | | Fiscal quarter with a 60-day delay. | | |
| | Virtus Public Web site | | | | Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. | | | | Second and Fourth fiscal quarter with a 60-day delay. | | |
| |
Trust
|
| | |
Fund
|
| | |
Class/Shares
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A
|
| | |
C
|
| | |
I
|
| | |
R6
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| | |||||||||
| |
Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust
|
| | |
Virtus Aviva Multi-Strategy Target Return Fund
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| Virtus Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Energy Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |||||
| Virtus KAR Long/Short Equity Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| |
Trust
|
| | |
Fund
|
| | |
Class/Shares
|
| | ||||||||||||
|
A
|
| | |
C
|
| | |
I
|
| | |
R6
|
| | |||||||||
| |
Virtus Asset Trust
|
| | |
Virtus Ceredex Large-Cap Value Equity Fund
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| Virtus Ceredex Mid-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Ceredex Small-Cap Value Equity Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus SGA International Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Seix Core Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
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| | |||||
| Virtus Seix Corporate Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |||||
| Virtus Seix Floating Rate High Income Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Seix High Grade Municipal Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |||||
| Virtus Seix High Income Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Seix High Yield Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
|
Virtus Seix Investment Grade Tax-Exempt Bond Fund
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |||||
| Virtus Seix Short-Term Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |||||
| Virtus Seix Short-Term Municipal Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |||||
| Virtus Seix Total Return Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Seix U.S. Government Securities Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Seix U.S. Mortgage Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |||||
| Virtus Seix Ultra-Short Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |||||
| Virtus Silvant Large-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Silvant Small-Cap Growth Stock Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Zevenbergen Innovative Growth Stock Fund | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |
X
|
| | | | | | |||||
| |
Virtus Equity Trust
|
| | |
Virtus KAR Capital Growth Fund
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| Virtus KAR Global Quality Dividend Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus KAR Mid-Cap Core Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus KAR Mid-Cap Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus KAR Small-Cap Core Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus KAR Small-Cap Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus KAR Small-Cap Value Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus KAR Small-Mid Cap Core Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Rampart Enhanced Core Equity Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus SGA Emerging Markets Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus SGA Global Growth Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Tactical Allocation Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | |
| |
Trust
|
| | |
Fund
|
| | |
Class/Shares
|
| | ||||||||||||
|
A
|
| | |
C
|
| | |
I
|
| | |
R6
|
| | |||||||||
| |
Virtus Opportunities Trust
|
| | |
Virtus Duff & Phelps Global Infrastructure Fund
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| |
| Virtus Duff & Phelps Global Real Estate Securities Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Duff & Phelps International Real Estate Securities Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |||||
| Virtus Duff & Phelps Real Asset Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | | | | | |||||
| Virtus Duff & Phelps Real Estate Securities Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus KAR EM Small-Cap Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus KAR International Small-Cap Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus KAR International Small-Mid Cap Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Newfleet Core Plus Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Newfleet High Yield Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Newfleet Low Duration Core Plus Bond Income Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Intermediate Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Newfleet Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund * | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Newfleet Senior Floating Rate Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |||||
| Virtus Newfleet Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | | | |
X
|
| | |
X
|
| | |
X
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| Virtus Rampart Multi-Asset Trend Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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| Virtus Rampart Sector Trend Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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Virtus Vontobel Emerging Markets Opportunities Fund
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X
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X
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X
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X
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| Virtus Vontobel Foreign Opportunities Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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| Virtus Vontobel Global Opportunities Fund | | | |
X
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X
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X
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X
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Virtus Vontobel Greater European Opportunities Fund
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X
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X
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X
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Commodities-Related Investing
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Commodity-related companies may underperform the stock market as a whole. The value of securities issued by commodity-related companies may be affected by factors affecting a particular industry or commodity. The operations and financial performance of commodity-related companies may be directly affected by commodity prices, especially those commodity-related companies that own the underlying commodity. The stock prices of such companies may also experience greater price volatility than other types of common stocks. Securities issued by commodity-related companies are sensitive to changes in the supply and demand for, and thus the prices of, commodities. Volatility of commodity prices, which may lead to a reduction in production or supply, may also negatively impact the performance of commodity and natural resources companies that are solely involved in the transportation, processing, storing, distribution or marketing of commodities. Volatility of commodity prices may also make it more difficult for commodity-related companies to raise capital to the extent the market perceives that their performance may be directly or indirectly tied to commodity prices.
Certain types of commodities instruments (such as commodity-linked notes) are subject to the risk that the counterparty to the instrument will not perform or will be unable to perform in accordance with the terms of the instrument.
Exposure to commodities and commodities markets may subject the Fund to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. No active trading market may exist for certain commodities investments, which may impair the ability of the Fund to sell or to realize the full value of such investments in the event of the need to liquidate such investments. In addition, adverse market conditions may impair the liquidity of actively traded commodities investments.
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Debt Investing
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The Fund may invest in debt, or fixed income, instruments. Debt, or fixed income, instruments (which include corporate bonds, commercial paper, debentures, notes, government securities, municipal obligations, state- or state agency-issued obligations, obligations of foreign issuers, asset- or mortgage-backed securities, and other obligations) are used by issuers to borrow money and thus are debt obligations of the issuer. Holders of debt instruments are creditors of the issuer, normally ranking ahead of holders of both common and preferred stock as to dividends or upon liquidation. The issuer usually pays a fixed, variable, or floating rate of interest and must repay the amount borrowed at the instrument’s maturity. Some debt instruments, such as zero-coupon bonds (discussed below), do not pay interest but may be sold at a deep discount from their face value.
Yields on debt instruments depend on a variety of factors, including the general conditions of the money, bond, and note markets, the size of a particular offering, the maturity date of the obligation, and the rating of the issue. Debt instruments with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields and are generally subject to greater price fluctuations in response to changes in market conditions than obligations with shorter maturities. An increase in interest rates generally will reduce the market value of portfolio debt instruments, while a decline in interest rates generally will increase the value of the same instruments. The achievement of the Fund’s investment objective depends in part on the continuing ability of the issuers of the debt instruments in which the Fund invests to meet their obligations for the payment of principal and interest when due. Obligations of issuers of debt instruments are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency, sovereign immunity, and other laws that affect the rights and remedies of creditors. There is also the possibility that, as a result of litigation or other conditions, the ability of an
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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issuer to pay, when due, the principal of and interest on its debt instruments may be materially affected.
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Convertible Securities
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A convertible security is a bond, debenture, note, or other security that entitles the holder to acquire common stock or other equity securities of the same or a different issuer within a particular period of time at a specific price or formula. It generally entitles the holder to receive interest paid or accrued until the security matures or is redeemed, converted, or exchanged. Convertible securities may have several unique investment characteristics such as (1) higher yields than common stocks, but lower yields than comparable nonconvertible securities, (2) a lesser degree of fluctuation in value than the underlying stock since they have fixed income characteristics and (3) the potential for capital appreciation if the market price of the underlying common stock increases.
Before conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to nonconvertible debt securities. Convertible securities often rank senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure and, therefore, are often viewed as entailing less risk than the corporation’s common stock, although the extent to which this is true depends in large measure on the degree to which the convertible security sells above its value as a fixed income security. However, because convertible securities are often viewed by the issuer as future common stock, they are often subordinated to other senior securities and therefore are rated one category lower than the issuer’s nonconvertible debt obligations or preferred stock.
A convertible security may be subject to redemption or conversion at the option of the issuer at a predetermined price. If a convertible security held by the Fund is called for redemption, the Fund could be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security and convert it to the underlying common stock. The Fund generally would invest in convertible securities for their favorable price characteristics and total return potential, and would normally not exercise an option to convert. The Fund might be more willing to convert such securities to common stock.
The Fund’s subadviser will select only those convertible securities for which it believes (a) the underlying common stock is an appropriate investment for the Fund and (b) a greater potential for total return exists by purchasing the convertible security because of its higher yield and/or favorable market valuation. However, the Fund may invest in convertible debt securities rated less than investment grade. Debt securities rated less than investment grade are commonly referred to as “junk bonds.” (For information about debt securities rated less than investment grade, see “High-Yield Fixed Income Securities (Junk Bonds)” under “Debt Investing” in this section of the SAI; for additional information about ratings on debt obligations, see Appendix A to this SAI.)
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Corporate Debt Securities
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The Fund may invest in debt securities issued by corporations, limited partnerships and other similar entities. The Fund’s investments in debt securities of domestic or foreign corporate issuers include bonds, debentures, notes and other similar corporate debt instruments, including convertible securities that meet the Fund’s minimum ratings criteria or if unrated are, in the Fund’s subadviser’s opinion, comparable in quality to corporate debt securities that meet those criteria. The rate of return or return of principal on some debt obligations may be linked or indexed to the level of exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and a foreign currency or currencies or to the value of commodities, such as gold.
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Dollar-denominated Foreign Debt Securities (“Yankee Bonds”)
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The Fund may invest in “Yankee bonds”, which are dollar-denominated instruments issued in the U.S. market by foreign branches of U.S. banks and U.S. branches of foreign banks. Since these instruments are dollar-denominated, they are not affected by variations in currency exchange rates. They are influenced primarily by interest rate levels in the United States and by the financial condition of the issuer, or of the issuer’s foreign parent. However, investing in these instruments may present a greater degree of risk than investing in domestic securities, due to less publicly available information, less securities regulation, war or expropriation. Special considerations may include higher brokerage costs and thinner trading markets. Investments in foreign countries could be affected by other factors including extended settlement periods. (See “Foreign Investing” in this section of the SAI for additional information about investing in foreign countries.)
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Duration
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Duration is a time measure of a bond’s interest-rate sensitivity, based on the weighted average of the time periods over which a bond’s cash flows accrue to the bondholder. Time periods are weighted by multiplying by the present value of its cash flow divided by
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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the bond’s price. (A bond’s cash flows consist of coupon payments and repayment of capital.) A bond’s duration will almost always be shorter than its maturity, with the exception of zero-coupon bonds, for which maturity and duration are equal.
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Exchange-Traded Notes (“ETNs”)
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Generally, ETNs are senior, unsecured, unsubordinated debt securities whose returns are linked to the performance of a particular market benchmark or strategy minus applicable fees. ETNs are traded on an exchange during normal trading hours. However, investors can also hold the ETN until maturity. At maturity, the issuer pays to the investor a cash amount equal to the principal amount, subject to the day’s market benchmark or strategy factor.
ETNs do not make periodic coupon payments or provide principal protection. ETNs are subject to credit risk, and the value of the ETN may drop due to a downgrade in the issuer’s credit rating, despite the underlying market benchmark or strategy remaining unchanged. The value of an ETN may also be influenced by time to maturity, level of supply and demand for the ETN, volatility and lack of liquidity in underlying assets, changes in the applicable interest rates, changes in the issuer’s credit rating, and economic, legal, political, or geographic events that affect the referenced underlying asset. When the Fund invests in ETNs it will bear its proportionate share of any fees and expenses borne by the ETN. The Fund’s decision to sell its ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market. In addition, although an ETN may be listed on an exchange, the issuer may not be required to maintain the listing, and there can be no assurance that a secondary market will exist for an ETN.
ETNs are also subject to tax risk. No assurance can be given that the IRS will accept, or a court will uphold, how the Fund characterizes and treats ETNs for tax purposes. Further, the IRS and Congress are considering proposals that would change the timing and character of income and gains from ETNs.
An ETN that is tied to a specific market benchmark or strategy may not be able to replicate and maintain exactly the composition and relative weighting of securities, commodities or other components in the applicable market benchmark or strategy. Some ETNs that use leverage can, at times, be relatively illiquid and, thus, they may be difficult to purchase or sell at a fair price. Leveraged ETNs are subject to the same risks as other instruments that use leverage in any form.
The market value of ETNs may differ from that of their market benchmark or strategy. This difference in price may be due to the fact that the supply and demand in the market for ETNs at any point in time is not always identical to the supply and demand in the market for the securities, commodities or other components underlying the market benchmark or strategy that the ETN seeks to track. As a result, there may be times when an ETN trades at a premium or discount to its market benchmark or strategy.
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High-Yield Fixed Income Securities (“Junk Bonds”)
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Investments in securities rated “BB” or below by S&P or Fitch, or “Ba” or below by Moody’s generally provide greater income (leading to the name “high-yield” securities) and opportunity for capital appreciation than investments in higher quality securities, but they also typically entail greater price volatility, liquidity, and principal and income risk. These securities are regarded as predominantly speculative as to the issuer’s continuing ability to meet principal and interest payment obligations. Analysis of the creditworthiness of issuers of lower-quality debt securities may be more complex than for issuers of higher-quality debt securities.
Interest-bearing securities typically experience appreciation when interest rates decline and depreciation when interest rates rise. The market values of low-rated securities tend to reflect individual corporate developments to a greater extent than do higher-rated securities, which react primarily to fluctuations in the general level of interest rates. Low-rated securities also tend to be more sensitive to economic conditions than higher-rated securities. As a result, they generally involve more credit risks than securities in the higher-rated categories. During an economic downturn or a sustained period of rising interest rates, highly leveraged issuers of low-rated securities may experience financial stress and may not have sufficient revenues to meet their payment obligations. The issuer’s ability to service its debt obligations may also be adversely affected by specific corporate developments, the issuer’s inability to meet specific projected business forecasts or the unavailability of additional financing. The risk of loss due to default by an issuer of low-rated securities is generally considered to be significantly greater than issuers of higher-rated securities because such securities are usually unsecured and are
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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often subordinated to other creditors. Further, if the issuer of a low-rated security defaulted, the Fund might incur additional expenses in seeking recovery. Periods of economic uncertainty and changes would also generally result in increased volatility in the market prices of low-rated securities and thus in the Fund’s NAV.
Low-rated securities often contain redemption, call or prepayment provisions which permit the issuer of the securities containing such provisions to, at its discretion, redeem the securities. During periods of falling interest rates, issuers of low-rated securities are likely to redeem or prepay the securities and refinance them with debt securities with a lower interest rate. To the extent an issuer is able to refinance the securities or otherwise redeem them, the Fund may have to replace the securities with a lower yielding security which would result in lower returns for the Fund.
The Fund may have difficulty disposing of certain low-rated securities because there may be a thin trading market for such securities. Because not all dealers maintain markets in all low-rated securities, there is no established retail secondary market for many of these securities. The Fund anticipates that such securities could be sold only to a limited number of dealers or institutional investors. To the extent a secondary trading market does exist, it is generally not as liquid as the secondary market for higher-rated securities. The lack of a liquid secondary market may have an adverse impact on the market price of the security, and accordingly, the NAV of the Fund and its ability to dispose of particular securities when necessary to meet its liquidity needs, or in response to a specific economic event, or an event such as a deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuer. The lack of a liquid secondary market for certain securities may also make it more difficult for the Fund to obtain accurate market quotations for purposes of valuing its respective portfolio. Market quotations are generally available on many low-rated issues only from a limited number of dealers and may not necessarily represent firm bids of such dealers or prices for actual sales. During periods of thin trading, the spread between bid and asked prices is likely to increase significantly. In addition, adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may decrease the values and liquidity of low-rated securities, especially in a thinly-traded market. If the Fund experiences unexpected net redemptions, it may be forced to liquidate a portion of its portfolio securities without regard to their investment merits. Due to the limited liquidity of low-rated securities, the Fund may be forced to liquidate these securities at a substantial discount. Any such liquidation would reduce the Fund’s asset base over which expenses could be allocated and could result in a reduced rate of return for the Fund.
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Interest Rate Environment Risk
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In the wake of the financial crisis that began in 2007, the Federal Reserve System attempted to stabilize the U.S. economy and support the U.S. economic recovery by keeping the federal funds rate at or near zero percent. The Federal Reserve also purchased large quantities of securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities on the open market (the “quantitative easing program”). The Federal Reserve increased the federal funds rate in December 2015, however, as the United States continues to experience the economic effects of the global health pandemic, the Federal Reserve lowered interest rates to zero percent in March 2020. In addition, the Federal Reserve once again implemented its quantitative easing program, announcing it would purchase government and mortgage-related bonds as part of its emergency action to protect the economy from the impact of the coronavirus outbreak.
Changing interest rates, including rates that fall below zero, may have unpredictable effects on markets, may result in heightened market volatility and may detract from the Fund’s performance to the extent the Fund is exposed to such interest rates. A low interest rate environment may have an adverse impact on the Fund’s ability to provide a positive yield to its shareholders and pay expenses out of Fund assets because of the low yields from the Fund’s portfolio investments. Alternatively, a general rise in interest rates has the potential to cause investors to move out of fixed-income securities on a large scale, which may increase redemptions from Fund that hold large amounts of fixed-income securities. Heavy redemptions could cause the Fund to sell assets at inopportune times or at a loss or depressed value and could hurt the Fund’s performance.
Further, Federal Reserve policy changes may expose fixed-income and related markets to heightened volatility and may reduce liquidity for certain Fund investments, which could cause the value of a Funds’ investments and a Funds’ share price to decline or create difficulties for the Fund in disposing of investments. A Fund that invests in derivatives tied
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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to fixed-income markets may be more substantially exposed to these risks than a Fund that does not invest in derivatives.
A Fund could also be forced to liquidate its investments at disadvantageous times or prices, thereby adversely affecting the Fund. To the extent a Fund experiences high redemptions because of these policy changes, the Fund may experience increased portfolio turnover, which will increase the costs that the Fund incurs and lower the Fund’s performance.
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Inverse Floating Rate Obligations
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Certain variable rate securities pay interest at a rate that varies inversely to prevailing short-term interest rates (sometimes referred to as inverse floaters). For example, upon reset the interest rate payable on a security may go down when the underlying index has risen. During periods when short-term interest rates are relatively low as compared to long-term interest rates, the Fund may attempt to enhance its yield by purchasing inverse floaters. Certain inverse floaters may have an interest rate reset mechanism that multiplies the effects of changes in the underlying index. While this form of leverage may increase the security’s yield, it may also increase the volatility of the security’s market value.
Similar to other variable and floating rate obligations, effective use of inverse floaters requires skills different from those needed to select most portfolio securities. If movements in interest rates are incorrectly anticipated, the Fund holding these instruments could lose money and its NAV could decline.
The Fund will not invest more than 5% of its assets in inverse floaters.
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Letters of Credit
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Debt obligations, including municipal obligations, certificates of participation, commercial paper and other short-term obligations, may be backed by an irrevocable letter of credit of a bank that assumes the obligation for payment of principal and interest in the event of default by the issuer. Only banks that, in the opinion of the Fund’s subadviser, are of investment quality comparable to other permitted investments of the Fund may be used for Letter of Credit-backed investments.
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Loan and Debt Participations and Assignments
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A loan participation agreement involves the purchase of a share of a loan made by a bank to a company in return for a corresponding share of the borrower’s principal and interest payments. Loan participations of the type in which the Fund may invest include interests in both secured and unsecured corporate loans. When the Fund purchases loan assignments from lenders, it will acquire direct rights against the borrower, but these rights and the Fund’s obligations may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the assignment lender. The principal credit risk associated with acquiring loan participation and assignment interests is the credit risk associated with the underlying corporate borrower. There is also a risk that there may not be a readily available market for participation loan interests and, in some cases, this could result in the Fund disposing of such securities at a substantial discount from face value or holding such securities until maturity.
There is typically a limited amount of public information available about loans because loans normally are not registered with the SEC or any state securities commission or listed on any securities exchange. Certain of the loans in which the Fund may invest may not be considered “securities,” and therefore the Fund may not be entitled to rely on the anti-fraud protections of the federal securities laws with respect to those loans in the event of fraud or misrepresentation by a borrower. The Fund may come into possession of material, non-public information about a borrower as a result of the Fund’s ownership of a loan or other floating-rate instrument of the borrower. Because of prohibitions on trading in securities of issuers while in possession of material, non-public information, the Fund might be unable to enter into a transaction in a publicly-traded security of the borrower when it would otherwise be advantageous to do so.
Loans trade in an unregulated inter-dealer or inter-bank secondary market. Purchases and sales of loans are generally subject to contractual restrictions that must be satisfied before a loan can be bought or sold. These restrictions may (i) impede the Fund’s ability to buy or sell loans; (ii) negatively affect the transaction price; (iii) affect the counterparty credit risk borne by the Fund; (iv) impede the Fund’s ability to timely vote or otherwise act with respect to loans; and (v) expose the Fund to adverse tax or regulatory consequences.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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In the event that a corporate borrower failed to pay its scheduled interest or principal payments on participations held by the Fund, the market value of the affected participation would decline, resulting in a loss of value of such investment to the Fund. Accordingly, such participations are speculative and may result in the income level and net assets of the Fund being reduced. Moreover, loan participation agreements generally limit the right of a participant to resell its interest in the loan to a third party and, as a result, loan participations may be deemed by the Fund to be illiquid investments. The Fund will invest only in participations with respect to borrowers whose creditworthiness is, or is determined by the Fund’s subadviser to be, substantially equivalent to that of issuers whose senior unsubordinated debt securities are rated B or higher by Moody’s or S&P. For the purposes of diversification and/or concentration calculations, both the borrower and issuer will be considered an “issuer.”
The Fund may purchase from banks participation interests in all or part of specific holdings of debt obligations. Each participation interest is backed by an irrevocable letter of credit or guarantee of the selling bank that the Fund’s subadviser has determined meets the prescribed quality standards of the Fund. Thus, even if the credit of the issuer of the debt obligation does not meet the quality standards of the Fund, the credit of the selling bank will.
Loan participations and assignments may be illiquid and therefore subject to the Fund’s limitations on investments in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
Certain Funds invest significantly in floating rate loans that have interest rate provisions linked to LIBOR. LIBOR is used extensively in the U.S. and globally as a “benchmark” or “reference rate” for such loans. It is expected that a number of private-sector banks currently reporting information used to set LIBOR will stop doing so after 2021 when their current reporting commitment ends, which could either cause LIBOR to stop publication immediately or cause LIBOR’s regulator to determine that its quality has degraded to the degree that it is no longer representative of its underlying market. The expected discontinuation of LIBOR may impact the functioning, liquidity, and value of these investments. The extent of this impact will depend on the specific loans, as well as the terms of those loans. Many loans have interest rate provisions referencing LIBOR that, when drafted, did not contemplate the permanent discontinuation of LIBOR and, as a result, there may be uncertainty or disagreement over how the loans should be interpreted. For example, loans without fallback language, or with fallback language that does not contemplate the discontinuation of LIBOR, could become less liquid and/or change in value as the date approaches when LIBOR will no longer be updated. Further, the interest rate provisions of these loans may need to be renegotiated. Finally, there may be other risks related to the discontinuation of LIBOR, such as loan price volatility risk and technology or systems risk. Currently, the U.S. and other countries are working to replace LIBOR with alternative reference rates. The alternative reference rates may be more volatile than LIBOR and may perform erratically until widely accepted within the marketplace. The risks associated with this discontinuation and transition will persist if the work necessary to effect an orderly transition to an alternative reference rate is not completed in a timely manner.
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Municipal Securities and Related Investments
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Tax-exempt municipal securities are debt obligations issued by the various states and their subdivisions (e.g., cities, counties, towns, and school districts) to raise funds, generally for various public improvements requiring long-term capital investment. Purposes for which tax-exempt bonds are issued include flood control, airports, bridges and highways, housing, medical facilities, schools, mass transportation and power, water or sewage plants, as well as others. Tax-exempt bonds also are occasionally issued to retire outstanding obligations, to obtain funds for operating expenses or to loan to other public or, in some cases, private sector organizations or to individuals.
Yields on municipal securities are dependent on a variety of factors, including the general conditions of the money market and the municipal bond market, the size of a particular offering, the maturity of the obligations and the rating of the issue. Municipal securities with longer maturities tend to produce higher yields and are generally subject to potentially greater capital appreciation and depreciation than obligations with shorter maturities and lower yields. The market prices of municipal securities usually vary, depending upon available yields. An increase in interest rates will generally reduce the value of portfolio investments, and a decline in interest rates will generally increase the
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Description and Risks
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value of portfolio investments. The ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objective is also dependent on the continuing ability of the issuers of municipal securities in which the Fund invests to meet their obligations for the payment of interest and principal when due. The ratings of Moody’s and S&P represent their opinions as to the quality of municipal securities which they undertake to rate. Ratings are not absolute standards of quality; consequently, municipal securities with the same maturity, coupon, and rating may have different yields. There are variations in municipal securities, both within a particular classification and between classifications, depending on numerous factors. It should also be pointed out that, unlike other types of investments, municipal securities have traditionally not been subject to regulation by, or registration with, the SEC, although there have been proposals which would provide for such regulation in the future.
The federal bankruptcy statutes relating to the debts of political subdivisions and authorities of states of the United States provide that, in certain circumstances, such subdivisions or authorities may be authorized to initiate bankruptcy proceedings without prior notice to or consent of creditors, which proceedings could result in material and adverse changes in the rights of holders of their obligations.
Lawsuits challenging the validity under state constitutions of present systems of financing public education have been initiated or adjusted in a number of states, and legislation has been introduced to effect changes in public school financing in some states. In other instances there have been lawsuits challenging the issuance of pollution control revenue bonds or the validity of their issuance under state or federal law which could ultimately affect the validity of those municipal securities or the tax-free nature of the interest thereon.
Descriptions of some of the municipal securities and related investment types most commonly acquired by the Fund are provided below. In addition to those shown, other types of municipal investments are, or may become, available for investment by the Fund. For the purpose of the Fund’s investment restrictions set forth in this SAI, the identification of the “issuer” of a municipal security which is not a general obligation bond is made by the Fund’s subadviser on the basis of the characteristics of the obligation, the most significant of which is the source of funds for the payment of principal and interest on such security.
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Municipal Bonds
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Municipal bonds, which meet longer-term capital needs and generally have maturities of more than one year when issued, have two principal classifications: general obligation bonds and revenue bonds. Another type of municipal bond is referred to as an industrial development bond.
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General Obligation Bonds | | |
Issuers of general obligation bonds include states, counties, cities, towns, and regional districts. The proceeds of these obligations are used to fund a wide range of public projects, including construction or improvement of schools, highways and roads, and water and sewer systems. The basic security behind general obligation bonds is the issuer’s pledge of its full faith and credit and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest. The taxes that can be levied for the payment of debt service may be limited or unlimited as to the rate or amount of special assessments.
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Industrial Development Bonds | | |
Industrial development bonds, which are considered municipal bonds if the interest paid is exempt from Federal income tax, are issued by or on behalf of public authorities to raise money to finance various privately operated facilities for business and manufacturing, housing, sports arenas and pollution control. These bonds are also used to finance public facilities such as airports, mass transit systems, ports and parking. The payment of the principal and interest on such bonds is dependent solely on the ability of the facility’s user to meet its financial obligations and the pledge, if any, of real and personal property so financed as security for such payment.
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Revenue Bonds | | |
The principal security for a revenue bond is generally the net revenues derived from a particular facility, group of facilities, or, in some cases, the proceeds of a special excise or other specific revenue source. Revenue bonds are issued to finance a wide variety of capital projects including: electric, gas, water and sewer systems; highways, bridges, and tunnels; port and airport facilities; colleges and universities; and hospitals. Although the principal security behind these bonds may vary, many provide additional security in the form of a debt service reserve fund whose money may be used to make principal and interest payments on the issuer’s obligations. Housing finance authorities have a wide
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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range of security; including partially or fully insured mortgages, rent subsidized and/or collateralized mortgages, and/or the net revenues from housing or other public projects. Some authorities provide further security in the form of a state’s ability (without obligation) to make up deficiencies in the debt service reserve fund.
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Municipal Leases
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The Fund may acquire participations in lease obligations or installment purchase contract obligations (hereinafter collectively called “lease obligations”) of municipal authorities or entities. Although lease obligations do not constitute general obligations of the municipality for which the municipality’s taxing power is pledged, a lease obligation may be backed by the municipality’s covenant to budget for, appropriate, and make the payments due under the lease obligation. However, certain lease obligations contain “non-appropriation” clauses which provide that the municipality has no obligation to make lease or installment purchase payments in future years unless money is appropriated for such purpose on a yearly basis. In addition to the “non-appropriation” risk, these securities represent a relatively new type of financing that has not yet developed the depth of marketability associated with more conventional bonds. In the case of a “non-appropriation” lease, the Fund’s ability to recover under the lease in the event of non-appropriation or default will be limited solely to the repossession of the leased property in the event foreclosure might prove difficult. The Fund’s subadviser will evaluate the credit quality of a municipal lease and whether it will be considered liquid. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Investments” in this section of the SAI for information regarding the implications of these investments being considered illiquid.)
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Municipal Notes
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Municipal notes generally are used to provide for short-term working capital needs and generally have maturities of one year or less. Municipal notes include bond anticipation notes, construction loan notes, revenue anticipation notes and tax anticipation notes.
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Bond Anticipation Notes | | |
Bond anticipation notes are issued to provide interim financing until long-term financing can be arranged. In most cases, the long-term bonds then provide the money for the repayment of the notes.
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Construction Loan Notes | | |
Construction loan notes are sold to provide construction financing. After successful completion and acceptance, many projects receive permanent financing through FNMA or GNMA.
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Revenue Anticipation Notes
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Revenue anticipation notes are issued in expectation of receipt of other types of revenue, such as Federal revenues available under Federal revenue sharing programs.
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Tax Anticipation Notes | | |
Tax anticipation notes are issued to finance working capital needs of municipalities. Generally, they are issued in anticipation of various seasonal tax revenue, such as income, sales, use and business taxes, and are payable from these specific future taxes.
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Tax-Exempt Commercial Paper
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Tax-exempt commercial paper is a short-term obligation with a stated maturity of 365 days or less. It is issued by state and local governments or their agencies to finance seasonal working capital needs or as short-term financing in anticipation of longer-term financing.
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Participation on Creditors’ Committees
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While the Fund does not invest in securities to exercise control over the securities’ issuers, the Fund may, from time to time, participate on committees formed by creditors to negotiate with the management of financially troubled issuers of securities held by the Fund. Such participation may subject the Fund to expenses such as legal fees and may deem the Fund an “insider” of the issuer for purposes of the Federal securities laws, and expose the Fund to material non-public information of the issuer, and therefore may restrict the Fund’s ability to purchase or sell a particular security when it might otherwise desire to do so. Participation by the Fund on such committees also may expose the Fund to potential liabilities under the federal bankruptcy laws or other laws governing the rights of creditors and debtors. The Fund will participate on such committees only when the Fund’s subadviser believes that such participation is necessary or desirable to enforce the Fund’s rights as a creditor or to protect the value of securities held by the Fund.
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Payable in Kind (“PIK”) Bonds
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PIK bonds are obligations which provide that the issuer thereof may, at its option, pay interest on such bonds in cash or “in kind”, which means in the form of additional debt securities. Such securities benefit the issuer by mitigating its need for cash to meet debt service, but also require a higher rate of return to attract investors who are willing to defer
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receipt of such cash. The Fund will accrue income on such investments for tax and accounting purposes, which is distributable to shareholders and which, because no cash is received at the time of accrual, may require the liquidation of other portfolio securities to satisfy the Fund’s distribution obligations. The market prices of PIK bonds generally are more volatile than the market prices of securities that pay interest periodically, and they are likely to respond to changes in interest rates to a greater degree than would otherwise similar bonds on which regular cash payments of interest are being made.
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Ratings
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The rating or quality of a debt security refers to a rating agency’s assessment of the issuer’s creditworthiness, i.e., its ability to pay principal and interest when due. Higher ratings indicate better credit quality, as rated by independent rating organizations such as Moody’s, S&P or Fitch, which publish their ratings on a regular basis. Appendix A provides a description of the various ratings provided for bonds (including convertible bonds), municipal bonds, and commercial paper.
After the Fund purchases a debt security, the rating of that security may be reduced below the minimum rating acceptable for purchase by the Fund. A subsequent downgrade does not require the sale of the security, but the Fund’s subadviser will consider such an event in determining whether to continue to hold the obligation. To the extent that ratings established by Moody’s or S&P may change as a result of changes in such organizations or their rating systems, the Fund will invest in securities which are deemed by the Fund’s subadviser to be of comparable quality to securities whose current ratings render them eligible for purchase by the Fund.
Credit ratings issued by credit rating agencies evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments of rated securities. They do not, however, evaluate the market-value risk and therefore may not fully reflect the true risks of an investment. In addition, credit rating agencies may or may not make timely changes in a rating to reflect changes in the economy or in the condition of the issuer that affect the market value of the security. Consequently, credit ratings are used only as a preliminary indicator of investment quality.
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Sovereign Debt
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The Fund may invest in “sovereign debt,” which is issued or guaranteed by foreign governments (including countries, provinces and municipalities) or their agencies and instrumentalities. Sovereign debt may trade at a substantial discount from face value. The Fund may hold and trade sovereign debt of foreign countries in appropriate circumstances to participate in debt conversion programs. Emerging-market country sovereign debt involves a higher degree of risk than that of developed markets, is generally lower-quality debt, and is considered speculative in nature due, in part, to the extreme and volatile nature of debt burdens in such countries and because emerging market governments can be relatively unstable. The issuer or governmental authorities that control sovereign-debt repayment (“sovereign debtors”) may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due in accordance with the terms of the debt. A sovereign debtor’s willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash-flow situation, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the sovereign debtor’s policy towards the IMF, and the political constraints to which the sovereign debtor may be subject. Sovereign debtors may also be dependent on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and others abroad to reduce principal and interest arrearage on their debt. The commitment of these third parties to make such disbursements may be conditioned on the sovereign debtor’s implementation of economic reforms or economic performance and the timely service of the debtor’s obligations. The sovereign debtor’s failure to meet these conditions may cause these third parties to cancel their commitments to provide funds to the sovereign debtor, which may further impair the debtor’s ability or willingness to timely service its debts. In certain instances, the Fund may invest in sovereign debt that is in default as to payments of principal or interest. In the event that the Fund holds non-performing sovereign debt, the Fund may incur additional expenses in connection with any restructuring of the issuer’s obligations or in otherwise enforcing their rights thereunder.
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Brady Bonds
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The Fund may invest a portion of its assets in certain sovereign debt obligations known as “Brady Bonds.” Brady Bonds are issued under the framework of the Brady Plan, an initiative announced by former U.S. Treasury Secretary Nicholas F. Brady in 1989 as a mechanism for debtor nations to restructure their outstanding external indebtedness. The
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Brady Plan contemplates, among other things, the debtor nation’s adoption of certain economic reforms and the exchange of commercial bank debt for newly issued bonds. In restructuring its external debt under the Brady Plan framework, a debtor nation negotiates with its existing bank lenders as well as the World Bank or the IMF. The World Bank or IMF supports the restructuring by providing funds pursuant to loan agreements or other arrangements that enable the debtor nation to collateralize the new Brady Bonds or to replenish reserves used to reduce outstanding bank debt. Under these loan agreements or other arrangements with the World Bank or IMF, debtor nations have been required to agree to implement certain domestic monetary and fiscal reforms. The Brady Plan sets forth only general guiding principles for economic reform and debt reduction, emphasizing that solutions must be negotiated on a case-by-case basis between debtor nations and their creditors.
Brady Bonds are often viewed as having three or four valuation components: (i) the collateralized repayment of principal at final maturity; (ii) the collateralized interest payments; (iii) the uncollateralized interest payments; and (iv) any uncollateralized repayment of principal at maturity (these uncollateralized amounts constitute the “residual risk”). In light of the residual risk of Brady Bonds and, among other factors, the history of defaults with respect to commercial bank loans by public and private entities of countries issuing Brady Bonds, investments in Brady Bonds can be viewed as speculative.
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Stand-by Commitments
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The Fund may purchase securities together with the right to resell them to the seller or a third party at an agreed-upon price or yield within specified periods prior to their maturity dates. Such a right to resell is commonly known as a stand-by commitment, and the aggregate price which the Fund pays for securities with a stand-by commitment may increase the cost, and thereby reduce the yield, of the security. The primary purpose of this practice is to permit the Fund to be as fully invested as practicable in municipal securities while preserving the necessary flexibility and liquidity to meet unanticipated redemptions. Stand-by commitments acquired by the Fund are valued at zero in determining the Fund’s NAV. Stand-by commitments involve certain expenses and risks, including the inability of the issuer of the commitment to pay for the securities at the time the commitment is exercised, non-marketability of the commitment, and differences between the maturity of the underlying security and the maturity of the commitment.
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Strip Bonds
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Strip bonds are debt securities that are stripped of their interest (usually by a financial intermediary) after the securities are issued. The market value of these securities generally fluctuates more in response to changes in interest rates than interest-paying securities of comparable maturity.
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Tender Option Bonds
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Tender option bonds are relatively long-term bonds that are coupled with the option to tender the securities to a bank, broker-dealer or other financial institution at periodic intervals and receive the face value of the bond. This investment structure is commonly used as a means of enhancing a security’s liquidity.
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Variable and Floating Rate Obligations
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The Fund may purchase securities having a floating or variable rate of interest. These securities pay interest at rates that are adjusted periodically according to a specific formula, usually with reference to some interest rate index or market interest rate (the “underlying index”). The floating rate tends to decrease the security’s price sensitivity to changes in interest rates. These securities may carry demand features permitting the holder to demand payment of principal at any time or at specified intervals prior to maturity. Accordingly, as interest rates decrease or increase, the potential for capital appreciation or depreciation is less than for fixed-rate obligations.
The floating and variable rate obligations that the Fund may purchase include variable rate demand securities. Variable rate demand securities are variable rate securities that have demand features entitling the purchaser to resell the securities to the issuer at an amount approximately equal to amortized cost or the principal amount thereof plus accrued interest, which may be more or less than the price that the Fund paid for them. The interest rate on variable rate demand securities also varies either according to some objective standard, such as an index of short-term, tax-exempt rates, or according to rates set by or on behalf of the issuer.
When the Fund purchases a floating or variable rate demand instrument, the Fund’s subadviser will monitor, on an ongoing basis, the ability of the issuer to pay principal and interest on demand. The Fund’s right to obtain payment at par on a demand instrument
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could be affected by events occurring between the date the Fund elects to demand payment and the date payment is due that may affect the ability of the issuer of the instrument to make payment when due, except when such demand instrument permits same day settlement. To facilitate settlement, these same day demand instruments may be held in book entry form at a bank other than the Fund’s custodian subject to a sub-custodian agreement between the bank and the Fund’s custodian.
The floating and variable rate obligations that the Fund may purchase also include certificates of participation in such obligations purchased from banks. A certificate of participation gives the Fund an undivided interest in the underlying obligations in the proportion that the Fund’s interest bears to the total principal amount of the obligation. Certain certificates of participation may carry a demand feature that would permit the holder to tender them back to the issuer prior to maturity.
The income received on certificates of participation in tax-exempt municipal obligations constitutes interest from tax-exempt obligations.
The Fund will limit its purchases of floating and variable rate obligations to those of the same quality as it otherwise is allowed to purchase. Similar to fixed rate debt instruments, variable and floating rate instruments are subject to changes in value based on changes in prevailing market interest rates or changes in the issuer’s creditworthiness.
A floating or variable rate instrument may be subject to the Fund’s percentage limitation on illiquid securities if there is no reliable trading market for the instrument or if the Fund may not demand payment of the principal amount within seven days. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Zero and Deferred Coupon Debt Securities
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The Fund may invest in debt obligations that do not make any interest payments for a specified period of time prior to maturity (“deferred coupon” bonds) or until maturity (“zero coupon” bonds). The nonpayment of interest on a current basis may result from the bond’s having no stated interest rate, in which case the bond pays only principal at maturity and is normally initially issued at a discount from face value. Alternatively, the bond may provide for a stated rate of interest, but provide that such interest is not payable until maturity, in which case the bond may initially be issued at par. The value to the investor of these types of bonds is represented by the economic accretion either of the difference between the purchase price and the nominal principal amount (if no interest is stated to accrue) or of accrued, unpaid interest during the bond’s life or payment deferral period.
Because deferred and zero coupon bonds do not make interest payments for a certain period of time, they are generally purchased by the Fund at a deep discount and their value fluctuates more in response to interest rate changes than does the value of debt obligations that make current interest payments. The degree of fluctuation with interest rate changes is greater when the deferred period is longer. Therefore, when the Fund invests in zero or deferred coupon bonds, there is a risk that the value of the Fund’s shares may decline more as a result of an increase in interest rates than would be the case if the Fund did not invest in such bonds.
Even though zero and deferred coupon bonds may not pay current interest in cash, the Fund is required to accrue interest income on such investments and to distribute such amounts to shareholders. Thus, the Fund would not be able to purchase income-producing securities to the extent cash is used to pay such distributions, and, therefore, the Fund’s current income could be less than it otherwise would have been. Instead of using cash, the Fund might liquidate investments in order to satisfy these distribution requirements.
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Derivative Instruments
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The Fund may invest in various types of derivatives, which may at times result in significant derivative exposure. A derivative is a financial instrument whose performance is derived from the performance of another asset. The Fund may invest in derivative instruments including, but not limited to: futures contracts, put options, call options, options on future contracts, options on foreign currencies, swaps, forward contracts, structured investments, and other equity-linked derivatives.
The Fund may use derivative instruments for hedging (to offset risks associated with an investment, currency exposure, or market conditions) or in pursuit of its investment objective(s) and policies (to seek to enhance returns). When the Fund invests in a derivative, the risks of loss of that derivative may be greater than the derivative’s cost.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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The Fund may not use any derivative to gain exposure to an asset or class of assets that it would be prohibited by its investment restrictions from purchasing directly. In addition to other considerations, the Fund’s ability to use derivative instruments may be limited by tax considerations. (See “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” in this SAI.)
Investments in derivatives may subject the Fund to special risks in addition to normal market fluctuations and other risks inherent in investment in securities. For example, a percentage of the Fund’s assets may be segregated to cover its obligations with respect to the derivative investment, which may make it more difficult for the Fund’s subadviser to meet redemption requests or other short-term obligations.
Investments in derivatives in general are also subject to market risks that may cause their prices to fluctuate over time. Investments in derivatives may not directly correlate with the price movements of the underlying instrument. As a result, the use of derivatives may expose the Fund to additional risks that it would not be subject to if it invested directly in the securities underlying those derivatives. The use of derivatives may result in larger losses or smaller gains than otherwise would be the case.
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Commodity Interests
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Investing in commodity interests, outside of certain conditions required to qualify for exemption or exclusion, will cause a Fund to be deemed a commodity pool, thereby subjecting the Fund to regulation under the CEA and CFTC rules. In that event, the Adviser will be registered as a Commodity Pool Operator, certain of the Fund’s Subadvisers will be registered as Commodity Trading Advisers, and the Fund will be operated in accordance with CFTC rules. Because of the applicable registration requirements and rules, investing the Fund’s assets in commodity interests could cause the fund to incur additional expenses. Alternatively, to the extent that a Fund limits its exposure to commodity interests in order to qualify for exemption from being considered a commodity pool, the Fund’s use of investment techniques described in its Prospectus and this SAI may be limited or restricted.
As of the date of this SAI, the Fund intends to be treated as a commodity pool subject to regulation under the CEA and CFTC rules, the Adviser is registered as a Commodity Pool Operator with respect to the Fund and its subsidiary, and the Fund’s subadviser is registered as a Commodity Trading Adviser with respect to the Fund and its Subsidiary.
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Credit-linked Notes
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Credit-linked notes are derivative instruments used to transfer credit risk. The performance of the notes is linked to the performance of the underlying reference obligation or reference portfolio (“reference entities”). The notes are usually issued by a special purpose vehicle that sells credit protection through a credit default swap agreement in return for a premium and an obligation to pay the transaction sponsor should a reference entity experience a credit event, such as bankruptcy. The special purpose vehicle invests the proceeds from the notes to cover its contingent obligation. Revenue from the investments and the money received as premium are used to pay interest to note holders. The main risk of credit linked notes is the risk of default to the reference obligation of the credit default swap. Should a default occur, the special purpose vehicle would have to pay the transaction sponsor, subordinating payments to the note holders. Credit linked notes also may not be liquid and may be subject to currency and interest rate risks as well.
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Equity-linked Derivatives
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The Fund may invest in equity-linked derivative products, the performance of which is designed to correspond generally to the performance of a specified stock index or “basket” of stocks, or to a single stock. Investments in equity-linked derivatives involve the same risks associated with a direct investment in the types of securities such products are designed to track. There can be no assurance that the trading price of the equity-linked derivatives will equal the underlying value of the securities purchased to replicate a particular investment or that such basket will replicate the investment.
Investments in equity-linked derivatives may constitute investments in other investment companies. (See “Mutual Fund Investing” in this section of the SAI for information regarding the implications of the Fund investing in other investment companies.)
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Eurodollar Instruments
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The Fund may invest in Eurodollar instruments. Eurodollar instruments are dollar-denominated certificates of deposit and time deposits issued outside the U.S. capital markets by foreign branches of U.S. banks and by foreign banks. Eurodollar futures contracts enable purchasers to obtain a fixed rate for the lending of funds and sellers to
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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obtain a fixed rate for borrowings. The Fund might use Eurodollar instruments to hedge against changes in interest rates or to enhance returns.
Eurodollar obligations are subject to the same risks that pertain to domestic issuers, most notably income risk (and, to a lesser extent, credit risk, market risk, and liquidity risk). Additionally, Eurodollar obligations are subject to certain sovereign risks. One such risk is the possibility that a sovereign country might prevent capital, in the form of dollars, from flowing across its borders. Other risks include adverse political and economic developments, the extent and quality of government regulation of financial markets and institutions, the imposition of foreign withholding taxes, and expropriation or nationalization of foreign issuers. However, Eurodollar obligations will undergo the same type of credit analysis as domestic issuers in which the Fund invests.
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Foreign Currency Forward Contracts, Futures and Options
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The Fund may engage in certain derivative foreign currency exchange and option transactions involving investment risks and transaction costs to which the Fund would not be subject absent the use of these strategies. If the Fund’s subadviser’s predictions of movements in the direction of securities prices or currency exchange rates are inaccurate, the adverse consequences to the Fund may leave the Fund in a worse position than if it had not used such strategies. Risks inherent in the use of option and foreign currency forward and futures contracts include: (1) dependence on the Fund’s subadviser’s ability to correctly predict movements in the direction of securities prices and currency exchange rates; (2) imperfect correlation between the price of options and futures contracts and movements in the prices of the securities or currencies being hedged; (3) the fact that the skills needed to use these strategies are different from those needed to select portfolio securities; (4) the possible absence of a liquid secondary market for any particular instrument at any time; and (5) the possible need to defer closing out certain hedged positions to avoid adverse tax consequences. The Fund’s ability to enter into futures contracts is also limited by the requirements of the Code for qualification as a regulated investment company. (See the “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” section of this SAI.)
The Fund may engage in currency exchange transactions to protect against uncertainty in the level of future currency exchange rates. In addition, the Fund may write covered put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of increasing its return.
The Fund may enter into contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date (“forward contracts”) and purchase and sell foreign currency futures contracts. For certain hedging purposes, the Fund may also purchase exchange-listed and over-the-counter put and call options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies. A put option on a futures contract gives the Fund the right to assume a short position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A put option on a currency gives the Fund the right to sell the currency at an exercise price until the expiration of the option. A call option on a futures contract gives the Fund the right to assume a long position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A call option on a currency gives the Fund the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the expiration of the option.
When engaging in position hedging, the Fund enters into foreign currency exchange transactions to protect against a decline in the values of the foreign currencies in which its portfolio securities are denominated (or an increase in the values of currency for securities which the Fund expects to purchase, when the Fund holds cash or short-term investments). In connection with position hedging, the Fund may purchase put or call options on foreign currency and on foreign currency futures contracts and buy or sell forward contracts and foreign currency futures contracts. (The Fund may also purchase or sell foreign currency on a spot basis, as discussed in “Foreign Currency Transactions” under “Foreign Investing” in this section of the SAI.)
The precise matching of the amounts of foreign currency exchange transactions and the value of the portfolio securities involved will not generally be possible since the future value of such securities in foreign currencies will change as a consequence of market movements in the value of those securities between the dates the currency exchange transactions are entered into and the dates they mature. It is also impossible to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, it may be necessary for the Fund to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot market (and bear the expense of such purchase) if the market value of the security or securities being hedged is less than the amount of
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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foreign currency the Fund is obligated to deliver and a decision is made to sell the security or securities and make delivery of the foreign currency. Conversely, it may be necessary to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency received upon the sale of the portfolio security or securities if the market value of such security or securities exceeds the amount of foreign currency the Fund is obligated to deliver.
Hedging techniques do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities which the Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange which one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, although these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency, they also tend to limit any potential gain which might result from the increase in value of such currency.
The Fund may seek to increase its return or to offset some of the costs of hedging against fluctuations in currency exchange rates by writing covered put options and covered call options on foreign currencies. In that case, the Fund receives a premium from writing a put or call option, which increases the Fund’s current return if the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a net profit. The Fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction in which it purchases an option having the same terms as the option written.
The Fund’s currency hedging transactions may call for the delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign currency and may at times not involve currencies in which its portfolio securities are then denominated. The Fund’s subadviser will engage in such “cross hedging” activities when it believes that such transactions provide significant hedging opportunities for the Fund. Cross hedging transactions by the Fund involve the risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of the currencies to which such transactions relate and changes in the value of the currency or other asset or liability which is the subject of the hedge.
Foreign currency forward contracts, futures and options may be traded on foreign exchanges. Such transactions may not be regulated as effectively as similar transactions in the United States; may not involve a clearing mechanism and related guarantees; and are subject to the risk of governmental actions affecting trading in, or the prices of, foreign securities. The value of such positions also could be adversely affected by (i) other complex foreign political, legal and economic factors, (ii) lesser availability than in the United States of data on which to make trading decisions, (iii) delays in the Fund’s ability to act upon economic events occurring in foreign markets during non-business hours in the United States, (iv) the imposition of different exercise and settlement terms and procedures and margin requirements than in the United States, and (v) lesser trading volume.
The types of derivative foreign currency exchange transactions most commonly employed by the Fund are discussed below, although the Fund is also permitted to engage in other similar transactions to the extent consistent with the Fund’s investment limitations and restrictions.
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Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
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A foreign currency forward contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days (“term”) from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. These contracts are traded directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers.
The Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily in an amount not less than the value of the Fund’s total assets committed to forward foreign currency exchange contracts entered into for the purchase of a foreign currency. If the value of the securities specifically designated declines, additional cash or securities will be added so that the specifically designated amount is not less than the amount of the Fund’s commitments with respect to such contracts.
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Foreign Currency Futures Transactions
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The Fund may use foreign currency futures contracts and options on such futures contracts. Through the purchase or sale of such contracts, the Fund may be able to achieve many of the same objectives attainable through the use of foreign currency forward contracts, but more effectively and possibly at a lower cost.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Unlike forward foreign currency exchange contracts, foreign currency futures contracts and options on foreign currency futures contracts are standardized as to amount and delivery period and are traded on boards of trade and commodities exchanges. It is anticipated that such contracts may provide greater liquidity and lower cost than forward foreign currency exchange contracts.
Purchasers and sellers of foreign currency futures contracts are subject to the same risks that apply to the buying and selling of futures generally. In addition, there are risks associated with foreign currency futures contracts similar to those associated with options on foreign currencies. (See “Foreign Currency Options” and “Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts”, each in this sub-section of the SAI.) The Fund must accept or make delivery of the underlying foreign currency, through banking arrangements, in accordance with any U.S. or foreign restrictions or regulations regarding the maintenance of foreign banking arrangements by U.S. residents and may be required to pay any fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery which are assessed in the issuing country.
To the extent required to comply with SEC Release No. IC-10666, when entering into a futures contract or an option transaction, the Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily equal to the net amount of the Fund’s obligation. For foreign currency futures transactions, the prescribed amount will generally be the daily value of the futures contract, marked to market.
Futures contracts are designed by boards of trade which are designated “contracts markets” by the CFTC. Futures contracts trade on contracts markets in a manner that is similar to the way a stock trades on a stock exchange and the boards of trade, through their clearing corporations, guarantee performance of the contracts. As of the date of this SAI, the Fund may invest in futures contracts under specified conditions without being regulated as commodity pools. However, under CFTC rules the Fund’s ability to maintain the exclusions/exemptions from the definition of commodity pool may be limited. (See “Commodity Interests” in this section of the SAI.)
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Foreign Currency Options
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A foreign currency option provides the option buyer with the right to buy or sell a stated amount of foreign currency at the exercise price at a specified date or during the option period. A call option gives its owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy the currency, while a put option gives its owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell the currency. The option seller (writer) is obligated to fulfill the terms of the option sold if it is exercised. However, either seller or buyer may close its position during the option period for such options any time prior to expiration.
A call rises in value if the underlying currency appreciates. Conversely, a put rises in value if the underlying currency depreciates. While purchasing a foreign currency option can protect the Fund against an adverse movement in the value of a foreign currency, it does not limit the gain which might result from a favorable movement in the value of such currency. For example, if the Fund were holding securities denominated in an appreciating foreign currency and had purchased a foreign currency put to hedge against a decline in the value of the currency, it would not have to exercise its put. Similarly, if the Fund had entered into a contract to purchase a security denominated in a foreign currency and had purchased a foreign currency call to hedge against a rise in the value of the currency but instead the currency had depreciated in value between the date of purchase and the settlement date, the Fund would not have to exercise its call but could acquire in the spot market the amount of foreign currency needed for settlement.
The value of a foreign currency option depends upon the value of the underlying currency relative to the other referenced currency. As a result, the price of the option position may vary with changes in the value of either or both currencies and have no relationship to the investment merits of a foreign security, including foreign securities held in a “hedged” investment portfolio. Because foreign currency transactions occurring in the interbank market involve substantially larger amounts than those that may be involved in the use of foreign currency options, the Fund may be disadvantaged by having to deal in an odd lot market (generally consisting of transactions of less than $1 million) for the underlying foreign currencies at prices that are less favorable than for round lots.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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As in the case of other kinds of options, the use of foreign currency options constitutes only a partial hedge, and the Fund could be required to purchase or sell foreign currencies at disadvantageous exchange rates, thereby incurring losses. The purchase of an option on a foreign currency may not necessarily constitute an effective hedge against fluctuations in exchange rates and, in the event of rate movements adverse to the Fund’s position, the Fund may forfeit the entire amount of the premium plus related transaction costs.
Options on foreign currencies written or purchased by the Fund may be traded on U.S. or foreign exchanges or over the counter. There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies traded over the counter or any regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis. Quotation information available is generally representative of very large transactions in the interbank market and thus may not reflect relatively smaller transactions (i.e., less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable. The interbank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that the options markets are closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, significant price and rate movements may take place in the underlying markets that are not reflected in the options market.
For additional information about options transactions, see “Options” under “Derivative Investments” in this section of the SAI.
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Foreign Currency Warrants
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Foreign currency warrants such as currency exchange warrants are warrants that entitle the holder to receive from the issuer an amount of cash (generally, for warrants issued in the United States, in U.S. dollars) that is calculated pursuant to a predetermined formula and based on the exchange rate between two specified currencies as of the exercise date of the warrant. Foreign currency warrants generally are exercisable upon their issuance and expire as of a specified date and time.
Foreign currency warrants may be used to reduce the currency exchange risk assumed by purchasers of a security by, for example, providing for a supplemental payment in the event the U.S. dollar depreciates against the value of a major foreign currency such as the Japanese Yen or Euro. The formula used to determine the amount payable upon exercise of a foreign currency warrant may make the warrant worthless unless the applicable foreign currency exchange rate moves in a particular direction (e.g., unless the U.S. dollar appreciates or depreciates against the particular foreign currency to which the warrant is linked or indexed).
Foreign currency warrants are severable from the debt obligations with which they may be offered, and may be listed on exchanges. Foreign currency warrants may be exercisable only in certain minimum amounts, and an investor wishing to exercise warrants who possesses less than the minimum number required for exercise may be required either to sell the warrants or to purchase additional warrants, thereby incurring additional transaction costs. Upon exercise of warrants, there may be a delay between the time the holder gives instructions to exercise and the time the exchange rate relating to exercise is determined, thereby affecting both the market and cash settlement values of the warrants being exercised. The expiration date of the warrants may be accelerated if the warrants should be delisted from an exchange or if their trading should be suspended permanently, which would result in the loss of any remaining “time value” of the warrants (i.e., the difference between the current market value and the exercise value of the warrants), and, if the warrants were “out-of-the-money,” in a total loss of the purchase price of the warrants.
Warrants are generally unsecured obligations of their issuers and are not standardized foreign currency options issued by the OCC. Unlike foreign currency options issued by OCC, the terms of foreign exchange warrants generally will not be amended in the event of governmental or regulatory actions affecting exchange rates or in the event of the imposition of other regulatory controls affecting the international currency markets. The initial public offering price of foreign currency warrants could be considerably in excess of the price that a commercial user of foreign currencies might pay in the interbank market for a comparable option involving larger amounts of foreign currencies. Foreign currency warrants are subject to significant foreign exchange risk, including risks arising from complex political or economic factors.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Performance Indexed Paper
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Performance indexed paper is commercial paper the yield of which is linked to certain currency exchange rate movements. The yield to the investor on performance indexed paper is established at maturity as a function of spot exchange rates between the designated currencies as of or about the time (generally, the index maturity two days prior to maturity). The yield to the investor will be within a range stipulated at the time of purchase of the obligation, generally with a guaranteed minimum rate of return that is below, and a potential maximum rate of return that is above, market yields on commercial paper, with both the minimum and maximum rates of return on the investment corresponding to the minimum and maximum values of the spot exchange rate two business days prior to maturity.
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Principal Exchange Rate Linked Securities (“PERLS”)
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PERLS are debt obligations the principal on which is payable at maturity in an amount that may vary based on the exchange rate between the particular currencies at or about that time. The return on “standard” principal exchange rate linked securities is enhanced if the currency to which the security is linked appreciates against the base currency, and is adversely affected by increases in the exchange value of the base currency. “Reverse” PERLS are like the “standard” securities, except that their return is enhanced by increases in the value of the base currency and adversely impacted by increases in the value of other currency. Interest payments on the securities are generally made at rates that reflect the degree of currency risk assumed or given up by the purchaser of the notes (i.e., at relatively higher interest rates if the purchaser has assumed some of the currency exchange risk, or relatively lower interest rates if the issuer has assumed some of the currency exchange risk, based on the expectations of the current market). PERLS may in limited cases be subject to acceleration of maturity (generally, not without the consent of the holders of the securities), which may have an adverse impact on the value of the principal payment to be made at maturity.
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Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts
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The Fund may use interest rate, foreign currency, dividend, volatility or index futures contracts. An interest rate, foreign currency, dividend, volatility or index futures contract provides for the future sale by one party and purchase by another party of a specified quantity of a financial instrument, foreign currency, dividend basket or the cash value of an index at a specified price and time. A futures contract on an index is an agreement pursuant to which two parties agree to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of the index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the index contract was originally written. Although the value of an index might be a function of the value of certain specified securities, no physical delivery of these securities is made. A public market exists in futures contracts covering several indexes as well as a number of financial instruments and foreign currencies, and it is expected that other futures contracts will be developed and traded in the future. Interest rate and volatility futures contracts currently are traded in the United States primarily on the floors of the Chicago Board of Trade and the International Monetary Market of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Interest rate futures also are traded on foreign exchanges such as the London International Financial Futures Exchange and the Singapore International Monetary Exchange. Interest rate futures also are traded on foreign exchanges such as the London International Financial Futures Exchange and the Singapore International Monetary Exchange. Volatility futures also are traded on foreign exchanges such as Eurex. Dividend futures are also traded on foreign exchanges such as Eurex, NYSE Euronext Liffe, London Stock Exchange and the Singapore International Monetary Exchange.
The Fund may purchase and write call and put options on futures. Futures options possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and indexes discussed above. A futures option gives the holder the right, in return for the premium paid, to assume a long position (call) or short position (put) in a futures contract at a specified exercise price at any time during the period of option. Upon exercise of a call option, the holder acquires a long position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite short position. In the case of a put option, the opposite is true.
Except as otherwise described in this SAI, the Fund will limit its use of futures contracts and futures options to hedging transactions and in an attempt to increase total return, in accordance with Federal regulations. The costs of, and possible losses incurred from, futures contracts and options thereon may reduce the Fund’s current income and involve a loss of principal. Any incremental return earned by the Fund resulting from these transactions would be expected to offset anticipated losses or a portion thereof.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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The Fund will only enter into futures contracts and futures options which are standardized and traded on a U.S. or foreign exchange, board of trade, or similar entity, or quoted on an automated quotation system.
When a purchase or sale of a futures contract is made by the Fund, the Fund is required to deposit with its custodian (or broker, if legally permitted) a specified amount of cash or U.S. Government securities (“initial margin”). The margin required for a futures contract is set by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified during the term of the contract. The initial margin is in the nature of a performance bond or good faith deposit on the futures contract which is returned to the Fund upon termination of the contract, assuming all contractual obligations have been satisfied. The Fund expects to earn interest income on its initial margin deposits. A futures contract held by the Fund is valued daily at the official settlement price of the exchange on which it is traded. Each day the Fund pays or receives cash, called “variation margin,” equal to the daily change in value of the futures contract. This process is known as “marking to market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by the Fund but is instead a settlement between the Fund and the broker of the amount one would owe the other if the futures contract expired. In computing daily NAV, the Fund will mark to market its open futures positions.
The Fund is also required to deposit and maintain margin with respect to put and call options on futures contracts it has written. Such margin deposits will vary depending on the nature of the underlying futures contract (and the related initial margin requirements), the current market value of the option, and other futures positions held by the Fund.
To the extent required to comply with SEC Release No. IC-10666, when entering into a futures contract or an option on a futures contract, the Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily equal to the prescribed amount. Generally, for cash-settled futures contracts the prescribed amount is the net amount of the Fund’s obligation, and for non-cash-settled futures contracts the prescribed about is the notional value of the reference obligation.
Futures contracts are designed by boards of trade which are designated “contracts markets” by the CFTC. Futures contracts trade on contracts markets in a manner that is similar to the way a stock trades on a stock exchange and the boards of trade, through their clearing corporations, guarantee performance of the contracts. The Fund’s ability to claim an exclusion or exemption from the definition of a commodity pool may be limited when the Fund invests in futures contracts. (See “Commodity Interests” in this SAI.)
The requirements of the Code for qualification as a regulated investment company also may limit the extent to which the Fund may enter into futures, futures options or forward contracts. (See the “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” section of this SAI.)
Although some futures contracts call for making or taking delivery of the underlying securities, generally these obligations are closed out prior to delivery by offsetting purchases or sales of matching futures contracts (same exchange, underlying security or index, and delivery month). If an offsetting purchase price is less than the original sale price, the Fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is more, the Fund realizes a capital loss. Conversely, if an offsetting sales price is more than the original purchase price, the Fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is less, the Fund realizes a capital loss. The transaction costs must also be included in these calculations.
Positions in futures contracts and related options may be closed out only on an exchange which provides a secondary market for such contracts or options. The Fund will enter into an option or futures position only if there appears to be a liquid secondary market. However, there can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any particular option or futures contract at any specific time. Thus, it may not be possible to close out a futures or related option position. In the case of a futures position, in the event of adverse price movements the Fund would continue to be required to make daily margin payments. In this situation, if the Fund has insufficient cash to meet daily margin requirements it may have to sell portfolio securities to meet its margin obligations at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so. In addition, the Fund may be required to take or make delivery of the securities underlying the futures contracts it holds. The inability to close out futures positions also could have an adverse impact on the Fund’s ability to hedge its portfolio effectively.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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There are several risks in connection with the use of futures contracts as a hedging device. While hedging can provide protection against an adverse movement in market prices, it can also limit a hedger’s opportunity to benefit fully from a favorable market movement. In addition, investing in futures contracts and options on futures contracts will cause the Fund to incur additional brokerage commissions and may cause an increase in the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate.
The successful use of futures contracts and related options may also depend on the ability of the Fund’s subadviser to forecast correctly the direction and extent of market movements, interest rates and other market factors within a given time frame. To the extent market prices remain stable during the period a futures contract or option is held by the Fund or such prices move in a direction opposite to that anticipated, the Fund may realize a loss on the transaction which is not offset by an increase in the value of its portfolio securities. Options and futures may also fail as a hedging technique in cases where the movements of the securities underlying the options and futures do not follow the price movements of the hedged portfolio securities. As a result, the Fund’s total return for the period may be less than if it had not engaged in the hedging transaction. The loss from investing in futures transactions is potentially unlimited.
Utilization of futures contracts by the Fund involves the risk of imperfect correlation in movements in the price of futures contracts and movements in the price of the securities which are being hedged. If the price of the futures contract moves more or less than the price of the securities being hedged, the Fund will experience a gain or loss which will not be completely offset by movements in the price of the securities. It is possible that, where the Fund has sold futures contracts to hedge its portfolio against a decline in the market, the market may advance and the value of securities held in the Fund’s portfolio may decline. If this occurred, the Fund would lose money on the futures contract and would also experience a decline in value in its portfolio securities. Where futures are purchased to hedge against a possible increase in the prices of securities before the Fund is able to invest its cash (or cash equivalents) in securities (or options) in an orderly fashion, it is possible that the market may decline; if the Fund then determines not to invest in securities (or options) at that time because of concern as to possible further market decline or for other reasons, the Fund will realize a loss on the futures that would not be offset by a reduction in the price of the securities purchased.
The market prices of futures contracts may be affected if participants in the futures market elect to close out their contracts through off-setting transactions rather than to meet margin deposit requirements. In such case, distortions in the normal relationship between the cash and futures markets could result. Price distortions could also result if investors in futures contracts opt to make or take delivery of the underlying securities rather than to engage in closing transactions because such action would reduce the liquidity of the futures market. In addition, from the point of view of speculators, because the deposit requirements in the futures markets are less onerous than margin requirements in the cash market, increased participation by speculators in the futures market could cause temporary price distortions. Due to the possibility of price distortions in the futures market and because of the imperfect correlation between movements in the prices of securities and movements in the prices of futures contracts, a correct forecast of market trends may still not result in a successful hedging transaction.
Compared to the purchase or sale of futures contracts, the purchase of put or call options on futures contracts involves less potential risk for the Fund because the maximum amount at risk is the premium paid for the options plus transaction costs. However, there may be circumstances when the purchase of an option on a futures contract would result in a loss to the Fund while the purchase or sale of the futures contract would not have resulted in a loss, such as when there is no movement in the price of the underlying securities.
For additional information about options transactions, see “Options” under “Derivative Investments” in this section of the SAI.
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Mortgage-Related and Other Asset-Backed Securities
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The Fund may purchase mortgage-related and other asset-backed securities, which collectively are securities backed by mortgages, installment contracts, credit card receivables or other financial assets. Asset-backed securities represent interests in “pools” of assets in which payments of both interest and principal on the securities are made periodically, thus in effect “passing through” such payments made by the individual
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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CMOs are typically structured in multiple classes, each bearing a different stated maturity. Actual maturity and average life will depend upon the prepayment experience of the collateral. CMOs provide for a modified form of call protection through a de facto breakdown of the underlying pool of mortgages according to how quickly the loans are repaid. Monthly payment of principal received from the pool of underlying mortgages, including prepayments, is first returned to investors holding the shortest maturity class. Investors holding the longer maturity classes typically receive principal only after the first class has been retired. An investor may be partially guarded against a sooner than desired return of principal because of the sequential payments.
FHLMC CMOs are debt obligations of FHLMC issued in multiple classes having different maturity dates and are secured by the pledge of a pool of conventional mortgage loans purchased by FHLMC. The amount of principal payable on each monthly payment date is determined in accordance with FHLMC’s mandatory sinking fund schedule. Sinking fund payments in the CMOs are allocated to the retirement of the individual classes of bonds in the order of their stated maturities. Payments of principal on the mortgage loans in the collateral pool in excess of the amount of FHLMC’s minimum sinking fund obligation for any payment date are paid to the holders of the CMOs as additional sinking-fund payments. Because of the “pass-through” nature of all principal payments received on the collateral pool in excess of FHLMC’s minimum sinking fund requirement, the rate at which principal of the CMOs is actually repaid is likely to be such that each class of bonds will be retired in advance of its scheduled maturity date. If collection of principal (including prepayments) on the mortgage loans during any semiannual payment period is not sufficient to meet FHLMC’s minimum sinking fund obligation on the next sinking fund payment date, FHLMC agrees to make up the deficiency from its general funds.
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CMO Residuals
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CMO residuals are derivative mortgage securities issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans. As described above, the cash flow generated by the mortgage assets underlying a series of CMOs is applied first to make required payments of principal and interest on the CMOs and second to pay the related administrative expenses of the issuer. The “residual” in a CMO structure generally represents the interest in any excess cash flow remaining after making the foregoing payments. Each payment of such excess cash flow to a holder of the related CMO residual represents income and/or a return of capital. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a CMO will depend on, among other things, the characteristics of the mortgage assets, the coupon rate of each class of CMO, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and, in particular, the prepayment experience on the mortgage assets. In addition, if a series of a CMO includes a class that bears interest at an adjustable rate, the yield to maturity on the related CMO residual will also be extremely sensitive to changes in the level of the index upon which interest rate adjustments are based. In certain circumstances the Fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in a CMO residual.
CMO residuals are generally purchased and sold by institutional investors through several investment banking firms acting as brokers or dealers. The CMO residual market currently may not have the liquidity of other more established securities trading in other markets. CMO residuals may be subject to certain restrictions on transferability, may be deemed illiquid and therefore subject to the Fund’s limitations on investment in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Mortgage Pass-through Securities
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Mortgage pass-through securities are interests in pools of mortgage loans, assembled and issued by various governmental, government-related, and private organizations. Unlike other forms of debt securities, which normally provide for periodic payment of interest in fixed amounts with principal payments at maturity or specified call dates, these securities provide a monthly payment consisting of both interest and principal payments. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on their residential or commercial mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor of such securities. Additional payments are caused by repayments of principal resulting from the sale of the underlying property, refinancing or foreclosure, net of fees or costs. “Modified pass-through” securities (such as securities issued by GNMA) entitle the holder to receive all interest and principal payments owed on the mortgage pool, net of certain fees, at the scheduled payment dates regardless of whether or not the mortgagor actually makes the payment.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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The principal governmental guarantor of U.S. mortgage-related securities is GNMA. GNMA is authorized to guarantee, with the full faith and credit of the United States Government, the timely payment of principal and interest on securities issued by institutions approved by GNMA (such as savings and loan institutions, commercial banks and mortgage bankers) and backed by pools of Federal Housing Administration insured or Veterans Administration guaranteed mortgages. Government-related guarantors whose obligations are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States Government include FNMA and FHLMC. FNMA purchases conventional (i.e., not insured or guaranteed by any government agency) residential mortgages from a list of approved seller/servicers which include state and federally chartered savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, commercial banks and credit unions and mortgage bankers. FHLMC issues Participation Certificates that represent interests in conventional mortgages from FHLMC’s national portfolio. FNMA and FHLMC guarantee the timely payment of interest and ultimate collection of principal on securities they issue, but the securities they issue are neither issued nor guaranteed by the United States Government.
Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional residential mortgage loans. Such issuers may, in addition, be the originators and/ or servicers of the underlying mortgage loans as well as the guarantors of the mortgage-related securities. Pools created by such non-governmental issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than government and government-related pools because there are no direct or indirect government or agency guarantees of payments for such securities. However, timely payment of interest and principal of these pools may be supported by various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance and letters of credit. The insurance and guarantees are issued by governmental entities, private insurers and the mortgage poolers. Such insurance and guarantees and the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof will be considered in determining whether a mortgage-related security meets the Fund’s investment quality standards. There can be no assurance that the private insurers or guarantors can meet their obligations under the insurance policies or guarantee arrangements. The Fund may buy mortgage-related securities without insurance or guarantees if, through an examination of the loan experience and practices of the originator/servicers and poolers, the Fund’s subadviser determines that the securities meet the Fund’s quality standards. Securities issued by certain private organizations may not be readily marketable and may therefore be subject to the Fund’s limitations on investments in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
Mortgage-backed securities that are issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities, are not subject to the Fund’s industry concentration restrictions set forth in the “Investment Restrictions” section of this SAI by virtue of the exclusion from the test available to all U.S. Government securities. The assets underlying such securities may be represented by a portfolio of first lien residential mortgages (including both whole mortgage loans and mortgage participation interests) or portfolios of mortgage pass-through securities issued or guaranteed by GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC. Mortgage loans underlying a mortgage-related security may in turn be insured or guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration or the Department of Veterans Affairs.
The Fund will consider the assets underlying privately-issued, mortgage-related securities, and other asset-backed securities, when determining the industry of such securities for purposes of the Fund’s industry concentration restrictions set forth in the ‘Investment Restrictions’ section of this SAI, and as a result such securities may not be deemed by the Fund to represent the same industry or group of industries. In the case of private issue mortgage-related securities whose underlying assets are neither U.S. Government securities nor U.S. Government-insured mortgages, to the extent that real properties securing such assets may be located in the same geographical region, the security may be subject to a greater risk of default than other comparable securities in the event of adverse economic, political or business developments that may affect such region and, ultimately, the ability of residential homeowners to make payments of principal and interest on the underlying mortgages.
It is possible that the availability and the marketability (that is, liquidity) of the securities discussed in this section could be adversely affected by the actions of the U.S. Government to tighten the availability of its credit. On September 7, 2008, the FHFA, an
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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agency of the U.S. Government, placed FNMA and FHLMC into conservatorship, a statutory process with the objective of returning the entities to normal business operations. FHFA will act as the conservator to operate FNMA and FHLMC until they are stabilized. The conservatorship is still in effect as of the date of this SAI and has no specified termination date. There can be no assurance as to when or how the conservatorship will be terminated or whether FNMA or FHLMC will continue to exist following the conservatorship or what their respective business structures will be during or following the conservatorship. FHFA, as conservator, has the power to repudiate any contract entered into by FNMA or FHLMC prior to its appointment if it determines that performance of the contract is burdensome and repudiation of the contract promotes the orderly administration of FNMA’s or FHLMC’s affairs. Furthermore, FHFA has the right to transfer or sell any asset or liability of FNMA or FHLMC without any approval, assignment or consent. If FHFA were to transfer any such guarantee obligation to another party, holders of FNMA or FHLMC mortgage-backed securities would have to rely on that party for satisfaction of the guarantee obligation and would be exposed to the credit risk of that party.
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Other Asset-Backed Securities
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Through trusts and other special purpose entities, various types of securities based on financial assets other than mortgage loans are increasingly available, in both pass-through structures similar to mortgage pass-through securities described above and in other structures more like CMOs. As with mortgage-related securities, these asset-backed securities are often backed by a pool of financial assets representing the obligations of a number of different parties. They often include credit-enhancement features similar to mortgage-related securities.
Financial assets on which these securities are based include automobile receivables; credit card receivables; loans to finance boats, recreational vehicles, and mobile homes; computer, copier, railcar, and medical equipment leases; and trade, healthcare, and franchise receivables. In general, the obligations supporting these asset-backed securities are of shorter maturities than mortgage loans and are less likely to experience substantial prepayments. However, obligations such as credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the obligors are often entitled to protection under a number of consumer credit laws granting, among other things, rights to set off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thus reducing the balance due. Other obligations that are secured, such as automobile receivables, may present issuers with difficulties in perfecting and executing on the security interests, particularly where the issuer allows the servicers of the receivables to retain possession of the underlying obligations, thus increasing the risk that recoveries on defaulted obligations may not be adequate to support payments on the securities.
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Stripped Mortgage-backed Securities (“SMBS”)
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SMBS are derivative multi-class mortgage securities. They may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government, or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans. SMBS are usually structured with two classes that receive different proportions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage assets. A common type of SMBS will have one class receiving some of the interest and most of the principal from the mortgage assets, while the other class will receive most of the interest and the remainder of the principal. In the most extreme case, one class will receive all of the interest (the interest-only or “IO” class), while the other class will receive all of the principal (the principal-only or “PO” class). The yield to maturity on an IO class security is extremely sensitive to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the related underlying mortgage assets, and a rapid rate of principal payments may have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s yield to maturity from these securities. If the underlying mortgage assets experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the Fund may fail to recoup fully its initial investment in these securities even if the security is in one of the highest rating categories. The market value of the PO class generally is unusually volatile in response to changes in interest rates.
Although SMBS are purchased and sold by institutional investors through several investment banking firms acting as brokers or dealers, these securities were only recently developed. As a result, established trading markets have not yet developed and, accordingly, these securities may be deemed illiquid and therefore subject to the Fund’s limitations on investment in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Fund will realize a loss equal to the premium paid. If the Fund enters into a closing sale transaction on an option purchased by it, the Fund will realize a gain if the premium received by the Fund on the closing transaction is more than the premium paid to purchase the option, or a loss if it is less. If an option written by the Fund expires on the stipulated expiration date or if the Fund enters into a closing purchase transaction, it will realize a gain (or loss if the cost of a closing purchase transaction exceeds the net premium received when the option is sold), and the liability related to such option will be eliminated. If an option written by the Fund is exercised, the proceeds of the sale will be increased by the net premium originally received and the Fund will realize a gain or loss.
Options trading is a highly specialized activity that entails more complex and potentially greater than ordinary investment risk. Options may be more volatile than the underlying instruments and, therefore, on a percentage basis, an investment in options may be subject to greater fluctuation than an investment in the underlying instruments themselves.
There are several other risks associated with options. For example, there are significant differences among the securities, currency, volatility, credit default and options markets that could result in an imperfect correlation among these markets, causing a given transaction not to achieve its objectives. In addition, a liquid secondary market for particular options, whether traded over-the-counter or on an exchange, may be absent for reasons that include the following: there may be insufficient trading interest in certain options; restrictions may be imposed by an exchange on opening transactions or closing transactions or both; trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed with respect to particular classes or series of options or underlying securities or currencies; unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations on an exchange; the facilities of an exchange or the OCC may not at all times be adequate to handle current trading value; or one or more exchanges could, for economic or other reasons, decide or be compelled at some future date to discontinue the trading of options (or a particular class or series of options), in which event the secondary market on that exchange (or in that class or series of options) would cease to exist, although outstanding options that had been issued by the OCC as a result of trades on that exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms.
The staff of the SEC currently takes the position that options not traded on registered domestic securities exchanges and the assets used to cover the amount of the Fund’s obligation pursuant to such options are illiquid, and are therefore subject to the Fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities. However, for options written with “primary dealers” in U.S. Government securities pursuant to an agreement requiring a closing transaction at the formula price, the amount considered to be illiquid may be calculated by reference to a formula price. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Options on Indexes and “Yield Curve” Options
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The Fund may enter into options on indexes or options on the “spread,” or yield differential, between two fixed income securities, in transactions referred to as “yield curve” options. Options on indexes and yield curve options provide the holder with the right to make or receive a cash settlement upon exercise of the option. With respect to options on indexes, the amount of the settlement will equal the difference between the closing price of the index at the time of exercise and the exercise price of the option expressed in dollars, times a specified multiple. With respect to yield curve options, the amount of the settlement will equal the difference between the yields of designated securities.
With respect to yield curve options, a call or put option is covered if the Fund holds another call or put, respectively, on the spread between the same two securities and maintains in a segregated account liquid assets sufficient to cover the Fund’s net liability under the two options. Therefore, the Fund’s liability for such a covered option is generally limited to the difference between the amount of the Fund’s liability under the option it wrote less the value of the option it holds. The Fund may also cover yield curve options in such other manner as may be in accordance with the requirements of the counterparty with which the option is traded and applicable laws and regulations.
The trading of these types of options is subject to all of the risks associated with the trading of other types of options. In addition, however, yield curve options present risk of loss even if the yield of one of the underlying securities remains constant, if the spread moves in a direction or to an extent which was not anticipated.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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Reset Options
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In certain instances, the Fund may purchase or write options on U.S. Treasury securities, which provide for periodic adjustment of the strike price and may also provide for the periodic adjustment of the premium during the term of each such option. Like other types of options, these transactions, which may be referred to as “reset” options or “adjustable strike” options grant the purchaser the right to purchase (in the case of a call) or sell (in the case of a put), a specified type of U.S. Treasury security at any time up to a stated expiration date (or, in certain instances, on such date). In contrast to other types of options, however, the price at which the underlying security may be purchased or sold under a “reset” option is determined at various intervals during the term of the option, and such price fluctuates from interval to interval based on changes in the market value of the underlying security. As a result, the strike price of a “reset” option, at the time of exercise, may be less advantageous than if the strike price had been fixed at the initiation of the option. In addition, the premium paid for the purchase of the option may be determined at the termination, rather than the initiation, of the option. If the premium for a reset option written by the Fund is paid at termination, the Fund assumes the risk that (i) the premium may be less than the premium which would otherwise have been received at the initiation of the option because of such factors as the volatility in yield of the underlying Treasury security over the term of the option and adjustments made to the strike price of the option, and (ii) the option purchaser may default on its obligation to pay the premium at the termination of the option. Conversely, where the Fund purchases a reset option, it could be required to pay a higher premium than would have been the case at the initiation of the option.
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Swaptions
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The Fund may enter into swaption contracts, which give the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified date. Over-the-counter swaptions, although providing greater flexibility, may involve greater credit risk than exchange-traded options as they are not backed by the clearing organization of the exchanges where they are traded, and as such, there is a risk that the seller will not settle as agreed. The Fund’s financial liability associated with swaptions is linked to the marked-to-market value of the notional underlying investments. Purchased swaption contracts are exposed to a maximum loss equal to the price paid for the option/swaption (the premium) and no further liability. Written swaptions, however, give the right of potential exercise to a third party, and the maximum loss to the Fund in the case of an uncovered swaption is unlimited.
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Swap Agreements
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The Fund may enter into swap agreements on, among other things, interest rates, indices, securities and currency exchange rates. The Fund’s subadviser may use swaps in an attempt to obtain for the Fund a particular desired return at a lower cost to the Fund than if the Fund had invested directly in an instrument that yielded that desired return. Swap agreements are two-party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors for periods typically ranging from a few weeks to more than one year. In a standard “swap” transaction, two parties agree to exchange the returns (or differentials in rates of return) earned or realized on particular predetermined investments or instruments. The gross returns to be exchanged or “swapped” between the parties are calculated with respect to a “notional amount,” i.e., the return on or increase in value of a particular dollar amount invested at a particular interest rate, in a particular foreign currency, or in a “basket” of securities representing a particular index. The “notional amount” of the swap agreement is only a fictive basis on which to calculate the obligations the parties to a swap agreement have agreed to exchange. The Fund’s obligations (or rights) under a swap agreement will generally be equal only to the amount to be paid or received under the agreement based on the relative values of the positions held by each party to the agreement (the “net amount”). The Fund’s obligations under a swap agreement will be accrued daily on the Fund’s accounting records (offset against any amounts owing to the Fund) and any accrued but unpaid net amounts owed to a swap counterparty will be covered by specifically designating on the accounting records of the Fund liquid assets to avoid leveraging of the Fund’s portfolio.
Because swap agreements are two-party contracts and may have terms of greater than seven days, they may be considered to be illiquid and therefore subject to the Fund’s limitations on investment in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.) Moreover, the Fund bears the risk of loss of the amount expected to be received under a swap agreement in the event of the default or bankruptcy of a swap agreement counterparty. The Fund’s subadviser will cause the Fund to enter into
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swap agreements only with counterparties that would be eligible for consideration as repurchase agreement counterparties under the Fund’s repurchase agreement guidelines. (See “Repurchase Agreements” in this section of the SAI.) Certain restrictions imposed on the Fund by the Code may limit the Fund’s ability to use swap agreements. (See the “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” section of this SAI.) The swaps market is a relatively new market and is largely unregulated. It is possible that developments in the swaps market, including potential government regulation, could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to terminate existing swap agreements or to realize amounts to be received under such agreements.
Certain swap agreements are exempt from most provisions of the CEA and, therefore, are not regulated as futures or commodity option transactions under the CEA, pursuant to regulations of the CFTC. To qualify for this exemption, a swap agreement must be entered into by eligible participants and must meet certain conditions (each pursuant to the CEA and regulations of the CFTC). However, CFTC rule amendments dictate that certain swap agreements be considered commodity interests for purposes of the CEA. (See “Commodity Interests” in this section of the SAI for additional information regarding the implications of investments being considered commodity interests under the CEA.)
The SEC and the CFTC have developed rules under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act to create a comprehensive regulatory framework for swap transactions. Under the regulations, certain swap transactions will be required to be executed on a regulated trading platform and cleared through a derivatives clearing organization. Additionally, the regulations impose other requirements on the parties entering into swap transactions, including requirements relating to posting margin, and reporting and documenting swap transactions. The Fund engaging in swap transactions may incur additional expenses as a result of these regulatory requirements. The Adviser is continuing to monitor the implementation of these regulations and to assess their impact on the Fund.
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Credit Default Swap Agreements
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The Fund may enter into credit default swap agreements. A credit default swap is a bilateral financial contract in which one party (the protection buyer) pays a periodic fee in return for a contingent payment by the protection seller following a credit event of a reference issuer. The protection buyer must either sell particular obligations issued by the reference issuer for its par value (or some other designated reference or strike price) when a credit event occurs or receive a cash settlement based on the difference between the market price and such reference price. A credit event is commonly defined as bankruptcy, insolvency, receivership, material adverse restructuring of debt, or failure to meet payment obligations when due. The Fund may be either the buyer or seller in the transaction. If the Fund is a buyer and no event of default occurs, the Fund loses its investment and recovers nothing; however, if an event of default occurs, the Fund receives full notional value for a reference obligation that may have little or no value. As a seller, the Fund receives a periodic fee throughout the term of the contract, provided there is no default event; if an event of default occurs, the Fund must pay the buyer the full notional value of the reference obligation. The value of the reference obligation received by the Fund as a seller, coupled with the periodic payments previously received, may be less than the full notional value the Fund pays to the buyer, resulting in a loss of value to the Fund.
As with other swaps, when the Fund enters into a credit default swap agreement, to the extent required by applicable law and regulation the Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily, equal to the Fund’s net exposure under the swap (the “Segregated Assets”). Generally, the minimum cover amount for a swap agreement is the amount owed by the Fund, if any, on a daily mark-to-market basis. With respect to swap contracts that provide for the netting of payments, the net amount of the excess, if any, of the Fund’s obligations over its entitlements with respect to each swap contract will be accrued on a daily basis and an amount of Segregated Assets having an aggregate market value at least equal to the accrued excess will be maintained to cover the transactions in accordance with SEC positions. With respect to swap contracts that do not provide for the netting of payments by the counterparties, the full notional amount for which the Fund is obligated under the swap contract with respect to each swap contract will be accrued on a daily basis and an amount of Segregated Assets having an aggregate market value at least equal to the accrued full notional value will be maintained to cover the transactions in accordance with
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SEC positions. When the Fund sells protection on an individual credit default swap, upon a credit event, the Fund may be obligated to pay the cash equivalent value of the asset. Therefore, the cover amount will be the notional value of the underlying credit. With regard to selling protection on an index (CDX), as a practical matter, the Fund would not be required to pay the full notional amount of the index; therefore, only the amount owed by the Fund, if any, on a daily mark-to-market basis is required as cover.
Credit default swaps involve greater risks than if the Fund had invested in the reference obligation directly. In addition to general market risks, credit default swaps are subject to illiquidity risk, counterparty risk and credit risks. The Fund will enter into swap agreements only with counterparties deemed creditworthy by the Fund’s subadviser.
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Dividend Swap Agreements
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A dividend swap agreement is a financial instrument where two parties contract to exchange a set of future cash flows at set dates in the future. One party agrees to pay the other the future dividend flow on a stock or basket of stocks in an index, in return for which the other party gives the first call options. Dividend swaps generally are traded over the counter rather than on an exchange.
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Inflation Swap Agreements
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Inflation swap agreements are contracts in which one party agrees to pay the cumulative percentage increase in a price index (e.g., the Consumer Price Index with respect to CPI swaps) over the term of the swap (with some lag on the inflation index), while the other pays a compounded fixed rate. Inflation swap agreements may be used by the Fund to hedge the inflation risk associated with non-inflation indexed investments, thereby creating “synthetic” inflation-indexed investments. One factor that may lead to changes in the values of inflation swap agreements is a change in real interest rates, which are tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. If nominal interest rates increase at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates may rise, which may lead to a decrease in value of an inflation swap agreement.
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Total Return Swap Agreements
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“Total return swap” is the generic name for any non-traditional swap where one party agrees to pay the other the “total return” of a defined underlying asset, usually in return for receiving a stream of cash flows based upon an agreed rate. A total return swap may be applied to any underlying asset but is most commonly used with equity indices, single stocks, bonds and defined portfolios of loans and mortgages. A total return swap is a mechanism for the user to accept the economic benefits of asset ownership without utilizing the balance sheet. The other leg of the swap, which is often LIBOR, is spread to reflect the non-balance sheet nature of the product. Total return swaps can be designed with any underlying asset agreed between the two parties. No notional amounts are exchanged with total return swaps.
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Variance and Correlation Swap Agreements
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Variance swap agreements are contracts in which two parties agree to exchange cash payments based on the difference between the stated level of variance and the actual variance realized on an underlying asset or index. “Actual variance” as used here is defined as the sum of the square of the returns on the reference asset or index (which in effect is a measure of its “volatility”) over the length of the contract term. In other words, the parties to a variance swap can be said to exchange actual volatility for a contractually stated rate of volatility. Correlation swap agreements are contracts in which two parties agree to exchange cash payments based on the differences between the stated and the actual correlation realized on the underlying equity securities within a given equity index. “Correlation” as used here is defined as the weighted average of the correlations between the daily returns of each pair of securities within a given equity index. If two assets are said to be closely correlated, it means that their daily returns vary in similar proportions or along similar trajectories. The Fund may enter into variance or correlation swaps in an attempt to hedge equity market risk or adjust exposure to the equity markets.
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Equity Securities
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The Fund may invest in equity securities. Equity securities include common stocks, preferred stocks and preference stocks; securities such as bonds, warrants or rights that are convertible into stocks; and depositary receipts for those securities.
Common stockholders are the owners of the company issuing the stock and, accordingly, usually have the right to vote on various corporate governance matters such as mergers. They are not creditors of the company, but rather, in the event of liquidation of the company, would be entitled to their pro rata shares of the company’s assets after creditors (including fixed income security holders) and, if applicable, preferred stockholders are paid. Preferred stock is a class of stock having a preference over
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common stock as to dividends or upon liquidation. A preferred stockholder is a shareholder in the company and not a creditor of the company as is a holder of the company’s fixed income securities. Dividends paid to common and preferred stockholders are distributions of the earnings or other surplus of the company and not interest payments, which are expenses of the company. Equity securities owned by the Fund may be traded in the over-the-counter market or on a securities exchange and may not be traded every day or in the volume typical of securities traded on a major U.S. national securities exchange. As a result, disposition by the Fund of a portfolio security to meet redemptions by shareholders or otherwise may require the Fund to sell the security at less than the reported value of the security, to sell during periods when disposition is not desirable, or to make many small sales over a lengthy period of time. The market value of all securities, including equity securities, is based upon the market’s perception of value and not necessarily the book value of an issuer or other objective measure of a company’s worth.
Stock values may fluctuate in response to the activities of an individual company or in response to general market and/or economic conditions. Historically, common stocks have provided greater long-term returns and have entailed greater short-term risks than other types of securities. Smaller or newer issuers may be more likely to realize more substantial growth or suffer more significant losses. Investments in these companies can be both more volatile and more speculative. Fluctuations in the value of equity securities in which the Fund invests will cause the NAV of the Fund to fluctuate.
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Securities of Small and Mid Capitalization Companies
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While small and medium-sized issuers in which the Fund invests may offer greater opportunities for capital appreciation than larger market capitalization issuers, investments in such companies may involve greater risks and thus may be considered speculative. For example, smaller companies may have limited product lines, markets or financial resources, or they may be dependent on a limited management group. In addition, many small and mid-capitalization company stocks trade less frequently and in smaller volume, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements, than stocks of larger companies. The securities of small and mid-capitalization companies may also be more sensitive to market changes than the securities of larger companies. When the Fund invests in small or mid-capitalization companies, these factors may result in above-average fluctuations in the NAV of the Fund’s shares. Therefore, the Fund investing in such securities should be considered as a long-term investment and not as a vehicle for seeking short-term profits. Similarly, an investment solely in such securities should not be considered a complete investment program.
Market capitalizations of companies in which the Fund invests are determined at the time of purchase.
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Unseasoned Companies
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As a matter of operating policy, the Fund may invest to a limited extent in securities of unseasoned companies and new issues. The Adviser regards a company as unseasoned when, for example, it is relatively new to, or not yet well established in, its primary line of business. Such companies generally are smaller and younger than companies whose shares are traded on the major stock exchanges. Accordingly, their shares are often traded over-the-counter and their share prices may be more volatile than those of larger, exchange-listed companies. Generally the Fund will not invest more than 5% of its total assets in securities of any one company with a record of fewer than three years’ continuous operation (including that of predecessors).
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Foreign Investing
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The Fund may invest in a broad range of securities of foreign issuers, including equity, debt and convertible securities and foreign government securities. The Fund may purchase the securities of issuers from various countries, including countries commonly referred to as “emerging markets.” The Fund may also invest in domestic securities denominated in foreign currencies.
Investing in the securities of foreign companies involves special risks and considerations not typically associated with investing in U.S. companies. These include differences in accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, generally higher commission rates on foreign portfolio transactions, the possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, adverse changes in investment or exchange control regulations, political instability which could affect U.S. investments in foreign countries, and potential restrictions on the flow of international capital. Foreign issuers may become subject to sanctions imposed by the United States or another country, which could result in the immediate freeze of the foreign
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issuers’ assets or securities. The imposition of such sanctions could impair the market value of the securities of such foreign issuers and limit the Fund’s ability to buy, sell, receive or deliver the securities. Additionally, dividends payable on foreign securities may be subject to foreign taxes withheld prior to distribution. Foreign securities often trade with less frequency and volume than domestic securities and therefore may exhibit greater price volatility. Changes in foreign exchange rates will affect the value of those securities which are denominated or quoted in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Many of the foreign securities held by the Fund will not be registered with, nor will the issuers thereof be subject to the reporting requirements of, the SEC. Accordingly, there may be less publicly available information about the securities and about the foreign company or government issuing them than is available about a domestic company or government entity. Moreover, individual foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the United States economy in such respects as growth of Gross National Product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payment positions. Finally, the Fund may encounter difficulty in obtaining and enforcing judgments against issuers of foreign securities.
Securities of U.S. issuers denominated in foreign currencies may be less liquid and their prices more volatile than securities issued by domestic issuers and denominated in U.S. dollars. In addition, investing in securities denominated in foreign currencies often entails costs not associated with investment in U.S. dollar-denominated securities of U.S. issuers, such as the cost of converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars, higher brokerage commissions, custodial expenses and other fees. Non-U.S. dollar denominated securities may be subject to certain withholding and other taxes of the relevant jurisdiction, which may reduce the yield on the securities to the Fund and which may not be recoverable by the Fund or their investors.
The Trust may use an eligible foreign custodian in connection with its purchases of foreign securities and may maintain cash and cash equivalents in the care of a foreign custodian. The amount of cash or cash equivalents maintained in the care of eligible foreign custodians will be limited to an amount reasonably necessary to effect the Trust’s foreign securities transactions. The use of a foreign custodian invokes considerations which are not ordinarily associated with domestic custodians. These considerations include the possibility of expropriations, restricted access to books and records of the foreign custodian, inability to recover assets that are lost while under the control of the foreign custodian, and the impact of political, social or diplomatic developments.
Settlement procedures relating to the Fund’s investments in foreign securities and to the Fund’s foreign currency exchange transactions may be more complex than settlements with respect to investments in debt or equity securities of U.S. issuers, and may involve certain risks not present in the Fund’s domestic investments. For example, settlement of transactions involving foreign securities or foreign currency may occur within a foreign country, and the Fund may be required to accept or make delivery of the underlying securities or currency in conformity with any applicable U.S. or foreign restrictions or regulations, and may be required to pay any fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery. Such investments may also involve the risk that an entity involved in the settlement may not meet its obligations. Settlement procedures in many foreign countries are less established than those in the United States, and some foreign country settlement periods can be significantly longer than those in the United States.
Funds that have significant exposure to certain countries can be expected to be impacted by the political and economic conditions within such countries. There is continuing uncertainty around the future of the euro and the European Union (EU) following the United Kingdom’s vote to exit the EU in June 2016. In March 2017, the United Kingdom invoked a treaty provision that sets out the basics of a withdrawal from the EU and provides that negotiations must be completed within two years, unless all EU member states agree on an extension. The date has since been extended to January 31, 2020. Withdrawal is expected to be followed by a transition period during which businesses and others prepare for the new post-Brexit rules to take effect on January 1, 2021. However, there is a significant degree of uncertainty about how negotiations relating to the United Kingdom’s exit will be conducted, including the outcome of negotiations for a new relationship between the United Kingdom and EU. If no agreement is reached as to the terms of the United Kingdom’s exit from the EU prior to the January 2020 exit date (“hard Brexit”), these impacts may be exaggerated. Brexit (and in particular a hard Brexit) may cause greater market volatility and illiquidity, currency fluctuations, deterioration in
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economic activity, a decrease in business confidence, and increased likelihood of a recession in the United Kingdom. While it is not possible to determine the precise impact these events may have on a Fund, during this period and beyond, the impact on the United Kingdom, EU countries, other countries or parties that transact with the United Kingdom and EU, and the broader global economy could be significant and could adversely affect the value and liquidity of a Fund’s investments. In addition, if one or more countries were to exit the EU or abandon the use of the euro as a currency, the value of investments tied to those countries or the euro could decline significantly and unpredictably.
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Depositary Receipts
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The Fund may also hold ADRs, ADSs, GDRs and EDRs. ADRs and ADSs typically are issued by an American bank or trust company and evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a foreign corporation. EDRs, which are sometimes referred to as CDRs, are issued in Europe typically by foreign banks and trust companies and evidence ownership of either foreign or domestic securities. GDRs are similar to EDRs and are designed for use in several international financial markets. Generally, ADRs and ADSs in registered form are designed for use in United States securities markets and EDRs in bearer form are designed for use in European securities markets. For purposes of the Fund’s investment policies, its investments in ADRs, ADSs, GDRs and EDRs will be deemed to be investments in the underlying foreign securities.
Depositary Receipts may be issued pursuant to sponsored or unsponsored programs. In sponsored programs, an issuer has made arrangements to have its securities traded in the form of Depositary Receipts. In unsponsored programs, the issuer may not be directly involved in the creation of the program. Although regulatory requirements with respect to sponsored and unsponsored programs are generally similar, in some cases it may be easier to obtain financial information from an issuer that has participated in the creation of a sponsored program. Accordingly, there may be less information available regarding issuers of securities underlying unsponsored programs and there may not be a correlation between such information and the market value of the Depositary Receipts. For purposes of the Fund’s investment policies, investments in Depositary Receipts will be deemed to be investments in the underlying securities. Thus, a Depositary Receipt representing ownership of common stock will be treated as common stock.
Depositary Receipts are generally subject to the same sort of risks as direct investments in a foreign country, such as currency risk, political and economic risk, and market risk, because their values generally depend on the performance of a foreign security denominated in its home currency. (The risks of foreign investing are addressed above in this section of the SAI under the heading “Foreign Investing.”) In addition to risks associated with the underlying portfolio of securities, receipt holders also must consider credit standings of the custodians and broker/dealer sponsors. The receipts are not registered with the SEC and qualify as Rule 144A securities which may make them more difficult and costly to sell. (For information about Rule 144A securities, see “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Emerging Market Securities
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The Fund may invest in countries or regions with relatively low gross national product per capita compared to the world’s major economies, and in countries or regions with the potential for rapid economic growth (emerging markets). Emerging markets will include any country: (i) having an “emerging stock market” as defined by the International Finance Corporation; (ii) with low-to-middle-income economies according to the World Bank; (iii) listed in World Bank publications as developing; or (iv) determined by the adviser to be an emerging market as defined above.
Certain emerging market countries are either comparatively underdeveloped or are in the process of becoming developed and may consequently be economically dependent on a relatively few or closely interdependent industries. A high proportion of the securities of many emerging market issuers may also be held by a limited number of large investors trading significant blocks of securities. While the Fund’s subadviser will strive to be sensitive to publicized reversals of economic conditions, political unrest and adverse changes in trading status, unanticipated political and social developments may affect the values of the Fund’s investments in such countries and the availability of additional investments in such countries.
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The risks of investing in foreign securities may be intensified in the case of investments in emerging markets. Securities of many issuers in emerging markets may be less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable domestic issuers. Emerging markets also have different clearance and settlement procedures, and in certain markets there have been times when settlements have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. Delays in settlement could result in temporary periods when a portion of the assets of the Fund is uninvested and no return is earned thereon. The inability of the Fund to make intended security purchases due to settlement problems could cause the Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. Inability to dispose of portfolio securities due to settlement problems could result either in losses to the Fund due to subsequent declines in value of portfolio securities or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the security, in possible liability to the purchaser. Securities prices in emerging markets can be significantly more volatile than in the more developed nations of the world, reflecting the greater uncertainties of investing in less established markets and economies. In particular, countries with emerging markets may have relatively unstable governments, present the risk of nationalization of businesses, restrictions on foreign ownership, or prohibitions of repatriation of assets, and may have less protection of property rights than more developed countries.
Certain emerging markets may require governmental approval for the repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds of sales of securities by foreign investors. In addition, a country could impose temporary restrictions on foreign capital remittances, whether because deterioration occurs in an emerging market’s balance of payments or for other reasons. The Fund could be adversely affected by delays in, or a refusal to grant, any required governmental approval for repatriation of capital, as well as by the application to the Fund of any restrictions on investments.
Investments in certain foreign emerging market debt obligations may be restricted or controlled to varying degrees. These restrictions or controls may at times preclude investment in certain foreign emerging market debt obligations and increase the expenses of the Fund.
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Foreign Currency Transactions
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When investing in securities denominated in foreign currencies, the Fund will be subject to the additional risk of currency fluctuations. An adverse change in the value of a particular foreign currency as against the U.S. dollar, to the extent that such change is not offset by a gain in other foreign currencies, will result in a decrease in the Fund’s assets. Any such change may also have the effect of decreasing or limiting the income available for distribution. Foreign currencies may be affected by revaluation, adverse political and economic developments, and governmental restrictions. Further, no assurance can be given that currency exchange controls will not be imposed on any particular currency at a later date.
As a result of its investments in foreign securities, the Fund may receive interest or dividend payments, or the proceeds of the sale or redemption of such securities, in the foreign currencies in which such securities are denominated. In that event, the Fund may convert such currencies into dollars at the then current exchange rate. Under certain circumstances, however, such as where the Fund’s subadviser believes that the applicable rate is unfavorable at the time the currencies are received or the Fund’s subadviser anticipates, for any other reason, that the exchange rate will improve, the Fund may hold such currencies for an indefinite period of time.
In addition, the Fund may be required to receive delivery of the foreign currency underlying forward foreign currency contracts it has entered into. This could occur, for example, if an option written by the Fund is exercised or the Fund is unable to close out a forward contract. The Fund may hold foreign currency in anticipation of purchasing foreign securities.
The Fund may also elect to take delivery of the currencies’ underlying options or forward contracts if, in the judgment of the Fund’s subadviser, it is in the best interest of the Fund to do so. In such instances as well, the Fund may convert the foreign currencies to dollars at the then current exchange rate, or may hold such currencies for an indefinite period of time.
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While the holding of currencies will permit the Fund to take advantage of favorable movements in the applicable exchange rate, it also exposes the Fund to risk of loss if such rates move in a direction adverse to the Fund’s position. Such losses could reduce any profits or increase any losses sustained by the Fund from the sale or redemption of securities, and could reduce the dollar value of interest or dividend payments received. In addition, the holding of currencies could adversely affect the Fund’s profit or loss on currency options or forward contracts, as well as its hedging strategies.
When the Fund effects foreign currency exchange transactions on a spot (i.e., cash) basis at the spot rate prevailing in the foreign exchange market, the Fund incurs expenses in converting assets from one currency to another. The Fund may also effect other types of foreign currency exchange transactions, which have their own risks and costs. For information about such transactions, please see “Foreign Currency Forward Contracts, Futures and Options” under “Derivatives” in this section of the SAI.
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Foreign Investment Companies
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Some of the countries in which the Fund may invest may not permit, or may place economic restrictions on, direct investment by outside investors. Investments in such countries may be permitted only through foreign government-approved or -authorized investment vehicles, which may include other investment companies. These funds may also invest in other investment companies that invest in foreign securities. Investing through such vehicles may involve frequent or layered fees or expenses and may also be subject to limitation under the 1940 Act. As a shareholder of another investment company, the Fund would bear, along with other shareholders, its pro rata portion of the other investment company’s expenses, including advisory fees. Those expenses would be in addition to the advisory and other expenses that the Fund bears directly in connection with its own operations. For additional information, see “Mutual Fund Investing” in this section of the SAI.
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Privatizations
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The governments of some foreign countries have been engaged in programs of selling part or all of their stakes in government owned or controlled enterprises (“privatizations”). Privatizations may offer opportunities for significant capital appreciation. In certain foreign countries, the ability of foreign entities such as the Fund to participate in privatizations may be limited by local law, or the terms on which the Fund may be permitted to participate may be less advantageous than those for local investors. There can be no assurance that foreign governments will continue to sell companies currently owned or controlled by them or that privatization programs will be successful.
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Funding Agreements
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The Fund may invest in funding agreements, which are insurance contracts between an investor and the issuing insurance company. For the issuer, they represent senior obligations under an insurance product. For the investor, and from a regulatory perspective, these agreements are treated as securities. These agreements, like other insurance products, are backed by claims on the general assets of the issuing entity and rank on the same priority level as other policy holder claims. Funding agreements typically are issued with a one-year final maturity and a variable interest rate, which may adjust weekly, monthly, or quarterly. Some agreements carry a seven-day put feature. A funding agreement without this feature is considered illiquid and will therefore be subject to the Fund’s limitations on investments in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.) Funding agreements are regulated by the state insurance board of the state where they are executed.
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Guaranteed Investment Contracts
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The Fund may invest in GICs issued by U.S. and Canadian insurance companies. A GIC requires the investor to make cash contributions to a deposit fund of an insurance company’s general account. The insurance company then makes payments to the investor based on negotiated, floating or fixed interest rates. A GIC is a general obligation of the issuing insurance company and not a separate account. The purchase price paid for a GIC becomes part of the general assets of the insurance company, and the contract is paid from the insurance company’s general assets. Generally, a GIC is not assignable or transferable without the permission of the issuing insurance company, and an active secondary market in GICs does not currently exist. Therefore, these investments may be deemed to be illiquid, in which case they will be subject to the Fund’s limitations on investments in illiquid securities. (See “Illiquid and Restricted Securities” in this section of the SAI.)
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Illiquid and Restricted Securities
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Illiquid securities are investments that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment. The Fund may invest up to 15% of its net assets in illiquid assets. The Fund may not acquire any illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments that are assets. Historically, illiquid securities have included securities subject to contractual or legal restrictions on resale because they have not been registered under the 1933 Act (“restricted securities”), securities that are otherwise not readily marketable, such as over-the-counter options, and repurchase agreements not entitling the holder to payment of principal in seven days. Such securities may offer higher yields than comparable publicly traded securities, and they also may incur higher risks.
Repurchase agreements, reverse repurchase agreements and time deposits that do not provide for payment to the Fund within seven days may be deemed illiquid securities for this purpose unless such securities are variable amount master demand notes with maturities of nine months or less or unless the Fund’s subadviser has determined that an adequate trading market exists for such securities or that market quotations are readily available.
The Fund may purchase Rule 144A securities sold to institutional investors without registration under the 1933 Act and commercial paper issued in reliance upon the exemption in Section 4(a)(2) of the 1933 Act, for which an institutional market has developed. Institutional investors depend on an efficient institutional market in which the unregistered security can be readily resold or on the issuer’s ability to honor a demand for repayment of the unregistered security.
An investment’s contractual or legal restrictions on resale to the general public or to certain institutions may not be indicative of the liquidity of the investment and therefore the investments described in this section may be determined to be liquid in accordance the Fund’s liquidity risk management program approved by the Board. The Trustees have delegated to the Fund’s investment adviser the determination of the liquidity of such investments in the Fund’s portfolio as administrator of the Fund’s liquidity risk management program. The Fund’s investment adviser will take into account relevant market, trading and investment-specific considerations when determining whether an investment is illiquid.
If illiquid assets exceed 15% of the Fund’s net assets after the time of purchase, the Fund will take steps to reduce, in accordance with Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act, its holdings of illiquid securities. Because illiquid securities may not be readily marketable, the Fund’s subadviser may not be able to dispose of them in a timely manner. As a result, the Fund may be forced to hold illiquid securities while their price depreciates. Depreciation in the price of illiquid securities may cause the NAV of the Fund to decline while holding them. An investment that is determined by the Fund’s investment adviser to be liquid may subsequently revert to being illiquid if not enough buyer interest exists.
Restricted securities ordinarily can be sold by the Fund in secondary market transactions to certain qualified investors pursuant to rules established by the SEC, in privately negotiated transactions to a limited number of purchasers or in a public offering made pursuant to an effective registration statement under the 1933 Act. When registration is required, the Fund may be obligated to pay all or part of the registration expenses and a considerable time may elapse between the decision to sell and the sale date. If, during such period, adverse market conditions were to develop, the Fund might obtain a less favorable price than the price which prevailed when it decided to sell.
Restricted securities will be priced at fair value as determined in good faith by the Trustees or their delegate.
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Leverage
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The Fund may employ investment techniques that create leverage, either by using borrowed capital to increase the amount invested, or investing in instruments, including derivatives, where the investment loss can exceed the original amount invested. Certain investments or trading strategies that involve leverage can result in losses that greatly exceed the amount originally invested.
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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The SEC takes the position that transactions that have a leveraging effect on the capital structure of a mutual fund or are economically equivalent to borrowing can be viewed as constituting a form of borrowing by the fund for purposes of the 1940 Act. These transactions can include buying and selling certain derivatives (such as futures contracts); selling (or writing) put and call options; engaging in sale-buybacks; entering into firm-commitment and stand-by commitment agreements; engaging in when-issued, delayed-delivery, or forward-commitment transactions; and other similar trading practices (additional discussion about a number of these transactions can be found throughout this section of the SAI). As a result, when the Fund enters into such transactions the transactions may be subject to the same requirements and restrictions as borrowing. (See “Borrowing” below for additional information.)
The following are some of the Fund’s permitted investment techniques that are generally viewed as creating leverage for the Fund.
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Borrowing
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The Fund’s ability to borrow money is limited by its investment policies and limitations, by the 1940 Act, and by applicable exemptions, no-action letters, interpretations, and other pronouncements issued from time to time by the SEC and its staff or any other regulatory authority with jurisdiction. Under the 1940 Act, the Fund is required to maintain continuous asset coverage (that is, total assets including borrowings, less liabilities exclusive of borrowings) of 300% of the amount borrowed, with an exception for borrowings not in excess of 5% of the Fund’s total assets made for temporary or emergency purposes. Any borrowings for temporary purposes in excess of 5% of the Fund’s total assets must maintain continuous asset coverage. If the 300% asset coverage should decline as a result of market fluctuations or for other reasons, the Fund may be required to sell some of its portfolio holdings within three days (excluding Sundays and holidays) to reduce the debt and restore the 300% asset coverage, even though it may be disadvantageous from an investment standpoint to sell securities at that time.
Borrowing will tend to exaggerate the effect on net asset value of any increase or decrease in the market value of the Fund’s portfolio. Money borrowed will be subject to interest costs that may or may not be recovered by earnings on the securities purchased. The Fund also may be required to maintain minimum average balances in connection with a borrowing or to pay a commitment or other fee to maintain a line of credit; either of these requirements would increase the cost of borrowing over the stated interest rate.
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Interfund Borrowing and Lending
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The Virtus Funds and their investment advisers have received exemptive relief from the SEC which permits the Virtus Funds to participate in an interfund lending program. The interfund lending program allows the participating Virtus Funds to borrow money from and loan money to each other for temporary or emergency purposes. The program is subject to a number of conditions designed to ensure fair and equitable treatment of the participating Virtus Funds, including the following: (1) no Virtus Fund may borrow money through the program unless it receives a more favorable interest rate than a rate approximating the lowest interest rate at which bank loans would be available to any of the participating Virtus Funds under a loan agreement; and (2) no Virtus Fund may lend money through the program unless it receives a more favorable return than that available from an investment in overnight repurchase agreements or the yield of any money market fund in which the Virtus Fund could invest. In addition, a Virtus Fund may participate in the program only if and to the extent that such participation is consistent with its investment objectives, policies and limitations. Interfund loans and borrowings have a maximum duration of seven days and loans may be called on one business day’s notice.
A participating Virtus Fund may not lend to another Virtus Fund under the interfund lending program if the interfund loan would cause its aggregate outstanding interfund loans to exceed 15% of its current net assets at the time of the loan. Interfund loans by a Virtus Fund to any one Virtus Fund may not exceed 5% of net assets of the lending Virtus Fund.
The restrictions discussed above and the other conditions of the SEC exemptive order permitting interfund lending are designed to minimize the risks associated with interfund lending for both the lending Virtus Fund and the borrowing Virtus Fund. However, no borrowing or lending activity is without risk. If a Virtus Fund borrows money from another Virtus Fund, there is a risk that the interfund loan could be called on one business day’s notice or not renewed, in which case the borrowing Virtus Fund may have to borrow from
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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a bank at higher rates if an interfund loan were not available from another Virtus Fund. A delay in repayment to a lending Virtus Fund could result in a lost opportunity or additional lending costs, and interfund loans are subject to the risk that the borrowing Virtus Fund could be unable to repay the loan when due.
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Mortgage “Dollar-Roll” Transactions
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The Fund may enter into mortgage “dollar-roll” transactions pursuant to which it sells mortgage-backed securities for delivery in the future and simultaneously contracts to repurchase substantially similar securities on a specified future date. During the roll period, the Fund forgoes principal and interest paid on the mortgage-backed securities. The Fund is compensated for the lost interest by the difference between the current sales price and the lower price for the future purchase (often referred to as the “drop”) as well as by the interest earned on, and gains from, the investment of the cash proceeds of the initial sale. The Fund may also be compensated by receipt of a commitment fee. If the income and capital gains from the Fund’s investment of the cash from the initial sale do not exceed the income, capital appreciation and gain or loss that would have been realized on the securities sold as part of the dollar roll, the use of this technique will diminish the investment performance of the Fund compared with what the performance would have been without the use of the dollar roll.
Dollar-roll transactions involve the risk that the market value of the securities the Fund is required to purchase may decline below the agreed upon repurchase price of those securities. If the broker-dealer to whom the Fund sells securities becomes insolvent, the Fund’s right to purchase or repurchase securities may be restricted. Successful use of dollar rolls may depend upon the Fund’s subadviser’s ability to correctly predict interest rates and prepayments. There is no assurance that dollar rolls can be successfully employed.
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Reverse Repurchase Agreements
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Reverse repurchase agreements are transactions in which the Fund sells a security and simultaneously commits to repurchase that security from the buyer, such as a bank or broker-dealer, at an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon future date. The resale price in a reverse repurchase agreement reflects a market rate of interest that is not related to the coupon rate or maturity of the sold security. For certain demand agreements, there is no agreed-upon repurchase date and interest payments are calculated daily, often based upon the prevailing overnight repurchase rate.
Generally, a reverse repurchase agreement enables the Fund to recover for the term of the reverse repurchase agreement all or most of the cash invested in the portfolio securities sold and to keep the interest income associated with those portfolio securities. Such transactions are only advantageous if the interest cost to the Fund of the reverse repurchase transaction is less than the cost of obtaining the cash otherwise. In addition, interest costs on the money received in a reverse repurchase agreement may exceed the return received on the investments made by the Fund with those monies. Using reverse repurchase agreements to earn additional income involves the risk that the interest earned on the invested proceeds is less than the expense of the reverse repurchase agreement transaction.
Because reverse repurchase agreements are considered borrowing under the 1940 Act, while a reverse repurchase agreement is outstanding, the Fund will maintain cash and appropriate liquid assets in a segregated custodial account to cover its obligation under the agreement. The Fund will enter into reverse repurchase agreements only with parties that the Fund’s subadviser deems creditworthy, but such investments are still subject to the risks of leverage discussed above.
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Market Volatility Risk
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The Fund could lose money over short periods due to short-term market movements and over longer periods during more prolonged market downturns. The value of a security or other instrument may decline due to changes in general market conditions, economic trends or events that are not specifically related to the issuer of the security or other instrument, or factors that affect a particular issuer or issuers, country, group of countries, region, market, industry, group of industries, sector or asset class. During a general market downturn, multiple asset classes may be negatively affected. Changes in market conditions and interest rates generally do not have the same impact on all types of securities and instruments. An outbreak of infectious respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus known as COVID-19 was first detected in China in December 2019 and has now been detected globally. This coronavirus has resulted in travel restrictions, closed international borders, enhanced health screenings at ports of entry and elsewhere,
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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disruption of and delays in healthcare service preparation and delivery, prolonged quarantines, cancellations, supply chain disruptions, and lower consumer demand, as well as general concern and uncertainty. The impact of COVID-19, and other infectious illness outbreaks that may arise in the future, could adversely affect the economies of many nations or the entire global economy, individual issuers and capital markets in ways that cannot necessarily be foreseen. In addition, the impact of infectious illnesses in emerging market countries may be greater due to generally less established healthcare systems. Public health crises caused by the COVID-19 outbreak may exacerbate other pre-existing political, social and economic risks in certain countries or globally. The duration of the COVID-19 outbreak and its effects cannot be determined with certainty.
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Master Limited Partnerships (“MLPs”)
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An investment in MLP units involves some risks that differ from an investment in the common stock of a corporation. Holders of MLP units have limited control on matters affecting the partnership. Conflicts of interest exist between common unit holders and the general partner, including those arising from incentive distribution payments. MLPs holding credit-related investments are subject to interest rate risk and the risk of default on payment obligations by debt issuers. MLPs that concentrate in a particular industry or a particular geographic region are subject to risks associated with such industry or region. The fees that MLPs charge for transportation of oil and gas products through their pipelines are subject to government regulation, which could negatively impact the revenue stream. Investing in MLPs also involves certain risks related to investing in the underlying assets of the MLPs and risks associated with pooled investment vehicles. These include the risk of environmental incidents, terrorist attacks, demand destruction from high commodity prices, proliferation of alternative energy sources, inadequate supply of external capital, and conflicts of interest with the general partner. There are also certain tax risks associated with investment in MLPs. The benefit derived from the Fund’s investment in MLPs is somewhat dependent on the MLP being treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, so any change to this status would adversely affect the price of MLP units. Historically, a substantial portion of the gross taxable income of MLPs has been offset by tax losses and deductions reducing gross income received by investors, and any change to these tax rules would adversely affect the price of an MLP unit. Certain MLPs may trade less frequently than other securities, and those with limited trading volumes may display volatile or erratic price movements.
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Money Market Instruments
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The Fund may invest in money market instruments, which are high-quality short-term investments. The types of money market instruments most commonly acquired by the Fund are discussed below, although the Fund is also permitted to invest in other types of money market instruments to the extent consistent with the Fund’s investment limitations and restrictions.
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Banker’s Acceptances
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A banker’s acceptance is a time draft drawn on a commercial bank by a borrower usually in connection with an international commercial transaction (to finance the import, export, transfer or storage of goods). The borrower, as well as the bank, is liable for payment, and the bank unconditionally guarantees to pay the draft at its face amount on the maturity date. Most acceptances have maturities of six months or less and are traded in secondary markets prior to maturity.
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Certificates of Deposit
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Certificates of deposit are generally short-term, interest-bearing negotiable certificates issued by banks or savings and loan associations against funds deposited in the issuing institution. They generally may be withdrawn on demand but may be subject to early withdrawal penalties which could reduce the Fund’s yield. Deposits subject to early withdrawal penalties or that mature in more than seven days are treated as illiquid securities if there is no readily available market for the securities.
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Commercial Paper
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Commercial paper refers to short-term, unsecured promissory notes issued by corporations to finance short-term credit needs. Commercial paper is usually sold on a discount basis and has a maturity at the time of issuance not exceeding nine months.
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Obligations of Foreign Banks and Foreign Branches of U.S. Banks
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The money market instruments in which the Fund may invest include negotiable certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances and time deposits of foreign branches of U.S. banks, foreign banks and their non-U.S. branches (Eurodollars), U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks (Yankee dollars), and wholly-owned banking-related subsidiaries of foreign banks. For the purposes of the Fund’s investment policies with respect to money market instruments, obligations of foreign branches of U.S. banks and
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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of foreign banks are obligations of the issuing bank and may be general obligations of the parent bank. Such obligations, however, may be limited by the terms of a specific obligation and by government regulation. As with investment in non-U.S. securities in general, investments in the obligations of foreign branches of U.S. banks and of foreign banks may subject the Fund to investment risks that are different in some respects from those of investments in obligations of domestic issuers.
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Time Deposits
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Time deposits are deposits in a bank or other financial institution for a specified period of time at a fixed interest rate for which a negotiable certificate is not received.
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U.S. Government Obligations
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Securities issued or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the United States Government include a variety of Treasury securities, which differ only in their interest rates, maturities, and times of issuance. Treasury bills have maturities of one year or less. Treasury notes have maturities of one to ten years, and Treasury bonds generally have maturities of greater than ten years.
Agencies of the United States Government which issue or guarantee obligations include, among others, Export-Import Bank of the United States, Farmers Home Administration, Federal Housing Administration, GNMA, Maritime Administration, Small Business Administration and The Tennessee Valley Authority. Obligations of instrumentalities of the United States Government include securities issued or guaranteed by, among others, FNMA, Federal Home Loan Banks, FHLMC, Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, Banks for Cooperatives, and the U.S. Postal Service. Some of these securities are supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government, others are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the Treasury, while still others are supported only by the credit of the instrumentality. There is no guarantee that the U.S. Government will provide financial support to its agencies or instrumentalities, now or in the future, if it is not obligated to do so by law. Accordingly, although these securities have historically involved little risk of loss of principal if held to maturity, they may involve more risk than securities backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government because the Fund must look principally to the agency or instrumentality issuing or guaranteeing the securities for repayment and may not be able to assert a claim against the United States if the agency or instrumentality does not meet its commitment.
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Mutual Fund Investing
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The Fund is authorized to invest in the securities of other investment companies subject to the limitations contained in the 1940 Act.
Investment companies in which the Fund may invest may include ETFs. An ETF is an investment company classified as an open-end investment company or unit investment trust that is traded similarly to a publicly traded company. Most ETFs seek to achieve the same return as a particular market index. That type of ETF is similar to an index fund in that it will primarily invest in the securities of companies that are included in a selected market index. An index-based ETF will invest in all of the securities included in the index, a representative sample of the securities included in the index, or other investments expected to produce returns substantially similar to that of the index. Other types of ETFs include leveraged or inverse ETFs, which are ETFs that seek to achieve a daily return that is a multiple or an inverse multiple of the daily return of a securities index. An important characteristic of these ETFs is that they seek to achieve their stated objectives on a daily basis, and their performance over longer periods of time can differ significantly from the multiple or inverse multiple of the index performance over those longer periods of time. ETFs also include actively managed ETFs that pursue active management strategies and publish their portfolio holdings on a frequent basis.
In connection with the management of its daily cash positions, the Fund may invest in securities issued by investment companies that invest in short-term debt securities (which may include municipal obligations that are exempt from Federal income taxes) and that seek to maintain a $1.00 NAV per share.
In certain countries, investments by the Fund may only be made through investments in other investment companies that, in turn, are authorized to invest in the securities that are issued in such countries. (See “Foreign Investment Companies” under “Foreign Investing” in this section of the SAI.)
Under the 1940 Act, the Fund generally may not own more than 3% of the outstanding voting stock of an investment company, invest more than 5% of its total assets in any one investment company, or invest more than 10% of its total assets in the securities of
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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investment companies. In some instances, the Fund may invest in an investment company in excess of these limits; for instance, with respect to investments in money market funds or investments made pursuant to exemptive rules adopted and/or orders granted by the SEC. The SEC has adopted exemptive rules to permit funds of funds to exceed these limits when complying with certain conditions, which differ depending upon whether the funds in which a fund of funds invests are affiliated or unaffiliated with the fund of funds. Many ETFs have obtained exemptive relief from the SEC to permit unaffiliated funds to invest in the ETF’s shares beyond the statutory limitations discussed above, subject to certain conditions. The Fund may rely on these exemptive rules and/or orders to invest in affiliated or unaffiliated mutual funds and/or unaffiliated ETFs. In addition to this, the Trust has obtained exemptive relief permitting the Fund to exceed the limitations with respect to investments in affiliated and unaffiliated funds that are not themselves funds of funds, subject to certain conditions.
The risks associated with investing in other investment companies generally reflect the risks of owning shares of the underlying securities in which those investment companies invest, although lack of liquidity in an investment company could result in its value being more volatile than the underlying portfolio of securities. For purposes of complying with investment policies requiring the Fund to invest a percentage of its assets in a certain type of investments (e.g., stocks of international companies), the Fund generally will look through an investment company in which it invests, to categorize the investment company in accordance with the types of investments the investment company holds.
Certain investment companies in which the Fund may invest may be considered commodity pools under the CEA and applicable CFTC regulations. If the Fund invests in such an investment company, the Fund will be required to treat some or all of its holding of the investment company’s shares as a commodity interest for the purposes of determining whether the Fund is qualified to claim exclusion or exemption from regulation by the CFTC. (See “Commodity Interests” in this section of the SAI for additional information regarding the implications to the Fund of investing in commodity interests.)
Investors in the Fund should recognize that when the Fund invests in another investment company, the Fund will bear its pro rata portion of the other investment company’s expenses, including advisory fees, in addition to the expenses the Fund bears directly in connection with its own operations.
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Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”)
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The Fund may invest in REITs. REITs pool investors’ funds for investment primarily in income producing commercial real estate or real estate related loans. A REIT is not taxed on income distributed to shareholders if it complies with several requirements relating to its organization, ownership, assets, and income and a requirement that it distribute to its shareholders at least 90% of its taxable income (other than net capital gains) for each taxable year.
REITs can generally be classified as follows:
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Equity REITs, which invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive their income primarily from rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value.
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Mortgage REITs, which invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive their income primarily from interest payments.
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Hybrid REITs, which combine the characteristics of both equity REITs and mortgage REITs.
REITs are structured similarly to closed-end investment companies in that they are essentially holding companies. An investor should realize that by investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, he will bear not only his proportionate share of the expenses of the Fund, but also, indirectly, similar expenses of the underlying REITs. (See “Mutual Fund Investing” in this section of the SAI.)
Selecting REITs requires an evaluation of the merits of each type of asset a particular REIT owns, as well as regional and local economics. Due to the proliferation of REITs in recent years and the relative lack of sophistication of certain REIT managers, the quality of REIT assets has varied significantly. The risks associated with REITs are similar to those associated with the direct ownership of real estate. These include declines in the value of real estate, risks related to general and local economic conditions, dependence on management skill, cash flow dependence, possible lack of availability of long-term mortgage funds, over-building, extended vacancies of properties, decreased occupancy
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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rates and increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, changes in neighborhood values and the appeal of the properties to tenants and changes in interest rates.
Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying properties they own, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. Further, equity and mortgage REITs are dependent upon management skills and generally are not diversified. Equity and mortgage REITs are also subject to potential defaults by borrowers, self-liquidation, and the possibility of failing to qualify for tax-free status of income under the Code and failing to maintain exemption from the 1940 Act. In the event of a default by a borrower or lessee, the REIT may experience delays in enforcing its rights as a mortgagee or lessor and may incur substantial costs associated with protecting its investments. In addition, investment in REITs could cause the Fund to possibly fail to qualify as a regulated investment company. (See the “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” section of the SAI.)
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Repurchase Agreements
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The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements by which the Fund purchases portfolio securities subject to the seller’s agreement to repurchase them at a mutually agreed-upon time and price. The repurchase price may be higher than the purchase price, the difference being income to the Fund, or the purchase and repurchase price may be the same, with interest payable to the Fund at a stated rate together with the repurchase price on repurchase. In either case, the income to the Fund is unrelated to the interest rate on the security.
A repurchase agreement must be collateralized by obligations that could otherwise be purchased by the Fund (except with respect to maturity), and these must be maintained by the seller in a segregated account for the Fund. The value of such collateral will be monitored throughout the term of the repurchase agreement in an attempt to ensure that the market value of the collateral always equals or exceeds the repurchase price (including accrued interest). If the value of the collateral dips below such repurchase price, additional collateral will be requested and, when received, added to the account to maintain full collateralization.
Repurchase agreements will be entered into with commercial banks, brokers and dealers considered by the Fund’s subadviser to be creditworthy. However, the use of repurchase agreements involves certain risks such as default by, or insolvency of, the other party to the transaction. The Fund also might incur disposition costs in connection with liquidating the underlying securities or enforcing its rights.
Typically, repurchase agreements are in effect for one week or less, but they may be in effect for longer periods of time.
Repurchase agreements of more than seven days’ duration are subject to the Fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities, which means that no more than 15% of the market value of the Fund’s total assets may be invested in repurchase agreements with a maturity of more than seven days and in other illiquid securities.
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Securities Lending
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Subject to certain investment restrictions, the Fund may, subject to the Trustees’ and Trust Treasurer’s approval, lend securities from its portfolio to brokers, dealers and financial institutions deemed creditworthy and receive, as collateral, cash or cash equivalents which at all times while the loan is outstanding will be maintained in amounts equal to at least 100% of the current market value of the loaned securities. Any cash collateral will be invested in short-term securities that will increase the current income of the Fund.
The Fund will have the right to regain record ownership of loaned securities to exercise beneficial rights such as voting rights and subscription rights. While a securities loan is outstanding, the Fund is to receive an amount equal to any dividends, interest or other distributions with respect to the loaned securities. The Fund may pay reasonable fees to persons unaffiliated with the Trust for services in arranging such loans.
Even though securities lending usually does not impose market risks on the Fund, as with any extension of credit, there are risks of delay in recovery of the loaned securities and in some cases loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower of the securities fail financially. In addition, the value of the collateral taken as security for the securities loaned may decline in value or may be difficult to convert to cash in the event that the Fund must rely on the collateral to recover the value of the securities. Moreover, if the
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Investment Technique
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Description and Risks
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borrower of the securities is insolvent, under current bankruptcy law, the Fund could be ordered by a court not to liquidate the collateral for an indeterminate period of time. If the borrower is the subject of insolvency proceedings and the collateral held might not be liquidated, the result could be a material adverse impact on the liquidity of the Fund.
The Fund will not lend securities having a value in excess of 33 1/3% of its assets, including collateral received for loaned securities (valued at the time of any loan).
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Short Sales
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The Fund may sell securities short as part of its overall portfolio management strategies involving the use of derivative instruments and to offset potential declines in long positions in similar securities. A short sale is a transaction in which the Fund sells a security it does not own or have the right to acquire, or that it owns but does not wish to deliver, in anticipation that the market price of that security will decline. A short sale is “against the box” to the extent the Fund contemporaneously owns, or has the right to obtain at no added cost, securities identical to those sold short. All other short sales are commonly referred to as “naked” short sales.
When the Fund makes a short sale, the broker-dealer through which the short sale is made must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the party purchasing the security. The Fund is required to make a margin deposit in connection with such short sales; the Fund may have to pay a fee to borrow particular securities and will often be obligated to pay over any dividends and accrued interest on borrowed securities. If the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time the Fund covers its short position, the Fund will incur a loss; conversely, if the price declines, the Fund will realize a capital gain. Any gain will be decreased, and any loss increased, by the transaction costs described above. The successful use of short selling may be adversely affected by imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the security sold short and the securities being hedged.
If the Fund sells securities short against the box, it may protect unrealized gains, but will lose the opportunity to profit on such securities if the price rises. If the Fund engages in naked short sales, the Fund’s risk of loss could be as much as the maximum attainable price of the security (which could be limitless) less the price paid by the Fund for the security at the time it was borrowed.
When the Fund sells securities short, to the extent required by applicable law and regulation the Fund will “cover” the short sale, which generally means that the Fund will segregate any asset, including equity securities and non-investment-grade debt so long as the asset is liquid, unencumbered and marked to market daily, equal to the market value of the securities sold short, reduced by any amount deposited as margin. Alternatively, the Fund may “cover” a short sale by (a) owning the underlying securities, (b) owning securities currently convertible into the underlying securities at an exercise price equal to or less than the current market price of the underlying securities, or (c) owning a purchased call option on the underlying securities with an exercise price equal to or less than the price at which the underlying securities were sold short.
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Special Situations
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The Fund may invest in special situations that the Fund’s subadviser believes present opportunities for capital growth. Such situations most typically include corporate restructurings, mergers, and tender offers.
A special situation arises when, in the opinion of the Fund’s subadviser, the securities of a particular company will, within a reasonably estimable period of time, be accorded market recognition at an appreciated value solely by reason of a development particularly or uniquely applicable to that company and regardless of general business conditions or movements of the market as a whole. Developments creating special situations might include, among others, the following: liquidations, reorganizations, recapitalizations, mergers, or tender offers; material litigation or resolution thereof; technological breakthroughs; and new management or management policies. Although large and well-known companies may be involved, special situations often involve much greater risk than is inherent in ordinary investment securities.
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Temporary Investments
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When business or financial conditions warrant, the Fund may assume a temporary defensive position by investing in money-market instruments, including obligations of the U.S. Government and its agencies and instrumentalities, obligations of foreign sovereigns, other debt securities, commercial paper including bank obligations, certificates of deposit (including Eurodollar certificates of deposit) and repurchase
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Description and Risks
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agreements. (See “Money Market Instruments” in this section of the SAI for more information about these types of investments.)
For temporary defensive purposes, during periods in which the Fund’s subadviser believes adverse changes in economic, financial or political conditions make it advisable, the Fund may reduce its holdings in equity and other securities and may invest up to 100% of its assets in certain short-term (less than twelve months to maturity) and medium-term (not greater than five years to maturity) debt securities and in cash (U.S. dollars, foreign currencies, or multicurrency units). The short-term and medium-term debt securities in which the Fund may invest for temporary defensive purposes will be those that the Fund’s subadviser believes to be of high quality (i.e., subject to relatively low risk of loss of interest or principal). If rated, these securities will be rated in one of the three highest rating categories by rating services such as Moody’s or S&P (i.e., rated at least A).
|
|
Warrants or Rights to Purchase Securities
|
| |
The Fund may invest in or acquire warrants or rights to purchase equity or fixed income securities at a specified price during a specific period of time. The Fund will make such investments only if the underlying securities are deemed appropriate by the Fund’s subadviser for inclusion in the Fund’s portfolio. Included are warrants and rights whose underlying securities are not traded on principal domestic or foreign exchanges. Warrants and stock rights are almost identical to call options in their nature, use and effect except that they are issued by the issuer of the underlying security, rather than an option writer, and they generally have longer expiration dates than call options. (See “Options” in this section of the SAI for information about call options.)
Bonds with warrants attached to purchase equity securities have many characteristics of convertible bonds and their prices may, to some degree, reflect the performance of the underlying stock. However, unlike convertible securities and preferred stocks, warrants do not pay a fixed dividend. Bonds also may be issued with warrants attached to purchase additional fixed income securities at the same coupon rate. A decline in interest rates would permit a fund holding such warrants to buy additional bonds at the favorable rate or to sell the warrants at a profit. If interest rates rise, the warrants would generally expire with no value.
The Fund may purchase put warrants and call warrants whose values vary depending on the change in the value of one or more specified securities indices (“index warrants”). Index warrants are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and give the holder the right, at any time during the term of the warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index at the time of exercise. In general, if the value of the underlying index rises above the exercise price of the index warrant, the holder of a call warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the value of the index and the exercise price of the warrant; if the value of the underlying index falls, the holder of a put warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the exercise price of the warrant and the value of the index. The holder of a warrant would not be entitled to any payments from the issuer at any time when, in the case of a call warrant, the exercise price is greater than the value of the underlying index or, in the case of a put warrant, the exercise price is less than the value of the underlying index. If the Fund were not to exercise an index warrant prior to its expiration, then the Fund would lose the amount of the purchase price paid by it for the warrant.
The Fund will normally use index warrants in a manner similar to its use of options on securities indices. The risks of the Fund’s use of index warrants are generally similar to those relating to its use of index options. (See “Options” in this section of the SAI for information about index options.) Unlike most index options, however, index warrants are issued in limited amounts and are not obligations of a regulated clearing agency, but are backed only by the credit of the bank or other institution which issues the warrant. Also, index warrants generally have longer terms than index options. Although the Fund will normally invest only in exchange-listed warrants, index warrants are not likely to be as liquid as certain index options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of index warrants may limit the Fund’s ability to exercise the warrants at such time, or in such quantities, as the Fund would otherwise wish to do.
|
|
Investment Technique
|
| |
Description and Risks
|
|
When-Issued and Delayed Delivery Transactions
|
| |
The Fund may purchase securities on a when-issued or forward commitment basis. These transactions are also known as delayed delivery transactions. (The phrase “delayed delivery” is not intended to include purchases where a delay in delivery involves only a brief period required by the selling party solely to locate appropriate certificates and prepare them for submission for clearance and settlement in the customary way.) Delayed delivery transactions involve a commitment by the Fund to purchase or sell securities at a future date (ordinarily up to 90 days later). The price of the underlying securities (usually expressed in terms of yield) and the date when the securities will be delivered and paid for (the settlement date) are fixed at the time the transaction is negotiated. When-issued purchases and forward commitments are negotiated directly with the selling party.
When-issued purchases and forward commitments enable the Fund to lock in what is believed to be an attractive price or yield on a particular security for a period of time, regardless of future changes in interest rates. For example, in periods of rising interest rates and falling bond prices, the Fund might sell debt securities it owns on a forward commitment basis to limit its exposure to falling prices. In periods of falling interest rates and rising prices, the Fund might sell securities it owns and purchase the same or similar securities on a when-issued or forward commitment basis, thereby obtaining the benefit of currently higher yields. The Fund will not enter into such transactions for the purpose of leverage.
The value of securities purchased on a when-issued or forward commitment basis and any subsequent fluctuations in their value will be reflected in the Fund’s NAV starting on the first business day after the date of the agreement to purchase the securities. The Fund will be subject to the rights and risks of ownership of the securities on the agreement date. However, the Fund will not earn interest on securities it has committed to purchase until they are paid for and received. A seller’s failure to deliver securities to the Fund could prevent the Fund from realizing a price or yield considered to be advantageous and could cause the Fund to incur expenses associated with unwinding the transaction.
When the Fund makes a forward commitment to sell securities it owns, the proceeds to be received upon settlement will be included in the Fund’s assets. Fluctuations in the market value of the underlying securities will not be reflected in the Fund’s NAV as long as the commitment to sell remains in effect. Settlement of when-issued purchases and forward commitment transactions generally takes place up to 90 days after the date of the transaction, but the Fund may agree to a longer settlement period.
The Fund will make commitments to purchase securities on a when-issued basis or to purchase or sell securities on a forward commitment basis only with the intention of completing the transaction and actually purchasing or selling the securities. If deemed advisable as a matter of investment strategy, however, the Fund may dispose of or renegotiate a commitment after it is entered into. The Fund also may sell securities it has committed to purchase before those securities are delivered to the Fund on the settlement date. The Fund may realize a capital gain or loss in connection with these transactions.
When the Fund purchases securities on a when-issued or forward-commitment basis, the Fund will specifically designate on its accounting records securities having a value (determined daily) at least equal to the amount of the Fund’s purchase commitments. These procedures are designed to ensure that the Fund will maintain sufficient assets at all times to cover its obligations under when-issued purchases and forward commitments.
|
|
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
Brown, Thomas J.
YOB: 1945
|
| |
Served since 2016.
|
| |
68
|
| | Retired | | | Honorary Board Member (since 2020), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc., Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee (since 2011), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Director (since 2010), D’Youville Senior Care Center; and Director (since 2005), VALIC Company Funds (49 portfolios). | |
|
Burke, Donald C.
YOB: 1960
|
| |
Served since 2016.
|
| |
72
|
| | Retired. | | | Director (since 2020), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc. and Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; and Trustee (since 2020), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Director (since 2014), closed-end funds managed by Duff & Phelps Investment Management Co. (4 funds); Director, Avista Corp. (energy company) (since 2011); Trustee, Goldman Sachs Fund Complex (2010 to 2014); and Director, BlackRock Luxembourg and Cayman Funds (2006 to 2010). | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
Harris, Sidney E.
YOB: 1949
|
| |
Served since 2017
|
| |
68
|
| | Professor and Dean Emeritus (since April 2015), Professor (1997 to 2014), Dean (1997 to 2004), J. Mack Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University. | | | Director (since 2020), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc. and Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; and Trustee (since 2020), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Trustee (since 2019), Mutual Fund Directors Forum; Trustee (since 2017), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee (since 2013), KIPP Metro Atlanta; Trustee (1999 to 2019) Total System Services, Inc.; Trustee (2004 to 2017), RidgeWorth Funds; Trustee (since 2012), International University of the Grand Bassam Foundation; and Trustee (2011 to 2015), Genspring Family Offices, LLC. | |
|
Mallin, John R.
YOB: 1950
|
| |
Served since 2016.
|
| |
68
|
| | Partner/Attorney (since 2003), McCarter & English LLP (law firm) Real Property Practice Group; Member (since 2014), Counselors of Real Estate. | | | Director (since 2020), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc. and Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Trustee (since 2020), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Director (since 2013), Horizons, Inc. (non-profit); and Trustee (since 1999), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios). | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
McClellan, Hassell H.
YOB: 1945
|
| |
Served since 2015.
|
| |
68
|
| | Retired. Professor (1984 to 2013), Wallace E. Carroll School of Management, Boston College. | | | Honorary Board Member (since 2020), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc., Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Chairperson of the Board (since 2017) and Trustee (since 2000), John Hancock Fund Complex (collectively, 227 portfolios); Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee (since 2015), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios); Director (since 2010), Barnes Group, Inc. (diversified global components manufacturer and logistical services company); and Trustee (since 2008), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios). | |
|
McDaniel, Connie D.
YOB: 1958
|
| |
Served since 2017
|
| |
68
|
| | Retired (since 2013). Vice President, Chief of Internal Audit, Corporate Audit Department (2009 to 2013); Vice President Global Finance Transformation (2007 to 2009); Vice President and Controller (1999 to 2007), The Coca-Cola Company. | | | Director (since 2020), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc. and Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Trustee (since 2020), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Director (since 2019), Global Payments Inc.; Trustee (since 2017), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios) and Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Director (2014 to 2019), Total System Services, Inc.; and Trustee (2005 to 2017), RidgeWorth Funds. | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
McLouglin, Philip
Chairman
YOB: 1946
|
| |
Served since 1999.
|
| |
72
|
| | Retired | | | Director and Chairman (since 2016), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Director and Chairman (2016 to 2019), the former Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Director and Chairman (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Trustee and Chairman (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee and Chairman (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Chairman and Trustee (since 2003), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Director (since 1995), closed-end funds managed by Duff & Phelps Investment Management Co. (4 funds); Director (1991 to 2019) and Chairman (2010 to 2019), Lazard World Trust Fund (closed-end investment firm in Luxembourg); and Trustee (since 1989) and Chairman (since 2002), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios). | |
|
McNamara, Geraldine M.
YOB: 1951
|
| |
Served since 2001.
|
| |
72
|
| | Retired. | | | Director (since 2020), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc. and Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Trustee (since 2020), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee (since 2015), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Director (since 2003), closed-end funds managed by Duff & Phelps Investment Management Co. (4 funds); and Trustee (since 2001), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios). | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
Oates, James M.
YOB: 1946
|
| |
Served since 2000.
|
| |
68
|
| | Managing Director (since 1994), Wydown Group (consulting firm). | | | Director (since 2016), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Director (2016 to 2019), the former Virtus Total Return Fund; Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Director (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Trustee (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Trustee (since 2013), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Trustee (since 2005) and Chairman (2005 to 2017), John Hancock Fund Complex (227 portfolios); Director (2002 to 2014), New Hampshire Trust Company; Chairman (2000 to 2016), Emerson Investment Management, Inc.; Non-Executive Chairman (2000 to 2014), Hudson Castle Group, Inc. (formerly IBEX Capital Markets, Inc.) (financial services); Chairman and Director (1999 to 2014), Connecticut River Bank; Director (since 1996), Stifel Financial; and Trustee (since 1987), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios). | |
|
Segerson, Richard E.
YOB: 1946
|
| |
Served since 2000.
|
| |
68
|
| | Retired. Managing Director (1998 to 2013), Northway Management Company. | | | Honorary Board Member (since 2020), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc., Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios) and Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); and Trustee (since 1983), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios). | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
Walton, R. Keith
YOB: 1964
|
| |
Served since 2020.
|
| |
68
|
| | Venture and Operating Partner (since 2020) and Senior Adviser (2018 to 2020), Plexo, LLC; Senior Adviser (since 2018), Vatic Labs, LLC; Executive Vice President, Strategy (2017 to 2019), Zero Mass Water, LLC; Vice President, Strategy (2013 to 2017), Arizona State University; Principal and Chief Administrative Officer (since 2006), Global Infrastructure Partners. | | | Trustee (since 2020) Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios) and Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios); Director (since 2017), certain funds advised by Bessemer Investment Management LLC; Director (since 2016), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Director (2006 to 2019), Systematica Investments Limited Funds; Director (2006 to 2017), BlueCrest Capital Management Limited Funds; Trustee (2014 to 2017), AZ Service; and Director (since 2004), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Director (2004 to 2019), the former Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. | |
|
Zino, Brian T.
YOB: 1952
|
| |
Served since 2020.
|
| |
68
|
| | Retired. Various roles (1982 to 2008), J. & W. Seligman & Co. Incorporated, including President (1994 to 2008). | | | Trustee (since 2020) Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios) and Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios); Director (since 2016), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Trustee (since 2016), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Director (since 2014), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Director (2014 to 2019), the former Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Trustee (since 2011), Bentley University; Director (1986 to 2008) and President (1994 to 2008), J&W Seligman Co. Inc.; Director (1998 to 2009), Chairman (2002 to 2004) and Vice Chairman (2000 to 2002), ICI Mutual Insurance Company; Member, Board of Governors of ICI (1998 to 2008). | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
Aylward, George R.
YOB: 1964
|
| |
Served since 2006.
|
| |
70
|
| | Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2008), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries, and various senior officer positions with Virtus affiliates (since 2005). | | | Chairman and Trustee (since 2015), Virtus ETF Trust II (2 portfolios); Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Trustee and President (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios); Director (since 2013), Virtus Global Funds, PLC (4 portfolios); Trustee (since 2012) and President (since 2010), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios); Trustee, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Trustee and President (since 2006) and Executive Vice President (2004 to 2006), Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios); Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (since 2006), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; and Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (2006 to 2019), the former Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. | |
|
Name and Year of Birth
|
| |
Length of
Time Served |
| |
Number of
Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past
5 Years |
| |
Other Directorships Held by Trustee
During Past 5 Years |
|
|
Moyer, William R.
YOB: 1944
|
| |
Served since 2020.
|
| |
68
|
| | Private investor (since 2004); Financial and Operations Principal (2006 to 2017), Newcastle Distributors LLC (broker dealer). | | | Advisory Board Member (since 2020), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust (8 portfolios) and Virtus Mutual Fund Family (54 portfolios); Advisory Member (since 2020) and Director (2016 to 2019), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Director (2016 to 2019), the former Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Advisory Member (since 2020) and Director (2014 to 2019), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Advisory Member (since 2020) and Trustee (2011 to 2019), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Advisory Member (since 2020) and Trustee (2013 to 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust (3 portfolios). | |
|
Name, Address and Year of
Birth |
| |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust and Length of Time Served |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years
|
|
|
Batchelar, Peter J.
YOB: 1970
|
| | Senior Vice President (since 2017), and Vice President (2008 to 2016). | | | Senior Vice President, Product Development (since 2017), Vice President, Product Development (2008 to 2016), and various officer positions (since 2008), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2008 to 2016), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2010 to 2016), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2013 to 2016), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust; Senior Vice President (since 2017) and Vice President (2016 to 2017), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc., Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; and Senior Vice President (2017 to 2019) and Vice President (2016 to 2017), the former Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. | |
|
Name, Address and Year of
Birth |
| |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust and Length of Time Served |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years
|
|
|
Bradley, W. Patrick
YOB: 1972
|
| | Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2011 to 2013), and Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2006). | | | Executive Vice President, Fund Services (since 2016), Senior Vice President, Fund Services (2010 to 2016), and various officer positons (since 2006), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; Director (since 2019), Virtus Global Funds ICAV; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2011 to 2013), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2004), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2011 to 2013), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2006), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2012 to 2013), and Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer (since 2010), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Executive Vice President (2016 to 2019), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2012 to 2013), Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer (since 2010), the former Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), Vice President (2011 to 2013), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2014 to 2016), Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Vice President and Assistant Treasurer (since 2011), Duff & Phelps Utility and Infrastructure Fund Inc.; Director (since 2013), Virtus Global Funds, PLC; and Executive Vice President (since 2016), Senior Vice President (2013 to 2016), and Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust. | |
|
Carr, Kevin J.
YOB: 1954
|
| | Senior Vice President (since 2013), Vice President (2005 to 2013), and Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary (since 2005). | | | Vice President and Senior Counsel (2017 to Present), Senior Vice President (2009 to 2017), Vice President, Counsel and Secretary (2008 to 2009), and various officer positions (since 2005), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; Senior Vice President (since 2013), Vice President (2005 to 2013), Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary (since 2005), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Senior Vice President (2013 to 2014), Vice President (2012 to 2013), Secretary and Chief Legal Officer (2005 to 2013), and Assistant Secretary (2013 to 2014 and since 2017), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Senior Vice President (2013 to 2014), Vice President (2012 to 2013), Secretary and Chief Legal Officer (2005 to 2013) and Assistant Secretary (2013 to 2014 and 2017 to 2019), the former Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Assistant Secretary (since 2013), Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary (2010 to 2013), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Senior Vice President (2013 to 2014), Vice President (2011 to 2013) and Assistant Secretary (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Assistant Secretary (since 2015), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Senior Vice President (since 2017) and Assistant Secretary (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust; Secretary (since 2015), ETFis Series Trust I; and Secretary (since 2015), Virtus ETF Trust II. | |
|
Name, Address and Year of
Birth |
| |
Position(s) Held with the
Trust and Length of Time Served |
| |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years
|
|
|
Engberg, Nancy J.
YOB: 1956
|
| | Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2011 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2011). | | | Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2008 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (2008 to 2011 and since 2016),and various officer positions (since 2003), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2011 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2011), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2010 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2011), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2011 to 2016) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2011), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2012 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2012), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Senior Vice President (2017 to 2019), Vice President (2012 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2012), the former Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2013 to 2016) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Vice President (2014 to 2017) and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Chief Compliance Officer (since 2015), ETFis Series Trust I; and Chief Compliance Officer (since 2015), Virtus ETF Trust II. | |
|
Short, Julia R.
YOB: 1972
|
| | Senior Vice President (since 2017). | | | Senior Vice President (since 2018), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc., Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. and Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Senior Vice President (2018 to 2019), the former Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; Senior Vice President (since 2017), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; President and Chief Executive Officer, RidgeWorth Funds (2007 to 2017); and Managing Director, Product Manager, RidgeWorth Investments (2004 to 2017). | |
|
Waltman, Francis G.
YOB: 1962
|
| | Executive Vice President (since 2013), and Senior Vice President (2008 to 2013). | | | Executive Vice President, Product Development (since 2009), and various senior officer positions (since 2006), Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and/or certain of its subsidiaries; Director (since 2019), Virtus Global Funds ICAV; Executive Vice President (since 2013), Senior Vice President (2008 to 2013), Virtus Mutual Fund Family; Executive Vice President (since 2013), Senior Vice President (2010 to 2013), Virtus Variable Insurance Trust; Executive Vice President (since 2013), Senior Vice President (2011 to 2013), Virtus Global Multi-Sector Income Fund; Executive Vice President (since 2014), Duff & Phelps Select MLP and Midstream Energy Fund Inc.; Director (since 2013), Virtus Global Funds PLC; Executive Vice President (since 2013), Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust; Executive Vice President (since 2017), Virtus Total Return Fund Inc.; and Executive Vice President (2017 to 2019), the former Virtus Total Return Fund Inc. | |
Independent Trustees
|
| |
Dollar Range of Equity Securities in the Fund
|
| |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Trustee
Ownership in all Funds Overseen by Trustee in Family of Investment Companies(1) |
|
Thomas J. Brown | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Donald C. Burke | | |
$1-$10,000
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Sidney E. Harris | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
John R. Mallin | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Hassell H. McClellan | | |
None
|
| |
None
|
|
Connie D. McDaniel | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Philip McLoughlin | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Geraldine M. McNamara | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
James M. Oates | | |
None
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Richard E. Segerson | | |
$10,001-$50,000
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
R. Keith Walton | | |
None(2)
|
| |
None
|
|
Brian T. Zino | | |
None(2)
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Interested Trustee
|
| |
Dollar Range of Equity Securities in the Fund *
|
| |
Aggregate Dollar Range of Trustee
Ownership in all Funds Overseen by Trustee in Family of Investment Companies * |
|
George R. Aylward | | |
$50,001-$100,000
|
| |
Over $100,000
|
|
Independent Trustees
|
| |
Aggregate Compensation from Trust
|
| |
Total Compensation From Trust and Fund
Complex Paid to Trustees |
|
Thomas J. Brown | | |
$141,463
|
| |
$315,000 (67 Funds)
|
|
Donald C. Burke | | |
$125,745
|
| |
$372,000 (71 Funds)
|
|
Sidney E. Harris | | |
$141,971
|
| |
$316,196 (67 Funds)
|
|
John R. Mallin | | |
$125,745
|
| |
$280,000 (67 Funds)
|
|
Hassell H. McClellan | | |
$153,198
|
| |
$341,196 (67 Funds)
|
|
Connie D. McDaniel | | |
$125,745
|
| |
$280,000 (67 Funds)
|
|
Philip R. McLoughlin | | |
$217,882
|
| |
$731,745 (74 Funds)
|
|
Geraldine M. McNamara | | |
$141,971
|
| |
$408,196 (71 Funds)
|
|
James M. Oates | | |
$134,726
|
| |
$437,500 (70 Funds)
|
|
Richard E. Segerson | | |
$125,745
|
| |
$280,000 (67 Funds)
|
|
R. Keith Walton (1) | | |
$0
|
| |
$162,500 (3 Funds)
|
|
Brian T. Zino (1) | | |
$0
|
| |
$144,500 (3 Funds)
|
|
Interested Trustee
|
| |
Aggregate Compensation from Trust
|
| |
Total Compensation From Trust and Fund
Complex Paid to Trustee |
|
George R. Aylward | | |
None
|
| |
None
|
|
Advisory Board Member
|
| |
Aggregate Compensation from Trust
|
| |
Total Compensation From Trust and Fund
Complex Paid to Advisory Board Member |
|
William R. Moyer (2) | | |
None
|
| |
$132,500 (3 Funds)
|
|
Fund
|
| |
Investment Advisory Fee
|
| |||||||||||||||
| | | | | |
1st $1 Billion
|
| |
$1+ Billion
|
| | | | ||||||
Trend Fund | | | | | | | | 1.00% | | | | | | 0.95% | | | | | |
| | |
Class A
|
| |
Class C
|
| |
Class I
|
| |
Class R6
|
| |
Through
Date |
|
Trend Fund | | |
1.60%
|
| |
2.35%
|
| |
1.35%
|
| |
1.26%
|
| |
January 31, 2022
|
|
| | |
Gross Advisory Fee ($)
|
| |
Advisory Fee Waived and/or
Expenses Reimbursed ($) |
| |
Net Advisory Fee ($)
|
| | | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trend Fund* | | | |
|
6,818,757
|
| | | |
|
4,889,544
|
| | | |
|
3,526,098
|
| | | |
|
722,853
|
| | | |
|
N/A
|
| | | |
|
N/A
|
| | | |
|
6,095,904
|
| | | |
|
4,889,544
|
| | | |
|
3,526,098
|
| | | ||
| | | | |
| | |
Gross Subadvisory Fee ($)
|
| |
Subadvisory Fee Waived and/or
Expenses Reimbursed ($) |
| |
Net Subadvisory Fee ($)
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trend Fund* | | | |
|
275,917
|
| | | |
|
2,444,772
|
| | | |
|
1,763,049
|
| | | |
|
(3,901)
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
0
|
| | | |
|
279,818
|
| | | |
|
2,444,772
|
| | | |
|
1,763,049
|
| |
| | |
Gross Subadvisory Fee ($)
|
| |
Subadvisory Fee Waived and/or
Expenses Reimbursed ($) |
| |
Net Subadvisory Fee ($)
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
|
| | | | |
| First $15 billion | | | 0.10% | |
| $15+ billion to $30 billion | | | 0.095% | |
| $30+ billion to $50 billion | | | 0.09% | |
| Greater than $50 billion | | | 0.085% | |
| | |
Administration Fee ($)
|
| |||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |||||||||
Trend Fund | | | | | 665,612 | | | | | | 462,808 | | | | | | 336,111 | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | |
Total Sub-administrative Fees ($)
|
| |
Fees Waived by Sub-administrator
($) |
| |
Net Sub-administrative Fees ($)
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trend Fund | | | |
|
196,449
|
| | | |
|
80,757
|
| | | |
|
59,249
|
| | | |
|
N/A
|
| | | |
|
27,136
|
| | | |
|
19,167
|
| | | |
|
196,449
|
| | | |
|
53,621
|
| | | |
|
40,082
|
| |
| | |
Aggregate Underwriting
Commissions($) |
| |
Amount Retained by the
Distributors($) |
| |
Amount Reallowed($)
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| | |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trend Fund | | | |
|
32,623
|
| | | |
|
35,658
|
| | | |
|
19,424
|
| | | |
|
4,403
|
| | | |
|
4,894
|
| | | |
|
2,447
|
| | | |
|
28,220
|
| | | |
|
30,764
|
| | | |
|
16,977
|
| |
Amount of Transaction at Offering Price
|
| |
Sales Charge
as Percentage of Offering Price |
| |
Sales Charge
as Percentage of Amount Invested |
| |
Dealer Discount
or Agency Fee as Percentage of Offering Price |
| |||||||||
Under $50,000 | | | | | 5.75% | | | | | | 6.10% | | | | | | 5.00% | | |
$50,000 but under $100,000 | | | | | 4.75 | | | | | | 4.99 | | | | | | 4.25 | | |
$100,000 but under $250,000 | | | | | 3.75 | | | | | | 3.90 | | | | | | 3.25 | | |
$250,000 but under $500,000 | | | | | 2.75 | | | | | | 2.83 | | | | | | 2.25 | | |
$500,000 but under $1,000,000 | | | | | 2.00 | | | | | | 2.04 | | | | | | 1.75 | | |
$1,000,000 or more | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | | | | | None | | |
Fund
|
| |
Rule 12b-1 Fees Paid ($)
|
| |||||||||||||||
| | |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |||||||||
Trend Fund | | | | | 3,627,360 | | | | | | 2,709,704 | | | | | | 1,936,923 | | |
| | |
Registered Investment Companies
|
| |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
(PIVs) |
| |
Other Accounts
|
| |||||||||
Portfolio Manager
|
| |
Number of
Accounts |
| |
Total Assets
|
| |
Number of
Accounts |
| |
Total Assets
|
| |
Number of
Accounts |
| |
Total Assets
|
|
Yves Balcer | | |
2
|
| |
$51.2 million
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
4
|
| |
$1.66 billion
|
|
Sanjiv Kumar | | |
2
|
| |
$51.2 million
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
4
|
| |
$1.66 billion
|
|
| | |
Registered Investment Companies
|
| |
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
(PIVs) |
| |
Other Accounts
|
| |||||||||
Portfolio Manager
|
| |
Number of
Accounts |
| |
Total Assets
|
| |
Number of
Accounts |
| |
Total Assets
|
| |
Number of
Accounts |
| |
Total Assets
|
|
Yves Balcer | | |
8
|
| |
$2.79 billion
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
14
|
| |
$851 million
|
|
Sanjiv Kumar | | |
8
|
| |
$2.79 billion
|
| |
0
|
| |
N/A
|
| |
14
|
| |
$851 million
|
|
Portfolio Manager
|
| |
Dollar Range of Equity Securities Beneficially Owned
in Fund Managed |
| |
Dollar Value of Financial
Exposure Through Similar Strategies |
| |
Total Ownership/
Financial Exposure |
|
Yves Balcer | | | None* | | |
None
|
| |
None
|
|
Sanjiv Kumar | | | None* | | |
None
|
| |
None
|
|
| | |
Aggregate Amount of Brokerage Commissions ($)
|
| |||||||||||||||
Fund
|
| |
2017
|
| |
2018
|
| |
2019
|
| |||||||||
Trend Fund | | | | | 155,973 | | | | | | 59,587 | | | | | | 97,983 | | |
|
Fund
|
| |
Broker/Dealer
|
| |
Value ($)
|
| |||
| Trend Fund | | | Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. | | | | | 725 | | |
| | | | J.P. Morgan Securities LLC | | | | | 1,741 | | |
| | | | Wells Fargo Securities LLC | | | | | 942 | | |
APPENDIX B — CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS
The following table sets forth information as of August 17, 2020, with respect to each person who owns of record or is known by the Trust to own of record or beneficially own 5% or more of any class of any Fund’s outstanding securities (Principal Shareholders) and the name of each person who has beneficial ownership, either directly or through one or more controlled companies, of more than 25% of the voting securities of a Fund (Control Person), as noted below. *These entities are omnibus accounts for many individual shareholder accounts. The Funds are not aware of the size or identity of the underlying individual accounts. |
CONTROL PERSON NAME AND ADDRESS | FUND |
PERCENTAGE (%)
OF FUND OUTSTANDING |
NONE | VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND | N/A |
PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDER
NAME AND ADDRESS |
FUND/CLASS |
PERCENTAGE (%)
OF CLASS OUTSTANDING |
AMERICAN
ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC
FBO #XXXX9970 707 2ND AVE S MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405 |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS C | 10.91% |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC *
SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 101 MONTGOMERY ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94104-4151 |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS I | 8.73% |
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC *
SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN STREET SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105 |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS C | 8.23% |
JP
MORGAN SECURITIES LLC *
OMNIBUS ACCOUNT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 4 CHASE METROTECH CENTER 3RD FLOOR MUTUAL FUND DEPARTMENT BROOKLYN NY 11245 |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS R6 | 19.29% |
LPL
FINANCIAL *
A/C XXXX-XX05 4707 EXECUTIVE DRIVE SAN DIEGO CA 92121 |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS C | 6.90% |
MLPF&S * FOR THE SOLE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOMERS ATTN FUND ADMINISTRATION 4800 DEER LAKE DR E 3RD FL JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484 |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS A | 16.00% |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS I | 5.47% | |
MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC * FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF ITSL 3CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLAZA FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1901 |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS A | 28.10% |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS I | 12.81% | |
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC * FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS DEPT 4TH FLOOR 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY NJ 07310 |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS C | 6.32% |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS I | 10.26% | |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS R6 | 50.14% | |
PERSHING LLC * 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0002 |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS A | 9.59% |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS C | 8.18% | |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS I | 5.48% | |
UBS WM USA * xxx xxxxx 6100 SPEC CDY A/C EXL BEN CUSTOMERS OF UBSFSI 1000 HARBOR BLVD WEEHAWKEN NJ 07086 |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS C | 9.70% |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS I | 13.69% | |
VIRTUS PARTNERS INC
ONE FINANCIAL PLAZA 26TH FL HARTFORD CT 06103 |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS R6 | 30.49% |
WELLS FARGO CLEARING SVCS LLC * SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER 2801 MARKET STREET ST LOUIS MO 63103 |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS A | 10.09% |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS C | 32.19% | |
VIRTUS RAMPART EQUITY TREND FUND - CLASS I | 21.49% | |
B-1
VIRTUS OPPORTUNITIES TRUST
PART C—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 28. | Exhibits |
(a) | Amended Declaration of Trust. |
(b) | Bylaws. |
(c) | See Articles III, V, VI and VIII of Registrant’s Agreement and Declaration of Trust and Articles II and VII of Registrant’s Bylaws, each as amended. |
(d) | Investment Advisory Contracts. |
4. | *Investment Advisory Agreement between Registrant, VAIA and VATS Offshore Fund, Ltd. (“VATS”), effective September 1, 2020, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.4) herewith. |
7. | *Subadvisory Agreement dated September 1, 2020, among VAIA, FORT, L.P. (“FORT”) and Registrant on behalf of Virtus FORT Trend Fund filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.6) herewith. |
8. | *Subadvisory Agreement dated September 1, 2020, among VAIA, FORT and VATS filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit d.7) herewith. |
(e) | Underwriting Agreement. |
(g) | Custodian Agreement. |
i) | Amendment to Custody Agreement between VAST, Virtus Mutual Funds, VRT, VAT, VVIT and the Bank of New York Mellon dated as of [_____] [__], 2020, to be filed by amendment. |
i) | Amendment to Foreign Custody Manager Agreement between VAST, Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VRT, VVIT and The Bank of New York Mellon dated as of [_____] [__], 2020, to be filed by amendment. |
(h) | Other Material Contracts. |
q) | Amendment to Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT, VAST, VRT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon, dated as of [_____] [__], 2020, to be filed by amendment. |
s) | Nineteenth Amendment to Amended and Restated Administration Agreement between Virtus Mutual Funds, VAT and Virtus Fund Services, effective as of [_____] [__], 2020, to be filed by amendment. |
r) | Amendment to Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement among Virtus Mutual Funds, VVIT, VRT, VAST, VAT, Virtus Fund Services and BNY Mellon dated [_____] [__], 2020, to be filed by amendment. |
7. | *Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement between Registrant and VAIA with respect to Virtus FORT Trend Fund, effective September 1, 2020, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit h.7) herewith. |
(i) | Legal Opinion. |
3. | Opinion as to legality of the shares filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.2) with VIT’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 (File No. 033-64915) on November 12, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference. |
12. | *Consent of Sullivan & Worcester filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit i.12) filed herewith. |
(j) | Other Opinions. |
1. | *Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit j.1), filed herewith. |
(k) | Not applicable. |
(l) | Initial Capital Agreements |
(m) | Rule 12b-1 Plans. |
(n) | Rule 18f-3 Plans. |
(o) | Reserved. |
(p) | Codes of Ethics. |
4. | *Code of Ethics of Subadviser FORT dated October 18, 2019, filed via EDGAR (as Exhibit p.6) herewith. |
(q) | Powers of Attorney |
Item 29. | Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control with the Fund |
None.
Item 30. | Indemnification |
The indemnification of Registrant’s principal underwriter against certain losses is provided for in Section 18 of the Underwriting Agreement incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit e.1. Indemnification of Registrant’s Custodian is provided for in Section 9.9, among others, of the Custody Agreement incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit g.1. The indemnification of Registrant’s Transfer Agent is provided for in Article 6 of the Amended and Restated Transfer Agency and Service Agreement incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit h.1. The Trust has entered into Indemnification Agreements with each trustee, the form of which is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibits h.8, h.8.a, h.8.b, h.9, and h.10, whereby the Registrant shall indemnify the trustee for expenses incurred in any proceeding in connection with the trustee’s service to the Registrant subject to certain limited exceptions.
In addition, Article VII sections 2 and 3 of the Registrant’s Agreement and Declaration of Trust incorporated herein by reference to Exhibits a.1-5, provides in relevant part as follows:
“A Trustee, when acting in such capacity, shall not be personally liable to any Person, other than the Trust or a Shareholder to the extent provided in this Article VII, for any act, omission or obligation of the Trust, of such Trustee or of any other Trustee. The Trustees shall not be responsible or liable in any event for any neglect or wrongdoing of any officer, agent, employee, Manager or Principal Underwriter of the Trust. The Trust (i) may indemnify an agent of the Trust or any Person who is serving or has served at the Trust’s request as an agent of another organization in which the Trust has any interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise and (ii) shall indemnify each Person who is, or has been, a Trustee, officer or employee of the Trust and any Person who is serving or has served at the Trust’s request as a director, officer, trustee, or employee of another organization in which the Trust has any interest as a shareholder, creditor or otherwise, in the case of (i) and (ii), to the fullest extent consistent with the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”) and in the manner provided in the By-Laws; provided that such indemnification shall not be available to any of the foregoing Persons in connection with a claim, suit or other proceeding by any such Person against the Trust or a Series (or Class) thereof.
All persons extending credit to, contracting with or having any claim against the Trust or the Trustees shall look only to the assets of the appropriate Series (or Class thereof if the Trustees have included a Class limitation on liability in the agreement with such person as provided below), or, if the Trustees have yet to establish Series, of the Trust for payment under such credit, contract or claim; and neither the Trustees nor the Shareholders, nor any of the Trust’s officers, employees or agents, whether past, present or future, shall be personally liable therefor.
Every note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate or undertaking and every other act or thing whatsoever executed or done by or on behalf of the Trust or the Trustees by any of them in connection with the Trust shall conclusively be deemed to have been executed or done only in or with respect to his or their capacity as Trustee or Trustees, and such Trustee or Trustees shall not be personally liable thereon. …
… A Trustee shall be liable to the Trust and to any Shareholder solely for her or his own willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of the office of Trustee, and shall not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law. The Trustees may take advice of counsel or other experts with respect to the meaning and operation of this Declaration of Trust, and shall be under no liability for any act or omission in accordance with such advice nor for failing to follow such advice.”
In addition, Article III section 7 of such Agreement and Declaration of Trust provides for the indemnification of shareholders of the Registrant as follows: “If any Shareholder or former Shareholder shall be exposed to liability by reason of a claim or demand relating to such Person being or having been a Shareholder, and not because of such Person's acts or omissions, the Shareholder or former Shareholder (or such Person's heirs, executors, administrators, or other legal representatives or in the case of a corporation or other entity, its corporate or other general successor) shall be entitled to be held harmless from and indemnified out of the assets of the Trust against all cost and expense reasonably incurred in connection with such claim or demand, but only out of the assets held with respect to the particular Series of Shares of which such Person is or was a Shareholder and from or in relation to which such liability arose. The Trust may, at its option and shall, upon request by the Shareholder, assume the defense of any claim made against the Shareholder for any act or obligation of the Trust and satisfy any judgment thereon from the assets held with respect to the particular series.”
Article VI Section 2 of the Registrant’s Bylaws incorporated herein by reference to Exhibits b.1-3, provides in relevant part, subject to certain exceptions and limitations, “every agent shall be indemnified by the Trust to the fullest extent permitted by law against all liabilities and against all expenses reasonably incurred or paid by him or her in connection with any proceeding in which he or she becomes involved as a party or otherwise by virtue of his or her being or having been an agent.” Such indemnification would not apply in the case of any liability to which the Registrant would otherwise be subject by reason of or for willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of such person’s duties.
The Investment Advisory Agreement, Subadvisory Agreements, Custody Agreement, Foreign Custody Manager Agreement, Sub-Administration and Accounting Services Agreement and Sub-Transfer Agency and Shareholder Services Agreement, each as amended, respectively provide that the Registrant will indemnify the other party (or parties, as the case may be) to the agreement for certain losses. Similar indemnities to those listed above may appear in other agreements to which the Registrant is a party.
The Registrant, in conjunction with VIA and VAIA, the Registrant’s Trustees, and other registered investment management companies managed by VIA or its affiliates, maintains insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a Trustee, officer, employee, or agent of the Registrant, or who is or was serving at the request of the Registrant as a trustee, director, officer, employee or agent of another trust or corporation, against any liability asserted against such person and incurred by him or arising out of his position. However, in no event will Registrant maintain insurance to indemnify any such person for any act for which the Registrant itself is not permitted to indemnify him.
Insofar as indemnification for liability arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Act”), may be permitted to trustees, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a trustee, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such trustee, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
Item 31. | Business and Other Connections of Investment Adviser and Subadvisers |
See “Management of the Funds” in the Prospectus and “Investment Advisory and Other Services” and “Management of the Trust” in the Statement of Additional Information which is included in this Post-Effective Amendment. For information as to the business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature of directors and officers of the Advisers and Subadvisers, reference is made to each Adviser’s and each Subadviser’s current Form ADV filed under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and incorporated herein by reference
Adviser | SEC File No.: |
VIA | 801-5995 |
VAIA | 801-67924 |
Duff & Phelps | 801-14813 |
FORT | 801-79113 |
KAR | 801-24241 |
Newfleet | 801-51559 |
Rampart | 801-77244 |
Vontobel | 801-21953 |
Item 32. | Principal Underwriter |
(a) | VP Distributors, LLC serves as the principal underwriter for the following registrants: |
Virtus Alternative Solutions Trust, Virtus Asset Trust, Virtus Equity Trust, Virtus Opportunities Trust, Virtus Retirement Trust and Virtus Variable Insurance Trust.
(b) | Directors and executive officers of VP Distributors, One Financial Plaza, Hartford, CT 06103 are as follows: |
Name and Principal
Business Address |
Positions and Offices with Distributor |
Positions and Offices
with Registrant |
||
George R. Aylward | Executive Vice President | President and Trustee | ||
Kevin J. Carr | Vice President, Counsel and Secretary | Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, Counsel and Secretary | ||
Nancy J. Engberg | Senior Vice President and Assistant Secretary | Senior Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer | ||
David Hanley | Senior Vice President and Treasurer | None | ||
Barry Mandinach | President | None | ||
David C. Martin | Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer | Anti-Money Laundering Officer | ||
Francis G. Waltman | Executive Vice President | Executive Vice President |
(c) | To the best of the Registrant’s knowledge, no commissions or other compensation was received by any principal underwriter who is not an affiliated person of the Registrant or an affiliated person of such affiliated person, directly or indirectly, from the Registrant during the Registrant’s last fiscal year. |
Item 33. | Location of Accounts and Records |
Persons maintaining physical possession of accounts, books and other documents required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of the 1940 Act and the Rules promulgated thereunder include:
Secretary of the Trust: | Principal Underwriter: | |
Kevin J. Carr, Esq. One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
VP Distributors, LLC One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
|
Investment Adviser: | Custodian: | |
Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc. One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103
Investment Adviser: Virtus Alternative Investment Advisers, Inc. One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103
|
The Bank of New York Mellon 240 Greenwich Street New York, NY 10286 |
|
Administrator & Transfer Agent: | ||
Virtus Fund Services, LLC One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
||
Fund Accountant, Sub-Administrator, Sub-Transfer Agent and Dividend Dispersing Agent: | ||
BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc. 301 Bellevue Parkway Wilmington, DE 19809 |
||
Subadviser to: Global Infrastructure Fund, Global Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Real Asset Fund and Real Estate Securities Fund | ||
Duff & Phelps Investment Management Co. 200 South Wacker Drive, Suite 500 Chicago, IL 60606 |
||
Subadviser to: Virtus FORT Trend Fund | ||
FORT, L.P. 2 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 1150 |
||
Chevy Chase, MD 20815 |
Subadviser to: Emerging Markets Small-Cap Fund, International Small-Cap Fund and International Small-Mid Cap Fund | ||
Kayne Anderson Rudnick Investment Management, LLC 1800 Avenue of the Stars, 2nd Floor Los Angeles, CA 90067 |
||
Subadviser to: Core Plus Bond Fund, High Yield Fund, Low Duration Core Plus Bond Fund, Multi-Sector Intermediate Bond Fund, Multi-Sector Short Term Bond Fund, Senior Floating Rate Fund and Tax-Exempt Bond Fund | Subadviser to: Emerging Markets Opportunities Fund, Foreign Opportunities Fund, Global Opportunities Fund, and Greater European Opportunities Fund | |
Newfleet Asset Management, LLC One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 |
Vontobel Asset Management, Inc. 1540 Broadway, 38th Floor New York, NY 10036 |
|
Subadviser to: Trend Fund, Multi-Asset Trend Fund and Sector Trend Fund | ||
Rampart Investment Management Company, LLC 1540 Broadway, 16th Floor New York, NY 10036 and One Financial Plaza Hartford, CT 06013 |
Item 34. | Management Services |
None.
Item 35. | Undertakings |
None.
Item 28. | Exhibits |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for effectiveness for this registration statement under Rule 485(b) of the Securities Act and has duly caused this amendment to the registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, duly authorized, in the City of Hartford and the State of Connecticut on the 31st day of August, 2020.
VIRTUS OPPORTUNITIES TRUST | ||
By: | /s/ George R. Aylward | |
George R. Aylward | ||
President |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this amendment to the registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities indicated on the 31st day of August, 2020.
Signature | Title | |
/s/ George R. Aylward | Trustee and President | |
George R. Aylward | (principal executive officer) | |
/s/ W. Patrick Bradley | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer | |
W. Patrick Bradley | (principal financial and accounting officer) | |
* | Trustee | |
Thomas J. Brown | ||
* | Trustee | |
Donald C. Burke | ||
* | Trustee | |
Sidney E. Harris | ||
* | Trustee | |
John R. Mallin | ||
* | Trustee | |
Hassell H. McClellan | ||
* | Trustee | |
Connie D. McDaniel | ||
* | Trustee and Chairman | |
Philip R. McLoughlin | ||
* | Trustee | |
Geraldine M. McNamara | ||
* | Trustee | |
James M. Oates | ||
* | Trustee | |
Richard E. Segerson | ||
* | Trustee | |
R. Keith Walton | ||
* | Trustee | |
Brian T. Zino |
*By: |
/s/ George R. Aylward |
|
*George R. Aylward,
Attorney-in-Fact, pursuant to a power of attorney |
Exhibit d.3
TRANSFER AND ASSUMPTION OF AMENDED
AND RESTATED INVESTMENT ADVISORY AGREEMENT
This Transfer and Assumption Agreement (“Transfer and Assumption Agreement”) effective as of September 1, 2020 (the “Effective Date”) is being provided pursuant to Paragraph 14 of the Amended and Restated Investment Advisory Agreement dated November 20, 2002, as amended, (the “Investment Advisory Agreement”) solely with respect to Virtus Fort Trend Fund (fka Virtus Rampart Equity Trend Fund) (the “Fund”), and is by and among Virtus Opportunities Trust, a Delaware statutory trust (the “Trust”), Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc., a Massachusetts corporation (the “Adviser” and the Trust together, collectively the “Transferor”) and Virtus Alternative Investment Advisers, Inc. (“VAIA” the “Transferee”).
WHEREAS, Transferor is a party to the Investment Advisory Agreement;
WHEREAS, the Adviser renders the services described in the Investment Advisory Agreement to the Fund for the compensation set forth in Schedule A attached thereto;
WHEREAS, Transferor has agreed to transfer to Transferee all of the Adviser’s rights and obligations under the Investment Advisory Agreement solely with respect to the Fund from and after the Effective Date, subject to the terms herein, to the Transferee (the “Transferred Rights and Obligations”);
WHEREAS, Transferee has agreed to assume the Transferred Rights and Obligations; and
WHEREAS, the parties have received an opinion of counsel that the transfer and assumption of the Transferred Rights and Obligations as set forth in this Transfer and Assumption Agreement does not constitute an “assignment” as such term is defined by and under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended;
NOW, THEREFORE, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree as follows:
1. | Transfer. Transferor hereby transfers and Transferee hereby assumes all of the Transferred Rights and Obligations from and after the Effective Date. |
2. | Assumption. Transferee hereby accepts the foregoing transfer and assumes all of the Transferred Rights and Obligations from and after the Effective Date. |
3. | Transferor and Transferee Consent. In consideration of and in reliance on foregoing agreements, the parties consent to the foregoing transfers and assumptions pursuant to the terms set forth herein. |
4. | Notice of Termination of Adviser. The parties hereto agree that as of the Effective Date, the Adviser will cease to serve as the investment adviser of the Fund pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement, the rights and obligations of the Adviser will accordingly terminate upon the Effective Date, and from and after the Effective Date solely with respect to the Fund the Investment Advisory Agreement shall be an agreement between the Transferee and the Trust. |
5. | Further Assurances. Transferor and Transferee each agree to execute and deliver such further instruments, agreements and assurances as may be reasonably requested by the others to evidence and provide for the transfer by Transferor and the assumption by Transferee of the Transferred Rights and Obligations. |
6. | Counterparts. This Transfer and Assumption Agreement may be executed in counterparts, which may be executed and/or exchanged electronically, each of which, when taken together, shall constitute one and the same instrument. |
[signature page follows]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto intending to be legally bound have caused this Transfer and Assumption Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized officers of other representatives.
VIRTUS OPPORTUNITIES TRUST | ||
By: | /s/ W. Patrick Bradley | |
Name: | W. Patrick Bradley | |
Title: | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer | |
VIRTUS INVESTMENT ADVISERS, INC. | ||
By: | /s/ Francis G. Waltman | |
Name: | Francis G. Waltman | |
Title: | Executive Vice President | |
VIRTUS ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT ADVISERS, INC. | ||
By: | /s/ Francis G. Waltman | |
Name: | Francis G. Waltman | |
Title: | Executive Vice President |
Exhibit d.4
VATS OFFSHORE FUND, LTD.
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT, effective as of the 31st day of August, 2020, (the “Contract Date”) by and between Virtus Alternative Investment Advisers, Inc., a Connecticut corporation (the “Adviser”), and VATS Offshore Fund, Ltd. (the “Company”), a Cayman Islands exempted company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Virtus FORT Trend Fund (formerly known as Virtus Rampart Equity Trend Fund) (the “Fund”), a series of Virtus Opportunities Trust (the “Trust”), a Delaware statutory trust and open-end investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”) . The purpose of the Company is to facilitate the implementation of the Fund’s investment strategies.
WITNESSETH THAT:
1. The Company hereby appoints the Adviser to act as investment adviser to the Company, for the period and on the terms set forth herein. The Adviser accepts such appointment and agrees to render the services described in this Agreement for the compensation herein provided.
2. The Adviser shall furnish continuously an investment program for the portfolio of the Company and shall manage the investment and reinvestment of the assets of the Company, subject at all times to the supervision of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Directors”).
4. With respect to managing the investment and reinvestment of the portfolio of the Company’s assets, the Adviser shall provide, at its own expense:
(a) | Investment research, advice and supervision; |
(b) | An investment program for the Company consistent with its investment objectives, policies and procedures; |
(c) | Implementation of the investment program for the Company including the purchase and sale of securities; |
(d) | Implementation of an investment program designed to manage cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments for the Company with respect to assets designated from time to time to be managed by a subadviser to the Company; |
(e) | Advice and assistance on the general operations of the Company; and |
(f) | Regular reports to the Directors and/or their designees on the implementation of the Company’s investment program. |
5. The Adviser shall, for all purposes herein, be deemed to be an independent contractor.
6. The Adviser shall furnish at its own expense, or pay the expenses of the Company, for the following:
(a) | Office facilities, including office space, furniture and equipment; |
(b) | Personnel necessary to perform the functions required to manage the investment and reinvestment of the Company’s assets (including those required for research, statistical and investment work); |
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(c) | Except as otherwise approved by the Directors, personnel to serve without salaries from the Company as officers or agents of the Company. The Adviser need not provide personnel to perform, or pay the expenses of the Fund for, services customarily performed for an open-end management investment company by its national distributor, custodian, financial agent, transfer agent, registrar, dividend disbursing agent, auditors and legal counsel; |
(d) | Compensation and expenses, if any, of the Directors who are also full-time employees of the Adviser or any of its affiliates; and |
(e) | Any subadviser recommended by the Adviser and appointed to act on behalf of the Company. |
7. All costs and expenses not specifically enumerated herein as payable by the Adviser shall be paid by the Company. Such expenses shall include, but shall not be limited to, all expenses (other than those specifically referred to as being borne by the Adviser) incurred in the operation of the Company and any offering of its shares, including, among others, interest, taxes, brokerage fees and commissions, fees of Directors who are not full-time employees of the Adviser or any of its affiliates, expenses of Directors’ and shareholders’ meetings including the cost of printing and mailing proxies, expenses of insurance premiums for fidelity and other coverage, expenses of repurchase and redemption of shares, expenses of issue and sale of shares, expenses of printing and mailing stock certificates representing shares of the Company, association membership dues, charges of custodians, transfer agents, dividend disbursing agents and financial agents, bookkeeping, auditing and legal expenses. Additionally, if authorized by the Directors, the Company shall pay for extraordinary expenses and expenses of a non-recurring nature which may include, but not be limited to, the reasonable and proportionate cost of any reorganization or acquisition of assets and the cost of legal proceedings to which the Company is a party.
8. The Adviser shall adhere to all applicable requirements under laws, regulations, rules and orders of regulatory or judicial bodies and all applicable policies and procedures as adopted from time to time by the Board of Trustees of the Fund (the “Trustees”), including but not limited to the following:
(a) | Code of Ethics. The Adviser shall adopt a Code of Ethics designed to prevent “access persons” (as defined therein in accordance with Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”)) from engaging in fraudulent acts or transactions that are, or have the potential of being viewed as, a conflict of interest, and shall monitor for compliance with its Code of Ethics and report any violations to the Trust’s Compliance Officer. |
(b) | Policy with Respect to Brokerage Allocation. The Adviser shall have full trading discretion in selecting brokers for Company transactions on a day to day basis so long as each selection is in conformance with the Trust’s Policy with Respect to Brokerage Allocation. Such discretion shall include use of “soft dollars” for certain broker and research services, also in conformance with the Trust’s Policy with Respect to Brokerage Allocation. The Adviser may delegate the responsibilities under this section to a Subadviser of the Company. |
(c) | Procedures for the Determination of Liquidity of Assets. It shall be the responsibility of the Adviser to monitor the Company’s assets that are not liquid, making such determinations as to liquidity of a particular asset as may be necessary, in accordance with the Trust’s Procedures for the Determination of Liquidity of Assets. The Adviser may delegate the responsibilities under this section to a Subadviser of the Company. |
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(d) | Policy with Respect to Proxy Voting. In the absence of specific direction to the contrary and in a manner consistent with the Trust’s Policy with Respect to Proxy Voting, the Adviser shall be responsible for voting proxies with respect to portfolio holdings of the Company. The Adviser shall review all proxy solicitation materials and be responsible for voting and handling all proxies in relation to the assets under management by the Adviser in accordance with such policies and procedures adopted or approved by the Trust. Unless the Company gives the Adviser written instructions to the contrary, the Adviser will, in compliance with the proxy voting procedures of the Trust then in effect or approved by the Fund, vote or abstain from voting, all proxies solicited by or with respect to the issuers of securities in which the assets of the Company may be invested. The Adviser shall cause the Custodian to forward promptly to the Adviser (or designee) all proxies upon receipt so as to afford the Adviser a reasonable amount of time in which to determine how to vote such proxies. The Adviser agrees to provide the Trust with quarterly proxy voting reports in such form as the Trust may request from time to time. The Adviser may delegate the responsibilities under this section to a Subadviser of the Company. |
(e) | Procedures for the Valuation of Securities. It shall be the responsibility of the Adviser to fully comply with the Trust’s Procedures for the Valuation of Securities. The Adviser may delegate the responsibilities under this section to a Subadviser of a Fund. |
9. For providing the services and assuming the expenses outlined herein, the Company agrees that the Adviser shall be compensated as follows:
(a) | The Company shall pay a monthly fee calculated at an annual rate as specified in Schedule A. The amounts payable to the Adviser shall be based upon the average of the values of the net assets of the Company as of the close of business each day, computed in accordance with the Company’s Articles of Incorporation. |
(b) | Compensation shall accrue immediately upon the effective date of this Agreement. |
(c) | If there is termination of this Agreement during a month, the fee for that month shall be proportionately computed upon the average of the daily asset values of such Company for such partial period in such month. |
10. The services of the Adviser to the Company are not to be deemed exclusive, the Adviser being free to render services to others and to engage in other activities. Without relieving the Adviser of its duties hereunder and subject to the prior approval of the Directors, the Adviser may appoint one or more agents to perform any of the functions and services which are to be provided under the terms of this Agreement upon such terms and conditions as may be mutually agreed upon among the Company, the Adviser and any such agent.
11. The Adviser shall not be liable to the Company or to the Fund or any shareholder of the Fund for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss suffered by the Company or by the Fund or any shareholder of the Fund in connection with the matters to which this Agreement relates, except a loss resulting from willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard on the part of the Adviser in the performance of its duties hereunder.
12. It is understood that:
(a) | Directors, officers, employees, agents and shareholders of the Company are or may be “interested persons” of the Adviser as directors, officers, stockholders or otherwise; |
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(b) | Directors, officers, employees, agents and stockholders of the Adviser are or may be “interested persons” of the Company as directors, officers, shareholders or otherwise; and |
(c) | The existence of any such dual interest shall not affect the validity hereof or of any transactions hereunder. |
13. This Agreement shall become effective as of the Contract Date stated above. Unless terminated as herein provided, this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect until terminated in accordance with Section 14 of this Agreement.
14. Either party may terminate this Agreement upon 30 days’ written notice to the other party at any time.
15. The terms “majority of the outstanding voting securities”, “interested persons” and “assignment”, when used herein, shall have the respective meanings in the Investment Company Act.
16. In the event of termination of this Agreement, or at the request of the Adviser, the Company will eliminate any reference to “Virtus” from its name, and will not thereafter transact business in a name using the word “Virtus” in any form or combination whatsoever, or otherwise use the word “Virtus” as a part of its name. The Company will thereafter in all prospectuses, advertising materials, letterheads, and other material designed to be read by investors or prospective investors delete from the name the word “Virtus” or any approximation thereof.
17. It is expressly agreed that the obligations of the Company hereunder shall not be binding upon any of the directors, shareholders, nominees, officers, agents or employees of the Company personally, but bind only the trust property of the Company, as provided in the Company’s Articles of Incorporation. The execution and delivery of this Agreement have been authorized by the Directors of the Company and made by an authorized officer of the Company, acting as such, and neither such authorization by such Directors nor such execution and delivery by such officer shall be deemed to have been made by any of them individually or be binding upon or impose any liability on any of them personally, but shall bind only the property of the Company as provided in its Articles of Association.
18. This Agreement shall be construed and the rights and obligations of the parties hereunder enforced in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware.
19. Subject to the duty of the Adviser and the Company to comply with applicable law, including any demand of any regulatory or taxing authority having jurisdiction, the parties hereto shall treat as confidential all information pertaining to the Company, and the actions of the Adviser and the Company in respect thereof.
20. The Adviser will not advise or act on behalf of the Company in regard to class action filings, with respect to any securities held in the Company’s portfolio.
[Signature page follows.]
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized officers as of the day and year first written above.
VATS OFFSHORE FUND, LTD. | ||
By: | /s/ W. Patrick Bradley | |
Name: | W. Patrick Bradley | |
Title: | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer | |
VIRTUS ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT ADVISERS, INC. | ||
By: | /s/ Francis G. Waltman | |
Name: | Francis G. Waltman | |
Title: | Executive Vice President |
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SCHEDULE A
Annual Investment Advisory Fee | |
1st $1 Billion | $1+ Billon |
1.00% | 0.95% |
6
Exhibit d.6
VIRTUS OPPORTUNITIES TRUST
Virtus FORT Trend Fund
SUBADVISORY AGREEMENT
September 1, 2020
FORT, L.P.
2 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 1150
Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
RE: | Subadvisory Agreement |
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Virtus Opportunities Trust (the “Trust”) is an open-end investment company of the series type registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Act”), and is subject to the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. The shares of the Trust are offered or may be offered in several series (sometimes hereafter referred to as the “Series”), including Virtus FORT Trend Fund.
Virtus Alternative Investment Advisers, Inc. (the “Adviser”) evaluates and recommends series advisers for the Series and is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Series.
1. | Appointment as a Subadviser. The Adviser, being duly authorized, hereby appoints FORT, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (the “Subadviser”) as a discretionary series adviser to invest and reinvest the assets of the Series designated by the Adviser as set forth on Schedule F attached hereto (the “Designated Series”) on the terms and conditions set forth herein. The services of the Subadviser hereunder are not to be deemed exclusive; the Subadviser may render services to others and engage in other activities that do not conflict in any material manner with the Subadviser’s performance hereunder. The Adviser hereby agrees that for as long as this Agreement is in effect and subject to the Adviser’s responsibility to oversee the Subadviser (per Section 2 below), the Designated Series will not be managed by any other manager or subadviser. |
2. | Acceptance of Appointment; Standard of Performance. The Subadviser accepts its appointment as a discretionary series adviser of the Designated Series and agrees, subject to the oversight of the Board of Trustees of the Trust (the “Board”) and the Adviser, to use its best professional judgment to make investment decisions for the Designated Series in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement and as set forth in Schedule D attached hereto and made a part hereof. The Subadviser shall for all purposes herein be deemed to be an independent contractor and shall, except as expressly provided or authorized (whether herein or otherwise), have no authority or obligation to act for or represent the Adviser, the Trust or the Series in any way. |
3. | Services of Subadviser. In providing management services to the Designated Series, the Subadviser shall be subject to the investment objectives, policies and restrictions of the Trust as they apply to the Designated Series and as set forth in the Trust’s then current prospectus (“Prospectus”) and statement of additional information (“Statement of Additional Information”) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) as part of the Trust’s registration statement (the “Registration Statement”), as may be periodically amended and provided to the Subadviser by the Adviser, and to the investment restrictions set forth in the Act and the Rules thereunder, to the supervision and control of the Board, and to the oversight and instructions of the Adviser. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Subadviser will only be required to conform to any amendments to the versions of the Prospectus, the Statement of Additional Information and the 38a-1 Policies (as defined herein) provided to the Subadviser in advance of the execution of the Agreement that are reasonably likely to impact the Subadviser’s services hereunder after the Adviser has provided the Subadviser with notice of such amendment, and in the event that advance notice is not provided, the Subadviser will be afforded reasonable opportunity to implement compliance with such amendment following receipt of notice thereof. The Subadviser shall not, without the Trust’s prior written approval, effect any transactions that would cause the Designated Series at the time of the transaction to be out of compliance with any of such restrictions or policies. |
4. | Transaction Procedures. All transactions in securities for the Designated Series shall be consummated by payment to, or delivery by, the custodian(s) from time to time designated by the Trust (the “Custodian”), or such depositories or agents as may be designated by the Custodian in writing, of all cash and/or securities due to or from the Designated Series. The Subadviser shall not have possession or custody of such cash and/or securities or any responsibility or liability with respect to such custody. All transactions in futures contracts shall be reported to the accounting agent from time to time designated by the Trust (the “Accounting Agent”). The Subadviser shall advise the Custodian or Accounting Agent, as appropriate, and confirm in writing to the Trust all investment orders for the Designated Series placed by it with banks, brokers, dealers, futures commission merchants and other counterparties (collectively, “brokers and dealers”) at the time and in the manner set forth in Schedule A hereto (as amended from time to time). The Trust shall issue to the Custodian and Accounting Agent such instructions as may be appropriate in connection with the settlement of any transaction initiated by the Subadviser. The Trust shall be responsible for all custodial and accounting arrangements and the payment of all custodial and accounting charges and fees, and, upon giving proper instructions to the Custodian or Accounting Agent, as appropriate, the Subadviser shall have no responsibility or liability with respect to custodial or accounting arrangements or the acts, omissions or other conduct of the Custodian or Accounting Agent. |
5. | Allocation of Brokerage. The Subadviser shall have authority and discretion to select brokers and dealers to execute Designated Series transactions initiated by the Subadviser, and to select the markets on or in which the transactions will be executed. |
A. | In placing orders for the sale and purchase of Designated Series securities for the Trust, the Subadviser’s primary responsibility shall be to seek the best execution of orders at the most favorable prices. However, this responsibility shall not obligate the Subadviser to solicit competitive bids for each transaction or to seek the lowest available commission cost to the Trust, as long as the Subadviser reasonably believes that the broker or dealer selected by it can be expected to obtain a “best execution” market price on the particular transaction and determines in good faith that the commission cost is reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services (as defined in Section 28(e)(3) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) provided by such broker or dealer to the Subadviser, viewed in terms of either that particular transaction or of the Subadviser’s overall responsibilities with respect to its clients, including the Trust, as to which the Subadviser exercises investment discretion, notwithstanding that the Trust may not be the direct or exclusive beneficiary of any such services or that another broker may be willing to charge the Trust a lower commission on the particular transaction. |
B. | The Subadviser may manage other portfolios and expects that the Trust and other portfolios the Subadviser manages will, from time to time, purchase or sell the same securities and futures contracts. The Subadviser may aggregate orders for the purchase or sale of securities and futures contracts on behalf of the Designated Series with orders on behalf of other portfolios the Subadviser manages. Assets purchased or proceeds of securities and futures contracts sold through aggregated orders, as well as expenses incurred in the transaction, shall be allocated to the account of each portfolio managed by the Subadviser that bought or sold such securities and futures contracts in a manner considered by the Subadviser to be equitable on an overall basis and consistent with the Subadviser’s fiduciary obligations under applicable federal securities laws in respect of the Designated Series and to such other accounts. |
C. | Research services furnished to the Subadviser by brokers, dealers or futures commission merchants that effect transactions for the Designated Series may be used by the Subadviser in servicing other investment companies, funds and accounts that it manages. Similarly, research services furnished to the Subadviser by brokers, dealers or futures commission merchants that effect transactions for other investment companies, funds and accounts that the Subadviser manages may be used by the Subadviser in servicing the Designated Series. |
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D. | The Subadviser shall not execute any transactions for the Designated Series with a broker or dealer that is known to the Subadviser to be an “affiliated person” (as defined in the Act) of (i) the Designated Series; (ii) another Series; (iii) the Adviser; (iv) the Subadviser, or (v) a principal underwriter of the Trust’s shares; in each case, unless such transactions are permitted by applicable law or regulation and carried out in compliance with any applicable policies and procedures of the Trust. The Trust shall provide the Subadviser with a list of brokers and dealers that are “affiliated persons” of the Designated Series, another Series, the Adviser or the principal underwriter of the Trust’s shares, and applicable policies and procedures. Upon the request of the Adviser, the Subadviser shall promptly, and in any event within three business days of a request, indicate whether any entity identified by the Adviser in such request is an “affiliated person,” as such term is defined in the Act, of (i) the Subadviser or (ii) any affiliated person of the Subadviser, subject in each case to any confidentiality requirements applicable to the Subadviser and/or its affiliates. Further, the Subadviser shall provide the Adviser with a list of (x) each broker-dealer entity that is an “affiliated person,” as such term is defined in the Act, of the Subadviser and (y) each affiliated person of the Subadviser that has outstanding publicly-issued debt or equity. Each of the Adviser and the Subadviser agrees promptly to update such list(s) whenever the Adviser or the Subadviser becomes aware of any changes that should be added to or deleted from such list of affiliated persons. |
E. | Consistent with its fiduciary obligations to the Trust in respect of the Designated Series under applicable federal securities laws, the Subadviser may, under certain circumstances, arrange to have purchase and sale transactions effected directly between the Designated Series and another account managed by the Subadviser (“cross transactions”), provided that such transactions are carried out in accordance with applicable law or regulation and any applicable policies and procedures of the Trust. The Trust shall provide the Subadviser with applicable policies and procedures. |
6. | Proxies and Other Shareholder Actions. |
A. | The Subadviser shall provide disclosure regarding its proxy voting policies and procedures in accordance with the requirements of Form N-1A for inclusion in the Registration Statement of the Trust. During any annual period in which the Subadviser has voted proxies for the Trust, the Subadviser shall, as may reasonably be requested by the Adviser, certify as to its compliance with its proxy voting policies and procedures and applicable federal statutes and regulations. |
B. | The Subadviser is authorized to deal with reorganizations, exchange offers and other voluntary corporate actions with respect to assets held in the Designated Series in such manner as the Subadviser deems advisable, unless the Trust or the Adviser otherwise specifically directs in writing. It is acknowledged and agreed that the Subadviser shall not be responsible for the filing of claims (or otherwise causing the Trust to participate) in class action settlements or similar proceedings in which shareholders may participate related to assets currently or previously associated with the Designated Series. With the Adviser’s approval, on a case-by-case basis the Subadviser may obtain the authority and take on the responsibility to: (i) identify, evaluate and pursue legal claims, including commencing or defending suits, affecting the securities held at any time in the Designated Series, including claims in bankruptcy, class action securities litigation and other litigation; (ii) participate in such litigation or related proceedings with respect to such assets as the Subadviser deems appropriate to preserve or enhance the value of the Designated Series, including filing proofs of claim and related documents and serving as “lead plaintiff” in class action lawsuits; (iii) exercise generally any of the powers of an owner with respect to the supervision and management of such rights or claims, including the settlement, compromise or submission to arbitration of any claims, the exercise of which the Subadviser deems to be in the best interest of the Designated Series or required by applicable law, including ERISA, and (iv) employ suitable agents, including legal counsel, and to pay their reasonable fees, expenses and related costs from the Designated Series. |
7. | Prohibited Conduct. In accordance with Rule 12d3-1 and Rule 17a-10 under the Act and any other applicable law or regulation, the Subadviser’s responsibility regarding investment advice hereunder is limited to the Designated Series, and the Subadviser will not consult with any other investment advisory firm that provides investment advisory services to the Trust or any other investment company sponsored by Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. or its affiliates regarding transactions in securities or other assets for the Trust. The Trust shall provide the Subadviser with a list of investment companies sponsored by Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and its affiliates, and the Subadviser shall be in breach of the foregoing provision only if the investment company or affiliate is included in such a list provided to the Subadviser prior to such prohibited action. The Subadviser, and its affiliates and agents, shall refrain from making any written or oral statements concerning the Designated Series, the Trust, any other investment company sponsored by Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. or its affiliates, and any substantially similar products, that are reasonably likely to mislead investors regarding either (i) the services rendered by the Subadviser to the Designated Series or the Trust, or (ii) the Designated Series, including without limitation with respect to the investment strategies and/or risks, and/or the performance thereof. In addition, the Subadviser shall not, without the prior written consent of the Trust and the Adviser, delegate any obligation assumed pursuant to this Agreement to any affiliated or unaffiliated third party. |
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8. | Information and Reports. |
A. | The Subadviser shall keep the Trust and the Adviser informed of developments relating to its duties as Subadviser of which the Subadviser has knowledge that would materially affect the Designated Series. In this regard, the Subadviser shall provide the Trust, the Adviser and their respective officers with such periodic reports concerning the obligations the Subadviser has assumed under this Agreement as the Trust and the Adviser may from time to time reasonably request. In addition, prior to each regular quarterly meeting of the Board, the Subadviser shall provide the Adviser and the Board with reports regarding the Subadviser’s management of the Designated Series during the most recently completed quarter, which reports: (i) shall include Subadviser’s representation addressing its performance of its investment management duties hereunder and whether its provision of services hereunder is, to its knowledge, in compliance with the Designated Series’ investment objectives and policies set forth in the Trust’s Registration Statement, the Act and applicable rules and regulations under the Act, and shall provide the Trust and the Adviser with such information as may be reasonably requested by the Trust or the Adviser to enable the Trust and the Adviser to monitor the Trust’s compliance with the diversification and minimum “good income” requirements of Subchapter M under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and (ii) otherwise shall be in such form as may be reasonably required by the Adviser. |
B. | Each of the Adviser and the Subadviser shall provide the other party with a list, to the best of the Adviser’s or the Subadviser’s respective knowledge, of each affiliated person (and any affiliated person of such an affiliated person) of the Adviser or the Subadviser, as the case may be, and each of the Adviser and Subadviser agrees promptly to update such list whenever the Adviser or the Subadviser becomes aware of any changes that should be added to or deleted from the list of affiliated persons; provided that the Subadviser shall not be required to provide the identity of any investors in other funds or accounts it manages, but this exception shall not relieve the Subadviser of its obligation to seek to comply with all applicable provisions of the Act in managing the Designated Series’ assets. |
C. | The Subadviser shall also provide the Adviser with any information reasonably requested by the Adviser regarding its management of the Designated Series required for any shareholder report, amended Registration Statement, or Prospectus supplement to be filed by the Trust with the SEC. |
D. | The Subadviser shall promptly notify the Adviser and the Trust in the event that the Subadviser becomes aware of any actual or potential material violation of any law, regulation or internal policy of the Subadviser, in each case actually or potentially affecting the Designated Series. |
9. | Fees for Services. The compensation of the Subadviser for its services under this Agreement shall be calculated and paid by the Adviser in accordance with the attached Schedule C. Pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement between the Trust and the Adviser, the Adviser is solely responsible for the payment of fees to the Subadviser. |
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10. | Limitation of Liability. Absent the Subadviser’s breach of this Agreement directly causing a loss to the Designated Series or the willful misconduct, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of the obligations or duties hereunder on the part of the Subadviser, or its officers, directors, partners, agents, employees and controlling persons, the Subadviser shall not be liable for any act or omission in the course of, or connected with, rendering services hereunder or for any losses that may be sustained in the purchase, holding or sale of any position; provided, however, that the Subadviser shall be responsible for, and shall indemnify and hold the Trust and the Adviser and each of their respective directors or trustees, officers, employees and each person, if any, who controls the Adviser, harmless against, any and all Losses (as defined below) arising out of or resulting from a “Trade Error” (as defined in the compliance policies and procedures of the Trust) (as the same may be amended from time to time), directly caused by the negligent action or negligent omission of the Subadviser or its agent. The Adviser agrees to provide prior written notice to the Subadviser of any changes to the definition of Trade Error becoming effective with respect to the Designated Series unless, in the reasonable discretion of the Adviser, such change must become effective earlier due to any applicable law, rule, regulation or court order. It is acknowledged and agreed that any Trade Error that results in a gain to the Designated Series shall inure to the benefit of the Designated Series without any liability to the Subadviser. For the avoidance of doubt, it is acknowledged and agreed that the Designated Series is a third party beneficiary of the indemnity granted in this Section 10, and the indemnity is intended to cover claims by the Trust (on behalf of the Designated Series) or the Adviser against the Subadviser for recovery pursuant to this section. |
11. | Confidentiality. Subject to the duty of the Subadviser and the Trust to comply with applicable law, including any demand of any regulatory or taxing authority having jurisdiction, the parties hereto shall treat as confidential all information pertaining to the Designated Series and the actions of the Subadviser and the Trust in respect thereof (“Confidential Information”). Each of the Adviser and the Trust explicitly confirms and agrees that Confidential Information with regard to the Subadviser shall include, without limitation, the Subadviser’s (i) trading and risk models, techniques and procedures, (ii) past, current or future trading or position data; provided that, notwithstanding the foregoing, the Adviser and the Trust shall be permitted to disclose position data pursuant to statutory or regulatory filing and shareholder reporting obligations, and may otherwise use position data as needed to perform its recordkeeping and administrative functions for the Trust and (iii) price and research software and databases. Each party covenants that it has and it shall at all times keep confidential and not, directly or indirectly (i) disclose, divulge, furnish or make accessible to anyone, or (ii) use in any manner that would be adverse to the interests of any other party, any Confidential Information of another party to which the former party has been or shall become privy except with the prior written approval of such other party or except for information that is otherwise publicly available, other than information made publicly available by breach of this Agreement, or required to be disclosed by law, the request of any court or other regulatory body or valid legal process. Each party may, however, share Confidential Information: (i) with such party’s affiliates, partners, directors, trustees, officers, employees, service providers, accountants and attorneys, the Custodian or the Accounting Agent (“Permitted Confidants”); provided, that the party’s Permitted Confidants are bound by a duty of confidentiality; (ii) in order to provide reports to shareholders in the Trust; (iii) in order to comply with applicable laws; and (iv) as otherwise permitted in this Agreement. In the event of a breach or threatened breach by a party of any of the provisions of this Section 11, the parties hereto acknowledge that in view of the unique nature of the services rendered by each party and the fact that each party’s business heavily depends upon maintaining the confidentiality of the Confidential Information, the remedies of the non-breaching party at law for such breach will be inadequate, and the parties hereto agree that the non-breaching party shall be entitled, without the necessity of proving irreparable damages, to obtain injunctive relief, a decree of specific performance or other equitable relief restraining the breaching party or parties, as applicable, from violating the provisions of Section 11 of this Agreement. Nothing stated herein shall be construed as prohibiting any party from pursuing any other remedies available to it for such breach or threatened breach, including the recovery of damages. The provisions of this Section 11 shall survive the termination or expiration of this Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Trust and the Adviser agree that the Subadviser may (i) disclose in marketing materials and similar communications that the Subadviser has been engaged to manage assets of the Designated Series pursuant to this Agreement, and (ii) include performance statistics regarding the Designated Series in composite performance statistics regarding one or more groups of Subadviser's clients published or included in any of the foregoing communications, provided that the Subadviser does not identify any performance statistics as relating specifically to the Designated Series. |
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12. | Assignment. This Agreement shall terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, as that term is defined in Section 2(a)(4) of the Act and the rules promulgated thereunder. Subadviser shall notify the Trust and the Adviser in writing sufficiently in advance of any proposed change of control, as defined in Section 2(a)(9) of the Act, as will enable the Trust to consider whether an assignment as defined in Section 2(a)(4) of the Act will occur, and to take the steps necessary to enter into a new contract with the Subadviser. |
13. | Representations, Warranties and Agreements of the Subadviser. The Subadviser represents and warrants to the Trust and the Adviser and agrees that: |
A. | It is duly organized, validly existing, and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its organization, and is qualified to do business in each jurisdiction in which failure to be so qualified would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect upon it. It (i) is registered as an “investment adviser” under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”) and will continue to be so registered for so long as this Agreement remains in effect; (ii) is not prohibited by the Act or the Advisers Act from performing the services contemplated by this Agreement; provided, however, that the Subadviser makes no representation or warranty with regard to adherence to Section 15 of the Act; (iii) has appointed a Chief Compliance Officer under Rule 206(4)-7 under the Advisers Act; (iv) has adopted written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to prevent violations of the Advisers Act from occurring, and correct promptly any violations that have occurred, and will provide notice promptly to the Adviser of any material violations relating to the Trust; (v) has materially met and will seek to continue to meet for so long as this Agreement remains in effect, any other applicable federal or state requirements, or the applicable requirements of any regulatory or industry self-regulatory agency. |
B. | It is registered as a commodity trading advisor with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), and it will maintain such registration continuously during the term of this Agreement and is a member in good standing with the National Futures Association (“NFA”). |
C. | To the extent required by applicable law and/or regulation and/or reasonably requested by the Adviser or the Trust, it will maintain, keep current and preserve on behalf of the Trust, records in the manner required or permitted by the Act and the Rules thereunder including the records identified in Schedule B (as Schedule B may be amended from time to time). The Subadviser agrees that records maintained for the Trust are the property of the Trust, and shall be surrendered to the Trust or to the Adviser as agent of the Trust promptly upon request of either. The Trust acknowledges that the Subadviser may retain copies of all records required to meet the record retention requirements imposed by law and regulation. |
D. | It shall maintain a written code of ethics (the “Code of Ethics”) complying with the requirements of Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act and Rule 17j-1 under the Act and shall provide the Trust and the Adviser with a copy of the Code of Ethics and evidence of its adoption. It shall institute procedures reasonably necessary to prevent Access Persons (as defined in Rule 17j-1) from violating its Code of Ethics. The Subadviser acknowledges receipt of the written code of ethics adopted by and on behalf of the Trust. Each calendar quarter while this Agreement is in effect, a duly authorized compliance officer of the Subadviser shall certify to the Trust and to the Adviser that the Subadviser has complied with the requirements of Rules 204A-1 and 17j-1 during the previous calendar quarter and that there has been no material violation of its Code of Ethics, or of Rule 17j-1(b), or that any persons covered under its Code of Ethics has divulged or acted upon any material, non-public information, as such term is defined under relevant securities laws, and if such a violation of the code of ethics of the Trust has occurred, or if such a violation of its Code of Ethics has occurred, that appropriate action was taken in response to such violation. The Subadviser shall notify the Adviser promptly of any material violation of the Code of Ethics involving the Trust. The Subadviser will provide such additional information regarding violations of the Code of Ethics directly affecting the Trust as the Trust or its Chief Compliance Officer on behalf of the Trust or the Adviser may reasonably request in order to assess the functioning of the Code of Ethics or any harm caused to the Trust from a violation of the Code of Ethics. Further, the Subadviser represents that it has policies and procedures regarding the detection and prevention of the misuse of material, nonpublic information by the Subadviser and its employees. The Subadviser will explain what it has done to seek to ensure such compliance in the future. Annually, the Subadviser shall furnish to the Trust and the Adviser a written report which complies with the requirements of Rule 17j-1 concerning the Subadviser’s Code of Ethics. The Subadviser shall permit the Trust and the Adviser to examine the reports required to be made by the Subadviser under Rules 204A-1(b) and 17j-1(d)(1) and this subparagraph. |
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E. | It has adopted and implemented, and throughout the term of this Agreement shall maintain in effect and implement, policies and procedures reasonably designed to prevent, detect and correct violations by the Subadviser and its supervised persons, and, to the extent the activities of the Subadviser in respect of the Trust could affect the Trust, by the Trust, of “federal securities laws” with respect to its provision of services hereunder (as defined in Rule 38a-1 under the Act) (“38a-1 Policies”), and that the Subadviser has provided the Trust with true and complete copies of its policies and procedures (or summaries thereof) and related information reasonably requested by the Trust and/or the Adviser. The Subadviser agrees to reasonably cooperate with periodic reviews by the Trust’s and/or the Adviser’s compliance personnel of the Subadviser’s 38a-1 Policies, their operation and implementation and other related compliance matters and to provide to the Trust and/or the Adviser from time to time such additional information and certifications in respect of the Subadviser’s 38a-1 Policies, compliance by the Subadviser with federal securities laws in performing its duties hereunder as the Trust’s and/or the Adviser’s compliance personnel may reasonably request. The Subadviser agrees to promptly notify the Adviser of any material compliance violations which affect the Designated Series. |
F. | The Subadviser will immediately notify the Trust and the Adviser of the occurrence of any event which would disqualify the Subadviser from serving as an investment adviser of an investment company pursuant to Section 9 of the Act or otherwise. The Subadviser will also immediately notify the Trust and the Adviser if it is served or otherwise receives notice of any action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation, at law or in equity, before or by any court, public board or body, including but not limited to the SEC and the CFTC, involving the affairs of the Designated Series. |
G. | To the best of its knowledge, there are no material pending, threatened, or contemplated actions, suits, proceedings, or investigations before or by any court, governmental, administrative or self-regulatory body, board of trade, exchange, or arbitration panel to which it or any of its directors, officers, employees, partners, shareholders, members or principals, or any of its affiliates is a party or to which it or its affiliates or any of its or its affiliates’ assets are subject, nor has it or any of its affiliates received any notice of an investigation, inquiry, or dispute by any court, governmental, administrative, or self-regulatory body, board of trade, exchange, or arbitration panel regarding any of its or their activities, which might reasonably be expected to result in (i) a material adverse effect on the Trust or (ii) a material adverse change in the Subadviser’s condition (financial or otherwise) or business, or which might reasonably be expected to materially impair the Subadviser’s ability to discharge its obligations under this Agreement. The Subadviser will also promptly notify the Trust and the Adviser if the representation in this Section 13.G is no longer accurate. |
H. | The Subadviser shall promptly notify the Adviser of any changes in the portfolio manager(s) responsible for the Designated Series or if there is an actual or expected change in control or management of the Subadviser. |
The Subadviser shall notify the Adviser and the Trust promptly in writing if at any time any event shall occur which would make or tend to make any of the foregoing not true or incomplete.
14. | Representations and Warranties of the Trust and the Adviser. Each of the Trust and the Adviser represents and warrants to the Subadviser and agrees that: |
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A. | It is duly organized, existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its organization, with full power to carry on its business as now conducted, to enter into this Agreement, and to perform its obligations hereunder. |
B. | This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed, and delivered by it and constitutes a valid and legally binding obligation of it enforceable against it in accordance with its terms. |
C. | This Agreement has been duly considered and approved, consistent with applicable requirements of the Act, including Section 15 thereof. |
D. | The Adviser has been duly authorized to enter into this Agreement, and as a result thereof, to delegate to the Subadviser the provision of services to the Designated Series as contemplated hereunder. |
E. | The Trust is currently in compliance in all material respects, and, unless caused by the Subadviser’s breach of this Agreement or noncompliance with the Prospectus, Statement of Additional Information or 38a-1 Policies, it and the Adviser shall at all times continue to operate the Trust so as to comply in all material respects with the requirements imposed upon the Trust by applicable law and regulations and applicable regulations of any industry self-regulatory agency. |
F. | Unless caused by the Subadviser’s breach of this Agreement or noncompliance with the Prospectus, Statement of Additional Information or 38a-1 Policies, the performance by it of its obligations under this Agreement will not conflict with or result in a breach of any of the terms or provisions of, or in the imposition of any lien charge or encumbrance upon any of the property or assets of it pursuant to the terms of, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it is bound or to which any of its property or assets is subject, nor will any such action or performance result in a violation of the provisions of its organizational documents or any laws, rules or regulations of any government, regulatory or self-regulatory agency or court orders applicable to it (“Applicable Laws”). |
G. | There are no actual or threatened actions, suits, proceedings, investigations or inquiries pending against it at law or in equity or before or by any governmental authority or self-regulatory body in which an adverse decision would reasonably be expected to materially and adversely affect the Trust’s or Adviser’s ability to comply with and to perform its obligations under this Agreement. |
H. | Each of the Trust and the Adviser has, and continues to maintain, adequate errors and omissions and directors’ and officers’ insurance policies and there has been no claim made under any such policy since January 1, 2018. |
I. | Since January 1, 2017 through the date hereof, there have been no Material Compliance Matters (as defined by Rule 38a-1 of the Act) detected or reported by or to the Trust or the Adviser. |
The Adviser and the Trust shall notify the Subadviser promptly in writing if at any time any event shall occur which would make or tend to make any of the foregoing not true or incomplete.
15. | Further Representations and Warranties of the Adviser. The Adviser further represents and warrants to the Subadviser, which representations and warranties shall be deemed to be continuing, that: |
A. | Trust is a “eligible contract participant” as defined under Section 1a(18) of the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended (“CEA”), and CFTC Reg. § 1.3 promulgated thereunder. |
B. | The Trust is a “qualified eligible person” as defined under CFTC Reg. § 4.7 and it consents to Subadviser treating its account as an exempt account under CFTC Reg. § 4.7. |
C. | The Adviser is registered under the CEA as a commodity pool operator and it is a member of the NFA. |
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D. | Except for the information furnished by the Subadviser for inclusion in the Prospectus or Statement of Additional Information, the Prospectus and the Statement of Additional Information do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. |
E. | The Adviser (i) is duly registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act and will continue to be so registered for so long as this Agreement and the investment advisory agreement by and between the Adviser and the Trust remain in effect, (ii) is not prohibited by the Act or the Advisers Act from entering into, and performing under, this Agreement, and (iii) will promptly notify the Subadviser of the occurrence of any event that would disqualify the Adviser from serving as an investment adviser of a registered investment company pursuant to Section 9(a) of the Act. |
F. | The Adviser has in place all regulatory, self-regulatory and exchange approvals, licenses, registrations, memberships and/or exemptions as may be necessary in order for it enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement |
G. | The offer and sale of shares in the Trust will be conducted in compliance in all material respects with all Applicable Laws. |
H. | As of the date hereof, there have been no actual or threatened regulatory, litigation or compliance matters known to the Adviser concerning any marketing, distribution or wholesaling activity undertaken by employees, contractors or affiliates of the Adviser while such persons or entities have been employed by, contracted by or affiliated with the Adviser. |
The Adviser shall notify the Subadviser promptly in writing if at any time any event shall occur which would make or tend to make any of the foregoing not true or incomplete.
16. | No Personal Liability. Reference is hereby made to the Declaration of Trust establishing the Trust, a copy of which has been filed with the SEC, and to any and all amendments thereto so filed or hereafter filed. The name “Virtus Opportunities Trust” refers to the Board under said Declaration of Trust, as trustees and not personally, and no trustee, shareholder, officer, agent or employee of the Trust shall be held to any personal liability in connection with the affairs of the Trust; only the trust estate under said Declaration of Trust is liable. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, neither the Subadviser nor any of its officers, directors, partners, shareholders or employees shall, under any circumstances, have recourse or cause or willingly permit recourse to be had directly or indirectly to any personal, statutory, or other liability of any shareholder, Trustee, officer, agent or employee of the Trust or of any successor of the Trust, whether such liability now exists or is hereafter incurred for claims against the trust estate. |
17. | Entire Agreement; Amendment. This Agreement, together with the Schedules attached hereto, constitutes the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes any prior written or oral agreements pertaining to the subject matter of this Agreement. This Agreement may be amended at any time, but only by written agreement among the Subadviser, the Adviser and the Trust, which amendment, other than amendments to Schedules A, B, D, E and F, is subject to the approval of the Board (including those trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Trust) and, if required by the Act or applicable SEC rules and regulations, a vote of a majority of the Designated Series’ outstanding voting securities; provided, however, that, notwithstanding the foregoing, this Agreement may be amended or terminated in accordance with any exemptive order issued to the Adviser, the Trust or its affiliates. |
18. | Effective Date; Term. This Agreement shall become effective on the date set forth on the first page of this Agreement, and shall continue in effect until December 31, 2021. The Agreement shall continue from year to year thereafter only so long as its continuance has been specifically approved at least annually (i) by a vote of the Board of the Trust or by vote of a majority of outstanding voting securities of the Designated Series and (ii) by vote of a majority of the trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust (as defined in the Act) or of any person party to this Agreement, cast in person (or otherwise, as consistent with applicable laws, regulations and related guidance and relief) at a meeting called for the purpose of such approval. |
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19. | Termination. This Agreement may be terminated at any time without payment of any penalty (i) by the Board, or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Designated Series, upon 60 days’ prior written notice to the Adviser and the Subadviser, (ii) by the Subadviser upon 60 days’ prior written notice to the Adviser and the Trust, or (iii) by the Adviser upon 60 days’ prior written notice to the Subadviser. This Agreement may also be terminated, without the payment of any penalty, by the Adviser or the Board immediately (i) upon the material breach by the Subadviser of this Agreement or (ii) at the terminating party’s discretion, if the Subadviser or any officer, director or key portfolio manager of the Subadviser is accused in any regulatory, self-regulatory or judicial investigation or proceeding as having violated the federal securities laws or engaged in criminal conduct. This Agreement may also be terminated, without the payment of any penalty, by the Subadviser immediately (i) upon the material breach by the Adviser of this Agreement or (ii) at the discretion of the Subadviser, if the Adviser or any officer or director of the Adviser is accused in any regulatory, self-regulatory or judicial investigation or proceeding as having violated the federal securities laws or engaged in criminal conduct. This Agreement shall terminate automatically and immediately upon termination of the Advisory Agreement. This Agreement shall terminate automatically and immediately in the event of its assignment, as such term is defined in and interpreted under the terms of the Act and the rules promulgated thereunder. Termination of this Agreement will not affect any outstanding orders or transactions or any legal rights or obligations which may already have arisen. Transactions in progress at the date of termination will be completed by the Subadviser as soon as reasonably practicable. Provisions of this Agreement relating to indemnification and the preservation of records, as well as any responsibilities or obligations of the parties hereto arising from matters initiated prior to termination, shall survive any termination of this Agreement. |
20. | Applicable Law. To the extent that state law is not preempted by the provisions of any law of the United States heretofore or hereafter enacted, as the same may be amended from time to time, this Agreement shall be administered, construed and enforced according to the laws of the State of Delaware applicable to contracts entered into and fully performed within the State of Delaware. |
21. | Severability. If any term or condition of this Agreement shall be invalid or unenforceable to any extent or in any application, then the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby, and each and every term and condition of this Agreement shall be valid and enforced to the fullest extent permitted by law. |
22. | Notices. Any notice or other communication required to be given pursuant to this Agreement shall be deemed duly given if delivered personally or by overnight delivery service or mailed by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid, or sent by facsimile or e-mail transmission addressed to the parties at their respective addresses set forth below, or at such other address as shall be designated by any party in a written notice to the other party. |
(a) | To the Adviser or the Trust at: |
One Financial Plaza
Hartford, CT 06103
Attn: Counsel
Facsimile: 860.241.1028
(b) | To the Subadviser at: |
FORT, L.P.
2 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 1150
Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
Attn: General Counsel
Telephone: 301.986.6940
Facsimile: 301.986.6930
Email: legal@fortlp.com
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23. | Certifications. The Subadviser shall timely provide to the Adviser and the Trust, all information and documentation they may reasonably request as necessary or desirable in order for the Adviser and the Board to oversee the activities of the Subadviser with respect to the Designated Series and in connection with the compliance by the Subadviser, the Adviser and the Trust with the requirements of this Agreement, the Registration Statement, the policies and procedures referenced herein, and any applicable law, including, without limitation, (i) information and commentary relating to the Subadviser or the Designated Series for the Trust’s annual and semi-annual reports, in a format reasonably approved by the Adviser, together with (A) a certification that such information and commentary discuss all of the factors that materially affected the performance of the Designated Series, including the relevant market conditions and the investment techniques and strategies used and (B) additional certifications related to the Subadviser’s management of the Designated Series in order to support the Trust’s filings on Form N-CSR, Form N-Q and other applicable forms, and the Trust’s Principal Executive Officer’s and Principal Financial Officer’s certifications under Rule 30a-2 under the Act, thereon; (ii) within 5 business days of a quarter-end, a quarterly certification with respect to compliance and operational matters related to the Subadviser and the Subadviser’s management of the Designated Series (including, without limitation, compliance with the applicable procedures), in a format reasonably requested by the Adviser, as it may be amended from time to time; and (iii) an annual certification from the Subadviser’s Chief Compliance Officer, appointed under Rule 206(4)-7 under the Advisers Act with respect to the design and operation of the Subadviser’s compliance program as it relates to the Designated Series, in a format reasonably requested by the Adviser or the Trust. Without limiting the foregoing, the Subadviser shall provide a quarterly certification in a form substantially similar to that attached as Schedule E. |
24. | Indemnification. |
A. | The Subadviser shall indemnify and hold harmless the Adviser from and against any and all claims, losses, liabilities, or damages (including reasonable attorney’s fees and other related expenses) (collectively, “Losses”) arising from the Subadviser’s willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of its duties under this Agreement in the performance of its obligations under this Agreement; provided, however, that the Subadviser’s obligation under this Section 24 shall be reduced to the extent that the claim against, or the loss, liability, or damage experienced by the Adviser, is caused by or is otherwise directly related to (i) any breach by the Adviser of its representations or warranties made herein, (ii) any willful misconduct, bad faith, reckless disregard or negligence of the Adviser in the performance of any of its duties or obligations hereunder, or (iii) any untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, proxy materials, reports, advertisements, sales literature, or other materials pertaining to the Trust or the omission to state therein a material fact known to the Adviser that was required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, if such statement or omission was made in reliance upon information furnished to the Subadviser or the Trust, or the omission of such information, by the Adviser for use therein. |
B. | The Adviser shall indemnify and hold harmless the Subadviser from and against any and all Losses arising from the Adviser’s willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of its duties under this Agreement in the performance of its obligations under this Agreement; provided, however, that the Adviser’s obligation under this Section 24 shall be reduced to the extent that the claim against, or the loss, liability, or damage experienced by the Subadviser, is caused by or is otherwise directly related to (i) any breach by the Subadviser of its representations or warranties made herein, (ii) any willful misconduct, bad faith, reckless disregard or negligence of the Subadviser in the performance of any of its duties or obligations hereunder, or (iii) any untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, proxy materials, reports, advertisements, sales literature, or other materials pertaining to the Trust or the omission to state therein a material fact known to the Subadviser that was required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, if such statement or omission was made in reliance upon information furnished to the Adviser or the Trust, or the omission of such information, by the Subadviser for use therein. |
C. | A party seeking indemnification hereunder (the “Indemnified Party”) will (i) provide prompt written notice to the other of any claim (“Claim”) for which it intends to seek indemnification, (ii) grant control of the defense and /or settlement of the Claim to the other party, and (iii) cooperate with the other party in the defense thereof. The Indemnified Party will have the right at its own expense to participate in the defense of any Claim, but will not have the right to control the defense, consent to judgment or agree to the settlement of any Claim without the written consent of the other party. The party providing the indemnification will not consent to the entry of any judgment or enter any settlement which (i) does not include, as an unconditional term, the release by the claimant of all liabilities for Claims against the Indemnified Party or (ii) which otherwise adversely affects the rights of the Indemnified Party. |
D. | No party will be liable to another party for consequential, special, indirect or punitive damages under any provision of this Agreement. |
25. | Receipt of Disclosure Documents. The Trust and the Adviser acknowledge receipt of (a) a copy of Part 2 of the Subadviser’s Form ADV containing certain information concerning the Subadviser and the nature of its business and (b) the Subadviser’s commodity trading advisor disclosure document. The Subadviser will, promptly after making any amendment to its Form ADV, furnish a copy of such amendment to the Adviser. On an annual basis and upon reasonable request, the Subadviser will provide appropriate documentation demonstrating the financial condition of the Subadviser as mutually agreed upon by the Parties. At the time of providing such information, the Subadviser shall describe any material adverse change in its financial condition since the date of its latest financial statement. |
26. | Counterparts; Fax Signatures. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts (including executed counterparts delivered and exchanged by facsimile transmission) with the same effect as if all signing parties had originally signed the same document, and all counterparts shall be construed together and shall constitute the same instrument. For all purposes, signatures delivered and exchanged by facsimile transmission shall be binding and effective to the same extent as original signatures. |
27. | Bankruptcy and Related Events. Each of the Adviser and the Subadviser agrees that it will provide prompt notice to the other in the event that: (i) it makes an assignment for the benefit of creditors, files a voluntary petition in bankruptcy, or is otherwise adjudged bankrupt or insolvent by a court of competent jurisdiction; or (ii) a material event occurs that could reasonably be expected to adversely impair its ability to perform this Agreement. The Adviser further agrees that it will provide prompt notice to the Subadviser in the event that the Trust ceases to be registered as an investment company under the Act. |
PURSUANT TO AN EXEMPTION FROM THE COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION IN CONNECTION WITH ACCOUNTS OF QUALIFIED ELIGIBLE PERSONS, THIS BROCHURE OR ACCOUNT DOCUMENT IS NOT REQUIRED TO BE, AND HAS NOT BEEN, FILED WITH THE COMMISSION. THE COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION DOES NOT PASS UPON THE MERITS OF PARTICIPATING IN A TRADING PROGRAM OR UPON THE ADEQUACY OR ACCURACY OF COMMODITY TRADING ADVISOR DISCLOSURE. CONSEQUENTLY, THE COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION HAS NOT REVIEWED OR APPROVED THIS TRADING PROGRAM OR THIS BROCHURE OR ACCOUNT DOCUMENT.
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VIRTUS OPPORTUNITIES TRUST | ||
By: | /s/ W. Patrick Bradley | |
Name: W. Patrick Bradley | ||
Title: Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer | ||
VIRTUS ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT ADVISERS, INC. | ||
By: | /s/ Francis G. Waltman | |
Name: Francis G. Waltman | ||
Title: Executive Vice President |
ACCEPTED: | ||
FORT, L.P. | ||
By: | /s/ Christopher Snyder | |
Name: Christopher Snyder | ||
Title: General Counsel |
SCHEDULES: | A. Operational Procedures |
B. Record Keeping Requirements | |
C. Fee Schedule | |
D. Subadviser Functions | |
E. Form of Sub-Certification | |
F. Designated Series |
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SCHEDULE A
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
In order to minimize operational problems, it will be necessary for a flow of information to be supplied in a secure manner by Subadviser to the Trust’s service providers, including: The Bank of New York Mellon (the "Custodian"), Virtus Fund Services, LLC (the “Fund Administrator”), BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc., (the “Accounting Agent”), any prime broker (the “Prime Broker”) and all other Counterparties/Brokers as required.
The Subadviser must furnish the Trust’s service providers with required daily information as to executed trades in a format and time-frame agreed to by the Subadviser, Custodian, Fund Administrator, Accounting Agent and Prime Broker/Counterparties and designated persons of the Trust. Trade information sent to the Custodian, Fund Administrator, Accounting Agent and Prime Broker/Counterparties must include all necessary data within the required timeframes to allow such parties to perform their obligations to the Designated Series.
The Subadviser shall provide to the Accounting Agent a daily trade blotter with a summary of all trades, in addition to trade feeds, including, if no trades are executed, a report to that effect. Daily information as to executed trades for same-day settlement trades shall be delivered to the Accounting Agent no later than 5:00 p.m. (Eastern Time) on the day of the trade each day the Trust is open for business. All other executed trades must be delivered to the Accounting Agent on trade date +1 by 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) to ensure that they are part of the Designated Series’ NAV calculation. (Subadviser will be responsible for reimbursement to the Trust for any loss caused by the Subadviser’s failure to comply with the requirements of this Schedule A.) On fiscal quarter ends and calendar quarter ends, the Subadviser shall use reasonable efforts to provide to the Accounting Agent all trades by 4:30 p.m. (Eastern Time) and in any event shall provide to the Accounting Agent all trades promptly for inclusion in the financial statements of the Designated Series. The data to be sent to the Accounting Agent and/or Fund Administrator will be as agreed by the Subadviser, Fund Administrator, Accounting Agent and designated persons of the Trust and shall include, as appropriate, (without limitation) the following:
1. Transaction type (e.g., purchase, sale, open, close, put call);
2. Security type (e.g., equity, fixed income, swap, future, option, short, long);
3. Security name;
4. Exchange identifier (e.g., CUSIP, ISIN, Sedol, OCC Symbol) (as applicable);
5. Number of shares and par, original face, contract amount, notional amount;
6. Transaction price per share (clean if possible);
7. Strike price;
8. Aggregate principal amount;
9. Executing broker;
10. Settlement agent;
11. Trade date;
12. Settlement date;
13. Aggregate commission or if a net trade;
14. Interest purchased or sold from interest bearing security;
15. Net proceeds of the transaction;
16. Trade commission reason: best execution, soft dollar or research (to be provided quarterly);
17. Derivative terms;
18. Non-deliverable forward classification (to be provided quarterly);
19. Maturity/expiration date; and
20. Details of margin and collateral movement.
When opening accounts with brokers for, and in the name of, the Trust, the account must be a cash account. No margin accounts are to be opened by the Subadviser in the name of the Trust or any Series except as specifically approved by the Trust and the Fund Administrator. Delivery instructions are as specified by the Custodian. The Custodian will supply the Subadviser daily with a cash availability report via access to the Custodian website, or by email or by facsimile and the Accounting Agent will provide a five-day cash projection. This will normally be done by email or, if email is unavailable, by another form of immediate written communication, so that the Subadviser will know the amount available for investment purposes.
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SCHEDULE B
RECORDS TO BE MAINTAINED BY THE SUBADVISER (AS APPLICABLE)
1. | (Rule 31a-1(b)(5) and (6)) A record of each brokerage order, and all other series purchases and sales, given by the Subadviser on behalf of the Trust for, or in connection with, the purchase or sale of securities, whether executed or unexecuted. Such records shall include: |
A. | The name of the broker; |
B. | The terms and conditions of the order and of any modifications or cancellations thereof; |
C. | The time of entry or cancellation; |
D. | The price at which executed; |
E. | The time of receipt of a report of execution; and |
F. | The name of the person who placed the order on behalf of the Trust. |
2. | (Rule 31a-1(b)(9)) A record for each fiscal quarter, completed within ten (10) days after the end of the quarter, showing specifically the basis or bases upon which the allocation of orders for the purchase and sale of series securities to named brokers or dealers was effected, and the division of brokerage commissions or other compensation on such purchase and sale orders. Such record: |
A. Shall include the consideration given to:
(i) | The sale of shares of the Trust by brokers or dealers. |
(ii) | The supplying of services or benefits by brokers or dealers to: |
(a) The Trust,
(b) The Adviser,
(c) The Subadviser, and
(d) Any person other than the foregoing.
(iii) | Any other consideration other than the technical qualifications of the brokers and dealers as such. |
B. | Shall show the nature of the services or benefits made available. |
C. | Shall describe in detail the application of any general or specific formula or other determinant used in arriving at such allocation of purchase and sale orders and such division of brokerage commissions or other compensation. |
D.
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Shall show the name of the person responsible for making the determination of such allocation and such division of brokerage commissions or other compensation. |
3. | (Rule 31a-1(b)(10)) A record in the form of an appropriate memorandum identifying the person or persons, committees or groups authorizing the purchase or sale of series securities. Where a committee or group makes an authorization, a record shall be kept of the names of its members who participate in the authorization. There shall be retained as part of this record: any memorandum, recommendation or instruction supporting or authorizing the purchase or sale of series securities and such other information as is appropriate to support the authorization.* |
4. | (Rule 31a-1(f)) Such accounts, books and other documents as are required to be maintained by registered investment advisers by rule adopted under Section 204 of the Advisers Act, to the extent such records are necessary or appropriate to record the Subadviser’s transactions for the Trust. |
5. | Records as necessary under Board-approved policies and procedures of the Trust, including without limitation those related to valuation determinations. |
* Such information might include: current financial information, annual and quarterly reports, press releases, reports by analysts and from brokerage firms (including their recommendations, i.e., buy, sell, hold) or any internal reports or subadviser review.
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SCHEDULE C
SUBADVISORY FEE
For services provided to the Designated Series, the Adviser will pay to the Subadviser a fee, payable monthly in arrears, equal to 50% of the net advisory fee applicable to the Designated Series, calculated as follows:
1. | The total expenses of the Designated Series will be calculated in accordance with the terms of its prospectus, including application of the gross advisory fee. For the avoidance of doubt, the assets of VATS Offshore Fund, Ltd. (the “Subsidiary”), for which the Subadviser is paid a subadvisory fee under the subadvisory agreement between the Adviser and the Subadviser relating to the Subsidiary, shall be excluded from the assets of the Designated Series in calculating the fee payable hereunder. |
2. | Such total expenses will be reduced by the application of any applicable fee waiver and/or expense limitation agreement, in accordance with the terms thereof. |
3. | The net advisory fee applicable to the Designated Series will then be calculated by subtracting from the gross advisory fee any amount required to be waived under the applicable fee waiver(s) and/or reimbursed under such applicable expense limitation agreement. |
4. | In the event that the Adviser waives its entire fee and also assumes expenses of the Designated Series pursuant to an applicable expense limitation agreement, the Subadviser will similarly waive its entire fee and will share in the expense assumption by contributing 50% of the assumed amount. |
5. | If during the term of this Agreement the Adviser later recaptures some or all of the fees waived or expenses assumed by the Adviser and the Subadviser together, the Adviser shall pay to the Subadviser a pro rata amount of the fee(s)/expense(s) recaptured that is attributable to the Subadviser’s portion of the original waiver/assumed expense. |
6. | Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 4 and 5 of this Schedule C, in no event shall the fee payable to the Subadviser be lower on an absolute basis, expressed in terms of basis points, than it is on the date hereof, regardless of any reduction in the net advisory fee applicable to the Designated Series resulting from any fee waiver or reimbursement by the Adviser. |
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SCHEDULE D
SUBADVISER FUNCTIONS
With respect to managing the investment and reinvestment of the Designated Series’ assets, the Subadviser shall provide, at its own expense:
(a) | An investment program for the Designated Series consistent with its investment objectives and strategies set forth in the Prospectus and Investment Guidelines and implementation of that program; |
(b) | Periodic reports, on at least a quarterly basis, in form and substance acceptable to the Adviser, with respect to: i) compliance with the Code of Ethics and the Trust’s code of ethics; ii) compliance with procedures adopted from time to time by the Board relative to securities eligible for resale under Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended; iii) diversification of Designated Series assets in accordance with any applicable diversification policy set forth in the then prevailing Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information pertaining to the Designated Series; and governing laws, regulations, rules and orders; iv) compliance with governing restrictions relating to the fair valuation of securities for which market quotations are not readily available or considered "illiquid" for the purposes of complying with the Designated Series’ limitation on acquisition of illiquid securities; v) any and all other reports reasonably requested in accordance with or described in this Agreement; vi) the implementation of the Designated Series’ investment program, including, without limitation, analysis of Designated Series performance; vii) compliance with the policies set forth in the Trust’s Registration Statement and the Investment Guidelines; viii) description of material changes in its 38a-1 Policies; and ix) description of any significant firm related developments reasonably expected to impact its services to the Designated Series; |
(c) | Promptly after filing with the SEC an amendment to its Form ADV, a copy of such amendment to the Adviser and the Board; |
(d) | Periodic attendance by appropriate representatives of the Subadviser at meetings requested by the Adviser or Board at such time(s) and location(s) as reasonably requested by the Adviser or Board; and |
(e) | Notice to the Board and the Adviser of the occurrence of any event which would disqualify the Subadviser from serving as an investment adviser of an investment company pursuant to Section 9(a) of the Act or otherwise. |
(f) | Reasonable assistance in the valuation of securities including the participation of appropriate representatives at fair valuation committee meetings. |
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SCHEDULE E
FORM OF SUB-CERTIFICATION
To: |
Re: | Subadviser’s Form N-CSR and Form N-Q Certification for the [Name of Designated Series]. |
From: | [Name of Subadviser] |
Representations in support of Investment Company Act Rule 30a-2 certifications of Form N-CSR and Form N-Q.
[Name of Designated Series].
In connection with your certification responsibility under Rule 30a-2 and Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, I have reviewed the following information presented in the schedule of investments for the period ended [Date of Reporting Period] (the “Report”) which forms part of the N-CSR or N-Q, as applicable, for the Trust.
Schedule of Investments
Our organization has designed, implemented and maintained internal controls and procedures, designed for the purpose of ensuring the accuracy and completeness of relevant portfolio trade data transmitted to those responsible for the preparation of the Schedule of Investments. As of the date of this certification there have been no material modifications to these internal controls and procedures.
In addition, our organization has:
a. | Designed such internal controls and procedures to ensure that material information is made known to the appropriate groups responsible for servicing the above-mentioned mutual fund. |
b. | Evaluated the effectiveness of our internal controls and procedures, as of a date within 90 days prior to the date of this certification and we have concluded that such controls and procedures are effective. |
c. | In addition, to the best of my knowledge, there has been no fraud, whether or not material, that involves our organization’s management or other employees who have a significant role in our organization’s control and procedures as they relate to our duties as subadviser to the Designated Series. |
I have read the draft of the Report which I understand to be current as of [Date of Reporting Period] and based on my knowledge, such draft of the Report does not, with respect to the Designated Series, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the information contained therein, in light of the circumstances under which such information is presented, not misleading with respect to the period covered by such draft Report.
I have disclosed, based on my most recent evaluation, to the Designated Series’ Chief Accounting Officer:
a. | All significant changes, deficiencies and material weakness, if any, in the design or operation of the Subadviser’s internal controls and procedures which could adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data with respect to the Designated Series in a timely fashion; |
b. | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves the Subadviser’s management or other employees who have a significant role in the Subadviser’s internal controls and procedures for financial reporting. |
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I certify that to the best of my knowledge:
a. | The Subadviser’s Portfolio Manager(s) has/have complied with the restrictions and reporting requirements of the Code of Ethics (the “Code”). The term Portfolio Manager is as defined in the Code. |
b. | The Subadviser has complied with the Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information of the Designated Series and the Policies and Procedures of the Designated Series as adopted by the Designated Series Board of Trustees. |
c. | I have no knowledge of any compliance violations except as disclosed in writing to the Virtus Compliance Department by me or by the Subadviser’s compliance administrator. |
d. | The Subadviser has complied with the rules and regulations of the 33 Act and 40 Act, and such other regulations as may apply to the extent those rules and regulations pertain to the responsibilities of the Subadviser with respect to the Designated Series as outlined above. |
e. | Since the submission of our most recent certification there have not been any divestments of securities of issuers that conduct or have direct investments in business operations in Sudan. |
This certification relates solely to the Designated Series named above and may not be relied upon by any other fund or entity.
The Subadviser does not maintain the official books and records of the above Designated Series. The Subadviser’s records are based on its own portfolio management system, a record-keeping system that is not intended to serve as the Designated Series official accounting system. The Subadviser is not responsible for the preparation of the Report.
[Name of Subadviser] | Date | |
[Name of Authorized Signer] | ||
[Title of Authorized Signer] |
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SCHEDULE F
DESIGNATED SERIES
Virtus FORT Trend Fund
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Exhibit d.7
VATS OFFSHORE FUND, LTD.
SUBADVISORY AGREEMENT
September 1, 2020 |
FORT, L.P.
2 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 1150
Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
RE: | Subadvisory Agreement |
Ladies and Gentlemen:
VATS Offshore Fund, Ltd. (the “Fund”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Virtus FORT Trend Fund (the “Series”), a series of Virtus Opportunities Trust (the “Trust”), an open-end investment company of the series type registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Act”), and subject to the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
Virtus Alternative Investment Advisers, Inc. (the “Adviser”) evaluates and recommends advisers for the Fund and is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund.
1. | Appointment as a Subadviser. The Adviser, being duly authorized, hereby appoints FORT, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (the “Subadviser”) as a discretionary investment adviser to invest and reinvest the assets of the Fund designated by the Adviser on the terms and conditions set forth herein. The services of the Subadviser hereunder are not to be deemed exclusive; the Subadviser may render services to others and engage in other activities that do not conflict in any material manner with the Subadviser’s performance hereunder. The Adviser hereby agrees that for as long as this Agreement is in effect and subject to the Adviser’s responsibility to oversee the Subadviser (per Section 2 below), the Fund will not be managed by any other manager or subadviser. |
2. | Acceptance of Appointment; Standard of Performance. The Subadviser accepts its appointment as a discretionary investment adviser of the Fund and agrees, subject to the oversight of the Board of Directors of the Fund (the “Board”) and the Adviser, to use its best professional judgment to make investment decisions for the Fund in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement and as set forth in Schedule D attached hereto and made a part hereof. The Subadviser shall for all purposes herein be deemed to be an independent contractor and shall, except as expressly provided or authorized (whether herein or otherwise), have no authority or obligation to act for or represent the Adviser or the Fund in any way. |
3. | Services of Subadviser. In providing management services to the Fund, the Subadviser shall be subject to the investment objectives, policies and restrictions of the Trust as they apply to the Series and as set forth in the Trust’s then current prospectus (“Prospectus”) and statement of additional information (“Statement of Additional Information”) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) as part of the Trust’s registration statement (the “Registration Statement”), as may be periodically amended and provided to the Subadviser by the Adviser, and to the investment restrictions set forth in the Act and the Rules thereunder, to the supervision and control of the Board, and to the oversight and instructions of the Adviser. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Subadviser will only be required to conform to any amendments to the versions of the Prospectus, the Statement of Additional Information and the 38a-1 Policies (as defined herein) provided to the Subadviser in advance of the execution of the Agreement that are reasonably likely to impact the Subadviser’s services hereunder after the Adviser has provided the Subadviser with notice of such amendment, and in the event that advance notice is not provided, the Subadviser will be afforded reasonable opportunity to implement compliance with such amendment following receipt of notice thereof. The Subadviser shall not, without the Fund’s prior written approval, effect any transactions that would cause the Fund at the time of the transaction to be out of compliance with any of such restrictions or policies. |
4. | Transaction Procedures. All transactions in securities for the Fund shall be consummated by payment to, or delivery by, the custodian(s) from time to time designated by the Trust (the “Custodian”), or such depositories or agents as may be designated by the Custodian in writing, of all cash and/or securities due to or from the Fund. The Subadviser shall not have possession or custody of such cash and/or securities or any responsibility or liability with respect to such custody. All transactions in futures contracts shall be reported to the accounting agent from time to time designated by the Trust (the “Accounting Agent”). The Subadviser shall advise the Custodian or Accounting Agent, as appropriate, and confirm in writing to the Fund all investment orders for the Fund placed by it with banks, brokers, dealers, futures commission merchants and other counterparties (collectively, “brokers and dealers”) at the time and in the manner set forth in Schedule A hereto (as amended from time to time). The Fund shall issue to the Custodian and Accounting Agent such instructions as may be appropriate in connection with the settlement of any transaction initiated by the Subadviser. The Trust shall be responsible for all custodial and accounting arrangements and the payment of all custodial and accounting charges and fees, and, upon giving proper instructions to the Custodian or Accounting Agent, as appropriate, the Subadviser shall have no responsibility or liability with respect to custodial or accounting arrangements or the acts, omissions or other conduct of the Custodian or Accounting Agent. |
5. | Allocation of Brokerage. The Subadviser shall have authority and discretion to select brokers and dealers to execute transactions for the Fund initiated by the Subadviser, and to select the markets on or in which the transactions will be executed. |
A. | In placing orders for the sale and purchase of securities for the Fund, the Subadviser’s primary responsibility shall be to seek the best execution of orders at the most favorable prices. However, this responsibility shall not obligate the Subadviser to solicit competitive bids for each transaction or to seek the lowest available commission cost to the Fund, as long as the Subadviser reasonably believes that the broker or dealer selected by it can be expected to obtain a “best execution” market price on the particular transaction and determines in good faith that the commission cost is reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services (as defined in Section 28(e)(3) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) provided by such broker or dealer to the Subadviser, viewed in terms of either that particular transaction or of the Subadviser’s overall responsibilities with respect to its clients, including the Fund, as to which the Subadviser exercises investment discretion, notwithstanding that the Fund may not be the direct or exclusive beneficiary of any such services or that another broker may be willing to charge the Fund a lower commission on the particular transaction. |
B. | The Subadviser may manage other portfolios and expects that the Fund and other portfolios the Subadviser manages will, from time to time, purchase or sell the same securities and futures contracts. The Subadviser may aggregate orders for the purchase or sale of securities and futures contracts on behalf of the Fund with orders on behalf of other portfolios the Subadviser manages. Assets purchased or proceeds of securities and futures contracts sold through aggregated orders, as well as expenses incurred in the transaction, shall be allocated to the account of each portfolio managed by the Subadviser that bought or sold such securities and futures contracts in a manner considered by the Subadviser to be equitable on an overall basis and consistent with the Subadviser’s fiduciary obligations under applicable federal securities laws in respect of the Fund and to such other accounts. |
C. | Research services furnished to the Subadviser by brokers, dealers or futures commission merchants that effect transactions for the Fund may be used by the Subadviser in servicing other investment companies, funds and accounts that it manages. Similarly, research services furnished to the Subadviser by brokers, dealers or futures commission merchants that effect transactions for other investment companies, funds and accounts that the Subadviser manages may be used by the Subadviser in servicing the Fund. |
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D. | The Subadviser shall not execute any transactions for the Fund with a broker or dealer that is known to the Subadviser to be an “affiliated person” (as defined in the Act) of (i) the Series; (ii) another series of the Trust; (iii) the Adviser; (iv) the Subadviser, or (v) a principal underwriter of the Trust’s shares; in each case, unless such transactions are permitted by applicable law or regulation and carried out in compliance with any applicable policies and procedures of the Trust. The Trust shall provide the Subadviser with a list of brokers and dealers that are “affiliated persons” of the Trust, the Adviser or the principal underwriter of the Trust’s shares, and applicable policies and procedures. Upon the request of the Adviser, the Subadviser shall promptly, and in any event within three business days of a request, indicate whether any entity identified by the Adviser in such request is an “affiliated person,” as such term is defined in the Act, of (i) the Subadviser or (ii) any affiliated person of the Subadviser, subject in each case to any confidentiality requirements applicable to the Subadviser and/or its affiliates. Further, the Subadviser shall provide the Adviser with a list of (x) each broker-dealer entity that is an “affiliated person,” as such term is defined in the Act, of the Subadviser and (y) each affiliated person of the Subadviser that has outstanding publicly-issued debt or equity. Each of the Adviser and the Subadviser agrees promptly to update such list(s) whenever the Adviser or the Subadviser becomes aware of any changes that should be added to or deleted from such list of affiliated persons. |
E. | Consistent with its fiduciary obligations to the Fund in respect of the Fund under applicable federal securities laws, the Subadviser may, under certain circumstances, arrange to have purchase and sale transactions effected directly between the Fund and another account managed by the Subadviser (“cross transactions”), provided that such transactions are carried out in accordance with applicable law or regulation and any applicable policies and procedures of the Trust. The Trust shall provide the Subadviser with applicable policies and procedures. |
6. | Proxies and Other Shareholder Actions. |
A. | The Subadviser shall provide disclosure regarding its proxy voting policies and procedures in accordance with the requirements of Form N-1A for inclusion in the Registration Statement of the Trust. During any annual period in which the Subadviser has voted proxies for the Fund, the Subadviser shall, as may reasonably be requested by the Adviser, certify as to its compliance with its proxy voting policies and procedures and applicable federal statutes and regulations. |
B. | The Subadviser is authorized to deal with reorganizations, exchange offers and other voluntary corporate actions with respect to assets held in the Fund in such manner as the Subadviser deems advisable, unless the Fund or the Adviser otherwise specifically directs in writing. It is acknowledged and agreed that the Subadviser shall not be responsible for the filing of claims (or otherwise causing the Fund to participate) in class action settlements or similar proceedings in which shareholders may participate related to assets currently or previously associated with the Fund. With the Adviser’s approval, on a case-by-case basis the Subadviser may obtain the authority and take on the responsibility to: (i) identify, evaluate and pursue legal claims, including commencing or defending suits, affecting the securities held at any time in the Fund, including claims in bankruptcy, class action securities litigation and other litigation; (ii) participate in such litigation or related proceedings with respect to such assets as the Subadviser deems appropriate to preserve or enhance the value of the Fund, including filing proofs of claim and related documents and serving as “lead plaintiff” in class action lawsuits; (iii) exercise generally any of the powers of an owner with respect to the supervision and management of such rights or claims, including the settlement, compromise or submission to arbitration of any claims, the exercise of which the Subadviser deems to be in the best interest of the Fund or required by applicable law, including ERISA, and (iv) employ suitable agents, including legal counsel, and to pay their reasonable fees, expenses and related costs from the Fund. |
7. | Prohibited Conduct. In accordance with Rule 12d3-1 and Rule 17a-10 under the Act and any other applicable law or regulation, the Subadviser’s responsibility regarding investment advice hereunder is limited to the Fund as a subsidiary of the Series, and the Subadviser will not consult with any other investment advisory firm that provides investment advisory services to the Trust or any other investment company sponsored by Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. or its affiliates regarding transactions in securities or other assets for the Trust. The Fund shall provide the Subadviser with a list of investment companies sponsored by Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. and its affiliates, and the Subadviser shall be in breach of the foregoing provision only if the investment company or affiliate is included in such a list provided to the Subadviser prior to such prohibited action. The Subadviser, and its affiliates and agents, shall refrain from making any written or oral statements concerning the Fund, the Series, the Trust, any other investment company sponsored by Virtus Investment Partners, Inc. or its affiliates, and any substantially similar products, that are reasonably likely to mislead investors regarding either (i) the services rendered by the Subadviser to the Fund, the Series or the Trust, or (ii) the Fund or the Series, including without limitation with respect to the investment strategies and/or risks, and/or the performance thereof. In addition, the Subadviser shall not, without the prior written consent of the Fund and the Adviser, delegate any obligation assumed pursuant to this Agreement to any affiliated or unaffiliated third party. |
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8. | Information and Reports. |
A. | The Subadviser shall keep the Fund and the Adviser informed of developments relating to its duties as Subadviser of which the Subadviser has knowledge that would materially affect the Fund and/or the Series. In this regard, the Subadviser shall provide the Fund, the Adviser and their respective officers with such periodic reports concerning the obligations the Subadviser has assumed under this Agreement as the Fund and the Adviser may from time to time reasonably request. In addition, prior to each regular quarterly meeting of the Board, the Subadviser shall provide the Adviser and the Board with reports regarding the Subadviser’s management of the Fund during the most recently completed quarter, which reports: (i) shall include Subadviser’s representation addressing its performance of its investment management duties hereunder and whether its provision of services hereunder is, to its knowledge, in compliance with the Series’ investment objectives and policies set forth in the Trust’s Registration Statement, the Act and applicable rules and regulations under the Act, and shall provide the Trust and the Adviser with such information as may be reasonably requested by the Trust or the Adviser to enable the Trust and the Adviser to monitor the Series’ compliance with the diversification and minimum “good income” requirements of Subchapter M under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and (ii) otherwise shall be in such form as may be reasonably required by the Adviser. |
B. | Each of the Adviser and the Subadviser shall provide the other party with a list, to the best of the Adviser’s or the Subadviser’s respective knowledge, of each affiliated person (and any affiliated person of such an affiliated person) of the Adviser or the Subadviser, as the case may be, and each of the Adviser and Subadviser agrees promptly to update such list whenever the Adviser or the Subadviser becomes aware of any changes that should be added to or deleted from the list of affiliated persons; provided that the Subadviser shall not be required to provide the identity of any investors in other funds or accounts it manages, but this exception shall not relieve the Subadviser of its obligation to seek to comply with all applicable provisions of the Act in managing the Fund’s assets. |
C. | The Subadviser shall also provide the Adviser with any information reasonably requested by the Adviser regarding its management of the Fund required for any shareholder report, amended Registration Statement, or prospectus supplement to be filed by the Trust with the SEC. |
D. | The Subadviser shall promptly notify the Adviser and the Trust in the event that the Subadviser becomes aware of any actual or potential material violation of any law, regulation or internal policy of the Subadviser, in each case actually or potentially affecting the Fund or the Series. |
9. | Fees for Services. The compensation of the Subadviser for its services under this Agreement shall be calculated and paid by the Adviser in accordance with the attached Schedule C. Pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement between the Fund and the Adviser, the Adviser is solely responsible for the payment of fees to the Subadviser. |
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10. | Limitation of Liability. Absent the Subadviser’s breach of this Agreement directly causing a loss to the Fund or the Series or the willful misconduct, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of the obligations or duties hereunder on the part of the Subadviser, or its officers, directors, partners, agents, employees and controlling persons, the Subadviser shall not be liable for any act or omission in the course of, or connected with, rendering services hereunder or for any losses that may be sustained in the purchase, holding or sale of any position; provided, however, that the Subadviser shall be responsible for, and shall indemnify and hold the Fund and the Adviser and each of their respective directors or trustees, officers, employees and each person, if any, who controls the Fund or the Adviser, harmless against, any and all Losses (as defined below) arising out of or resulting from a “Trade Error” (as defined in the compliance policies and procedures of the Trust) (as the same may be amended from time to time), directly caused by the negligent action or negligent omission of the Subadviser or its agent. The Adviser agrees to provide prior written notice to the Subadviser of any changes to the definition of Trade Error becoming effective with respect to the Fund or the Series unless, in the reasonable discretion of the Adviser, such change must become effective earlier due to any applicable law, rule, regulation or court order. It is acknowledged and agreed that any Trade Error that results in a gain to the Fund shall inure to the benefit of the Fund without any liability to the Subadviser. For the avoidance of doubt, it is acknowledged and agreed that the Fund is a third party beneficiary of the indemnity granted in this Section 10, and the indemnity is intended to cover claims by the Fund, the Trust (on behalf of the Series), or the Adviser against the Subadviser for recovery pursuant to this section. |
11. | Confidentiality. Subject to the duty of the Subadviser and the Fund to comply with applicable law, including any demand of any regulatory or taxing authority having jurisdiction, the parties hereto shall treat as confidential all information pertaining to the Fund and the actions of the Subadviser and the Fund in respect thereof (“Confidential Information”). Each of the Adviser and the Fund explicitly confirms and agrees that Confidential Information with regard to the Subadviser shall include, without limitation, the Subadviser’s (i) trading and risk models, techniques and procedures, (ii) past, current or future trading or position data; provided that, notwithstanding the foregoing, the Adviser and the Fund shall be permitted to disclose position data pursuant to statutory or regulatory filing and shareholder reporting obligations, and may otherwise use position data as needed to perform its recordkeeping and administrative functions for the Fund and (iii) price and research software and databases. Each party covenants that it has and it shall at all times keep confidential and not, directly or indirectly (i) disclose, divulge, furnish or make accessible to anyone, or (ii) use in any manner that would be adverse to the interests of any other party, any Confidential Information of another party to which the former party has been or shall become privy except with the prior written approval of such other party or except for information that is otherwise publicly available, other than information made publicly available by breach of this Agreement, or required to be disclosed by law, the request of any court or other regulatory body or valid legal process. Each party may, however, share Confidential Information: (i) with such party’s affiliates, partners, directors, trustees, officers, employees, service providers, accountants and attorneys, the Custodian or the Accounting Agent (“Permitted Confidants”); provided, that the party’s Permitted Confidants are bound by a duty of confidentiality; (ii) in order to provide reports to shareholders in the Trust; (iii) in order to comply with applicable laws; and (iv) as otherwise permitted in this Agreement. In the event of a breach or threatened breach by a party of any of the provisions of this Section 11, the parties hereto acknowledge that in view of the unique nature of the services rendered by each party and the fact that each party’s business heavily depends upon maintaining the confidentiality of the Confidential Information, the remedies of the non-breaching party at law for such breach will be inadequate, and the parties hereto agree that the non-breaching party shall be entitled, without the necessity of proving irreparable damages, to obtain injunctive relief, a decree of specific performance or other equitable relief restraining the breaching party or parties, as applicable, from violating the provisions of Section 11 of this Agreement. Nothing stated herein shall be construed as prohibiting any party from pursuing any other remedies available to it for such breach or threatened breach, including the recovery of damages. The provisions of this Section 11 shall survive the termination or expiration of this Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Trust and the Adviser agree that the Subadviser may (i) disclose in marketing materials and similar communications that the Subadviser has been engaged to manage assets of the Fund pursuant to this Agreement, and (ii) include performance statistics regarding the Fund in composite performance statistics regarding one or more groups of Subadviser's clients published or included in any of the foregoing communications, provided that the Subadviser does not identify any performance statistics as relating specifically to the Fund. |
12. | Assignment. This Agreement shall terminate automatically in the event of its assignment, as that term is defined in Section 2(a)(4) of the Act and the rules promulgated thereunder. Subadviser shall notify the Fund and the Adviser in writing sufficiently in advance of any proposed change of control, as defined in Section 2(a)(9) of the Act, as will enable the Fund to consider whether an assignment as defined in Section 2(a)(4) of the Act will occur, and to take the steps necessary to enter into a new contract with the Subadviser. |
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13. | Representations, Warranties and Agreements of the Subadviser. The Subadviser represents and warrants to the Fund and the Adviser and agrees that: |
A. | It is duly organized, validly existing, and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its organization, and is qualified to do business in each jurisdiction in which failure to be so qualified would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect upon it. It (i) is registered as an “investment adviser” under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”) and will continue to be so registered for so long as this Agreement remains in effect; (ii) is not prohibited by the Act or the Advisers Act from performing the services contemplated by this Agreement; provided, however, that the Subadviser makes no representation or warranty with regard to adherence to Section 15 of the Act; (iii) has appointed a Chief Compliance Officer under Rule 206(4)-7 under the Advisers Act; (iv) has adopted written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to prevent violations of the Advisers Act from occurring, and correct promptly any violations that have occurred, and will provide notice promptly to the Adviser of any material violations relating to the Fund; (v) has materially met and will seek to continue to meet for so long as this Agreement remains in effect, any other applicable federal or state requirements, or the applicable requirements of any regulatory or industry self-regulatory agency. |
B. | It is registered as a commodity trading advisor with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), and it will maintain such registration continuously during the term of this Agreement and is a member in good standing with the National Futures Association (“NFA”). |
C. | To the extent required by applicable law and/or regulation and/or reasonably requested by the Adviser or the Fund, it will maintain, keep current and preserve on behalf of the Fund, records in the manner required or permitted by the Act and the Rules thereunder including the records identified in Schedule B (as Schedule B may be amended from time to time). The Subadviser agrees that records maintained for the Fund are the property of the Fund, and shall be surrendered to the Fund or to the Adviser as agent of the Fund promptly upon request of either. The Fund acknowledges that the Subadviser may retain copies of all records required to meet the record retention requirements imposed by law and regulation. |
D. | It shall maintain a written code of ethics (the “Code of Ethics”) complying with the requirements of Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act and Rule 17j-1 under the Act and shall provide the Trust and the Adviser with a copy of the Code of Ethics and evidence of its adoption. It shall institute procedures reasonably necessary to prevent Access Persons (as defined in Rule 17j-1) from violating its Code of Ethics. The Subadviser acknowledges receipt of the written code of ethics adopted by and on behalf of the Trust. Each calendar quarter while this Agreement is in effect, a duly authorized compliance officer of the Subadviser shall certify to the Trust and to the Adviser that the Subadviser has complied with the requirements of Rules 204A-1 and 17j-1 during the previous calendar quarter and that there has been no material violation of its Code of Ethics, or of Rule 17j-1(b), or that any persons covered under its Code of Ethics has divulged or acted upon any material, non-public information, as such term is defined under relevant securities laws, and if such a violation of the code of ethics of the Trust has occurred, or if such a violation of its Code of Ethics has occurred, that appropriate action was taken in response to such violation. The Subadviser shall notify the Adviser promptly of any material violation of the Code of Ethics involving the Fund. The Subadviser will provide such additional information regarding violations of the Code of Ethics directly affecting the Fund as the Trust or its Chief Compliance Officer on behalf of the Trust or the Adviser may reasonably request in order to assess the functioning of the Code of Ethics or any harm caused to the Trust from a violation of the Code of Ethics. Further, the Subadviser represents that it has policies and procedures regarding the detection and prevention of the misuse of material, nonpublic information by the Subadviser and its employees. The Subadviser will explain what it has done to seek to ensure such compliance in the future. Annually, the Subadviser shall furnish to the Trust and the Adviser a written report which complies with the requirements of Rule 17j-1 concerning the Subadviser’s Code of Ethics. The Subadviser shall permit the Trust and the Adviser to examine the reports required to be made by the Subadviser under Rules 204A-1(b) and 17j-1(d)(1) and this subparagraph. |
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E. | It has adopted and implemented, and throughout the term of this Agreement shall maintain in effect and implement, policies and procedures reasonably designed to prevent, detect and correct violations by the Subadviser and its supervised persons, and, to the extent the activities of the Subadviser in respect of the Fund could affect the Trust, by the Trust, of “federal securities laws” with respect to its provision of services hereunder (as defined in Rule 38a-1 under the Act) (“38a-1 Policies”), and that the Subadviser has provided the Trust with true and complete copies of its policies and procedures (or summaries thereof) and related information reasonably requested by the Trust and/or the Adviser. The Subadviser agrees to reasonably cooperate with periodic reviews by the Trust’s and/or the Adviser’s compliance personnel of the Subadviser’s 38a-1 Policies, their operation and implementation and other related compliance matters and to provide to the Trust and/or the Adviser from time to time such additional information and certifications in respect of the Subadviser’s 38a-1 Policies, compliance by the Subadviser with federal securities laws in performing its duties hereunder as the Trust’s and/or the Adviser’s compliance personnel may reasonably request. The Subadviser agrees to promptly notify the Adviser of any material compliance violations which affect the Fund. |
F. | The Subadviser will immediately notify the Fund and the Adviser of the occurrence of any event which would disqualify the Subadviser from serving as an investment adviser of an investment company pursuant to Section 9 of the Act or otherwise. The Subadviser will also immediately notify the Fund and the Adviser if it is served or otherwise receives notice of any action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation, at law or in equity, before or by any court, public board or body, including but not limited to the SEC and the CFTC, involving the affairs of the Fund. |
G. | To the best of its knowledge, there are no material pending, threatened, or contemplated actions, suits, proceedings, or investigations before or by any court, governmental, administrative or self-regulatory body, board of trade, exchange, or arbitration panel to which it or any of its directors, officers, employees, partners, shareholders, members or principals, or any of its affiliates is a party or to which it or its affiliates or any of its or its affiliates’ assets are subject, nor has it or any of its affiliates received any notice of an investigation, inquiry, or dispute by any court, governmental, administrative, or self-regulatory body, board of trade, exchange, or arbitration panel regarding any of its or their activities, which might reasonably be expected to result in (i) a material adverse effect on the Fund or (ii) a material adverse change in the Subadviser’s condition (financial or otherwise) or business, or which might reasonably be expected to materially impair the Subadviser’s ability to discharge its obligations under this Agreement. The Subadviser will also promptly notify the Fund and the Adviser if the representation in this Section 13.G is no longer accurate. |
H. | The Subadviser shall promptly notify the Adviser of any changes in the portfolio manager(s) responsible for the Fund or if there is an actual or expected change in control or management of the Subadviser. |
The Subadviser shall notify the Adviser and the Trust promptly in writing if at any time any event shall occur which would make or tend to make any of the foregoing not true or incomplete.
14. | Representations and Warranties of the Trust and the Adviser. Each of the Fund and the Adviser represents and warrants to the Subadviser and agrees that: |
A. | It is duly organized, existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its organization, with full power to carry on its business as now conducted, to enter into this Agreement, and to perform its obligations hereunder. |
B. | This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed, and delivered by it and constitutes a valid and legally binding obligation of it enforceable against it in accordance with its terms. |
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C. | The Adviser has been duly authorized to enter into this Agreement, and as a result thereof, to delegate to the Subadviser the provision of services to the Fund as contemplated hereunder. |
D. | The Fund is currently in compliance in all material respects, and, unless caused by the Subadviser’s breach of this Agreement or noncompliance with the Prospectus, Statement of Additional Information or 38a-1 Policies, it and the Adviser shall at all times continue to operate the Trust so as to comply in all material respects with the requirements imposed upon the Fund or the Series by applicable law and regulations and applicable regulations of any industry self-regulatory agency. |
E. | Unless caused by the Subadviser’s breach of this Agreement or noncompliance with the Prospectus, Statement of Additional Information or 38a-1 Policies, the performance by it of its obligations under this Agreement will not conflict with or result in a breach of any of the terms or provisions of, or in the imposition of any lien charge or encumbrance upon any of the property or assets of it pursuant to the terms of, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it is bound or to which any of its property or assets is subject, nor will any such action or performance result in a violation of the provisions of its organizational documents or any laws, rules or regulations of any government, regulatory or self-regulatory agency or court orders applicable to it (“Applicable Laws”). |
F. | There are no actual or threatened actions, suits, proceedings, investigations or inquiries pending against it at law or in equity or before or by any governmental authority or self-regulatory body in which an adverse decision would reasonably be expected to materially and adversely affect the Fund’s or Adviser’s ability to comply with and to perform its obligations under this Agreement. |
G. | Each of the Fund and the Adviser has, and continues to maintain, adequate errors and omissions and directors’ and officers’ insurance policies and there has been no claim made under any such policy since January 1, 2018. |
H. | Since January 1, 2017 through the date hereof, there have been no Material Compliance Matters (as defined by Rule 38a-1 of the Act) detected or reported by or to the Trust or the Adviser. |
The Adviser and the Trust shall notify the Subadviser promptly in writing if at any time any event shall occur which would make or tend to make any of the foregoing not true or incomplete.
15. | Further Representations and Warranties of the Adviser. The Adviser further represents and warrants to the Subadviser, which representations and warranties shall be deemed to be continuing, that: |
A. | The Fund is a “eligible contract participant” as defined under Section 1a(18) of the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended (“CEA”), and CFTC Reg. § 1.3 promulgated thereunder. |
B. | The Fund is a “qualified eligible person” as defined under CFTC Reg. § 4.7 and it consents to Subadviser treating its account as an exempt account under CFTC Reg. § 4.7. |
C. | The Adviser is registered under the CEA as a commodity pool operator and it is a member of the NFA. | |
D. | Except for the information furnished by the Subadviser for inclusion in the Prospectus or Statement of Additional Information, the Prospectus and the Statement of Additional Information do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. |
E. | The Adviser (i) is duly registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act and will continue to be so registered for so long as this Agreement and the investment advisory agreement by and between the Adviser and the Trust remain in effect, (ii) is not prohibited by the Act or the Advisers Act from entering into, and performing under, this Agreement, and (iii) will promptly notify the Subadviser of the occurrence of any event that would disqualify the Adviser from serving as an investment adviser of a registered investment company pursuant to Section 9(a) of the Act. |
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F. | The Adviser has in place all regulatory, self-regulatory and exchange approvals, licenses, registrations, memberships and/or exemptions as may be necessary in order for it enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement |
G. | The offer and sale of shares in the Fund will be conducted in compliance in all material respects with all Applicable Laws. |
H. | As of the date hereof, there have been no actual or threatened regulatory, litigation or compliance matters known to the Adviser concerning any marketing, distribution or wholesaling activity undertaken by employees, contractors or affiliates of the Adviser while such persons or entities have been employed by, contracted by or affiliated with the Adviser. |
The Adviser shall notify the Subadviser promptly in writing if at any time any event shall occur which would make or tend to make any of the foregoing not true or incomplete.
16. | No Personal Liability. Neither the Subadviser nor any of its officers, directors, partners, shareholders or employees shall, under any circumstances, have recourse or cause or willingly permit recourse to be had directly or indirectly to any personal, statutory, or other liability of any shareholder, director, officer, agent or employee of the Fund or of any successor of the Fund, whether such liability now exists or is hereafter incurred for claims against the Fund’s assets. |
17. | Entire Agreement; Amendment. This Agreement, together with the Schedules attached hereto, constitutes the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes any prior written or oral agreements pertaining to the subject matter of this Agreement. This Agreement may be amended at any time, but only by written agreement among the Subadviser, the Adviser and the Fund. |
18. | Effective Date; Term; Termination. This Agreement shall become effective on the date set forth on the first page of this Agreement, and shall continue in effect until terminated. This Agreement may be terminated at any time without payment of any penalty (i) by the Fund, upon 60 days’ prior written notice to the Adviser and the Subadviser, (ii) by the Subadviser upon 60 days’ prior written notice to the Adviser and the Fund, or (iii) by the Adviser upon 60 days’ prior written notice to the Subadviser. This Agreement may also be terminated, without the payment of any penalty, by the Adviser or the Fund immediately (i) upon the material breach by the Subadviser of this Agreement or (ii) at the terminating party’s discretion, if the Subadviser or any officer, director or key portfolio manager of the Subadviser is accused in any regulatory, self-regulatory or judicial investigation or proceeding as having violated the federal securities laws or engaged in criminal conduct. This Agreement may also be terminated, without the payment of any penalty, by the Subadviser immediately (i) upon the material breach by the Adviser of this Agreement or (ii) at the discretion of the Subadviser, if the Adviser or any officer or director of the Adviser is accused in any regulatory, self-regulatory or judicial investigation or proceeding as having violated the federal securities laws or engaged in criminal conduct. This Agreement shall terminate automatically and immediately upon termination of the Advisory Agreement. Termination of this Agreement will not affect any outstanding orders or transactions or any legal rights or obligations which may already have arisen. Transactions in progress at the date of termination will be completed by the Subadviser as soon as reasonably practicable. Provisions of this Agreement relating to indemnification and the preservation of records, as well as any responsibilities or obligations of the parties hereto arising from matters initiated prior to termination, shall survive any termination of this Agreement. |
19. | Applicable Law. To the extent that state law is not preempted by the provisions of any law of the United States heretofore or hereafter enacted, as the same may be amended from time to time, this Agreement shall be administered, construed and enforced according to the laws of the State of Delaware applicable to contracts entered into and fully performed within the State of Delaware. |
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20. | Severability. If any term or condition of this Agreement shall be invalid or unenforceable to any extent or in any application, then the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby, and each and every term and condition of this Agreement shall be valid and enforced to the fullest extent permitted by law. |
21. | Notices. Any notice or other communication required to be given pursuant to this Agreement shall be deemed duly given if delivered personally or by overnight delivery service or mailed by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid, or sent by facsimile or e-mail transmission addressed to the parties at their respective addresses set forth below, or at such other address as shall be designated by any party in a written notice to the other party. |
(a) | To the Adviser or the Fund at: | |
One Financial Plaza | ||
Hartford, CT 06103 | ||
Attn: Counsel | ||
Facsimile: 860.241.1028 |
(b) | To the Subadviser at: |
FORT, L.P.
2 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 1150
Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
Attn: General Counsel
Telephone: 301.986.6940
Facsimile: 301.986.6930
Email: legal@fortlp.com
22. | Certifications. The Subadviser shall timely provide to the Adviser and the Fund, all information and documentation they may reasonably request as necessary or desirable in order for the Adviser and the Board to oversee the activities of the Subadviser with respect to the Fund and/or the Series and in connection with the compliance by the Subadviser, the Adviser and the Trust with the requirements of this Agreement, the Registration Statement, the policies and procedures referenced herein, and any applicable law, including, without limitation, (i) information and commentary relating to the Subadviser or the Fund for the Trust’s annual and semi-annual reports, in a format reasonably approved by the Adviser, together with (A) a certification that such information and commentary discuss all of the factors that materially affected the performance of the Fund, including the relevant market conditions and the investment techniques and strategies used and (B) additional certifications related to the Subadviser’s management of the Fund in order to support the Trust’s filings on Form N-CSR, Form N-Q and other applicable forms, and the Trust’s Principal Executive Officer’s and Principal Financial Officer’s certifications under Rule 30a-2 under the Act, thereon; (ii) within 5 business days of a quarter-end, a quarterly certification with respect to compliance and operational matters related to the Subadviser and the Subadviser’s management of the Fund (including, without limitation, compliance with the applicable procedures), in a format reasonably requested by the Adviser, as it may be amended from time to time; and (iii) an annual certification from the Subadviser’s Chief Compliance Officer, appointed under Rule 206(4)-7 under the Advisers Act with respect to the design and operation of the Subadviser’s compliance program as it relates to the Fund, in a format reasonably requested by the Adviser or the Fund. Without limiting the foregoing, the Subadviser shall provide a quarterly certification in a form substantially similar to that attached as Schedule E. |
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23. | Indemnification. |
A. | The Subadviser shall indemnify and hold harmless the Adviser from and against any and all claims, losses, liabilities, or damages (including reasonable attorney’s fees and other related expenses) (collectively, “Losses”) arising from the Subadviser’s willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of its duties under this Agreement in the performance of its obligations under this Agreement; provided, however, that the Subadviser’s obligation under this Section 23 shall be reduced to the extent that the claim against, or the loss, liability, or damage experienced by the Adviser, is caused by or is otherwise directly related to (i) any breach by the Adviser of its representations or warranties made herein, (ii) any willful misconduct, bad faith, reckless disregard or negligence of the Adviser in the performance of any of its duties or obligations hereunder, or (iii) any untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, proxy materials, reports, advertisements, sales literature, or other materials pertaining to the Trust or the omission to state therein a material fact known to the Adviser that was required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, if such statement or omission was made in reliance upon information furnished to the Subadviser or the Trust, or the omission of such information, by the Adviser for use therein. |
B. | The Adviser shall indemnify and hold harmless the Subadviser from and against any and all Losses arising from the Adviser’s willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of its duties under this Agreement in the performance of its obligations under this Agreement; provided, however, that the Adviser’s obligation under this Section 23 shall be reduced to the extent that the claim against, or the loss, liability, or damage experienced by the Subadviser, is caused by or is otherwise directly related to (i) any breach by the Subadviser of its representations or warranties made herein, (ii) any willful misconduct, bad faith, reckless disregard or negligence of the Subadviser in the performance of any of its duties or obligations hereunder, or (iii) any untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, proxy materials, reports, advertisements, sales literature, or other materials pertaining to the Trust or the omission to state therein a material fact known to the Subadviser that was required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, if such statement or omission was made in reliance upon information furnished to the Adviser or the Trust, or the omission of such information, by the Subadviser for use therein. |
C. | A party seeking indemnification hereunder (the “Indemnified Party”) will (i) provide prompt written notice to the other of any claim (“Claim”) for which it intends to seek indemnification, (ii) grant control of the defense and /or settlement of the Claim to the other party, and (iii) cooperate with the other party in the defense thereof. The Indemnified Party will have the right at its own expense to participate in the defense of any Claim, but will not have the right to control the defense, consent to judgment or agree to the settlement of any Claim without the written consent of the other party. The party providing the indemnification will not consent to the entry of any judgment or enter any settlement which (i) does not include, as an unconditional term, the release by the claimant of all liabilities for Claims against the Indemnified Party or (ii) which otherwise adversely affects the rights of the Indemnified Party. |
D. | No party will be liable to another party for consequential, special, indirect or punitive damages under any provision of this Agreement. |
24. | Receipt of Disclosure Documents. The Fund and the Adviser acknowledge receipt of (a) a copy of Part 2 of the Subadviser’s Form ADV containing certain information concerning the Subadviser and the nature of its business and (b) the Subadviser’s commodity trading advisor disclosure document. The Subadviser will, promptly after making any amendment to its Form ADV, furnish a copy of such amendment to the Adviser. On an annual basis and upon reasonable request, the Subadviser will provide appropriate documentation demonstrating the financial condition of the Subadviser as mutually agreed upon by the Parties. At the time of providing such information, the Subadviser shall describe any material adverse change in its financial condition since the date of its latest financial statement. |
25. | Counterparts; Fax Signatures. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts (including counterparts executed, delivered and/or exchanged electronically) with the same effect as if all signing parties had originally signed the same document, and all counterparts shall be construed together and shall constitute the same instrument. For all purposes, signatures executed, delivered and/or exchanged electronically shall be binding and effective to the same extent as original signatures. |
11
26. | Bankruptcy and Related Events. Each of the Adviser and the Subadviser agrees that it will provide prompt notice to the other in the event that: (i) it makes an assignment for the benefit of creditors, files a voluntary petition in bankruptcy, or is otherwise adjudged bankrupt or insolvent by a court of competent jurisdiction; or (ii) a material event occurs that could reasonably be expected to adversely impair its ability to perform this Agreement. The Adviser further agrees that it will provide prompt notice to the Subadviser in the event that the Trust ceases to be registered as an investment company under the Act. |
PURSUANT TO AN EXEMPTION FROM THE COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION IN CONNECTION WITH ACCOUNTS OF QUALIFIED ELIGIBLE PERSONS, THIS BROCHURE OR ACCOUNT DOCUMENT IS NOT REQUIRED TO BE, AND HAS NOT BEEN, FILED WITH THE COMMISSION. THE COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION DOES NOT PASS UPON THE MERITS OF PARTICIPATING IN A TRADING PROGRAM OR UPON THE ADEQUACY OR ACCURACY OF COMMODITY TRADING ADVISOR DISCLOSURE. CONSEQUENTLY, THE COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION HAS NOT REVIEWED OR APPROVED THIS TRADING PROGRAM OR THIS BROCHURE OR ACCOUNT DOCUMENT.
VATS OFFSHORE FUND, LTD. | ||
By: | /s/ W. Patrick Bradley | |
Name: W. Patrick Bradley | ||
Title: Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer | ||
VIRTUS ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT ADVISERS, INC. | ||
By: | /s/ Francis G. Waltman | |
Name: Francis G. Waltman | ||
Title: Executive Vice President | ||
ACCEPTED:
FORT, L.P.
By: | /s/ Christopher Snyder | |
Name: Christopher Snyder | ||
Title: General Counsel |
SCHEDULES: A. Operational Procedures
B. Record Keeping Requirements
C. Fee Schedule
D. Subadviser Functions
E. Form of Sub-Certification
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SCHEDULE A
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
In order to minimize operational problems, it will be necessary for a flow of information to be supplied in a secure manner by Subadviser to The Trust’s service providers, including: The Bank of New York Mellon (the "Custodian"), Virtus Fund Services, LLC (the “Fund Administrator”), BNY Mellon Investment Servicing (US) Inc., (the “Accounting Agent”), any prime broker (the “Prime Broker”) and all other Counterparties/Brokers as required for the Fund.
The Subadviser must furnish the Fund’s service providers with required daily information as to executed trades in a format and time-frame agreed to by the Subadviser, Custodian, Fund Administrator, Accounting Agent and Prime Broker/Counterparties and designated persons of the Trust. Trade information sent to the Custodian, Fund Administrator, Accounting Agent and Prime Broker/Counterparties must include all necessary data within the required timeframes to allow such parties to perform their obligations to the Designated Series.
The Subadviser shall provide to the Accounting Agent a daily trade blotter with a summary of all trades, in addition to trade feeds, including, if no trades are executed, a report to that effect. Daily information as to executed trades for same-day settlement trades shall be delivered to the Accounting Agent no later than 5:00 p.m. (Eastern Time) on the day of the trade each day the Fund is open for business. All other executed trades must be delivered to the Accounting Agent on trade date +1 by 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) to ensure that they are part of the Designated Series’ NAV calculation. (Subadviser will be responsible for reimbursement to the Fund for any loss caused by the Subadviser’s failure to comply with the requirements of this Schedule A.) On fiscal quarter ends and calendar quarter ends, the Subadviser shall use reasonable efforts to provide to the Accounting Agent all trades by 4:30 p.m. (Eastern Time) and in any event shall provide to the Accounting Agent all trades promptly for inclusion in the financial statements of the Designated Series. The data to be sent to the Accounting Agent and/or Fund Administrator will be as agreed by the Subadviser, Fund Administrator, Accounting Agent and designated persons of the Fund and shall include, as appropriate, (without limitation) the following:
1. Transaction type (e.g., purchase, sale, open, close, put call);
2. Security type (e.g., equity, fixed income, swap, future, option, short, long);
3. Security name;
4. Exchange identifier (e.g., CUSIP, ISIN, Sedol, OCC Symbol) (as applicable);
5. Number of shares and par, original face, contract amount, notional amount;
6. Transaction price per share (clean if possible);
7. Strike price;
8. aggregate principal amount;
9. Executing broker;
10. Settlement agent;
11. Trade date;
12. Settlement date;
13. Aggregate commission or if a net trade;
14. Interest purchased or sold from interest bearing security;
15. Net proceeds of the transaction;
16. Trade commission reason: best execution, soft dollar or research (to be provided quarterly);
17. Derivative terms;
18. Non-deliverable forward classification (to be provided quarterly);
19. Maturity/expiration date; and
20. Details of margin and collateral movement.
When opening accounts with brokers for, and in the name of, the Fund, the account must be a cash account. No margin accounts are to be opened by the Subadviser in the name of the Fund. Delivery instructions are as specified by the Custodian. The Custodian will supply the Subadviser daily with a cash availability report via access to the Custodian website, or by email or by facsimile and the Sub-Accounting Agent will provide a five-day cash projection. This will normally be done by email or, if email is unavailable, by another form of immediate written communication, so that the Subadviser will know the amount available for investment purposes.
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SCHEDULE B
RECORDS TO BE MAINTAINED BY THE SUBADVISER (AS APPLICABLE)
1. | (Rule 31a-1(b)(5) and (6)) A record of each brokerage order, and all other series purchases and sales, given by the Subadviser on behalf of the Fund for, or in connection with, the purchase or sale of securities, whether executed or unexecuted. Such records shall include: | |
A. The name of the broker;
B. The terms and conditions of the order and of any modifications or cancellations thereof;
C. The time of entry or cancellation;
D. The price at which executed;
E. The time of receipt of a report of execution; and
F. The name of the person who placed the order on behalf of the Fund.
2. | (Rule 31a-1(b)(9)) A record for each fiscal quarter, completed within ten (10) days after the end of the quarter, showing specifically the basis or bases upon which the allocation of orders for the purchase and sale of series securities to named brokers or dealers was effected, and the division of brokerage commissions or other compensation on such purchase and sale orders. Such record: |
A. Shall include the consideration given to:
(i) | The sale of shares of the Trust by brokers or dealers. | |
(ii) | The supplying of services or benefits by brokers or dealers to: |
(a) The Trust,
(b) The Adviser,
(c) The Subadviser, and
(d) Any person other than the foregoing.
(iii) | Any other consideration other than the technical qualifications of the brokers and dealers as such. | |
B. | Shall show the nature of the services or benefits made available. | |
C. | Shall describe in detail the application of any general or specific formula or other determinant used in arriving at such allocation of purchase and sale orders and such division of brokerage commissions or other compensation. | |
D. | Shall show the name of the person responsible for making the determination of such allocation and such division of brokerage commissions or other compensation. | |
3. | (Rule 31a-1(b)(10)) A record in the form of an appropriate memorandum identifying the person or persons, committees or groups authorizing the purchase or sale of series securities. Where a committee or group makes an authorization, a record shall be kept of the names of its members who participate in the authorization. There shall be retained as part of this record: any memorandum, recommendation or instruction supporting or authorizing the purchase or sale of series securities and such other information as is appropriate to support the authorization.* | |
4. | (Rule 31a-1(f)) Such accounts, books and other documents as are required to be maintained by registered investment advisers by rule adopted under Section 204 of the Advisers Act, to the extent such records are necessary or appropriate to record the Subadviser’s transactions for the Fund. | |
5. | Records as necessary under Board-approved policies and procedures of the Trust, including without limitation those related to valuation determinations. |
* Such information might include: current financial information, annual and quarterly reports, press releases, reports by analysts and from brokerage firms (including their recommendations, i.e., buy, sell, hold) or any internal reports or subadviser review.
14
SCHEDULE C
SUBADVISORY FEE
For services provided to the Fund, the Adviser will pay to the Subadviser a fee, payable monthly in arrears, equal to 50% of the net advisory fee applicable to the Fund, calculated as follows:
1. | The total expenses of the Fund will be calculated in accordance with the terms of its prospectus, including application of the gross advisory fee. |
2. | Such total expenses will be reduced by the application of any applicable fee waiver and/or expense limitation agreement, in accordance with the terms thereof. |
3. | The net advisory fee applicable to the Fund will then be calculated by subtracting from the gross advisory fee any amount required to be waived under the applicable fee waiver(s) and/or reimbursed under such applicable expense limitation agreement. |
4. | In the event that the Adviser waives its entire fee and also assumes expenses of the Fund pursuant to an applicable expense limitation agreement, the Subadviser will similarly waive its entire fee and will share in the expense assumption by contributing 50% of the assumed amount. |
5. | If during the term of this Agreement the Adviser later recaptures some or all of the fees waived or expenses assumed by the Adviser and the Subadviser together, the Adviser shall pay to the Subadviser a pro rata amount of the fee(s)/expense(s) recaptured that is attributable to the Subadviser’s portion of the original waiver/assumed expense. |
Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 4 and 5 of this Schedule C, in no event shall the fee payable to the Subadviser be lower on an absolute basis, expressed in terms of basis points, than it is on the date hereof, regardless of any reduction in the net advisory fee applicable to the Fund resulting from any fee waiver or reimbursement by the Adviser.
15
SCHEDULE D
SUBADVISER FUNCTIONS
With respect to managing the investment and reinvestment of the assets of the Fund, the Subadviser shall provide, at its own expense:
(a) | An investment program for the Fund consistent with its investment objectives and strategies set forth in the Prospectus and Investment Guidelines and implementation of that program; |
(b) | Periodic reports, on at least a quarterly basis, in form and substance acceptable to the Adviser, with respect to: i) compliance with the Code of Ethics and the Trust’s code of ethics; ii) compliance with procedures adopted from time to time by the Board relative to securities eligible for resale under Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended; iii) diversification of assets of the Fund in accordance with any applicable diversification policy set forth in the then prevailing Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information pertaining to the Series and governing laws, regulations, rules and orders; iv) compliance with governing restrictions relating to the fair valuation of securities for which market quotations are not readily available or considered "illiquid" for the purposes of complying with the Series’ limitation on acquisition of illiquid securities; v) any and all other reports reasonably requested in accordance with or described in this Agreement; vi) the implementation of the Fund’s investment program, including, without limitation, analysis of performance; vii) compliance with the policies set forth in the Trust’s Registration Statement and the Investment Guidelines; viii) description of material changes in its 38a-1 Policies; and ix) description of any significant firm related developments reasonably expected to impact its services to the Fund; |
(c) | Promptly after filing with the SEC an amendment to its Form ADV, a copy of such amendment to the Adviser and the Board; |
(d) | Periodic Attendance by appropriate representatives of the Subadviser at meetings requested by the Adviser or Board at such time(s) and location(s) as reasonably requested by the Adviser or Board; and |
(e) | Notice to the Board and the Adviser of the occurrence of any event which would disqualify the Subadviser from serving as an investment adviser of an investment company pursuant to Section 9(a) of the Act or otherwise. |
(f) | Reasonable assistance in the valuation of securities including the participation of appropriate representatives at fair valuation committee meetings. |
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SCHEDULE E
FORM OF SUB-CERTIFICATION
To: |
Re: | Subadviser’s Form N-CSR and Form N-Q Certification for the VATS Offshore Fund, Ltd. (the “Fund”), a subsidiary of Virtus Alternative Total Solution Fund (the “Series”). |
From: | [Name of Subadviser] |
Representations in support of Investment Company Act Rule 30a-2 certifications of Form N-CSR and Form N-Q.
In connection with your certification responsibility under Rule 30a-2 and Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, I have reviewed the following information presented in the schedule of investments for the period ended [Date of Reporting Period] (the “Report”) which forms part of the N-CSR or N-Q, as applicable, for the Trust.
Schedule of Investments
Our organization has designed, implemented and maintained internal controls and procedures, designed for the purpose of ensuring the accuracy and completeness of relevant portfolio trade data transmitted to those responsible for the preparation of the Schedule of Investments. As of the date of this certification there have been no material modifications to these internal controls and procedures.
In addition, our organization has:
a. | Designed such internal controls and procedures to ensure that material information is made known to the appropriate groups responsible for servicing the above-mentioned fund. |
b. | Evaluated the effectiveness of our internal controls and procedures, as of a date within 90 days prior to the date of this certification and we have concluded that such controls and procedures are effective. |
c. | In addition, to the best of my knowledge, there has been no fraud, whether or not material, that involves our organization’s management or other employees who have a significant role in our organization’s control and procedures as they relate to our duties as subadviser to the Fund. |
I have read the draft of the Report which I understand to be current as of [Date of Reporting Period] and based on my knowledge, such draft of the Report does not, with respect to the Fund, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the information contained therein, in light of the circumstances under which such information is presented, not misleading with respect to the period covered by such draft Report.
I have disclosed, based on my most recent evaluation, to the Series’ Chief Accounting Officer:
a. | All significant changes, deficiencies and material weakness, if any, in the design or operation of the Subadviser’s internal controls and procedures which could adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial data with respect to the Fund in a timely fashion; |
b. | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves the Subadviser’s management or other employees who have a significant role in the Subadviser’s internal controls and procedures for financial reporting. |
17
I certify that to the best of my knowledge:
a. | The Subadviser’s Portfolio Manager(s) has/have complied with the restrictions and reporting requirements of the Code of Ethics (the “Code”). The term Portfolio Manager is as defined in the Code. |
b. | The Subadviser has complied with the Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information of the Series and the Policies and Procedures of the Series as adopted by the Series’ Board of Trustees. |
c. | I have no knowledge of any compliance violations except as disclosed in writing to the Virtus Compliance Department by me or by the Subadviser’s compliance administrator. |
d. | The Subadviser has complied with the rules and regulations of the 33 Act and 40 Act, and such other regulations as may apply to the extent those rules and regulations pertain to the responsibilities of the Subadviser with respect to the Fund as outlined above. |
e. | Since the submission of our most recent certification there have not been any divestments of securities of issuers that conduct or have direct investments in business operations in Sudan. |
This certification relates solely to the Fund named above and may not be relied upon by any other fund or entity.
The Subadviser does not maintain the official books and records of the above Fund. The Subadviser’s records are based on its own portfolio management system, a record-keeping system that is not intended to serve as the Fund’s official accounting system. The Subadviser is not responsible for the preparation of the Report.
[Name of Subadviser] | Date |
[Name of Authorized Signer]
[Title of Authorized Signer]
18
Exhibit h.6
AGREEMENT OF ASSIGNMENT OF
THIRTY-EIGHTH AMENDED AND RESTATED
EXPENSE LIMITATION AGREEMENT SOLEY WITH
RESPECT TO VIRTUS FORT TREND FUND
VIRTUS OPPORTUNITIES TRUST
This Agreement of Assignment (“Agreement of Assignment”) effective as of September 1, 2020 (the “Effective Date”) is being provided pursuant to Paragraph 5 of the Thirty-Eighth Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement (the “Expense Limitation Agreement”) dated December 1, 2019, solely with respect to Virtus FORT Trend Fund (fka Virtus Rampart Equity Trend Fund) (the “Fund”), and is by and among Virtus Opportunities Trust, a Delaware statutory trust (the “Trust”), Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc., a Massachusetts corporation, (the “Adviser” and the Trust together, collectively the “Assignor”) and Virtus Alternative Investment Advisers, Inc. (the “Assignee”).
WHEREAS, pursuant to the Expense Limitation Agreement the Adviser maintains the expenses of the Fund at a level below the level to which the Fund might otherwise be subject;
WHEREAS, Assignor has agreed to assign to Assignee all of the Adviser’s rights and obligations under the Expense Limitation Agreement solely with respect to the Fund (the “Assigned Rights and Obligations”) to the Assignee from and after the Effective Date subject to the terms of this Agreement of Assignment;
WHEREAS, Assignee has agreed to assume the Assigned Rights and Obligations
NOW THEREFORE, the parties agree as follows:
1. | Assignment. Assignor hereby assigns all of the Assigned Rights and Obligations to the Assignee from and after the Effective Date. |
2. | Assumption. Assignee hereby accepts the foregoing assignment and assumes all of the Assigned Rights and Obligations from and after the Effective Date. |
3. | Assignor and Assignee Consent. In consideration of and in reliance on Assignee’s foregoing agreement, the parties consent to the foregoing assignments and assumptions pursuant to the terms set forth herein. |
4. | Notice of termination of Adviser. The parties hereto agree that as of the Effective Date, the Adviser will cease to have any rights or obligations under the Expense Limitation Agreement, and from and after the Effective Date solely with respect to the Fund the Expense Limitation Agreement shall be an agreement between the Assignee and the Trust. |
5. | Further Assurances. Assignor and Assignee each agree to execute and deliver such further instruments, agreements and assurances as may be reasonably requested by the others to evidence and provide for the assignment by Assignor and the assumption by Assignee of the Assigned Rights and Obligations. |
6. | Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, which may be executed and/or exchanged electronically, each of which, when taken together, shall constitute one and the same instrument. |
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement of Assignment to be duly executed by their duly authorized officers.
VIRTUS OPPORTUNITIES TRUST | VIRTUS INVESTMENT ADVISERS, INC. | ||||
By: | /s/ W. Patrick Bradley | By: | /s/ Francis G. Waltman | ||
W. Patrick Bradley | Francis G. Waltman | ||||
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer | Executive Vice President | ||||
VIRTUS ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT ADVISERS, INC. | |||||
By: | /s/ Francis G. Waltman | ||||
Francis G. Waltman | |||||
Executive Vice President |
Exhibit h.7
AMENDED AND RESTATED
EXPENSE LIMITATION AGREEMENT
VIRTUS OPPORTUNITIES TRUST
ON BEHALF OF
THE VIRTUS FORT TREND FUND
This Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement (the “Agreement”) effective as of September 1, 2020, amends and restates that certain Thirty-Eighth Amended and Restated Expense Limitation Agreement effective as of December 1, 2019 by and between Virtus Opportunities Trust, a Delaware statutory trust (the “Registrant”), on behalf of the Virtus FORT Trend Fund (the “Fund”) and the Adviser of the Fund, Virtus Alternative Investment Advisers, Inc. (the “Adviser”) solely with respect to the Fund (as assigned by the former investment adviser to the Fund, Virtus Investment Advisers, Inc.).
WHEREAS, the Adviser renders advice and services to the Fund pursuant to the terms and provisions of one or more Investment Advisory Agreements entered into between the Registrant and the Adviser (the “Advisory Agreement”);
WHEREAS, the Adviser desires to maintain the expenses of the Fund at a level below the level to which each such Fund might otherwise be subject; and
WHEREAS, the Adviser understands and intends that the Registrant will rely on this Agreement in accruing the expenses of the Registrant for purposes of calculating net asset value and for other purposes, and expressly permits the Registrant to do so.
NOW, THEREFORE, the parties hereto agree as follows:
1. | Limit on Fund Expenses. The Adviser has agreed to limit the respective rate of Total Fund Operating Expenses (“Expense Limit”) for the Fund as specified in Appendix A of this Agreement, for the time period indicated. |
2. | Definitions. |
2.1. | For purposes of this Agreement, the term “Total Fund Operating Expenses” with respect to a Fund is defined to include all expenses necessary or appropriate for the operation of the Fund including the Adviser’s investment advisory or management fee under the Advisory Agreement and other expenses described in the Advisory Agreement that the Fund is responsible for and have not been assumed by the Adviser, but excludes front-end or contingent deferred loads, taxes, leverage and borrowing expenses (such as commitment, amendment and renewal expenses on credit or redemption facilities), interest, brokerage commissions, expenses incurred in connection with any merger or reorganization, unusual or infrequently occurring expenses (such as litigation), acquired fund fees and expenses, and dividend expenses, if any. |
3. | Recoupment and Recapture of Fees and Expenses. The Fund has agreed to reimburse the Adviser and/or certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Virtus”) out of assets belonging to the relevant class of the Fund for any Total Fund Operating Expenses of the relevant class of the Fund in excess of the Expense Limit paid, waived or assumed by Virtus for the Fund, provided that Virtus would not be entitled to reimbursement for any amount that would cause Total Fund Operating Expenses to exceed either the Expense Limit in place at the time of the applicable waiver or assumption of expenses by Virtus or, if less, any contractual Expense Limit in place at the time that the reimbursement would be made, and provided further that no amount would be reimbursed by the Fund more than three years after the date on which it was incurred or waived by Virtus. The terms, conditions and rights of this section shall survive any termination of this Agreement. |
4. | Term, Termination and Modification. This Agreement is effective for the time period indicated on Appendix A, unless sooner terminated as provided below in this Paragraph. This Agreement may be terminated by mutual agreement of the parties at any time or by the Registrant on behalf of the Funds upon thirty (30) days’ written notice to the Adviser. In addition, this Agreement shall terminate upon termination of the Advisory Agreement with respect to the Fund. |
5. | Assignment. This Agreement and all rights and obligations hereunder may not be assigned without the written consent of the other party. |
6. | Severability. If any provision of this Agreement shall be held or made invalid by a court decision, statute or rule, or shall otherwise be rendered invalid, the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby. |
7. | Captions. The captions in this Agreement are included for convenience of reference only and in no way define or limit any of the provisions hereof or otherwise affect their construction or effect. |
8. | Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of Delaware without giving effect to the conflict of laws principles thereof; provided that nothing herein shall be construed to preempt, or to be inconsistent with, any Federal securities law, regulation or rule, including the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended and any rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. |
9. | Computation. If the fiscal year-to-date Total Fund Operating Expenses of a Fund or Other Expenses, as applicable, at the end of any month during which this Agreement is in effect exceed the Expense Limit for that Fund (the “Excess Amount”), the Adviser shall (at its option) waive or reduce its fee under the Advisory Agreement and/or remit to the Fund an amount that is sufficient to pay the Excess Amount computed on the last day of the month. |
10. | Liability. Virtus agrees that it shall look only to the assets of the relevant class of the Fund for performance of this Agreement and for payment of any claim Virtus may have hereunder, and neither any other Fund (including the other series of the Registrant) or class of the Fund, nor any of the Registrant’s trustees, officers, employees, agents or shareholders, whether past, present or future, shall be personally liable therefor. |
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be duly executed by their duly authorized officers.
VIRTUS OPPORTUNITIES TRUST | VIRTUS ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT ADVISERS, INC. | |||
By: | /s/ W. Patrick Bradley | By: | /s/ Francis G. Waltman | |
W. Patrick Bradley | Francis G. Waltman | |||
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer | Executive Vice President |
APPENDIX A
Contractual Expense Limitations*
Virtus Fund | Total Fund Operating Expense Limit | Term |
Class A |
Class C |
Class C1 |
Class I |
Class R6 |
||
Virtus FORT Trend Fund (fka Virtus Rampart Equity Trend Fund) | 1.60% | 2.35% | -- | 1.35% | 1.26% |
Through January 31, 2022 |
Exhibit i.12
CONSENT OF SULLIVAN & WORCESTER LLP
We hereby consent to the use of our name and any reference to our firm in the Registration Statement of Virtus Opportunities Trust (the “Trust”), included as part of Post-Effective Amendment No. 114 to the Trust’s Registration Statement on Form N-1A (File No. 033-65137). In giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we come within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission thereunder.
/s/ Sullivan & Worcester LLP
Sullivan & Worcester LLP
Washington, DC
August 31, 2020
Exhibit j.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form N-1A of Virtus Opportunities Trust of our report dated November 21, 2019, relating to the financial statements and financial highlights, which appears in Virtus Rampart Equity Trend Fund’s (one of the funds constituting Virtus Opportunities Trust) Annual Report on Form N-CSR for the year ended September 30, 2019. We also consent to the references to us under the headings “Financial Highlights”, “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm”, “Non-Public Portfolio Holdings Information” and “Financial Statements” in such Registration Statement.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers
LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
August 31, 2020
Exhibit p.6
SECTION 9 CODE OF ETHICS
Introduction
As an investment adviser, FORT has implemented and adopted a Code of Ethics (the “Code”) that all employees are expected to uphold. The Firm has a fiduciary duty to place the interests of clients before the interests of the Firm and its employees. In addition, employees should understand that these general principles apply to all conduct, whether or not the conduct is also covered by more specific standards or procedures set forth below. Failure to comply with the Code may result in disciplinary action, including termination of employment.
We must at all times place the interests of our clients before the interests of the Firm and employees or any other interests.
All personal securities transactions must be conducted in a manner consistent with the Code and avoid any actual or potential conflicts of interest or any abuse of an employee's position of trust and responsibility.
Employees must not take any inappropriate advantage of their positions at the Firm.
Information concerning the identity of securities and financial circumstances of the Funds and their investors must be kept confidential.
Independence in the investment decision-making process must be maintained at all times.
Employees must comply with the laws and regulations applicable to the operation of the Firm and its clients.
Violations of law or regulation by employees that relate to matters of trust and confidence or securities law or regulation in their conduct outside of their employment may affect their fitness for duty as employees of a firm with fiduciary responsibility and high ethical standards.
Introduction – Canadian Compliance
The Code in Section 9.01 also applies (with necessary changes) to FORT’s employees in respect of the Firm’s activities as an EMD and in reliance on the Canadian Registration Exemptions.
Covered Persons and Accounts
The Code applies to all of the Firm’s employees.
At the discretion of the CCO, certain other individuals, including contractors and interns may be subject to the Code for the duration of their engagement with the Firm. Anyone who by virtue of their access to information may be considered a covered person as defined by SEC Rule 204-a1 and will become subject to the Code.
Personal Brokerage Accounts
Each employee must direct any broker-dealer where his or her personal accounts are maintained to electronically submit all copies of trade confirmations and statements with respect to personal account directly to the Firm. A sample broker instruction letter requesting forwarding of trade confirmations and account statement has been attached as Exhibit D.
The term “personal account” means any securities account in which an employee has any direct or indirect “beneficial ownership,” and includes any personal account of an employee's immediate family member (including any relative by blood or marriage either living in the employee's household or financially dependent on the employee). However, for purposes of this section, “personal account” shall not mean an account over which the employee has no direct or indirect influence or control over the securities held in the account or an account where the transactions are effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan.
An employee is deemed to have beneficial ownership if the employee, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, has or shares a direct or indirect opportunity to profit or share in any profit derived from the relevant personal account. For a full definition of beneficial ownership, refer to Rule 16a-1(a)(2) of the Exchange Act.
An employee is required to submit on a periodic basis, not less than annually, documentation certifying that he/she did not exert any influence or control over the management of the third-party managed account, as well as documentation from the broker or adviser controlling the account attesting that they will not accept trading instructions from the employee and did not receive any such trading instructions during the relevant period (see Exhibit R: Discretionary/Managed Account Disclosures).
At the discretion of the CCO, the Firm may choose to restrict personal accounts of employees to broker-dealers that have the capability to electronically transmit any trade confirmations and account statements with respect to such personal accounts directly to the Firm; however, at this time, employees may maintain accounts with broker-dealers that do not transmit trade confirmations electronically.
Compliance with Applicable Federal Securities Laws
In addition to the general principles of conduct stated in the Code and the specific trading restrictions and reporting requirements described below, the Code requires all employees to comply with applicable federal securities laws. These laws include the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the 1940 Act, the Advisers Act, Title V of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, any rules adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission under any of these laws, the Bank Secrecy Act as it applies to private investment funds and investment advisers, and any rules adopted thereunder by the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Department of the Treasury.
9.04C | Compliance with Applicable Securities Laws in Canada – Canadian Compliance |
In addition to the provisions of Section 9.04, the Code requires that all employees who participate in FORT’s EMD business comply with all applicable securities laws in each of the Canadian Jurisdictions and the respective regulations and rules under such laws together with applicable published policy statements, notices and blanket orders of the securities regulatory authorities in the Canadian Jurisdictions.
Covered Securities
The term “covered securities” includes all securities defined as such under the Advisers Act, and includes:
Debt and equity securities;
Currency and futures contracts;
Options on securities, on indices, and on currencies;
All forms of limited partnership and limited liability company interests, including interests in private investment funds (such as hedge funds), and interests in investment clubs;
Foreign unit trusts and foreign mutual funds;
Municipal bonds;
ETFs; and
Any privately offered securities (i.e. private investments).
The term “covered securities,” however, does not include the following:
Direct obligations of the U.S. government (e.g., treasury securities);
Cryptocurrency;
Bankers' acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and high-quality short-term debt obligations, including repurchase agreements;
Shares issued by money market funds;
Shares of open-end mutual funds that are not advised or sub-advised by the Firm (or the Firm's affiliates); and
Shares issued by unit investment trusts that are invested exclusively in one or more open-end mutual funds, none of which are funds advised or sub-advised by the Firm (or the Firm's affiliates).
Any questions regarding the application of these terms should be referred to, and addressed by, the CCO.
Restrictions on Personal Trading and Trading in Covered Securities
Trade Pre-Approval: When a restricted list is in place employees are restricted from any personal trading in names on the restricted list. Each employee must obtain approval from the CCO or designated compliance associate with CCO oversight prior to transacting in any covered security. In the event that the CCO or designated compliance associate is not accessible after reasonable efforts or the CCO requests such approval, approval shall be granted from the CEO before acquiring any covered security for a personal account. Electronic approvals granted through Compliance ELF or similar digital platform are considered as the equivalent of CCO approval. All exposures to a particular company or issuer shall be considered the same “position” for purposes of enforcing any applicable trading restrictions. Unless otherwise documented in writing, approvals may be relied upon only until the close of business on the day granted. Upon expiration, a new request must be made before the transaction may be executed. See Exhibit E, or its electronic equivalent, for a pre-approval form.
The CCO or designated compliance associate (or where applicable the CEO) may deny any trade request due to his or her sole discretion and no reason need be given for such denial.
Holding Period: All positions held by employees for personal accounts are subject to a minimum holding period of 90 days from the most recent acquisition. Research associates may be granted an exemption from this Holding Period requirement by the CCO for the purpose of encouraging idea generation, subject to ongoing monitoring by the CCO that the objectives of generating new ideas and maintaining proper separation between such research associates and the trading operations of the Firm (sufficient to prevent any front running or strategy replication) are met (see Exhibit T: Policy Exemption Request – Holding Period).
IPO and ICO Shares: Employees shall not be permitted to receive Initial Public Offering (IPO), Limited Offering, or Initial Coin Offering (ICO) share allocations, except in exceptional circumstances and pre-approval by the CCO.
Initial and Annual Holdings Reports
Employees must submit an initial holdings report and sign an attestation form (See Exhibit F or its electronic equivalent) delivered to the CCO that discloses all securities held in any personal account no later than 10 days after employment or within 30 days following the end of a fiscal year. The information must be current and as of a date no more than 45 days prior to the date of employment or the end of a particular fiscal year. Each such report must contain, at minimum:
The title and type of security, and the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP number (as applicable), number of shares, and principal amount of each security in any personal account;
The name of any broker, dealer or bank with which the employee maintains any personal account; and The date on which the employee submits the report.
In addition, every employee must complete and sign the attestation form annually within 30 days of the end of the Firm’s fiscal year. FORT’s CCO or designated compliance associate shall review Initial and Annual Holdings Reports upon submission.
Quarterly Transaction Reports
Employees must submit quarterly transaction reports no later than 30 days after each quarter end to the CCO for each securities transaction in any personal account, not just transactions with respect to covered securities. The report must contain the following information for each transaction. (See Exhibit G or its electronic equivalent).
The date of the transaction, the title, and the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP number (as applicable), interest rate and maturity date, number of shares, and principal amount of each security involved;
The nature of the transaction (i.e., purchase, sale or any other type of acquisition or disposition); The price of the security at which the transaction was effected;
The name of the broker, dealer or bank with or through which the transaction was effected; and
The date on which the employee submits the report.
Pursuant to Rule 204A-1, employees are not required to submit a report in the following circumstances:
The employee has no direct or indirect influence or control over the securities held in the account(s);
The employee’s transactions are effected pursuant to an automatic investment plan.
Outside Activities
An employee's service on the board of directors of an outside company, as well as other outside activities generally, could lead to the potential for conflicts of interest and insider trading problems, and may otherwise interfere with an employee's duties to the Firm. Accordingly, employees are prohibited from serving on the boards of directors of any outside company, unless the service: (i) is purely philanthropic or would not be contrary to the best interests of the Firm and the Funds and (ii) has been approved by the CCO. In addition, any employee serving on the board of a private company which is about to go public may be required to resign either immediately or at the end of the current term.
The Firm also discourages employees from: (i) engaging in outside business ventures (such as consulting engagements); (ii) accepting any executorships, trusteeship or power of attorney (except with respect to a family member); and (iii) serving on a creditors committee except as part of the employee's duties at the Firm. Accordingly, an employee must obtain pre-approval from the CCO prior to engaging in any of these activities (see Exhibit L: Outside Business Activity Disclosures).
Should an employee receive approval for outside business ventures, it is the employee’s responsibility to ensure all material non-public information received through the outside relationship is disclosed to the Firm, immediately. The Firm’s CCO will then take measures to restrict any trading activity based upon the acquired information.
9.9 C | Outside Business Activities – Canadian Compliance |
Conflicts can arise when individuals registered under the Firm’s EMD license are involved in outside business activities, for example, due to the compensation they receive for these activities or because of the nature of the relationship between the individual and the outside entity. Before engaging in any outside business activity, registered individuals must disclose their intention to engage in an outside business activity to the COO. The COO must review and approve all outside business activities prior to the activities commencing. Before approving any of these activities, the COO should consider potential conflicts of interest. If the Firm cannot properly control a potential conflict of interest, it should not permit the outside activity.
Examples of outside business activities include:
paid or unpaid roles with charitable, social or religious organizations where the individual is in a position of power or influence and where the activity places the registered individual in contact with clients or potential clients, including positions where FORT handles investments or monies of the organization; and being an owner of a holding company.
Registered individuals must disclose all outside business activities to the Canadian Securities Regulators in Form 33-109F4 (or Form 33-109F5 for changes in outside business activities after registration). Required disclosure includes the following, whether the registrant receives compensation or not:
any employment and business activities outside the registrant's sponsoring firm;
all officer or director positions; and
any other equivalent positions held, as well as positions of influence.
The Canadian Securities Regulators will take into account the potential conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of an individual’s outside business activities when assessing that individual’s application for registration or continuing fitness for registration, including the following:
whether the individual will have sufficient time to properly carry out their registerable activities, including remaining current on securities law and product knowledge;
whether the individual will be able to properly service clients;
what is the risk of client confusion and are there effective controls and supervision in place to manage the risk;
whether the outside business activity presents a conflict of interest for the individual, and whether that conflict of interest should be avoided or can be appropriately managed;
whether the outside business activity places the individual in a position of power or influence over clients or potential clients, in particular clients or potential clients that may be vulnerable; and
whether the outside business activity provides the individual with access to privileged, confidential or insider information relevant to their registerable activities.
The Firm is responsible for monitoring and supervising the individuals whose registration it sponsors. In relation to outside business activities, this includes:
ensuring outside business activities do not:
involve activities that are inconsistent with Canadian Securities Laws; and
interfere with the individual’s ability to remain current on securities law and product knowledge; requiring individual registrants to disclose to the Firm, and requiring the Firm to review and approve, all outside business activities prior to the activities commencing;
ensuring the COO is able to properly supervise and monitor the outside business activities;
maintaining records documenting the Firm’s supervision of outside business activities and ensuring these records are available for review by regulators;
ensuring that potential conflicts of interest are identified and appropriate steps are taken to manage such conflicts;
ensuring outside business activities do not impair the ability to provide adequate client service, including, where necessary, having an alternate representative available for the client;
ensuring the outside business activity is consistent with the registrant’s duty to deal fairly, honestly and in good faith with its clients;
implementing risk management, including proper separation of the outside business activity and registerable activity;
preventing exposure of the Firm to complaints and litigation; and
assessing whether the Firm’s knowledge of the individual’s lifestyle is commensurate with its knowledge of the individual’s business activities and staying alert to other indicators of possible fraudulent activity. For example, if information comes to the Firm’s knowledge (including through a client complaint) that a registered individual’s lifestyle is not commensurate with the individual’s compensation by the Firm, the Firm should make further inquiries to assess the situation.
Social Media
While there are many benefits to social media, there are also potential pitfalls that can lead to unintended implications and regulatory consequences. FORT respects FORT users’ individuality and understands that social media may provide an intersection between personal and professional lives, however, it is important to understand that use of social media may impact FORT as a company and as a registered investment adviser.
FORT does not prohibit FORT users’ personal use of social media outside of work. However, FORT imposes restrictions on these types of activities that employees may engage with social media as they relate to FORT. FORT employees may not use social media to communicate with investors or for any business-related purpose. All employees must be familiar with FORT’s Acceptable Use Policy, which details FORT’s Social Media Policy in detail.
FORT users should have no expectation of privacy for those using FORT systems, equipment, or resources for social media activities using public forums. For purposes of the preceding policies, “public forum” includes information that is available to the general public, as well as information that is only available to “friends”, personal contacts, members, subscribers, or other groups of individuals who are not employed by FORT.
FORT users should consult with the Chief Compliance Officer or General Counsel if they have any questions about the preceding policies. None of the preceding policies are intended to limit the rights of FORT users that are protected under the National Labor Relations Act. FORT users’ presence on “public forums” may be subject to review and inspection for consistency with the aforementioned policies.
Each employee is required to notify the CCO of all public forums on which he or she posts information on the form attached hereto as Exhibit H (or its electronic equivalent). Employees must update the form promptly for each new public forum on which they post information. The CCO may, from time to time, access such public forums, as a member of the general public or as a member or subscriber of a public forum. In addition, if deemed necessary to protect the Firm, the CCO may require one or more employees to provide access to information that is available only to “friends” or personal contacts. Should the CCO suspect misuse of any public forum, including social media, employees agree to allow the CCO to login to their accounts and review sites. The CCO will consult with external legal counsel to ensure they are permitted to obtain any such information before requesting it from any employee.
An employee may authorize a service provider to post only such employee’s position within the Firm, along with the Firm’s name and address. No employee may authorize any service provider to post any other information about the Firm, the Fund or any client on such service provider’s social networking sites. Any requests for any such postings should be referred to the CCO.
Any solicitor or other third-party service provider retained by the Firm will be notified of the Firm’s social networking policy prohibiting the use of the Firm’s name, any client or Fund information on any public forum without the express consent of the CCO.
Gifts and Entertainment
To address conflicts of interest that may arise when an employee accepts or gives a gift, favor, entertainment, special accommodation, or other items of value, the Firm places restrictions on gifts and entertainment. The following specific restrictions apply.
· | Gifts and Entertainment: No employee may receive any gift, service, entertainment event or other item of more than $200 from an investor, prospective investor, or any person or entity that does or seeks to do business with or on behalf of the Firm without pre-clearance from the CCO. No employee may give or offer any gift, service, entertainment event or other item of more than $200 to existing investors, prospective investors, or any entity that does business with or on behalf of the Firm without pre-clearance from the CCO. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no employee may provide or accept gifts having an aggregate value of $100 per year to or from any person associated with a broker-dealer. |
· | Cash: No employee may give or accept cash gifts or cash equivalents to or from an investor, prospective investor, or any entity that does business with or on behalf of the Firm. |
· | Government Officials: No gift or entertainment event of any value involving government officials or their families may be given or sponsored by the Firm or any employee without the prior written approval of the CCO. |
· | Union Officials: Special Department of Labor reporting requirements apply to service providers, such as investment advisors, to Taft-Hartley employee benefit funds. Those service providers must make annual reports detailing virtually all gifts and entertainment provided generally to unions, their officers, employees and agents, subject to a de minimis threshold. Accordingly, employees must receive pre- approval for gifts and entertainment provided to such persons. |
· | Pre-Clearance and Reporting: Each employee must pre-clear (see Exhibit K) with the CCO any gifts or entertainment received in connection with the employee's employment that the employee reasonably believes exceeded $200. The CCO may require that any such gift be returned to the provider or that an entertainment expense be repaid by the employee. |
· | Solicited Gifts: No employee may use his or her position with the Firm to obtain anything of value from a client, supplier, person to whom the employee refers business, or any other entity with which the Firm does business. |
· | Referrals: Employees may not make referrals to clients (e.g., of accountants, attorneys, or the like) if the employee expects to personally benefit in any way from the referral. |
Surveillance and Violations of Policy
Each calendar quarter, the CCO or designee will conduct a review of personal trading compliance pursuant to the Code of Ethics. The CCO or designee will review employee trading account statements against records of approved trades and will review for holding period compliance.
In addition to this review, employees of the Firm have an independent duty to report violations of the policy to the CCO (see Exhibit Q for Compliance Violation Report).
The CCO reserves the right to deliver a report of transactions to the CEO, President and the employee’s supervisor on a regular basis or as needed to investigate potential inappropriate trading activity.
Every employee must immediately report any violation of the Code to the CCO or, in the CCO's absence, the CEO. All reports will be treated confidentially and investigated promptly and appropriately. The Firm will not retaliate against any employee who reports a violation of the Code in good faith and any retaliation constitutes a further violation of the Code. The CCO will keep records of any violation of the Code, and of any action taken as a result of the violation.
Exceptions to the Code
The CCO may, under very limited circumstances, grant an exception from the requirements of the Code on a case-by-case basis, provided that:
The employee seeking the exception provides the CCO with a written statement: (i) detailing the efforts made to comply with the requirement from which the employee seeks an exception; and (ii) containing a representation that compliance with the requirement would impose significant undue hardship on the employee or, in the case of research associates, that the exception is needed for idea generation purposes;
The CCO believes that the exception would not harm or defraud a Fund, violate the general principles stated in the Code or compromise the employee's or the Firm's fiduciary duty to any Fund; and
The employee provides any supporting documentation that the CCO may request from the employee.
No exceptions may be made to the fundamental requirements contained in the Code that have been adopted to meet applicable rules under the Advisers Act.
Recordkeeping
The books and records required to be maintained include the following:
A copy of the Code that is in effect, or at any time within the past five years was in effect; A record of any violation of the Code, and of any action taken as a result of the violation;
A record of all written acknowledgements of receipt, review and understanding of the Code from each person who is currently, or within the past five years was, an employee;
A record of each report made by an Access Person, including any brokerage confirmations and brokerage account statements obtained from Access Persons;
A record of the names of persons who are currently, or within the past five years were, Access Persons; and
A record of any exception from the Code granted by the CCO, all related documentation supplied by the employee seeking the exception, and the reasons supporting the decision to grant the exception.
These books and records must be maintained by the Firm in an easily accessible place for at least five years from the end of the fiscal year during which the record was created, the first two years in an appropriate office of the Firm.
Sanctions
Any violation of any provision of the Code may result in disciplinary action. The CCO will determine an appropriate sanction. Disciplinary action may include, among other sanctions, a letter of reprimand, disgorgement, suspension, demotion or termination of employment.
Acknowledgement of Receipt and Compliance
The Firm will provide each employee with a copy of the Code and any amendments. Any questions regarding any provision of the Code or its application should be directed to the CCO. Each employee must provide the Firm with a written acknowledgement (in the form provided by Exhibit I, or its electronic equivalent) evidencing the fact that such employee has received and reviewed, and understands, the Code.
9.17 C | Conflicts of Interest – Canadian Compliance |
Overview
The Firm shall take reasonable steps to identify and respond to existing material conflicts of interest, and material conflicts of interest that in its reasonable opinion would expect to arise, between the Firm in its role as an EMD, including any employee, and a client.
The Firm shall avoid conflicts of interest that are contrary to the interests of clients and where controls or disclosure are not appropriate responses to these conflicts.
When material conflicts of interest which do not meet the foregoing threshold are identified the Firm will:
provide prominent, specific, clear, and meaningful disclosure to the affected clients about the conflict of interest with an explanation of how the conflict of interest could affect the service being offered;
provide the disclosure prior to or at the time that the transaction in question is being recommended and retain evidence of the delivery of such disclosure; and
as required, refresh disclosure regarding conflicts of interest previously provided to clients if such previous disclosure is no longer relevant (or remembered by) the client.
Methods of Dealing with Conflicts of Interest
FORT must take reasonable steps to identify existing material conflicts of interest and material conflicts that the Firm reasonably expects to arise between the Firm and a client. As part of identifying these conflicts, the Firm should collect information from the individuals acting on its behalf regarding the conflicts they expect to arise with their clients.
In order to manage conflicts of interest, the Firm and its employees must:
(a) | identify conflicts of interest that should be avoided; |
(b) | determine the level of risk that a specific conflict of interest raises; and |
(c) | respond appropriately to conflicts of interest. |
When responding to any conflict of interest, the Firm must consider the standard of care for dealing with clients and apply consistent criteria to similar types of conflicts of interest. In general, three methods are used to respond to conflicts of interest:
(a) | avoidance; |
(b) | control; and |
(c) | disclosure. |
If the risk of harming a client or the integrity of the markets is too high, the conflict needs to be avoided. If the Firm does not avoid a conflict of interest, it should take steps to control or disclose the conflict, or both.
Avoiding Conflicts of Interest
FORT must avoid all conflicts of interest that are prohibited by law. If a conflict of interest is not prohibited by law, the Firm should avoid the conflict if it is sufficiently contrary to the interests of a client that there can be no other reasonable response. Some conflicts of interest are so contrary to a client’s interest that the Firm cannot use controls or disclosure to respond to them. In these cases, the Firm should avoid the conflict, stop providing the service or stop dealing with the client.
Controlling Conflicts of Interest
FORT must ensure that its organizational structures, lines of reporting and physical locations are designed to control conflicts of interest effectively. Depending on the conflict of interest, the Firm may control the conflict by:
(a) | assigning a different representative to provide a service to the particular client; |
(b) | creating a group or committee to review, develop or approve responses; |
(c) | monitoring trading activity; or |
(d) | using information barriers for certain internal communication. |
Disclosing Conflicts of Interest
When disclosure is appropriate
In addition to any other methods FORT may use to manage conflicts, the Firm must ensure that its clients are adequately informed about any conflicts of interest that may affect the services it provides to them.
Timing of disclosure
If a reasonable investor would expect to be informed of a conflict, the Firm must disclose the conflict in a timely manner. FORT and its representatives should disclose conflicts of interest to their clients before or at the time they recommend the transaction or provide the service that gives rise to the conflict. This is to give clients a reasonable amount of time to assess the conflict.
In cases where disclosure is provided to a client before the transaction takes place, we expect the disclosure to be provided shortly before the transaction takes place. If disclosure was initially provided with the client’s account opening documentation months or years previously, FORT’s representative must also disclose this conflict to the client shortly before the transaction or at the time the transaction is recommended.
If a registered individual recommends a security that they own, this may constitute a material conflict which should be disclosed to the client before or at the time of the recommendation.
When disclosure is not appropriate
Disclosure may not be appropriate if a conflict of interest involves confidential or commercially sensitive information, or the information amounts to “inside information” under insider trading provisions in securities legislation. In these situations, FORT must assess whether there are other methods to adequately respond to the conflict of interest. If not, the Firm may have to decline to provide the service to avoid the conflict of interest.
The Firm shall track, accumulate and maintain a complete list of associates (as defined in the applicable securities legislation), “connected issuers” and “related issuers” (as such terms are defined in National Instrument 33-105 – Underwriting Conflicts) of FORT (current list to be included in the Manual) for the purpose of complying with applicable reporting and disclosure requirements.
How to disclose a conflict of interest
When FORT provides disclosure about a material conflict of interest, it should: (i) be prominent, specific, clear and meaningful to the client; and (ii) explain the conflict of interest and how it could affect the service the client is being offered. The Firm should not provide generic disclosure, give partial disclosure that could mislead their clients, or obscure conflicts of interest in overly detailed disclosure.