Not applicable.

A.            Selected Financial Data

The following tables set forth, for the periods and dates indicated, certain selected historical financial information.

You should read the following selected combined financial and other data in conjunction with “Item 5 - Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and the audited financial statements and respective notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future.

Prior to the business combination, NFC was a blank check company with nominal operations. On December 18, 2019, we completed the business combination, whereby we acquired UFH. In the business combination, NFC was deemed the accounting acquirer and UFH was deemed the acquiree, and our accounting predecessor. As a result of the application of the acquisition method of accounting as of the effective time of the business combination, the accompanying summary historical financial information includes a black line division which indicates that the Predecessor and Successor reporting entities shown are presented on a different basis and are, therefore, not comparable. The periods presented from December 19, 2019 through December 31, 2019 and the year ended December 31, 2020 are the “Successor periods”. The periods presented from January 1, 2019 through December 18, 2019 and the year ended December 31, 2018 are the “Predecessor periods”.

The following tables set forth summary consolidated financial information as of December 31, 2020 (Successor) and December 31, 2019 (Successor), the year ended December 31, 2020 (Successor), from December 19, 2019 through December 31, 2019 (Successor), from January 1, 2019 through December 18, 2019 (Predecessor) and the year ended December 31, 2018 (Predecessor). The consolidated financial information is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The historical financial information of NFC (a special purpose acquisition company, or SPAC) prior to the business combination has not been reflected in the Predecessor financial statements as these historical amounts have been determined to be not useful information to a user of the financial statements. SPACs deposit the proceeds from their initial public offerings into a segregated trust account until a business combination occurs, where such funds are then used to either pay consideration for the acquiree or stockholders who elect to redeem their shares of common stock in connection with the business combination. SPACs will operate until the closing of a business combination, and the SPAC’s operations until the closing of a business combination, other than income from the trust account investments and transaction expenses, are nominal. Accordingly, no other activity in the Company was reported for periods prior to December 19, 2019 besides UFH’s operations as Predecessor. The financial information has been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, which we refer to as IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

The consolidated financial statements are stated in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”).

B.            Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.            Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D.            Risk Factors

The following risk factors apply to the business and operations of New Frontier Health Corporation. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in these risk factors, alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may have a material adverse effect on the business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations of New Frontier Health Corporation. You should carefully consider the following risk factors in addition to the other information included in this report, including matters addressed in the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” We may face additional risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, which may also impair our business or financial condition. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes to the financial statements included herein.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Financial Condition

If our existing facilities fail to perform as expected, our overall business could be negatively impacted.

Our existing facilities are all strategic investments which have expected growth rates. These growth rates are based on many factors, including, but not limited to, a baseline expected ramp-up based on previously opened and ramped-up businesses, our management’s opinion and publicly available data on market capacity, planned capital investment in the Company, and our management’s best estimates and projections of macroeconomic, cultural, and regulatory factors based on publicly available data and information. Several of these factors make necessary assumptions and judgments based on management’s experience and expertise, and as such may be imperfect or subject to error. If these factors, assumptions, or judgments prove to be inaccurate or incomplete, the ramp-up of existing facilities could be negatively impacted and adversely affect our business. Furthermore, our management uses the cash flow expectations of its existing facilities, which take into account projected ramp-ups and growth trends, as inputs for certain of our financing and timing decisions relating to potential expansion projects and capital investments. Therefore, if existing facilities do not ramp up as expected, our future expansions and capital investments may have to be reassessed, or even delayed or canceled, which could adversely impact the overall business.

We may experience difficulties executing our expansion plans.

Our long-term expansion plans include targeted expansion into highly populated markets through the development of new facilities in cities such as Shenzhen, among others, as well as expanding current facilities and opening additional facilities in our existing markets, namely Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao and Guangzhou. In addition, we plan to continue expanding the number and variety of services we offer at such facilities. As a result, we expect to continue to make capital expenditures over the coming years.

The profitability or success of our current and future projects and investments are subject to numerous factors, conditions and assumptions, many of which are beyond our control. Unfavorable outcomes could reduce our available cash and limit our ability to make cash investments in the future. This could result in lower investment interest or earnings which could result in net losses, and reduce our ability to service current or future indebtedness, which might require us to take on additional borrowings at higher costs. Any of these could have a material adverse effect on our future financial condition or results of operations. Further, any additional financing necessary to complete our expansion plans may not be available on favorable terms, or at all.

Commencement of facility construction is subject to governmental approval and permitting processes, which could materially affect the ultimate cost and timing of construction. Numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, may influence the ultimate costs and timing of various projects or capital improvements at our facilities, including:

In addition, actual costs could vary materially from our estimates if those factors or our assumptions about the quality of materials or labor required, or the cost of financing were to change. Should healthcare facility projects be abandoned or substantially decreased in scope due to the inability to obtain necessary permits or other governmental approvals or other unforeseen negative factors, we could be required to expense some or all previously capitalized costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our future financial condition or results of operations.

We may not be able to manage our expected growth and enlarged business.

We plan to make capital expenditures over the coming years to implement our expansion strategy. This growth strategy may not be successful for the following reasons:

We cannot be certain that our cash flows will grow at all or grow rapidly enough to satisfy the capital and expenses necessary for our growth. It is difficult to assess the extent of capital and expenditure necessary for our growth and their impact on our operating results. Failure to manage growth and enlarged business effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is capital intensive and we may not be able to secure additional capital financing for new projects or execute new business strategies.

We currently have adequate capital to fund our current expansion projects. However, we may not be able to raise sufficient capital to complete some or all of our business strategies in the future, including new projects or acquisitions, or to react rapidly enough to changes in technology, products, services or the competitive landscape. Healthcare service providers often face high capital requirements in order to take advantage of new market opportunities, respond to rigorous competitive pressure and react quickly to changes in technology and as such, there can be no assurance that we will be able to satisfy our capital requirements in the future. In particular, our expansion strategy requires the construction and maintenance of new and existing healthcare facilities, which requires and depends upon the availability of significant capital, not all of which may be available at the time such project is considered or commenced. In the absence of sufficient available or obtainable capital, we would likely be unable to establish new facilities or maintain growth at our existing facilities as planned. In addition, we may incur costs for projects that may not be completed as projected, if at all, and we may be required to seek capital in financings under circumstances and at times that limit the optimization of the terms of such financings.

If leases at our existing facilities are not renewed or are cancelled, our overall business could be materially impacted.

Our premises are all leased from third parties, and in general have fixed terms. Approximately 9% of our leases in terms of the lease contract value are up for renewal in the next five years. If we are unable to renew our leases, or our leases are terminated before the lease ends, our existing operations may need to be relocated and we would have to pay the associated expenses of relocation, which could be significant. Operation relocation may have negative impacts on our business, including but not limited to: reduced patient volumes if a new location is inconvenient for existing patients; pressure on physician or administration teams if a new location is inconvenient for existing staff; reductions in available space for operations at a new location; less attractive lease terms at a new location; unanticipated capital expenditures to renovate a new location; and possible extra rent expense as we pay rent for a new location during construction and fit-out while a previous location continues operations. For example, the lease of one of the buildings of Beijing United Family Hospital (“BJU”), which covers a total of 6,184 square meters of leased area expired on December 31, 2020, and an extension agreement has not yet been reached. As a result, it is anticipated that a majority of the clinics will be relocated to Building 2, in addition to newly leased, street-front commercial space adjacent to the hospital. Patient maternity rooms that were in Building 1 will be supplemented by a space in the new Beijing United Family Women and Children’s Facility, which was completed in late March 2021.The relocation may cause disruption of the operations and business of BJU and cause significant relocation expenses. In addition, BJU’s operations and financial performance may be temporarily materially impacted. Any of these factors may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Expansion of private healthcare services to reach the Chinese population depends to some extent on the development of insurance products that are not widely available or used.

Expected growth of commercial medical insurance products availability and consumption by the Chinese population is an assumption for our growth and investment decisions. Currently, commercial medical insurance is not generally purchased by the majority of the Chinese population; however, according to the China Insurance Yearbook, gross written commercial health insurance premiums sold in China increased from approximately $12 billion in 2012 to approximately $76 billion in 2018. This rapid growth is anticipated to continue in the future. Furthermore, reimbursement under Chinese government public healthcare insurance is either not enough to cover the entire cost or partial cost of services at private healthcare facilities like ours, consequently, our patients often have to pay for their procedures themselves. This limitation may impede the attractiveness of our services as compared to services at public hospitals for which government benefits provide coverage, especially during economic downturns. As part of our expansion plans, we intend to implement initiatives to increase the number of our local Chinese patients, including increasing marketing outreach and piloting new commercial insurance products primarily targeted at local Chinese patients. If we are not able to achieve success with these initiatives or the commercial insurance industry does not grow as expected, our ability to continue to grow our business may be materially adversely affected.

Our financial performance may be affected by seasonal and annual fluctuations.

Our revenues are impacted by seasonal and annual fluctuations related to epidemiological, cultural, and lifestyle factors. For example, many expatriate and affluent Chinese families traditionally travel outside of China for spring and summer festival vacations, so our revenue typically decreases during those times of year. There are also regular seasonal epidemiological factors where certain medical conditions and patient volumes fluctuate over the course of the year, such as the annual flu season which typically boosts primary care volume during the winter months. In addition, there are often variations in demand year to year for obstetrics services depending on the relative attractiveness of any particular Chinese zodiac calendar year, with certain years being considered particularly attractive, boosting volume, and some considered particularly negative, with ensuing volume, revenue, and referral impacts. As a result of these and other unpredictable seasonal factors, our operating results may fluctuate and adversely impact our business.

New or ongoing health epidemics could adversely affect our operations.

An epidemic outbreak could significantly disrupt our ability to adequately staff our facilities and may generally disrupt operations. For example, in March 2003, several countries, including China, experienced an outbreak of a new and highly contagious form of atypical pneumonia now commonly known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or “SARS.” The severity of the outbreak in certain municipalities, such as Beijing, and provinces, such as the Guangdong Province, materially affected general commercial activity. In particular, a large percentage of the expatriate community that uses our healthcare services left China during the height of the SARS epidemic and could be expected to do so again under similar circumstances. The SARS epidemic in China had a significantly negative impact on our healthcare business, and the extent of any adverse impact that any future SARS outbreak or similar epidemic, such as Avian flu or Swine flu, could have on the Chinese economy and on our business cannot be predicted at this time.

More recently, in December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus, or COVID-19, was first identified in Wuhan, China, and subsequently spread throughout China and the rest of the world. The Chinese central government and local government in Wuhan and other cities in China introduced various temporary measures to contain the coronavirus outbreak, such as extension of the Lunar New Year holiday, travel restrictions, and voluntary and involuntary quarantines, which have impacted national and local economies to varying degrees. As a result, our operations have been impacted by temporary delays in business activities, commercial transactions and general uncertainties surrounding the duration of the government’s extended business and travel restrictions. In addition, our business operations could be disrupted if any of our employees contracts or is suspected of contracting the coronavirus or any other epidemic disease, since our employees could be quarantined and/or our offices be shut down for disinfection. Also, changes in patient healthcare consumption habits as a result of the epidemic, or patients voluntarily leaving China temporarily or permanently in response to this epidemic, have had and could continue to materially impact our business in the future. If our patient volume continues to decline, or if such patients do not return in the future, our business and results of operations will be significantly adversely affected. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the coronavirus and the actions to contain the coronavirus or treat its impact, among others.

As of April 2021, the number of COVID-19 cases in China has been significantly reduced, but the number of cases are increasing globally, the effects of which have and may continue to materially and negatively impact our business, through lower international travel and commerce, interrupted supply chains, international recruiting difficulty, general international economic softness leading to lower consumer sentiment and spending, as well as numerous other unknown and unforeseeable negative consequences which could negatively impact our operations and business. In addition, any future health pandemic or similar outbreak could severely restrict the level of economic activity in affected areas, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

If we fail to manage our growth or maintain adequate internal accounting, disclosure, data security, and other controls, our business could be adversely affected.

We have expanded our operations rapidly in recent years and continue to explore ways to extend our service and product offerings. Our growth may place a strain on our management systems, information technology systems, resources, internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls. Our ability to operate our business requires adequate information systems and resources as well as sufficient oversight from senior management. As such, our ability to manage our operations and future growth will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial, data, and management controls, including our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls, reporting systems and procedures. As a result of our expansion, we may not be able to maintain adequate controls and procedures or implement improvements to our management, information technology, and control systems in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in our existing systems and controls. Our inability to successfully manage our growth and expand our operations could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We face competition that could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao and Guangzhou healthcare facilities compete with a large number and variety of healthcare facilities in their respective markets. There are many public Chinese hospitals and many of these offer so called “VIP” services, which cater mostly to the affluent Chinese market as well as some foreign residents, and also international clinics serving the expatriate and diplomatic communities and affluent Chinese population. There can be no assurance that these or other hospitals, clinics or facilities will not commence or expand their operations, which could increase competition and potentially affect our market position. Further, there can be no assurance that a qualified Western-style or other healthcare organization, having greater resources in the provision or management of healthcare services, will not enter the market and provide similar services to those being provided by us in any of the cities in which we currently operate or plan to expand. Any shift in the competitive landscape could adversely affect our business, such as driving down market perception on prices for private healthcare services.

Competition in payor systems may also emerge in the Chinese private healthcare industry. Managed care or HMO models, innovative payor contract models, or new or reformed government payor systems could change our payor mix, putting pressure on prices as we seek to attract patients from managed care networks, sign payor contracts, or be eligible for new or reformed government reimbursement systems.

If our management decides or is compelled to lower prices as a competitive strategy or reaction for these or other reasons, revenues may be negatively impacted and overall profitability and growth may be adversely affected.

Our business may be adversely affected by inflation or foreign currency fluctuation.

We generate 100% of our revenue and incur approximately 98% of our expenses in Chinese Yuan (“RMB”) within China. The RMB is not freely traded and is closely controlled by the Chinese government and so the value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, the political situation as well as economic policies and conditions. In addition, it is difficult to predict how market forces or Chinese or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Changes in inflation rates and the exchange rate between RMB and the U.S. dollar could significantly impact our operations by, among other things, decreasing the volume of expatriate patients in China as a result of the increased cost of living in China, and making it harder or more expensive for us to recruit and hire foreign physicians. Changes in inflation and exchange rates may also negatively impact our local Chinese patient volumes by lowering disposable income available for premium healthcare services. Furthermore, changes in inflation rates in China and in other countries, could adversely impact our business by increasing costs and creating pressure to increase prices. As such, any significant fluctuations in the inflation rate or the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar may materially adversely affect our cash flows, revenues, earnings and financial position. Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar could also result in foreign currency translation losses for financial reporting purposes. These and other unpredictable negative consequences of unexpected movements in inflation and foreign exchange rates may adversely impact our business and prospects.

Our business is heavily regulated and failure to comply with those regulations could result in penalties, loss of licensure, additional compliance costs or other adverse consequences.

Healthcare providers in China, as in most other countries, are required to comply with many laws and regulations at the national and local government levels. These laws and regulations relate to, among other things: operating licenses; the conduct of operations; the relationships among hospitals and their affiliated providers; the ownership of facilities; the addition of new facilities and services; patient confidentiality, maintenance and security issues associated with medical records; billing of services; and pricing of services. If we fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could suffer penalties, including the loss of our licenses to operate. In addition, we lease our healthcare facilities, including buildings that may be owned by state-owned enterprises, and in those circumstances, we may be subject to unfavorable terms, such as early termination clauses.

In addition, further healthcare legislative reform is likely, and although recent policy announcements and healthcare reform legislation has all pointed to more market opening and other issues which are beneficial to our development, there is no assurance that future legislation will always be reflective of the current policy environment. Unexpected new policies adverse to our development could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations in the event we do not comply or if compliance is costly. It is not possible to anticipate the exact nature of future healthcare legislative reform in China, which depends largely on factors such as the Chinese Ministry of Health’s priorities, the political climate, and political priorities that can vary significantly from year to year. As such, legislative reform in China is often unpredictable. Consequently, if our business fails to comply with any of these reforms for any reason, it could result in penalties, loss of licensure, additional compliance costs or other adverse consequences.

If we fail to properly manage the registration of the medical professionals at the medical facilities in our network, we may be subject to penalties against such medical facilities, including fines, loss of licenses, or an order to cease practice, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The practicing activities of medical professionals are strictly regulated under laws, rules and regulations in China. For instance, in China, medical professionals who practice at medical facilities must hold practicing licenses and may only practice within the scope of their licenses and at the specific medical facilities at which their licenses are registered. Furthermore, in China, if a medical professional is found to be practicing at a medical facility where he or she is not properly registered, both the individual and the medical facility will be subject to administrative penalties. Our failure to properly manage the registration of medical professionals in our medical facilities may subject the physicians, us or the individual medical facilities in our network to administrative penalties including fines, loss of licenses, or even an order to cease practice, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

If we do not attract and retain qualified physicians, administrators or other hospital personnel, our hospital operations would be adversely affected.

Our success in operating our hospitals and clinics is, in part, dependent upon the number and quality of the physicians, administrators and other medical personnel working at these facilities and our ability to retain them. As we offer premium, internationally accredited healthcare services at our hospitals and clinics, we are dependent on attracting a certain number (depending on market profiles) of qualified healthcare professionals, who may experience cultural challenges working in China and may not be willing or able to remain in China for the extended periods of time which are preferable for physician employment. In addition, physicians may terminate their affiliation with our hospitals at any time. The failure to recruit and retain qualified physicians, management, nurses and other medical support personnel, or to control labor costs, could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We depend on key personnel for the success of our business.

Our success depends, to a significant extent, on the continued active participation of our executive officers and other key personnel, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Vice President of Medical Affairs, Chief Nursing Officer and the general managers of our hospitals. In addition, there is significant competition for employees with expertise in the healthcare industry in China. In order to succeed, we need to be able to retain our executive officers and key personnel and attract highly skilled personnel in various functions of our business. We cannot make assurances that we will be successful in attracting, integrating, motivating and retaining key personnel. If we are unable to retain our key personnel and attract additional qualified personnel, as and when needed, our business may be adversely affected.

Our business is highly dependent on our reputation. Failure to further develop, maintain or enhance our reputation may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of our operations.

Our reputation is critical to our success in the healthcare services market in China. Our management believes that our brand is well regarded by our patients. However, our failure to develop, maintain or enhance our reputation may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of our operations.

Many factors are important for maintaining and enhancing our reputation and may negatively affect our reputation if they are not properly managed, such as:

Any problems with our services, if publicized in the media or otherwise, could negatively impact our reputation. Similarly, inappropriate or inadequate communication following a major crisis, such as a major operational incident, cybersecurity breach, breach of law or ethics or leak of market-sensitive confidential information, could quickly and seriously impair our reputation. Depending on the nature of such crisis, effective communication may not mitigate serious damage to our reputation and may expose us to criminal and civil prosecution or class action suits by shareholders and other interested parties. Any of these risks can have a material adverse impact on our business.

If we fail to maintain important business relationships with certain key third parties, our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations may suffer.

The medical facilities in our network have established certain cooperation relationships with various third parties, such as suppliers of medical devices (ranging from medical beds to Da Vinci surgical systems), pharmaceutical drug manufacturers and distributors, marketing agencies and other hospitals and clinics outside of our network who refer patients to our facilities. Each of these relationships is important to us as they enable us to provide quality service and enhance our reputation and brand name in China. For example, we work with certain e-commerce sites to market and sell care packages to expectant patients and their families, which is a key patient base for us. If this relationship were to be damaged, obstetrics volume could be negatively impacted.

There is no assurance that we can maintain our cooperation arrangements with such third parties. Should such arrangements become unsuccessful, the number of patients and in turn our revenue may be adversely affected. In addition, as certain arrangements may not be exclusive, there is no assurance that such third parties would not enter into similar arrangements with our competitors or otherwise act in a manner adverse to our interests. If we fail to maintain the cooperation arrangements with these third parties or if these third parties fail to fulfill their obligations under the cooperation arrangements, or if they form relationships with our competitors, our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Unauthorized use of our brand name by third parties may adversely affect our business.

We consider our brand name to be critical to our success. In addition, our continued ability to differentiate our business from the other premium private healthcare providers and other potential new entrants would depend substantially on our ability to preserve the value of our brand name. We rely on trademark law, company brand name protection policies, and agreements with our employees, patients and business partners to protect the value of our brand name. In particular, the UFH brand name has been registered as a “well-known trademark” by the Trademark Office of the State Administration for Market Regulation of the People’s Republic of China (which had been reorganized as the Trademark Office of National Intellectual Property Administration since March 2018). We have also completed the trademark registration process and have been licensed to use several other related trademarks and we currently have 72 trademarks registered under the name of our wholly foreign-owned enterprise, United Family Healthcare Management Consulting (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (the “UFH (WFOE)”), and 178 trademarks registered under the name of Chindex Inc., one of our subsidiaries. However, there can be no assurance that the measures taken by us in this regard are adequate to prevent or deter infringement or other misappropriation of our brand name. Among others, we may not be able to detect unauthorized use of our brand name or copycat in a timely manner because our ability to determine whether other parties have infringed our brand name is generally limited to information from publicly available sources. In order to preserve the value of the UFH brand name, we may have to take legal action against third parties. Nonetheless, because the validity, enforceability and scope of trademark protection in China is uncertain and still evolving, we may not be successful in litigation. Further, future litigation may also result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources and disrupt our business.

As a provider of medical services, we are exposed to inherent risks relating to malpractice and other claims and we may not be adequately insured against such liabilities.

In recent years, physicians, hospitals and other healthcare providers in China have become subject to an increasing number of legal actions alleging malpractice or related legal issues. In addition, as a provider of medical services, any misdiagnosis or improper treatment may result in negative publicity regarding our business or our services, which would harm our reputation. If we are found liable for malpractice, we may be required to pay substantial monetary damages and legal costs.

To protect our business from the cost of any such claims, we maintain professional malpractice liability insurance and general liability insurance coverage in amounts and with deductibles that we believe to be appropriate for our operations. However, our insurance coverage may not cover all claims against us or continue to be available at a reasonable cost for them to maintain adequate levels of insurance. In addition, even if we are able to successfully defend ourselves against a certain claim, we could be required to spend significant management, financial and other resources in the process, which could disrupt our business, and our reputation and brand name may also suffer.

Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover the risks related to our business, and its insurance costs may increase significantly.

Our management believes it has obtained an adequate amount of insurance for the insurable risks relating to our business, including medical malpractice insurance. However, there is no assurance that the insurance policies it maintains are sufficient to cover our business operations. If UFH was to incur substantial liabilities that were not covered by its insurance, UFH could incur costs and losses that could materially and adversely affect its results of operations. Furthermore, UFH cannot assure you that it will be able to continue to maintain insurance with adequate coverage for liability or risks arising from any of its services on acceptable terms. Even if the insurance is considered adequate by management, insurance premiums could increase significantly which could result in higher costs to the company, or insurance terms could change which result in higher effective costs to the company.

We depend on our information systems, which if not implemented, maintained, and secured, could adversely affect our operations.

Our business is dependent on effective information systems that assist us in, among other things, monitoring, assessing utilization and other cost factors, supporting our healthcare management techniques, processing billing and providing data to regulators, and maintaining patient, employee, and corporate privacy and security. If we experience a reduction in the performance, reliability or availability of our information systems, our operations and ability to produce timely and accurate reports could be adversely impacted.

Our information systems and applications require regular maintenance, upgrading and enhancement to meet operational needs. Moreover, the proposed expansion of our facilities and similar activities require transitions to or from, and the integration of, various information systems. We regularly upgrade and expand our information systems capabilities throughout our healthcare services operations. Upgrades, expansions of technological capabilities, and other potential system-wide improvements in information systems may require significant capital expenditures. If we experience difficulties with the transition to or from information systems or are unable to properly implement, finance, maintain or expand such systems, our business could suffer, among other things, from operational disruptions, which could adversely affect our business prospects or results of operations.

We are subject to cyber security risks and other cyber incidents, including the misappropriation of information and other breaches of information security which could adversely affect our business and disrupt our operations.

In the normal course of conducting business, we collect and store sensitive data on our systems, including personal information of patients and employees, including patient medical records, financial information and documentation, and various internal operational documentation. Despite the security measures we have in place and any additional measures we may implement in the future to safeguard our systems and to mitigate potential security risks, our facilities and systems could be vulnerable to cyber security breaches, such as unauthorized access, accidents, employee errors or malfeasance, computer viruses, hackings or other disruptions. Such breach could compromise the security of our data and information technology infrastructure, thereby exposing such information to unauthorized third parties. Techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to information systems, or to sabotage those systems, change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to remedy, protect against or alleviate these and related problems, and we may not be able to remedy these problems in a timely manner, or at all. Any disruption of our systems or security breach or event resulting in the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, whether by us directly or by an unauthorized third-party, could damage our reputation, result in the incurrence of costs, expose us to the risks of litigation and liability, result in regulatory penalties under laws that protect privacy of personal information, disrupt our business or otherwise affect our results of operations.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting to remediate our material weakness over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our shares may be materially and adversely affected.

We are a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, requires that we include a report from management on our internal control over financial reporting starting with this Annual Report. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

As defined in the standards established by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

As reported in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2019, we concluded that we had a material weakness relating to the lack of sufficient financial reporting personnel with requisite knowledge and experience in application of SEC rules. As of December 31, 2020, we remediated this material weakness by implementing corrective measures noted in Item 15 “Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” of this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

As reported in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, we concluded that we had a material weakness relating to our accounting for the Warrants issued by NFC at the time of its initial public offering in July 2018. Specifically, the Company's controls to evaluate the accounting for the Warrants issued by NFC in July 2018 did not operate effectively to appropriately apply the provisions of IAS 32.16. We are developing and implementing a remediation plan to address the material weakness related to the accounting for the warrants. We cannot assure you that we will be able to resolve the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting in a timely and effective manner. A significant deficiency or material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could be identified in the future. Our independent registered public accounting firm was not required to perform an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we have identified all, or that we will not in the future have additional, material weaknesses. Material weaknesses may still exist when our independent registered public accounting firm report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as required by reporting requirements under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

This could in turn result in loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements and negatively impact the trading price of our shares. Furthermore, we have incurred and anticipate that we will continue to incur considerable costs, management time and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 and other requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Our debt could impair our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our business obligations.

In connection with the closing of the business combination, NF Unicorn Chindex Holding Limited, our wholly owned indirect subsidiary, entered into seven-year senior secured credit facility in an aggregate amount of RMB2,094.6 million (i.e., the RMB equivalent of  $300.0 million) with China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd., New York Branch and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Putuo Sub-Branch as arrangers and original lenders (the “Senior Secured Term Loan”), which funds were used to finance the business combination (in part). As of December 31, 2020, we had total indebtedness of approximately RMB2,060.7 million and cash on hand of approximately RMB640.4 million. Such indebtedness could affect our future operations, for example by:

In addition, the terms of our indebtedness impose significant restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility through various covenants that limit the ability of Chindex and its subsidiaries to, among other things:

If the terms of our debt financing arrangements preclude us from pursuing certain business opportunities, our business and prospects could be adversely affected.

We may be unable to service or refinance our debt.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or to reduce or refinance, our indebtedness will depend on our future financial and operating performance. To a certain extent, our future performance will be affected by the impact of general economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control, including the availability of financing in the banking and capital markets. We cannot be certain that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service our debt. If we are unable to meet our debt obligations or to fund our other liquidity needs, we will need to restructure or refinance all or a portion of our debt to avoid defaulting on our debt obligations or to meet other business needs. A refinancing of any of our indebtedness could be at higher interest rates, could require compliance with more onerous covenants that further restrict our business operations, could be restricted by another of our debt instruments outstanding, or refinancing opportunities may not be available at all.

Our warrants became exercisable for our ordinary shares 30 days after the consummation of the business combination. If they are exercised they would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our shareholders.

We issued public warrants to purchase 14,375,000 ordinary shares at $11.50 per share and private placement warrants to purchase 7,750,000 ordinary shares in connection with our IPO, and we issued forward purchase warrants to certain institutions and accredited investors in connection with the business combination to purchase an aggregate of 4,750,000 ordinary shares at $11.50 per share at the consummation of the business combination. The ordinary shares issued upon exercise of our public warrants, private placement warrants and forward purchase warrants will result in dilution to the then existing holders of our ordinary shares and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares.

New Frontier Public Holding Ltd. (the “Sponsor”) has significant influence over us.

The Sponsor beneficially owns approximately 12.4% of our ordinary shares (including warrants to purchase ordinary shares). In addition, in connection with the closing of the business combination, the Sponsor entered into (i) certain irrevocable proxies with certain shareholders, pursuant to which such shareholders agreed to grant an irrevocable proxy to the Sponsor to exercise all voting rights attaching to any ordinary shares held by such shareholders at all of our shareholder meetings, and (ii) certain director support agreements with certain shareholders, pursuant to which each such shareholder agreed to, at any of our shareholder meetings, vote all of the ordinary shares directly or indirectly owned or controlled by such shareholder or its affiliates or over which such shareholder or any of its affiliates has voting power to elect each and every person who is nominated by the Sponsor or whom is voted in favor of by the Sponsor to serve as a director of us. As a result of the entry into the aforementioned agreements, as of December 31, 2020, the Sponsor had the power to indirectly control approximately 57.4% of our outstanding ordinary shares (including warrants to purchase ordinary shares). As long as the Sponsor owns or controls a significant percentage of our outstanding voting power, it will have the ability to strongly influence all corporate actions requiring shareholder approval.

In addition, pursuant to the Sponsor Director Nomination Agreement entered into at the consummation of the business combination, the Sponsor has the right to nominate that number of directors for election to our board of directors equal to the total number of directors to be nominated, less the number of directors nominated by Vivo Capital Fund IX (Cayman), L.P. (“Vivo”), Fosun Industrial Co., Limited (“Fosun”) and Roberta Lipson pursuant to the terms of the Vivo Director Nomination Agreement, the Fosun Director Nomination Agreement and the Lipson Employment Agreement, respectively.

As a result, the Sponsor’s interests may not align with the interests of our other shareholders. The Sponsor is affiliated with New Frontier Group Ltd. (“NFG”), which is in the business of making investments in companies and may acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us. The Sponsor may also pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business, and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. In addition, our Charter provides that we renounce any interest or expectancy in the business opportunities of the Sponsor and its directors, managers, officers, members, partners, managing members, employees and/or agents and each such party shall not have any obligation to offer us those opportunities unless presented to one of our directors or officers in his or her capacity as a director or officer.

Our Charter provides that we waive any interest or expectancy in corporate opportunities presented to NFG, Fosun, Vivo and their respective affiliates and representatives, including the Sponsor.

Our Charter provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, we renounce and waive any interest or expectancy in, or in being offered an opportunity to participate in, corporate opportunities that are from time to time presented to NFG, Fosun, Vivo and their respective affiliates and representatives, including the Sponsor, even if the opportunity is one that we might reasonably be deemed to have pursued or had the ability or desire to pursue if granted the opportunity to do so. None of NFG, Fosun, Vivo and their respective affiliates and representatives will generally be liable to us for breach of any fiduciary or other duty, as a director or otherwise, by reason of the fact that such person pursues, acquires or participates in such corporate opportunity, directs such corporate opportunity to another person or fails to present such corporate opportunity, or information regarding such corporate opportunity, to us unless, in the case of any such person who is a director or officer, such corporate opportunity is expressly offered to such director or officer solely in his or her capacity as a director or officer. This will allow NFG, Fosun and Vivo to compete with us. Strong competition for investment opportunities could result in fewer such opportunities for us. We likely will not always be able to compete successfully with our competitors and competitive pressures or other factors may also result in significant price competition, particularly during industry downturns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our Board may be limited in its ability to defend against an unsolicited takeover attempt by Fosun or its affiliates.

In accordance with the terms of the Fosun Rollover Agreement, we agreed not to establish a shareholder rights plan, rights agreement, “poison pill,” or similar anti-takeover arrangement that would limit the ability of Fosun or any of its affiliates from acquiring or transferring ordinary shares, in each case, without the prior written consent of Fosun and unanimous approval of our board of directors. This arrangement could limit the ability of our board of directors to take certain types of defensive actions against a potential takeover attempt by the Fosun or its affiliates, even if our board believes that, in the absence of this arrangement, these types of defensive actions would be in the best interests of our company.

Our only significant asset is ownership of 100% of UFH, which may not be able to pay dividends or make distributions to enable us to pay any dividends on our ordinary shares or to satisfy our other financial obligations.

We have no direct operations and no significant assets other than the ownership of 100% of UFH. As such, we depend on UFH for distributions and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations, including our expenses as a publicly traded company, and to pay any dividends with respect to our ordinary shares. The earnings from, or other available assets of, UFH may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or loans to enable us to pay any dividends on our ordinary shares or satisfy our other financial obligations.

The Chinese government imposes strict controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of foreign currencies out of China. The principal regulation governing foreign currency exchange in China is the Regulations of China on Foreign Exchange Administration, as amended in 2008, or the Foreign Exchange Regulations. Under the Foreign Exchange Regulations and other relevant regulations and rules, including Explanations to Regulations on Foreign Exchange Sale, Purchase and Payment (1996), RMB are freely convertible for “current account” transactions, including the distribution of dividends and interest payments, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of China complies with certain procedures under Chinese foreign exchange regulation. In order to convert RMB for “capital account” transactions, such as capital injections and loans outside China, the prior approval of, or registration with, the Chinese State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or “SAFE” or its authorized local branches is required.

Under the current regulatory regime in China, both domestically-funded enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their after-tax profit, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. Our wholly foreign-owned enterprises and domestically-funded enterprises in China are required to set aside as statutory reserve funds at least 10% of its after-tax profit, until the cumulative amount of such reserve funds reaches 50% of its registered capital, whereas our equity joint venture (“EJV”) subsidiaries and cooperative joint venture (“CJV”) subsidiaries have discretion in deciding on the percentage of reserve funds and other funds. Domestically-funded enterprises, wholly foreign-owned enterprises, EJVs and CJVs shall not distribute any profits until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year. For a discussion of the impact of these rules on our business, please see the section entitled “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors —  Changes in the Foreign Investment Law and regulatory regime could have an impact on the transactions and the operation of our business.”

We may be required to take write-downs or write-offs, restructuring and impairment or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on our financial condition, results of operations and stock price, which could cause you to lose some or all of your investment.

Although NFC conducted due diligence on UFH in connection with the business combination, we cannot assure you that this diligence revealed all material issues that may be present in our business, that it would be possible to uncover all material issues through a customary amount of due diligence, or that factors outside of our control will not later arise. As a result, we may be forced to write-down or write-off assets, restructure our operations, or incur impairment or other charges in the future that could result in losses. Even if the due diligence successfully identified certain risks, unexpected risks may arise and previously known risks may materialize in a manner not consistent with our preliminary risk analysis. Even though these charges may be non-cash items and not have an immediate impact on our liquidity, the fact that we report charges of this nature could contribute to negative market perceptions about us or our securities. In addition, charges of this nature may cause us to violate net worth or other covenants to which we may be subject. Accordingly, our shareholders could suffer a reduction in the value of their shares. Such shareholders are unlikely to have a remedy for such reduction in value unless they are able to successfully claim that the reduction was due to the breach by our officers or directors of a duty of care or other fiduciary duty owed to them, or if they are able to successfully bring a private claim under securities laws that the proxy solicitation materials relating to the business combination contained an actionable material misstatement or material omission.

If the benefits of the business combination do not meet the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the market price of our securities may decline.

If the benefits of the business combination do not meet the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the market price of our securities may decline. In addition, fluctuations in the price of our securities could contribute to the loss of all or part of your investment. Prior to the business combination, trading in our ordinary shares was not active. Accordingly, the valuation ascribed to our ordinary shares in the business combination may not be indicative of the price that will prevail in the trading market following the business combination. If an active market for our securities develops and continues, the trading price of our securities following the business combination could be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. Any of the factors listed below could have a material adverse effect on your investment in our securities and our securities may trade at prices significantly below the price you paid for them. In such circumstances, the trading price of our securities may not recover and may experience a further decline.

Factors affecting the trading price of our securities may include:

Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our securities irrespective of our operating performance. The stock markets in general, and the NYSE in particular, have experienced price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. The trading prices and valuations of these stocks, and of our securities, may not be predictable. A loss of investor confidence in the market for the stocks of other companies which investors perceive to be similar to us could depress our stock price regardless of our business, prospects, financial conditions or results of operations. A decline in the market price of our securities also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future.

There can be no assurance that any definitive offer will be made with respect to the going private transaction proposed by the Buyer Group, that any agreement will be executed or that this or any other transaction will be approved or consummated. Potential uncertainty involving the proposed going private transaction may adversely affect our business and the market price of our ordinary shares and warrants.

On February 9, 2021, our board of directors received a preliminary non-binding proposal letter from the Buyer Group proposing to acquire all of our outstanding ordinary shares not already owned by the Buyer Group or their affiliates for US$12.00 per share in cash in a going private transaction. For more details, see “Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company — Proposed Going Private Transaction.” There can be no assurance that any definitive offer will be made, that any agreement will be executed or that any proposed going private transaction will be approved or consummated. These uncertainties may increase the volatility of the market price of our ordinary shares and have a material adverse effect on the market price of our ordinary shares.

The proposed going private transaction, whether or not pursued or consummated, presents a risk of diverting management focus, employee attention and resources from other strategic opportunities and from operational matters. In addition, if we sign any definitive agreement with the Buyer Group, we may be subject to various restrictions under those agreements on the conduct of our business prior to the completion of the transaction, which may delay or prevent us from undertaking business opportunities that may arise pending completion of the transaction. Also, any development of the going private transaction, such as entering into or termination of any definitive agreement, may increase volatility of the trading price of our securities.

A market for our securities may not continue, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our securities.

Following the business combination, the price of our securities may fluctuate significantly due to the market’s reaction to the business combination and general market and economic conditions. An active trading market for our securities following the business combination may never develop or, if developed, it may not be sustained. In addition, the price of our securities after the business combination can vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, our general business condition and the release of our financial reports. Additionally, if our securities are not listed on, or become delisted from, the NYSE for any reason, and are quoted in the over-the-counter market, the liquidity and price of our securities may be more limited than if we were quoted or listed on the NYSE or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained.

Our credit facilities contain certain financial and other covenants. The failure to comply with such covenants could have an adverse effect on us.

In connection with the closing of the business combination, NF Unicorn Chindex Holding Limited, our wholly owned indirect subsidiary, entered into seven-year senior secured credit facility as of December 9, 2019 with China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd., New York Branch and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Putuo Sub-Branch as arrangers and original lenders, and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Putuo Sub-Branch as agent and security agent (the “Senior Secured Term Facility Agreement”). The proceeds of the Senior Secured Term Loan were applied towards financing the business combination at the consummation of the business combination Date.

The Senior Secured Term Facility Agreement sets out restrictions on, among others, transactions between the borrower, Chindex and its subsidiaries (each, a “Chindex Group Member”) and HHH Inc. and its subsidiaries as at the consummation of the business combination Date (each, an “Existing HHH Group Member” and together the “Existing HHH Group”), including: (i) restrictions on material transactions of any Chindex Group Member with any Existing HHH Group Member except on arm’s length terms or better (from the perspective of the Chindex Group Member) subject to exceptions agreed in the Senior Secured Term Facility Agreement, and (ii) restrictions on loans, credits or guarantees to be made by any Chindex Group Member or any Existing HHH Group Member, subject to exceptions agreed in the Senior Secured Term Facility Agreement (including, amongst others, any intercompany loans made by or guarantees granted by (x) a Chindex Group Member to or in favor of another Chindex Group Member or an Existing HHH Group Member or (y) by an Existing HHH Group Member in respect of the obligations of, to or in favor of, another Existing HHH Group Member, a Chindex Group Member or NFC or any of its subsidiaries (together, the “NFC Group”), provided that, amongst others, (in respect of the guarantee provided by an Existing HHH Group Member the proceeds of such indebtedness or obligations are reinvested into HHH Inc. and its subsidiaries and /or the Chindex Group by way of equity injection or subordinated intercompany loan. Separately, there are general restrictions (i) that the aggregate consideration paid by the Chindex Group Members for any permitted acquisitions and permitted joint ventures to or in respect of any HHH Group Member and the aggregate intercompany loans made by the Chindex Group Members to the HHH Group Members shall not at any time exceed RMB800,000,000 or the equivalent during the life of the Senior Secured Term Loan, except to the extent funded by (x) any equity injection or shareholder loan made by NFC (or its affiliate) to any Chindex Group Member, and (y) an aggregate amount up to US$150,000,000 funded by NFC (or its affiliate) to any Chindex Group Member by way of the equity injection, which is further provided by such Chindex Group Member to any HHH Group Member by way of equity injection or intercompany loan for the purpose of financing or refinancing the capital expenditure of HHH Group (the “General Basket”), and (ii) in respect of each Chindex Group Member, the making of any permitted acquisition, joint venture investment or restricted payment, or the provision of intercompany loans, entrustment loans or guarantees permitted under the credit agreement related to the Senior Secured Term Loan, shall not have any material adverse effect on NF Unicorn Chindex Holding Limited’s ability to comply with its payment obligations under the finance documents, or to fund any operating expenses in the ordinary course of business in any material respect, or its ability to comply with financial covenants under the credit agreement related to the Senior Secured Term Loan.

In addition, the Senior Secured Term Facility Agreement contains certain financial and other general covenants including a net leverage ratio covenant, and limitations on, among other things, liens or security, financial indebtedness, merger, acquisitions, joint venture, change of business, payment of dividends and other distributions of its share capital, provision of loans, credit or guarantee, disposal of assets, and collection accounts and cash pooling arrangement. Any failure to comply with the restrictions of the credit facilities may result in an event of default under the Senior Secured Term Facility Agreement, and we may then be required to repay such debt with capital from other sources. The credit agreement bears interest at variable rates. If benchmark interest rates designated thereunder increase, variable rate debt will create higher debt service requirements, which could adversely affect our cash flow.

We may need additional capital in the future, and it may not be available on acceptable terms.

We may need to access the debt and equity capital markets. However, these sources of financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Our ability to obtain additional financing will be subject to a number of factors, including market conditions, our operating performance, investor sentiment and ability to incur additional debt in compliance with agreements governing our then-outstanding debt. These factors may make the timing, amount, terms or conditions of additional financings unattractive to us. If we are unable to generate sufficient funds from operations or raise additional capital, our growth could be impeded.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

A severe or prolonged downturn in the global or Chinese economy could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The potential trade war between the U.S. and China, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term global economic turmoil. A prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economies, including sustained periods of decreased consumer spending, higher unemployment levels, declining consumer or business confidence and continued volatility and disruption in the credit and capital markets, may have an adverse effect on our business. Unfavorable economic conditions could lead to a decrease in consumer spending on discretionary items, such as our premium services, and could cause our potential patients to delay their treatments or seek treatments at public hospitals where the cost of such services are covered by public insurance. In addition, if global economic uncertainty continues, international companies with offices in China may decide to close or otherwise significantly reduce their headcount in China. This could lead to a significant reduction in our patient base, which is largely dependent on expatriates and affluent Chinese patients. Any of these situations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The economic policies of the Chinese government and economic growth of China could adversely affect us.

Substantially all of our assets are located in China, and all of our revenue is derived from operations in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition and results of operations are subject to a significant degree, to economic, political and legal developments in China.

The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including:

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth in the past 30 years, growth has been uneven, both geographically and across various sectors of the economy. The Chinese economy has also experienced certain adverse effects due to the global financial crisis. The growth rate of China’s gross domestic product has slowed in recent years to 6.6% in 2018 from 9.4% in 2009, according to the National Bureau of Statistics of China and could slow further in the coming years due to the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to jump start the economy, encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may also have a negative effect on our business. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely (or positively) affected by government control over capital investments, foreign currency exchange restrictions or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us.

The Chinese economy has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of the productive assets in China are still owned by the Chinese government. The continued control of these assets, including formal ownership by the Chinese government of the land used for our facilities, and other aspects of the national economy by the Chinese government could materially and adversely affect our business. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over Chinese economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies, including state owned public hospitals.

Any adverse change in the economic conditions or government policies in China could have a material adverse effect on overall economic growth, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for our services and consequently have a material adverse effect on our business.

Labor policy changes or reforms by the Chinese government could adversely affect our business.

The Chinese government has strong control and oversight of labor law and labor contract law and enforces compliance with these laws. The government has taken actions to improve protection of employees’ rights, often serving to increase the responsibilities and labor costs of employers. Some significant changes include a requirement to offer permanent employment at the conclusion of two successive fixed term employment contracts; a requirement to pay severance in all cases of termination except for extreme breach of contract by the employee or the employee’s voluntary resignation; and a requirement for the employer to pay financial compensation in return for the employee’s non-compete agreement. Our business is highly dependent on labor for clinical, facility and administrative teams, our business is particularly sensitive to labor reforms that could increase labor costs, such as increasing minimum wages, pension or healthcare contributions, and preferential tax deduction policies. Any changes to such reforms could significantly increase our labor costs, with associated negative impacts of lowering profitability, available cash for expansions, and other negative impacts.

The Chinese legal system may not provide us with adequate protections.

The Chinese legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, the Chinese legal system is a system in which decided legal cases have little precedential value. As such, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of China’s laws and regulations. The Chinese government has been developing a comprehensive system of commercial law, and considerable progress has been made in introducing laws and regulations dealing with economic matters such as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation and trade. However, because these laws and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited volume of published cases and judicial interpretation and their lack of force as precedents, interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve significant uncertainties. In addition, new laws and regulations that affect existing and proposed future businesses may also be applied retroactively, which can create significant uncertainty. We cannot predict what effect the interpretation of existing or new laws or regulations may have on our business in China. If the relevant authorities determine that we are in violation of any laws or regulations, they would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including, among other things: (i) levying fines and (ii) requiring that we discontinue any portion or all of our business in China.

Changes in the Foreign Investment Law and regulatory regime could have an impact on future transactions and the operation of our business.

The Foreign Investment Law and Implementing Regulations of the Foreign Investment Law came into effect on January 1, 2020, replaced the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on China-Foreign Equity Joint Venture (the “EJV Law”), the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on China-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures (together with the EJV Law, the “JV Laws”), each of which applied to some entities incorporated in China and controlled (directly or indirectly) by us. The Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected Chinese regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. Since the Foreign Investment Law became effective, uncertainties exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation. For instance, though the Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, it contains a catch-all provision under the definition of ”foreign investment,” which includes investments made by foreign investors in China through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, such as unwinding our existing contractual arrangements and/or disposal of our related business operations, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all.

In addition, the Foreign Investment Law requires that all foreign invested enterprises in China must comply with either the Company Law of the People’s Republic China or the Partnership Enterprise Law of the People’s Republic China for purposes of their corporate governance structure, organizational form and operational rules, except that foreign invested enterprises established prior to the effective date of the Foreign Investment Law may keep their current corporate governance structure, organizational form and operational rules for a five year transition period ending on December 31, 2024. As a result of the implementation of the Foreign Investment Law, our Chinese subsidiaries that were initially established as China-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures (“EJV”), such as Shanghai Pudong United Family Hospital (“PDU”) and China-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures (“CJV”), may have to amend their formation documents to take into account some of the material corporate governance and structural differences between the JV Laws and the Company Law. For example, whereas the board of directors governs an EJV and the board of directors or joint management committee governs a CJV under the JV Laws, under the Company Law, the shareholders govern a company. In addition, there are uncertainties as to how and whether our Chinese joint venture partners will agree to work together to implement the necessary changes during the five-year transition period given that these changes may affect the decision making process and other corporate governance matters of the relevant subsidiaries, which might have an impact on our operations.

Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

The conversion of RMB into foreign currency is regulated, and these regulations could adversely affect our business and investments.

We generate 100% of our revenue and incur approximately 98% of our expenses in RMB within China, however, a portion of our earnings are typically transferred from China and converted into U.S. dollars or other currencies to pay certain of these expenses, including to service our offshore debt financing (which is denominated in RMB). The Chinese government imposes strict controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. Specifically, under Chinese foreign exchange regulations, payments for “current account” transactions, including remittance of foreign currencies for payment of dividends, profit distributions, interest and operation-related expenditures, may be made without prior approval but are subject to procedural requirements. Strict foreign exchange control continues to apply to “capital account” transactions, such as direct foreign investment and foreign currency loans. These capital account transactions must be approved by or registered with China’s State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or “SAFE” or its authorized local branches. As such, we cannot assure you that we will able to meet all of our foreign currency obligations to remit profits out of China or to fund operations in China. In addition, it is possible that SAFE could impose new or increase existing restrictions on currency transfers or otherwise impose exchange controls that adversely affect our practices. Adverse actions by SAFE could also affect our ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing, including by means of loans or capital contributions, which could adversely affect our business.

Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans and withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries as required by Chinese regulations may subject us to penalties.

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government-mandated employee benefit contribution plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and are also required to contribute an amount for each eligible employee equal to certain percentages of their salary, including bonuses and allowances, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where we operate our businesses. The requirement to contribute to employee benefit contribution plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. In addition, companies operating in China are also required to withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries based on the actual salary of each employee upon payment. It is our policy for each of our subsidiaries to follow the government regulations and instructions on tax withholding and social benefit contributions. If we do not contribute enough money to the employee benefit contribution plans and/or fail to withhold the appropriate amount of individual income tax, we may be subject to late fees and fines and our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

China’s M&A Rules and certain other Chinese regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or the “M&A Rules,” adopted by six Chinese regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, along with other rules and regulations concerning mergers and acquisitions, established procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, or “MOFCOM,” be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a Chinese domestic enterprise. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China requires that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. In addition, MOFCOM issued a regulation that specifies that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns will be subject to strict review by the MOFCOM, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOFCOM or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain its market share.

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the SAT issued a circular, known as SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners like us, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China, and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s major assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We believe none of our entities outside China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities, and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that we or any of our subsidiaries outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, then we or any such subsidiaries could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we would also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Furthermore, if the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares and dividends distributed to our non-PRC shareholders may be subject to PRC withholding tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if such gains or dividends are deemed to be from PRC sources. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ordinary shares.

Natural disasters, terrorist attacks and other extraordinary events could adversely affect our business.

Our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters, terrorist attacks or other events in China where all of our operations are located. For example, in May 2008, the Sichuan Province suffered a strong earthquake measuring approximately 8.0 on the Richter scale that caused widespread damage and casualties and had a material adverse effect on the general economic conditions in the affected areas. The occurrence of any future disasters such as earthquakes, fires, floods, wars, terrorist attacks, or other events, or if our information systems or communications network breaks down or operates improperly as a result of such events, our facilities may be seriously damaged, and it may have to stop or delay operations. We may incur expenses relating to such damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The Chinese government could change its policies toward, or even nationalize, private enterprise, which could harm our operations.

Over the past several years, the Chinese government has pursued economic reform policies, including the encouragement of private economic activities, decentralization of economic regulation and substantial reform of the healthcare system in China. The Chinese government may not continue to pursue these policies or may significantly alter them to our detriment from time to time without notice. Changes in policies by the Chinese government resulting in changes in laws and regulations or their interpretation, or the imposition of confiscatory taxation, restrictions on currency conversion or imports and sources of supply could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results. In addition, the nationalization or other expropriation of private enterprises by the Chinese government could result in the total loss of our investment in China.

Also, the Chinese tax system is subject to substantial uncertainties in both interpretation and enforcement of the laws. In the past, following the Chinese government’s program of privatizing many state-owned enterprises, the Chinese government attempted to augment our revenues through heightened tax collection efforts. Continued efforts by the Chinese government to increase tax revenues could result in other decisions or interpretations of the tax laws by the Chinese taxing authorities that increase our future tax liabilities or deny it expected refunds, which could adversely impact our business.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in China, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. Any violation of these regulations may result in substantial fines, criminal sanctions, revocations of operating permits, shutdown of our facilities and obligations to take corrective measures. We cannot completely eliminate the risk of injury as a result of any of these violations, and in such event, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil, administrative or criminal fines and penalties. Liability for any such costs may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

As the operations of our business generate waste water, hazardous substances and other industrial wastes, we must comply with all applicable national and local environmental laws and regulations in China. In accordance with China’s Environmental Protection Law, as amended in 2014, China’s Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, as amended in 2018, and the Administrative Measures for Pollutant Discharge Licensing, as amended in 2019, we are required to undertake an environmental impact assessment, implement occupational disease hazard assessment procedures and pass certain environmental protection acceptance procedures at each of our facilities, the latter of which must be completed within twelve months of the completion of construction at the relevant facility. In addition, we are also required to register with, and/or obtain approvals from, relevant environmental protection authorities for various environmental matters such as discharging waste generated by our operations.

In addition, each of our medical institutions is required to comply with the safety and health laws and regulations in China. For example, in accordance with China’s Law on the Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution (2003), each of our medical institutions that operate equipment that contain radioactive materials or emit radiation must obtain a radiation safety permit from the relevant local counterpart of the Ministry of Environmental Protection.

One of our new facilities is in the process of completing its environmental acceptance procedure and is expected to complete the required procedures within the time frame required by applicable laws. This facility is expected to obtain the required approvals before the expiration of such statutory time limit. However, we may not be able to obtain such approvals or permits or follow the requisite requirements at this facility or other facilities in a timely manner or at all. If we are unable to comply with these rules, we may be required to pay fines or damages to third parties or we may be ordered to suspend or cease our operations in the relevant premises.

Corrupt practices in the healthcare industry in China may place us at a competitive disadvantage if our competitors engage in such practices and may harm our reputation if our hospitals and the medical personnel who work in them engage in such practices.

There may be corrupt practices in the healthcare industry in China. Our competitors, other service providers or their personnel or equipment manufacturers may engage in corrupt practices to influence hospital personnel or other decision makers in violation of the anti-corruption laws of China and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the “FCPA.”

We have adopted a policy regarding compliance with the anti-corruption laws of China and the FCPA to prevent, detect and correct such corrupt practices. However, as competition persists and intensifies in the industry, we may lose opportunities if our competitors engage in such practices or other illegal activities. In addition, our administrators or the doctors or other medical personnel who work in our hospitals may engage in corrupt practices without our management’s knowledge.

Although our policies prohibit such practices, we have limited control over the actions of individual employees who may act outside of such policies. If any of them engages in such illegal practices, we or our hospitals may be subject to sanctions or fines and our reputation may be adversely affected by negative publicity stemming from such incidents.

Failure to comply with anti-corruption laws, rules and regulations could subject our facilities and/or the physicians, other medical professionals and staff who work at our facilities to investigations and administrative or criminal proceedings, which may harm the reputation of such medical facilities and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have adopted policies and procedures designed to ensure that the physicians, other medical professionals and staff who work at the facilities in our network reasonably comply with anti-corruption laws, rules and regulations. The Chinese government has increased its anti-bribery efforts to reduce improper payments and other benefits received by physicians, other medical professionals and staff in connection with the purchase of pharmaceuticals and the provision of healthcare services. There can be no assurance that our policies and procedures will effectively prevent any non-compliance with relevant anti-corruption laws, rules and regulations arising from actions taken by an individual physician, other medical professionals and staff without the knowledge of each medical facility in our network. If this occurs, the medical facilities and/or the physicians, other medical professionals and staff may be subject to investigations and administrative or criminal proceedings, and the reputation of the medical facilities in our network could be significantly harmed by any negative publicity stemming from such incidents, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in international trade policies and rising political tensions, particularly between the U.S. and China, may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Recently, there have been heightened tensions in international economic relations, such as the one between the United States and China. The U.S. government has recently imposed, and has recently proposed to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from China to penalize China for what it characterizes as unfair trade practices. China has responded by imposing, and proposing to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from the United States. Following mutual retaliatory actions for months, on January 15, 2020, the United States and China entered into the Economic and Trade Agreement Between the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China as a phase one trade deal, effective on February 14, 2020. It remains unclear what additional actions, if any, will be taken by the U.S. or other governments with respect to international trade, tax policy related to international commerce, or other trade matters.

The situation is further complicated by the political tensions between the United States and China that escalated during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the wake of the National People’s Congress’s decision on Hong Kong national security legislation, sanctions imposed by the U.S. Department of Treasury on certain officials of the Hong Kong and China and the executive orders issued by U.S. President in August 2020 that prohibit certain transactions with certain China-based companies and their respective subsidiaries. Against this backdrop, China has implemented, and may further implement, measures in response to the changing trade policies, treaties, tariffs and sanctions and restrictions against Chinese companies initiated by the U.S. government. For example, the MOFCOM published new rules in January 2021 to counter restrictions imposed by foreign countries on Chinese citizens and companies.

This evolving policy dispute between China and the United States could have significant impact on the Chinese economy as well as consumer discretional spending, directly and indirectly, and no assurance can be given that we will not be adversely affected by any governmental actions taken by either China or the United States, perhaps materially. In view of the positions of the respective trade representatives, it is not possible to predict with any certainty the outcome of this dispute or whether it will involve other agencies or entities brought in to resolve the policy differences of the two countries. Furthermore, any political or trade controversies, or political events or crises, between the United States and China or proxies thereof, whether or not directly related to our business, could reduce the price of our ordinary shares since we are a U.S. listed company operating in China.

If we become directly subject to the scrutiny involving U.S. listed Chinese companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and/or defend the matter, which could harm our business operations, stock price and reputation.

U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies. Much of the scrutiny has centered around financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial reporting and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of the scrutiny, the publicly traded stock of many U.S. listed China-based companies that have been the subject of such scrutiny has sharply decreased in value. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and/or external investigations into the allegations. If we become the subject of any such scrutiny, whether any allegations are true or not, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend our business. Such investigations or allegations will be costly and time-consuming and distract our management from our business plan and could result in our reputation being harmed and our stock price could decline as a result of such allegations, regardless of the truthfulness of the allegations.

The audit report included in this report was prepared by auditors who are not inspected fully by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, accordingly, our shareholders are deprived of the benefits of this inspection.

As an auditor of companies that are publicly traded in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or “PCAOB,” Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP is required under the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB. However, because the Company has substantial operations within China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese government authorities, our auditor and its audit work are not currently inspected fully by the PCAOB. On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. The joint statement reflects a heightened interest in an issue that has concerned U.S. regulators in recent years. However, it remains unclear what further actions the SEC and PCAOB will take to address the problem.

Inspections of other auditors conducted by the PCAOB outside of China have at times identified deficiencies in those auditors’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. Investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.

On December 18, 2020, the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, was enacted. The HFCA Act requires the SEC to prohibit securities of any foreign companies from being listed on U.S. securities exchanges or traded “over-the-counter” if a company retains a foreign accounting firm that cannot be inspected by the PCAOB for three consecutive years, beginning in 2021. On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final amendments to implement the HFCA Act. A registrant will not be required to comply with the amendments until the SEC has identified it as having a non-inspection year. As of the date of this Annual Report, the SEC is seeking public comment on this identification process. We are not required to comply with the amendments until the SEC has identified us as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. If we are identified by the SEC as a registrant that will have to comply with the interim final amendments, we will be subject to additional submission and disclosure requirements. For example, the amendments will require any identified registrant to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that the registrant is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in that foreign jurisdiction, and will also require disclosure in a foreign issuer’s annual report regarding the audit arrangements of, and governmental influence on, such a registrant. The SEC is seeking public comment on these submission and disclosure requirements and plans to separately address implementation of the trading prohibitions in the HFCA Act in the future.

There could be additional regulations or legislation that could impact us if our auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspection. For example, on August 6, 2020, the President's Working Group on Financial Markets issued the Report on Protecting United States Investors from Significant Risks from Chinese Companies to the then President of the United States, or the PWG Report. The PWG Report contained recommendations to address the lack of PCAOB inspection access. Some of these recommendations were implemented in the HFCA Act. However, some of the recommendations were more stringent than the HFCA Act. For example, the PWG report recommended that the transition period before a company would be delisted would end on January 1, 2022.

Whether the PCAOB will be able to conduct inspections of our auditors in the next three years, or at all, is subject to substantial uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our control. If we are unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement in time, we could be subject to additional submission and disclosure requirements, delisted from the NYSE and our ordinary shares and warrants will not be permitted for trading “over-the-counter” either. If our securities are unable to be listed on another securities exchange by then, such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our securities when you wish to do so, and the ongoing risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our securities. Also, such a delisting would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

Restrictions on the direct production of audit work papers to foreign regulators could result in our financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In late 2012, the SEC commenced administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the mainland Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including the affiliate of our auditor. The Rule 102(e) proceedings initiated by the SEC related to the failure of these firms to produce documents, including audit work papers, in response to the request of the SEC pursuant to Section 106 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as the auditors located in China are not in a position lawfully to produce documents directly to the SEC because of restrictions under Chinese law and specific directives issued by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”). The issues raised by the proceedings are not specific to the Chinese affiliate of our auditor or to us, but potentially affect equally all PCAOB-registered audit firms based in China and all businesses based in China (or with substantial operations in China) with securities listed in the United States. In addition, auditors based outside of China are subject to similar restrictions under Chinese law and CSRC directives in respect of audit work that is carried out in China that supports the audit opinions issued on financial statements of entities with substantial China operations.

In February 2015, each of the “big four” accounting firms in China agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute with the SEC. The settlement stayed the current proceeding for four years, during which time the firms were required to follow detailed procedures to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the CSRC. If a firm did not follow the procedures, the SEC would impose penalties such as suspensions, or commence a new, expedited administrative proceeding against the non-compliant firm or it could restart the administrative proceeding against all four firms. In addition, the limitations imposed by China on the production of work papers reflecting audit work performed in China could likewise result in the imposition of penalties on Healthy Harmony’s independent registered public accounting firm by the PCAOB or the SEC, such as suspensions of such audit firm’s ability to practice before the SEC. Under the terms of the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the “big four” accounting firms in China was deemed dismissed with prejudice four years after entry of the settlement. The fourth anniversary of the settlement was on February 6, 2019. We cannot predict if the SEC will further challenge the four firms as to their compliance with U.S. law in connection with U.S. regulatory requests for audit work papers, or if the results of the challenge would result in the SEC imposing penalties, such as suspensions. The audit committee is aware of the policy restriction and regularly communicated with our independent auditor to ensure compliance. If any additional remedial measures are imposed on the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in their financial statements being determined to be not in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, U.S.-listed companies, and the market price of our ordinary shares may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm, or the affiliate of our independent registered public accounting firm, were denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC, we would need to consider alternate support arrangements for the audit of our operations in China. If our auditor, or an affiliate of that firm, were unable to address issues related to the production of documents, and we were unable to timely find another independent registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on its financial statements, its financial statements could be determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. A determination of this type could ultimately lead to delisting of our ordinary shares from the NYSE or deregistration from the SEC, or both. This would materially and adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares and substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ordinary shares in the United States.

Our use of leased properties could be challenged by third parties or government authorities, which may cause interruptions to our business operations.

All of our properties are leased. Certain of these leases do not meet various land and property-related legal requirements. For example, certain of our lessors have not provided us with required documentation including: ownership certificates or other documentation proving their right to lease the property to us and evidence that they acquired the appropriate government approval and followed the required registration process needed to lease the property to us. If our lessors do not have the right to lease the properties to us or they fail to receive required permits or follow the required registration procedures with the relevant government authorities, our leases could be invalidated. If this occurs, we may be required to renegotiate our leases with the proper parties, the terms of which may be less favorable to us, or relocate our facilities entirely. In addition, failure to register may expose us to potential fines if we fail to remediate after receiving notice from the relevant Chinese government authorities. Also, the operation of our hospitals and clinics under certain of our leases may be challenged by the relevant Chinese authorities because the location of those leases does not permit such operation due to zoning restrictions.

We cannot assure you that third parties or government agencies may not challenge our use of the leased properties. The consequences of any of the above may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigation or collect evidence within China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of China’s Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests. See also “—Risks Relating to Status as a Foreign Private Issuer – U.S. investors may be unable to enforce certain judgments against us because we are incorporated and perform substantially all of our business outside of the U.S.” for risks associated with investing in us as a Cayman Islands company.

On January 9, 2021, the MOFCOM promulgated the Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extra-Territorial Application of Foreign Legislation and Other Measures, or the MOFCOM Order No. 1 of 2021. Pursuant to the MOFCOM Order No. 1 of 2021, where a citizen, legal person or other organization of China is prohibited or restricted by foreign legislation and other measures from engaging in normal economic, trade and related activities with a third State (or region) or its citizens, legal persons or other organizations, he/she/it shall truthfully report such matters to the competent department of commerce of the State Council within 30 days. A working committee will take the following factors into consideration when assessing whether there exists unjustified extra-territorial application of foreign legislation and other measures: (i) whether international law or the basic principles of international relations are violated; (ii) potential impact on China’s national sovereignty, security and development interests; (iii) potential impact on the legitimate rights and interests of the citizens, legal persons or other organizations of China; and (iv) any other relevant factors. In case it is confirmed that there exists unjustified extra-territorial application of foreign legislation and other measures, the MOFCOM may issue an injunction against such relevant foreign legislation and other measures. A citizen, legal person or other organization in China may apply for exemption from compliance with an injunction.

Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure

If the Chinese government finds that the agreements we entered into to establish the structure for any portion of our operations in China do not comply with its restrictions on foreign investment in healthcare businesses, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish a portion of our economic benefits in the assets and operations of our affiliated Chinese entities.

We are a Cayman Islands company and as such we are classified as a foreign enterprise under Chinese laws. Various laws, regulations and rules in China restrict foreign ownership in, and restrict foreign invested enterprises from holding, certain licenses required to operate healthcare-related businesses. Specifically, under the Special Administrative Measures for Market Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2020 Version), medical institutions are currently on the “negative list” for foreign investment. As such, foreign investors are not allowed to own more than a 70% equity interest in newly invested institutions pursuant to the Interim Measures for Administration of China-Foreign Joint Venture and Cooperative Medical Institutions (the “Interim Measures”), which took effect in July 2000. In addition, the Interim Measures also set forth certain qualification requirements for foreign investors, such as requiring that such investors possess investment and operational experience in the medical sector. To comply with such restrictions, we have organized the remaining 30% of certain of our subsidiaries through a series of contractual arrangements as variable interest entities (the “Relevant Entities”). As a result of these contractual arrangements, we are able to control 100% of such entities (including the 30% held by the nominee shareholder(s)) and receive all of the economic benefits from the operations of these entities.

It is uncertain whether any new Chinese laws, rules or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide, including whether and how the Foreign Investment Law promulgated in March 2019 might impact the viability of this corporate structure. See “— Risks Relating to Doing Business in China — Changes in the Foreign Investment Law and regulatory regime could have an impact on the transactions and the operation of our business.” above.

If we or any of our Chinese subsidiaries or affiliated Chinese entities, or their respective subsidiaries, are found to be in violation of any existing or future Chinese laws, rules or regulations or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:

The imposition of any of these penalties could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and our results of operations.

We rely on certain contractual arrangements for a portion of our operations in China, which may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct ownership.

We rely on contractual arrangements with the Relevant Entities, their respective subsidiaries and their respective shareholders to operate a portion of our business in China. Although these contractual arrangements provide us with 100% control over the Relevant Entities and their subsidiaries (including the 30% held by the nominee shareholder(s)) the contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with 100% control over our variable interest entities as direct ownership. For example, the Relevant Entities or their shareholders may breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, taking actions that are detrimental to our interests. From a legal perspective, if our variable interest entities, any of their subsidiaries or their shareholders fail to perform its respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and spend other resources to enforce such arrangements, and be forced to rely on legal remedies under Chinese law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief and claiming damages. If this were to happen, it could be time consuming and costly.

These contractual arrangements are governed by Chinese law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China or through Chinese courts. The legal environment in China is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. In addition, the Chinese regulatory environment presents inherent uncertainties. See “— Risks Relating to Doing Business in China — The Chinese legal system may not provide us with adequate protections” As a result, our rights under the contractual arrangements could not be honored and our ability to enforce these contracts under the contractual arrangements could be limited. If we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, our business and operations could be severely disrupted, which could damage our reputation and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Shareholders of the Relevant Entities may have a potential conflict of interest with us, and they may breach their contracts with us in a manner contrary to the interest of our company.

Each of the Relevant Entities is partially owned by certain of our employees who were designated by us. Accordingly, conflict may arise between these nominee shareholders’ fiduciary duties as director or supervisor of the Relevant Entities and us.

When conflicts of interest arise, these individuals may not act in the best interests of our company and conflicts of interest may not be resolved in our favor. In addition, these individuals may breach or cause either of the Relevant Entities to breach the contractual arrangements that will allow us to control 100% of such entities and their respective subsidiaries (including the 30% held by the nominee shareholder(s)) and receive economic benefits from them. We do not expect to enter into arrangements to address such potential conflicts of interest between these individuals and us. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and the shareholders of either of the Relevant Entities, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business, and there would be substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

The contractual arrangements with either of the Relevant Entities may be reviewed by the Chinese tax authorities for transfer pricing adjustments, which could increase our overall tax liability.

The Chinese Enterprise Income Tax Law, effective on January 1, 2008 and amended on December 24, 2017, or the EIT Law, requires every enterprise in China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its related parties to the relevant tax authorities. The Chinese tax authorities may impose reasonable adjustments on taxation if they have identified any related-party transactions that are inconsistent with arm’s-length principles. The Relevant Entities could face material adverse tax consequences if the Chinese tax authorities determined that certain related party transactions to be entered into between them and UFH (WFOE) were not entered into based on arm’s-length negotiations and therefore constitute a favorable transfer pricing arrangement. If the Chinese tax authorities were to determine that these contracts were not entered into on an arm’s-length basis, they could request that the Relevant Entities adjust their taxable income upward for Chinese tax purposes. Such a pricing adjustment could adversely affect us by increasing the Relevant Entities’ tax expenses without reducing UFH (WFOE)’s tax expenses, and could subject the Relevant Entities to late payment fees and other penalties for underpayment of taxes. As a result, our consolidated net income may be adversely affected.

We may lose the ability to use and benefit from a small portion of assets held by our variable interest entities if either of our variable interest entities goes bankrupt or becomes subject to dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

As part of our contractual arrangements with our variable interest entities, these entities hold a small portion of our assets, and may in the future hold additional assets. If either of our variable interest entities goes bankrupt and all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, we may be unable to continue some of our business activities, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If either of our variable interest entities undergoes voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of these assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Status as a Foreign Private Issuer

We are a foreign private issuer and are subject to different U.S. securities laws and regulations and corporate governance requirements than a domestic U.S. issuer.

We are a “foreign private issuer” under applicable U.S. federal securities laws. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act that would otherwise apply if we were a company incorporated in the United States, including:

In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Therefore, our shareholders may receive less information about us than shareholders received about NFC prior to the business combination and may be afforded less protection under the U.S. federal securities laws than they previously had.

In addition, as a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow certain corporate governance rules that conform to our home country requirements in lieu of many of the NYSE corporate governance rules. Section 303A.00 of the NYSE listing rules (the “Listing Rules”) provides that a foreign private issuer, such as us, may follow home country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain of the rules in Section 303A of the Listing Rules, including requirements with respect to board independence and the composition and responsibilities of certain board committees and a code of business conduct and ethics, provided that we nevertheless have an audit committee that satisfies the requirements of Sections 303A.06, comply with the disclosure requirements of Section 303A.11 and make the certifications required by Sections 303A.12(b) and (c) of the Listing Rules. Accordingly, our current shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE.

We may be subject to additional reporting requirements if we lose our status as a foreign private issuer.

If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer at some future time, then we will no longer be exempt from such rules and, among other things, will be required to file periodic reports and financial statements as if we were a company incorporated in the United States. The costs incurred in fulfilling these additional regulatory requirements could be substantial.

U.S. investors may be unable to enforce certain judgments against us because we are incorporated and perform substantially all of our business outside of the U.S.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and do substantially all of our business in China. Some of our directors and executive officers are residents of China and a significant portion of our assets are located outside the United States. As a result, we may be difficult to effect service within the United States upon us or upon some of our directors and executive officers. Execution by U.S. courts of any judgment obtained against us or any of our directors or executive officers in U.S. courts may be limited to assets located in the United States. It may also be difficult for holders of securities who reside in the United States to realize in the United States upon judgments of U.S. courts predicated upon civil liability of us and our directors and executive officers under the U.S. federal securities laws. There may be doubt as to the enforceability in the Cayman Islands and/or China against non-U.S. entities or their controlling persons, directors and executive officers who are not residents of the United States, in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, of liabilities predicated solely upon U.S. federal or state securities laws.