As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 8, 2022
Registration No. 333-
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM S-3
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
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46-3003182
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)
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64 Sidney Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
(857) 259-5340
(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including
Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)
Alfred Sandrock
President and Chief Executive Officer
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.
64 Sidney Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
(857) 259-5340
(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Agent for Service)
Copies to:
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Brian A. Johnson, Esq.
C.S. Avery Reaves, Esq.
Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP
7 World Trade Center
250 Greenwich Street
New York, New York 10007
(212) 230-8800
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Peter P. Pfreundschuh
Chief Financial Officer
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.
64 Sidney Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
(857) 259-5340
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Robert Hesslein, Esq.
Senior Vice President and General Counsel
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.
64 Sidney Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
(857) 259-5340
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Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
From time to time after this registration statement becomes effective.
If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box: ☐
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box: ☒
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
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Large accelerated filer ☐
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Accelerated filer ☒
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Non-accelerated filer ☐
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Smaller reporting company ☒
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Emerging growth company ☐
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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
EXPLANATORY NOTE
This registration statement contains two prospectuses:
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a base prospectus which covers the offering, issuance and sale by the Registrant of up to $300,000,000 of the Registrant’s common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depositary shares, subscription rights, warrants, purchase contracts and/or units from time to time in one or more offerings; and
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a sales agreement prospectus covering the offering, issuance and sale by the Registrant of up to $75,000,000 of the Registrant’s common stock that may be issued and sold under a sales agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC, or Cowen.
The base prospectus immediately follows this explanatory note. The specific terms of any securities to be offered pursuant to the base prospectus will be specified in a prospectus supplement to the base prospectus. The sales agreement prospectus immediately follows the base prospectus. The $75,000,000 of common stock that may be offered, issued and sold by the Registrant under the sales agreement prospectus is included in the $300,000,000 of securities that may be offered, issued and sold by the Registrant under the base prospectus. Upon termination of the sales agreement with Cowen, any portion of the $75,000,000 included in the sales agreement prospectus that is not sold pursuant to the sales agreement will be available for sale in other offerings pursuant to the base prospectus, and if no shares are sold under the sales agreement, the full $300,000,000 of securities may be sold in other offerings pursuant to the base prospectus and a corresponding prospectus supplement.
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
Subject to completion, dated November 8, 2022
$300,000,000
PROSPECTUS
Common Stock
Preferred Stock
Debt Securities
Depositary Shares
Subscription Rights
Warrants
Purchase Contracts
Units
We may offer and sell securities from time to time in one or more offerings of up to $300,000,000 in aggregate offering price. This prospectus describes the general terms of these securities and the general manner in which these securities will be offered. We will provide the specific terms of these securities in supplements to this prospectus. The prospectus supplements will also describe the specific manner in which these securities will be offered and may also supplement, update or amend information contained in this document. You should read this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement before you invest.
We may offer these securities in amounts, at prices and on terms determined at the time of offering. The securities may be sold directly to you, through agents, or through underwriters and dealers. If agents, underwriters or dealers are used to sell the securities, we will name them and describe their compensation in a prospectus supplement.
Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “VYGR.”
Investing in these securities involves significant risks. You should carefully review the risks and uncertainties referenced under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in this prospectus beginning on page 2 and any applicable prospectus supplement and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement for a discussion of the factors you should carefully consider before deciding to purchase these securities.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The date of this prospectus is .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which we refer to as the “SEC,” utilizing a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may from time to time sell any combination of the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings for an aggregate initial offering price of up to $300,000,000.
This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we sell securities, we will provide one or more prospectus supplements that will contain specific information about the terms of the offering. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and the accompanying prospectus supplement together with the additional information described under the headings “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation by Reference,” each beginning on page 3 of this prospectus.
You should rely only on the information contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement or in any related free writing prospectus filed by us with the SEC. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement do not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the securities described in this prospectus or such accompanying prospectus supplement or an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy such securities in any circumstances in which such offer or solicitation is unlawful. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement, the documents incorporated by reference and any related free writing prospectus is accurate only as of their respective dates. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed materially since those dates.
Unless the context otherwise indicates, references in this prospectus to “Voyager”, “Voyager Therapeutics,” “we,” “our”, “us” and “the Company” refer, collectively, to Voyager Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries.
We own various U.S. federal trademark registrations and applications and unregistered trademarks, including our corporate logo. This prospectus and the information incorporated by reference herein contain references to trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus and the information incorporated herein, including logos, artwork, and other visual displays, that may appear without the ® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, service marks or trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, service marks or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. All trademarks, service marks and trade names included or incorporated by reference into this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus are the property of their respective owners.
RISK FACTORS
Investing in our securities involves significant risks. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, including the risk factors set forth in our filings with the SEC that are incorporated by reference herein, before making an investment decision pursuant to this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement relating to a specific offering.
Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any or all of these risks or by additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial that may adversely affect us in the future.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Copies of certain information filed by us with the SEC are also available on our website at www.voyagertherapeutics.com. Our website is not a part of this prospectus and is not incorporated by reference in this prospectus.
This prospectus is part of a registration statement we filed with the SEC. This prospectus omits some information contained in the registration statement in accordance with SEC rules and regulations. You should review the information and exhibits in the registration statement for further information about us and our consolidated subsidiaries and the securities we are offering. Statements in this prospectus concerning any document we filed as an exhibit to the registration statement or that we otherwise filed with the SEC are not intended to be comprehensive and are qualified by reference to these filings and the exhibits attached thereto. You should review the complete document to evaluate these statements. You can obtain a copy of the registration statement from the SEC’s website.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference much of the information we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those publicly available documents. The information that we incorporate by reference in this prospectus is considered to be part of this prospectus. Because we are incorporating by reference future filings with the SEC, this prospectus is continually updated and those future filings may modify or supersede some of the information included or incorporated in this prospectus. This means that you must look at all of the SEC filings that we incorporate by reference to determine if any of the statements in this prospectus or in any document previously incorporated by reference have been modified or superseded. This prospectus incorporates by reference the documents listed below (File No. 001-37625) and any future filings we make with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act (in each case, other than those documents or the portions of those documents not deemed to be filed) between the date of the initial registration statement and the effectiveness of the registration statement and following the effectiveness of the registration statement until the offering of the securities under the registration statement is terminated or completed:
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You may request a copy of these filings, at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at the following address or telephone number:
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.
64 Sidney Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
(857) 259-5340
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND INDUSTRY DATA
This prospectus and the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus include “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management and expected market growth, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “contemplate,” “anticipate,” “goals,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus and incorporated by reference herein include, among other things, statements about:
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our plans to develop and commercialize our product candidates based on adeno-associated virus, or AAV, gene therapy and our proprietary antibodies;
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our ability to continue to develop our proprietary gene therapy platform technologies, including our TRACERTM discovery platform, our proprietary antibodies, and our vectorized antibody platform;
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our ability to identify and optimize product candidates and proprietary AAV capsids;
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our strategic collaboration with and funding from our collaboration partner Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., from our option and license arrangement with Pfizer Inc., and from our option and license arrangement with Novartis Pharma AG;
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our ongoing and planned preclinical development efforts, related timelines and studies;
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the timing of and our ability to submit applications and obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for our product candidates, including the ability to file investigational new drug applications for our programs;
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our estimates regarding expenses, contingent liabilities, future revenues, existing cash resources and capital requirements;
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our ability to conduct clinical trials compliant with current good clinical practices and to develop a manufacturing capability compliant with current good manufacturing practices for our product candidates;
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our intellectual property position and our ability to obtain, maintain and enforce intellectual property protection for our proprietary assets;
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our estimates regarding the size of the potential markets for our product candidates and our ability to serve those markets;
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the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates for any indication once approved;
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our need for additional funding and our plans and ability to raise additional capital, including through equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, and option and license arrangements;
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our competitive position and the success of competing products that are or become available for the indications that we are pursuing;
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the impact of government laws and regulations including in the United States, the European Union, and other important geographies such as Japan;
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our ability to enter into future collaborations, strategic alliances, or option and license arrangements;
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our ability to control costs and reprioritize our product candidate pipeline successfully in connection with our strategic initiatives; and
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the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our research and development efforts and other business operations.
These forward-looking statements are only predictions and we may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and operating results. You are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are referenced in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” of this prospectus and of any accompanying prospectus supplement. You should also carefully review the risk factors and cautionary statements described in the other documents that we file from time to time with the SEC, specifically our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our Current Reports on Form 8-K. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, collaborations, joint ventures or investments that we may make or enter into.
You should read this prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus and incorporated by reference herein are made as of the date hereof, and we do not assume any obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.
This prospectus includes and incorporates by reference certain statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties as well as our own estimates of potential market opportunities. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. Our estimates of the potential market opportunities for our product candidates include several key assumptions based on our industry knowledge, industry publications, third-party research and other surveys, which may be based on a small sample size and may fail to accurately reflect market opportunities. While we believe that our internal assumptions are reasonable, no independent source has verified such assumptions.
VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC.
We are a biotechnology company dedicated to breaking through barriers in gene therapy and neurology. The potential of both disciplines has been constrained by delivery challenges; we are leveraging expertise in capsid discovery and neuropharmacology to address these constraints. Our gene therapy platforms enable us to engineer, optimize, manufacture and deliver adeno-associated virus, or AAV, based gene therapies that we believe have the potential to safely provide durable efficacy. Our team of experts in the field of AAV gene therapy and neuroscience first identifies and selects diseases in which we believe an AAV gene therapy or other biological therapy will answer a high unmet medical need, be supported by target validation, offer an efficient path to human proof of biology, present robust preclinical pharmacology, and offer strong commercial potential. We then engineer and optimize an AAV vector or other biological therapy for activity in, efficacy in, or delivery to, the targeted tissue or cells.
We are identifying proprietary AAV capsids, the outer viral protein shells that enclose genetic material that makes up the vector payload. Our team has developed a proprietary AAV capsid discovery platform called TRACERTM (Tropism Redirection of AAV by Cell Type-Specific Expression of RNA) that employs directed evolution to facilitate the selection of AAV capsids with enhanced tissue delivery characteristics, such as more effective delivery across the blood brain barrier, or BBB. The TRACER discovery platform is a broadly applicable, functional RNA-based AAV capsid discovery platform that allows for rapid in vivo evolution of AAV capsids with cell-specific transduction properties in multiple species, including non-human primates. We believe that capsids we discover through our TRACER discovery platform, which we refer to as TRACER capsids, have the potential to significantly enhance the efficacy and safety of our single dose gene therapies, which we expect to be delivered with targeted surgical delivery or systemic infusions, as compared with conventional capsids.
We are also applying the TRACER discovery platform to generate targeted capsid variant libraries for the selection of capsids with tropism and transduction in additional cell and tissue types. We are actively engaged in discussions with multiple parties to make TRACER capsids available to third parties for use in their drug development programs through potential option and license and other arrangements.
We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in June 2013. Our principal executive offices are located at 64 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and our telephone number is (857) 259-5340. Our website address is http://www.voyagertherapeutics.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute part of this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus only as an inactive textual reference.
USE OF PROCEEDS
We intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of any securities offered under this prospectus for general corporate purposes unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement. General corporate purposes may include research and development costs, including advancement of preclinical programs into clinical development and the conduct of clinical trials, regulatory submissions, sales and marketing activities, and manufacturing expenses; the acquisition or in-license of other products, product candidates, businesses, or technologies; the repayment and refinancing of debt; working capital; and capital expenditures. We have not determined the amount of net proceeds to be used specifically for such purposes. As a result, management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds of any offering.
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
The following description of our capital stock is intended as a summary only and therefore is not a complete description of our capital stock. This description is based upon, and is qualified by reference to, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, which we refer to as our certificate of incorporation; our amended and restated bylaws, which we refer to as our bylaws; and applicable provisions of Delaware corporate law. You should read our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, for the provisions that are important to you.
Our authorized capital stock consists of 120,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share. As of November 4, 2022, 38,607,346 shares of common stock were outstanding and no shares of preferred stock were outstanding.
Common Stock
Annual Meeting. Annual meetings of our stockholders are held on the date designated in accordance with our bylaws. Written notice must be mailed to each stockholder entitled to vote not less than ten nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting. The presence in person or by proxy of the holders of record of a majority of our issued and outstanding shares entitled to vote at such meeting constitutes a quorum for the transaction of business at meetings of the stockholders. Special meetings of the stockholders may be called only by a majority of the board of directors acting pursuant to a resolution approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office. Except as may be otherwise provided by applicable law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, all elections of directors shall be decided by a plurality of the votes properly cast by the stockholders entitled to vote on the election and all other questions shall be decided by a majority of the votes properly cast by stockholders entitled to vote thereon and voting for or against the matter at a duly held meeting of stockholders at which a quorum is present.
Voting Rights. Each holder of common stock is entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted upon by stockholders, including the election of directors. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws do not provide for cumulative voting rights. Except as otherwise provided by law, our certificate of incorporation, or our bylaws, in all matters other than the election of directors, the affirmative vote of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at a meeting at which a quorum is present and entitled to vote thereon shall be the act of the stockholders. Directors shall be elected by a plurality of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at a meeting at which a quorum is present and properly cast by the stockholders entitled to vote on the election of directors.
Dividends. Subject to the rights, powers and preferences of any outstanding preferred stock, and except as provided by law or in our certificate of incorporation, dividends may be declared and paid or set aside for payment on the common stock out of legally available assets or funds when and as declared by the board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof. The payment of dividends is contingent upon our revenue and earnings, capital requirements, and general financial condition, as well as contractual restrictions and other considerations deemed to be relevant by our board of directors or such duly authorized committee thereof.
Liquidation, Dissolution and Winding Up. Subject to the rights, powers and preferences of any outstanding preferred stock, in the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, our net assets will be distributed pro rata to the holders of our common stock.
Other Rights. Holders of the common stock have no right to:
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convert the stock into any other security;
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have the stock redeemed;
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purchase additional stock; or
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maintain their proportionate ownership interest.
Holders of shares of the common stock are not required to make additional capital contributions.
Transfer Agent and Registrar. Computershare Trust Company N.A. is transfer agent and registrar for the common stock.
Preferred Stock
We are authorized to issue “blank check” preferred stock, which may be issued in one or more series upon authorization of our board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof. Our board of directors or such committee thereof is authorized to fix the designations, powers, preferences and the relative, participating, optional or other special rights and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions of the shares of each series of preferred stock. The authorized shares of our preferred stock are available for issuance without further action by our stockholders, unless such action is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange on which our securities may be listed. If the approval of our stockholders is not required for the issuance of shares of our preferred stock, our board may determine not to seek stockholder approval. The specific terms of any series of preferred stock offered pursuant to this prospectus will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to that series of preferred stock.
A series of our preferred stock could, depending on the terms of such series, impede the completion of a merger, tender offer or other takeover attempt. Our board of directors or such duly authorized committee thereof will make any determination to issue preferred shares based upon its judgment as to the best interests of our stockholders. Our directors, in so acting, could issue preferred stock having terms that could discourage an acquisition attempt through which an acquirer may be able to change the composition of our board of directors, including a tender offer or other transaction that some, or a majority, of our stockholders might believe to be in their best interests or in which stockholders might receive a premium for their stock over the then-current market price of the stock.
The preferred stock has the terms described below unless otherwise provided in the prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of preferred stock. You should read the prospectus supplement relating to the particular series of preferred stock being offered for specific terms, including:
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the designation and stated value per share of the preferred stock and the number of shares offered;
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the amount of liquidation preference per share;
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the price at which the preferred stock will be issued;
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the dividend rate, or method of calculation of dividends, the dates on which dividends will be payable, whether dividends will be cumulative or noncumulative and, if cumulative, the dates from which dividends will commence to accumulate;
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any redemption or sinking fund provisions;
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if other than the currency of the United States, the currency or currencies including composite currencies in which the preferred stock is denominated and/or in which payments will or may be payable;
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any conversion provisions;
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whether we have elected to offer depositary shares as described under “Description of Depositary Shares”; and
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any other rights, preferences, privileges, limitations and restrictions on the preferred stock.
The preferred stock will, when issued, be fully paid and non-assessable. Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, each series of preferred stock will rank equally as to dividends and liquidation rights in all respects with each other series of preferred stock. The rights of holders of shares of each series of preferred stock will be subordinate to those of our general creditors.
As described under “Description of Depositary Shares,” we may, at our option, with respect to any series of preferred stock, elect to offer fractional interests in shares of preferred stock, and provide for the issuance of depositary receipts representing depositary shares, each of which will represent a fractional interest in a share of the series of preferred stock. The fractional interest will be specified in the prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of preferred stock.
Rank. Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, the preferred stock will, with respect to dividend rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, rank:
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senior to our common stock and to all equity securities ranking junior to such preferred stock with respect to dividend rights or rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs;
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on a parity with all equity securities issued by us, the terms of which specifically provide that such equity securities rank on a parity with the preferred stock with respect to dividend rights or rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs; and
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junior to all equity securities issued by us, the terms of which specifically provide that such equity securities rank senior to the preferred stock with respect to dividend rights or rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs.
The term “equity securities” does not include convertible debt securities.
Dividends. Holders of the preferred stock of each series will be entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by our board of directors, cash dividends at such rates and on such dates described in the prospectus supplement. Different series of preferred stock may be entitled to dividends at different rates or based on different methods of calculation. The dividend rate may be fixed or variable or both. Dividends will be payable to the holders of record as they appear on our stock books on record dates fixed by our board of directors, as specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Dividends on any series of preferred stock may be cumulative or noncumulative, as described in the applicable prospectus supplement. If our board of directors does not declare a dividend payable on a dividend payment date on any series of noncumulative preferred stock, then the holders of that noncumulative preferred stock will have no right to receive a dividend for that dividend payment date, and we will have no obligation to pay the dividend accrued for that period, whether or not dividends on that series are declared payable on any future dividend payment dates. Dividends on any series of cumulative preferred stock will accrue from the date we initially issue shares of such series or such other date specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.
No dividends may be declared or paid or funds set apart for the payment of any dividends on any parity securities unless full dividends have been paid or set apart for payment on the preferred stock. If full dividends are not paid, the preferred stock will share dividends pro rata with the parity securities.
No dividends may be declared or paid or funds set apart for the payment of dividends on any junior securities unless full dividends for all dividend periods terminating on or prior to the date of the declaration or payment will have been paid or declared and a sum sufficient for the payment set apart for payment on the preferred stock.
Liquidation Preference. Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, then, before we make any distribution or payment to the holders of any common stock or any other class or series of our capital stock ranking junior to the preferred stock in the distribution of assets upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, the holders of each series of preferred stock shall be entitled to receive out of assets legally available for distribution to stockholders, liquidating distributions in the amount of the liquidation preference per share set forth in the prospectus supplement, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon. Such dividends will not include any accumulation in respect of unpaid noncumulative dividends for prior dividend periods. Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, after payment of the full amount of their liquidating distributions, the holders of preferred stock will have no right or claim to any of our remaining assets. Upon any such voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, if our available assets are insufficient to pay the amount of the liquidating distributions on all outstanding preferred stock and the corresponding amounts payable on all other classes or series of our capital stock ranking on parity with the preferred stock and all other such classes or series of shares of capital stock ranking on parity with the preferred stock in the distribution of assets, then the holders of the preferred stock and all other such classes or series of capital stock ranking on parity with the preferred stock will share ratably in any such distribution of assets in proportion to the full liquidating distributions to which they would otherwise be entitled.
Upon any such liquidation, dissolution or winding up and if we have made liquidating distributions in full to all holders of preferred stock, we will distribute our remaining assets among the holders of any other classes or series of capital stock ranking junior to the preferred stock according to their respective rights and preferences and, in each case, according to their respective number of shares. For such purposes, our consolidation or merger with or into any other corporation, trust or entity, or the sale, lease or conveyance of all or substantially all of our property or assets will not be deemed to constitute a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs.
Redemption. If so provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, the preferred stock will be subject to mandatory redemption or redemption at our option, as a whole or in part, in each case upon the terms, at the times and at the redemption prices set forth in such prospectus supplement.
The prospectus supplement relating to a series of preferred stock that is subject to mandatory redemption will specify the number of shares of preferred stock that shall be redeemed by us in each year commencing after a date to be specified, at a redemption price per share to be specified, together with an amount equal to all accrued and unpaid dividends thereon to the date of redemption. Unless the shares have a cumulative dividend, such accrued dividends will not include any accumulation in respect of unpaid dividends for prior dividend periods. We may pay the redemption price in cash or other property, as specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. If the redemption price for preferred stock of any series is payable only from the net proceeds of the issuance of shares of our capital stock, the terms of such preferred stock may provide that, if no such shares of our capital stock shall have been issued or to the extent the net proceeds from any issuance are insufficient to pay in full the aggregate redemption price then due, such preferred stock shall automatically and mandatorily be converted into the applicable shares of our capital stock pursuant to conversion provisions specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we will not redeem any preferred stock of a series unless:
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if that series of preferred stock has a cumulative dividend, we have declared and paid or contemporaneously declare and pay or set aside funds to pay full cumulative dividends on the preferred stock for all past dividend periods and the then current dividend period; or
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if such series of preferred stock does not have a cumulative dividend, we have declared and paid or contemporaneously declare and pay or set aside funds to pay full dividends for the then current dividend period.
In addition, we will not acquire any preferred stock of a series unless:
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if that series of preferred stock has a cumulative dividend, we have declared and paid or contemporaneously declare and pay or set aside funds to pay full cumulative dividends on all outstanding shares of such series of preferred stock for all past dividend periods and the then current dividend period; or
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if that series of preferred stock does not have a cumulative dividend, we have declared and paid or contemporaneously declare and pay or set aside funds to pay full dividends on the preferred stock of such series for the then current dividend period.
However, at any time we may purchase or acquire preferred stock of that series (1) pursuant to a purchase or exchange offer made on the same terms to holders of all outstanding preferred stock of such series or (2) by conversion into or exchange for shares of our capital stock ranking junior to the preferred stock of such series as to dividends and upon liquidation.
If fewer than all of the outstanding shares of preferred stock of any series are to be redeemed, we will determine the number of shares that may be redeemed pro rata from the holders of record of such shares in proportion to the number of such shares held or for which redemption is requested by such holder or by any other equitable manner that we determine. Such determination will reflect adjustments to avoid redemption of fractional shares.
Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, we will mail notice of redemption at least 10 days but not more than 60 days before the redemption date to each holder of record of preferred stock to be redeemed at the address shown on our stock transfer books. Each notice shall state:
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the redemption date;
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the number of shares and series of preferred stock to be redeemed;
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the redemption price;
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the place or places where certificates for such preferred stock are to be surrendered for payment of the redemption price;
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that dividends on the shares to be redeemed will cease to accrue on such redemption date;
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the date on which the holder’s conversion rights, if any, as to such shares shall terminate; and
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the specific number of shares to be redeemed from each such holder if fewer than all the shares of any series are to be redeemed.
If notice of redemption has been given and we have set aside the funds necessary for such redemption in trust for the benefit of the holders of any shares called for redemption, then from and after the redemption date, dividends will cease to accrue on such shares, and all rights of the holders of such shares will terminate, except the right to receive the redemption price.
Voting Rights. Holders of preferred stock will not have any voting rights, except as required by law or as indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Unless otherwise provided for under the terms of any series of preferred stock, no consent or vote of the holders of shares of preferred stock or any series thereof shall be required for any amendment to our certificate of incorporation that would increase the number of authorized shares of preferred stock or the number of authorized shares of any series thereof or decrease the number of authorized shares of preferred stock or the number of authorized shares of any series thereof (but not below the number of authorized shares of preferred stock or such series, as the case may be, then outstanding).
Conversion Rights. The terms and conditions, if any, upon which any series of preferred stock is convertible into shares of our common stock will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement relating thereto. Such terms will include the number of shares of common stock into which the shares of preferred stock are convertible, the conversion price, rate or manner of calculation thereof, the conversion period, provisions as to whether conversion will be at our option or at the option of the holders of the preferred stock, the events requiring an adjustment of the conversion price and provisions affecting conversion in the event of the redemption.
Transfer Agent and Registrar. The transfer agent and registrar for the preferred stock will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Provisions of Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and Delaware Law That May Have Anti-Takeover Effects
Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, and Delaware law may have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of us. Such provisions could limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock and may limit the ability of stockholders to remove current management or directors or approve transactions that stockholders may deem to be in their best interest and, therefore, could adversely affect the price of our common stock.
Staggered Board; Board Vacancies; Removal of Directors. Our certificate of incorporation divides our board of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms. In addition, our certificate of incorporation provides that directors may be removed only for cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of 75% of our shares of capital stock present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote. Under our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, any vacancy on our board of directors, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our board of directors, may be filled only by a vote of a majority of our directors then in office. Furthermore, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that the authorized number of directors may be fixed solely and exclusively by a resolution of the board of directors. The classification of our board of directors and the limitations on the ability of our stockholders to remove directors, change the authorized number of directors and fill vacancies could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or discourage a third party from seeking to acquire, control of our company.
Stockholder Action by Written Consent; Special Meeting of Stockholders. Our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws provide that any action required or permitted to be taken by our stockholders at an annual meeting or special meeting of stockholders may only be taken if it is properly brought before such meeting and may not be taken by written action in lieu of a meeting. Our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws also provide that, except as otherwise required by law, special meetings of the stockholders can only be called by a majority of the board of directors acting pursuant to a resolution approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office.
Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals and Director Nominations. Our bylaws establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting of stockholders, including proposed nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors. Stockholders at an annual meeting may only consider proposals or nominations specified in the notice of meeting or brought before the meeting by or at the direction of our board of directors, or by a stockholder of record on the record date for the meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has delivered timely written notice in proper form to our secretary of the stockholder’s intention to bring such business before the meeting. Specifically, our bylaws provide that a stockholder must notify us in writing of any stockholder nomination of a director not earlier than the close of business on the 120th day and not later than the close of business on the 90th day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting; provided, that if the date of the annual meeting is advanced by more than 30 days or delayed more than 60 days from such anniversary date, or if no annual meeting were held in the preceding year, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so delivered not later than the later of (x) the 90th day prior to the date of such annual meeting and (y) the 10th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such annual meeting is first made by us. These provisions could have the effect of delaying until the next stockholder meeting stockholder actions that are favored by the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities. These provisions also could discourage a third party from making a tender offer for our common stock, because even if it acquired a majority of our outstanding voting stock, it would be able to take action as a stockholder, such as electing new directors or approving a merger, only at a duly called stockholders meeting and not by written consent.
Exclusive Forum Selection. Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of our company, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to our company or our stockholders, (3) any action asserting a claim against our company arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which we refer to as the DGCL, or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or (4) any action asserting a claim against our company governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to the Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. This choice of forum provision is inapplicable to actions arising under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and we likewise do not intend to apply this choice of forum provision to actions arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Although our certificate of incorporation contains the choice of forum provision described above, it is possible that a court could rule that such a provision is inapplicable for a particular claim or action or that such provision is unenforceable.
Super-Majority Voting. The DGCL provides generally that the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares entitled to vote on any matter is required to amend a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, unless a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, as the case may be, requires a greater percentage. Our bylaws may be amended or repealed by a majority vote of our board of directors or the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to vote on such amendment or repeal, voting as a single class. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast in any election of directors is required to amend or repeal or to adopt any provisions inconsistent with provisions of our certificate of incorporation described above under “— Staggered Board; Board Vacancies; Removal of Directors,” “— Stockholder Action by Written Consent; Special Meeting of Stockholders,” and “— Exclusive Forum Selection.”
No Cumulative Voting. The DGCL provides that stockholders are not entitled to the right to accumulate votes in the election of directors unless our certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Our certificate of incorporation does not provide for cumulative voting.
Blank Check Preferred Stock. Our certificate of incorporation provides for 5,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock may enable our board of directors to render more difficult or to discourage an attempt to obtain control of our company by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest, or otherwise. These provisions are intended to enhance the likelihood of continued stability in the composition of our board of directors and in the policies they implement, and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual or threatened change of our control. These provisions are designed to reduce our vulnerability to an unsolicited acquisition proposal. The provisions also are intended to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy fights. For example, if in the due exercise of its fiduciary obligations, our board of directors were to determine that a takeover proposal is not in the best interests of our company, our board of directors could cause shares of preferred stock to be issued without stockholder approval in one or more private offerings or other transactions that might dilute the voting or other rights of the proposed acquiror or insurgent shareholder or shareholder group. In this regard, our certificate of incorporation grants our board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof broad power to establish the rights and preferences of authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock. The issuance of shares of preferred stock could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to holders of shares of common stock. The issuance may also adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of such holders and may have the effect of delaying, deterring, or preventing a change in control of the company and, as a consequence, it also may inhibit fluctuations in the market price of our shares that could result from actual or rumored takeover attempts. Our board of directors currently does not intend to seek shareholder approval prior to any issuance of shares of preferred stock, unless otherwise required by law.
Delaware Business Combination Statute. We are subject to Section 203 of the DGCL, which we refer to as Section 203, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in business combinations with an interested stockholder. An interested stockholder is generally defined as an entity or person beneficially owning 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation or any entity or person affiliated with or controlling or controlled by such entity or person, which we refer to as an interested stockholder. Section 203 provides that an interested stockholder may not engage in business combinations with the corporation for a period of three years after the date that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, with the following exceptions:
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before such date, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;
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upon completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction began, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding (but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder) those shares owned (i) by persons who are directors and also officers and (ii) employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or
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on or after such date, the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 662∕3% of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder.
In general, Section 203 defines business combinations to include the following:
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any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder;
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any sale, lease, transfer, pledge or other disposition of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation to or with the interested stockholder;
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subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder;
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any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock or any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or
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the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loss, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits by or through the corporation.
Directors’ Liability
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws limit or eliminate the personal liability of directors for breach of fiduciary duty to the maximum extent permitted by the DGCL and provides that no director will have personal liability to us or to our stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty or other duty as a director. However, these provisions do not eliminate or limit the liability of any of our directors:
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for any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders;
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for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;
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for voting or assenting to unlawful payments of dividends, stock repurchases or other distributions; or
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for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.
Any amendment to or repeal of these provisions will not eliminate or reduce the effect of these provisions in respect of any act, omission or claim that occurred or arose prior to such amendment or repeal. If the DGCL is amended to provide for further limitations on the personal liability of directors of corporations, then the personal liability of our directors will be further limited to the greatest extent permitted by the DGCL.
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that we must indemnify our directors and officers and we must advance expenses, including attorneys’ fees, to each of our directors and officers in connection with legal proceedings arising out of his or her service as one of our directors or officers, as applicable, subject to very limited exceptions.
We maintain a general liability insurance policy that covers certain liabilities of our directors and officers arising out of claims based on acts or omissions in their capacities as directors or officers. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers. These indemnification agreements may require us, among other things, to indemnify each such director or executive officer, as applicable, for some expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by him or her in any action or proceeding arising out of his or her service as one of our directors or executive officers, as applicable.
Certain of our non-employee directors may, through their relationships with their employers, be insured or indemnified against certain liabilities incurred in their capacity as members of our board of directors.
DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES
The following description summarizes the general terms and provisions of the debt securities that Voyager may offer and sell from time to time. We will describe the specific terms of the debt securities offered through that prospectus supplement, as well as any general terms and provisions described in this section that will not apply to those debt securities. As used in this “Description of Debt Securities,” the term “debt securities” means the senior and subordinated debt securities that we issue and the trustee authenticates and delivers under the applicable indenture. When we refer to “Voyager,” “the Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” in this section, we mean Voyager Therapeutics, Inc. excluding, unless the context otherwise requires or as otherwise expressly stated, its subsidiaries.
We may issue senior debt securities from time to time, in one or more series under a senior indenture to be entered into between us and a senior trustee to be named in a prospectus supplement, which we refer to as the senior trustee. We may issue subordinated debt securities from time to time, in one or more series under a subordinated indenture to be entered into between us and a subordinated trustee to be named in a prospectus supplement, which we refer to as the subordinated trustee. The forms of senior indenture and subordinated indenture are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. The senior indenture and the subordinated indenture are referred to individually as an indenture and together as the indentures and the senior trustee and the subordinated trustee are referred to individually as a trustee and together as the trustees. This section summarizes some of the provisions of the indentures and is qualified in its entirety by the specific text of the indentures, including definitions of terms used in the indentures. Wherever we refer to particular sections of, or defined terms in, the indentures, those sections or defined terms are incorporated by reference in this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement. You should review the indentures that are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part for additional information.
Neither indenture will limit the amount of debt securities that we may issue. The applicable indenture will provide that debt securities may be issued up to an aggregate principal amount authorized from time to time by us and may be payable in any currency or currency unit designated by us or in amounts determined by reference to an index.
General
The senior debt securities will constitute our unsecured and unsubordinated general obligations and will rank equally in right of payment with our other unsecured and unsubordinated obligations. The subordinated debt securities will constitute our unsecured and subordinated general obligations and will be junior in right of payment to our senior indebtedness (including senior debt securities), as described under the heading “— Certain Terms of the Subordinated Debt Securities — Subordination.” The debt securities will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries unless such subsidiaries expressly guarantee such debt securities.
The debt securities will be our unsecured obligations. Any secured debt or other secured obligations will be effectively senior to the debt securities to the extent of the value of the assets securing such debt or other obligations. Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, the debt securities will not be guaranteed by any of our subsidiaries.
The applicable prospectus supplement and/or free writing prospectus will include any additional or different terms of the debt securities of any series being offered, including the following terms:
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the title and type of the debt securities;
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whether the debt securities will be senior or subordinated debt securities, and, with respect to any subordinated debt securities the terms on which they are subordinated;
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the initial aggregate principal amount of the debt securities;
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the price or prices at which we will sell the debt securities;
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the maturity date or dates of the debt securities and the right, if any, to extend such date or dates;
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the rate or rates, if any, at which the debt securities will bear interest, or the method of determining such rate or rates;
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the date or dates from which such interest will accrue, the interest payment dates on which such interest will be payable or the method of determination of such dates;
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the right, if any, to extend the interest payment periods and the duration of that extension;
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the manner of paying principal and interest and the place or places where principal and interest will be payable;
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the denominations of the debt securities if other than $2,000 or multiples of $1,000;
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provisions for a sinking fund, purchase fund or other analogous fund, if any;
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any redemption dates, prices, obligations and restrictions on the debt securities;
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the currency, currencies or currency units in which the debt securities will be denominated and the currency, currencies or currency units in which principal and interest, if any, on the debt securities may be payable;
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any conversion or exchange features of the debt securities;
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whether the debt securities will be subject to the defeasance provisions in the indenture;
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whether the debt securities will be issued in definitive or global form or in definitive form only upon satisfaction of certain conditions;
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whether the debt securities will be guaranteed as to payment or performance;
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any special tax implications of the debt securities;
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any events of default or covenants in addition to or in lieu of those set forth in the indenture; and
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any other material terms of the debt securities.
When we refer to “principal” in this section with reference to the debt securities, we are also referring to “premium, if any.”
We may from time to time, without notice to or the consent of the holders of any series of debt securities, create and issue further debt securities of any such series ranking equally with the debt securities of such series in all respects (or in all respects other than (1) the payment of interest accruing prior to the issue date of such further debt securities or (2) the first payment of interest following the issue date of such further debt securities). Such further debt securities may be consolidated and form a single series with the debt securities of such series and have the same terms as to status, redemption or otherwise as the debt securities of such series.
You may present debt securities for exchange and you may present debt securities for transfer in the manner, at the places and subject to the restrictions set forth in the debt securities and the applicable prospectus supplement. We will provide you those services without charge, although you may have to pay any tax or other governmental charge payable in connection with any exchange or transfer, as set forth in the indenture.
Debt securities may bear interest at a fixed rate or a floating rate. Debt securities bearing no interest or interest at a rate that at the time of issuance is below the prevailing market rate (original issue discount securities) may be sold at a discount below their stated principal amount. U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to any such discounted debt securities or to certain debt securities issued at par which are treated as having been issued at a discount for U.S. federal income tax purposes will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.
We may issue debt securities with the principal amount payable on any principal payment date, or the amount of interest payable on any interest payment date, to be determined by reference to one or more currency exchange rates, securities or baskets of securities, commodity prices or indices. You may receive a payment of principal on any principal payment date, or a payment of interest on any interest payment date,
that is greater than or less than the amount of principal or interest otherwise payable on such dates, depending on the value on such dates of the applicable currency, security or basket of securities, commodity or index. Information as to the methods for determining the amount of principal or interest payable on any date, the currencies, securities or baskets of securities, commodities or indices to which the amount payable on such date is linked and certain related tax considerations will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Certain Terms of the Senior Debt Securities
Covenants. Unless we indicate otherwise in a prospectus supplement with respect to a particular series of senior debt securities, the senior debt securities will not contain any financial or restrictive covenants, including covenants restricting either us or any of our subsidiaries from incurring, issuing, assuming or guaranteeing any indebtedness secured by a lien on any of our or our subsidiaries’ property or capital stock, or restricting either us or any of our subsidiaries from entering into sale and leaseback transactions.
Consolidation, Merger and Sale of Assets. Unless we indicate otherwise in a prospectus supplement with respect to a particular series of senior debt securities, we may not consolidate with or merge into any other person, in a transaction in which we are not the surviving corporation, or convey, transfer or lease our properties and assets substantially as an entirety to any person, in either case, unless:
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the successor entity, if any, is a U.S. corporation, limited liability company, partnership or trust;
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the successor entity assumes our obligations on the senior debt securities and under the senior indenture;
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immediately after giving effect to the transaction, no default or event of default shall have occurred and be continuing; and
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we have delivered to the senior trustee an officer’s certificate and an opinion of counsel, each stating that the consolidation, merger, conveyance, transfer or lease and, if a supplemental indenture is required in connection with such transaction, such supplemental indenture, comply with the senior indenture and all conditions precedent provided for in the senior indenture relating to such transaction have been complied with.
The restrictions described in the bullets above do not apply (1) to our consolidation with or merging into one of our affiliates, if our board of directors determines in good faith that the purpose of the consolidation or merger is principally to change our state of incorporation or our form of organization to another form or (2) if we merge with or into a single direct or indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of ours.
The surviving business entity will succeed to, and be substituted for, us under the senior indenture and the senior debt securities and, except in the case of a lease, we shall be released from all obligations under the senior indenture and the senior debt securities.
No Protection in the Event of a Change in Control. Unless we indicate otherwise in a prospectus supplement with respect to a particular series of senior debt securities, the senior debt securities will not contain any provisions that may afford holders of the senior debt securities protection in the event we have a change in control or in the event of a highly leveraged transaction (whether or not such transaction results in a change in control).
Events of Default. Unless we indicate otherwise in a prospectus supplement with respect to a particular series of senior debt securities, the following are events of default under the senior indenture with respect to senior debt securities of each series:
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failure to pay interest on any senior debt securities of such series when due and payable, if that default continues for a period of 30 days (or such other period as may be specified for such series);
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failure to pay principal on the senior debt securities of such series when due and payable whether at maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise (and, if specified for such series, the continuance of such failure for a specified period);
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default in the performance of or breach of any of our covenants or agreements in the senior indenture applicable to senior debt securities of such series, other than a covenant breach which is specifically dealt with elsewhere in the senior indenture, and that default or breach continues for a period of 90 days after we receive written notice from the trustee or from the holders of 25% or more in aggregate principal amount of the senior debt securities of such series;
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certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency, whether or not voluntary; and
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any other event of default provided for in such series of senior debt securities as may be specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Unless we indicate otherwise in a prospectus supplement with respect to a particular series of senior debt securities, the default by us under any other debt, including any other series of our debt securities, is not a default under the senior indenture.
If an event of default other than an event of default specified in the fourth bullet point above occurs with respect to a series of senior debt securities and is continuing under the senior indenture, then, and in each such case, either the trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of such series then outstanding under the senior indenture (each such series voting as a separate class) by written notice to us and to the trustee, if such notice is given by the holders, may, and the trustee at the request of such holders shall, declare the principal amount of and accrued interest on such series of senior debt securities to be immediately due and payable, and upon this declaration, the same shall become immediately due and payable.
If an event of default specified in the fourth bullet point above occurs and is continuing, the entire principal amount of and accrued interest on each series of senior debt securities then outstanding shall automatically become immediately due and payable.
Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement relating to a series of senior debt securities originally issued at a discount, the amount due upon acceleration shall include only the original issue price of the senior debt securities, the amount of original issue discount accrued to the date of acceleration and accrued interest, if any.
Upon certain conditions, declarations of acceleration may be rescinded and annulled and past defaults may be waived by the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of all the senior debt securities of such series affected by the default, each series voting as a separate class. Furthermore, subject to various provisions in the senior indenture, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of a series of senior debt securities, by notice to the trustee, may waive a continuing default or event of default with respect to such senior debt securities and its consequences, except a default in the payment of principal of or interest on such senior debt securities (other than any such default in payment resulting solely from an acceleration of the senior debt securities) or in respect of a covenant or provision of the senior indenture which cannot be modified or amended without the consent of the holders of each such senior debt security. Upon any such waiver, such default shall cease to exist, and any event of default with respect to such senior debt securities shall be deemed to have been cured, for every purpose of the senior indenture; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or event of default or impair any right consequent thereto.
The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of a series of senior debt securities may direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee with respect to such senior debt securities. However, the trustee may refuse to follow any direction that conflicts with law or the senior indenture, that may involve the trustee in personal liability or that the trustee determines in good faith may be unduly prejudicial to the rights of holders of such series of senior debt securities not joining in the giving of such direction and may take any other action it deems proper that is not inconsistent with any such direction received from holders of such series of senior debt securities. A holder may not pursue any remedy with respect to the senior indenture or any series of senior debt securities unless:
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the holder gives the trustee written notice of a continuing event of default;
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the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of such series of senior debt securities make a written request to the trustee to pursue the remedy in respect of such event of default;
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the requesting holder or holders offer the trustee indemnity satisfactory to the trustee against any costs, liability or expense;
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the trustee does not comply with the request within 60 days after receipt of the request and the offer of indemnity; and
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during such 60-day period, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of such series of senior debt securities do not give the trustee a direction that is inconsistent with the request.
These limitations, however, do not apply to the right of any holder of a senior debt security of any affected series to receive payment of the principal of and interest on such senior debt security in accordance with the terms of such debt security, or to bring suit for the enforcement of any such payment in accordance with the terms of such debt security, on or after the due date for the senior debt securities, which right shall not be impaired or affected without the consent of the holder.
The senior indenture requires certain of our officers to certify, on or before a fixed date in each year in which any senior debt security is outstanding, as to their knowledge of our compliance with all covenants, agreements and conditions under the senior indenture.
Satisfaction and Discharge. We can satisfy and discharge our obligations to holders of any series of debt securities if:
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we have paid or caused to be paid the principal of and interest on all senior debt securities of such series (with certain limited exceptions) when due and payable;
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we deliver to the senior trustee for cancellation all senior debt securities of such series theretofore authenticated under the senior indenture (with certain limited exceptions); or
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all senior debt securities of such series have become due and payable or will become due and payable within one year (or are to be called for redemption within one year under arrangements satisfactory to the senior trustee) and we deposit in trust an amount of cash or a combination of cash and U.S. government or U.S. government agency obligations (or in the case of senior debt securities denominated in a foreign currency, foreign government securities or foreign government agency securities) sufficient to make interest, principal and any other payments on the debt securities of that series on their various due dates;
and if, in any such case, we also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable under the senior indenture, as and when the same shall be due and payable and we deliver to the senior trustee an officer’s certificate and an opinion of counsel, each stating that these conditions have been satisfied.
Under current U.S. federal income tax law, the deposit and our legal release from the debt securities would be treated as though we took back your debt securities and gave you your share of the cash and debt securities or bonds deposited in trust. In that event, you could recognize gain or loss on the debt securities you give back to us. Purchasers of the debt securities should consult their own advisers with respect to the tax consequences to them of such deposit and discharge, including the applicability and effect of tax laws other than the U.S. federal income tax law.
Defeasance. Unless the applicable prospectus supplement provides otherwise, the following discussion of legal defeasance and covenant defeasance will apply to any series of debt securities issued under the indentures.
Legal Defeasance. We can legally release ourselves from any payment or other obligations on the debt securities of any series (called “legal defeasance”) if certain conditions are met, including the following:
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we deposit in trust for your benefit and the benefit of all other direct holders of the debt securities of the same series cash or a combination of cash and U.S. government or U.S. government agency obligations (or, in the case of senior debt securities denominated in a foreign currency, foreign government or foreign government agency obligations) that will generate enough cash to make interest, principal and any other payments on the debt securities of that series on their various due dates.
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there is a change in current U.S. federal income tax law or an IRS ruling that lets us make the above deposit without causing you to be taxed on the debt securities any differently than if we did not make the deposit and instead repaid the debt securities ourselves when due. Under current U.S. federal income tax law, the deposit and our legal release from the debt securities would be treated as though we took back your debt securities and gave you your share of the cash and debt securities or bonds deposited in trust. In that event, you could recognize gain or loss on the debt securities you give back to us.
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we deliver to the trustee a legal opinion of our counsel confirming the tax law change or ruling described above.
If we accomplish legal defeasance, as described above, you would have to rely solely on the trust deposit for repayment of the debt securities. You could not look to us for repayment in the event of any shortfall.
Covenant Defeasance. Without any change in current U.S. federal tax law, we can make the same type of deposit described above and be released from some of the covenants in the debt securities (called “covenant defeasance”). In that event, you would lose the protection of those covenants but would gain the protection of having money and securities set aside in trust to repay the debt securities. To achieve covenant defeasance, we must do the following (among other things):
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deposit in trust for your benefit and the benefit of all other direct holders of the debt securities of the same series cash or a combination of cash and U.S. government or U.S. government agency obligations (or, in the case of senior debt securities denominated in a foreign currency, foreign government or foreign government agency obligations) that will generate enough cash to make interest, principal and any other payments on the debt securities of that series on their various due dates.
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deliver to the trustee a legal opinion of our counsel confirming that under current U.S. federal income tax law we may make the above deposit without causing you to be taxed on the debt securities any differently than if we did not make the deposit and instead repaid the debt securities ourselves when due.
If we accomplish covenant defeasance, you could still look to us for repayment of the debt securities if there were a shortfall in the trust deposit. In fact, if one of the events of default occurred (such as our bankruptcy) and the debt securities become immediately due and payable, there may be such a shortfall. Depending on the events causing the default, you may not be able to obtain payment of the shortfall.
Modification and Waiver. We and the trustee may amend or supplement the senior indenture or the senior debt securities of any series without the consent of any holder:
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to convey, transfer, assign, mortgage or pledge any assets as security for the senior debt securities of one or more series;
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to evidence the succession of a corporation, limited liability company, partnership or trust to us, and the assumption by such successor of our covenants, agreements and obligations under the senior indenture or to otherwise comply with the covenant relating to mergers, consolidations and sales of assets;
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to comply with requirements of the SEC to effect or maintain the qualification of the senior indenture under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, or the Trust Indenture Act;
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to add to our covenants such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions for the protection of the holders, and to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of default;
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to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the senior indenture or in any supplemental indenture or to conform the senior indenture or the senior debt securities to the description of senior debt securities of such series set forth in this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement;
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to provide for or add guarantors with respect to the senior debt securities of any series;
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to establish the form or forms or terms of the senior debt securities as permitted by the senior indenture;
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to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment under the senior indenture by a successor trustee, or to make such changes as shall be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts in the senior indenture by more than one trustee;
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to add to, change or eliminate any of the provisions of the senior indenture in respect of one or more series of senior debt securities, provided that any such addition, change or elimination shall (a) neither (1) apply to any senior debt security of any series created prior to the execution of such supplemental indenture and entitled to the benefit of such provision nor (2) modify the rights of the holder of any such senior debt security with respect to such provision or (b) become effective only when there is no senior debt security described in clause (a)(1) outstanding;
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to make any change to the senior debt securities of any series so long as no senior debt securities of such series are outstanding; or
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to make any change that does not adversely affect the rights of any holder in any material respect.
Other amendments and modifications of the senior indenture or the senior debt securities issued may be made, and our compliance with any provision of the senior indenture with respect to any series of senior debt securities may be waived, with the consent of the holders of a majority of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding senior debt securities of each series affected by the amendment or modification (voting as separate series); provided, however, that each affected holder must consent to any modification, amendment or waiver that:
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extends the final maturity of any senior debt securities of such series;
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reduces the principal amount of any senior debt securities of such series;
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reduces the rate, or extends the time for payment of, interest on any senior debt securities of such series;
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reduces the amount payable upon the redemption of any senior debt securities of such series;
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changes the currency of payment of principal of or interest on any senior debt securities of such series;
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reduces the principal amount of original issue discount securities payable upon acceleration of maturity or the amount provable in bankruptcy;
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waives a continuing default in the payment of principal of or interest on the senior debt securities (other than any such default in payment resulting solely from an acceleration of the senior debt securities);
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changes the provisions relating to the waiver of past defaults or impairs the right of holders to receive payment or to institute suit for the enforcement of any payment or conversion of any senior debt securities of such series on or after the due date therefor;
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modifies any of the provisions of these restrictions on amendments and modifications, except to increase any required percentage or to provide that certain other provisions cannot be modified or waived without the consent of the holder of each senior debt security of such series affected by the modification;
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adversely affects the right to convert or exchange senior debt securities into common stock, other securities or property in accordance with the terms of the senior debt securities; or
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reduces the above-stated percentage of outstanding senior debt securities of such series whose holders must consent to a supplemental indenture or modifies or amends or waives certain provisions of or defaults under the senior indenture.
It shall not be necessary for the holders to approve the particular form of any proposed amendment, supplement or waiver, but it shall be sufficient if the holders’ consent approves the substance thereof. After an amendment, supplement or waiver of the senior indenture in accordance with the provisions described in
this section becomes effective, the trustee must give to the holders affected thereby certain notice briefly describing the amendment, supplement or waiver. Any failure by the trustee to give such notice, or any defect therein, shall not, however, in any way impair or affect the validity of any such amendment, supplemental indenture or waiver.
Notice of Redemption. Notice of any redemption of senior debt securities will be mailed at least 10 days but not more than 60 days before the redemption date to each holder of senior debt securities of a series to be redeemed. Any notice may, at our discretion, be subject to the satisfaction or waiver of one or more conditions precedent. In that case, such notice shall state the nature of such condition precedent. If we elect to redeem a portion but not all of such senior debt securities, the trustee will select the senior debt securities to be redeemed in a manner that complies with applicable legal and stock exchange requirements, if any. Interest on such debt securities or portions of senior debt securities will cease to accrue on and after the date fixed for redemption, unless we default in the payment of such redemption price and accrued interest with respect to any such senior debt security or portion thereof.
If any date of redemption of any senior debt security is not a business day, then payment of principal and interest may be made on the next succeeding business day with the same force and effect as if made on the nominal date of redemption and no interest will accrue for the period after such nominal date.
Conversion Rights. We will describe the terms upon which senior debt securities may be convertible into our common stock or other securities in a prospectus supplement. These terms will include the type of securities the senior debt securities are convertible into, the conversion price or manner of calculation thereof, the conversion period, provisions as to whether conversion will be at our option or the option of the holders, the events requiring an adjustment of the conversion price and provisions affecting conversion in the event of the redemption of the senior debt securities and any restrictions on conversion. They may also include provisions adjusting the number of shares of our common stock or other securities issuable upon conversion.
No Personal Liability of Incorporators, Stockholders, Officers, or Directors. The senior indenture provides that no recourse shall be had under any obligation, covenant or agreement of ours in the senior indenture or any supplemental indenture, or in any of the senior debt securities or because of the creation of any indebtedness represented thereby, against any of our incorporators, stockholders, officers or directors, past, present or future, or of any predecessor or successor entity thereof under any law, statute or constitutional provision or by the enforcement of any assessment or by any legal or equitable proceeding or otherwise. Each holder, by accepting the senior debt securities, waives and releases all such liability.
Concerning the Trustee. The senior indenture provides that, except during the continuance of an event of default, the trustee will not be liable except for the performance of such duties as are specifically set forth in the senior indenture. If an event of default has occurred and is continuing, the trustee will exercise such rights and powers vested in it under the senior indenture and will use the same degree of care and skill in its exercise as a prudent person would exercise under the circumstances in the conduct of such person’s own affairs.
The senior indenture and the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act incorporated by reference therein contain limitations on the rights of the trustee thereunder, should it become a creditor of ours or any of our subsidiaries, to obtain payment of claims in certain cases or to realize on certain property received by it in respect of any such claims, as security or otherwise. The trustee is permitted to engage in other transactions, provided that if it acquires any conflicting interest (as defined in the Trust Indenture Act), it must eliminate such conflict or resign.
We may have normal banking relationships with the senior trustee in the ordinary course of business.
Unclaimed Funds. All funds deposited with the trustee or any paying agent for the payment of principal, premium, interest or additional amounts in respect of the senior debt securities that remain unclaimed for two years after the date upon which such amounts became due and payable will be repaid to us. Thereafter, any right of any holder of senior debt securities to such funds shall be enforceable only against us, and the trustee and paying agents will have no liability therefor.
Governing Law. The senior indenture and the senior debt securities will be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the internal laws of the State of New York.
Certain Terms of the Subordinated Debt Securities
Other than the terms of the subordinated indenture and subordinated debt securities relating to subordination or otherwise as described in the prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of subordinated debt securities, the terms of the subordinated indenture and subordinated debt securities are identical in all material respects to the terms of the senior indenture and senior debt securities.
Additional or different subordination terms may be specified in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series.
Subordination. The indebtedness evidenced by the subordinated debt securities is subordinate to the prior payment in full of all of our senior indebtedness, as defined in the subordinated indenture. During the continuance beyond any applicable grace period of any default in the payment of principal, premium, interest or any other payment due on any of our senior indebtedness, we may not make any payment of principal of or interest on the subordinated debt securities (except for certain sinking fund payments). In addition, upon any payment or distribution of our assets upon any dissolution, winding-up, liquidation or reorganization, the payment of the principal of and interest on the subordinated debt securities will be subordinated to the extent provided in the subordinated indenture in right of payment to the prior payment in full of all our senior indebtedness. Because of this subordination, if we dissolve or otherwise liquidate, holders of our subordinated debt securities may receive less, ratably, than holders of our senior indebtedness. The subordination provisions do not prevent the occurrence of an event of default under the subordinated indenture.
The term “senior indebtedness” of a person means with respect to such person the principal of, premium, if any, interest on, and any other payment due pursuant to any of the following, whether outstanding on the date of the subordinated indenture or incurred by that person in the future:
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all of the indebtedness of that person for money borrowed;
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all of the indebtedness of that person evidenced by notes, debentures, bonds or other securities sold by that person for money;
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all of the lease obligations that are capitalized on the books of that person in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
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all indebtedness of others of the kinds described in the first two bullet points above and all lease obligations of others of the kind described in the third bullet point above that the person, in any manner, assumes or guarantees or that the person in effect guarantees through an agreement to purchase, whether that agreement is contingent or otherwise; and
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all renewals, extensions or refundings of indebtedness of the kinds described in the first, second or fourth bullet point above and all renewals or extensions of leases of the kinds described in the third or fourth bullet point above;
unless, in the case of any particular indebtedness, renewal, extension or refunding, the instrument creating or evidencing it or the assumption or guarantee relating to it expressly provides that such indebtedness, renewal, extension or refunding is not superior in right of payment to the subordinated debt securities. Our senior debt securities constitute senior indebtedness for purposes of the subordinated indenture.
DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITARY SHARES
General
We may, at our option, elect to offer fractional shares of preferred stock, which we call depositary shares, rather than full shares of preferred stock. If we do, we will issue to the public receipts, called depositary receipts, for depositary shares, each of which will represent a fraction, to be described in the applicable prospectus supplement, of a share of a particular series of preferred stock. Unless otherwise provided in the prospectus supplement, each owner of a depositary share will be entitled, in proportion to the applicable fractional interest in a share of preferred stock represented by the depositary share, to all the rights and preferences of the preferred stock represented by the depositary share. Those rights include dividend, voting, redemption, conversion and liquidation rights.
The shares of preferred stock underlying the depositary shares will be deposited with a bank or trust company selected by us to act as depositary under a deposit agreement between us, the depositary and the holders of the depositary receipts. The depositary will be the transfer agent, registrar and dividend disbursing agent for the depositary shares.
The depositary shares will be evidenced by depositary receipts issued pursuant to the deposit agreement. Holders of depositary receipts agree to be bound by the deposit agreement, which requires holders to take certain actions such as filing proof of residence with and paying certain charges to the depositary.
The summary of terms of the depositary shares contained in this prospectus is not a complete description of the terms of the depositary shares. You should refer to the form of the deposit agreement, our certificate of incorporation and the certificate of designation for the applicable series of preferred stock that are, or will be, filed with the SEC.
Dividends and Other Distributions
The depositary will distribute all cash dividends or other cash distributions, if any, received in respect of the preferred stock underlying the depositary shares to the record holders of depositary shares in proportion to the numbers of depositary shares owned by those holders on the relevant record date. The relevant record date for depositary shares will be the same date as the record date for the underlying preferred stock.
If there is a distribution other than in cash, the depositary will distribute property (including securities) received by it to the record holders of depositary shares, unless the depositary determines that it is not feasible to make the distribution. If this occurs, the depositary may, with our approval, adopt another method for the distribution, including selling the property and distributing the net proceeds from the sale to the holders.
Liquidation Preference
If a series of preferred stock underlying the depositary shares has a liquidation preference, in the event of the voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of us, holders of depositary shares will be entitled to receive the fraction of the liquidation preference accorded each share of the applicable series of preferred stock, as set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Withdrawal of Stock
Unless the related depositary shares have been previously called for redemption, upon surrender of the depositary receipts at the office of the depositary, the holder of the depositary shares will be entitled to delivery, at the office of the depositary to or upon his or her order, of the number of whole shares of the preferred stock and any money or other property represented by the depositary shares. If the depositary receipts delivered by the holder evidence a number of depositary shares in excess of the number of depositary shares representing the number of whole shares of preferred stock to be withdrawn, the depositary will deliver to the holder at the same time a new depositary receipt evidencing the excess number of depositary shares. In no event will the depositary deliver fractional shares of preferred stock upon surrender of depositary receipts. Holders of preferred stock thus withdrawn may not thereafter deposit those shares under the deposit agreement or receive depositary receipts evidencing depositary shares therefor.
Redemption of Depositary Shares
Whenever we redeem shares of preferred stock held by the depositary, the depositary will redeem as of the same redemption date the number of depositary shares representing shares of the preferred stock so redeemed, so long as we have paid in full to the depositary the redemption price of the preferred stock to be redeemed plus an amount equal to any accumulated and unpaid dividends on the preferred stock to the date fixed for redemption. The redemption price per depositary share will be equal to the redemption price and any other amounts per share payable on the preferred stock multiplied by the fraction of a share of preferred stock represented by one depositary share. If less than all the depositary shares are to be redeemed, the depositary shares to be redeemed will be selected by lot or pro rata or by any other equitable method as may be determined by the depositary.
After the date fixed for redemption, depositary shares called for redemption will no longer be deemed to be outstanding and all rights of the holders of depositary shares will cease, except the right to receive the monies payable upon redemption and any money or other property to which the holders of the depositary shares were entitled upon redemption upon surrender to the depositary of the depositary receipts evidencing the depositary shares.
Voting the Preferred Stock
Upon receipt of notice of any meeting at which the holders of the preferred stock are entitled to vote, the depositary will mail the information contained in the notice of meeting to the record holders of the depositary receipts relating to that preferred stock. The record date for the depositary receipts relating to the preferred stock will be the same date as the record date for the preferred stock. Each record holder of the depositary shares on the record date will be entitled to instruct the depositary as to the exercise of the voting rights pertaining to the number of shares of preferred stock represented by that holder’s depositary shares. The depositary will endeavor, insofar as practicable, to vote the number of shares of preferred stock represented by the depositary shares in accordance with those instructions, and we will agree to take all action that may be deemed necessary by the depositary to enable the depositary to do so. The depositary will not vote any shares of preferred stock except to the extent it receives specific instructions from the holders of depositary shares representing that number of shares of preferred stock.
Charges of Depositary
We will pay all transfer and other taxes and governmental charges arising solely from the existence of the depositary arrangements. We will pay the charges due to the depositary in connection with the initial deposit of the preferred stock and any redemption of the preferred stock. Holders of depositary receipts will pay transfer, income and other taxes and governmental charges and such other charges (including those in connection with the receipt and distribution of dividends, the sale or exercise of rights, the withdrawal of the preferred stock and the transferring, splitting or grouping of depositary receipts) as are expressly provided in the deposit agreement to be for their accounts. If these charges have not been paid by the holders of depositary receipts, the depositary may refuse to transfer depositary shares, withhold dividends and distributions and sell the depositary shares evidenced by the depositary receipt.
Amendment and Termination of the Deposit Agreement
The form of depositary receipt evidencing the depositary shares and any provision of the deposit agreement may be amended by agreement between us and the depositary. However, any amendment that materially and adversely alters the rights of the holders of depositary shares, other than fee changes, will not be effective unless the amendment has been approved by the holders of a majority of the outstanding depositary shares affected by the amendment. The deposit agreement may be terminated by the depositary or us only if:
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all outstanding depositary shares have been redeemed; or
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there has been a final distribution of the preferred stock in connection with our dissolution and such distribution has been made to all the holders of depositary shares.
Resignation and Removal of Depositary
The depositary may resign at any time by delivering to us notice of its election to do so, and we may remove the depositary at any time. Any resignation or removal of the depositary will take effect upon our appointment of a successor depositary and its acceptance of such appointment. The successor depositary must be appointed within 60 days after delivery of the notice of resignation or removal and must be a bank or trust company having its principal office in the United States and having the requisite combined capital and surplus as set forth in the applicable agreement.
Notices
The depositary will forward to holders of depositary receipts all notices, reports and other communications, including proxy solicitation materials received from us, that are delivered to the depositary and that we are required to furnish to the holders of the preferred stock. In addition, the depositary will make available for inspection by holders of depositary receipts at the principal office of the depositary, and at such other places as it may from time to time deem advisable, any reports and communications we deliver to the depositary as the holder of preferred stock.
Limitation of Liability
Neither we nor the depositary will be liable if either we or it is prevented or delayed by law or any circumstance beyond its control in performing its obligations. Our obligations and those of the depositary will be limited to performance in good faith of our and their duties thereunder. We and the depositary will not be obligated to prosecute or defend any legal proceeding in respect of any depositary shares or preferred stock unless satisfactory indemnity is furnished. We and the depositary may rely upon written advice of counsel or accountants, on information provided by persons presenting preferred stock for deposit, holders of depositary receipts or other persons believed to be competent to give such information and on documents believed to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties.
DESCRIPTION OF SUBSCRIPTION RIGHTS
The following description of the subscription rights and terms of the subscription rights agreement is a summary. It summarizes only those aspects of the subscription rights and those portions of the subscription rights agreement which we believe will be most important to your decision to invest in our subscription rights. There may be other provisions in the subscription rights agreement and the subscription certificate relating to the subscription rights which are also important to you. You should read these documents for a full description of the terms of the subscription rights. The forms of the subscription rights agreement and the subscription certificate will be filed or incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
Subscription rights may be issued independently or together with any other security and may or may not be transferable. As part of the rights offering, we may enter into a standby underwriting or other arrangement under which the underwriters or any other person would purchase any securities that are not purchased in such rights offering. If we issue subscription rights, they may be governed by a separate subscription rights agreement that we will sign with a bank or trust company, as rights agent, that will be named in the applicable prospectus supplement. The rights agent will act solely as our agent and will not assume any obligation to any holders of rights certificates or beneficial owners of rights.
In general, a right entitles the holder to purchase for cash a specific number of shares of equity securities at a specified exercise price. The rights are normally issued to stockholders as of a specific record date, may be exercised only for a limited period of time and become void following the expiration of such period. If we determine to issue subscription rights, we will accompany this prospectus with a prospectus supplement that will describe, among other things:
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the record date for stockholders entitled to receive the rights;
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the number of equity securities that may be purchased upon exercise of each right;
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the exercise price of the rights;
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whether the rights are transferable;
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the period during which the rights may be exercised and when they will expire;
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the steps required to exercise the rights;
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the price, if any, for the subscription rights;
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the number of subscription rights issued;
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the terms of the equity securities;
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the extent to which the subscription rights are transferable;
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if applicable, the material terms of any standby underwriting or other arrangement entered into by us in connection with the offering of subscription rights;
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the other terms of the subscription rights, including the terms, procedures and limitations relating to the exercise of the subscription rights;
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whether the rights include “oversubscription rights” so that the holder may purchase more securities if other holders do not purchase their full allotments;
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whether we intend to sell the shares of equity securities that are not purchased in the rights offering to an underwriter or other purchaser under a contractual “standby” commitment or other arrangement; and
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any applicable United States federal income tax considerations.
If fewer than all of the rights issued in any rights offering are exercised, we may offer any unsubscribed securities directly to persons other than stockholders, to or through agents, underwriters or dealers or through a combination of such methods, including pursuant to standby arrangements, as described in the applicable prospectus supplement.
DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS
We may issue warrants to purchase common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, or debt securities. We may offer warrants separately or together with one or more additional warrants, common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, or debt securities, or any combination of those securities in the form of units, as described in the applicable prospectus supplement. If we issue warrants as part of a unit, the accompanying prospectus supplement will specify whether those warrants may be separated from the other securities in the unit prior to the expiration date of the warrants. The applicable prospectus supplement will also describe the following terms of any warrants:
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the specific designation and aggregate number of, and the offering price at which we will issue, the warrants;
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the currency or currency units in which the offering price, if any, and the exercise price are payable;
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the date on which the right to exercise the warrants will begin and the date on which that right will expire or, if you may not continuously exercise the warrants throughout that period, the specific date or dates on which you may exercise the warrants;
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whether the warrants are to be sold separately or with other securities as parts of units;
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whether the warrants will be issued in definitive or global form or in any combination of these forms, although, in any case, the form of a warrant included in a unit will correspond to the form of the unit and of any security included in that unit;
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any applicable material U.S. federal income tax consequences;
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the identity of the warrant agent for the warrants and of any other depositaries, execution or paying agents, transfer agents, registrars or other agents;
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the proposed listing, if any, of the warrants or any securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrants on any securities exchange;
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the designation and terms of any equity securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrants;
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the designation, aggregate principal amount, currency and terms of any debt securities that may be purchased upon exercise of the warrants;
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if applicable, the designation and terms of the preferred stock or depositary shares with which the warrants are issued and the number of warrants issued with each security;
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if applicable, the date from and after which any warrants issued as part of a unit and the related debt securities, preferred stock, depositary shares or common stock will be separately transferable;
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the number of shares of common stock, preferred stock or depositary shares purchasable upon exercise of a warrant and the price at which those shares may be purchased;
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if applicable, the minimum or maximum amount of the warrants that may be exercised at any one time;
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information with respect to book-entry procedures, if any;
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the anti-dilution provisions of, and other provisions for changes to or adjustment in the exercise price of, the warrants, if any;
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any redemption or call provisions; and
any additional terms of the warrants, including terms, procedures and limitations relating to the exchange or exercise of the warrants.
DESCRIPTION OF PURCHASE CONTRACTS
We may issue purchase contracts, representing contracts obligating holders to purchase from us, and obligating us to sell to the holders, a specified number of shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, or other securities described in this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement at a future date or dates. The price per share may be fixed at the time the share purchase contracts are issued or may be determined by reference to a specific formula set forth in the share purchase contracts. The purchase contracts may be issued separately or as a part of units consisting of a purchase contract and either shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, our debt securities or debt obligations of third parties, including U.S. Treasury securities, any other security described in the applicable prospectus supplement, or any combination of the foregoing, securing the holder’s obligations to purchase the securities under the share purchase contracts.
The purchase contracts may require us to make periodic payments to the holders of units or vice versa, and such payments may be unsecured or prefunded on some basis. The purchase contracts may require holders to secure their obligations thereunder in a specified manner. In certain circumstances, we may deliver newly issued prepaid purchase contracts upon release to a holder of any collateral securing the holder’s obligations under the original purchase contract.
The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the terms of the purchase contracts. The description in the prospectus supplement will only be a summary, and you should read the purchase contracts, and, if applicable, collateral or depositary arrangements, relating to the purchase contracts. Material United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the purchase contracts will also be discussed in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Unless otherwise specified in an accompanying prospectus supplement, each purchase contract and any related agreement will be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York.
DESCRIPTION OF UNITS
We may issue units consisting of one or more of the other securities described in this prospectus in any combination, as described in the applicable prospectus supplement. We may issue units in one or more series, which will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. The applicable prospectus supplement will also describe the following terms of any units:
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the designation and the terms of the units and of the securities constituting the units, including whether and under what circumstances the securities comprising the units may be traded separately;
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the identity of any unit agent for the units, if applicable, and of any other depositaries, execution or paying agents, transfer agents, registrars or other agents;
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any additional terms of the governing unit agreement, if applicable;
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any additional provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer or exchange of the units or of the common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants or purchase contracts constituting the unit; and
•
any applicable material U.S. federal income tax consequences.
FORMS OF SECURITIES
Each debt security, depositary share, subscription right, warrant, purchase contract and unit will be represented either by a certificate issued in definitive form to a particular investor or by one or more global securities representing the entire issuance of securities. Unless the applicable prospectus supplement provides otherwise, certificated securities will be issued in definitive form and global securities will be issued in registered form. Definitive securities name you or your nominee as the owner of the security, and to transfer or exchange these securities or to receive payments other than interest or other interim payments, you or your nominee must physically deliver the securities to the trustee, registrar, paying agent or other agent, as applicable. Global securities name a depositary or its nominee as the owner of the debt securities, depositary shares, subscription rights, warrants, purchase contracts or units represented by these global securities. The depositary maintains a computerized system that will reflect each investor’s beneficial ownership of the securities through an account maintained by the investor with its broker/dealer, bank, trust company or other representative, as we explain more fully below.
Global Securities
We may issue the debt securities of a particular series, depositary shares, subscription right, warrants, purchase contracts and units in the form of one or more fully registered global securities that will be deposited with a depositary or its nominee identified in the applicable prospectus supplement and registered in the name of that depositary or nominee. In those cases, one or more global securities will be issued in a denomination or aggregate denominations equal to the portion of the aggregate principal or face amount of the securities to be represented by global securities. Unless and until it is exchanged in whole for securities in definitive registered form, a global security may not be transferred except as a whole by and among the depositary for the global security, the nominees of the depositary or any successors of the depositary or those nominees.
If not described below, any specific terms of the depositary arrangement with respect to any securities to be represented by a global security will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to those securities. We anticipate that the following provisions will apply to all depositary arrangements.
Ownership of beneficial interests in a global security will be limited to persons, called participants, that have accounts with the depositary or persons that may hold interests through participants. Upon the issuance of a global security, the depositary will credit, on its book-entry registration and transfer system, the participants’ accounts with the respective principal or face amounts of the securities beneficially owned by the participants. Any dealers, underwriters or agents participating in the distribution of the securities will designate the accounts to be credited. Ownership of beneficial interests in a global security will be shown on, and the transfer of ownership interests will be effected only through, records maintained by the depositary, with respect to interests of participants, and on the records of participants, with respect to interests of persons holding through participants. The laws of some states may require that some purchasers of securities take physical delivery of these securities in definitive form. These laws may impair your ability to own, transfer or pledge beneficial interests in global securities.
So long as the depositary, or its nominee, is the registered owner of a global security, that depositary or its nominee, as the case may be, will be considered the sole owner or holder of the securities represented by the global security for all purposes under the applicable indenture, deposit agreement, subscription rights agreement, warrant agreement, purchase contract or unit agreement. Except as described below, owners of beneficial interests in a global security will not be entitled to have the securities represented by the global security registered in their names, will not receive or be entitled to receive physical delivery of the securities in definitive form and will not be considered the owners or holders of the securities under the applicable indenture, deposit agreement, subscription rights agreement, warrant agreement, purchase contract or unit agreement. Accordingly, each person owning a beneficial interest in a global security must rely on the procedures of the depositary for that global security and, if that person is not a participant, on the procedures of the participant through which the person owns its interest, to exercise any rights of a holder under the applicable indenture, deposit agreement, subscription rights agreement, warrant agreement, purchase contract or unit agreement. We understand that under existing industry practices, if we request any action of holders or if an owner of a beneficial interest in a global security desires to give or take any action that a holder is entitled to give or take under the applicable indenture, deposit agreement, subscription rights
agreement, warrant agreement, purchase contract or unit agreement, the depositary for the global security would authorize the participants holding the relevant beneficial interests to give or take that action, and the participants would authorize beneficial owners owning through them to give or take that action or would otherwise act upon the instructions of beneficial owners holding through them.
Principal, premium, if any, and interest payments on debt securities, and any payments to holders with respect to depositary shares, subscription rights, warrants, purchase agreements or units, represented by a global security registered in the name of a depositary or its nominee will be made to the depositary or its nominee, as the case may be, as the registered owner of the global security. None of us, or any trustee, warrant agent, unit agent or other agent of ours, or any agent of any trustee, warrant agent or unit agent will have any responsibility or liability for any aspect of the records relating to payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in the global security or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to those beneficial ownership interests.
We expect that the depositary for any of the securities represented by a global security, upon receipt of any payment to holders of principal, premium, interest or other distribution of underlying securities or other property on that registered global security, will immediately credit participants’ accounts in amounts proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in that global security as shown on the records of the depositary. We also expect that payments by participants to owners of beneficial interests in a global security held through participants will be governed by standing customer instructions and customary practices, as is now the case with the securities held for the accounts of customers or registered in “street name,” and will be the responsibility of those participants.
If the depositary for any of the securities represented by a global security is at any time unwilling or unable to continue as depositary or ceases to be a clearing agency registered under the Exchange Act, and a successor depositary registered as a clearing agency under the Exchange Act is not appointed by us within 90 days, we will issue securities in definitive form in exchange for the global security that had been held by the depositary. Any securities issued in definitive form in exchange for a global security will be registered in the name or names that the depositary gives to the relevant trustee, warrant agent, unit agent or other relevant agent of ours or theirs. It is expected that the depositary’s instructions will be based upon directions received by the depositary from participants with respect to ownership of beneficial interests in the global security that had been held by the depositary.
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We may sell securities:
•
through underwriters;
•
through dealers;
•
through agents;
•
directly to purchasers; or
•
through a combination of any of these methods of sale.
In addition, we may issue the securities as a dividend or distribution or in a subscription rights offering to our existing security holders. This prospectus may be used in connection with any offering of our securities through any of these methods or other methods described in the applicable prospectus supplement.
We may directly solicit offers to purchase securities, or agents may be designated to solicit such offers. We will, in the prospectus supplement relating to such offering, name any agent that could be viewed as an underwriter under the Securities Act, and describe any commissions that we must pay. Any such agent will be acting on a best efforts basis for the period of its appointment or, if indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, on a firm commitment basis.
The distribution of the securities may be effected from time to time in one or more transactions:
•
at a fixed price, or prices, which may be changed from time to time;
•
at market prices prevailing at the time of sale;
•
at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or
•
at negotiated prices.
Each prospectus supplement will describe the method of distribution of the securities and any applicable restrictions.
The prospectus supplement with respect to the securities of a particular series will describe the terms of the offering of the securities, including the following:
•
the name of the agent or any underwriters;
•
the public offering or purchase price and the proceeds we will receive from the sale of the securities;
•
any discounts and commissions to be allowed or re-allowed or paid to the agent or underwriters;
•
all other items constituting underwriting compensation;
•
any discounts and commissions to be allowed or re-allowed or paid to dealers; and
•
any exchanges on which the securities will be listed.
If any underwriters or agents are utilized in the sale of the securities in respect of which this prospectus is delivered, we will enter into an underwriting agreement or other agreement with them at the time of sale to them, and we will set forth in the prospectus supplement relating to such offering the names of the underwriters or agents and the terms of the related agreement with them.
If a dealer is utilized in the sale of the securities in respect of which this prospectus is delivered, we will sell such securities to the dealer, as principal. The dealer may then resell such securities to the public at varying prices to be determined by such dealer at the time of resale.
If we offer securities in a subscription rights offering to our existing security holders, we may enter into a standby underwriting agreement with dealers, acting as standby underwriters. We may pay the standby underwriters a commitment fee for the securities they commit to purchase on a standby basis. If we do not enter into a standby underwriting arrangement, we may retain a dealer-manager to manage a subscription rights offering for us.
Remarketing firms, agents, underwriters, dealers and other persons may be entitled under agreements which they may enter into with us to indemnification by us against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and may be customers of, engage in transactions with or perform services for us in the ordinary course of business.
If so indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will authorize underwriters or other persons acting as our agents to solicit offers by certain institutions to purchase securities from us pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on the date stated in the prospectus supplement. Each contract will be for an amount not less than, and the aggregate amount of securities sold pursuant to such contracts shall not be less nor more than, the respective amounts stated in the prospectus supplement. Institutions with whom the contracts, when authorized, may be made include commercial and savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies, educational and charitable institutions and other institutions, but shall in all cases be subject to our approval. Delayed delivery contracts will not be subject to any conditions except that:
•
the purchase by an institution of the securities covered under that contract shall not at the time of delivery be prohibited under the laws of the jurisdiction to which that institution is subject; and
•
if the securities are also being sold to underwriters acting as principals for their own account, the underwriters shall have purchased such securities not sold for delayed delivery. The underwriters and other persons acting as our agents will not have any responsibility in respect of the validity or performance of delayed delivery contracts.
Certain agents, underwriters and dealers, and their associates and affiliates may be customers of, have borrowing relationships with, engage in other transactions with, and/or perform services, including investment banking services, for us or one or more of our respective affiliates in the ordinary course of business.
To facilitate the offering of the securities, any underwriters may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the securities or any other securities the prices of which may be used to determine payments on such securities. Specifically, any underwriters may overallot in connection with the offering, creating a short position for their own accounts. In addition, to cover overallotments or to stabilize the price of the securities or of any such other securities, the underwriters may bid for, and purchase, the securities or any such other securities in the open market. Finally, in any offering of the securities through a syndicate of underwriters, the underwriting syndicate may reclaim selling concessions allowed to an underwriter or a dealer for distributing the securities in the offering if the syndicate repurchases previously distributed securities in transactions to cover syndicate short positions, in stabilization transactions or otherwise. Any of these activities may stabilize or maintain the market price of the securities above independent market levels. Any such underwriters are not required to engage in these activities and may end any of these activities at any time.
Under Rule 15c6-1 of the Exchange Act, trades in the secondary market generally are required to settle in two business days, unless the parties to any such trade expressly agree otherwise. The applicable prospectus supplement may provide that the original issue date for your securities may be more than two scheduled business days after the trade date for your securities. Accordingly, in such a case, if you wish to trade securities on any date prior to the second business day before the original issue date for your securities, you will be required, by virtue of the fact that your securities initially are expected to settle in more than two scheduled business days after the trade date for your securities, to make alternative settlement arrangements to prevent a failed settlement.
The securities may be new issues of securities and may have no established trading market. The securities may or may not be listed on a national securities exchange. We can make no assurance as to the liquidity of or the existence of trading markets for any of the securities.
LEGAL MATTERS
Unless the applicable prospectus supplement indicates otherwise, the validity of the securities in respect of which this prospectus is being delivered will be passed upon by Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP.
EXPERTS
Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, as set forth in their reports, which are incorporated by reference in this prospectus and elsewhere in the registration statement. Our financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance on Ernst & Young LLP’s report, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
$300,000,000
Common Stock
Preferred Stock
Debt Securities
Depositary Shares
Subscription Rights
Warrants
Purchase Contracts
Units
PROSPECTUS
, 2022
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
Subject to completion, dated November 8, 2022
PROSPECTUS
Up to $75,000,000
Common Stock
We have entered into a sales agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC, or Cowen, relating to shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, offered by this prospectus. In accordance with the terms of the sales agreement, we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75,000,000 from time to time through Cowen acting as our agent.
Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “VYGR.” On November 4, 2022, the last reported sales price of our common stock was $4.99 per share.
Sales of our common stock, if any, under this prospectus will be made in sales deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. Cowen is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of securities but will act as a sales agent using commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, on terms mutually agreed between Cowen and us. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in any escrow, trust or similar arrangement.
The compensation to Cowen for sales of common stock sold pursuant to the sales agreement will be an amount up to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of any shares of common stock sold under the sales agreement. In connection with the sale of the common stock on our behalf, Cowen will be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act and the compensation of Cowen will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have also agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to Cowen with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. See “Plan of Distribution” beginning on page SA-16 for additional information regarding Cowen’s compensation.
Our business and an investment in our common stock involve significant risks. These risks are described under the caption “Risk Factors” beginning on page SA-6 of this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Cowen
, 2022.
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which we refer to as the SEC, utilizing a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may from time to time sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75,000,000 under this prospectus at prices and on terms to be determined at the time of each such offering.
Before buying any of the common stock that we are offering, we urge you to carefully read this prospectus, together with the information incorporated by reference as described under the headings “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation by Reference” in this prospectus, and any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering. These documents contain important information that you should consider when making your investment decision.
This prospectus describes the terms of this offering of common stock and also adds to and updates information contained in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus, on the one hand, and the information contained in any document incorporated by reference into this prospectus that was filed with the SEC before the date of this prospectus, on the other hand, you should rely on the information in this prospectus. If any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date — for example, a document incorporated by reference into this prospectus — the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement.
We have not, and Cowen has not, authorized anyone to provide you with information in addition to or different from that contained in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus and any related free writing prospectus filed by us with the SEC. We and Cowen take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurances as to the reliability of, any information that others may provide to you. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the securities described in this prospectus or an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities in any circumstances in which such offer or solicitation is unlawful. You should assume that the information in this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front of such document and that any information incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the date of the document incorporated by reference, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus, or any sale of a security. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed materially since those dates.
This prospectus contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. You may obtain copies of those documents as described below under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information”.
Unless the context otherwise indicates, references in this prospectus to “Voyager”, “Voyager Therapeutics”, “we”, “our”, “us” and “the Company” refer, collectively, to Voyager Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries.
We own various U.S. federal trademark registrations and applications and unregistered trademarks, including our corporate logo. This prospectus and the information incorporated by reference herein contain references to trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus and the information incorporated herein, including logos, artwork, and other visual displays, that may appear without the ® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, service marks or trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, service marks or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. All trademarks, service marks and trade names included or incorporated by reference into this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus are the property of their respective owners.
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND INDUSTRY DATA
This prospectus and the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus include “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management and expected market growth, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “contemplate,” “anticipate,” “goals,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus and incorporated by reference herein include, among other things, statements about:
•
our plans to develop and commercialize our product candidates based on adeno-associated virus, or AAV, gene therapy and our proprietary antibodies;
•
our ability to continue to develop our proprietary gene therapy platform technologies, including our TRACERTM discovery platform, our proprietary antibodies, and our vectorized antibody platform;
•
our ability to identify and optimize product candidates and proprietary AAV capsids;
•
our strategic collaboration with and funding from our collaboration partner Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., from our option and license arrangement with Pfizer Inc., and from our option and license arrangement with Novartis Pharma AG;
•
our ongoing and planned preclinical development efforts, related timelines and studies;
•
the timing of and our ability to submit applications and obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for our product candidates, including the ability to file investigational new drug applications for our programs;
•
our estimates regarding expenses, contingent liabilities, future revenues, existing cash resources and capital requirements;
•
our ability to conduct clinical trials compliant with current good clinical practices and to develop a manufacturing capability compliant with current good manufacturing practices for our product candidates;
•
our intellectual property position and our ability to obtain, maintain and enforce intellectual property protection for our proprietary assets;
•
our estimates regarding the size of the potential markets for our product candidates and our ability to serve those markets;
•
the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates for any indication once approved;
•
our need for additional funding and our plans and ability to raise additional capital, including through equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, and option and license arrangements;
•
our competitive position and the success of competing products that are or become available for the indications that we are pursuing;
•
the impact of government laws and regulations including in the United States, the European Union, and other important geographies such as Japan;
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our ability to enter into future collaborations, strategic alliances, or option and license arrangements;
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our ability to control costs and reprioritize our product candidate pipeline successfully in connection with our strategic initiatives;
•
the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our research and development efforts and other business operations; and
•
our expectations related to the use of proceeds from this offering.
These forward-looking statements are only predictions and we may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and operating results. You are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are referenced in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” of this prospectus and of any accompanying prospectus supplement. You should also carefully review the risk factors and cautionary statements described in the other documents that we file from time to time with the SEC, specifically our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our Current Reports on Form 8-K. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, collaborations, joint ventures or investments that we may make or enter into.
You should read this prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus and incorporated by reference herein are made as of the date hereof, and we do not assume any obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.
This prospectus includes and incorporates by reference certain statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties as well as our own estimates of potential market opportunities. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. Our estimates of the potential market opportunities for our product candidates include several key assumptions based on our industry knowledge, industry publications, third-party research and other surveys, which may be based on a small sample size and may fail to accurately reflect market opportunities. While we believe that our internal assumptions are reasonable, no independent source has verified such assumptions.
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
This summary highlights certain information about us, this offering and selected information contained elsewhere in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus. This summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. For a more complete understanding of our company and this offering, we encourage you to read and consider carefully the more detailed information in this prospectus, including the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and the information included in any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, including the information under the heading “Risk Factors” in this prospectus on page
SA-6 and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus.
We are a biotechnology company dedicated to breaking through barriers in gene therapy and neurology. The potential of both disciplines has been constrained by delivery challenges; we are leveraging expertise in capsid discovery and neuropharmacology to address these constraints. Our gene therapy platforms enable us to engineer, optimize, manufacture and deliver adeno-associated virus, or AAV, based gene therapies that we believe have the potential to safely provide durable efficacy. Our team of experts in the field of AAV gene therapy and neuroscience first identifies and selects diseases in which we believe an AAV gene therapy or other biological therapy will answer a high unmet medical need, be supported by target validation, offer an efficient path to human proof of biology, present robust preclinical pharmacology, and offer strong commercial potential. We then engineer and optimize an AAV vector or other biological therapy for activity in, efficacy in, or delivery to, the targeted tissue or cells.
We are identifying proprietary AAV capsids, the outer viral protein shells that enclose genetic material that makes up the vector payload. Our team has developed a proprietary AAV capsid discovery platform called TRACER™ (Tropism Redirection of AAV by Cell Type-Specific Expression of RNA) that employs directed evolution to facilitate the selection of AAV capsids with enhanced tissue delivery characteristics, such as more effective delivery across the blood brain barrier, or BBB. The TRACER discovery platform is a broadly applicable, functional RNA-based AAV capsid discovery platform that allows for rapid in vivo evolution of AAV capsids with cell-specific transduction properties in multiple species, including non-human primates. We believe that capsids we discover through our TRACER discovery platform, which we refer to as TRACER capsids, have the potential to significantly enhance the efficacy and safety of our single dose gene therapies, which we expect to be delivered with targeted surgical delivery or systemic infusions, as compared with conventional capsids.
We are also applying the TRACER discovery platform to generate targeted capsid variant libraries for the selection of capsids with tropism and transduction in additional cell and tissue types. We are actively engaged in discussions with multiple parties to make TRACER capsids available to third parties for use in their drug development programs through potential option and license and other arrangements.
We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in June 2013. Our principal executive offices are located at 64 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and our telephone number is (857) 259-5340. Our website address is http://www.voyagertherapeutics.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute part of this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus only as an inactive textual reference.
THE OFFERING
Common stock offered by
us:
Shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75,000,000.
Common stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering:
Up to 53,550,396 shares, assuming sales at an offering price of $4.99 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our common stock on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on November 4, 2022. The actual number of shares issued will vary depending on the sales price under this offering.
“At-the-market” offering that may be made from time to time through our sales agent, Cowen. See “Plan of Distribution” beginning on page SA-16.
We intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of any shares of common stock offered hereby for general corporate purposes. Although we have not yet identified specific uses for these proceeds, we currently anticipate using the proceeds for some or all of the following: research and development costs, including advancement of preclinical programs into clinical development and the conduct of clinical trials, regulatory submissions, sales and marketing activities, and manufacturing expenses; the acquisition or in-license of other products, product candidates, businesses, or technologies; the repayment and refinancing of debt; working capital; and capital expenditures.
See “Use of Proceeds” on page SA-8.
You should read the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus beginning on page SA-6, as well as those risk factors that are incorporated by reference herein for a discussion of factors to consider carefully before deciding to invest in shares of our common stock.
The Nasdaq Global Select Market symbol:
“VYGR”
The number of shares of common stock shown above to be outstanding after this offering is based on 38,520,336 shares outstanding as of September 30, 2022, and excludes as of that date:
•
6,079,071 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of September 30, 2022, at a weighted-average exercise price of $8.20 per share;
•
941,275 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units outstanding as of September 30, 2022;
•
3,593,257 additional shares of common stock that are available for future issuance under our Voyager Therapeutics, Inc. 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, or 2015 Plan, as of September 30, 2022; and
•
1,932,469 shares of common stock that are available for future issuance under our Voyager Therapeutics, Inc. 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or 2015 ESPP, as of September 30, 2022.
Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus supplement assumes:
•
no exercise of the outstanding options described above; and
•
no vesting and settlement of the outstanding restricted stock units described above.
RISK FACTORS
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described in the following risk factors as well as the other information contained in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus before making an investment decision. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by the materialization of any of these risks. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to the materialization of any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment. This prospectus and the documents incorporated herein by reference also contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including the risks described in the documents incorporated herein by reference, including our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and other filings we make with the SEC from time to time. The risks and uncertainties we have described are not the only ones facing our company. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks Related to this Offering
We have broad discretion in how we apply our available funds, including the net proceeds we receive from this offering, and we may not use these funds effectively, which could affect our results of operations and cause our stock price to decline.
Our management will have broad discretion in the application of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, including the net proceeds from this offering, and could spend these funds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. The failure by our management to apply our available funds effectively could result in financial losses that could cause the price of our common stock to decline and delay the development of our product candidates and preclinical programs. Pending their use, we may invest our available funds in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.
If you purchase shares of common stock in this offering, you will experience immediate dilution of your investment. In addition, we may issue additional equity in the future, which may result in additional dilution to you.
The shares sold in this offering, if any, will be sold from time to time at various prices. However, we expect that the offering price of our common stock in this offering will be substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our outstanding common stock. Therefore, if you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, you will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds our net tangible book value per share after this offering. To the extent outstanding options are exercised, you will incur further dilution. Based on an assumed public offering price of $4.99 per share, the last reported sale price of our common stock on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on November 4, 2022, you will experience immediate dilution of $2.13 per share, representing the difference between our as adjusted net tangible book value per share as of September 30, 2022 after giving effect to this offering and the assumed public offering price. See the section titled “Dilution” below for a more detailed illustration of the dilution you would incur if you participate in this offering.
In addition to this offering, subject to market conditions and other factors, we may pursue additional equity financings in the future, including future public offerings or future private placements of equity securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable for equity securities. Further, the exercise of outstanding options or the vesting and settlement of outstanding restricted stock units could result in further dilution to investors and any additional shares issued in connection with acquisitions will result in dilution to investors. In addition, the market price of our common stock could fall as a result of resales of any of these shares of common stock due to an increased number of shares available for sale in the market.
The common stock offered hereby will be sold in “at-the-market” offerings, and investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices.
Investors who purchase shares in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices, and accordingly may experience different levels of dilution and different outcomes in their investment results.
We will have discretion, subject to market demand and the terms of the sales agreement, to vary the timing, prices and number of shares sold in this offering. In addition, subject to the final determination by our board of directors or any restrictions we may place in any applicable placement notice, there is no minimum or maximum sales price for shares to be sold in this offering. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase in this offering as a result of sales made at prices lower than the prices they paid.
Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be our stockholders’ sole source of gain.
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be the sole source of gain for our stockholders for the foreseeable future.
It is not possible to predict the aggregate proceeds resulting from sales made under the sales agreement.
Subject to certain limitations in the sales agreement and compliance with applicable law, we have the discretion to deliver a placement notice to Cowen at any time throughout the term of the sales agreement. The number of shares that are sold through Cowen after delivering a placement notice will fluctuate based on a number of factors, including the market price of our common stock during the sales period, any limits we may set with Cowen in any applicable placement notice and the demand for our common stock. As such, it is not possible to predict the number of shares to be sold pursuant to the sales agreement. Because the price per share of each share sold pursuant to the sales agreement will fluctuate based on the market price of our common stock during the sales period, it is not currently possible to predict the aggregate proceeds to be raised in connection with sales under the sales agreement.
USE OF PROCEEDS
We may issue and sell shares of our common stock having aggregate gross sales proceeds of up to $75,000,000 from time to time (before deducting sales agent commissions and expenses). Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to close this offering, the actual total public offering amount, commissions and net proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable at this time.
We intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of any shares of common stock offered hereby for general corporate purposes. Although we have not yet identified specific uses for these proceeds, we currently anticipate using the proceeds for some or all of the following: research and development costs, including advancement of preclinical programs into clinical development and the conduct of clinical trials, regulatory submissions, sales and marketing activities, and manufacturing expenses; the acquisition or in-license of other products, product candidates, businesses, or technologies; the repayment and refinancing of debt; working capital; and capital expenditures.
We have not determined the exact amounts we plan to spend on any of the items listed above or the timing of these expenditures. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures may vary significantly depending on numerous factors, including the actual net proceeds from this offering, the factors described under “Risk Factors” in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference herein, the progress of our development efforts, the status of and results from preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as any collaborations that we may enter into with third parties for our product candidates, and any unforeseen cash needs. As a result, our management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering.
Pending application of the net proceeds as described above, we may temporarily invest the net proceeds in a variety of capital preservation instruments, including short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments and U.S. government securities.
DIVIDEND POLICY
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be our stockholders’ sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.
DILUTION
If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be diluted immediately to the extent of the difference between the price per share you pay in this offering and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering.
Our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2022, was approximately $79.8 million, or $2.07 per share of common stock. Net tangible book value per share is determined by dividing our total tangible assets, less total liabilities, by the 38,520,336 shares of our common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2022. Dilution with respect to net tangible book value per share represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of shares of common stock in this offering and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering.
After giving effect to the assumed sale by us of shares of our common stock in the aggregate amount of $75,000,000 in this offering at an assumed public offering price of $4.99 per share, the last reported sale price of our common stock on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on November 4, 2022, and after deducting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our as adjusted net tangible book value as of September 30, 2022, would have been approximately $153.0 million, or $2.86 per share of common stock. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $0.79 per share of common stock to existing stockholders. Dilution per share to new investors is determined by subtracting as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering from the public offering price per share paid by new investors. Investors purchasing our common stock in this offering will have paid $2.13 more than the as adjusted net tangible book value per share of common stock after this offering. The following table illustrates this on a per share basis:
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Assumed public offering price per share
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
4.99 |
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|
| |
Net tangible book value per share as of September 30, 2022
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|
|
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$ |
2.07 |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Increase per share attributable to new investors purchasing shares in this offering
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|
|
|
$ |
0.79 |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
As adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
2.86 |
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|
| |
Dilution per share to new investors
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ |
2.13 |
|
|
The as adjusted information above is illustrative only and will change based on the actual price to the public, the actual number of shares sold and other terms of the offering determined at the time shares of our common stock are sold pursuant to this prospectus. The shares sold in this offering, if any, will be sold from time to time at various prices.
The above discussion and table are based on 38,520,336 shares of our common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2022, and excludes as of that date:
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6,079,071 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of September 30, 2022, at a weighted-average exercise price of $8.20 per share;
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941,275 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units outstanding as of September 30, 2022;
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3,593,257 additional shares of common stock that are available for future issuance under the 2015 Plan as of September 30, 2022; and
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1,932,469 shares of common stock that are available for future issuance under the 2015 ESPP as of September 30, 2022.
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
The following description of our capital stock is intended as a summary only and therefore is not a complete description of our capital stock. This description is based upon, and is qualified by reference to, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, which we refer to as our certificate of incorporation; our amended and restated bylaws, which we refer to as our bylaws; and applicable provisions of Delaware corporate law. You should read our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, for the provisions that are important to you.
Our authorized capital stock consists of 120,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share. As of November 4, 2022, 38,607,346 shares of common stock were outstanding and no shares of preferred stock were outstanding.
Common Stock
Annual Meeting. Annual meetings of our stockholders are held on the date designated in accordance with our bylaws. Written notice must be mailed to each stockholder entitled to vote not less than ten nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting. The presence in person or by proxy of the holders of record of a majority of our issued and outstanding shares entitled to vote at such meeting constitutes a quorum for the transaction of business at meetings of the stockholders. Special meetings of the stockholders may be called only by a majority of the board of directors acting pursuant to a resolution approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office. Except as may be otherwise provided by applicable law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, all elections of directors shall be decided by a plurality of the votes properly cast by the stockholders entitled to vote on the election and all other questions shall be decided by a majority of the votes properly cast by stockholders entitled to vote thereon and voting for or against the matter at a duly held meeting of stockholders at which a quorum is present.
Voting Rights. Each holder of common stock is entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted upon by stockholders, including the election of directors. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws do not provide for cumulative voting rights. Except as otherwise provided by law, our certificate of incorporation, or our bylaws, in all matters other than the election of directors, the affirmative vote of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at a meeting at which a quorum is present and entitled to vote thereon shall be the act of the stockholders. Directors shall be elected by a plurality of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at a meeting at which a quorum is present and properly cast by the stockholders entitled to vote on the election of directors.
Dividends. Subject to the rights, powers and preferences of any outstanding preferred stock, and except as provided by law or in our certificate of incorporation, dividends may be declared and paid or set aside for payment on the common stock out of legally available assets or funds when and as declared by the board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof. The payment of dividends is contingent upon our revenue and earnings, capital requirements, and general financial condition, as well as contractual restrictions and other considerations deemed to be relevant by our board of directors or such duly authorized committee thereof.
Liquidation, Dissolution and Winding Up. Subject to the rights, powers and preferences of any outstanding preferred stock, in the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, our net assets will be distributed pro rata to the holders of our common stock.
Other Rights. Holders of the common stock have no right to:
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convert the stock into any other security;
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have the stock redeemed;
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purchase additional stock; or
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maintain their proportionate ownership interest.
Holders of shares of the common stock are not required to make additional capital contributions.
Transfer Agent and Registrar. Computershare Trust Company N.A. is transfer agent and registrar for the common stock.
Preferred Stock
We are authorized to issue “blank check” preferred stock, which may be issued in one or more series upon authorization of our board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof. Our board of directors or such committee thereof is authorized to fix the designations, powers, preferences and the relative, participating, optional or other special rights and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions of the shares of each series of preferred stock. The authorized shares of our preferred stock are available for issuance without further action by our stockholders, unless such action is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange on which our securities may be listed. If the approval of our stockholders is not required for the issuance of shares of our preferred stock, our board may determine not to seek stockholder approval. Currently, we have no shares of preferred stock outstanding.
Provisions of Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and Delaware Law That May Have Anti-Takeover Effects
Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, and Delaware law may have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of us. Such provisions could limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock and may limit the ability of stockholders to remove current management or directors or approve transactions that stockholders may deem to be in their best interest and, therefore, could adversely affect the price of our common stock.
Staggered Board; Board Vacancies; Removal of Directors. Our certificate of incorporation divides our board of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms. In addition, our certificate of incorporation provides that directors may be removed only for cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of 75% of our shares of capital stock present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote. Under our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, any vacancy on our board of directors, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our board of directors, may be filled only by a vote of a majority of our directors then in office. Furthermore, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that the authorized number of directors may be fixed solely and exclusively by a resolution of the board of directors. The classification of our board of directors and the limitations on the ability of our stockholders to remove directors, change the authorized number of directors and fill vacancies could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or discourage a third party from seeking to acquire, control of our company.
Stockholder Action by Written Consent; Special Meeting of Stockholders. Our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws provide that any action required or permitted to be taken by our stockholders at an annual meeting or special meeting of stockholders may only be taken if it is properly brought before such meeting and may not be taken by written action in lieu of a meeting. Our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws also provide that, except as otherwise required by law, special meetings of the stockholders can only be called by a majority of the board of directors acting pursuant to a resolution approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office.
Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals and Director Nominations. Our bylaws establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting of stockholders, including proposed nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors. Stockholders at an annual meeting may only consider proposals or nominations specified in the notice of meeting or brought before the meeting by or at the direction of our board of directors, or by a stockholder of record on the record date for the meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who has delivered timely written notice in proper form to our secretary of the stockholder’s intention to bring such business before the meeting. Specifically, our bylaws provide that a stockholder must notify us in writing of any stockholder nomination of a director not earlier than the close of business on the 120th day and not later than the close of business on the 90th day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding
year’s annual meeting; provided, that if the date of the annual meeting is advanced by more than 30 days or delayed more than 60 days from such anniversary date, or if no annual meeting were held in the preceding year, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so delivered not later than the later of (x) the 90th day prior to the date of such annual meeting and (y) the 10th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such annual meeting is first made by us. These provisions could have the effect of delaying until the next stockholder meeting stockholder actions that are favored by the holders of a majority of our outstanding voting securities. These provisions also could discourage a third party from making a tender offer for our common stock, because even if it acquired a majority of our outstanding voting stock, it would be able to take action as a stockholder, such as electing new directors or approving a merger, only at a duly called stockholders meeting and not by written consent.
Exclusive Forum Selection. Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of our company, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to our company or our stockholders, (3) any action asserting a claim against our company arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, which we refer to as the DGCL, or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or (4) any action asserting a claim against our company governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to the Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. This choice of forum provision is inapplicable to actions arising under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and we likewise do not intend to apply this choice of forum provision to actions arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Although our certificate of incorporation contains the choice of forum provision described above, it is possible that a court could rule that such a provision is inapplicable for a particular claim or action or that such provision is unenforceable.
Super-Majority Voting. The DGCL provides generally that the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares entitled to vote on any matter is required to amend a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, unless a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, as the case may be, requires a greater percentage. Our bylaws may be amended or repealed by a majority vote of our board of directors or the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to vote on such amendment or repeal, voting as a single class. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast in any election of directors is required to amend or repeal or to adopt any provisions inconsistent with provisions of our certificate of incorporation described above under “— Staggered Board; Board Vacancies; Removal of Directors,” “— Stockholder Action by Written Consent; Special Meeting of Stockholders,” and “— Exclusive Forum Selection.”
No Cumulative Voting. The DGCL provides that stockholders are not entitled to the right to accumulate votes in the election of directors unless our certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Our certificate of incorporation does not provide for cumulative voting.
Blank Check Preferred Stock. Our certificate of incorporation provides for 5,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock may enable our board of directors to render more difficult or to discourage an attempt to obtain control of our company by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest, or otherwise. These provisions are intended to enhance the likelihood of continued stability in the composition of our board of directors and in the policies they implement, and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual or threatened change of our control. These provisions are designed to reduce our vulnerability to an unsolicited acquisition proposal. The provisions also are intended to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy fights. For example, if in the due exercise of its fiduciary obligations, our board of directors were to determine that a takeover proposal is not in the best interests of our company, our board of directors could cause shares of preferred stock to be issued without stockholder approval in one or more private offerings or other transactions that might dilute the voting or other rights of the proposed acquiror or insurgent shareholder or shareholder group. In this regard, our certificate of incorporation grants our board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof broad power to establish the rights
and preferences of authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock. The issuance of shares of preferred stock could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to holders of shares of common stock. The issuance may also adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of such holders and may have the effect of delaying, deterring, or preventing a change in control of the company and, as a consequence, it also may inhibit fluctuations in the market price of our shares that could result from actual or rumored takeover attempts. Our board of directors currently does not intend to seek shareholder approval prior to any issuance of shares of preferred stock, unless otherwise required by law.
Delaware Business Combination Statute. We are subject to Section 203 of the DGCL, which we refer to as Section 203, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in business combinations with an interested stockholder. An interested stockholder is generally defined as an entity or person beneficially owning 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation or any entity or person affiliated with or controlling or controlled by such entity or person, which we refer to as an interested stockholder. Section 203 provides that an interested stockholder may not engage in business combinations with the corporation for a period of three years after the date that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, with the following exceptions:
•
before such date, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;
•
upon completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction began, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding (but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder) those shares owned (i) by persons who are directors and also officers and (ii) employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or
•
on or after such date, the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 662∕3% of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder.
In general, Section 203 defines business combinations to include the following:
•
any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder;
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any sale, lease, transfer, pledge or other disposition of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation to or with the interested stockholder;
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subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder;
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any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock or any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or
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the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loss, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits by or through the corporation.
Directors’ Liability
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws limit or eliminate the personal liability of directors for breach of fiduciary duty to the maximum extent permitted by the DGCL and provides that no director will have personal liability to us or to our stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty or other duty as a director. However, these provisions do not eliminate or limit the liability of any of our directors:
•
for any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders;
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for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;
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for voting or assenting to unlawful payments of dividends, stock repurchases or other distributions; or
•
for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.
Any amendment to or repeal of these provisions will not eliminate or reduce the effect of these provisions in respect of any act, omission or claim that occurred or arose prior to such amendment or repeal. If the DGCL is amended to provide for further limitations on the personal liability of directors of corporations, then the personal liability of our directors will be further limited to the greatest extent permitted by the DGCL.
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that we must indemnify our directors and officers and we must advance expenses, including attorneys’ fees, to each of our directors and officers in connection with legal proceedings arising out of his or her service as one of our directors or officers, as applicable, subject to very limited exceptions.
We maintain a general liability insurance policy that covers certain liabilities of our directors and officers arising out of claims based on acts or omissions in their capacities as directors or officers. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers. These indemnification agreements may require us, among other things, to indemnify each such director or executive officer, as applicable, for some expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by him or her in any action or proceeding arising out of his or her service as one of our directors or executive officers, as applicable.
Certain of our non-employee directors may, through their relationships with their employers, be insured or indemnified against certain liabilities incurred in their capacity as members of our board of directors.
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We have entered into a sales agreement with Cowen, under which we may offer and sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $75,000,000 of our common stock through Cowen as our sales agent. Sales of our common stock, if any, will be made at market prices by any method that is deemed to be an “at-the-market” offering as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act, including sales made into The Nasdaq Global Select Market or any other existing trading market for our common stock. If authorized by us in writing, Cowen may purchase shares of our common stock as principal. A copy of the Sales Agreement is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.
Cowen will offer our common stock subject to the terms and conditions of the sales agreement on a daily basis or as otherwise agreed upon by us and Cowen. We will designate the maximum amount of common stock to be sold through Cowen on a daily basis or otherwise determine such maximum amount together with Cowen. Subject to the terms and conditions of the sales agreement, Cowen will use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell on our behalf all of the shares of common stock requested to be sold by us. We may instruct Cowen not to sell common stock if the sales cannot be effected at or above the price designated by us in any such instruction. Cowen or we may suspend the offering of our common stock being made through Cowen under the sales agreement upon proper notice to the other party. Cowen and we each have the right, by giving written notice as specified in the sales agreement, to terminate the sales agreement in each party’s sole discretion at any time.
The aggregate compensation payable to Cowen as sales agent up to 3.0% of the aggregate gross sales price of the shares sold through it pursuant to the sales agreement. We have also agreed to reimburse Cowen up to $75,000 of Cowen’s actual outside legal expenses incurred by Cowen in connection with this offering. We estimate that the total expenses of the offering payable by us, excluding commissions payable to Cowen under the sales agreement, will be approximately $0.3 million.
The remaining sales proceeds, after deducting any expenses payable by us and any transaction fees imposed by any governmental, regulatory, or self-regulatory organization in connection with the sales, will equal our net proceeds for the sale of such common stock.
Cowen will provide written confirmation to us following the close of trading on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on each day in which common stock is sold through it as sales agent under the sales agreement. Each confirmation will include the number of shares of common stock sold through it as sales agent on that day, the volume weighted average price of the shares sold, the percentage of the daily trading volume and the net proceeds to us.
We will report at least quarterly the number of shares of common stock sold through Cowen under the sales agreement, the net proceeds to us and the compensation paid by us to Cowen in connection with the sales of common stock.
Settlement for sales of common stock will occur, unless the parties agree otherwise, on the second business day that is also a trading day following the date on which any sales were made in return for payment of the net proceeds to us. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in an escrow, trust or similar arrangement.
In connection with the sales of our common stock on our behalf, Cowen will be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act, and the compensation paid to Cowen will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have agreed in the sales agreement to provide indemnification and contribution to Cowen against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. As sales agent, Cowen will not engage in any transactions that stabilizes our common stock.
Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market and trades under the symbol “VYGR.” The transfer agent of our common stock is Computershare Trust Company N.A.
Cowen and/or its affiliates have provided, and may in the future provide, various investment banking and other financial services for us for which services they have received and, may in the future receive, customary fees.
LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the shares of common stock offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, New York, New York. Cowen and Company, LLC is being represented in connection with this offering by Cooley LLP, New York, New York.
EXPERTS
Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, as set forth in their reports, which are incorporated by reference in this prospectus and elsewhere in the registration statement. Our financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance on Ernst & Young LLP’s report, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Copies of certain information filed by us with the SEC are also available on our website at www.voyagertherapeutics.com. Our website is not a part of this prospectus and is not incorporated by reference in this prospectus.
This prospectus is part of a registration statement we filed with the SEC. This prospectus omits some information contained in the registration statement in accordance with SEC rules and regulations. You should review the information and exhibits in the registration statement for further information about us and our consolidated subsidiaries and the securities we are offering. Statements in this prospectus concerning any document we filed as an exhibit to the registration statement or that we otherwise filed with the SEC are not intended to be comprehensive and are qualified by reference to these filings and the exhibits attached thereto. You should review the complete document to evaluate these statements. You can obtain a copy of the registration statement from the SEC’s website.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference much of the information we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those publicly available documents. The information that we incorporate by reference in this prospectus is considered to be part of this prospectus. Because we are incorporating by reference future filings with the SEC, this prospectus is continually updated and those future filings may modify or supersede some of the information included or incorporated in this prospectus. This means that you must look at all of the SEC filings that we incorporate by reference to determine if any of the statements in this prospectus or in any document previously incorporated by reference have been modified or superseded. This prospectus incorporates by reference the documents listed below (File No. 001-37625) and any future filings we make with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act (in each case, other than those documents or the portions of those documents not deemed to be filed) between the date of the initial registration statement and the effectiveness of the registration statement and following the effectiveness of the registration statement until the offering of the securities under the registration statement is terminated or completed:
•
•
•
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You may request a copy of these filings, at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at the following address or telephone number:
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.
64 Sidney Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
(857) 259-5340
Up to $75,000,000
Common Stock
PROSPECTUS
Cowen
, 2022
PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.
Set forth below are estimates (except in the case of the SEC registration fee) of the amount of fees and expenses to be incurred in connection with the issuance and distribution of the offered securities, other than underwriting discounts and commissions.
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SEC registration fee
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|
$ |
33,060 |
|
|
| |
Printing and engraving
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
| |
Accounting services
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
| |
Legal fees of registrant’s counsel
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
| |
Transfer agent’s, trustee’s and depositary’s fees and expenses
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
| |
Miscellaneous
|
|
|
(1)
|
|
| |
Total
|
|
|
$ (1)
|
|
(1)
These fees and expenses are calculated based on the securities offered and the number of issuances and accordingly are not estimated at this time and will be reflected in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.
The following summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete Delaware General Corporation Law, which we refer to as the DGCL; our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, which we refer to as our certificate of incorporation; and our amended and restated bylaws, which we refer to as our bylaws.
Section 145 of the DGCL provides, generally, that a corporation shall have the power to indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding (except actions by or in the right of the corporation) by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation against all expenses, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. A corporation may similarly indemnify such person for expenses actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with the defense or settlement of any action or suit by or in the right of the corporation, provided that such person acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, in the case of claims, issues and matters as to which such person shall have been adjudged liable to the corporation, provided that a court shall have determined, upon application, that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all of the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which such court shall deem proper.
Section 102(b)(7) of the DGCL provides, generally, that our certificate of incorporation may contain a provision eliminating or limiting the personal liability of a director to the corporation or its shareholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, provided that such provision may not eliminate or limit the liability of a director (i) for any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to the corporation or its shareholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under section 174 of the DGCL, or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. No such provision may eliminate or limit the liability of a director for any act or omission occurring prior to the date when such provision became effective.
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws limit or eliminate the personal liability of directors for breach of fiduciary duty to the maximum extent permitted by the DGCL and provides that no director will
have personal liability to us or to our stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty or other duty as a director. However, these provisions do not eliminate or limit the liability of any of our directors:
•
for any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders;
•
for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;
•
for voting or assenting to unlawful payments of dividends, stock repurchases or other distributions; or
•
for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.
These limitations of liability do not alter director liability under the federal securities laws and do not affect the availability of equitable remedies such as an injunction or rescission.
In addition, our bylaws provide that:
•
we will indemnify our directors, officers and, in the discretion of the board of directors, certain employees to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as it now exists or may in the future be amended; and
•
we will advance reasonable expenses, including attorneys’ fees, to our directors and, in the discretion of the board of directors, to our officers and certain employees, in connection with legal proceedings relating to their service for or on behalf of us, subject to limited exceptions.
We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. These agreements provide that we will indemnify the director or executive officer to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law for claims arising in his or her capacity as our director or officer or in connection with their service at our request for another corporation or entity. The indemnification agreements also provide for procedures that will apply in the event that a director or executive officer makes a claim for indemnification and establish certain presumptions that are favorable to the director or executive officer. Such agreements include the advancement of expenses, including attorneys’ fees (but excluding judgments, fines and settlement amounts).
Additionally, certain of the directors may have certain rights to indemnification, advancement of expenses or insurance provided by their affiliates, which indemnification relates to and might apply to the same proceedings arising out of such director’s services as a director referenced herein. Nonetheless, we have agreed in the indemnification agreements that our obligations to those same directors are primary and any obligation of the affiliates of those directors to advance expenses or to provide indemnification for the expenses or liabilities incurred by those directors are secondary. We also maintain a general liability insurance policy which covers certain liabilities of our directors and officers arising out of claims based on acts or omissions in their capacities as directors or officers, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
Item 16. Exhibits.
| |
Exhibit
No.
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|
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Description
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| |
1.1*
|
|
|
Form of Underwriting Agreement
|
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| |
1.2
|
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|
Sales Agreement, dated as of November 8, 2022, by and between the Registrant and Cowen and Company, LLC
|
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| |
4.1
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| |
4.2
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| |
4.3
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|
|
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| |
4.4
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4.5
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| |
4.6
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| |
4.7
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|
|
|
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| |
4.8*
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|
|
Form of Deposit Agreement
|
|
| |
4.9*
|
|
|
Form of Subscription Rights Agreement
|
|
| |
4.10*
|
|
|
Form of Warrant Agreement
|
|
| |
4.11*
|
|
|
Form of Purchase Contract Agreement
|
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| |
4.12*
|
|
|
Form of Unit Agreement
|
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| |
5.1
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|
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23.1
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23.2
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24.1
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| |
25.1**
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Statement of Eligibility on Form T-1 under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, of the Trustee under the Senior Indenture
|
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25.2**
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|
Statement of Eligibility on Form T-1 under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, of the Trustee under the Subordinated Indenture
|
|
| |
107
|
|
|
|
|
*
To be filed by amendment or by a Current Report on Form 8-K.
**
To be filed pursuant to Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939.
Item 17. Undertakings.
The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:
(a)(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
(i)
to include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act;
(ii)
to reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of this registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in this registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form
of prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the Commission, pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and
(iii)
to include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in this registration statement or any material change to such information in this registration statement;
provided, however, that paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(1)(iii) do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the Registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that are incorporated by reference in this registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of this registration statement.
(2) That, for the purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at the time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.
(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser:
(i)
each prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and
(ii)
each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii) or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof;. provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.
(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the Registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned Registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned Registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned Registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:
(i)
any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned Registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;
(ii)
any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned Registrant;
(iii)
the portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned Registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant; and
(iv)
any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned Registrant to the purchaser.
(6) That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act:
(i)
the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of the registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in the form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the time it was declared effective; and
(ii)
each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(b) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the Registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in this registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(c) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes to file an application for the purpose of determining the eligibility of the trustee to act under subsection (a) of Section 310 of the Trust Indenture Act in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the Commission under Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act.
(d) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the indemnification provisions described herein, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the city of Cambridge, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, on November 8, 2022.
VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC.
By:
/s/ Alfred Sandrock, M.D., Ph.D.
Name: Alfred Sandrock, M.D., Ph.D.
Title: Chief Executive Officer and President
SIGNATURES AND POWER OF ATTORNEY
We, the undersigned officers and directors of Voyager Therapeutics, Inc. hereby severally constitute and appoint Alfred Sandrock, M.D., Ph.D. and Peter P. Pfreundschuh, and each of them singly, our true and lawful attorneys-in-fact with full power to any of them, and to each of them singly, to sign for us and in our names in the capacities indicated below the Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed herewith and any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to said Registration Statement, and any registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, in connection with said Registration Statement, and to file or cause to be filed the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and generally to do all such things in our name and on our behalf in our capacities as officers and directors to enable Voyager Therapeutics, Inc. to comply with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and all requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys, and each of them, or their substitute or substitutes, shall do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| |
Signature
|
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Title
|
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|
Date
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| |
/s/ Alfred Sandrock, M.D., Ph.D.
Alfred Sandrock, M.D., Ph.D.
|
|
|
Chief Executive Officer, President, and Director (Principal Executive Officer)
|
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|
November 8, 2022
|
|
| |
/s/ Peter P. Pfreundschuh
Peter P. Pfreundschuh
|
|
|
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
|
|
|
November 8, 2022
|
|
| |
/s/ Michael Higgins
Michael Higgins
|
|
|
Director (Chairman of the Board)
|
|
|
November 8, 2022
|
|
| |
/s/ James Geraghty
James Geraghty
|
|
|
Director
|
|
|
November 8, 2022
|
|
| |
/s/ Steven Hyman, M.D.
Steven Hyman, M.D.
|
|
|
Director
|
|
|
November 8, 2022
|
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| |
/s/ Catherine J. Mackey, Ph.D.
Catherine J. Mackey, Ph.D.
|
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|
Director
|
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|
November 8, 2022
|
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| |
/s/ Glenn Pierce, M.D., Ph.D
Glenn Pierce, M.D., Ph.D
|
|
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Director
|
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|
November 8, 2022
|
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| |
/s/ Nancy Vitale
Nancy Vitale
|
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Director
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|
November 8, 2022
|
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Exhibit 1.2
Voyager
Therapeutics, Inc.
$75,000,000
Common
STOCk
SALES AGREEMENT
November 8, 2022
Cowen and Company, LLC
599 Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 10022
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.,
a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), confirms its agreement (this “Agreement”)
with Cowen and Company, LLC (“Cowen”), as follows:
1.
Issuance and Sale of Shares. The Company agrees that, from time to time during the term of this Agreement, on the terms
and subject to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and sell through Cowen, acting as agent and/or principal, shares (the “Placement
Shares”) of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”),
having an aggregate offering price of up to $75,000,000. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto
agree that compliance with the limitation set forth in this Section 1 on the number of shares of Common Stock issued and sold under
this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility of the Company, and Cowen shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance.
The offer and sale of the Placement Shares through Cowen will be effected pursuant to the Registration Statement (as defined below) being
filed by the Company and after such Registration Statement has been declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the
“Commission”), although nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as requiring the Company to use the Registration
Statement (as defined below) to issue the Placement Shares.
The Company has filed or will
file, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively,
the “Securities Act”), with the Commission a registration statement on Form S-3, including a base prospectus,
relating to certain securities, including the Common Stock, to be issued from time to time by the Company, and a sales agreement prospectus
(the “Sales Agreement Prospectus”) specifically relating to the Placement Shares, each of which incorporates
by reference documents that the Company has filed or will file in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the “Exchange Act”). The Company has furnished,
or will furnish, to Cowen, for use by Cowen, copies of the Sales Agreement Prospectus included as part of such registration statement,
relating to the Placement Shares. The Company may file one or more additional registration statements from time to time that will contain
a base prospectus and related prospectus or prospectus supplement, if applicable with respect to the Placement Shares. Except where the
context otherwise requires, such registration statement(s), as amended when it first becomes or became effective, including all documents
filed as part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and including any information contained in a Prospectus (as defined below)
subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act or deemed to be a part of such registration statement
pursuant to Rules 430B or 462(b) of the Securities Act, is herein called the “Registration Statement.” The Sales
Agreement Prospectus, including all documents incorporated therein by reference, included in the Registration Statement, as it may be
supplemented by any prospectus supplement and/or any base prospectus and related prospectus or prospectus supplement, if applicable with
respect to the Placement Shares, included as part of an additional registration statement, in the form in which such Sales Agreement Prospectus
and/or any prospectus supplement and/or any base prospectus and related prospectus or prospectus supplement, if applicable with respect
to the Placement Shares, have most recently been filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities
Act, together with any “issuer free writing prospectus,” as defined in Rule 433 of the Securities Act regulations (“Rule
433”), relating to the Placement Shares that (i) is required to be filed with the Commission by the Company or (ii) is exempt
from filing pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i), in each case in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required
to be filed, in the form retained in the Company’s records pursuant to Rule 433(g)(each, an “Issuer Free Writing Prospectus”),
is herein called the “Prospectus.” Any reference herein to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any
amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein, and any reference
herein to the terms “amend,” “amendment” or “supplement” with respect to the Registration Statement
or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the filing after the execution hereof of any document with the Commission deemed
to be incorporated by reference therein. For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus
or to any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to include the most recent copy filed with the Commission pursuant to the Electronic
Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval system or any successor thereto (“EDGAR”). The Company’s obligations
under this Agreement to furnish, provide, deliver or make available (and all other references of like import) copies of any document shall
be deemed satisfied if the same is filed with the Commission through EDGAR.
2.
Placements. Each time that the Company wishes to issue and sell any Placement Shares hereunder (each, a “Placement”),
it will notify Cowen by email notice (or other method mutually agreed to in writing by the parties) (a “Placement Notice”)
containing the parameters in accordance with which it desires the Placement Shares to be sold, which shall at a minimum include the number
of Placement Shares to be issued and sold, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the number of
Placement Shares that may be sold in any one Trading Day (as defined in Section 3) and any minimum price below which sales may not be
made, a form of which containing such minimum sales parameters necessary is attached hereto as Schedule 1. The Placement
Notice shall originate from any of the individuals from the Company set forth on Schedule 2 attached hereto (with a copy
to each of the other individuals from the Company listed on such schedule), and shall be addressed to each of the individuals from Cowen
set forth on Schedule 2, as such Schedule 2 may be amended in writing from time to time. The Placement Notice
shall be effective upon receipt by Cowen unless and until (i) in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in Section 4, Cowen
declines to accept the terms contained therein for any reason, in its sole discretion, (ii) the entire amount of the applicable number
of Placement Shares thereunder have been sold, (iii) in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in Section 4, the Company suspends
or terminates the Placement Notice for any reason, in its sole discretion (iv) the Company issues a subsequent Placement Notice with parameters
superseding those on the earlier dated Placement Notice, or (v) this Agreement has been terminated under the provisions of Section 11.
The amount of any discount, commission or other compensation to be paid by the Company to Cowen in connection with the sale of the Placement
Shares shall be calculated in accordance with the terms set forth in Schedule 3. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed
that neither the Company nor Cowen will have any obligation whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and
until the Company delivers a Placement Notice to Cowen and Cowen does not decline such Placement Notice pursuant to the terms set forth
above, and then only upon the terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the
terms of a Placement Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will control. For the avoidance of doubt and notwithstanding any other
provision of this Agreement, the Company may change the individuals designated on Schedule 2 hereof entitled to send a Placement Notice
hereunder, and Cowen may change the individuals designated on Schedule 2 hereof to receive a Placement Notice hereunder, by sending written
notice of such new designees to the other party in accordance with Section 12 of this Agreement.
3.
Sale of Placement Shares by Cowen. Subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, upon the Company’s delivery
of a Placement Notice, and unless the sale of the Placement Shares described therein has been declined, suspended, or otherwise terminated
in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, Cowen, for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable
efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules
of the Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. (“Nasdaq”) to sell such Placement Shares up to the amount specified in such
Placement Notice, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of such Placement Notice. Cowen will provide written confirmation to the
Company (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the Company set forth on Schedule 2, if receipt of such correspondence
is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) no later than the opening of
the Trading Day (as defined below) immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder setting
forth the number of Placement Shares sold on such day, the volume-weighted average price of the Placement Shares sold, and the Net Proceeds
(as defined below) payable to the Company. In the event the Company engages Cowen for a sale of Placement Shares that would constitute
a “block” within the meaning of Rule 10b-18(a)(5) under the Exchange Act, the Company will provide Cowen, at Cowen’s
request and upon reasonable advance notice to the Company, on or prior to the Settlement Date (as defined below), the opinions of counsel,
accountant’s letter and officers’ certificates set forth in Section 7 hereof, each dated the Settlement Date, and such
other documents and information as Cowen shall reasonably request. Subject to the terms of a Placement Notice, Cowen may sell Placement
Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) of the Securities
Act, including without limitation sales made through Nasdaq or on any other existing trading market for the Common Stock. Notwithstanding
the provisions of Section 6(ss), Cowen shall not purchase Placement Shares for its own account as principal unless expressly authorized
to do so by the Company in a Placement Notice. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i) there can be no assurance that Cowen will
be successful in selling Placement Shares, and (ii) Cowen will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or
entity if it does not sell Placement Shares for any reason other than a failure by Cowen to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent
with its normal trading and sales practices to sell such Placement Shares as required under this Section 3. For the purposes hereof,
“Trading Day” means any day on which the Company’s Common Stock is purchased and sold on the principal
market on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted.
4.
Suspension of Sales.
(a)
The Company or Cowen may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals
of the other party set forth on Schedule 2, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals
to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable facsimile transmission or
email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on Schedule 2), suspend any sale of Placement
Shares; provided, however, that such suspension shall not affect or impair either party’s obligations with respect to any
Placement Shares sold hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice. While a suspension is in effect, any obligation under Sections 7(m),
7(n) and 7(o), with respect to the delivery of certificates, opinions, or comfort letters to Cowen shall be waived. Each of the parties
agrees that no such notice under this Section 4 shall be effective against the other unless it is made to one of the individuals
named on Schedule 2 hereto, as such schedule may be amended in writing from time to time.
(b)
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, during any period in which the Company is in possession of material non-public
information, the Company and Cowen agree that (i) no sale of Placement Shares will take place, (ii) the Company shall not request the
sale of any Placement Shares, and (iii) Cowen shall not be obligated to sell or offer to sell any Placement Shares.
(c)
If either Cowen or the Company has reason to believe that the exemptive provisions set forth in Rule 101(c)(1) of Regulation M
under the Exchange Act are not satisfied with respect to the Common Stock, it shall promptly notify the other party, and Cowen may, at
its sole discretion, suspend sales of the Placement Shares under this Agreement.
5.
Settlement.
(a)
Settlement of Placement Shares. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of Placement
Shares will occur on the second (2nd) Trading Day (or such earlier day as is industry practice for regular-way trading) following
the date on which such sales are made (each, a “Settlement Date” and the first such settlement date, the “First
Delivery Date”). The amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a Settlement Date against receipt of the Placement
Shares sold (the “Net Proceeds”) will be equal to the aggregate sales price received by Cowen at which such
Placement Shares were sold, after deduction for (i) Cowen’s commission, discount or other compensation for such sales payable
by the Company pursuant to Section 2 hereof, (ii) any other amounts due and payable by the Company to Cowen hereunder pursuant
to Section 7(g) (Expenses) hereof, and (iii) any transaction fees imposed by any governmental or self-regulatory organization in
respect of such sales.
(b)
Delivery of Placement Shares. On or before each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to,
electronically transfer the Placement Shares being sold by crediting Cowen’s or its designee’s account (provided Cowen shall
have given the Company written notice of such designee at least one Trading Day prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust
Company through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System or by such other means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the
parties hereto which in all cases shall be freely tradeable, transferable, registered shares in book-entry form. On each Settlement Date,
Cowen will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same-day funds to an account designated by the Company on, or prior to, the Settlement
Date. The Company agrees that if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver duly authorized
Placement Shares on a Settlement Date through no fault of Cowen, in addition to and in no way limiting the rights and obligations set
forth in Section 9(a) (Indemnification and Contribution) hereto, it will (i) hold Cowen harmless against any loss, claim,
damage, or reasonable, documented expense (including reasonable, documented legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in
connection with such default by the Company and (ii) pay to Cowen (without duplication) any commission, discount, or other compensation
to which it would otherwise have been entitled absent such default.
6.
Representations and Warranties of the Company. The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with, Cowen that, unless
such representation, warranty or agreement specifies otherwise, as of the Applicable Time (as defined in Section 20(a)), except
as may be disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus:
(a)
As of each Applicable Time other than the date of this Agreement, the Registration Statement and any Rule 462(b) Registration
Statement have been or will be declared effective by the Commission under the Securities Act. The Company shall have complied, to the
Commission’s satisfaction, with all requests of the Commission for additional or supplemental information. No stop order suspending
the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement is in effect and no proceedings for such
purpose have been instituted or are pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, contemplated or threatened by the Commission. The Company
meets the requirements for use of Form S-3 under the Securities Act. The sale of the Placement Shares hereunder meets the requirements
of General Instruction I.B.1 of Form S-3.
(b)
The Prospectus when filed complied and, as amended or supplemented, if applicable, will comply in all material respects with the
Securities Act. Each of the Registration Statement, any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any post-effective
amendments or supplements thereto, at the time it became effective or its date, as applicable, complied and as of each Representation
Date if any, complied in all material respects with the Securities Act and did not and, as of each Representation Date, if any, will not
contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the
statements therein not misleading. The Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, as of its date, did not and, as of each Representation
Date, if any, will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the
statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The representations and warranties set
forth in the two immediately preceding sentences do not apply to statements in or omissions from the Registration Statement, any Rule 462(b)
Registration Statement, or any post-effective amendment thereto, or the Prospectus, or any amendments or supplements thereto, made in
reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to Cowen furnished to the Company in writing by Cowen expressly for use therein.
There are no contracts or other documents required to be described in the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement
which have not been described or filed as required.
(c)
The Company has delivered to Cowen one complete copy of the Registration Statement and a copy of each consent and certificate of
experts filed as a part thereof, and conformed copies of the Registration Statement (without exhibits) and the Prospectus, as amended
or supplemented, in such quantities and at such places as Cowen has reasonably requested. The Registration Statement and the Prospectus
delivered to Cowen for use in connection with the public offering of the Placement Shares contemplated herein have been and will be identical
to the versions of such documents transmitted to the Commission for filing via EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T.
(d)
Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (as defined in Section 20), as of its issue date and at all subsequent times through the completion
of the public offer and sale of the Placement Shares, did not or does not include any information that conflicted or conflicts with the
information contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, or included an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to
state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
under which they were made, not misleading; provided, however, that the foregoing representations and warranties in this
paragraph (d) shall not apply to information contained in or omitted from the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, or any amendment
or supplement thereto, in reliance upon, and in conformity with, written information furnished to the Company by Cowen specifically for
inclusion therein, which information the parties hereto agree is limited to the Agent’s Information (as defined below).
(e)
The documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Prospectus, at the time they were or hereafter are
filed with the Commission, complied and will comply when so filed in all material respects with the applicable requirements of the Exchange
Act and the respective rules and regulations thereunder, and, when read together with the other information in the Prospectus, at
each Applicable Time, will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein
or necessary to make the fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
under which they were made, not misleading.
(f)
The Company has not, directly or indirectly, distributed and will not, prior to the later to occur of each Settlement Date and
the completion of the distribution of the Placement Shares, distribute any offering material in connection with the offering and sale
of the Placement Shares other than the Prospectus or the Registration Statement and other materials, if any, permitted under the Securities
Act. The Company will file with the Commission all Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses in the time and manner required under Rules 163(b)(2)
and 433(d) under the Securities Act.
(g)
The Company was not, and the Company currently is not, an “ineligible issuer,” as defined in Rule 405 under the
Securities Act at the times specified in Rules 164 and 433 under the Securities Act in connection with the offering of the Placement Shares.
(h)
The Company has been duly organized and is validly existing as a corporation (or the foreign equivalent thereof) under the laws
of the State of Delaware. The Company is duly qualified to do business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation or other legal
entity in each jurisdiction in which its ownership or lease of property or the conduct of its business requires such qualification and
has all power and authority (corporate or other) necessary to own or hold its properties and to conduct the business in which it is engaged,
except where the failure to so qualify or have such power or authority would not (i) have, singularly or in the aggregate, a material
adverse effect on the business, assets, general affairs, financial position, stockholders’ equity, results of operations or prospects
of the Company, or (ii) impair in any material respect the ability of the Company to perform its obligations under this Agreement
or to consummate any transactions contemplated by this Agreement or the Prospectus (any such effect as described in clauses (i) or
(ii), a “Material Adverse Effect”). The Company does not own or control, directly or indirectly, any corporation,
partnership, limited liability corporation, association or other entity, except for (i) the subsidiaries listed in Exhibit 21.1 to
the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the most recently ended fiscal year, (ii) those subsidiaries not required to be listed
on Exhibit 21.1 by Item 601 of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act, and (iii) those subsidiaries formed since the last day of the most
recently ended fiscal year.
(i)
This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company.
(j)
The Placement Shares, when issued and delivered pursuant to the terms of this Agreement approved by the board of directors of the
Company or a duly authorized committee thereof, or a duly authorized executive committee, against payment therefor as provided herein,
will be duly and validly issued, fully paid, nonassessable, and free and clear of any preemptive or other similar rights, and will conform
in all material respects to the descriptions thereof in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus; and the issuance of the Placement
Shares is not subject to any preemptive or similar rights that have not been validly waived or satisfied.
(k)
All of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been duly and validly authorized and issued, are
fully paid and nonassessable, have been issued in compliance with federal and state securities laws, and conform in all material respects
to the description thereof contained in the Prospectus under the heading “Description of Capital Stock.” All of the
Company’s options, warrants and other rights to purchase or exchange any securities for shares of the Company’s capital stock
have been duly authorized and validly issued and were issued in compliance with federal and state securities laws. None of the outstanding
shares of Common Stock was issued in violation of any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights to subscribe
for or purchase securities of the Company other than those which have been waived or satisfied. As of the date set forth in the Prospectus,
there were no authorized or outstanding shares of capital stock, options, warrants, preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other
rights to purchase, or equity or debt securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for, any capital stock of the Company
other than those described above or accurately described in all material respects in, or contemplated by, the Prospectus. The description
of the Company’s stock option, stock bonus and other stock plans or arrangements, and the options or other rights granted thereunder,
as described in the Prospectus, accurately and fairly presents in all material respects the information required to be shown with respect
to such plans, arrangements, options and rights.
(l)
The Company is not in (i) violation of its charter or bylaws (or analogous governing instruments, as applicable), (ii) default
in any respect, and no event has occurred which, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute such a default, in the due performance
or observance of any term, covenant or condition contained in any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement, lease or other agreement
or instrument to which it is a party or by which it is bound or to which any of its property or assets is subject or (iii) violation
in any respect of any law, ordinance, governmental rule, regulation or court order, decree or judgment to which it or its property or
assets is subject except, in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii) above, for any such violation or default that would not, singularly or
in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by the Company, the issuance
and sale of the Placement Shares by the Company and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby will not (with or without
notice or lapse of time or both) (i) conflict with or result in a breach or violation of any of the terms or provisions of, constitute
a default or a Debt Repayment Triggering Event (as defined below) under, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, encumbrance,
security interest, claim or charge upon any property or assets of the Company pursuant to, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan
agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Company is a party or by which the Company is bound or to which any of the property
or assets of the Company is subject, (ii) result in any violation of the provisions of the charter or bylaws (or analogous governing
instruments, as applicable) of the Company or (iii) result in the violation of any law, statute, rule, regulation, judgment, order
or decree of any court or governmental or regulatory agency or authority, domestic or foreign, having jurisdiction over the Company or
any of its properties or assets except, in the case of clauses (i) and (iii) above, to the extent that any such conflict, breach,
violation or default that would not, singularly or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. A “Debt
Repayment Triggering Event” means any event or condition that gives, or with the giving of notice or lapse of time would
give the holder of any note, debenture or other evidence of indebtedness (or any person acting on such holder’s behalf) the right
to require the repurchase, redemption or repayment of all or a portion of such indebtedness by the Company.
(m)
Except for the registration of the Placement Shares under the Securities Act and applicable state securities laws, and such consents,
approvals, authorizations, orders and registrations or qualifications as may be required by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.
(“FINRA”) and Nasdaq in connection with the issuance of the Placement Shares and the listing of the Placement
Shares on Nasdaq, no consent, approval, authorization or order of, or filing, qualification or registration (each an “Authorization”)
with, any court, governmental or regulatory agency or authority, foreign or domestic, which has not been made, obtained or taken and is
not in full force and effect, is required for the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by the Company, the issuance and
sale of the Placement Shares or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby; and no event has occurred that allows or results
in, or after notice or lapse of time or both would allow or result in, revocation, suspension, termination or invalidation of any such
Authorization or any other impairment of the rights of the holder or maker of any such Authorization. All corporate approvals (including
those of stockholders) necessary for the Company to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement have been obtained and
are in effect.
(n)
Ernst & Young LLP, who have certified certain financial statements of the Company included in the Registration Statement
and the Prospectus, is an independent registered public accounting firm with respect to the Company within the meaning of Article 2-01
of Regulation S-X and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the “PCAOB”).
(o)
The financial statements, together with the related notes, included in the Prospectus and in the Registration Statement fairly
present, in all material respects, the financial position and the results of operations and changes in financial position of the Company
at the respective dates or for the respective periods therein specified. Such statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance
with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) applied on a consistent basis
throughout the periods involved except as may be set forth in the related notes included in the Prospectus. The financial statements,
together with the related notes, included in the Prospectus comply in all material respects with Regulation S-X. No other financial statements
or supporting schedules or exhibits are required by Regulation S-X to be described or included in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus.
The summary and selected financial data included in the Prospectus and the Registration Statement fairly present, in all material respects,
the information shown therein as at the respective dates and for the respective periods specified and are derived from the consolidated
financial statements set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and other financial information.
(p)
The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or incorporated by reference in each Registration Statement
fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with
the Commission’s rules and guidelines applicable thereto.
(q)
The Company has not sustained, since the date of the latest audited financial statements included in the Prospectus, (i) any
material loss or interference with its business from fire, explosion, flood or other calamity, whether or not covered by insurance, or
from any labor dispute or action, order or decree of any court or governmental or regulatory authority, otherwise than as set forth or
contemplated in the Prospectus; or (ii) any changes which would, singularly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect,
in each case except as set forth or contemplated in the Prospectus. Since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus
through the date hereof, and except for the obligations created by this Agreement, the Company has not (i) issued or granted any
securities other than shares of Common Stock issued or issuable upon the conversion of the Company’s outstanding preferred stock,
equity awards granted pursuant to the Company’s stock option plan, shares of Common Stock issued under the Company’s employee
stock purchase plan, or securities issued in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4), (ii) incurred any material liability
or obligation, direct or contingent, other than liabilities and obligations which were incurred in the ordinary course of business, (iii) entered
into any material transaction other than in the ordinary course of business or (iv) declared or paid any dividend on its capital
stock except for regular quarterly dividends publicly announced by the Company or dividends paid to the Company or other subsidiaries,
by any of its subsidiaries on any class of capital stock or repurchase or redemption by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of any
class of capital stock.
(r)
Except as set forth in the Prospectus, there is no legal or governmental proceeding to which the Company is a party or of which
any property or assets of the Company is the subject, including any proceeding before the United States Food and Drug Administration of
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (the “FDA”) or comparable federal, state, local or foreign
governmental authorities (it being understood that the interaction between the Company and the FDA and such comparable governmental authorities
relating to the clinical development and product approval process shall not be deemed proceedings for purposes of this representation),
which is required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus and is not described therein, or which, singularly or
in the aggregate, if determined adversely to the Company, would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; and to the Company’s
knowledge, no such proceedings are threatened or contemplated by governmental or regulatory authorities or threatened by others. The Company
is in compliance with all applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations, orders and decrees governing its business as
prescribed by the FDA, or any other federal, state or foreign agencies or bodies engaged in the regulation of pharmaceuticals or biohazardous
substances or materials, including but not limited to those relating to health care fraud and abuse, except where noncompliance would
not, singularly or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. All preclinical and clinical studies, conducted by or on behalf of
the Company to support approval for commercialization of the Company’s products or product candidates that are described in the
Prospectus have been conducted by the Company, or to the Company’s knowledge by third parties, in compliance with all applicable
federal, state or foreign laws, rules, orders and regulations, except for such failure or failures to be in compliance which would not
reasonably be expected to have, singularly or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect. The Company is not a party to any corporate
integrity agreements, monitoring agreements, consent decrees, settlement orders, or similar agreements with or imposed by any governmental
or regulatory authority. Additionally, neither the Company nor any of its officers, directors, or employees or, to the Company’s
knowledge, its agents has been excluded, suspended or debarred from participation in any U.S. federal health care program or human clinical
research.
(s)
The Company possesses all licenses, certificates, authorizations and permits issued by, and has made all declarations and filings
with, the appropriate local, state, federal or foreign governmental or regulatory agencies or bodies (including, without limitation, those
administered by the FDA or by any foreign, federal, state or local governmental or regulatory authority performing functions similar to
those performed by the FDA) that are necessary for the ownership or lease of the Company’s properties or the conduct of the Company’s
businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (collectively, the “Governmental Permits”)
except where any failures to possess or make the same would not, singularly or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company
is in compliance with all such Governmental Permits, and all such Governmental Permits are valid and in full force and effect, except
where the failure to maintain or be in compliance with, or the invalidity or failure to be in full force and effect of, such Governmental
Permits would not, singularly or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has not received notification of any revocation,
modification, suspension, termination or invalidation (or proceedings related thereto) of any such Governmental Permit and the Company
has no reason to believe that any such Governmental Permit will not be renewed, except where such revocation, modification, suspension,
termination, invalidation or non-renewal would not, singularly or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.
(t)
The studies, tests and preclinical or clinical trials conducted by or, to the Company’s knowledge, on behalf of the Company
that are described in the Prospectus (the “Company Studies and Trials”) were and, if still pending, are being,
conducted in all material respects in accordance with experimental protocols, procedures and controls pursuant to, where applicable, accepted
professional scientific standards for products or product candidates comparable to those being developed by the Company; the descriptions
of the results of the Company Studies and Trials contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus are accurate in all material
respects; the Company has no knowledge of any other studies or trials not described in the Prospectus, the results of which are materially
inconsistent with or call in question the results described or referred to in the Prospectus when viewed in the context in which such
results are described and the clinical state of development of the applicable product or product candidate; and the Company has not received
any notices or correspondence from the FDA or any foreign, state or local governmental authority exercising comparable authority requiring
the termination, suspension or material modification of any Company Studies or Trials, other than ordinary course communications with
respect to modifications in connection with the design and implementation of such trials, which termination, suspension or material modification
would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect and, to the Company’s knowledge, there are no reasonable grounds
for the same. To the Company’s knowledge, the manufacturing facilities and operations of its suppliers are operated in compliance
in all material respects with all applicable statutes, rules, regulations and policies of the FDA and comparable governmental authorities
outside of the United States to which the Company is subject.
(u)
The Company is not and, immediately after giving effect to the offering of the Placement Shares and the application of the proceeds
thereof as described in the Prospectus, will not be required to register as an “investment company” or an entity “controlled”
by an “investment company” within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules and regulations
of the Commission thereunder.
(v)
Neither the Company nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any of its officers, directors or affiliates has taken, directly or
indirectly, without giving effect to activities by Cowen, any action designed or intended to stabilize or manipulate the price of any
security of the Company, or which caused or resulted in, or which would in the future reasonably be expected to cause or result in, stabilization
or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company.
(w)
The Company owns or possesses, or can acquire on reasonable terms, the right to use all (i) patents, patent applications, trademarks,
trademark registrations, service marks, service mark registrations, Internet domain name registrations, copyrights, copyright registrations,
licenses and trade secret rights (collectively, “Intellectual Property Rights”), (ii) inventions, software,
works of authorships, trademarks, service marks, trade names, databases, formulae, know how, Internet domain names and other intellectual
property (including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary confidential information, systems, or procedures)
(collectively, “Intellectual Property Assets”), in each case necessary to conduct its business as currently
conducted, and as proposed to be conducted and described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. The Company has not received
any opinion from its legal counsel concluding that any activities of its business infringes, misappropriates, or otherwise violates, valid
and enforceable Intellectual Property Rights of any other person, and has not received written notice of any challenge, which is to the
Company’s knowledge still pending, by any other person to the rights of the Company with respect to any Intellectual Property Rights
or Intellectual Property Assets owned or used by the Company that, in each case, singularly or in the aggregate, would reasonably be expected
to have a Material Adverse Effect. To the Company’s knowledge, the Company’s business as now conducted does not give rise
to any infringement of, any misappropriation of, or other violation of, any valid and enforceable Intellectual Property Rights of any
other person in any material respect. All licenses for the use of the Intellectual Property Rights described in the Registration Statement
and the Prospectus are valid, binding upon, and enforceable by or against the Company, and to the Company’s knowledge, by or against
the parties thereto in accordance with their terms. The Company has complied in all material respects with, and is not in material breach
of, nor has it received any asserted or threatened claim of breach of any intellectual property licenses for the use of the Intellectual
Property Rights, and the Company has no knowledge of any breach or anticipated breach by any other person of any such intellectual property
licenses, in each case which claim remains outstanding and has not been dismissed, settled, or otherwise resolved. Except as described
in the Prospectus, no claim has been made or is pending against the Company alleging the infringement by the Company of any patent, trademark,
service mark, trade name, copyright, trade secret, license in or other intellectual property right or franchise right of any person that,
in each case, singularly or in the aggregate, would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has used commercially
reasonable efforts to protect, maintain and safeguard its Intellectual Property Rights, including the use of appropriate nondisclosure
and confidentiality agreements. The consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will not result in the material loss
or impairment of or payment of any additional amounts with respect to, nor require the consent of any other person in respect of, the
Company’s right to own, use, or hold for use any of the Intellectual Property Rights as owned, used or held for use in the conduct
of the business as currently conducted. The Company has at all times complied in all material respects with all applicable laws relating
to privacy, data protection, and the collection and use of personal information collected, used, or held for use by the Company in the
conduct of the Company’s business. To the Company’s knowledge, no claims have been asserted or threatened against the Company
alleging a violation of any person’s privacy or personal information or data rights and the consummation of the transactions contemplated
hereby will not breach or otherwise cause any violation of any applicable law related to privacy, data protection, or the collection and
use of personal information collected, used, or held for use by the Company in the conduct of the Company’s business. The Company
takes commercially reasonable measures to ensure that such information is protected against unauthorized access, use, modification or
other misuse. The Company has taken all commercially reasonable actions to obtain ownership of all works of authorship and inventions
made by its employees, consultants and contractors during the time they were employed by or under contract with the Company and which
relate to the Company’s business.
(x)
The Company has good and marketable title in fee simple (in the case of real property) to, or has valid and marketable rights to
lease or otherwise use, all items of real or personal property, which are material to the business of the Company taken as a whole, in
each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, security interests, claims and defects that, singularly or in the aggregate, materially
affect the value of such property and materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company;
and all of the leases and subleases material to the business of the Company, and under which the Company holds properties described in
the Prospectus, are in full force and effect and the Company has not received any notice of any material claim of any sort that has been
asserted by anyone adverse to the rights of the Company under any of the leases or subleases mentioned above, or affecting or questioning
the rights of the Company to the continued possession of the leased or subleased premises under any such lease or sublease.
(y)
(A) No labor disturbance by or dispute with employees of the Company exists or, to the Company’s knowledge, is contemplated
or threatened, and (B) the Company is not aware of any existing or imminent labor disturbance by the employees of any of its principal
suppliers, manufacturers, customers or contractors, that in the cases of (A) or (B) above, would reasonably be expected, singularly or
in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect. As of the date of the initial filing of the Registration Statement, (A) the Company
is not aware that any key employee or significant group of employees of the Company plans to terminate employment with the Company, and
(B) there is (i) no unfair labor practice complaint pending against the Company, nor to the Company’s knowledge, threatened against
it, before the National Labor Relations Board, any state or local labor relations board or any foreign labor relations board, and (ii)
no significant grievance or significant arbitration proceeding arising out of or under any collective bargaining agreement pending against
the Company, or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened against it which, in the cases of clauses (i) and (ii) would reasonably
be expected, singularly or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect.
(z)
No non-exempt “prohibited transaction” (as defined in Section 406 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act
of 1974, as amended, including the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (“ERISA”), or Section 4975
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time (the “Code”)) or “accumulated funding
deficiency” (as defined in Section 302 of ERISA) or any of the events set forth in Section 4043(b) of ERISA (other
than events with respect to which the thirty (30)-day notice requirement under Section 4043 of ERISA has been waived) has occurred
or could reasonably be expected to occur with respect to any employee benefit plan of the Company which would, singularly or in the aggregate,
reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Each employee benefit plan of the Company is in compliance in all material respects
with applicable law, including ERISA and the Code. The Company has not incurred and would not reasonably be expected to incur liability
under Title IV of ERISA with respect to the termination of, or withdrawal from, any pension plan (as defined in ERISA) which would, singularly
or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Each pension plan for which the Company would have any
liability that is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code is so qualified, and nothing has occurred, whether
by action or by failure to act, which would, singularly or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to cause the loss of such qualification.
(aa)
The Company is in compliance with all foreign, federal, state and local rules, laws and regulations relating to the use, treatment,
storage and disposal of hazardous or toxic substances or waste and protection of health and safety or the environment which are applicable
to its businesses (the “Environmental Laws”) except where such noncompliance would, singularly or in the aggregate,
reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. There has been no storage, generation, transportation, handling, treatment,
disposal, discharge, emission, or other release of any kind of toxic or other wastes or other hazardous substances by, due to, or caused
by the Company (or, to the Company’s knowledge, any other entity for whose acts or omissions the Company is or may otherwise be
liable) upon any of the property now or previously owned or leased by the Company, or upon any other property, in violation of any law,
statute, ordinance, rule, regulation, order, judgment, decree or permit or which would, under any applicable law, statute, ordinance,
rule (including rule of common law), regulation, order, judgment, decree or permit, give rise to any liability, and there has
been no disposal, discharge, emission or other release of any kind on to such property or into the environment surrounding such property
of any toxic or other wastes or other hazardous substances that, in each case would, singularly or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected
to have a Material Adverse Effect.
(bb)
The Company (i) has filed all necessary federal, state, local and foreign tax returns or filed extensions with respect to
such returns, and all such returns were true, complete and correct, (ii) has paid all federal, state, local and foreign taxes, assessments,
governmental or other charges due and payable, required to be paid by the Company and for which it is liable, including, without limitation,
all sales and use taxes and all taxes which the Company is obligated to withhold from amounts owing to employees, creditors and third
parties (except as currently being contested in good faith and for which reserves required by GAAP have been created in the financial
statements), and (iii) does not have any tax deficiency or claims outstanding or assessed or, to its knowledge, proposed against
it, except those, in each of the cases described in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) above, that would not, singularly or in the aggregate,
reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has not engaged in any transaction which is a corporate tax shelter
or which could be reasonably characterized as such by the Internal Revenue Service or any other taxing authority. The accruals and reserves
on the books and records of the Company in respect of tax liabilities for any taxable period not yet finally determined are adequate to
meet any assessments and related liabilities for any such period, and since December 31, 2021 the Company has not incurred any liability
for taxes other than in the ordinary course.
(cc)
The Company carries or is covered by insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as is reasonable and customary for companies
engaged in similar businesses, at a similar stage of development, in similar industries. The Company has no reason to believe that it
will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar
insurers as may be necessary to continue its business at a cost that would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.
All policies of insurance owned by the Company are, to the Company’s knowledge, in full force and effect and the Company is in compliance
in all material respects with the terms of such policies. Except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect,
the Company has not received written notice from any insurer, agent of such insurer or the broker of the Company that any material capital
improvements are required or necessary to be made in order to continue such insurance.
(dd)
The Company maintains a system of “internal control over financial reporting” (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of
the Exchange Act) that complies with the requirements of the Exchange Act and has been designed by its principal executive and principal
financial officers, or under their supervision, to provide reasonable assurances that (i) transactions are executed in accordance
with management’s general or specific authorizations; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of
financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain accountability for assets; (iii) access to assets is permitted only
in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared
with existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. Except as described in the
Prospectus, since the end of the Company’s most recently audited fiscal year, there has been (A) no material weakness in the
Company’s internal control over financial reporting (whether or not remediated) and (B) no change in the Company’s internal
control over financial reporting that has materially and adversely affected, or is reasonably likely to materially and adversely affect,
the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is, or upon
consummation of the offering of the Placement Shares will be, overseen by the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company
(the “Audit Committee”) in accordance with the Exchange Act.
(ee)
The Company maintains a system of “disclosure controls and procedures” (as such is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of
the Exchange Act) that complies with the requirements of the Exchange Act; such disclosure controls and procedures have been designed
to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded,
processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms, including controls and
procedures designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management as appropriate to
allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. The Company has conducted evaluations of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls
as required by Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act.
(ff)
There is no franchise agreement, lease, contract, or other agreement or document required by the Securities Act to be described
in the Prospectus or to be filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statements which is not so described or filed therein as required.
Other than as described in the Prospectus, no such franchise agreement, lease, contract or other agreement has been suspended or terminated
for convenience or default by the Company or any of the other parties thereto, in each case except where such suspension or termination
or notice thereof would, singularly or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, and the Company has
not received notice of and the Company does not have knowledge of any such pending or threatened suspension or termination.
(gg)
No relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company on the one hand, and the directors, officers, stockholders
(or analogous interest holders), customers or suppliers of the Company or any of its affiliates on the other hand, which is required to
be described in the Prospectus and which is not so described.
(hh)
No person or entity has the right to require registration of shares of Common Stock or other securities of the Company because
of the filing or effectiveness of the Registration Statement or otherwise, except for persons and entities who have expressly waived such
right in writing or who have been given timely and proper written notice and have failed to exercise such right within the time or times
required under the terms and conditions of such right. Except as described in the Prospectus, there are no persons with registration rights
or similar rights to have any securities registered by the Company under the Securities Act.
(ii)
The Company does not own any “margin securities” as that term is defined in Regulation U of the Board of Governors
of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”), and none of the proceeds of the sale of the Placement
Shares will be used, directly or indirectly, for the purpose of purchasing or carrying any margin security, for the purpose of reducing
or retiring any indebtedness which was originally incurred to purchase or carry any margin security or for any other purpose which might
cause any of the Placement Shares to be considered a “purpose credit” within the meanings of Regulation T, U or X of the Federal
Reserve Board.
(jj)
Other than this Agreement, the Company is not a party to any contract, agreement or understanding with any person that would give
rise to a valid claim against the Company or Cowen for a brokerage commission, finder’s fee or like payment in connection with the
offering and sale of the Placement Shares or any transaction contemplated by this Agreement.
(kk)
No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange
Act) contained in the Prospectus has been made or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed other than in good faith.
(ll)
The Company is subject to and in compliance in all material respects with the reporting requirements of Section 13 or Section 15(d)
of the Exchange Act. The Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act and is listed on Nasdaq, and the Company
has taken no action designed to, or reasonably likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the
Exchange Act or delisting the Common Stock from Nasdaq, nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission or Nasdaq is
contemplating terminating such registration or listing.
(mm)
There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or, to the Company’s knowledge, any of the Company’s officers
or directors, in their capacities as such, to comply with any provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations
promulgated in connection therewith (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), including Section 402 related to loans
and Sections 302 and 906 related to certifications.
(nn)
Neither the Company nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any employee or agent of the Company, has (i) used any corporate
funds for unlawful contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses relating to political activity, (ii) made any unlawful
payment to foreign or domestic government officials or employees or to foreign or domestic political parties or campaigns from corporate
funds, (iii) violated any provision of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended or (iv) made any other unlawful
payment.
(oo)
There are no outstanding loans, advances (except normal advances for business expenses in the ordinary course of business) or guarantees
of indebtedness by the Company to or for the benefit of any of the officers or directors of the Company or any of their respective family
members, except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus. All material transactions by the Company with office holders
or control persons of the Company have been duly approved by the board of directors of the Company, or duly appointed committees or officers
thereof, if and to the extent required under U.S. law.
(pp)
Nothing has come to the attention of the Company that has caused the Company to believe the statistical and market-related data
included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus are not based on or derived from sources that are reliable and accurate in all
material respects.
(qq)
The operations of the Company are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and
reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, applicable money laundering statutes
and applicable rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the “Money Laundering Laws”), and no action,
suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental or regulatory authority or any arbitrator involving the Company with respect
to the Money Laundering Laws is pending, or to the Company’s knowledge, threatened.
(rr)
Neither the Company nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any director, officer, agent, employee or affiliate of the Company is
currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Treasury Department of Treasury,
the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, His Majesty’s Treasury, or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively,
“Sanctions”), nor is the Company located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject
of Sanctions; and the Company will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make
available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other person or entity, for the purpose of financing the activities
of any person currently subject to any Sanctions or in any manner that will result in a violation by any such person (including any person
participating in the transactions, whether as an underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise) of Sanctions.
(ss)
The Company acknowledges and agrees that Cowen has informed the Company that Cowen may, to the extent permitted under applicable
law including the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, purchase and sell shares of Common Stock for its own account while this Agreement
is in effect, provided, that (i) no such purchase or sales shall take place while a Placement Notice is in effect (except to the
extent Cowen may engage in sales of Placement Shares purchased or deemed purchased from the Company as a “riskless principal”
or in a similar capacity) and (ii) the Company shall not be deemed to have authorized or consented to any such purchases or sales
by Cowen.
(tt)
The Company has not relied upon Cowen or legal counsel for Cowen for any legal, tax or accounting advice in connection with the
offering and sale of the Placement Shares.
(uu)
The Company and each of its subsidiaries are, and at during the past three years were, in material compliance with all applicable
data privacy and security laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
(“HIPAA”), as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (the “HITECH
Act”) (42 U.S.C. Section 17921 et seq.); and the Company and each its subsidiaries have taken all commercially reasonable
actions to comply with the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) (EU 2016/679) (collectively,
“Privacy Laws”). To ensure compliance with the Privacy Laws, the Company and each of its subsidiaries have in
place, and take appropriate steps reasonably designed to ensure compliance in all material respects, with their policies and procedures
relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, disclosure, handling and analysis of Personal Data (the “Policies”).
The Company provides accurate notice of its Policies then in effect to its customers, employees, third party vendors and representatives
as required by law. The Policies provide accurate and sufficient notice of the Company’s then-current privacy practices relating
to its subject matter and such Policies do not contain any material omissions of the Company’s then-current privacy practices relating
to such subject matter, in each case, as required by law. “Personal Data” means (i) a natural person’s
name, street address, telephone number, email address, photograph, social security number, bank information, or customer or account number;
(ii) any information which would qualify as “personally identifying information” under the Federal Trade Commission Act, as
amended; (iii) Protected Health Information as defined by HIPAA; (iv) “personal data” as defined by GDPR; and (v) any other
piece of information that identifies such natural person, or his or her family, or identifies a specific person’s health condition
or sexual orientation. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement or any other agreement referred to in this Agreement
will not result in a breach of any Privacy Laws or Policies. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries (i) has received written
notice of any actual or alleged violation of any of the Privacy Laws, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably
be expected to result in any such notice or (ii) is a party to any order, decree, or agreement that imposed any obligation or liability
under any Privacy Law
(vv)
To the Company’s knowledge, there has been no security breach or attack or other compromise of or relating to any of the
Company’s and its subsidiaries’ information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data (including
the data of their respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained by or on behalf of them), equipment
or technology (“IT Systems and Data”), and the Company and its subsidiaries have not been notified of, and have
no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in any security breach, attack or compromise to their
IT Systems and Data, in each case except for those circumstances that have been remedied without material cost or liability or the duty
to notify any other person. Except as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, (i) the Company and each
of its subsidiaries have complied, and are presently in compliance with, all applicable laws, statutes or any judgment, order, rule or
regulation of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority and all industry standards, internal policies and contractual
obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized
use, access, misappropriation or modification and (ii) the Company and each of its subsidiaries have implemented backup and disaster recovery
technology consistent with industry standards and practice.
(ww)
Each of the Company and its subsidiaries, and, to the Company’s knowledge, each of their respective affiliates and any director,
officer, agent or employee of, or other person associated with or acting on behalf of, the Company has acted at all times in compliance
in all material respects with applicable Export and Import Laws (as defined below); and there are no claims, complaints, charges, investigations
or proceedings pending or expected or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened between the Company or any of its subsidiaries and
any governmental authority under any Export and Import Laws except to the extent such claims, complaints, charges, investigations or proceedings
would not, singularly or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The term “Export and
Import Laws” means the Arms Export Control Act, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, the Export Administration
Act of 1979, as amended, the Export Administration Regulations, and all other laws and regulations of the United States government regulating
the provision of services to non-U.S. parties or the export and import of articles or information from and to the United States of America,
and all similar laws and regulations of any foreign government regulating the provision of services to parties not of the foreign country
or the export and import of articles and information from and to the foreign country to parties not of the foreign country.
(xx)
The Company qualifies as an “experienced issuer” (within the meaning of FINRA Conduct Rule 5110(j)(6)) for purposes
of the exemption from filing under FINRA Conduct Rule 5110(h)(1)(C).
Any certificate signed by
an officer of the Company and delivered to Cowen or to counsel for Cowen pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement shall be deemed
to be a representation and warranty by the Company to Cowen as to the matters set forth therein.
The Company acknowledges that
Cowen and, for purposes of the opinions to be delivered pursuant to Section 7 hereof, counsel to the Company and counsel to Cowen,
will rely upon the accuracy and truthfulness of the foregoing representations and hereby consents to such reliance.
7.
Covenants of the Company. The Company covenants and agrees with Cowen that:
(a)
Registration Statement Amendments. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which a Prospectus relating
to any Placement Shares is required to be delivered by Cowen under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such requirement
may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act or similar rule), (i) the Company will notify Cowen promptly
of the time when any subsequent amendment to the Registration Statement, other than documents incorporated by reference or amendments
or supplements that do not name Cowen and do not relate to, or which would not reasonably be expected to have a material impact on, the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement, has been filed with the Commission and/or has become effective or any subsequent supplement
to the Prospectus has been filed and of any request by the Commission for any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or
Prospectus or for additional information other than amendments, supplements or requests that do not relate to the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement, (ii) the Company will prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon Cowen’s request, any amendments or
supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that, in Cowen’s reasonable opinion, may be necessary or advisable in connection
with the distribution of the Placement Shares by Cowen (provided, however, that (A) the failure of Cowen to make such request shall
not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect Cowen’s right to rely on the representations and warranties
made by the Company in this Agreement; (B) the Company has no obligation to provide Cowen any advance copy of such filing or to provide
Cowen an opportunity to object to such filing if the filing does not name Cowen and does not relate to the transaction herein provided;
and (C) that the only remedy Cowen shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to make such filing (other than Cowen’s
rights under Section 9 hereof) will be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is filed); (iii)
the Company will not file any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus, other than documents incorporated by
reference, relating to the Placement Shares or a security convertible into the Placement Shares unless a copy thereof has been submitted
to Cowen within a reasonable period of time before the filing and Cowen has not reasonably objected in writing thereto within two business
days (provided, however, that (A) the failure of Cowen to make such objection shall not relieve the Company of any obligation
or liability hereunder, or affect Cowen’s right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement
and (B) the Company has no obligation to provide Cowen any advance copy of such filing or to provide Cowen an opportunity to object
to such filing if the filing does not name Cowen and does not relate to the transaction herein provided; provided, further that
the only remedy Cowen shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to make such filing (other than Cowen’s rights under
Section 9 hereof) will be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is filed) and the Company will
furnish to Cowen at the time of filing thereof a copy of any document that upon filing is deemed to be incorporated by reference into
the Registration Statement or Prospectus, except for those documents available via EDGAR; and (iv) the Company will cause each amendment
or supplement to the Prospectus, other than documents incorporated by reference, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant
to the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act, or in the case of any document to be incorporated therein by reference,
to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the Exchange Act, within the time period prescribed (the determination to file
or not file any amendment or supplement with the Commission under this Section 7(a), based on the Company’s reasonable
opinion or reasonable objections, shall be made exclusively by the Company). Prior to the initial sale of any Placement Shares, the Company
shall file a final prospectus pursuant to Rule 424(b) relating to the Placement Shares.
(b)
Notice of Commission Stop Orders. The Company will advise Cowen, promptly after it receives notice or obtains knowledge
thereof, of the issuance or threatened issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement,
of the suspension of the qualification of the Placement Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or of the initiation or threatening
of any proceeding for any such purpose; and it will promptly use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop
order or to obtain its withdrawal if such a stop order should be issued.
(c)
Delivery of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes. During any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is
required to be delivered by Cowen under the Securities Act with respect to a pending sale of the Placement Shares, (including in circumstances
where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act or similar rule), the Company will use its reasonable
best efforts to comply with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and to file on or before
their respective due dates (taking into account any extensions available under the Exchange Act) all reports and any definitive proxy
or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any
other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If during such period any event occurs as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended
or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements
therein, in the light of the circumstances then existing, not misleading, or if during such period it is necessary to amend or supplement
the Registration Statement or Prospectus to comply with the Securities Act, the Company will promptly notify Cowen to suspend the offering
of Placement Shares during such period and the Company will promptly amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus (at
the expense of the Company) so as to correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance; provided, however, that the
Company may delay the filing of any such amendment or supplement if, in the reasonable judgment of the Company, it is in the best interest
of the Company to do so, provided that no Placement Notice is in effect during such time.
(d)
Listing of Placement Shares. During any period in which the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be
delivered by Cowen under the Securities Act with respect to a pending sale of the Placement Shares (including in circumstances where such
requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act or similar rule), the Company will use its commercially reasonable
efforts to cause the Placement Shares to be listed on Nasdaq and to qualify the Placement Shares for sale under the securities laws of
such jurisdictions as Cowen reasonably designates and to continue such qualifications in effect so long as required for the distribution
of the Placement Shares; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required in connection therewith to qualify as a foreign
corporation or dealer in securities or file a general consent to service of process in any jurisdiction.
(e)
Delivery of Registration Statement and Prospectus. The Company will furnish to Cowen and its counsel (at the reasonable
expense of the Company) copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (including all documents incorporated by reference therein)
and all amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that are filed with the Commission during any period in
which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered under the Securities Act (including all documents filed
with the Commission during such period that are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein), in each case as soon as reasonably practicable
and in such quantities as Cowen may from time to time reasonably request and, at Cowen’s reasonable request, will also furnish copies
of the Prospectus to each exchange or market on which sales of the Placement Shares may be made; provided, however, that the Company
shall not be required to furnish any document (other than the Prospectus) to Cowen to the extent such document is available on EDGAR.
(f)
Earnings Statement. The Company will make generally available to its security holders as soon as reasonably practicable,
but in any event not later than 15 months after the end of the Company’s current fiscal quarter, an earnings statement covering
a 12-month period that satisfies the provisions of Section 11(a) and Rule 158 of the Securities Act.
(g)
Expenses. The Company, whether or not the transactions contemplated hereunder are consummated or this Agreement is terminated,
in accordance with the provisions of Section 11 hereunder, will pay the following expenses all incident to the performance of its obligations
hereunder, including, but not limited to, expenses relating to (i) the preparation, printing and filing of the Registration Statement
and each amendment and supplement thereto, of each Prospectus and of each amendment and supplement thereto, (ii) the preparation, issuance
and delivery of the Placement Shares, (iii) the qualification of the Placement Shares under securities laws in accordance with the provisions
of Section 7(d) of this Agreement, including filing fees (provided, however, that any fees or disbursements of counsel for Cowen
in connection therewith shall be paid by Cowen except as set forth in (vii) below), (iv) the printing and delivery to Cowen of copies
of the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto, and of this Agreement, (v) the fees and expenses incurred in connection with
the listing or qualification of the Placement Shares for trading on Nasdaq, (vi) the filing fees and expenses, if any, of the Commission,
and (vii) the reasonable fees and disbursements of Cowen’s counsel in an amount not to exceed $75,000.
(h)
Use of Proceeds. The Company will use the Net Proceeds as described in the Prospectus in the section entitled “Use
of Proceeds.”
(i)
Notice of Other Sales. During the pendency of any Placement Notice given hereunder, and for 5 (five) trading days following
the termination of any Placement Notice given hereunder, the Company shall provide Cowen notice as promptly as reasonably practicable
before it offers to sell, contracts to sell, sells, grants any option to sell or otherwise disposes of any shares of Common Stock (other
than Placement Shares offered pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common
Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire Common Stock; provided, that such notice shall not be required in connection
with (i) the issuance, grant, sale or settlement of Common Stock, options to purchase shares of Common Stock or Common Stock issuable
upon the exercise of options or other equity awards pursuant to any stock option, stock bonus or other stock plan or arrangement described
in the Prospectus, Common Stock issued and sold under an employee stock purchase plan, or any awards issued, granted, sold, or settled
in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4), (ii) the issuance of securities in connection with an acquisition, merger or sale or
purchase of assets, (iii) the issuance or sale of Common Stock pursuant to any dividend reinvestment plan that the Company may adopt from
time to time provided the implementation of such is disclosed to Cowen in advance, (iv) the issuance of any shares of Common Stock issuable
upon the exchange, conversion or redemption of securities or the exercise of warrants, options or other rights in effect or outstanding
or disclosed in filings by the Company available on EDGAR, or (v) the issuance of shares of Common Stock, or securities convertible
into or exercisable for Common Stock, offered and sold in a privately negotiated transaction to vendors, customers, investors, strategic
partners, potential strategic partners or otherwise conducted in a manner so as not to be integrated with the offering of the Placement
Shares hereby. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions, nothing herein shall be construed to restrict the Company’s ability, or
require the Company to provide notice to Cowen, to file a registration statement under the Securities Act.
(j)
Change of Circumstances. The Company will, at any time during a fiscal quarter in which the Company intends to tender a
Placement Notice or sell Placement Shares, advise Cowen promptly after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of
any information or fact that would alter or affect in any material respect any opinion, certificate, letter or other document provided
to Cowen pursuant to this Agreement.
(k)
Due Diligence Cooperation. During the term of this Agreement, the Company will cooperate with any reasonable due diligence
review conducted by Cowen or its agents in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation, providing
information and making available documents and senior corporate officers, during regular business hours and at the Company’s principal
offices, as Cowen may reasonably request.
(l)
Required Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares. The Company agrees that on such dates as the Securities Act
shall require, the Company will (i) file a prospectus supplement with the Commission under the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b)
under the Securities Act (each and every filing under Rule 424(b) relating to the Placement Shares, a “Filing Date”),
which prospectus supplement will set forth, within the relevant period, the amount of Placement Shares sold through Cowen, the Net Proceeds
to the Company and the compensation payable by the Company to Cowen with respect to such Placement Shares, and (ii) deliver such number
of copies of each such prospectus supplement to each exchange or market on which such sales were effected as may be required by the rules
or regulations of such exchange or market. The Company shall disclose in its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and in its Annual Report on
Form 10-K, the number of the Placement Shares sold through Cowen under this Agreement, and the gross proceeds and Net Proceeds to the
Company from the sale of the Placement Shares and the compensation paid by the Company with respect to sales of the Placement Shares pursuant
to this Agreement during the relevant quarter or, in the case of an Annual Report on Form 10-K, during the fiscal year covered by such
Annual Report and the fourth quarter of such fiscal year.
(m)
Representation Dates; Certificate. On or prior to the First Delivery Date and each time thereafter during the term of this
Agreement the Company (i) amends or supplements the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares (other than
a prospectus supplement filed in accordance with Section 7(l) of this Agreement) by means of a post-effective amendment, sticker, or supplement
but not by means of incorporation of document(s) by reference to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement
Shares; (ii) files an annual report on Form 10-K under the Exchange Act; (iii) files its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q under the Exchange
Act; or (iv) files a report on Form 8-K containing amended financial information (other than any information “furnished” pursuant
to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K) under the Exchange Act (each date of filing of one or more of the documents referred to in clauses
(i) through (iv) shall be a “Representation Date”); the Company shall furnish Cowen (but in the case of clause
(iv) above only if (1) a Placement Notice is pending, (2) Cowen reasonably determines that the information contained in
such Form 8-K is material to a holder of Common Stock and (3) Cowen requests such certificate within three (3) days after the
Company has given Cowen notice of the filing of such Form 8-K with the Commission) with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as
Exhibit 7(m) within three (3) Trading Days of any Representation Date if requested by Cowen. The requirement to provide a certificate
under this Section 7(m) shall be automatically waived for any Representation Date occurring at a time at which no Placement Notice is
pending, which waiver shall continue until the earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers a Placement Notice hereunder (which for
such calendar quarter shall be considered a Representation Date) and the next occurring Representation Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing,
if the Company subsequently decides to sell Placement Shares following a Representation Date when the Company relied on such waiver and
did not provide Cowen with a certificate under this Section 7(m), then before the Company delivers the Placement Notice or Cowen
sells any Placement Shares, the Company shall provide Cowen with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(m), dated
the date of the Placement Notice.
(n)
Legal Opinion. On or prior to the First Delivery Date and within three (3) Trading Days of each Representation Date with
respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(m) for which no waiver
is applicable, the Company shall cause to be furnished to Cowen a written opinion and negative assurance letter of Wilmer Cutler Pickering
Hale and Dorr LLP (“Company Counsel”) or other counsel satisfactory to Cowen, in form and substance reasonably
satisfactory to Cowen and its counsel, dated the date that the opinion and negative assurance letter is required to be delivered, modified,
as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented; provided, the Company
shall be required to furnish no more than one opinion and negative assurance letter from Company Counsel per Annual Report on Form 10-K
or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Company; provided, however, that in lieu of such opinion and negative assurance
letter for subsequent Representation Dates, counsel may furnish Cowen with a letter (a “Reliance Letter”) to
the effect that Cowen may rely on a prior opinion delivered under this Section 7(n) to the same extent as if it were dated the
date of such letter (except that statements in such prior opinion shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus
as amended or supplemented at such Representation Date).
(o)
Comfort Letter. On or prior to the First Delivery Date and within three (3) Trading Days of each Representation Date with
respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(m) for which no waiver
is applicable, the Company shall cause its independent accountants to furnish Cowen a letter (the “Comfort Letter”),
dated the date that the Comfort Letter is delivered, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Cowen, (i) confirming that they
are an independent registered public accounting firm within the meaning of the Securities Act and the PCAOB, (ii) stating, as of such
date, the conclusions and findings of such firm with respect to the financial information and other matters ordinarily covered by accountants’
“comfort letters” to Cowen in connection with registered public offerings (the first such letter, the “Initial
Comfort Letter”) and (iii) updating the Initial Comfort Letter with any information that would have been included in the
Initial Comfort Letter had it been given on such date and modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus,
as amended and supplemented to the date of such letter; provided that the Company shall be required to furnish to Cowen no more
than one Comfort Letter hereunder per Annual Report on Form 10-K or Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Company insofar as such
Comfort Letter relates to such filings.
(p)
Market Activities. The Company will not, directly or indirectly, (i) take any action designed to cause or result in, or
that constitutes or would reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the
Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Placement Shares or (ii) sell, bid for, or purchase the Placement Shares to be issued
and sold pursuant to this Agreement in violation of Regulation M, or pay anyone any compensation for soliciting purchases of the Placement
Shares other than Cowen; provided, however, that the Company may bid for and purchase shares of its Common Stock in accordance with Rule
10b-18 under the Exchange Act.
(q)
Insurance. The Company and its subsidiaries shall maintain, or cause to be maintained, insurance in such amounts and covering
such risks as is reasonable and customary for the business for which it is engaged.
(r)
Compliance with Laws. The Company and each of its subsidiaries shall use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain, or
cause to be maintained, all material environmental permits, licenses and other authorizations required by federal, state and local law
in order to conduct their businesses as described in the Prospectus, and the Company and each of its subsidiaries shall conduct their
businesses, or cause their businesses to be conducted, in substantial compliance with such permits, licenses and authorizations and with
applicable Environmental Laws, except where the failure to maintain or be in compliance with such permits, licenses and authorizations
could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.
(s)
Investment Company Act. The Company will conduct its affairs in such a manner so as to reasonably ensure that neither it
nor its subsidiaries will be or become, at any time prior to the termination of this Agreement, an “investment company,” as
such term is defined in the Investment Company Act, assuming no change in the Commission’s current interpretation as to entities
that are not considered an investment company.
(t)
Securities Act and Exchange Act. The Company will use its best efforts to comply with all requirements imposed upon it by
the Securities Act and the Exchange Act as from time to time in force, so far as necessary to permit the continuance of sales of, or dealings
in, the Placement Shares as contemplated by the provisions hereof and the Prospectus.
(u)
No Offer to Sell. Other than the Prospectus or a free writing prospectus (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act)
approved in advance by the Company and Cowen in its capacity as principal or agent hereunder (such approval not the be unreasonably withheld,
conditioned or delayed), neither Cowen nor the Company (including its agents and representatives, other than Cowen in its capacity as
such) will make, use, prepare, authorize, approve or refer to any written communication (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act),
required to be filed with the Commission, that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares hereunder.
(v)
Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Company and its subsidiaries will use their best efforts to comply in all material respects with
all effective applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
(w)
Affirmation. Each Placement Notice delivered by the Company to Cowen shall be deemed to be (i) an affirmation that the representations,
warranties and agreements of the Company herein contained and contained in any certificate delivered to Cowen pursuant hereto are true
and correct at the time of delivery of such Placement Notice, and (ii) an undertaking that such representations, warranties and agreements
will be true and correct on any applicable Time of Sale and Settlement Date, as though made at and as of each such time (it being understood
that such representations, warranties and agreements shall relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended and supplemented
to the time of such Placement Notice acceptance).
(x)
Renewal. If immediately prior to the third anniversary (the “Renewal Deadline”) of the initial
effective date of the Registration Statement, the aggregate gross sales price of Placement Shares sold by the Company is less than the
Maximum Amount and this Agreement has not expired or been terminated, the Company will, prior to the Renewal Deadline, file, if it has
not already done so and is eligible to do so, a new shelf registration statement relating to the Placement Shares, upon the request of
and in a form reasonably satisfactory to Cowen, and, if not automatically effective, will use its best efforts to cause such registration
statement to be declared effective within 60 days after the Renewal Deadline. The Company will take all other action necessary or appropriate
to permit the issuance and sale of the Placement Shares to continue as contemplated in the expired registration statement relating to
the Placement Shares. References herein to the Registration Statement shall include such new shelf registration statement.
8.
Conditions to Cowen’s Obligations. The obligations of Cowen hereunder with respect to a Placement will be subject
to the continuing accuracy and completeness of the representations and warranties made by the Company herein, to the due performance by
the Company of its obligations hereunder, to the completion by Cowen of a due diligence review satisfactory to Cowen in its reasonable
judgment, and to the continuing satisfaction (or waiver by Cowen in its sole discretion) of the following additional conditions:
(a)
Registration Statement Effective. The Registration Statement shall be effective and shall be available for (i) all sales
of Placement Shares issued pursuant to all prior Placement Notices and (ii) the sale of all Placement Shares contemplated to be issued
by any Placement Notice.
(b)
No Material Notices. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i) receipt by the Company or any
of its subsidiaries of any request for additional information from the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority
during the period of effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the response to which would require any post-effective amendments or
supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus; (ii) the issuance by the Commission or any other federal or state governmental
authority of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose;
(iii) receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of
any of the Placement Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose; or (iv)
the occurrence of any event that makes any material statement made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material document
incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference untrue in any material respect or that requires the making of any changes
in the Registration Statement, related Prospectus or such documents so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain
any materially untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make
the statements therein not misleading and, that in the case of the Prospectus, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of
a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light
of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.
(c)
No Misstatement or Material Omission. Cowen shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement or Prospectus,
or any amendment or supplement thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact that in Cowen’s reasonable opinion is material, or
omits to state a fact that in Cowen’s reasonable opinion is material and is required to be stated therein or is necessary to make
the statements therein not misleading.
(d)
Material Changes. Except as contemplated in the Prospectus, or disclosed in the Company’s reports filed with the Commission,
there shall not have been any material adverse change, on a consolidated basis, in the authorized capital stock of the Company or any
Material Adverse Effect or any development that would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, or any downgrading
in or withdrawal of the rating assigned to any of the Company’s securities (other than asset backed securities) by any rating organization
or a public announcement by any rating organization that it has under surveillance or review its rating of any of the Company’s
securities (other than asset backed securities), the effect of which, in the case of any such action by a rating organization described
above, in the reasonable judgment of Cowen (without relieving the Company of any obligation or liability it may otherwise have), is so
material as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering of the Placement Shares on the terms and in the manner
contemplated in the Prospectus.
(e)
Company Counsel Legal Opinion. Cowen shall have received the opinion and negative assurance letter of Company Counsel required
to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(n) on or before the date on which such delivery of such opinion is required pursuant to Section
7(n).
(f)
Cowen Counsel Legal Opinion. Cowen shall have received from Cooley LLP, counsel for Cowen, such opinion or opinions and
negative assurance letter or letters, on or before the date on which the delivery of the Company Counsel legal opinion is required pursuant
to Section 7(n), with respect to such matters as Cowen may reasonably require, and the Company shall have furnished to such counsel
such documents as they reasonably request for enabling them to pass upon such matters.
(g)
Comfort Letter. Cowen shall have received the Comfort Letter required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(o) on
or before the date on which such delivery of such Comfort Letter is required pursuant to Section 7(o).
(h)
Representation Certificate. Cowen shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(m)
on or before the date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to Section 7(m).
(i)
Secretary’s Certificate. On or prior to the First Delivery Date, Cowen shall have received a certificate, signed on
behalf of the Company by its corporate Secretary, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Cowen and its counsel.
(j)
No Suspension. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended on Nasdaq.
(k)
Other Materials. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(m),
the Company shall have furnished to Cowen such appropriate further information, certificates and documents as Cowen may have reasonably
requested which are customarily furnished by an issuer of securities in connection with a securities offering. All such opinions, certificates,
letters and other documents shall have been in compliance with the provisions hereof. The Company will furnish Cowen with such conformed
copies of such opinions, certificates, letters and other documents as Cowen shall have reasonably requested.
(l)
Securities Act Filings Made. All filings with the Commission required by Rule 424 under the Securities Act to have been
filed prior to the issuance of any Placement Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such
filing by Rule 424.
(m)
Listing of Additional Shares Notification Form. The Company has submitted a Listing of Additional Shares Notification Form
with Nasdaq covering all of the Shares and Nasdaq shall not have raised any objection to the consummation of the transactions contemplated
hereby.
(n)
No Termination Event. There shall not have occurred any event that would permit Cowen to terminate this Agreement pursuant
to Section 11(a).
9.
Indemnification and Contribution.
(a)
Company Indemnification. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless Cowen, the directors, officers, partners, employees
and agents of Cowen and each person, if any, who (i) controls Cowen within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section
20 of the Exchange Act, or (ii) is controlled by or is under common control with Cowen (a “Cowen Affiliate”)
from and against any and all losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including, but not limited to, any and all reasonable
investigative, legal and other expenses incurred in connection with, and any and all amounts paid in settlement (in accordance with Section
9(c)) of, any action, suit or proceeding between any of the indemnified parties and any indemnifying parties or between any indemnified
party and any third party, or otherwise, or any claim asserted), as and when incurred, to which Cowen, or any such person, may become
subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or other federal or state statutory law or regulation, at common law or otherwise,
insofar as such losses, claims, liabilities, expenses or damages arise out of or are based, directly or indirectly, on (x) any untrue
statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any amendment or
supplement to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or in any free writing prospectus or in any application or other document executed
by or on behalf of the Company in connection with this Agreement or based on written information furnished by or on behalf of the Company
filed in any jurisdiction in order to qualify the Placement Shares under the securities laws thereof or filed with the Commission, or
(y) the omission or alleged omission to state in any such document a material fact required to be stated in it or necessary to make the
statements in it not misleading; provided, however, that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to the extent that such
loss, claim, liability, expense or damage arises from the sale of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement and is caused directly
or indirectly by an untrue statement or omission made in reliance upon and in conformity with the Agent’s Information. This indemnity
agreement will be in addition to any liability that the Company might otherwise have.
(b)
Cowen Indemnification. Cowen agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and each officer of the
Company that signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who (i) controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15
of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act or (ii) is controlled by or is under common control with the Company
(a “Company Affiliate”) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense described in the indemnity
contained in Section 9(a), as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or alleged untrue statements or
omissions, made in the Registration Statement (or any amendments thereto) or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) in
reliance upon and in conformity with the Agent’s Information.
(c)
Procedure. Any party that proposes to assert the right to be indemnified under this Section 9 will, promptly after
receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party
or parties under this Section 9, notify each such indemnifying party in writing of the commencement of such action, enclosing a
copy of all papers served, but the omission so to notify such indemnifying party will not relieve the indemnifying party from (i) any
liability that it might have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this Section 9 and (ii) any liability that it may have
to any indemnified party under the foregoing provision of this Section 9 unless, and only to the extent that, such omission results
in the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought against any indemnified party
and it notifies the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in and, to the extent
that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after receiving notice of the commencement of the action
from the indemnified party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action, with counsel
reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after notice from the indemnifying party to the indemnified party of its election
to assume the defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any legal or other expenses except as provided
below and except for the reasonable and documented costs of investigation subsequently incurred by the indemnified party in connection
with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the fees, expenses and other
charges of such counsel will be at the expense of such indemnified party unless (1) the employment of counsel by the indemnified party
has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (2) the indemnified party has reasonably concluded (based on advice of counsel)
that there may be legal defenses available to it or other indemnified parties that are different from or in addition to those available
to the indemnifying party, (3) a conflict or potential conflict exists (based on advice of counsel to the indemnified party) between the
indemnified party and the indemnifying party (in which case the indemnifying party will not have the right to direct the defense of such
action on behalf of the indemnified party) or (4) the indemnifying party has not in fact employed counsel to assume the defense of such
action within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action, in each of which cases the reasonable and documented
fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the expense of the indemnifying party or parties. It is understood that the
indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable
for the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of more than one separate firm admitted to practice in such jurisdiction at any
one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such fees, disbursements and other charges will be reimbursed by the indemnifying
party after the indemnifying party receives a written notice relating to the fees, disbursements and other charges in reasonable detail.
An indemnifying party will not, in any event, be liable for any settlement of any action or claim effected without its written consent.
No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of each indemnified party, settle or compromise or consent to the entry
of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or proceeding relating to the matters contemplated by this Section 9
(whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto), unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes an unconditional release
of each indemnified party from all liability arising or that may arise out of such claim, action or proceeding.
(d)
Contribution. In order to provide for just and equitable contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided
for in the foregoing paragraphs of this Section 9 is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable
from the Company or Cowen, the Company and Cowen will contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including
any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of, any action,
suit or proceeding or any claim asserted, but after deducting any contribution received by the Company from persons other than Cowen,
such as persons who control the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act, officers of the Company who signed the Registration
Statement and directors of the Company, who also may be liable for contribution) to which the Company and Cowen may be subject in such
proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and Cowen on the other. The
relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and Cowen on the other hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as
the total Net Proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares (before deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the total compensation
received by Cowen from the sale of Placement Shares on behalf of the Company. If, but only if, the allocation provided by the foregoing
sentence is not permitted by applicable law, the allocation of contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect
not only the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing sentence but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and
Cowen, on the other, with respect to the statements or omission that resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action
in respect thereof, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be
determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged
omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or Cowen, the intent of the parties and their relative
knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and Cowen agree that it
would not be just and equitable if contributions pursuant to this Section 9(d) were to be determined by pro rata allocation or
by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations referred to herein. The amount paid or
payable by an indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim, liability, expense, or damage, or action in respect thereof, referred
to above in this Section 9(d) shall be deemed to include, for the purpose of this Section 9(d), any legal or other expenses
reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim to the extent consistent
with Section 9(c) hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 9(d), Cowen shall not be required to
contribute any amount in excess of the commissions received by it under this Agreement and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation
(within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such
fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section 9(d), any person who controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning
of the Securities Act, and any officers, directors, partners, employees or agents of Cowen, will have the same rights to contribution
as that party, and each officer and director of the Company who signed the Registration Statement will have the same rights to contribution
as the Company, subject in each case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly after receipt of notice of
commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this Section 9(d),
will notify any such party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to so notify will not relieve that party
or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under this Section 9(d) except to
the extent that the failure to so notify such other party materially prejudiced the substantive rights or defenses of the party from whom
contribution is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to the last sentence of Section 9(c) hereof, no party will
be liable for contribution with respect to any action or claim settled without its written consent if such consent is required pursuant
to Section 9(c) hereof.
10.
Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery. The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in Section 9
of this Agreement and all representations and warranties of the Company herein or in certificates delivered pursuant hereto shall survive,
as of their respective dates, regardless of (i) any investigation made by or on behalf of Cowen, any controlling persons, or the Company
(or any of their respective officers, directors or controlling persons), (ii) delivery and acceptance of the Placement Shares and payment
therefor or (iii) any termination of this Agreement.
11.
Termination.
(a)
Cowen shall have the right by giving notice as hereinafter specified at any time to terminate this Agreement if (i) any Material
Adverse Effect, or any development that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect has occurred that, in the
reasonable judgment of Cowen, may materially impair the ability of Cowen to sell the Placement Shares hereunder, (ii) the Company shall
have failed, refused or been unable to perform any agreement on its part to be performed hereunder; provided, however, in the case
of any failure of the Company to deliver (or cause another person to deliver) any certification, opinion, or letter required under Sections
7(m), 7(n), or 7(o), Cowen’s right to terminate shall not arise unless such failure to deliver (or cause to be
delivered) continues for more than thirty (30) days from the date such delivery was required, (iii) any other condition of Cowen’s
obligations hereunder is not fulfilled or (iv) any suspension or limitation of trading in the Placement Shares or in securities generally
on Nasdaq shall have occurred. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions
of Section 7(g) (Expenses), Section 9 (Indemnification and Contribution), Section 10 (Representations and Agreements
to Survive Delivery), Section 16 (Applicable Law; Consent to Jurisdiction) and Section 17 (Waiver of Jury Trial) hereof
shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. If Cowen elects to terminate this Agreement as provided in this
Section 11(a), Cowen shall provide the required notice as specified in Section 12 (Notices).
(b)
The Company shall have the right, by giving ten (10) days’ notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement in
its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any
other party except that the provisions of Section 7(g), Section 9, Section 10, Section 16 and Section 17
hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.
(c)
Cowen shall have the right, by giving ten (10) days’ notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement in its sole
discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party
except that the provisions of Section 7(g), Section 9, Section 10, Section 16 and Section 17 hereof
shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.
(d)
Unless earlier terminated pursuant to this Section 11, this Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the earlier of
(i) the issuance and sale of all of the Placement Shares through Cowen on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein and
(ii) such time when the aggregate offering price of Placement Shares remaining for sale under this Agreement falls below the closing price
(for the primary trading session) of one share of Common Stock on its primary trading market or exchange; provided that the provisions
of Section 7(g), Section 9, Section 10, Section 16 and Section 17 hereof shall remain in full force
and effect notwithstanding such termination.
(e)
This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated pursuant to Sections 11(a), (b), (c), or
(d) above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties; provided, however, that any such termination by mutual agreement
shall in all cases be deemed to provide that Section 7(g), Section 9, Section 10, Section 16 and Section
17 shall remain in full force and effect. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Company shall not have any liability to Cowen for
any discount, commission or other compensation with respect to any Placement Shares not otherwise sold by Cowen under this Agreement,
or otherwise, except with respect to reimbursement of expenses actually incurred pursuant to Section 7(g).
(f)
Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; provided, however,
that such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by Cowen or the Company,
as the case may be. If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Placement Shares, such Placement Shares
shall settle in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.
12.
Notices. All notices or other communications required or permitted to be given by any party to any other party pursuant
to the terms of this Agreement shall be in writing, unless otherwise specified in this Agreement, and if sent to Cowen, shall be delivered
to Cowen at Cowen and Company, LLC, 599 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10022, fax no. (646) 562-1130, Attention: General Counsel, email:
Bradley.friedman@cowen.com with a copy to Cooley LLP, 55 Hudson Yards, New York, NY 10001, fax no. (212) 479-6275, Attention: Daniel I.
Goldberg; or if sent to the Company, shall be delivered to Voyager Therapeutics, Inc., 64 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, fax no.
(617) 844-2402, Attention: Peter P. Pfreundschuh, Chief Financial Officer, with copies to Voyager Therapeutics, Inc., 64 Sidney Street,
Cambridge, MA 02139, fax no. (617) 844-2402, Attention: Robert W. Hesslein, General Counsel, and to Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr
LLP, 7 World Trade Center, 250 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10007, fax no. (212) 230-8888, Attention: Brian Johnson. Each party to this
Agreement may change such address for notices by sending to the parties to this Agreement written notice of a new address for such purpose.
Each such notice or other communication shall be deemed given (i) when delivered personally or by verifiable facsimile transmission (with
an original to follow) on or before 4:30 p.m., New York City time, on a Business Day (as defined below), or, if such day is not a Business
Day on the next succeeding Business Day, (ii) on the next Business Day after timely delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier,
(iii) on the Business Day actually received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, postage
prepaid) and (iv) when delivered by electronic communication (“Electronic Notice”), at the time the party sending Electronic
Notice receives verification of receipt by the receiving party, other than via auto reply. For purposes of this Agreement, “Business
Day” shall mean any day on which Nasdaq and commercial banks in the City of New York are open for business.
13.
Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and Cowen and their
respective successors and the affiliates, controlling persons, officers and directors referred to in Section 9 hereof. References
to any of the parties contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors and permitted assigns of such party. Nothing
in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon any party other than the parties hereto or their respective successors
and permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement, except as expressly provided
in this Agreement. Neither party may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other
party; provided, however, that Cowen may assign its rights and obligations hereunder to an affiliate of Cowen without obtaining
the Company’s consent, so long as such affiliate is a broker-dealer that is registered with the Commission.
14.
Adjustments for Share Splits. The parties acknowledge and agree that all share-related numbers contained in this Agreement
shall be adjusted to take into account any share split, share dividend or similar event effected with respect to the Common Stock.
15.
Entire Agreement; Amendment; Severability. This Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached hereto and Placement
Notices issued pursuant hereto) constitutes the entire agreement and supersedes all other prior and contemporaneous agreements and undertakings,
both written and oral, among the parties hereto with regard to the subject matter hereof. Neither this Agreement nor any term hereof may
be amended except pursuant to a written instrument executed by the Company and Cowen. In the event that any one or more of the provisions
contained herein, or the application thereof in any circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable as written by a court of competent
jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible extent that it is valid, legal and enforceable,
and the remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal or unenforceable term or provision
was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such provision and the remainder of the terms and provisions hereof
shall be in accordance with the intent of the parties as reflected in this Agreement.
16.
Applicable Law; Consent to Jurisdiction. This Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the internal
laws of the State of New York without regard to the principles of conflicts of laws. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the non-exclusive
jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, borough of Manhattan, for the adjudication of any dispute
hereunder or in connection with any transaction contemplated hereby, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit,
action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding
is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of such suit, action or proceeding is improper. Each party hereby irrevocably waives
personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof (certified
or registered mail, return receipt requested) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees
that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed
to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law.
17.
Waiver of Jury Trial. The Company and Cowen each hereby irrevocably waives any right it may have to a trial by jury in respect
of any claim based upon or arising out of this Agreement or any transaction contemplated hereby.
18.
Absence of Fiduciary Relationship. The Company acknowledges and agrees that:
(a)
Cowen has been retained solely to act as sales agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares and that no fiduciary,
advisory or agency relationship between the Company and Cowen has been created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this
Agreement, irrespective of whether Cowen has advised or is advising the Company on other matters;
(b)
the Company is capable of evaluating and understanding and understands and accepts the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement;
(c)
the Company has been advised that Cowen and its affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may involve interests
that differ from those of the Company and that Cowen has no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions to the Company by virtue
of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship; and
(d)
the Company waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against Cowen in connection with the sale of
Placement Shares under this Agreement, for breach of fiduciary duty or alleged breach of fiduciary duty and agrees that Cowen shall have
no liability (whether direct or indirect) to the Company in respect of such a fiduciary claim or to any person asserting a fiduciary duty
claim on behalf of or in right of the Company, including stockholders, partners, employees or creditors of the Company in connection with
the sale of Placement Shares under this Agreement.
19.
Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but
all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery of an executed Agreement by one party to the other may be
made by facsimile or electronic transmission of a portable document format (PDF) file (including any electronic signature covered by the
U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, the Electronic Signatures and Records Act or other applicable law,
e.g., www.docusign.com).
20.
Definitions. As used in this Agreement, the following terms have the meaning set forth below:
(a)
“Applicable Time” means the date of this Agreement, each Representation Date, the date on which a Placement
Notice is given, and any date on which Placement Shares are sold hereunder.
(b)
“Agent’s Information” means, solely the following information in the Prospectus: the third sentence of
the eighth paragraph under the caption “Plan of Distribution” in the Prospectus.
[Remainder of Page Intentionally Blank]
If the foregoing correctly
sets forth the understanding between the Company and Cowen, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon
this letter shall constitute a binding agreement between the Company and Cowen.
| |
Very truly yours, |
| |
|
| |
COWEN AND COMPANY, LLC |
| |
|
| |
By: |
/s/ Michael Murphy |
| |
|
Name: Michael Murphy |
| |
|
Title: Managing Director |
| |
|
| |
ACCEPTED as of the date |
| |
first-above written: |
| |
|
| |
VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC. |
| |
|
| |
By: |
/s/ Peter P. Pfreundschuh |
| |
|
Name: Peter P. Pfreundschuh |
| |
|
Title: Chief Financial Officer |
SCHEDULE 1
form
of PLACEMENT NOTICE
| Date: | [•], 202_ |
| | |
| Subject: | Cowen and Company, LLC – At the Market Offering
– Placement Notice |
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions
contained in the Sales Agreement between Voyager Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Company”), and Cowen and Company, LLC (“Cowen”)
dated November 8, 2022 (the “Agreement”), I hereby request on behalf of the Company that Cowen sell up to [•]
shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, at a minimum market price of $[•] per share. Sales should
begin on [the date of this Notice][•] and shall continue until [date] [all shares are sold].
SCHEDULE 2
The Company
Alfred W. Sandrock, Jr., M.D., Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer and President
Peter P. Pfreundschuh, Chief Financial Officer
Robert W. Hesslein, Senior Vice President and General Counsel
Cowen and Company, LLC
Michael J. Murphy, Managing Director
William Follis, Director
SCHEDULE 3
Compensation
Cowen shall be paid compensation
up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sales of Common Stock pursuant to the terms of this Agreement.
Exhibit 7(m)
Officer’s Certificate
The undersigned, the duly qualified and elected [•] of Voyager
Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Company”), does hereby certify in such capacity and on behalf of
the Company, pursuant to Section 7(m) of the Sales Agreement dated November 8, 2022 (the “Sales Agreement”)
between the Company and Cowen and Company, LLC, that to the best of the knowledge of the undersigned:
(i) The
representations and warranties of the Company in Section 6 of the Sales Agreement (A) to the extent such representations and warranties
are subject to qualifications and exceptions contained therein relating to materiality or Material Adverse Effect, are true and correct
on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly made on and as of the date hereof, except for those representations
and warranties that speak solely as of a specific date and which were true and correct as of such date, and (B) to the extent such representations
and warranties are not subject to any qualifications or exceptions, are true and correct in all material respects as of the date hereof
as if made on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly made on and as of the date hereof except for those
representations and warranties that speak solely as of a specific date and which were true and correct as of such date; and
(ii) The
Company has complied with all agreements and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied pursuant to the Sales Agreement
at or prior to the date hereof.
Each of Cooley LLP and Wilmer Cutler Pickering
Hale and Dorr LLP shall be entitled to rely on this certificate in connection with the opinions that such firms may render pursuant to
the Sales Agreement.
Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall
have the meanings ascribed to them in the Sales Agreement.
Date: [•]
Exhibit 4.4
VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC.
and
Trustee
INDENTURE
Dated as of _______________
SENIOR DEBT SECURITIES
CROSS-REFERENCE TABLE(1)
Section of
Trust Indenture Act
of 1939, as amended |
|
Section of
Indenture |
| 310(a) |
|
6.09 |
| 310(b) |
|
6.08
6.10 |
| 310(c) |
|
Inapplicable |
| 311(a) |
|
6.13 |
| 311(b) |
|
6.13 |
| 311(c) |
|
Inapplicable |
| 312(a) |
|
4.01
4.04 |
| 312(b) |
|
4.04(c) |
| 312(c) |
|
4.04(c) |
| 313(a) |
|
4.03 |
| 313(b) |
|
4.03 |
| 313(c) |
|
4.03 |
| 313(d) |
|
4.03 |
| 314(a) |
|
4.02 |
| 314(b) |
|
Inapplicable |
| 314(c) |
|
2.04
8.04
9.01(c)
10.01(b)
11.05 |
| 314(d) |
|
Inapplicable |
| 314(e) |
|
11.05 |
| 314(f) |
|
Inapplicable |
| 315(a) |
|
6.01
6.02 |
| 315(b) |
|
5.11 |
| 315(c) |
|
6.01 |
| 315(d) |
|
6.01
6.02 |
| 315(e) |
|
5.12 |
| 316(a) |
|
5.09
5.10
7.04 |
| 316(b) |
|
5.06
5.10 |
| 316(c) |
|
7.02 |
| 317(a) |
|
5.04 |
| 317(b) |
|
3.04 |
| 318(a) |
|
11.07 |
(1) This Cross-Reference Table does not constitute part of the
Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms or provisions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| |
|
PAGE |
| ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS |
1 |
| Section 1.01 |
Certain Terms Defined |
1 |
| ARTICLE 2 SECURITIES |
5 |
| Section 2.01 |
Forms Generally |
5 |
| Section 2.02 |
Form of Trustee’s Certificate of Authentication |
6 |
| Section 2.03 |
Amount Unlimited; Issuable in Series |
6 |
| Section 2.04 |
Authentication and Delivery of Securities |
8 |
| Section 2.05 |
Execution of Securities |
9 |
| Section 2.06 |
Certificate of Authentication |
9 |
| Section 2.07 |
Denomination and Date of Securities; Payments of Interest |
9 |
| Section 2.08 |
Registration, Transfer and Exchange |
9 |
| Section 2.09 |
Mutilated, Defaced, Destroyed, Lost and Stolen Securities |
11 |
| Section 2.10 |
Cancellation of Securities; Destruction Thereof |
12 |
| Section 2.11 |
Temporary Securities |
12 |
| Section 2.12 |
CUSIP Numbers |
12 |
| ARTICLE 3 COVENANTS OF THE
ISSUER |
12 |
| Section 3.01 |
Payment of Principal and Interest |
12 |
| Section 3.02 |
Offices for Payments, Etc. |
12 |
| Section 3.03 |
Appointment to Fill a Vacancy in Office of Trustee |
13 |
| Section 3.04 |
Paying Agents |
13 |
| Section 3.05 |
Written Statement to Trustee |
14 |
| ARTICLE 4 SECURITYHOLDERS
LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE ISSUER AND THE TRUSTEE |
14 |
| Section 4.01 |
Issuer to Furnish Trustee Information as to Names and Addresses of Securityholders |
14 |
| Section 4.02 |
Reports by the Issuer |
14 |
| Section 4.03 |
Reports by the Trustee |
14 |
| Section 4.04 |
Preservation of Information; Communication with Securityholders |
14 |
| ARTICLE 5 REMEDIES OF THE
TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT |
15 |
| Section 5.01 |
Event of Default Defined; Acceleration of Maturity; Waiver of Default |
15 |
| Section 5.02 |
Collection of Debt by Trustee; Trustee May Prove Debt |
16 |
| Section 5.03 |
Application of Proceeds |
18 |
| Section 5.04 |
Suits for Enforcement |
18 |
| Section 5.05 |
Restoration of Rights on Abandonment of Proceedings |
18 |
| Section 5.06 |
Limitations on Suits by Securityholders |
19 |
| Section 5.07 |
Unconditional Right of Securityholders to Institute Certain Suits |
19 |
| Section 5.08 |
Powers and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver of Default |
19 |
| Section 5.09 |
Control by Holders of Securities |
19 |
| Section 5.10 |
Waiver of Past Defaults |
20 |
| Section 5.11 |
Trustee to Give Notice of Default |
20 |
| Section 5.12 |
Right of Court to Require Filing of Undertaking to Pay Costs |
20 |
| ARTICLE 6 CONCERNING THE
TRUSTEE |
20 |
| Section 6.01 |
Duties and Responsibilities of the Trustee; During Default; Prior to Default |
20 |
| Section 6.02 |
Certain Rights of the Trustee |
21 |
| Section 6.03 |
Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals, Disposition of Securities or Application of
Proceeds Thereof |
22 |
| Section 6.04 |
Trustee and Agents May Hold Securities; Collections, Etc. |
22 |
| Section 6.05 |
Moneys Held by Trustee |
22 |
| Section 6.06 |
Compensation and Indemnification of Trustee and Its Prior Claim |
22 |
| Section 6.07 |
Right of Trustee to Rely on Officer’s Certificate, Etc. |
23 |
| Section 6.08 |
Disqualification; Conflicting Interests |
23 |
| Section 6.09 |
Persons Eligible for Appointment as Trustee |
23 |
| Section 6.10 |
Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor Trustee |
23 |
| Section 6.11 |
Acceptance of Appointment by Successor Trustee |
24 |
| Section 6.12 |
Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business of Trustee |
25 |
| Section 6.13 |
Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Issuer |
25 |
| ARTICLE 7 CONCERNING THE
SECURITYHOLDERS |
25 |
| Section 7.01 |
Evidence of Action Taken by Securityholders |
25 |
| Section 7.02 |
Proof of Execution of Instruments and of Holding of Securities |
25 |
| Section 7.03 |
Holders to Be Treated as Owners |
25 |
| Section 7.04 |
Securities Owned by Issuer Deemed Not Outstanding |
26 |
| Section 7.05 |
Right of Revocation of Action Taken |
26 |
| ARTICLE 8 SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES |
26 |
| Section 8.01 |
Supplemental Indentures Without Consent of Securityholders |
26 |
| Section 8.02 |
Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders |
28 |
| Section 8.03 |
Effect of Supplemental Indenture |
28 |
| Section 8.04 |
Documents to Be Given to Trustee |
28 |
| Section 8.05 |
Notation on Securities in Respect of Supplemental Indentures |
29 |
| ARTICLE 9 CONSOLIDATION,
MERGER, SALE OR CONVEYANCE |
29 |
| Section 9.01 |
Issuer May Consolidate, Etc., on Certain Terms |
29 |
| Section 9.02 |
Successor Issuer Substituted |
29 |
| ARTICLE 10 SATISFACTION AND
DISCHARGE OF INDENTURE; DEFEASANCE; UNCLAIMED MONEYS |
29 |
| Section 10.01 |
Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture; Defeasance |
29 |
| Section 10.02 |
Application by Trustee of Funds Deposited for Payment of Securities |
33 |
| Section 10.03 |
Repayment of Moneys Held by Paying Agent |
33 |
| Section 10.04 |
Return of Moneys Held by Trustee and Paying Agent Unclaimed for Two Years |
33 |
| Section 10.05 |
Indemnity for U.S. Government Obligations and Foreign Government Obligations |
33 |
| ARTICLE 11 MISCELLANEOUS
PROVISIONS |
33 |
| Section 11.01 |
No Recourse |
33 |
| Section 11.02 |
Provisions of Indenture for the Sole Benefit of Parties and Holders of Securities |
33 |
| Section 11.03 |
Successors and Assigns of Issuer Bound by Indenture |
33 |
| Section 11.04 |
Notices and Demands on Issuer, Trustee and Holders of Securities |
34 |
| Section 11.05 |
Officer’s Certificates and Opinions of Counsel; Statements to Be Contained
Therein |
34 |
| Section 11.06 |
Payments Due on Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays |
35 |
| Section 11.07 |
Conflict of Any Provision of Indenture With Trust Indenture Act of 1939 |
35 |
| Section 11.08 |
New York Law to Govern |
35 |
| Section 11.09 |
Counterparts |
35 |
| Section 11.10 |
Effect of Headings |
35 |
| Section 11.11 |
Actions by Successor |
35 |
| Section 11.12 |
Severability |
35 |
| ARTICLE 12 REDEMPTION OF
SECURITIES AND SINKING FUNDS |
36 |
| Section 12.01 |
Applicability of Article |
36 |
| Section 12.02 |
Notice of Redemption; Partial Redemptions |
36 |
| Section 12.03 |
Payment of Securities Called for Redemption |
37 |
| Section 12.04 |
Exclusion of Certain Securities from Eligibility for Selection for Redemption |
37 |
| Section 12.05 |
Mandatory and Optional Sinking Funds |
37 |
THIS INDENTURE, dated as of _________, between
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Issuer”), and _________, a _________ (the “Trustee”),
W I T N E S S E T H :
WHEREAS, the Issuer may from time to time duly
authorize the issue of its unsecured debentures, notes or other evidences of indebtedness to be issued in one or more series (the “Securities”)
up to such principal amount or amounts as may from time to time be authorized in accordance with the terms of this Indenture;
WHEREAS, the Issuer has duly authorized the execution
and delivery of this Indenture to provide, among other things, for the authentication, delivery and administration of the Securities;
and
WHEREAS, all things necessary to make this Indenture
a valid indenture and agreement according to its terms have been done;
NOW, THEREFORE:
In consideration of the premises and the purchases
of the Securities by the holders thereof, the Issuer and the Trustee mutually covenant and agree for the equal and proportionate benefit
of the respective holders from time to time of the Securities as follows:
ARTICLE 1
DEFINITIONS
Section 1.01 Certain Terms Defined. The
following terms (except as otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise clearly requires) for all purposes of this Indenture
and of any indenture supplemental hereto shall have the respective meanings specified in this Section. All other terms used in this Indenture
that are defined in the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 or the definitions of which in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended are referred
to in the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, including terms defined therein by reference to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (except
as herein otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise clearly requires), shall have the meanings assigned to such terms
in said Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and in said Securities Act of 1933 as in force at the date of this Indenture. All accounting terms
used herein and not expressly defined shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles, and the term “generally accepted accounting principles” means such accounting principles as are generally
accepted in the United States at the time of any computation. The words “herein”, “hereof” and “hereunder”
and other words of similar import refer to this Indenture as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section or other subdivision.
The terms defined in this Article have the meanings assigned to them in this Article and include the plural as well as the
singular.
“Additional Amounts” means
any additional amounts that are required by this Indenture or by any Security, under circumstances specified herein or therein, to be
paid by the Issuer in respect of certain taxes, assessments or other governmental charges imposed on Holders specified therein and which
are owing to such Holders.
“Applicable Procedures” means,
with respect to a Depositary, as to any matter at any time, the policies and procedures of such Depositary, if any, that are applicable
to such matter at such time.
“Board of Directors” means
either the Board of Directors of the Issuer or any committee of such Board duly authorized to act on its behalf.
“Board Resolution” means a
copy of one or more resolutions, certified by the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Issuer to have been duly adopted by the
Board of Directors and to be in full force and effect, and delivered to the Trustee.
“Business Day” means, with
respect to any Security, a day that in the city (or in any of the cities, if more than one) in which amounts are payable, as specified
in the form of such Security, is not a day on which banking institutions are authorized or required by law or regulation to close.
“Capital Stock” means (a) in
the case of a corporation, corporate stock; (b) in the case of an association or business entity, any and all shares, interests,
participations, rights or other equivalents (however designated) of corporate stock; (c) in the case of a partnership or limited
liability company, partnership interests (whether general or limited) or membership interests; and (d) any other interest or participation
that confers on a Person the right to receive a share of the profits and losses of, or distributions of assets of, the issuing Person,
but excluding from all of the foregoing any Debt securities convertible into Capital Stock, whether or not such Debt securities include
any right of participation with Capital Stock.
“Commission” means the Securities
and Exchange Commission, as from time to time constituted, created under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or if at any time after
the execution and delivery of this Indenture such Commission is not existing and performing the duties now assigned to it under the Trust
Indenture Act of 1939, then the body performing such duties on such date.
“Common Stock” means shares
of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the Issuer as the same exists at the date of execution and delivery of this Indenture
or as such stock may be reconstituted from time to time.
“Corporate Trust Office” means
the office of the Trustee at which the corporate trust business of the Trustee shall, at any particular time, be principally administered,
which office is, at the date as of which this Indenture is dated, located at __________.
“Debt” of any Person means
any debt for money borrowed which is created, assumed, incurred or guaranteed in any manner by such Person or for which such Person is
otherwise responsible or liable, and shall expressly include any such guaranty thereof by such Person. For the purpose of computing the
amount of the Debt of any Person there shall be excluded all Debt of such Person for the payment or redemption or satisfaction of which
money or securities (or evidences of such Debt, if permitted under the terms of the instrument creating such Debt) in the necessary amount
shall have been deposited in trust with the proper depositary, whether upon or prior to the maturity or the date fixed for redemption
of such Debt; and, in any instance where Debt is so excluded, for the purpose of computing the assets of such Person there shall be excluded
the money, securities or evidences of Debt deposited by such Person in trust for the purpose of paying or satisfying such Debt.
“Depositary” means, with respect
to the Securities of any series issuable or issued in the form of one or more Global Securities, the Person designated as Depositary
by the Issuer pursuant to Section 2.04 until a successor Depositary shall have become such pursuant to the applicable provisions
of this Indenture, and thereafter “Depositary” shall mean or include each Person who is then a Depositary hereunder,
and if at any time there is more than one such Person, “Depositary” as used with respect to the Securities of any
such series shall mean the Depositary with respect to the Global Securities of that series.
“Dollar” means the currency
of the United States of America as at the time of payment is legal tender for the payment of public and private debts.
“Event of Default” means any
event or condition specified as such in Section 5.01.
“Foreign Currency” means a
currency issued by the government of a country other than the United States.
“Foreign Government Obligation”
means (a) a direct obligation of the government of a country other than the United States of America, backed by the full faith
and credit of such government, (b) an obligation of a Person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality
of such government, the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by such government or (c) any
depositary receipt issued by a bank (as defined in Section 3(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933) as custodian with respect
to any Foreign Government Obligation which is specified in clause (a) and held by such bank for the account of the holder of such
depositary receipt, or with respect to any specific payment of principal of or interest on any such Foreign Government Obligation which
is so specified and held, provided that (except as required by law) such custodian is not authorized to make any deduction from the amount
payable to the holder of such depositary receipt from any amount received by the custodian in respect of the Foreign Government Obligation
or the specific payment of principal or interest evidenced by such depositary receipt.
“Global Security” means a Security
evidencing all or a part of a series of Securities, issued to the Depositary for such series in accordance with Section 2.04, and
bearing the legend prescribed in Section 2.04.
“Holder”, “holder”,
“holder of Securities”, “Securityholder” or other similar terms mean the Person in whose name such
Security is registered in the Security register kept by the Issuer for that purpose in accordance with the terms hereof.
“Indenture” means this instrument
as originally executed and delivered or, if amended or supplemented as herein provided, as so amended or supplemented or both, and shall
include the forms and terms of particular series of Securities established as contemplated hereunder.
“interest”, unless the context
otherwise requires, refers to interest, and when used with respect to non-interest bearing Securities, refers to interest payable after
maturity, if any.
“Interest Payment Date”, with
respect to any Security, means the Stated Maturity of an installment of interest on such Security.
“Issuer” means Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.,
a Delaware corporation, and, subject to Article 9, its successors and assigns.
“Issuer Order” means a written
statement, request or order of the Issuer signed in its name by the chairman of the Board of Directors, the president or any vice president
of the Issuer.
“Notice of Default” shall have
the meaning set forth in Section 5.01(c).
“Officer’s Certificate”
means a certificate signed by the chairman of the Board of Directors, the president, any vice president, the treasurer, the secretary
or any assistant secretary of the Issuer and delivered to the Trustee. Each such certificate shall comply with Section 314 of the
Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and, except to the extent provided herein, shall include the statements provided for in Section 11.05.
“Opinion of Counsel” means
an opinion in writing signed by the general corporate counsel or such other legal counsel who may be an employee of or counsel to the
Issuer and who shall be satisfactory to the Trustee. Each such opinion shall comply with Section 314 of the Trust Indenture Act
of 1939 and shall include the statements provided for in Section 11.05, if and to the extent required hereby.
“original issue date” of any
Security (or portion thereof) means the earlier of (a) the date of such Security or (b) the date of any Security (or portion
thereof) for which such Security was issued (directly or indirectly) on registration of transfer, exchange or substitution.
“Original Issue Discount Security”
means any Security that provides for an amount less than the principal amount thereof to be due and payable upon a declaration of acceleration
of the maturity thereof pursuant to Section 5.01.
“Outstanding”, when used with
reference to Securities, shall, subject to the provisions of Section 7.04, mean, as of any particular time, all Securities authenticated
and delivered by the Trustee under this Indenture, except
(a) Securities theretofore cancelled
by the Trustee or delivered to the Trustee for cancellation;
(b) Securities, or portions thereof,
for the payment or redemption of which cash, U.S. Government Obligations or Foreign Government Obligations (as provided for in Section 10.01(a) and
Section 10.01(b)) in the necessary amount shall have been deposited in trust with the Trustee or with any paying agent (other than
the Issuer) or shall have been set aside, segregated and held in trust by the Issuer for the Holders of such Securities (if the Issuer
shall act as its own paying agent); provided, that if such Securities, or portions thereof, are to be redeemed prior to the maturity
thereof, notice of such redemption shall have been given as herein provided, or provision satisfactory to the Trustee shall have been
made for giving such notice;
(c) Securities as to which Legal
Defeasance shall have been effected pursuant to Section 10.01(b);
(d) Securities in substitution
for which other Securities shall have been authenticated and delivered, or which shall have been paid, pursuant to the terms of Section 2.09
(except with respect to any such Security as to which proof satisfactory to the Trustee is presented that such Security is held by a
Person in whose hands such Security is a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Issuer), Securities converted into Common Stock pursuant
hereto and Securities not deemed outstanding pursuant to Section 12.02; and
(e) Securities as to which any
property deliverable upon conversion thereof has been delivered (or such delivery has been made available), or as to which any other
particular conditions have been satisfied, in each case as may be provided for such Securities as contemplated in Section 2.03.
In determining whether the Holders of the requisite
principal amount of Outstanding Securities of any or all series have given any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent
or waiver hereunder, (A) the principal amount of an Original Issue Discount Security that shall be deemed to be Outstanding for
such purposes shall be the amount of the principal thereof that would be due and payable as of the date of such determination upon a
declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof pursuant to Section 5.01, (B) if, as of such date, the principal amount
payable at the Stated Maturity of a Security is not determinable, the principal amount of such Security which shall be deemed to be Outstanding
shall be the amount as specified or determined as contemplated by Section 2.03, and (C) the principal amount of a Security
denominated in one or more foreign currencies, composite currencies or currency units which shall be deemed to be Outstanding shall be
the U.S. dollar equivalent, determined as of such date in the manner provided as contemplated by Section 2.03, of the principal
amount of such Security (or, in the case of a Security described in clause (A) or (B) above, of the amount determined as provided
in such clause).
“Person” means any individual,
corporation, partnership, limited partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, association, joint stock company, trust, unincorporated
organization or government or any agency or political subdivision thereof.
“principal” whenever used with
reference to the Securities or any Security or any portion thereof, shall be deemed to include “and premium, if any”.
“record date” shall have the
meaning set forth in Section 2.07.
“Responsible Officer”, when
used with respect to the Trustee, means the chairman of the board of directors, any vice chairman of the board of directors, the chairman
of the trust committee, the chairman of the executive committee, any vice chairman of the executive committee, the president, any vice
president, the cashier, the secretary, the treasurer, any trust officer, any assistant trust officer, any assistant vice president, any
assistant cashier, any assistant secretary, any assistant treasurer, or any other officer or assistant officer of the Trustee customarily
performing functions similar to those performed by the persons who at the time shall be such officers, respectively, or to whom any corporate
trust matter is referred because of his or her knowledge of and familiarity with the particular subject.
“Security” or “Securities”
has the meaning stated in the first recital of this Indenture, or, as the case may be, Securities that have been authenticated and delivered
under this Indenture.
“Security Registrar” shall
have the meaning set forth in Section 4.01(b).
“Stated Maturity”, with respect
to any Security or any installment of principal thereof or interest thereon or any Additional Amounts with respect thereto, means the
date established by or pursuant to this Indenture or such Security as the fixed date on which the principal of such Security or such
installment of principal or interest is, or such Additional Amounts are, due and payable.
“Subsidiary” means any corporation
or other entity (including, without limitation, partnerships, limited liability companies, joint ventures and associations) of which
at least a majority of the outstanding Capital Stock having by the terms thereof (without regard to the occurrence or any contingency)
ordinary voting power for the election of directors (or persons performing similar functions) of such corporation or other entity (irrespective
of whether or not at the time the Capital Stock of any other class or classes of such corporation or other entity shall have or might
have voting power by reason of the occurrence of any such contingency) is at the time directly or indirectly owned by the Issuer, or
by one or more Subsidiaries of the Issuer, or by the Issuer and one or more other Subsidiaries of the Issuer.
“Trust Indenture Act of 1939”
(except as otherwise provided in Sections 8.01 and 8.02) means the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 as in force at the date as of which this
Indenture was originally executed.
“Trustee” means the Person
identified as “Trustee” in the first paragraph hereof and, subject to the provisions of Article 6, shall also
include any successor trustee. “Trustee” shall also mean or include each Person who is then a trustee hereunder and
if at any time there is more than one such Person, “Trustee” as used with respect to the Securities of any series
shall mean the trustee with respect to the Securities of such series.
“U.S. Government Obligation”
means (a) a direct obligation of the United States of America, backed by its full faith and credit, or (b) an obligation of
a Person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality of the United States of America, the payment of which
is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by the United States of America.
“vice president”, when used
with respect to the Issuer or the Trustee, means any vice president, whether or not designated by a number or a word or words added before
or after the title of “vice president”.
“Yield to Maturity” means the
yield to maturity on a series of securities, calculated at the time of issuance of such series, or, if applicable, at the most recent
redetermination of interest on such series, and calculated in accordance with accepted financial practice.
ARTICLE 2
SECURITIES
Section 2.01 Forms Generally. The
Securities of each series shall be substantially in such form (not inconsistent with this Indenture) as shall be established by or pursuant
to one or more Board Resolutions (as set forth in a Board Resolution or, to the extent established pursuant to (rather than set forth
in) a Board Resolution, an Officer’s Certificate detailing such establishment) or in one or more indentures supplemental hereto,
in each case with such appropriate insertions, omissions, substitutions and other variations as are required or permitted by this Indenture
and may have imprinted or otherwise reproduced thereon such legend or legends or endorsements, not inconsistent with the provisions of
this Indenture, as may be required to comply with any law or with any rules or regulations pursuant thereto, or with any rules of
any securities exchange or to conform to general usage, all as may be determined by the officers executing such Securities as evidenced
by their execution of such Securities.
The definitive Securities shall be printed, lithographed
or engraved on steel engraved borders or may be produced in any other manner, all as determined by the officers executing such Securities
as evidenced by their execution of such Securities.
Section 2.02 Form of Trustee’s
Certificate of Authentication. The Trustee’s certificate of authentication on all Securities shall be in substantially the
following form:
This is one of the Securities of the series designated
herein and referred to in the within-mentioned Indenture.
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as Trustee |
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By: |
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Authorized Officer |
Section 2.03 Amount Unlimited; Issuable
in Series. The aggregate principal amount of Securities which may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture is unlimited.
The Securities may be issued in one or more series.
The terms of a series of Securities shall be established prior to the initial issuance thereof in or pursuant to one or more Board Resolutions,
or, to the extent established pursuant to (rather than set forth in) a Board Resolution, in an Officer’s Certificate detailing
such establishment and/or established in one or more indentures supplemental hereto. The terms of such series reflected in such Board
Resolution, Officer’s Certificate, or supplemental indenture may include the following or any additional or different terms:
(a) the designation of the Securities
of the series (which may be part of a series of Securities previously issued);
(b) any limit upon the aggregate
principal amount of the Securities of the series that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture (except for Securities
authenticated and delivered upon registration of transfer of, or in exchange for, or in lieu of, other Securities of the series pursuant
to Section 2.08, 2.09, 2.11, 8.05 or 12.03);
(c) the date or dates on which
the principal of the Securities of the series is payable or the method used to determine those dates and the right, if any, to extend
such date or dates;
(d) the rate or rates at which
the Securities of the series shall bear interest, if any or the method by which such rate or rates shall be determined; the record date
or dates for the determination of holders to whom interest is payable; the date or dates from which such interest shall accrue and on
which such interest shall be payable, or the method by which such date or dates shall be determined; the right, if any, to extend the
interest payment periods and the duration of that extension; and the basis upon which interest shall be calculated if other than that
of a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months;
(e) the place or places where
the principal of and any interest on Securities of the series shall be payable (if other than as provided in Section 3.02);
(f) the obligation or the right,
if any, of the Issuer to redeem, purchase or repay Securities of the series pursuant to any mandatory redemption, sinking fund or analogous
provisions or at the option of a Holder thereof and the price or prices at which and the period or periods within which and any terms
and conditions upon which Securities of the series shall be redeemed, purchased or repaid, in whole or in part, pursuant to such obligation
or right;
(g) if other than denominations
of $2,000 and any integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof, the denominations in which Securities of the series shall be issuable;
(h) if other than the principal
amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of Securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration
of the maturity thereof;
(i) if other than Dollars, the
currency, currencies or currency units in which the Securities of the series are denominated;
(j) if other than the currency
in which the Securities of the series are denominated, the currency in which payment of the principal of or interest on the Securities
of such series shall be payable;
(k) if the principal of or interest
on the Securities of the series is to be payable, at the election of the Issuer or a Holder thereof, in a currency other than that in
which the Securities are denominated, the period or periods within which, and the terms and conditions upon which, such election may
be made;
(l) if the amount of payments
of principal of and interest on the Securities of the series may be determined by reference to an index based on a currency other than
that in which the Securities of the series are denominated, or by reference to one or more currency exchange rates, securities or baskets
of securities, commodity prices or indices, the manner in which such amounts shall be determined;
(m) the terms and conditions,
if applicable, upon which conversion or exchange of the Securities into Common Stock will be effected, including the initial conversion
or exchange price or rate and any adjustments thereto, the conversion or exchange period and other provisions in addition to or in lieu
of those described herein;
(n) if the Securities of the series
may be issued in exchange for surrendered Securities of another series, or for other securities of the Issuer, pursuant to the terms
of such Securities or securities or of any agreement entered into by the Issuer, the ratio of the principal amount of the Securities
of the series to be issued to the principal amount of the Securities or securities to be surrendered in exchange, and any other material
terms of the exchange;
(o) if Sections 10.01(b) or
10.01(c) are inapplicable to Securities of such series;
(p) whether and under what circumstances
the Issuer will pay Additional Amounts on the Securities and, if so, whether the Issuer will have the option to redeem such Securities
rather than pay such additional amounts;
(q) if the Securities of such
series are to be issuable in definitive form (whether upon original issue or upon exchange of a temporary Security of such series) only
upon receipt of certain certificates or other documents or satisfaction of other conditions, then the form and terms of such certificates,
documents or conditions;
(r) any trustees, authenticating
or paying agents, transfer agents or registrars or any other agents with respect to the Securities of such series;
(s) any other events of default
or covenants with respect to the Securities of such series in addition to or in lieu of those contained in this Indenture; and
(t) any other terms of the series.
The Issuer may from time to time, without notice
to or the consent of the holders of any series of Securities, create and issue further Securities of any such series ranking equally
with the Securities of such series in all respects (or in all respects other than (1) the payment of interest accruing prior to
the issue date of such further Securities or (2) the first payment of interest following the issue date of such further Securities).
Such further Securities may be consolidated and form a single series with the Securities of such series and have the same terms as to
status, redemption or otherwise as the Securities of such series.
Section 2.04 Authentication and Delivery
of Securities. The Issuer may deliver Securities of any series executed by the Issuer to the Trustee for authentication together
with the applicable documents referred to below in this Section, and the Trustee shall thereupon authenticate and deliver such Securities
to or upon the order of the Issuer (contained in the Issuer Order referred to below in this Section) or pursuant to such procedures acceptable
to the Trustee and to such recipients as may be specified from time to time by an Issuer Order. The maturity date, original issue date,
interest rate and any other terms of the Securities of such series shall be determined by or pursuant to such Issuer Order and procedures.
If provided for in such procedures, such Issuer Order may authorize authentication and delivery pursuant to oral instructions from the
Issuer or its duly authorized agent, which instructions shall be promptly confirmed in writing. In authenticating such Securities and
accepting the additional responsibilities under this Indenture in relation to such Securities, the Trustee shall be entitled to receive,
and (subject to Section 6.01) shall be fully protected in relying upon:
(a) an Issuer Order requesting
such authentication and setting forth delivery instructions if the Securities are not to be delivered to the Issuer;
(b) any Board Resolution, Officer’s
Certificate and/or executed supplemental indenture referred to in Sections 2.01 and 2.03 by or pursuant to which the forms and terms
of the Securities were established;
(c) an Officer’s Certificate
setting forth the form or forms and terms of the Securities stating that the form or forms and terms of the Securities have been established
pursuant to Sections 2.01 and 2.03 and comply with this Indenture, and covering such other matters as the Trustee may reasonably request;
and
(d) an Opinion of Counsel to the
effect that:
(i) the form or forms and terms
of such Securities have been established pursuant to Sections 2.01 and 2.03 and comply with this Indenture,
(ii) the authentication and delivery
of such Securities by the Trustee are authorized under the provisions of this Indenture, and
(iii) such Securities when authenticated
and delivered by the Trustee and issued by the Issuer in the manner and subject to any conditions specified in such Opinion of Counsel,
will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Issuer,
and covering such other matters as the Trustee may reasonably request.
The Trustee shall have the right to decline to
authenticate and deliver any Securities under this Section if the Trustee, being advised by counsel, determines that such action
may not lawfully be taken by the Issuer or if the Trustee in good faith by its board of directors or board of trustees, executive committee,
or a trust committee of directors or trustees or Responsible Officers shall determine that such action would expose the Trustee to personal
liability to existing Holders or would affect the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under the Securities, this Indenture
or otherwise.
The Issuer shall execute and the Trustee shall,
in accordance with this Section with respect to the Securities of a series, authenticate and deliver one or more Global Securities
that (i) shall represent and shall be denominated in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount of all of the Securities
of such series issued and not yet cancelled, (ii) shall be registered in the name of the Depositary for such Global Security or
Securities or the nominee of such Depositary, (iii) shall be delivered by the Trustee to such Depositary or pursuant to such Depositary’s
instructions and (iv) shall bear a legend substantially to the following effect:
“UNLESS AND UNTIL IT IS EXCHANGED IN WHOLE
OR IN PART FOR SECURITIES IN DEFINITIVE REGISTERED FORM, THIS SECURITY MAY NOT BE TRANSFERRED EXCEPT AS A WHOLE BY THE DEPOSITARY
TO A NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY OR BY A NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY TO THE DEPOSITARY OR ANOTHER NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY OR BY THE DEPOSITARY
OR ANY SUCH NOMINEE TO A SUCCESSOR DEPOSITARY OR A NOMINEE OF SUCH SUCCESSOR DEPOSITARY.”
Each Depositary designated pursuant to this Section must,
at the time of its designation and at all times while it serves as Depositary, be a clearing agency registered under the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, as amended and any other applicable statute or regulation.
Section 2.05 Execution of Securities.
The Securities shall be signed on behalf of the Issuer by the chairman of its Board of Directors, any vice chairman of its Board of Directors,
its chief executive officer, its principal financial officer, its president, any vice president or its treasurer. Such signatures may
be the manual or facsimile signatures of the present or any future such officers. Typographical and other minor errors or defects in
any such reproduction of any such signature shall not affect the validity or enforceability of any Security that has been duly authenticated
and delivered by the Trustee.
In case any officer of the Issuer who shall have
signed any of the Securities shall cease to be such officer before the Security so signed shall be authenticated and delivered by the
Trustee or disposed of by the Issuer, such Security nevertheless may be authenticated and delivered or disposed of as though the person
who signed such Security had not ceased to be such officer of the Issuer; and any Security may be signed on behalf of the Issuer by such
persons as, at the actual date of the execution of such Security, shall be the proper officers of the Issuer, although at the date of
the execution and delivery of this Indenture any such person was not such an officer.
Section 2.06 Certificate of Authentication.
Only such Securities as shall bear thereon a certificate of authentication substantially in the form hereinbefore recited, executed by
the Trustee by the manual signature of one of its authorized officers, shall be entitled to the benefits of this Indenture or be valid
or obligatory for any purpose. The execution of such certificate by the Trustee upon any Security executed by the Issuer shall be conclusive
evidence that the Security so authenticated has been duly authenticated and delivered hereunder and that the Holder is entitled to the
benefits of this Indenture.
Section 2.07 Denomination and Date of
Securities; Payments of Interest. The Securities of each series shall be issuable in denominations established as contemplated by
Section 2.03 or, if not so established, in denominations of $2,000 and any integral multiple of $1,000 thereof. The Securities of
each series shall be numbered, lettered or otherwise distinguished in such manner or in accordance with such plan as the officers of
the Issuer executing the same may determine with the approval of the Trustee, as evidenced by the execution and authentication thereof.
Unless otherwise indicated in a Board Resolution, Officer’s Certificate or supplemental indenture for a particular series, interest
will be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months.
Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication.
The Securities of each series shall bear interest, if any, from the date, and such interest shall be payable on the dates, established
as contemplated by Section 2.03.
The Person in whose name any Security of any series
is registered at the close of business on any record date applicable to a particular series with respect to any Interest Payment Date
for such series shall be entitled to receive the interest, if any, payable on such Interest Payment Date notwithstanding any transfer,
exchange or conversion of such Security subsequent to the record date and prior to such Interest Payment Date, except if and to the extent
the Issuer shall default in the payment of the interest due on such Interest Payment Date for such series, in which case such defaulted
interest shall be paid to the Persons in whose names Outstanding Securities for such series are registered at the close of business on
a subsequent record date (which shall be not less than five Business Days prior to the date of payment of such defaulted interest) established
by notice given by or on behalf of the Issuer to the Holders of Securities not less than 15 days preceding such subsequent record date.
The term “record date” as used with respect to any Interest Payment Date (except a date for payment of defaulted interest)
for the Securities of any series shall mean the date specified as such in the terms of the Securities of such series established as contemplated
by Section 2.03, or, if no such date is so specified, if such Interest Payment Date is the first day of a calendar month, the 15th
day of the immediately preceding calendar month or, if such Interest Payment Date is the 15th day of a calendar month, the first day
of such calendar month, whether or not such record date is a Business Day.
Section 2.08 Registration, Transfer and
Exchange. The Issuer will keep at each office or agency to be maintained for the purpose as provided in Section 3.02 for each
series of Securities a register or registers in which, subject to such reasonable regulations as it may prescribe, it will provide for
the registration of Securities of such series and the registration of transfer of Securities of such series. Such register shall be in
written form in the English language or in any other form capable of being converted into such form within a reasonable time. At all
reasonable times such register or registers shall be open for inspection by the Trustee.
Upon due presentation for registration of transfer
of any Security of any series at any such office or agency to be maintained for the purpose as provided in Section 3.02, the Issuer
shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver in the name of the transferee or transferees a new Security or Securities
of the same series, maturity date, interest rate and original issue date in authorized denominations for a like aggregate principal amount.
At the option of the Holder thereof, Securities
of any series (except a Global Security) may be exchanged for a Security or Securities of such series having authorized denominations
and an equal aggregate principal amount, upon surrender of such Securities to be exchanged at the agency of the Issuer that shall be
maintained for such purpose in accordance with Section 3.02 and upon payment, if the Issuer shall so require, of the charges hereinafter
provided. Whenever any Securities are so surrendered for exchange, the Issuer shall execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver,
the Securities which the Holder making the exchange is entitled to receive. All Securities surrendered upon any exchange or transfer
provided for in this Indenture shall be promptly cancelled and disposed of by the Trustee and the Trustee will deliver a certificate
of disposition thereof to the Issuer.
All Securities presented for registration of transfer,
exchange, redemption or payment shall (if so required by the Issuer or the Trustee) be duly endorsed by, or be accompanied by a written
instrument or instruments of transfer in form satisfactory to the Issuer and the Trustee duly executed by, the Holder or his or her attorney
duly authorized in writing.
The Issuer may require payment of a sum sufficient
to cover any stamp or other tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in connection with any exchange or registration of transfer
of Securities. No service charge shall be made for any such transaction.
The Issuer shall not be required to exchange or
register a transfer of (a) any Securities of any series for a period of 15 days immediately preceding the first delivery of notice
of redemption of Securities of such series to be redeemed or (b) any Securities selected, called or being called for redemption,
in whole or in part, except, in the case of any Security to be redeemed in part, the portion thereof not so to be redeemed.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Section 2.08,
unless and until it is exchanged in whole or in part for Securities in definitive registered form, a Global Security representing all
or a portion of the Securities of a series may not be transferred except as a whole by the Depositary for such series to a nominee of
such Depositary or by a nominee of such Depositary to such Depositary or another nominee of such Depositary or by such Depositary or
any such nominee to a successor Depositary for such series or a nominee of such successor Depositary.
If at any time the Depositary for the Securities
of a series notifies the Issuer that it is unwilling or unable to continue as Depositary for the Securities of such series or if at any
time the Depositary for the Securities of a series shall no longer be eligible under Section 2.04, the Issuer shall appoint a successor
Depositary with respect to the Securities of such series. If a successor Depositary for the Securities of such series is not appointed
by the Issuer within 90 days after the Issuer receives such notice or becomes aware of such ineligibility, the Issuer’s determination
pursuant to Section 2.03 that the Securities of such series be represented by a Global Security shall no longer be effective and
the Issuer will execute, and the Trustee, upon receipt of an Officer’s Certificate for the authentication and delivery of definitive
Securities of such series, will authenticate and deliver, Securities of such series in definitive registered form, in any authorized
denominations, in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security or Securities representing the Securities
of such series, in exchange for such Global Security or Securities.
The Issuer may at any time and in its sole discretion
determine that the Securities of any series issued in the form of one or more Global Securities shall no longer be represented by a Global
Security or Securities. In such event the Issuer will execute, and the Trustee, upon receipt of an Officer’s Certificate for the
authentication and delivery of definitive Securities of such series, will authenticate and deliver, Securities of such series in definitive
registered form, in any authorized denominations, in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security
or Securities representing such series, in exchange for such Global Security or Securities.
The Depositary for such Global Security may surrender
such Global Security in exchange in whole or in part for Securities of the same series in definitive registered form in accordance with
the two preceding paragraphs or on such other terms as are acceptable to the Issuer and such Depositary. Thereupon, the Issuer shall
execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, without service charge,
(i) to the Person specified by such
Depositary a new Security or Securities of the same series, of any authorized denominations as requested by such Person, in an aggregate
principal amount equal to and in exchange for such Person’s beneficial interest in the Global Security; and
(ii) to such Depositary a new Global
Security in a denomination equal to the difference, if any, between the principal amount of the surrendered Global Security and the aggregate
principal amount of Securities authenticated and delivered pursuant to clause (i) above.
Upon the exchange of a Global Security for Securities
in definitive registered form, in authorized denominations, such Global Security shall be cancelled by the Trustee. Securities in definitive
registered form issued in exchange for a Global Security pursuant to this Section 2.08 shall be registered in such names and in
such authorized denominations as the Depositary for such Global Security, pursuant to instructions from its direct or indirect participants
or otherwise, shall instruct the Trustee. The Trustee shall deliver such Securities to or as directed by the Persons in whose names such
Securities are so registered.
All Securities issued upon any transfer or exchange
of Securities shall be valid obligations of the Issuer, evidencing the same debt, and entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture,
as the Securities surrendered upon such transfer or exchange.
Section 2.09 Mutilated, Defaced, Destroyed,
Lost and Stolen Securities. In case any temporary or definitive Security shall become mutilated or defaced or be destroyed, lost
or stolen, the Issuer in its discretion may execute, and upon the written request of any officer of the Issuer, the Trustee shall authenticate
and deliver a new Security of the same series, maturity date, interest rate and original issue date, bearing a number or other distinguishing
symbol not contemporaneously outstanding, in exchange and substitution for the mutilated or defaced Security, or in lieu of and substitution
for the Security so destroyed, lost or stolen. In every case the applicant for a substitute Security shall furnish to the Issuer and
to the Trustee and any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee such security or indemnity as may be required by them to indemnify and defend
and to save each of them harmless and, in every case of destruction, loss or theft, evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction,
loss or theft of such Security and of the ownership thereof and in the case of mutilation or defacement shall surrender the Security
to the Trustee.
Upon the issuance of any substitute Security,
the Issuer may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in relation
thereto and any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Trustee) connected therewith. In case any Security which has matured
or is about to mature or has been called for redemption in full, or is being surrendered for conversion in full, shall become mutilated
or defaced or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Issuer may, instead of issuing a substitute Security (with the Holder’s consent,
in the case of convertible Securities), pay or authorize the payment of the same or convert, or authorize conversion of the same (without
surrender thereof except in the case of a mutilated or defaced Security), if the applicant for such payment shall furnish to the Issuer
and to the Trustee and any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee such security or indemnity as any of them may require to save each of them
harmless, and, in every case of destruction, loss or theft, the applicant shall also furnish to the Issuer and the Trustee and any agent
of the Issuer or the Trustee evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction, loss or theft of such Security and of the ownership thereof.
Every substitute Security of any series issued
pursuant to the provisions of this Section by virtue of the fact that any such Security is destroyed, lost or stolen shall constitute
an additional contractual obligation of the Issuer, whether or not the destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall be at any time enforceable
by anyone and shall be entitled to all the benefits of (but shall be subject to all the limitations of rights set forth in) this Indenture
equally and proportionately with any and all other Securities of such series duly authenticated and delivered hereunder. All Securities
shall be held and owned upon the express condition that, to the extent permitted by law, the foregoing provisions are exclusive with
respect to the replacement or payment or conversion of mutilated, defaced or destroyed, lost or stolen Securities and shall preclude
any and all other rights or remedies notwithstanding any law or statute existing or hereafter enacted to the contrary with respect to
the replacement or payment of negotiable instruments or other securities without their surrender.
Section 2.10 Cancellation of Securities;
Destruction Thereof. All Securities surrendered for exchange for Securities of the same series or for payment, redemption, registration
of transfer or conversion or for credit against any payment in respect of a sinking or analogous fund, if surrendered to the Issuer or
any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee, shall be delivered to the Trustee for cancellation or, if surrendered to the Trustee, shall be
cancelled by it; and no Securities shall be issued in lieu thereof except as expressly permitted by any of the provisions of this Indenture.
The Trustee shall dispose of cancelled Securities held by it and deliver a certificate of disposition to the Issuer. If the Issuer shall
acquire any of the Securities, such acquisition shall not operate as a redemption or satisfaction of the Debt represented by such Securities
unless and until the same are delivered to the Trustee for cancellation.
Section 2.11 Temporary Securities. Pending
the preparation of definitive Securities for any series, the Issuer may execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver temporary
Securities for such series (printed, lithographed, typewritten or otherwise reproduced, in each case in form satisfactory to the Trustee).
Temporary Securities of any series shall be issuable in any authorized denomination, and substantially in the form of the definitive
Securities of such series but with such omissions, insertions and variations as may be appropriate for temporary Securities, all as may
be determined by the Issuer with the concurrence of the Trustee as evidenced by the execution and authentication thereof. Temporary Securities
may contain such reference to any provisions of this Indenture as may be appropriate. Every temporary Security shall be executed by the
Issuer and be authenticated by the Trustee upon the same conditions and in substantially the same manner, and with like effect, as the
definitive Securities. Without unreasonable delay the Issuer shall execute and shall furnish definitive Securities of such series and
thereupon temporary Securities of such series may be surrendered in exchange therefor without charge at each office or agency to be maintained
by the Issuer for that purpose pursuant to Section 3.02 and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver in exchange for such temporary
Securities of such series an equal aggregate principal amount of definitive Securities of the same series having authorized denominations.
Until so exchanged, the temporary Securities of any series shall be entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture as definitive
Securities of such series, unless the benefits of the temporary Securities are limited pursuant to Section 2.03.
Section 2.12 CUSIP Numbers. The Issuer
in issuing the Securities may use “CUSIP” numbers if then generally in use and, if so, the Trustee may use “CUSIP”
numbers in notices of redemption as a convenience to Holders. Any such notice may state that no representation is made as to the correctness
of such numbers either as printed on the Securities or as contained in any notice of a redemption and that reliance may be placed only
on the other identification numbers printed on the Securities. No such redemption shall be affected by any defect in or omission of such
numbers.
ARTICLE 3
COVENANTS OF THE ISSUER
Section 3.01 Payment of Principal and
Interest. The Issuer covenants and agrees for the benefit of each series of Securities that it will duly and punctually pay or cause
to be paid the principal of, and interest on, each of the Securities of such series (together with any additional amounts payable pursuant
to the terms of such Securities) at the place or places, at the respective times and in the manner provided in such Securities and in
this Indenture. The interest on Securities (together with any additional amounts payable pursuant to the terms of such Securities) shall
be payable only to or upon the written order of the Holders thereof and at the option of the Issuer may be paid by mailing checks for
such interest payable to or upon the written order of such Holders at their last addresses as they appear on the Security register of
the Issuer.
Section 3.02 Offices for Payments, Etc.
The Issuer will maintain (i) in _______, an agency where the Securities of each series may be presented for payment, an agency where
the Securities of each series may be presented for exchange and conversion, if applicable, as provided in this Indenture and an agency
where the Securities of each series may be presented for registration of transfer as in this Indenture provided and (ii) such further
agencies in such places as may be determined for the Securities of such series pursuant to Section 2.03.
The Issuer will maintain in __________, an agency
where notices and demands to or upon the Issuer in respect of the Securities of any series or this Indenture may be served.
The Issuer will give to the Trustee written notice
of the location of each such agency and of any change of location thereof. In case the Issuer shall fail to maintain any agency required
by this Section to be located in __________, or shall fail to give such notice of the location or of any change in the location
of any of the above agencies, presentations and demands may be made and notices may be served at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee.
The Issuer may from time to time designate one
or more additional agencies where the Securities of a series may be presented for payment, where the Securities of that series may be
presented for exchange or conversion, if applicable, as provided in this Indenture and pursuant to Section 2.03 and where the Securities
of that series may be presented for registration of transfer as in this Indenture provided, and the Issuer may from time to time rescind
any such designation, as the Issuer may deem desirable or expedient; provided, however, that no such designation or rescission
shall in any manner relieve the Issuer of its obligation to maintain the agencies provided for in this Section. The Issuer will give
to the Trustee prompt written notice of any such designation or rescission thereof.
Section 3.03 Appointment to Fill a Vacancy
in Office of Trustee. The Issuer, whenever necessary to avoid or fill a vacancy in the office of Trustee, will appoint, in the manner
provided in Section 6.10, a Trustee, so that there shall at all times be a Trustee with respect to each series of Securities hereunder.
Section 3.04 Paying Agents. Whenever
the Issuer shall appoint a paying agent other than the Trustee with respect to the Securities of any series, it will cause such paying
agent to execute and deliver to the Trustee an instrument in which such agent shall agree with the Trustee, subject to the provisions
of this Section,
(a) that it will hold all sums
received by it as such agent for the payment of the principal of or interest on the Securities of such series (whether such sums have
been paid to it by the Issuer or by any other obligor on the Securities of such series) in trust for the benefit of the Holders of the
Securities of such series or of the Trustee,
(b) that it will give the Trustee
notice of any failure by the Issuer (or by any other obligor on the Securities of such series) to make any payment of the principal of
or interest on the Securities of such series when the same shall be due and payable, and
(c) that at any time during the
continuance of any such failure, upon the written request of the Trustee, it will forthwith pay to the Trustee all sums so held in trust
by such paying agent.
The Issuer will, on or prior to each due date
of the principal of or interest on the Securities of such series, deposit with the paying agent a sum sufficient to pay such principal
or interest so becoming due, and (unless such paying agent is the Trustee) the Issuer will promptly notify the Trustee of any failure
to take such action.
If the Issuer shall act as its own paying agent
with respect to the Securities of any series, it will, on or before each due date of the principal of or interest on the Securities of
such series, set aside, segregate and hold in trust for the benefit of the Holders of the Securities of such series a sum sufficient
to pay such principal or interest so becoming due. The Issuer will promptly notify the Trustee of any failure to take such action.
Anything in this Section to the contrary
notwithstanding, but subject to Section 10.01, the Issuer may at any time, for the purpose of obtaining a satisfaction and discharge
with respect to one or more or all series of Securities hereunder, or for any other reason, pay or cause to be paid to the Trustee all
sums held in trust for any such series by the Issuer or any paying agent hereunder, as required by this Section, such sums to be held
by the Trustee upon the trusts herein contained.
Anything in this Section to the contrary
notwithstanding, the agreement to hold sums in trust as provided in this Section is subject to the provisions of Sections 10.03
and 10.04.
Section 3.05 Written Statement to Trustee.
So long as any Securities are Outstanding hereunder, the Issuer will deliver to the Trustee, within 120 days after the end of each
fiscal year of the Issuer ending after the date hereof, a written certificate covering the previous fiscal year, (which need not comply
with Section 11.05), signed by its principal executive officer, principal financial officer or principal accounting officer, stating
whether or not, to the best knowledge of such officer, the Issuer is in default in the performance and observance of any of the terms,
provisions and conditions of this Indenture (without regard to any period of grace or requirement of notice provided hereunder) and,
if the Issuer shall be in default, specifying all such defaults and the nature and status thereof of which they may have knowledge.
ARTICLE 4
SECURITYHOLDERS LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE ISSUER AND THE TRUSTEE
Section 4.01 Issuer to Furnish Trustee
Information as to Names and Addresses of Securityholders. The Issuer covenants and agrees that it will furnish or cause to be furnished
to the Trustee a list in such form as the Trustee may reasonably require of the names and addresses of the Holders of the Securities
of each series pursuant to Section 312 of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939:
(a) semiannually and not more
than 15 days after each record date for the payment of interest on such Securities, as hereinabove specified, as of such record date
and on dates to be determined pursuant to Section 2.03 for non-interest bearing Securities in each year, and
(b) at such other times as the
Trustee may request in writing, within 30 days after receipt by the Issuer of any such request as of a date not more than 15 days prior
to the time such information is furnished, provided, that, if and so long as the Trustee shall be the Security registrar (the
“Security Registrar”) for such series, such list shall not be required to be furnished.
Section 4.02 Reports by the Issuer. The
Issuer covenants to comply with Section 314(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 insofar as it relates to information, documentation
and other reports which the Issuer may be required to file with the Commission pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Section 4.03 Reports by the Trustee. Any
Trustee’s report required under Section 313(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 shall be transmitted on or before ______
in each year following the date hereof, so long as any Securities are Outstanding hereunder, and shall be dated as of a date convenient
to the Trustee but no more than 60 nor less than 45 days prior thereto. The Trustee shall comply with Sections 313(b), 313(c) and
313(d) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939.
Section 4.04 Preservation of Information;
Communication with Securityholders. (a) The Trustee shall preserve, in as current a form as is reasonably practicable, all information
as to the names and addresses of the Holders of Securities contained in the most recent list furnished to it as provided in Section 4.01
and as to the names and addresses of holders of Securities received by the Trustee in its capacity as Security Registrar (if acting in
such capacity).
(b) The Trustee may destroy any
list furnished to it as provided in Section 4.01 upon receipt of a new list so furnished.
(c) Securityholders may communicate
as provided in Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 with other Securityholders with respect to their rights under
this Indenture or under the Securities. The Issuer, the Trustee, the Security Registrar and any other Person shall have the protection
of Section 312(c) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939.
ARTICLE 5
REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT
Section 5.01 Event of Default Defined;
Acceleration of Maturity; Waiver of Default. “Event of Default”, with respect to Securities of any series wherever
used herein, means any one of the following events which shall have occurred and be continuing (whatever the reason for such Event of
Default and whether it shall be voluntary or involuntary or be effected by operation of law or pursuant to any judgment, decree or order
of any court or any order, rule or regulation of any administrative or governmental body):
(a) default in the payment of
any installment of interest upon any of the Securities of such series as and when the same shall become due and payable, and continuance
of such default for a period of 30 days (or such other period as may be established for the Securities of such series as contemplated
by Section 2.03); or
(b) default in the payment of
all or any part of the principal on any of the Securities of such series as and when the same shall become due and payable either at
maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise (and, if established for the Securities of such series as contemplated by Section 2.03,
the continuance of such default for a specified period); or
(c) default in the performance,
or breach, of any covenant or agreement of the Issuer in respect of the Securities of such series (other than a covenant or agreement
in respect of the Securities of such series a default in the performance or breach of which is elsewhere in this Section specifically
dealt with), and continuance of such default or breach for a period of 90 days after there has been given, by registered or certified
mail, to the Issuer by the Trustee or to the Issuer and the Trustee by the Holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the Outstanding
Securities of such series, a written notice specifying such default or breach and requiring it to be remedied and stating that such notice
is a “Notice of Default” hereunder; or
(d) a court having jurisdiction
in the premises shall enter a decree or order for relief in respect of the Issuer in an involuntary case under any applicable bankruptcy,
insolvency or other similar law now or hereafter in effect, or appointing a receiver, liquidator, assignee, custodian, trustee or sequestrator
(or similar official) of the Issuer or for all or substantially all of its property and assets or ordering the winding up or liquidation
of its affairs, and such decree or order shall remain unstayed and in effect for a period of 90 consecutive days; or
(e) the Issuer shall commence
a voluntary case under any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar law now or hereafter in effect, or consent to the entry
of an order for relief in an involuntary case under any such law, or consent to the appointment of or taking possession by a receiver,
liquidator, assignee, custodian, trustee or sequestrator (or similar official) of the Issuer or for any substantial part of its property
and assets, or make any general assignment for the benefit of creditors; or
(f) any other Event of Default
provided for in such series of Securities.
If an Event of Default described in clauses (a),
(b), (c) or (f) occurs and is continuing, then, and in each and every such case, unless the principal of all of the Securities
of such series shall have already become due and payable, either the Trustee or the Holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal
amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding hereunder (each such series voting as a separate class) by notice in writing
to the Issuer (and also to the Trustee if given by Securityholders), may declare the entire principal (or, if the Securities of such
series are Original Issue Discount Securities, such portion of the principal amount as may be specified in the terms of such series)
of all Securities of such series and the interest accrued thereon, if any, to be due and payable immediately, and upon any such declaration
the same shall become immediately due and payable. If an Event of Default described in clauses (d) or (e) occurs and is continuing,
then and in each and every such case, the entire principal (or, if any Securities are Original Issue Discount Securities, such portion
of the principal as may be specified in the terms thereof) of all the Securities then Outstanding and interest accrued thereon, if any,
shall automatically become immediately due and payable.
The foregoing provisions, however, are subject
to the condition that if, at any time after the principal of the Securities of any series shall have been so declared due and payable,
and before any judgment or decree for the payment of the moneys due shall have been obtained or entered as hereinafter provided, the
Issuer shall pay or shall deposit with the Trustee a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest upon all the Securities
of such series and the principal of any and all Securities of such series which shall have become due otherwise than by acceleration
(with interest upon such principal and, to the extent that payment of such interest is enforceable under applicable law, on overdue installments
of interest, at the same rate as the rate of interest specified in the Securities of such series to the date of such payment or deposit)
and such amount as shall be sufficient to cover reasonable compensation to the Trustee, its agents, attorneys and counsel, and all other
expenses and liabilities incurred, and all advances made, by the Trustee except as a result of negligence or bad faith, and if any and
all Events of Default under the Indenture with respect to such series, other than the non-payment of the principal of Securities of such
series which shall have become due solely by such acceleration, shall have been cured, waived or otherwise remedied as provided herein,
then and in every such case the Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of all the Securities of such series then Outstanding,
by written notice to the Issuer and to the Trustee, may waive all defaults with respect to such series and rescind and annul such declaration
and its consequences, but no such waiver or rescission and annulment shall extend to or shall affect any subsequent default or shall
impair any right consequent thereon.
Unless otherwise indicated in the Board Resolution,
Officer’s Certificate or supplemental indenture for a series of Original Issue Discount Securities, for all purposes under this
Indenture, if a portion of the principal of any Original Issue Discount Securities shall have been accelerated and declared due and payable
pursuant to the provisions hereof, then, from and after such declaration, unless such declaration has been rescinded and annulled, the
principal amount of such Original Issue Discount Securities shall be deemed, for all purposes hereunder, to be such portion of the principal
thereof as shall be due and payable as a result of such acceleration, and payment of such portion of the principal thereof as shall be
due and payable as a result of such acceleration, together with interest, if any, thereon and all other amounts owing thereunder, shall
constitute payment in full of such Original Issue Discount Securities.
Section 5.02 Collection of Debt by Trustee;
Trustee May Prove Debt. The Issuer covenants that (a) in case default shall be made in the payment of any installment of
interest on any of the Securities of any series when such interest shall have become due and payable, and such default shall have continued
for a period of 30 days or (b) in case default shall be made in the payment of all or any part of the principal of any of the Securities
of any series when the same shall have become due and payable, whether upon maturity of the Securities of such series or upon any redemption
or by declaration or otherwise, then, upon demand of the Trustee, the Issuer will pay to the Trustee for the benefit of the Holders of
the Securities of such series the whole amount that then shall have become due and payable on all Securities of such series for principal
or interest, as the case may be (with interest to the date of such payment upon the overdue principal and, to the extent that payment
of such interest is enforceable under applicable law, on overdue installments of interest at the same rate as the rate of interest or
Yield to Maturity (in the case of Original Issue Discount Securities) specified in the Securities of such series); and, in addition thereto,
such further amount as shall be sufficient to cover the costs and expenses of collection, including reasonable compensation to the Trustee
and each predecessor trustee, their respective agents, attorneys and counsel, and any expenses and liabilities incurred, and all advances
made, by the Trustee and each predecessor trustee except as a result of its negligence or bad faith.
In case the Issuer shall fail forthwith to pay
such amounts upon such demand, the Trustee, in its own name and as trustee of an express trust, shall be entitled and empowered to institute
any action or proceedings at law or in equity for the collection of the sums so due and unpaid, and may prosecute any such action or
proceedings to judgment or final decree, and may enforce any such judgment or final decree against the Issuer or other obligor upon such
Securities and collect in the manner provided by law out of the property of the Issuer or other obligor upon such Securities, wherever
situated, the moneys adjudged or decreed to be payable.
In case there shall be pending proceedings relative
to the Issuer or any other obligor upon the Securities under Title 11 of the United States Code or any other applicable Federal or state
bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar law, or in case a receiver, assignee or trustee in bankruptcy or reorganization, liquidator,
sequestrator or similar official shall have been appointed for or taken possession of the Issuer or its property or such other obligor
or its property, or in case of any other comparable judicial proceedings relative to the Issuer or other obligor upon the Securities
of any series, or to the creditors or property of the Issuer or such other obligor, the Trustee, irrespective of whether the principal
of any Securities shall then be due and payable as therein expressed or by declaration or otherwise and irrespective of whether the Trustee
shall have made any demand pursuant to the provisions of this Section, shall be entitled and empowered, by intervention in such proceedings
or otherwise:
(i) to file and prove a claim or
claims for the whole amount of principal and interest (or, if the Securities of any series are Original Issue Discount Securities, such
portion of the principal amount as may be specified in the terms of such series) owing and unpaid in respect of the Securities of any
series, and to file such other papers or documents as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Trustee (including
any claim for reasonable compensation to the Trustee and each predecessor trustee, and their respective agents, attorneys and counsel,
and for reimbursement of all expenses and liabilities incurred, and all advances made, by the Trustee and each predecessor trustee, except
as a result of negligence or bad faith) and of the Securityholders allowed in any judicial proceedings relative to the Issuer or other
obligor upon the Securities of any series, or to the creditors or property of the Issuer or such other obligor,
(ii) unless prohibited by applicable
law and regulations, to vote on behalf of the Holders of the Securities of any series in any election of a trustee or a standby trustee
in arrangement, reorganization, liquidation or other bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings or person performing similar functions in comparable
proceedings, and
(iii) to collect and receive any
moneys or other property payable or deliverable on any such claims, and to distribute all amounts received with respect to the claims
of the Securityholders and of the Trustee on their behalf; and any trustee, receiver or liquidator, custodian or other similar official
is hereby authorized by each of the Securityholders to make payments to the Trustee, and, in the event that the Trustee shall consent
to the making of payments directly to the Securityholders, to pay to the Trustee such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover reasonable
compensation to the Trustee, each predecessor trustee and their respective agents, attorneys and counsel, and all other expenses and
liabilities incurred, and all advances made, by the Trustee and each predecessor trustee except as a result of negligence or bad faith
and all other amounts due to the Trustee or any predecessor trustee pursuant to Section 6.06.
Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to authorize
the Trustee to authorize or consent to or vote for or accept or adopt on behalf of any Securityholder any plan of reorganization, arrangement,
adjustment or composition affecting the Securities of any series or the rights of any Holder thereof, or to authorize the Trustee to
vote in respect of the claim of any Securityholder in any such proceeding except, as aforesaid, to vote for the election of a trustee
in bankruptcy or similar person.
All rights of action and of asserting claims under
this Indenture, or under any of the Securities of any series, may be enforced by the Trustee without the possession of any of the Securities
of such series or the production thereof on any trial or other proceedings relative thereto, and any such action or proceedings instituted
by the Trustee shall be brought in its own name as trustee of an express trust, and any recovery of judgment, subject to the payment
of the expenses, disbursements and compensation of the Trustee, each predecessor trustee and their respective agents and attorneys, shall
be for the ratable benefit of the Holders of the Securities in respect of which such action was taken.
In any proceedings brought by the Trustee (and
also any proceedings involving the interpretation of any provision of this Indenture to which the Trustee shall be a party), the Trustee
shall be held to represent all the Holders of the Securities in respect to which such action was taken, and it shall not be necessary
to make any Holders of such Securities parties to any such proceedings.
Section 5.03 Application of Proceeds.
Any moneys collected by the Trustee pursuant to this Article in respect of any series shall be applied in the following order
at the date or dates fixed by the Trustee and, in case of the distribution of such moneys on account of principal or interest, upon presentation
of the several Securities in respect of which monies have been collected and stamping (or otherwise noting) thereon the payment, or issuing
Securities of such series in reduced principal amounts in exchange for the presented Securities of like series if only partially paid,
or upon surrender thereof if fully paid:
FIRST: To the payment of all amounts
due to the Trustee or any predecessor trustee pursuant to Section 6.06;
SECOND: In case the principal of the
Securities of such series in respect of which moneys have been collected shall not have become and be then due and payable, to the payment
of interest on the Securities of such series in default in the order of the maturity of the installments of such interest, with interest
(to the extent that such interest has been collected by the Trustee) upon the overdue installments of interest, to the extent permitted
by applicable law, at the same rate as the rate of interest or Yield to Maturity (in the case of Original Issue Discount Securities)
specified in such Securities, such payments to be made ratably to the Persons entitled thereto, without discrimination or preference;
THIRD: In case the principal of the
Securities of such series in respect of which moneys have been collected shall have become and shall be then due and payable, to the
payment of the whole amount then owing and unpaid upon all the Securities of such series for principal and interest, with interest upon
the overdue principal, and (to the extent that such interest has been collected by the Trustee) upon overdue installments of interest,
to the extent permitted by applicable law, at the same rate as the rate of interest or Yield to Maturity (in the case of Original Issue
Discount Securities) specified in the Securities of such series; and in case such moneys shall be insufficient to pay in full the whole
amount so due and unpaid upon the Securities of such series, then to the payment of such principal and interest, without preference or
priority of principal over interest, or of interest over principal, or of any installment of interest over any other installment of interest,
or of any Security of such series over any other Security of such series, ratably to the aggregate of such principal and accrued and
unpaid interest; and
FOURTH: To the payment of the remainder,
if any, to the Issuer or any other Person lawfully entitled thereto.
Section 5.04 Suits for Enforcement.
In case an Event of Default has occurred, has not been waived and is continuing, the Trustee may in its discretion proceed to protect
and enforce the rights vested in it by this Indenture by such appropriate judicial proceedings as the Trustee shall deem most effectual
to protect and enforce any such rights, either at law or in equity or in bankruptcy or otherwise, whether for the specific enforcement
of any covenant or agreement contained in this Indenture or in aid of the exercise of any power granted in this Indenture or to enforce
any other legal or equitable right vested in the Trustee by this Indenture or by law.
Section 5.05 Restoration of Rights on
Abandonment of Proceedings. In case the Trustee shall have proceeded to enforce any right under this Indenture and such proceedings
shall have been discontinued or abandoned for any reason, or shall have been determined adversely to the Trustee, then and in every such
case (subject to any determination in such proceeding) the Issuer and the Trustee shall be restored respectively to their former positions
and rights hereunder, and all rights, remedies and powers of the Issuer, the Trustee and the Securityholders shall continue as though
no such proceedings had been taken.
Section 5.06 Limitations on Suits by Securityholders.
No Holder of any Security of any series shall have any right by virtue, or by availing itself, of any provision of this Indenture to
institute any action or proceeding at law or in equity or in bankruptcy or otherwise upon or under or with respect to this Indenture,
or for the appointment of a trustee, receiver, liquidator, custodian or other similar official or for any other remedy hereunder, unless
such Holder previously shall have given to the Trustee written notice of default and of the continuance thereof, as hereinbefore provided,
and unless also the Holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding shall
have made written request upon the Trustee to institute such action or proceedings in its own name as trustee hereunder and shall have
offered to the Trustee such reasonable indemnity as it may require against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred therein
or thereby and the Trustee for 60 days after its receipt of such notice, request and offer of indemnity shall have failed to institute
any such action or proceeding and no direction inconsistent with such written request shall have been given to the Trustee pursuant to
Section 5.09; it being understood and intended, and being expressly covenanted by the Holder of every Security of a particular series
with every other Holder of Securities of such series and the Trustee, that no one or more Holders of Securities of any series shall have
any right in any manner whatever by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to affect, disturb or prejudice the rights
of any other such Holder of Securities of such series, or to obtain or seek to obtain priority over or preference to any other such Holder
of such series or to enforce any right under this Indenture, except in the manner herein provided and for the equal, ratable and common
benefit of all Holders of Securities of the applicable series. For the protection and enforcement of the provisions of this Section,
each and every Securityholder and the Trustee shall be entitled to such relief as can be given either at law or in equity.
Section 5.07 Unconditional Right of Securityholders
to Institute Certain Suits. Notwithstanding any other provision in this Indenture and any provision of any Security, the right of
any Holder of any Security to receive payment of the principal of and interest on such Security on or after the respective due dates
expressed in such Security in accordance with the terms hereof and thereof, or to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment
on or after such respective dates, shall not be impaired or affected without the consent of such Holder; it being understood and intended,
and being expressly covenanted by the Holder of every Security of a particular series with every other Holder of Securities of such Series and
the Trustee, that no one or more Holders of Securities of any series shall have any right in any manner whatever by virtue or by availing
of any provision of this Indenture to affect, disturb or prejudice the rights of any other such Holder of Securities of such series,
or to obtain or seek to obtain priority over or preference to any other such Holder of Securities of such series or to enforce any right
under this Indenture, except in the manner herein provided and for the equal, ratable and common benefit of all Holders of Securities
of the applicable series. For the protection and enforcement of the provisions of this Section, each and every Securityholder and the
Trustee shall be entitled to such relief as can be given either at law or in equity.
Section 5.08 Powers and Remedies Cumulative;
Delay or Omission Not Waiver of Default. Except as provided in Section 5.06, no right or remedy herein conferred upon or reserved
to the Trustee or to the Holders of Securities is intended to be exclusive of any other right or remedy, and every right and remedy shall,
to the extent permitted by law, be cumulative and in addition to every other right and remedy given hereunder or now or hereafter existing
at law or in equity or otherwise. The assertion or employment of any right or remedy hereunder, or otherwise, shall not prevent the concurrent
assertion or employment of any other appropriate right or remedy.
No delay or omission of the Trustee or of any
Holder of Securities to exercise any right or power accruing upon any Event of Default occurring and continuing as aforesaid shall impair
any such right or power or shall be construed to be a waiver of any such Event of Default or an acquiescence therein; and, subject to
Section 5.06, every power and remedy given by this Indenture or by law to the Trustee or to the Holders of Securities may be exercised
from time to time, and as often as shall be deemed expedient, by the Trustee or by the Holders of Securities.
Section 5.09 Control by Holders of Securities.
The Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of each series affected (with each series voting as a separate
class) at the time Outstanding shall have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy
available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the Trustee with respect to the Securities of such series by
this Indenture; provided, that such direction shall not be otherwise than in accordance with law and the provisions of this Indenture
and provided, further, that (subject to the provisions of Section 6.01) the Trustee shall have the right to decline to follow any
such direction if the Trustee, being advised by counsel, shall determine that the action or proceeding so directed may not lawfully be
taken or if the Trustee in good faith by its board of directors, the executive committee, or a trust committee of directors or Responsible
Officers of the Trustee shall determine that the action or proceedings so directed would involve the Trustee in personal liability or
if the Trustee in good faith shall so determine that the actions or forbearances specified in or pursuant to such direction would be
unduly prejudicial to the interests of Holders of the Securities of all series so affected not joining in the giving of said direction,
it being understood that (subject to Section 6.01) the Trustee shall have no duty to ascertain whether or not such actions or forbearances
are unduly prejudicial to such Holders.
Nothing in this Indenture shall impair the right
of the Trustee in its discretion to take any action deemed proper by the Trustee and which is not inconsistent with such direction or
directions by Securityholders.
Section 5.10 Waiver of Past Defaults.
The Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding, by notice to the Trustee,
may on behalf of the Holders of all the Securities of such series waive any existing default in the performance of any of the covenants
contained herein or established pursuant to Section 2.03 with respect to such series and its consequences, except an uncured default
in the payment of the principal of, or interest on, any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due by the
terms of such Securities; and may rescind an acceleration and its consequences, including any related payment default that resulted from
such acceleration. In the case of any such waiver, the Issuer, the Trustee and the Holders of the Securities of such series shall be
restored to their former positions and rights hereunder, respectively, such default shall cease to exist and be deemed to have been cured
and not to have occurred, and any Event of Default arising therefrom shall be deemed to have been cured, and not to have occurred for
every purpose of this Indenture; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or Event of Default or impair any
right consequent thereon.
Section 5.11 Trustee to Give Notice of
Default. The Trustee shall, within 90 days after the occurrence of a default with respect to the Securities of any series, give notice
of all defaults with respect to that series known to the Trustee to all Holders of Securities of such series in the manner and to the
extent provided in Sections 4.03 and 11.04, unless in each case such defaults shall have been cured before the giving of such notice
(the term “defaults” for the purpose of this Section being hereby defined to mean any event or condition which
is, or with notice or lapse of time or both would become, an Event of Default); provided, that, except in the case of default
in the payment of the principal of or interest on any of the Securities of such series, or in the payment of any sinking fund installment
on such series, the Trustee shall be protected in withholding such notice if and so long as the board of directors, the executive committee,
or a trust committee of directors or trustees and/or Responsible Officers of the Trustee in good faith determines that the withholding
of such notice is in the interests of the Securityholders of such series.
Section 5.12 Right of Court to Require
Filing of Undertaking to Pay Costs. All parties to this Indenture agree, and each Holder of any Security by his or her acceptance
thereof shall be deemed to have agreed, that any court may in its discretion require, in any suit for the enforcement of any right or
remedy under this Indenture or in any suit against the Trustee for any action taken, suffered or omitted by it as Trustee, the filing
by any party litigant in such suit of an undertaking to pay the costs of such suit, and that such court may in its discretion assess
reasonable costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, against any party litigant in such suit, having due regard to the merits
and good faith of the claims or defenses made by such party litigant; but the provisions of this Section shall not apply to any
suit instituted by the Trustee, to any suit instituted by any Securityholder or group of Securityholders of any series holding in the
aggregate more than 10% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series, or to any suit instituted by any Securityholder
for the enforcement of the payment of the principal of or interest on any Security of such series, on or after the respective due dates
expressed in such Security or established pursuant to this Indenture.
ARTICLE 6
CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE
Section 6.01 Duties and Responsibilities
of the Trustee; During Default; Prior to Default. With respect to the Holders of any series of Securities issued hereunder, the Trustee,
prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a particular series and after the curing or waiving
of all Events of Default which may have occurred with respect to such series, undertakes to perform such duties and only such duties
as are specifically set forth in this Indenture. In case an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series has occurred
(and has not been cured or waived), the Trustee shall exercise such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and use
the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent person would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct
of his or her own affairs.
No provision of this Indenture shall be construed
to relieve the Trustee from liability for its own negligent action, its own negligent failure to act or its own willful misconduct.
Section 6.02 Certain Rights of the Trustee.
In furtherance of and subject to the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and subject to Section 6.01:
(a) in the absence of bad faith
on the part of the Trustee, the Trustee may conclusively rely, as to the truth of the statements and the correctness of the opinions
expressed therein, upon any statements, certificates or opinions furnished to the Trustee and conforming to the requirements of this
Indenture; but, in the case of any such statements, certificates or opinions which by any provision hereof are specifically required
to be furnished to the Trustee, the Trustee shall be under a duty to examine the same to determine whether or not they conform to the
requirements of this Indenture;
(b) the Trustee shall not be liable
for any error of judgment made in good faith by a Responsible Officer or Responsible Officers of the Trustee, unless it shall be proved
that the Trustee was negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts;
(c) the Trustee shall not be liable
with respect to any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the direction of the Holders pursuant
to Section 5.09 relating to the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or
exercising any trust or power conferred upon the Trustee, under this Indenture;
(d) none of the provisions contained
in this Indenture shall require the Trustee to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur personal financial liability in the performance
of any of its duties or in the exercise of any of its rights or powers if there shall be reasonable ground for believing that the repayment
of such funds or adequate indemnity against such liability is not reasonably assured to it;
(e) the Trustee may rely and shall
be protected in acting or refraining from acting upon any resolution, Officer’s Certificate or any other certificate, statement,
instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, bond, debenture, note, security or other paper or document believed by
it to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties;
(f) any request, direction, order
or demand of the Issuer mentioned herein shall be sufficiently evidenced by an Officer’s Certificate (unless other evidence in
respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed); and any resolution of the Board of Directors may be evidenced to the Trustee by a
copy thereof certified by the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Issuer;
(g) the Trustee may consult with
counsel and any advice or Opinion of Counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect of any action taken,
suffered or omitted to be taken by it hereunder in good faith and in accordance with such advice or Opinion of Counsel;
(h) the Trustee shall be under
no obligation to exercise any of the trusts or powers vested in it by this Indenture at the request, order or direction of any of the
Securityholders pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture, unless such Securityholders shall have offered to the Trustee reasonable
security or indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that might be incurred therein or thereby;
(i) the Trustee shall not be liable
for any action taken or omitted by it in good faith and believed by it to be authorized or within the discretion, rights or powers conferred
upon it by this Indenture;
(j) prior to the occurrence of
an Event of Default hereunder and after the curing or waiving of all Events of Default, the Trustee shall not be bound to make any investigation
into the facts or matters stated in any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order,
approval, appraisal, bond, debenture, note, security, or other paper or document unless requested in writing so to do by the Holders
of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of all series affected then Outstanding; provided,
that, if the payment within a reasonable time to the Trustee of the costs, expenses or liabilities likely to be incurred by it in the
making of such investigation is, in the opinion of the Trustee, not reasonably assured to the Trustee by the security afforded to it
by the terms of this Indenture, the Trustee may require reasonable indemnity against such expenses or liabilities as a condition to proceeding;
the reasonable expenses of every such investigation shall be paid by the Issuer or, if paid by the Trustee or any predecessor trustee,
shall be repaid by the Issuer upon demand; and
(k) the Trustee may execute any
of the trusts or powers hereunder or perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or through agents or attorneys not regularly
in its employ and the Trustee shall not be responsible for any misconduct or negligence on the part of any such agent or attorney appointed
with due care by it hereunder.
Section 6.03 Trustee Not Responsible for
Recitals, Disposition of Securities or Application of Proceeds Thereof. The recitals contained herein and in the Securities, except
the Trustee’s certificates of authentication, shall be taken as the statements of the Issuer, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility
for the correctness of the same. The Trustee makes no representation as to the validity or sufficiency of this Indenture or of the Securities.
The Trustee shall not be accountable for the use or application by the Issuer of any of the Securities or of the proceeds thereof.
Section 6.04 Trustee and Agents May Hold
Securities; Collections, Etc. The Trustee or any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee, in its individual or any other capacity, may
become the owner or pledgee of Securities with the same rights it would have if it were not the Trustee or such agent and may otherwise
deal with the Issuer and receive, collect, hold and retain collections from the Issuer with the same rights it would have if it were
not the Trustee or such agent.
Section 6.05 Moneys Held by Trustee. Subject
to the provisions of Section 10.04 hereof, all moneys received by the Trustee shall, until used or applied as herein provided, be
held in trust for the purposes for which they were received, but need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required
by mandatory provisions of law. Neither the Trustee nor any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee shall be under any liability for interest
on any moneys received by it hereunder.
Section 6.06 Compensation and Indemnification
of Trustee and Its Prior Claim. The Issuer covenants and agrees to pay to the Trustee from time to time, and the Trustee shall be
entitled to, such reasonable compensation (which shall not be limited by any provision of law in regard to the compensation of a trustee
of an express trust) as the Issuer and the Trustee may from time to time agree in writing and, except as otherwise expressly provided
herein, the Issuer covenants and agrees to pay or reimburse the Trustee and each predecessor trustee upon its request for all reasonable
expenses, disbursements and advances incurred or made by or on behalf of it in accordance with any of the provisions of this Indenture
(including the reasonable compensation and the expenses and disbursements of its counsel and of all agents and other persons not regularly
in its employ) except any such expense, disbursement or advance as may arise from its negligence or bad faith. The Issuer also covenants
to indemnify the Trustee and each predecessor trustee for, and to hold it harmless against, any loss, liability or expense incurred without
negligence or bad faith on its part, arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or administration of this Indenture or the trusts
hereunder and its duties hereunder, including the costs and expenses of defending itself against or investigating any claim of liability
in the premises. The obligations of the Issuer under this Section to compensate and indemnify the Trustee and each predecessor trustee
and to pay or reimburse the Trustee and each predecessor trustee for expenses, disbursements and advances shall constitute additional
indebtedness hereunder and shall survive the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture. Such additional indebtedness shall be a senior
claim to that of the Securities upon all property and funds held or collected by the Trustee as such, except funds held in trust for
the benefit of the Holders of particular Securities, and the Securities are hereby subordinated to such senior claim.
Section 6.07 Right of Trustee to Rely
on Officer’s Certificate, Etc. Subject to Sections 6.01 and 6.02, whenever in the administration of the trusts of this Indenture
the Trustee shall deem it necessary or desirable that a matter be proved or established prior to taking or suffering or omitting any
action hereunder, such matter (unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may, in the absence of negligence
or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by an Officer’s Certificate delivered
to the Trustee, and such certificate, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, shall be full warrant to
the Trustee for any action taken, suffered or omitted by it under the provisions of this Indenture upon the faith thereof.
Section 6.08 Disqualification; Conflicting
Interests. If the Trustee has or shall acquire any “conflicting interest” within the meaning of Section 310(b) of
the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, the Trustee and the Issuer shall in all respects comply with the provisions of Section 310(b) of
the Trust Indenture Act of 1939.
Section 6.09 Persons Eligible for Appointment
as Trustee. The Trustee for each series of Securities hereunder shall at all times be a corporation having a combined capital and
surplus of at least $50,000,000 and shall be eligible in accordance with the provisions of Section 310(a) of the Trust Indenture
Act of 1939. If such corporation publishes reports of condition at least annually, pursuant to law or to the requirements of a Federal,
State or District of Columbia supervising or examining authority, then, for the purposes of this Section, the combined capital and surplus
of such corporation shall be deemed to be its combined capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published.
Section 6.10 Resignation and Removal;
Appointment of Successor Trustee.
(a) The Trustee, or any trustee
or trustees hereafter appointed, may at any time resign with respect to one or more or all series of Securities by giving written notice
of resignation to the Issuer and by delivering notice of such resignation to the Holders of then Outstanding Securities of each series
affected at their addresses as they shall appear on the Security register. Upon receiving such notice of resignation, the Issuer shall
promptly appoint a successor trustee or trustees with respect to the applicable series by written instrument in duplicate, executed by
authority of the Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the resigning Trustee and one copy to the successor
trustee or trustees. If no successor trustee shall have been so appointed with respect to any series and have accepted appointment within
30 days after the delivery of such notice of resignation, the resigning trustee may petition any court of competent jurisdiction for
the appointment of a successor trustee, or any Securityholder who has been a bona fide Holder of a Security or Securities of the applicable
series for at least six months may, on behalf of himself or herself and all others similarly situated, petition any such court for the
appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon, after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, appoint
a successor trustee.
(b) In case at any time any of
the following shall occur:
(i) the Trustee shall fail to comply
with the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 with respect to any series of Securities after written
request therefor by the Issuer or by any Securityholder who has been a bona fide Holder of a Security or Securities of such series for
at least six months; or
(ii) the Trustee shall cease to
be eligible in accordance with the provisions of Section 310(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and shall fail to resign
after written request therefor by the Issuer or by any Securityholder; or
(iii) the Trustee shall become incapable
of acting with respect to any series of Securities, or shall be adjudged bankrupt or insolvent, or a receiver or liquidator of the Trustee
or of its property shall be appointed, or any public officer shall take charge or control of the Trustee or of its property or affairs
for the purpose of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation;
then, in any such case, (A) the Issuer may remove the
Trustee with respect to the applicable series of Securities and appoint a successor trustee for such series by written instrument, in
duplicate, executed by order of the Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the Trustee so removed and
one copy to the successor trustee, or, (B) subject to Section 315(e) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, any Securityholder
who has been a bona fide Holder of a Security or Securities of such series for at least six months may on behalf of itself and all others
similarly situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the removal of the Trustee and the appointment of a successor trustee
with respect to such series. Such court may thereupon, after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, remove the Trustee
and appoint a successor trustee.
(c) The Holders of a majority
in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of each series at the time Outstanding may at any time remove the Trustee with respect
to Securities of such series and, with the consent of the Issuer, appoint a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of such
series by delivering to the Trustee so removed, to the successor trustee so appointed and to the Issuer the evidence provided for in
Section 7.01 of the action in that regard taken by the Securityholders.
(d) Any resignation or removal
of the Trustee with respect to any series and any appointment of a successor trustee with respect to such series pursuant to any of the
provisions of this Section 6.10 shall become effective upon acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee as provided in Section 6.11.
Section 6.11 Acceptance of Appointment
by Successor Trustee. Any successor trustee appointed as provided in Section 6.10 shall execute and deliver to the Issuer and
to its predecessor trustee an instrument accepting such appointment hereunder, and thereupon the resignation or removal of the predecessor
trustee with respect to all or any applicable series shall become effective and such successor trustee, without any further act, deed
or conveyance, shall become vested with all rights, powers, duties and obligations with respect to such series of its predecessor hereunder,
with like effect as if originally named as trustee for such series hereunder; but, nevertheless, on the written request of the Issuer
or of the successor trustee, upon payment of its charges then unpaid, the trustee ceasing to act shall, subject to Section 10.04,
pay over to the successor trustee all moneys at the time held by it hereunder and shall execute and deliver an instrument transferring
to such successor trustee all such rights, powers, duties and obligations. Upon request of any such successor trustee, the Issuer shall
execute any and all instruments in writing for more fully and certainly vesting in and confirming to such successor trustee all such
rights and powers. Any trustee ceasing to act shall, nevertheless, retain a prior claim upon all property or funds held or collected
by such trustee to secure any amounts then due it pursuant to the provisions of Section 6.06.
If a successor trustee is appointed with respect
to the Securities of one or more (but not all) series, the Issuer, the predecessor trustee and each successor trustee with respect to
the Securities of any applicable series shall execute and deliver an indenture supplemental hereto which shall contain such provisions
as shall be deemed necessary or desirable to confirm that all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the predecessor trustee with respect
to the Securities of any series as to which the predecessor trustee is not retiring shall continue to be vested in the predecessor trustee,
and shall add to or change any of the provisions of this Indenture as shall be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration
of the trusts hereunder by more than one trustee, it being understood that nothing herein or in such supplemental indenture shall constitute
such trustees co-trustees of the same trust and that each such trustee shall be trustee of a trust or trusts under separate indentures.
No successor trustee with respect to any series
of Securities shall accept appointment as provided in this Section 6.11 unless at the time of such acceptance such successor trustee
shall be qualified under the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and eligible under the provisions
of Section 310(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939.
Upon acceptance of appointment by any successor
trustee as provided in this Section 6.11, the Issuer shall deliver notice thereof to the Holders of Securities of each series affected,
by delivering such notice to such Holders at their addresses as they shall appear on the Security register. If the acceptance of appointment
is substantially contemporaneous with the resignation, then the notice called for by the preceding sentence may be combined with the
notice called for by Section 6.10. If the Issuer fails to deliver such notice within ten days after acceptance of appointment by
the successor trustee, the successor trustee shall cause such notice to be given at the expense of the Issuer.
Section 6.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation
or Succession to Business of Trustee. Any corporation into which the Trustee may be merged or converted or with which it may be consolidated,
or any corporation resulting from any merger, conversion or consolidation to which the Trustee shall be a party, or any corporation succeeding
to the corporate trust business of the Trustee, shall be the successor of the Trustee hereunder; provided, that such corporation
shall be qualified under the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and eligible under the provisions
of Section 310(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, without the execution or filing of any paper or any further act on the
part of any of the parties hereto, anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding.
In case, at the time such successor to the Trustee
shall succeed to the trusts created by this Indenture, any of the Securities of any series shall have been authenticated but not delivered,
any such successor to the Trustee may adopt the certificate of authentication of any predecessor trustee and deliver such Securities
so authenticated; and, in case at that time any of the Securities of any series shall not have been authenticated, any successor to the
Trustee may authenticate such Securities either in the name of any predecessor hereunder or in the name of the successor trustee; and
in all such cases such certificate shall have the full force which it is anywhere in the Securities of such series or in this Indenture
provided that the certificate of the Trustee shall have; provided, that the right to adopt the certificate of authentication of
any predecessor trustee or to authenticate Securities of any series in the name of any predecessor trustee shall apply only to its successor
or successors by merger, conversion or consolidation.
Section 6.13 Preferential Collection of
Claims Against the Issuer. The Trustee shall comply with Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, excluding any
creditor relationship described in Section 311(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939. A Trustee who has resigned or been removed
shall be subject to Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 to the extent included therein.
ARTICLE 7
CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS
Section 7.01 Evidence of Action Taken
by Securityholders. Any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action provided by this Indenture
to be given or taken by a specified percentage in principal amount of the Securityholders of any or all series may be embodied in and
evidenced by one or more instruments of substantially similar tenor signed by such specified percentage of Securityholders in person
or by agent duly appointed in writing; and, except as herein otherwise expressly provided, such action shall become effective when such
instrument or instruments are delivered to the Trustee. Proof of execution of any instrument or of a writing appointing any such agent
shall be sufficient for any purpose of this Indenture and (subject to Sections 6.01 and 6.02) conclusive in favor of the Trustee and
the Issuer, if made in the manner provided in this Article.
Section 7.02 Proof of Execution of Instruments
and of Holding of Securities. Subject to Sections 6.01 and 6.02, the execution of any instrument by a Holder or his agent or proxy
may be proved in accordance with such reasonable rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Trustee or in such manner as
shall be satisfactory to the Trustee. The holding of Securities shall be proved by the Security register or by a certificate of the registrar
thereof. The Issuer may set a record date for purposes of determining the identity of Holders of any series entitled to vote or consent
to any action referred to in Section 7.01, which record date may be set at any time or from time to time by notice to the Trustee,
for any date or dates (in the case of any adjournment or reconsideration) not more than 60 days nor less than five days prior to the
proposed date of such vote or consent, and thereafter, notwithstanding any other provisions hereof, only Holders of such series of record
on such record date shall be entitled to so vote or give such consent or revoke such vote or consent. Notice of such record date may
be given before or after any request for any action referred to in Section 7.01 is made by the Issuer.
Section 7.03 Holders to Be Treated as
Owners. The Issuer, the Trustee and any agent of the Issuer or of the Trustee may deem and treat the Person in whose name any Security
shall be registered upon the Security register for such series as the absolute owner of such Security (whether or not such Security shall
be overdue and notwithstanding any notation of ownership or other writing thereon) for the purpose of receiving payment of or on account
of the principal of, and, subject to the provisions of this Indenture, interest on, such Security and for all other purposes; and neither
the Issuer nor the Trustee nor any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee shall be affected by any notice to the contrary. All such payments
so made to any such Person, or upon his or her order, shall be valid, and, to the extent of the sum or sums so paid, effectual to satisfy
and discharge the liability for moneys payable.
Section 7.04 Securities Owned by Issuer
Deemed Not Outstanding. In determining whether the Holders of the requisite aggregate principal amount of Outstanding Securities
of any or all series have concurred in any direction, consent or waiver under this Indenture, Securities that are owned by the Issuer
or any other obligor on the Securities with respect to which such determination is being made or by any Person directly or indirectly
controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Issuer or any other obligor on the Securities with respect
to which such determination is being made shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding for the purpose of any such determination,
except that, for the purpose of determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying on any such direction, consent or waiver,
only Securities which the Trustee knows are so owned shall be so disregarded. Securities so owned which have been pledged in good faith
may be regarded as Outstanding if the pledgee establishes to the satisfaction of the Trustee the pledgee’s right so to act with
respect to such Securities and that the pledgee is not the Issuer or any other obligor upon the Securities or any Person directly or
indirectly controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Issuer or any other obligor on the Securities.
In case of a dispute as to such right, the advice of counsel shall be full protection in respect of any decision made by the Trustee
in accordance with such advice.
Section 7.05 Right of Revocation of Action
Taken. At any time prior to (but not after) the evidencing to the Trustee, as provided in Section 7.01, of the taking of any
action by the Holders of the percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any or all series, as the case may be, specified
in this Indenture in connection with such action, any Holder of a Security the serial number of which is shown by the evidence to be
included among the serial numbers of the Securities the Holders of which have consented to such action may, by filing written notice
at the Corporate Trust Office and upon proof of holding as provided in this Article, revoke such action so far as concerns such Security.
Except as aforesaid, any such action taken by the Holder of any Security shall be conclusive and binding upon such Holder and upon all
future Holders and owners of such Security and of any Securities issued in exchange or substitution therefor or on registration of transfer
thereof, irrespective of whether or not any notation in regard thereto is made upon any such Security. Any action taken by the Holders
of the percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any or all series, as the case may be, specified in this Indenture
in connection with such action shall be conclusively binding upon the Issuer, the Trustee and the Holders of all the Securities affected
by such action.
ARTICLE 8
SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES
Section 8.01 Supplemental Indentures Without
Consent of Securityholders. The Issuer, when authorized by a resolution of its Board of Directors, and the Trustee may from time
to time and at any time, without the consent of any of the Securityholders, enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto
in form satisfactory to the Trustee for one or more of the following purposes:
(a) to convey, transfer, assign,
mortgage or pledge to the Trustee as security for the Securities of one or more series any property or assets;
(b) to evidence the succession
of another Person to the Issuer, or successive successions, and the assumption by such successor of the covenants, agreements and obligations
of the Issuer pursuant to, or to otherwise comply with, Article 9;
(c) to comply with the requirements
of the Commission in order to effect or maintain the qualification of this Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended;
(d) to add to the covenants of
the Issuer such further covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions as its Board of Directors and the Trustee shall consider to
be for the protection of the Holders of Securities, and to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and continuance, of a default in any
such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an Event of Default permitting the enforcement of all or any of the
several remedies provided in this Indenture as herein set forth; provided, that in respect of any such additional covenant, restriction,
condition or provision such supplemental indenture may provide for a particular period of grace after default (which period may be shorter
or longer than that allowed in the case of other defaults) or may provide for an immediate enforcement upon such an Event of Default
or may limit the remedies available to the Trustee upon such an Event of Default or may limit the right of the Holders of a majority
in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series to waive such an Event of Default;
(e) to cure any ambiguity, defect
or inconsistency, or to conform this Indenture or any supplemental indenture to the description of the Securities set forth in any prospectus,
prospectus supplement or offering memorandum related to such series of Securities;
(f) to provide for or add guarantors
for the Securities of one or more series;
(g) to establish the form or terms
of Securities of any series as permitted by Sections 2.01 and 2.03;
(h) to evidence and provide for
the acceptance of appointment hereunder by a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of one or more series and to add to or
change any of the provisions of this Indenture as shall be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts hereunder
by more than one trustee, pursuant to the requirements of Section 6.11;
(i) to add to, change or eliminate
any of the provisions of this Indenture in respect of one or more series of Securities; provided that any such addition, change or elimination
shall (A) not (i) apply to any Security of any series created prior to the execution of such supplemental indenture and entitled
to the benefit of such provision nor (ii) modify the rights of the Holder of any such Security with respect to such provision or
(B) shall become effective only when there is no Security described in clause (A)(i) Outstanding;
(j) to make any change to the
Securities of any series so long as no Securities of such series are Outstanding; and
(k) to make any other change that
does not adversely affect the interests of the Holders of the Securities in any material respect.
The Trustee shall join with the Issuer in the
execution of any such supplemental indenture, to make any further appropriate agreements and stipulations which may be therein contained
and to accept the conveyance, transfer, assignment, mortgage or pledge of any property thereunder, but the Trustee shall not be obligated
to enter into any such supplemental indenture which affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture
or otherwise.
Any supplemental indenture authorized by the provisions
of this Section may be executed without the consent of the Holders of any of the Securities at the time Outstanding, notwithstanding
any of the provisions of Section 8.02.
Section 8.02 Supplemental Indentures With
Consent of Securityholders. With the consent (evidenced as provided in Article 7) of the Holders of not less than a majority
in aggregate principal amount of the Securities at the time Outstanding of one or more series affected by such supplemental indenture
(voting as separate series), the Issuer, when authorized by a resolution of the Board of Directors, and the Trustee may, from time to
time and at any time, enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing
in any manner or eliminating any of the provisions of this Indenture or of any supplemental indenture or of modifying in any manner the
rights of the Holders of the Securities of each such consenting series; provided, that no such supplemental indenture shall, without
the consent of the Holder of each Security so affected, (a) extend the final maturity of any Security, or reduce the principal amount
thereof, or reduce the rate or extend the time of payment of interest thereon, or reduce any amount payable on redemption thereof, or
make the principal thereof (including any amount in respect of original issue discount) or interest thereon payable in any currency other
than that provided in the Securities or in accordance with the terms thereof, or reduce the amount of the principal of an Original Issue
Discount Security that would be due and payable upon an acceleration of the maturity thereof pursuant to Section 5.01 or the amount
thereof provable in bankruptcy pursuant to Section 5.02, or (b) waive a continuing default in the payment of principal of any
Security or interest thereon, other than any such default in payment that resulted solely from such acceleration, or change a provision
related to the waiver of past defaults or impair the right of any Securityholder to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment
on or after the Stated Maturity or the date of redemption or conversion of any Security or, if the Securities provide therefor, any right
of repayment at the option of the Securityholder, or (c) modify any of the provisions of this section except to increase any required
percentage or to provide that certain other provisions cannot be modified or waived without the consent of the Holder of each Security
so affected, or (d) make any change that adversely affects the right to convert or exchange any Security into or for Common Stock
or other securities, cash or other property in accordance with the terms of such Security or (e) reduce the aforesaid percentage
of Securities of any series, the consent of the Holders of which is required for any such supplemental indenture or the consent of Holders
of which is required for any modification, amendment or waiver of compliance with certain provisions of this Indenture or certain defaults
hereunder and their consequences provided for in this Indenture.
A supplemental indenture which changes or eliminates
any covenant, Event of Default or other provision of this Indenture (1) that has been expressly included solely for the benefit
of one or more particular series of Securities, if any, or (2) which modifies the rights of Holders of Securities of one or more
series with respect to any covenant, Event of Default or provision, shall be deemed not to affect the rights under this Indenture of
the Holders of Securities of any other series with respect to which such covenant, Event of Default or other provision has not been included
or so modified.
Upon the request of the Issuer, accompanied by
a Board Resolution authorizing the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and upon the filing with the Trustee of evidence of
the consent of Securityholders as aforesaid and other documents, if any, required by Section 7.01, the Trustee shall join with the
Issuer in the execution of such supplemental indenture unless such supplemental indenture affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties
or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise, in which case the Trustee may in its discretion, but shall not be obligated to, enter
into such supplemental indenture.
It shall not be necessary for the consent of the
Securityholders under this Section to approve the particular form of any proposed supplemental indenture, but it shall be sufficient
if such consent shall approve the substance thereof.
Promptly after the execution by the Issuer and
the Trustee of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall give a notice thereof to the
Holders of then Outstanding Securities of each series affected thereby, by delivering a notice thereof, and in each case such notice
shall set forth in general terms the substance of such supplemental indenture. Any failure of the Trustee to deliver such notice, or
any defect therein, shall not, however, in any way impair or affect the validity of any such supplemental indenture.
Section 8.03 Effect of Supplemental Indenture.
Upon the execution of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions hereof, this Indenture shall be and be deemed to be modified
and amended in accordance therewith and the respective rights, limitations of rights, obligations, duties and immunities under this Indenture
of the Trustee, the Issuer and the Holders of Securities of each series affected thereby shall thereafter be determined, exercised and
enforced hereunder subject in all respects to such modifications and amendments, and all the terms and conditions of any such supplemental
indenture shall be and be deemed to be part of the terms and conditions of this Indenture for any and all purposes.
Section 8.04 Documents to Be Given to
Trustee. The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Sections 6.01 and 6.02, may receive an Officer’s Certificate and an Opinion
of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any supplemental indenture executed pursuant to this Article 8 complies with the applicable
provisions of this Indenture.
Section 8.05 Notation on Securities in
Respect of Supplemental Indentures. Securities of any series authenticated and delivered after the execution of any supplemental
indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article may bear a notation in form approved by the Trustee for such series as to any
matter provided for by such supplemental indenture or as to any action taken by Securityholders. If the Issuer or the Trustee shall so
determine, new Securities of any series so modified as to conform, in the opinion of the Trustee and the Board of Directors, to any modification
of this Indenture contained in any such supplemental indenture may be prepared by the Issuer, authenticated by the Trustee and delivered
in exchange for the Securities of such series then Outstanding.
ARTICLE 9
CONSOLIDATION, MERGER, SALE OR CONVEYANCE
Section 9.01 Issuer May Consolidate,
Etc., on Certain Terms. The Issuer shall not consolidate with or merge into any other Person (in a transaction in which the Issuer
is not the surviving corporation) or convey, transfer or lease its properties and assets substantially as an entirety to any Person,
unless (a) the Person formed by such consolidation or into which the Issuer is merged or the Person which acquires by conveyance
or transfer, or which leases, the properties and assets of the Issuer substantially as an entirety (i) shall be a corporation, limited
liability company, partnership or trust, (ii) shall be organized and validly existing under the laws of the United States of America,
any State thereof or the District of Columbia and (iii) shall expressly assume, by an indenture supplemental hereto, executed and
delivered to the Trustee, in form satisfactory to the Trustee, the due and punctual payment of the principal, interest on and any Additional
Amounts with respect to all the Securities and the performance or observance of every covenant of this Indenture on the part of the Issuer
to be performed, by supplemental indenture satisfactory in form to the Trustee, executed and delivered to the Trustee, by the Person
formed by such consolidation or into which the Issuer shall have been merged or by the Person which shall have acquired the Issuer’s
assets; (b) immediately after giving effect to such transaction, no Event of Default, and no event which, after notice or lapse
of time or both, would become an Event of Default, shall have happened and be continuing; and (c) the Issuer has delivered to the
Trustee an Officer’s Certificate and an Opinion of Counsel, each stating that such consolidation, merger, conveyance, transfer
or lease and, if a supplemental indenture is required in connection with such transaction, such supplemental indenture comply with this
Article and that all conditions precedent herein provided for relating to such transaction have been complied with.
The restrictions in this Section 9.01 shall
not apply to (i) the merger or consolidation of the Issuer with one of its affiliates, if the Board of Directors determines in good
faith that the purpose of such transaction is principally to change the Issuer’s State of incorporation or convert the Issuer’s
form of organization to another form, or (ii) the merger of the Issuer with or into a single direct or indirect wholly owned Subsidiary.
Section 9.02 Successor Issuer Substituted.
Upon any consolidation of the Issuer with, or merger of the Issuer into, any other Person or any conveyance, transfer or lease of
the properties and assets of the Issuer substantially as an entirety in accordance with Section 9.01, the successor Person formed
by such consolidation or into which the Issuer is merged or to which such conveyance, transfer or lease is made shall succeed to, and
be substituted for, and may exercise every right and power of, the Issuer under this Indenture with the same effect as if such successor
Person had been named as the Issuer herein, and thereafter, except in the case of a lease, the predecessor Person shall be relieved of
all obligations and covenants under this Indenture and the Securities.
In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale,
lease or conveyance, such changes in phraseology and form (but not in substance) may be made in the Securities thereafter to be issued
as may be appropriate.
ARTICLE 10
SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE OF INDENTURE; DEFEASANCE; UNCLAIMED MONEYS
Section 10.01 Satisfaction and Discharge
of Indenture; Defeasance.
(a) If at any time
(i) the Issuer shall have paid or
caused to be paid the principal of and interest on and any Additional Amounts with respect to all the Securities of any series Outstanding
hereunder (other than Securities of such series which have been destroyed, lost or stolen and which have been replaced or paid as provided
in Section 2.09) as and when the same shall have become due and payable, or
(ii) the Issuer shall have delivered
to the Trustee for cancellation all Securities of any series theretofore authenticated (other than any Securities of such series which
shall have been destroyed, lost or stolen and which shall have been replaced or paid as provided in Section 2.09); or
(iii) in the case of any series
of Securities the exact amount (including the currency of payment) of principal of and interest and Additional Amounts due on which on
the dates referred to in clause (B) below can be determined at the time of making the deposit referred to in such clause,
(A) all the Securities of such
series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation shall have become due and payable, or are by their terms to become due
and payable within one year or are to be called for redemption within one year in accordance with their terms under arrangements satisfactory
to the Trustee for the giving of notice of redemption, and
(B) the Issuer shall have irrevocably
deposited or caused to be deposited with the Trustee as trust funds the entire amount (i) in the case of any series of Securities
the payments on which may only be made in Dollars, in Dollars (other than moneys repaid by the Trustee or any paying agent to the Issuer
in accordance with Section 10.04) and/or U.S. Government Obligations maturing as to principal and interest in such amounts and at
such times as will insure the availability of cash in such currency, or (ii) in the case of any series of Securities the payments
on which may only be made in a Foreign Currency, in such Foreign Currency (other than moneys repaid by the Trustee or any paying agent
to the Issuer in accordance with Section 10.04) and/or Foreign Government Obligations maturing as to principal and interest in such
amounts and at such times as will insure the availability of cash in such currency, in each case sufficient to pay on any subsequent
Interest Payment Date all interest due on such Interest Payment Date on the Securities of such series and to pay at maturity or upon
redemption all Securities of such series (in each case other than any Securities of such series which shall have been destroyed, lost
or stolen and which shall have been replaced or paid as provided in Section 2.09) not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation,
including principal, interest and Additional Amounts due or to become due to such date of maturity, as the case may be,
and if, in a case described in Section 10.01(a)(iii)(B), the
Issuer shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable hereunder by the Issuer, including amounts due the Trustee pursuant
to Section 6.06, with respect to Securities of such series, then this Indenture shall cease to be of further effect with respect
to Securities of such series (except as to (1) rights of registration of transfer, conversion and exchange of Securities of such
series and the Issuer’s right of optional redemption, (2) substitution of mutilated, defaced, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities,
(3) rights of Holders of Securities to receive, solely from the trust fund described in Section 10.01(a)(iii)(B), payments
of principal thereof and interest thereon, upon the original stated due dates therefor (but not upon acceleration) and remaining rights
of the Holders to receive, solely from the trust fund described in Section 10.01(a)(iii)(B), sinking fund payments, if any, (4) the
rights (including the Trustee’s rights under Section 10.05) and immunities of the Trustee hereunder and the Trustee’s
obligations under Sections 10.02 and 10.04 and (5) the obligations of the Issuer under Section 3.02), and the Trustee, on demand
of the Issuer accompanied by an Officer’s Certificate and an Opinion of Counsel which complies with Section 11.05 and at the
cost and expense of the Issuer, shall execute proper instruments acknowledging such satisfaction of and discharging this Indenture with
respect to such series. The Issuer agrees to reimburse the Trustee for any costs or expenses thereafter reasonably and properly incurred
and to compensate the Trustee for any services thereafter reasonably and properly rendered by the Trustee in connection with this Indenture
or the Securities of such series.
(b) The following subsection shall
apply to the Securities of each series unless specifically otherwise provided in a Board Resolution, Officer’s Certificate or indenture
supplemental hereto pursuant to Section 2.03. In addition to the right to discharge of the Indenture pursuant to subsection (a) above,
the Issuer, at its option and at any time, by written notice by an officer delivered to the Trustee, may elect to have all of its obligations
with respect to all Outstanding Securities of a series discharged (“Legal Defeasance”), such discharge to be effective
on the date that the conditions set forth in clauses (i) through (iv) and (vi) of Section 10.01(d) are satisfied,
and thereafter the Issuer shall be deemed to have paid and discharged the entire Debt on all the Securities of such series, and satisfied
all its other obligations under such Securities and this Indenture insofar as such Securities are concerned and this Indenture shall
cease to be of further effect with respect to Securities of such series (except as to (1) rights of registration of transfer, conversion
and exchange of Securities of such series, (2) substitution of apparently mutilated, defaced, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities,
(3) rights of Holders of Securities to receive, solely from the trust fund described in Section 10.01(d)(i), payments of principal
thereof, interest thereon and any Additional Amounts, upon the original Stated Maturities therefor (but not upon acceleration) and remaining
rights of the Holders to receive, solely from the trust fund described in Section 10.01(d)(i), sinking fund payments, if any, (4) the
rights (including the Trustee’s rights under Section 10.05) and immunities of the Trustee hereunder and the Trustee’s
obligations with respect to the Securities of such series under Sections 10.02 and 10.04 and (5) the obligations of the Issuer under
Section 3.02).
(c) The following subsection shall
apply to the Securities of each series unless specifically otherwise provided in a Board Resolution, Officer’s Certificate or indenture
supplemental hereto provided pursuant to Section 2.03. In addition to the right to discharge of the Indenture pursuant to subsection
(a) and to Legal Defeasance pursuant to subsection (b), above, the Issuer, at its option and at any time, by written notice executed
by an officer delivered to the Trustee, may elect to have its obligations under any covenant contained in this Indenture or in the Board
Resolution or supplemental indenture relating to such series pursuant to Section 2.03 discharged with respect to all Outstanding
Securities of a series, this Indenture and any indentures supplemental to this Indenture with respect to such series (“Covenant
Defeasance”), such discharge to be effective on the date the conditions set forth in clauses (i) through (iii) and
(v) through (vi) of Section 10.01(d) are satisfied, and such Securities shall thereafter be deemed to be not “Outstanding”
for the purposes of any direction, waiver, consent or declaration of Securityholders (and any consequences thereof) in connection with
such covenants, but shall continue to be “Outstanding” for all other purposes under this Indenture. For this purpose, such
Covenant Defeasance means that, with respect to the Outstanding Securities of a series, the Issuer may omit to comply with and shall
have no liability in respect of any term, condition or limitation set forth in any such covenant, whether directly or indirectly, by
reason of any reference elsewhere herein to any such covenant or by reason of reference in any such covenant to any other provision herein
or in any other document and such omission to comply shall not constitute an Event of Default under Section 5.01(c) or otherwise,
but except as specified in this Section 10.01(c), the remainder of the Issuer’s obligations under the Securities of such series,
this Indenture, and any indentures supplemental to this Indenture with respect to such series shall be unaffected thereby.
(d) The following shall be the
conditions to the application of Legal Defeasance (to the extent set forth in subsection (b)), or Covenant Defeasance (to the extent
set forth in subsection (c)) to the Securities of the applicable series:
(i) the Issuer irrevocably deposits
or causes to be deposited in trust with the Trustee or, at the option of the Trustee, with a trustee satisfactory to the Trustee and
the Company under the terms of an irrevocable trust agreement in form and substance satisfactory to the Trustee, (i) in the case
of any series of Securities the payments on which may only be made in Dollars, Dollars (other than moneys repaid by the Trustee or any
paying agent to the Issuer in accordance with Section 10.04) and/or U.S. Government Obligations maturing as to principal and interest
in such amounts and at such times as will insure the availability of cash in such currency, or (ii) in the case of any series of
Securities the payments on which may only be made in a Foreign Currency, such Foreign Currency (other than moneys repaid by the Trustee
or any paying agent to the Issuer in accordance with Section 10.04) and/or Foreign Government Obligations maturing as to principal
and interest in such amounts and at such times as will insure the availability of cash in such currency, in each case sufficient to pay
on any subsequent Interest Payment Date all interest due on such Interest Payment Date on the Securities of such series and to pay at
maturity or upon redemption all Securities of such series (in each case other than any Securities of such series which shall have been
destroyed, lost or stolen and which shall have been replaced or paid as provided in Section 2.09) not theretofore delivered to the
Trustee for cancellation, including principal, interest and Additional Amounts due or to become due to such date of maturity, as the
case may be;
(ii) the Issuer delivers to the
Trustee an Officer’s Certificate stating that all conditions precedent specified herein relating to Legal Defeasance or Covenant
Defeasance, as the case may be, have been complied with, and an Opinion of Counsel to the same effect;
(iii) no Event of Default under
subsection (a), (b), (d) or (e) of Section 5.01 shall have occurred and be continuing, and no event which with notice
or lapse of time or both would become such an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, on the date of such deposit;
(iv) in the event of an election
for Legal Defeasance under subsection (b), the Issuer shall have delivered to the Trustee an Opinion of Counsel stating that (A) the
Issuer has received from, or there has been published by, the Internal Revenue Service a ruling or (B) since the date of this instrument,
there has been a change in the applicable Federal income tax law, in either case (A) or (B) to the effect that, and based thereon
such opinion shall confirm that, the Holders of such Securities will not recognize gain or loss for Federal income tax purposes as a
result of the deposit, defeasance and discharge to be effected with respect to such Securities and will be subject to Federal income
tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the same times as would be the case if such deposit, defeasance and discharge were
not to occur;
(v) in the event of an election
for Covenant Defeasance under subsection (c), the Issuer shall have delivered to the Trustee an Opinion of Counsel to the effect that
the Holders of such Securities will not recognize gain or loss for Federal income tax purposes as a result of the deposit and Covenant
Defeasance to be effected with respect to such Securities and will be subject to Federal income tax on the same amount, in the same manner
and at the same times as would be the case if such deposit and Covenant Defeasance were not to occur; and
(vi) notwithstanding any other provisions
of this subsection (d), such defeasance shall be effected in compliance with any additional or substitute terms, conditions or limitations
that may be imposed on the Issuer pursuant to Section 2.03.
After such irrevocable deposit made pursuant to this Section 10.01(d) and
satisfaction of the other applicable conditions set forth in this subsection (d), the Trustee upon request shall execute proper instruments
acknowledging the discharge of the Issuer’s obligations pursuant to this Section 10.01.
Section 10.02 Application by Trustee of
Funds Deposited for Payment of Securities. Subject to Section 10.04, all moneys deposited with the Trustee (or other trustee)
pursuant to Section 10.01 shall be held in trust and applied by it to the payment, either directly or through any paying agent (including
the Issuer acting as its own paying agent), to the Holders of the particular Securities of such series for the payment or redemption
of which such moneys have been deposited with the Trustee, of all sums due and to become due thereon for principal and interest; but
such money need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required by law.
Section 10.03 Repayment of Moneys Held
by Paying Agent. In connection with the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture with respect to Securities of any series, all
moneys then held by any paying agent under the provisions of this Indenture with respect to such series of Securities shall, upon demand
of the Issuer, be repaid to it or paid to the Trustee and thereupon such paying agent shall be released from all further liability with
respect to such moneys.
Section 10.04 Return of Moneys Held by
Trustee and Paying Agent Unclaimed for Two Years. Any moneys deposited with or paid to the Trustee or any paying agent for the payment
of the principal of, interest on or additional amounts in respect of any Security of any series and not applied but remaining unclaimed
for two years after the date upon which such principal, interest or additional amount shall have become due and payable, shall be repaid
to the Issuer by the Trustee for such series or such paying agent, and the Holder of the Securities of such series shall thereafter look
only to the Issuer for any payment which such Holder may be entitled to collect, and all liability of the Trustee or any paying agent
with respect to such moneys shall thereupon cease.
Section 10.05 Indemnity for U.S. Government
Obligations and Foreign Government Obligations. The Issuer shall pay and indemnify the Trustee against any tax, fee or other charge
imposed on or assessed against the U.S. Government Obligations or Foreign Government Obligations deposited pursuant to Section 10.01
or the principal or interest received in respect of such obligations.
ARTICLE 11
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 11.01 No Recourse. No recourse
under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement of this Indenture, or of any Security, or for any claim based thereon or otherwise
in respect thereof, shall be had against any incorporator, stockholder, officer or director, past, present or future as such, of the
Issuer or of any predecessor or successor corporation, either directly or through the Issuer or any such predecessor or successor corporation,
whether by virtue of any constitution, statute or rule of law, or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise;
it being expressly understood that this Indenture and the obligations issued hereunder are solely corporate obligations, and that no
such personal liability whatever shall attach to, or is or shall be incurred by, the incorporators, stockholders, officers or directors
as such, of the Issuer or of any predecessor or successor corporation, or any of them, because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby
authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities
or implied therefrom; and that any and all such personal liability of every name and nature, either at common law or in equity or by
constitution or statute, of, and any and all such rights and claims against, every such incorporator, stockholder, officer or director
as such, because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements
contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom, are hereby expressly waived and released as a condition
of, and as a consideration for, the execution of this Indenture and the issuance of such Securities.
Section 11.02 Provisions of Indenture
for the Sole Benefit of Parties and Holders of Securities. Nothing in this Indenture or in the Securities, expressed or implied,
shall give or be construed to give to any person, firm or corporation, other than the parties hereto and their successors and the Holders
of the Securities any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under this Indenture or under any covenant or provision herein contained,
all such covenants and provisions being for the sole benefit of the parties hereto and their successors and of the Holders of the Securities.
Section 11.03 Successors and Assigns of
Issuer Bound by Indenture. All the covenants, stipulations, promises and agreements contained in this Indenture by or on behalf of
the Issuer shall bind its successors and assigns, whether so expressed or not.
Section 11.04 Notices and Demands on Issuer,
Trustee and Holders of Securities. Any notice or demand which by any provision of this Indenture is required or permitted to be given
or served by the Trustee or by the Holders of Securities to or on the Issuer may be delivered, given or served by being deposited postage
prepaid, first-class mail (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) addressed (until another address of the Issuer is filed
by the Issuer with the Trustee) to Voyager Therapeutics, Inc., 64 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Attn: Chief Financial
Officer. Any notice, direction, request or demand by the Issuer or any Holder of Securities to or upon the Trustee shall be deemed to
have been sufficiently given or made, for all purposes, if given or made at _______, _______, Attn: _______.
Where this Indenture provides for notice to Holders
of Securities, such notice shall be sufficiently given (unless otherwise herein expressly provided) if in writing and mailed, first-class
postage prepaid, to each Holder entitled thereto, at his, her or its last address as it appears in the Security register. In case, by
reason of the suspension of or irregularities in regular mail service, it shall be impracticable to mail notice of any event to Holders
of Securities when said notice is required to be given pursuant to any provision of this Indenture or of the Securities, then any manner
of giving such notice as shall be satisfactory to the Trustee shall be deemed to be a sufficient giving of such notice.
In case, by reason of the suspension of or irregularities
in regular mail service, it shall be impracticable to mail notice to the Issuer when such notice is required to be given pursuant to
any provision of this Indenture, then any manner of giving such notice as shall be satisfactory to the Trustee shall be deemed to be
a sufficient giving of such notice.
Where this Indenture provides for notice of any
event to a Holder of a Global Security, such notice shall be sufficiently given if given to the Depositary for such Security (or its
designee), pursuant to the Applicable Procedures of the Depositary, not later than the latest date, if any, and not earlier than the
earliest date, if any, prescribed for the giving of such notice.
Neither the failure to give notice, nor any defect
in any notice so given, to any particular Holder of a Security shall affect the sufficiency of such notice with respect to other Holders
of Securities given as provided above.
Where this Indenture provides for notice in any
manner, such notice may be waived in writing by the Person entitled to receive such notice either before or after the event, and such
waiver shall be the equivalent of such notice. Waivers of notice by Holders shall be filed with the Trustee, but such filing shall not
be a condition precedent to the validity of any action taken in reliance upon such waiver.
Section 11.05 Officer’s Certificates
and Opinions of Counsel; Statements to Be Contained Therein. Upon any application or demand by the Issuer to the Trustee to take
any action under any of the provisions of this Indenture, the Issuer shall furnish to the Trustee an Officer’s Certificate stating
that all conditions precedent provided for in this Indenture relating to the proposed action have been complied with and an Opinion of
Counsel stating that in the opinion of such counsel all such conditions precedent have been complied with, except that in the case of
any such application or demand as to which the furnishing of such documents is specifically required by any provision of this Indenture
relating to such particular application or demand, no additional certificate or opinion need be furnished.
Each certificate or opinion provided for in this
Indenture and delivered to the Trustee with respect to compliance with a condition or covenant provided for in this Indenture shall include
(a) a statement that the person making such certificate or opinion has read such covenant or condition, (b) a brief statement
as to the nature and scope of the examination or investigation upon which the statements or opinions contained in such certificate or
opinion are based, (c) a statement that, in the opinion of such person, he or she has made such examination or investigation as
is necessary to enable him or her to express an informed opinion as to whether or not such covenant or condition has been complied with
and (d) a statement as to whether or not, in the opinion of such person, such condition or covenant has been complied with.
Any certificate, statement or opinion of an officer
of the Issuer may be based, insofar as it relates to legal matters, upon a certificate or opinion of or representations by counsel, unless
such officer knows that the certificate or opinion or representations with respect to the matters upon which his or her certificate,
statement or opinion may be based as aforesaid are erroneous, or in the exercise of reasonable care should know that the same are erroneous.
Any certificate, statement or opinion of counsel may be based, insofar as it relates to factual matters, information with respect to
which is in the possession of the Issuer, upon the certificate, statement or opinion of or representations by an officer or officers
of the Issuer, unless such counsel knows that the certificate, statement or opinion or representations with respect to the matters upon
which his or her certificate, statement or opinion may be based as aforesaid are erroneous, or in the exercise of reasonable care should
know that the same are erroneous.
Any certificate, statement or opinion of an officer
of the Issuer or of counsel may be based, insofar as it relates to accounting matters, upon a certificate or opinion of or representations
by an accountant or firm of accountants in the employ of the Issuer, unless such officer or counsel, as the case may be, knows that the
certificate or opinion or representations with respect to the accounting matters upon which his or her certificate, statement or opinion
may be based as aforesaid are erroneous, or in the exercise of reasonable care should know that the same are erroneous.
Any certificate or opinion of any independent
firm of public accountants filed with and directed to the Trustee shall contain a statement that such firm is independent.
Section 11.06 Payments Due on Saturdays,
Sundays and Holidays. If the date of maturity of interest on or principal of the Securities of any series or the date fixed for redemption
or repayment of any such Security, or the last day on which a Holder has the right to convert any Security, shall not be a Business Day,
then payment of interest or principal, or any conversion, need not be made on such date, but may be made on the next succeeding Business
Day with the same force and effect as if made on the date of maturity or the date fixed for redemption or on such last day for conversion,
and no interest shall accrue for the period after such date.
Section 11.07 Conflict of Any Provision
of Indenture With Trust Indenture Act of 1939. If and to the extent that any provision of this Indenture limits, qualifies or conflicts
with another provision included in this Indenture by operation of Sections 310 to 317, inclusive, of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939,
such incorporated provision shall control.
Section 11.08 New York Law to Govern.
This Indenture and each Security shall be deemed to be a contract under the laws of the State of New York, and for all purposes shall
be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of such State without regard to any principle of conflict of laws that would
require or permit the application of the laws of any other jurisdiction, except as may otherwise be required by mandatory provisions
of law.
Section 11.09 Counterparts. This Indenture
may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original; but such counterparts shall together constitute but
one and the same instrument.
Section 11.10 Effect of Headings. The
Article and Section headings herein and the Table of Contents are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction
hereof.
Section 11.11 Actions by Successor.
Any act or proceeding by any provision of this Indenture authorized or required to be done or performed by any board of directors or
its equivalent, committee or officer of the Issuer shall and may be done and performed with like force and effect by the corresponding
board, committee or officer of any corporation that shall at the time be the lawful successor of the Issuer.
Section 11.12 Severability. In case
any one or more of the provisions contained in this Indenture or in the Securities of any series shall for any reason be held to be invalid,
illegal or unenforceable in any respect, such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability shall not affect any other provisions of this
Indenture or of such Securities, but this Indenture and such Securities shall be construed as if such invalid or illegal or unenforceable
provision had never been contained herein or therein.
ARTICLE 12
REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUNDS
Section 12.01 Applicability of Article.
The provisions of this Article shall be applicable to the Securities of any series which are redeemable before their maturity
or to any sinking fund for the retirement of Securities of a series, except as otherwise specified, as contemplated by Section 2.03
for Securities of such series.
Section 12.02 Notice of Redemption; Partial
Redemptions. Notice of redemption to the Holders of Securities of any series to be redeemed as a whole or in part at the option of
the Issuer shall be given by providing notice of such redemption at least 10 days and not more than 60 days prior to the date fixed for
redemption to such Holders of Securities of such series at their last addresses as they shall appear upon the Security register. Any
notice which is given in the manner herein provided shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the Holder
receives the notice. Failure to give notice or any defect in the notice to the Holder of any Security of a series designated for redemption
as a whole or in part shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other Security of such series.
The notice of redemption to each such Holder shall
specify the principal amount of each Security of such series held by such Holder to be redeemed, the date fixed for redemption, the redemption
price, the place or places of payment, that payment will be made upon presentation and surrender of such Securities, that such redemption
is pursuant to the mandatory or optional sinking fund, or both, if such be the case, that interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption
will be paid as specified in such notice and that on and after said date interest thereon or on the portions thereof to be redeemed will
cease to accrue and shall also specify, if applicable, the conversion price then in effect and the date on which the right to convert
such Securities or the portions thereof to be redeemed will expire. In case any Security of a series is to be redeemed in part only,
the notice of redemption shall state the portion of the principal amount thereof to be redeemed and shall state that on and after the
date fixed for redemption, upon surrender of such Security, a new Security or Securities of such series in principal amount equal to
the unredeemed portion thereof will be issued.
The notice of redemption of Securities of any
series to be redeemed at the option of the Issuer shall be given by the Issuer or, at the Issuer’s request, by the Trustee in the
name and at the expense of the Issuer.
On or before the redemption date specified in
the notice of redemption given as provided in this Section, the Issuer will deposit with the Trustee or with one or more paying agents
(or, if the Issuer is acting as its own paying agent, set aside, segregate and hold in trust as provided in Section 3.04) an amount
of money sufficient to redeem on the redemption date all the Securities of such series so called for redemption (other than those Securities
theretofore surrendered for conversion into Common Stock in accordance with their terms) at the appropriate redemption price, together
with accrued interest to the date fixed for redemption. If any Security called for redemption is converted pursuant hereto and in accordance
with the terms thereof, any money deposited with the Trustee or any paying agent or so segregated and held in trust for the redemption
of such Security shall be paid to the Issuer upon the Issuer’s request, or, if then held by the Issuer, shall be discharged from
such trust. The Issuer will deliver to the Trustee at least 10 days prior to the date the notice required to be delivered to the Holders
is to be sent (unless a shorter time period shall be acceptable to the Trustee) an Officer’s Certificate (which need not comply
with Section 11.05) stating the aggregate principal amount of Securities to be redeemed. In case of a redemption at the election
of the Issuer prior to the expiration of any restriction on such redemption, the Issuer shall deliver to the Trustee, prior to the giving
of any notice of redemption to Holders pursuant to this Section, an Officer’s Certificate stating that such restriction has been
complied with.
If less than all the Securities of a series are
to be redeemed, the Trustee shall select, in such manner as it shall deem appropriate and fair, Securities of such series to be redeemed
in whole or in part. Securities may be redeemed in part in multiples equal to the minimum authorized denomination for Securities of such
series or any multiple thereof. The Trustee shall promptly notify the Issuer in writing of the Securities of such series selected for
redemption and, in the case of any Securities of such series selected for partial redemption, the principal amount thereof to be redeemed.
For all purposes of this Indenture, unless the context otherwise requires, all provisions relating to the redemption of Securities of
any series shall relate, in the case of any Security redeemed or to be redeemed only in part, to the portion of the principal amount
of such Security which has been or is to be redeemed. If any Security selected for partial redemption is surrendered for conversion after
such selection, the converted portion of such Security shall be deemed (so far as may be possible) to be the portion selected for redemption.
Section 12.03 Payment of Securities Called
for Redemption. If notice of redemption has been given as above provided, the Securities or portions of Securities specified in such
notice shall become due and payable on the date and at the place stated in such notice at the applicable redemption price, together with
interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption, and on and after said date (unless the Issuer shall default in the payment of such
Securities at the redemption price, together with interest accrued to said date) interest on the Securities or portions of Securities
so called for redemption shall cease to accrue, and such Securities shall cease from and after the date fixed for redemption to be convertible
into Common Stock (to the extent otherwise convertible in accordance with their terms), if applicable, and cease to be entitled to any
benefit or security under this Indenture, and except as provided in the paragraph below, the Holders thereof shall have no right in respect
of such Securities except the right to receive the redemption price thereof and unpaid interest to the date fixed for redemption. On
presentation and surrender of such Securities at a place of payment specified in said notice, said Securities or the specified portions
thereof shall be paid and redeemed by the Issuer at the applicable redemption price, together with interest accrued thereon to the date
fixed for redemption; provided, that payment of interest becoming due on or prior to the date fixed for redemption shall be payable
to the Holders of such Securities registered as such on the relevant record date subject to the terms and provisions of Sections 2.03
and 2.07 hereof.
If any Security called for redemption shall not
be so paid upon surrender thereof for redemption, the principal shall, until paid or duly provided for, bear interest from the date fixed
for redemption at the rate of interest or Yield to Maturity (in the case of an Original Issue Discount Security) borne by such Security
and, if applicable, such Security shall remain convertible into Common Stock until the principal of such Security shall have been paid
or duly provided for.
Upon presentation of any Security redeemed in
part only, the Issuer shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver to or on the order of the Holder thereof, at the expense
of the Issuer, a new Security or Securities of such series, of authorized denominations, in principal amount equal to the unredeemed
portion of the Security so presented.
Section 12.04 Exclusion of Certain Securities
from Eligibility for Selection for Redemption. Securities shall be excluded from eligibility for selection for redemption if they
are identified by registration and certificate number in an Officer’s Certificate delivered to the Trustee at least 40 days prior
to the last date on which notice of redemption may be given as being owned of record and beneficially by, and not pledged or hypothecated
by either (a) the Issuer or (b) an entity specifically identified in such written statement as directly or indirectly controlling
or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Issuer.
Section 12.05 Mandatory and Optional Sinking
Funds. The minimum amount of any sinking fund payment provided for by the terms of the Securities of any series is herein referred
to as a “mandatory sinking fund payment”, and any payment in excess of such minimum amount provided for by the terms
of the Securities of any series is herein referred to as an “optional sinking fund payment”. The date on which a sinking
fund payment is to be made is herein referred to as the “sinking fund payment date”.
In lieu of making all or any part of any mandatory
sinking fund payment with respect to any series of Securities in cash, the Issuer may at its option (a) deliver to the Trustee Securities
of such series theretofore purchased or otherwise acquired (except upon redemption pursuant to the mandatory sinking fund) by the Issuer
or receive credit for Securities of such series (not previously so credited) theretofore purchased or otherwise acquired (except as aforesaid)
by the Issuer and delivered to the Trustee for cancellation pursuant to Section 2.10 and, if applicable, receive credit for Securities
(not previously so credited) converted into Common Stock and so delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, (b) receive credit for
optional sinking fund payments (not previously so credited) made pursuant to this Section, or (c) receive credit for Securities
of such series (not previously so credited) redeemed by the Issuer through any optional redemption provision contained in the terms of
such series. Securities so delivered or credited shall be received or credited by the Trustee at the sinking fund redemption price specified
in such Securities.
On or before the 60th day next preceding each
sinking fund payment date for any series, the Issuer will deliver to the Trustee an Officer’s Certificate (which need not contain
the statements required by Section 11.05) (a) specifying the portion of the mandatory sinking fund payment to be satisfied
by payment of cash and the portion to be satisfied by credit of Securities of such series and the basis for such credit, (b) stating
that none of the Securities of such series for which credit will be taken has theretofore been so credited, (c) stating that no
defaults in the payment of interest or Events of Default with respect to such series have occurred (which have not been waived or cured)
and are continuing and (d) stating whether or not the Issuer intends to exercise its right to make an optional sinking fund payment
with respect to such series and, if so, specifying the amount of such optional sinking fund payment which the Issuer intends to pay on
or before the next succeeding sinking fund payment date. Any Securities of such series to be credited and required to be delivered to
the Trustee in order for the Issuer to be entitled to credit therefor as aforesaid which have not theretofore been delivered to the Trustee
shall be delivered for cancellation pursuant to Section 2.10 to the Trustee with such Officer’s Certificate (or reasonably
promptly thereafter if acceptable to the Trustee). Such Officer’s Certificate shall be irrevocable and upon its receipt by the
Trustee the Issuer shall become unconditionally obligated to make all the cash payments or payments therein referred to, if any, on or
before the next succeeding sinking fund payment date. Failure of the Issuer, on or before any such 60th day, to deliver such Officer’s
Certificate and Securities specified in this paragraph, if any, shall not constitute a default but shall constitute, on and as of such
date, the irrevocable election of the Issuer that the mandatory sinking fund payment for such series due on the next succeeding sinking
fund payment date shall be paid entirely in cash without the option to deliver or credit Securities of such series in respect thereof.
If the sinking fund payment or payments (mandatory
or optional or both) to be made in cash on the next succeeding sinking fund payment date plus any unused balance of any preceding sinking
fund payments made in cash shall exceed $50,000 (or the equivalent thereof in any Foreign Currency or a lesser sum in Dollars or in any
Foreign Currency if the Issuer shall so request) with respect to the Securities of any particular series, such cash shall be applied
on the next succeeding sinking fund payment date to the redemption of Securities of such series at the sinking fund redemption price
together with accrued interest to the date fixed for redemption. If such amount shall be $50,000 (or the equivalent thereof in any Foreign
Currency) or less and the Issuer makes no such request then it shall be carried over until a sum in excess of $50,000 (or the equivalent
thereof in any Foreign Currency) is available, which delay in accordance with this paragraph shall not be a default or breach of the
obligation to make such payment. The Trustee shall select, in the manner provided in Section 12.02, for redemption on such sinking
fund payment date a sufficient principal amount of Securities of such series to which such cash may be applied, as nearly as may be,
and shall (if requested in writing by the Issuer) inform the Issuer of the serial numbers of the Securities of such series (or portions
thereof) so selected. The Trustee, in the name and at the expense of the Issuer (or the Issuer, if it shall so request the Trustee in
writing), shall cause notice of redemption of the Securities of such series to be given in substantially the manner provided in Section 12.02
(and with the effect provided in Section 12.03) for the redemption of Securities of such series in part at the option of the Issuer.
The amount of any sinking fund payments not so applied or allocated to the redemption of Securities of such series shall be added to
the next cash sinking fund payment for such series and, together with such payment, shall be applied in accordance with the provisions
of this Section. Any and all sinking fund moneys held on the stated maturity date of the Securities of any particular series (or earlier,
if such maturity is accelerated), which are not held for the payment or redemption of particular Securities of such series, shall be
applied, together with other moneys, if necessary, sufficient for the purpose, to the payment of the principal of, and interest on, the
Securities of such series at maturity. The Issuer’s obligation to make a mandatory or optional sinking fund payment shall automatically
be reduced by an amount equal to the sinking fund redemption price allocable to any Securities or portions thereof called for redemption
pursuant to the preceding paragraph on any sinking fund payment date and converted into Common Stock in accordance with the terms of
such Securities; provided that, if the Trustee is not the conversion agent for the Securities, the Issuer or such conversion agent
shall give the Trustee written notice on or prior to the date fixed for redemption of the principal amount of Securities or portions
thereof so converted.
On or before each sinking fund payment date, the
Issuer shall pay to the Trustee in cash or shall otherwise provide for the payment of all interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption
on Securities to be redeemed on such sinking fund payment date.
The Trustee shall not redeem or cause to be redeemed
any Securities of a series with sinking fund moneys or give any notice of redemption of Securities for such series by operation of the
sinking fund during the continuance of a default in payment of interest on such Securities or of any Event of Default except that, where
providing notice of redemption of any Securities shall theretofore have been made, the Trustee shall redeem or cause to be redeemed such
Securities, provided that it shall have received from the Issuer a sum sufficient for such redemption. Except as aforesaid, any moneys
in the sinking fund for such series at the time when any such default or Event of Default shall occur, and any moneys thereafter paid
into the sinking fund, shall, during the continuance of such default or Event of Default, be deemed to have been collected under Article 5
and held for the payment of all such Securities. In case such Event of Default shall have been waived as provided in Section 5.10,
or the default cured on or before the 60th day preceding the sinking fund payment date in any year, such moneys shall thereafter be applied
on such sinking fund payment date in accordance with this Section to the redemption of such Securities.
[Signature pages follow]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Indenture
to be duly executed as of _____________.
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VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC. |
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Name: |
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Title: |
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Attest: |
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By: |
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Name: |
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Title: |
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_____________, Trustee |
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By: |
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Name: |
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Title: |
Exhibit 4.5
VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC.
and
Trustee
INDENTURE
Dated as of _______________
SUBORDINATED DEBT SECURITIES
CROSS-REFERENCE TABLE (1)
Section of Trust Indenture Act
of 1939, as amended |
|
Section of
Indenture |
| 310(a) |
|
6.09 |
| 310(b) |
|
6.08
6.10 |
| 310(c) |
|
Inapplicable |
| 311(a) |
|
6.13 |
| 311(b) |
|
6.13 |
| 311(c) |
|
Inapplicable |
| 312(a) |
|
4.01
4.04 |
| 312(b) |
|
4.04(c) |
| 312(c) |
|
4.04(c) |
| 313(a) |
|
4.03 |
| 313(b) |
|
4.03 |
| 313(c) |
|
4.03 |
| 313(d) |
|
4.03 |
| 314(a) |
|
4.02 |
| 314(b) |
|
Inapplicable |
| 314(c) |
|
2.04
8.04
9.01(c)
10.01(b)
11.05 |
| 314(d) |
|
Inapplicable |
| 314(e) |
|
11.05 |
| 314(f) |
|
Inapplicable |
| 315(a) |
|
6.01
6.02 |
| 315(b) |
|
5.11 |
| 315(c) |
|
6.01 |
| 315(d) |
|
6.01
6.02 |
| 315(e) |
|
5.12 |
| 316(a) |
|
5.09
5.10
7.04 |
| 316(b) |
|
5.06
5.10 |
| 316(c) |
|
7.02 |
| 317(a) |
|
5.04 |
| 317(b) |
|
3.04 |
| 318(a) |
|
11.07 |
(1) This Cross-Reference Table does not constitute part of the
Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms or provisions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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|
Page |
| ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS |
1 |
| Section 1.01 |
Certain Terms Defined |
1 |
| ARTICLE 2 SECURITIES |
6 |
| Section 2.01 |
Forms Generally |
6 |
| Section 2.02 |
Form of Trustee’s Certificate of Authentication |
6 |
| Section 2.03 |
Amount Unlimited; Issuable in Series |
6 |
| Section 2.04 |
Authentication and Delivery of Securities |
8 |
| Section 2.05 |
Execution of Securities |
9 |
| Section 2.06 |
Certificate of Authentication |
9 |
| Section 2.07 |
Denomination and Date of Securities; Payments of Interest |
9 |
| Section 2.08 |
Registration, Transfer and Exchange |
10 |
| Section 2.09 |
Mutilated, Defaced, Destroyed, Lost and Stolen Securities |
11 |
| Section 2.10 |
Cancellation of Securities; Destruction Thereof |
12 |
| Section 2.11 |
Temporary Securities |
12 |
| Section 2.12 |
CUSIP Numbers |
12 |
| ARTICLE 3 COVENANTS OF THE ISSUER |
13 |
| Section 3.01 |
Payment of Principal and Interest |
13 |
| Section 3.02 |
Offices for Payments, Etc. |
13 |
| Section 3.03 |
Appointment to Fill a Vacancy in Office of Trustee |
13 |
| Section 3.04 |
Paying Agents |
13 |
| Section 3.05 |
Written Statement to Trustee |
14 |
| ARTICLE 4 SECURITYHOLDERS LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE ISSUER AND THE TRUSTEE |
14 |
| Section 4.01 |
Issuer to Furnish Trustee Information as to Names and Addresses of Securityholders |
14 |
| Section 4.02 |
Reports by the Issuer |
14 |
| Section 4.03 |
Reports by the Trustee |
14 |
| Section 4.04 |
Preservation of Information; Communication with Securityholders |
15 |
| ARTICLE 5 REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT |
15 |
| Section 5.01 |
Event of Default Defined; Acceleration of Maturity; Waiver of Default |
15 |
| Section 5.02 |
Collection of Debt by Trustee; Trustee May Prove Debt |
16 |
| Section 5.03 |
Application of Proceeds |
18 |
| Section 5.04 |
Suits for Enforcement |
18 |
| Section 5.05 |
Restoration of Rights on Abandonment of Proceedings |
18 |
| Section 5.06 |
Limitations on Suits by Securityholders |
19 |
| Section 5.07 |
Unconditional Right of Securityholders to Institute Certain Suits |
19 |
| Section 5.08 |
Powers and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver of Default |
19 |
| Section 5.09 |
Control by Holders of Securities |
19 |
| Section 5.10 |
Waiver of Past Defaults |
20 |
| Section 5.11 |
Trustee to Give Notice of Default |
20 |
| Section 5.12 |
Right of Court to Require Filing of Undertaking to Pay Costs |
20 |
| ARTICLE 6 CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE |
20 |
| Section 6.01 |
Duties and Responsibilities of the Trustee; During Default; Prior to Default |
20 |
| Section 6.02 |
Certain Rights of the Trustee |
21 |
| Section 6.03 |
Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals, Disposition of Securities or Application of Proceeds Thereof |
22 |
| Section 6.04 |
Trustee and Agents May Hold Securities; Collections, Etc. |
22 |
| Section 6.05 |
Moneys Held by Trustee |
22 |
| Section 6.06 |
Compensation and Indemnification of Trustee and Its Prior Claim |
22 |
| Section 6.07 |
Right of Trustee to Rely on Officer’s Certificate, Etc. |
22 |
| Section 6.08 |
Disqualification; Conflicting Interests |
23 |
| Section 6.09 |
Persons Eligible for Appointment as Trustee |
23 |
| Section 6.10 |
Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor Trustee |
23 |
| Section 6.11 |
Acceptance of Appointment by Successor Trustee |
24 |
| Section 6.12 |
Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business of Trustee |
24 |
| Section 6.13 |
Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Issuer |
25 |
| ARTICLE 7 CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS |
25 |
| Section 7.01 |
Evidence of Action Taken by Securityholders |
25 |
| Section 7.02 |
Proof of Execution of Instruments and of Holding of Securities |
25 |
| Section 7.03 |
Holders to Be Treated as Owners |
25 |
| Section 7.04 |
Securities Owned by Issuer Deemed Not Outstanding |
25 |
| Section 7.05 |
Right of Revocation of Action Taken |
26 |
| ARTICLE 8 SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES |
26 |
| Section 8.01 |
Supplemental Indentures Without Consent of Securityholders |
26 |
| Section 8.02 |
Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders |
27 |
| Section 8.03 |
Effect of Supplemental Indenture |
28 |
| Section 8.04 |
Documents to Be Given to Trustee |
28 |
| Section 8.05 |
Notation on Securities in Respect of Supplemental Indentures |
28 |
| ARTICLE 9 CONSOLIDATION, MERGER, SALE OR CONVEYANCE |
29 |
| Section 9.01 |
Issuer May Consolidate, Etc., on Certain Terms |
29 |
| Section 9.02 |
Successor Issuer Substituted |
29 |
| ARTICLE 10 SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE OF INDENTURE; DEFEASANCE; UNCLAIMED MONEYS |
29 |
| Section 10.01 |
Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture; Defeasance |
29 |
| Section 10.02 |
Application by Trustee of Funds Deposited for Payment of Securities |
32 |
| Section 10.03 |
Repayment of Moneys Held by Paying Agent |
32 |
| Section 10.04 |
Return of Moneys Held by Trustee and Paying Agent Unclaimed for Two Years |
32 |
| Section 10.05 |
Indemnity for U.S. Government Obligations and Foreign Government Obligations |
32 |
| ARTICLE 11 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS |
33 |
| Section 11.01 |
No Recourse |
33 |
| Section 11.02 |
Provisions of Indenture for the Sole Benefit of Parties and Holders of Securities |
33 |
| Section 11.03 |
Successors and Assigns of Issuer Bound by Indenture |
33 |
| Section 11.04 |
Notices and Demands on Issuer, Trustee and Holders of Securities |
33 |
| Section 11.05 |
Officer’s Certificates and Opinions of Counsel; Statements to Be Contained Therein |
34 |
| Section 11.06 |
Payments Due on Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays |
34 |
| Section 11.07 |
Conflict of Any Provision of Indenture With Trust Indenture Act of 1939 |
34 |
| Section 11.08 |
New York Law to Govern |
35 |
| Section 11.09 |
Counterparts |
35 |
| Section 11.10 |
Effect of Headings |
35 |
| Section 11.11 |
Actions by Successor |
35 |
| Section 11.12 |
Severability |
35 |
| ARTICLE 12 REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUNDS |
35 |
| Section 12.01 |
Applicability of Article |
35 |
| Section 12.02 |
Notice of Redemption; Partial Redemptions |
35 |
| Section 12.03 |
Payment of Securities Called for Redemption |
36 |
| Section 12.04 |
Exclusion of Certain Securities from Eligibility for Selection for Redemption |
36 |
| Section 12.05 |
Mandatory and Optional Sinking Funds |
37 |
| ARTICLE 13 SUBORDINATION OF SECURITIES |
38 |
| Section 13.01 |
Agreement of Subordination |
38 |
| Section 13.02 |
Payments to Securityholders |
38 |
| Section 13.03 |
Subrogation of Securities |
39 |
| Section 13.04 |
Authorization by Securityholders |
40 |
| Section 13.05 |
Notice to Trustee |
40 |
| Section 13.06 |
Trustee’s Relation to Senior Indebtedness |
41 |
| Section 13.07 |
No Impairment of Subordination |
41 |
| Section 13.08 |
Rights of Trustee |
41 |
THIS INDENTURE, dated as of _________, between
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Issuer”), and _________, a _________ (the “Trustee”),
W I T N E S S E T H:
WHEREAS, the Issuer may from time to time duly
authorize the issue of its unsecured subordinated debentures, notes or other evidences of indebtedness to be issued in one or more series
(the “Securities”) up to such principal amount or amounts as may from time to time be authorized in accordance with
the terms of this Indenture;
WHEREAS, the Issuer has duly authorized the execution
and delivery of this Indenture to provide, among other things, for the authentication, delivery and administration of the Securities;
and
WHEREAS, all things necessary to make this Indenture
a valid indenture and agreement according to its terms have been done;
NOW, THEREFORE:
In consideration of the premises and the purchases
of the Securities by the holders thereof, the Issuer and the Trustee mutually covenant and agree for the equal and proportionate benefit
of the respective holders from time to time of the Securities as follows:
ARTICLE 1
DEFINITIONS
Section 1.01 Certain Terms Defined. The
following terms (except as otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise clearly requires) for all purposes of this Indenture
and of any indenture supplemental hereto shall have the respective meanings specified in this Section. All other terms used in this Indenture
that are defined in the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 or the definitions of which in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended are referred
to in the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, including terms defined therein by reference to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (except
as herein otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise clearly requires), shall have the meanings assigned to such terms
in said Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and in said Securities Act of 1933 as in force at the date of this Indenture. All accounting terms
used herein and not expressly defined shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles, and the term “generally accepted accounting principles” means such accounting principles as are generally
accepted in the United States at the time of any computation. The words “herein”, “hereof” and “hereunder”
and other words of similar import refer to this Indenture as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section or other subdivision.
The terms defined in this Article have the meanings assigned to them in this Article and include the plural as well as the singular.
“Additional Amounts” means any
additional amounts that are required by this Indenture or by any Security, under circumstances specified herein or therein, to be paid
by the Issuer in respect of certain taxes, assessments or other governmental charges imposed on Holders specified therein and which are
owing to such Holders.
“Applicable Procedures” means,
with respect to a Depositary, as to any matter at any time, the policies and procedures of such Depositary, if any, that are applicable
to such matter at such time.
“Board of Directors” means either
the Board of Directors of the Issuer or any committee of such Board duly authorized to act on its behalf.
“Board Resolution” means a copy
of one or more resolutions, certified by the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Issuer to have been duly adopted by the Board
of Directors and to be in full force and effect, and delivered to the Trustee.
“Business Day” means, with respect
to any Security, a day that in the city (or in any of the cities, if more than one) in which amounts are payable, as specified in the
form of such Security, is not a day on which banking institutions are authorized or required by law or regulation to close.
“Capital Stock” means (a) in
the case of a corporation, corporate stock; (b) in the case of an association or business entity, any and all shares, interests,
participations, rights or other equivalents (however designated) of corporate stock; (c) in the case of a partnership or limited
liability company, partnership interests (whether general or limited) or membership interests; and (d) any other interest or participation
that confers on a Person the right to receive a share of the profits and losses of, or distributions of assets of, the issuing Person,
but excluding from all of the foregoing any Debt securities convertible into Capital Stock, whether or not such Debt securities include
any right of participation with Capital Stock.
“Commission” means the Securities
and Exchange Commission, as from time to time constituted, created under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or if at any time after
the execution and delivery of this Indenture such Commission is not existing and performing the duties now assigned to it under the Trust
Indenture Act of 1939, then the body performing such duties on such date.
“Common Stock” means shares
of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the Issuer as the same exists at the date of execution and delivery of this Indenture
or as such stock may be reconstituted from time to time.
“Corporate Trust Office” means
the office of the Trustee at which the corporate trust business of the Trustee shall, at any particular time, be principally administered,
which office is, at the date as of which this Indenture is dated, located at _________.
“Debt” of any Person means any
debt for money borrowed which is created, assumed, incurred or guaranteed in any manner by such Person or for which such Person is otherwise
responsible or liable, and shall expressly include any such guaranty thereof by such Person. For the purpose of computing the amount of
the Debt of any Person there shall be excluded all Debt of such Person for the payment or redemption or satisfaction of which money or
securities (or evidences of such Debt, if permitted under the terms of the instrument creating such Debt) in the necessary amount shall
have been deposited in trust with the proper depositary, whether upon or prior to the maturity or the date fixed for redemption of such
Debt; and, in any instance where Debt is so excluded, for the purpose of computing the assets of such Person there shall be excluded the
money, securities or evidences of Debt deposited by such Person in trust for the purpose of paying or satisfying such Debt.
“Depositary” means, with respect
to the Securities of any series issuable or issued in the form of one or more Global Securities, the Person designated as Depositary by
the Issuer pursuant to Section 2.04 until a successor Depositary shall have become such pursuant to the applicable provisions of
this Indenture, and thereafter “Depositary” shall mean or include each Person who is then a Depositary hereunder, and
if at any time there is more than one such Person, “Depositary” as used with respect to the Securities of any such
series shall mean the Depositary with respect to the Global Securities of that series.
“Dollar” means the currency
of the United States of America as at the time of payment is legal tender for the payment of public and private debts.
“Event of Default” means any
event or condition specified as such in Section 5.01.
“Foreign Currency” means a currency
issued by the government of a country other than the United States.
“Foreign Government Obligation”
means (a) a direct obligation of the government of a country other than the United States of America, backed by the full faith and
credit of such government, (b) an obligation of a Person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality of
such government, the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by such government or (c) any
depositary receipt issued by a bank (as defined in Section 3(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933) as custodian with respect
to any Foreign Government Obligation which is specified in clause (a) and held by such bank for the account of the holder of such
depositary receipt, or with respect to any specific payment of principal of or interest on any such Foreign Government Obligation which
is so specified and held, provided that (except as required by law) such custodian is not authorized to make any deduction from the amount
payable to the holder of such depositary receipt from any amount received by the custodian in respect of the Foreign Government Obligation
or the specific payment of principal or interest evidenced by such depositary receipt.
“Global Security” means a Security
evidencing all or a part of a series of Securities, issued to the Depositary for such series in accordance with Section 2.04, and
bearing the legend prescribed in Section 2.04.
“Holder”, “holder”,
“holder of Securities”, “Securityholder” or other similar terms mean the Person in whose name such
Security is registered in the Security register kept by the Issuer for that purpose in accordance with the terms hereof.
“Indenture” means this instrument
as originally executed and delivered or, if amended or supplemented as herein provided, as so amended or supplemented or both, and shall
include the forms and terms of particular series of Securities established as contemplated hereunder.
“interest”, unless the context
otherwise requires, refers to interest, and when used with respect to non-interest bearing Securities, refers to interest payable after
maturity, if any.
“Interest Payment Date”, with
respect to any Security, means the Stated Maturity of an installment of interest on such Security.
“Issuer” means Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.,
a Delaware corporation, and, subject to Article 9, its successors and assigns.
“Issuer Order” means a written
statement, request or order of the Issuer signed in its name by the chairman of the Board of Directors, the president or any vice president
of the Issuer.
“Notice of Default” shall have
the meaning set forth in Section 5.01(c).
“Officer’s Certificate”
means a certificate signed by the chairman of the Board of Directors, the president, any vice president, the treasurer, the secretary
or any assistant secretary of the Issuer and delivered to the Trustee. Each such certificate shall comply with Section 314 of the
Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and, except to the extent provided herein, shall include the statements provided for in Section 11.05.
“Opinion of Counsel” means an
opinion in writing signed by the general corporate counsel or such other legal counsel who may be an employee of or counsel to the Issuer
and who shall be satisfactory to the Trustee. Each such opinion shall comply with Section 314 of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939
and shall include the statements provided for in Section 11.05, if and to the extent required hereby.
“original issue date” of any
Security (or portion thereof) means the earlier of (a) the date of such Security or (b) the date of any Security (or portion
thereof) for which such Security was issued (directly or indirectly) on registration of transfer, exchange or substitution.
“Original Issue Discount Security”
means any Security that provides for an amount less than the principal amount thereof to be due and payable upon a declaration of acceleration
of the maturity thereof pursuant to Section 5.01.
“Outstanding”, when used with
reference to Securities, shall, subject to the provisions of Section 7.04, mean, as of any particular time, all Securities authenticated
and delivered by the Trustee under this Indenture, except
(a) Securities theretofore cancelled by the
Trustee or delivered to the Trustee for cancellation;
(b) Securities, or portions thereof, for the
payment or redemption of which cash, U.S. Government Obligations or Foreign Government Obligations (as provided for in Section 10.01(a) and
Section 10.01(b)) in the necessary amount shall have been deposited in trust with the Trustee or with any paying agent (other than
the Issuer) or shall have been set aside, segregated and held in trust by the Issuer for the Holders of such Securities (if the Issuer
shall act as its own paying agent); provided, that if such Securities, or portions thereof, are to be redeemed prior to the maturity
thereof, notice of such redemption shall have been given as herein provided, or provision satisfactory to the Trustee shall have been
made for giving such notice;
(c) Securities as to which Legal Defeasance
shall have been effected pursuant to Section 10.01(b);
(d) Securities in substitution for which other
Securities shall have been authenticated and delivered, or which shall have been paid, pursuant to the terms of Section 2.09 (except
with respect to any such Security as to which proof satisfactory to the Trustee is presented that such Security is held by a Person in
whose hands such Security is a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Issuer), Securities converted into Common Stock pursuant hereto
and Securities not deemed outstanding pursuant to Section 12.02; and
(e) Securities as to which any property deliverable
upon conversion thereof has been delivered (or such delivery has been made available), or as to which any other particular conditions
have been satisfied, in each case as may be provided for such Securities as contemplated in Section 2.03.
In determining whether the Holders of the requisite
principal amount of Outstanding Securities of any or all series have given any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent
or waiver hereunder, (A) the principal amount of an Original Issue Discount Security that shall be deemed to be Outstanding for such
purposes shall be the amount of the principal thereof that would be due and payable as of the date of such determination upon a declaration
of acceleration of the maturity thereof pursuant to Section 5.01, (B) if, as of such date, the principal amount payable at the
Stated Maturity of a Security is not determinable, the principal amount of such Security which shall be deemed to be Outstanding shall
be the amount as specified or determined as contemplated by Section 2.03, and (C) the principal amount of a Security denominated
in one or more foreign currencies, composite currencies or currency units which shall be deemed to be Outstanding shall be the U.S. dollar
equivalent, determined as of such date in the manner provided as contemplated by Section 2.03, of the principal amount of such Security
(or, in the case of a Security described in clause (A) or (B) above, of the amount determined as provided in such clause).
“Person” means any individual,
corporation, partnership, limited partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, association, joint stock company, trust, unincorporated
organization or government or any agency or political subdivision thereof.
“principal” whenever used with
reference to the Securities or any Security or any portion thereof, shall be deemed to include “and premium, if any”.
“record date” shall have the
meaning set forth in Section 2.07.
“Responsible Officer”, when
used with respect to the Trustee, means the chairman of the board of directors, any vice chairman of the board of directors, the chairman
of the trust committee, the chairman of the executive committee, any vice chairman of the executive committee, the president, any vice
president, the cashier, the secretary, the treasurer, any trust officer, any assistant trust officer, any assistant vice president, any
assistant cashier, any assistant secretary, any assistant treasurer, or any other officer or assistant officer of the Trustee customarily
performing functions similar to those performed by the persons who at the time shall be such officers, respectively, or to whom any corporate
trust matter is referred because of his or her knowledge of and familiarity with the particular subject.
“Security” or “Securities”
has the meaning stated in the first recital of this Indenture, or, as the case may be, Securities that have been authenticated and delivered
under this Indenture.
“Security Registrar” shall have
the meaning set forth in Section 4.01(b).
“Senior Indebtedness” of a Person
means the principal of, premium, if any, interest on, and any other payment due pursuant to any of the following, whether outstanding
at the date hereof or hereafter incurred or created:
(a) all of the indebtedness of that Person for
money borrowed;
(b) all of the indebtedness of that Person evidenced
by notes, debentures, bonds or other securities sold by that Person for money;
(c) all of the lease obligations which are capitalized
on the books of that Person in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(d) all indebtedness of others of the kinds
described in either of the preceding clauses (a) or (b) above and all lease obligations of others of the kind described in the
preceding clause (c) above that the Person, in any manner, assumes or guarantees or that the Person in effect guarantees through
an agreement to purchase, whether that agreement is contingent or otherwise; and
(e) all renewals, extensions or refundings of
indebtedness of the kinds described in any of the preceding clauses (a), (b) and (d) and all renewals or extensions of leases
of the kinds described in either of the preceding clauses (c) or (d) above;
unless, in the case of any particular indebtedness, lease, renewal,
extension or refunding, the instrument or lease creating or evidencing it or the assumption or guarantee relating to it expressly provides
that such indebtedness, lease, renewal, extension or refunding is not superior in right of payment to the Securities.
“Stated Maturity”, with respect
to any Security or any installment of principal thereof or interest thereon or any Additional Amounts with respect thereto, means the
date established by or pursuant to this Indenture or such Security as the fixed date on which the principal of such Security or such installment
of principal or interest is, or such Additional Amounts are, due and payable.
“Subsidiary” means any corporation
or other entity (including, without limitation, partnerships, limited liability companies, joint ventures and associations) of which at
least a majority of the outstanding Capital Stock having by the terms thereof (without regard to the occurrence or any contingency) ordinary
voting power for the election of directors (or persons performing similar functions) of such corporation or other entity (irrespective
of whether or not at the time the Capital Stock of any other class or classes of such corporation or other entity shall have or might
have voting power by reason of the occurrence of any such contingency) is at the time directly or indirectly owned by the Issuer, or by
one or more Subsidiaries of the Issuer, or by the Issuer and one or more other Subsidiaries of the Issuer.
“Trust Indenture Act of 1939”
(except as otherwise provided in Sections 8.01 and 8.02) means the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 as in force at the date as of which this
Indenture was originally executed.
“Trustee” means the Person identified
as “Trustee” in the first paragraph hereof and, subject to the provisions of Article 6, shall also include any
successor trustee. “Trustee” shall also mean or include each Person who is then a trustee hereunder and if at any time
there is more than one such Person, “Trustee” as used with respect to the Securities of any series shall mean the trustee
with respect to the Securities of such series.
“U.S. Government Obligation”
means (a) a direct obligation of the United States of America, backed by its full faith and credit, or (b) an obligation of
a Person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality of the United States of America, the payment of which
is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by the United States of America.
“vice president”, when used
with respect to the Issuer or the Trustee, means any vice president, whether or not designated by a number or a word or words added before
or after the title of “vice president”.
“Yield to Maturity” means the
yield to maturity on a series of securities, calculated at the time of issuance of such series, or, if applicable, at the most recent
redetermination of interest on such series, and calculated in accordance with accepted financial practice.
ARTICLE 2
SECURITIES
Section 2.01 Forms Generally. The Securities
of each series shall be substantially in such form (not inconsistent with this Indenture) as shall be established by or pursuant to one
or more Board Resolutions (as set forth in a Board Resolution or, to the extent established pursuant to (rather than set forth in) a Board
Resolution, an Officer’s Certificate detailing such establishment) or in one or more indentures supplemental hereto, in each case
with such appropriate insertions, omissions, substitutions and other variations as are required or permitted by this Indenture and may
have imprinted or otherwise reproduced thereon such legend or legends or endorsements, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Indenture,
as may be required to comply with any law or with any rules or regulations pursuant thereto, or with any rules of any securities
exchange or to conform to general usage, all as may be determined by the officers executing such Securities as evidenced by their execution
of such Securities.
The definitive Securities shall be printed, lithographed
or engraved on steel engraved borders or may be produced in any other manner, all as determined by the officers executing such Securities
as evidenced by their execution of such Securities.
Section 2.02 Form of Trustee’s
Certificate of Authentication. The Trustee’s certificate of authentication on all Securities shall be in substantially the following
form:
This is one of the Securities of the series designated
herein and referred to in the within-mentioned Indenture.
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as Trustee |
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Authorized Officer |
Section 2.03 Amount Unlimited; Issuable
in Series. The aggregate principal amount of Securities which may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture is unlimited.
The Securities may be issued in one or more series.
The terms of a series of Securities shall be established prior to the initial issuance thereof in or pursuant to one or more Board Resolutions,
or, to the extent established pursuant to (rather than set forth in) a Board Resolution, in an Officer’s Certificate detailing such
establishment and/or established in one or more indentures supplemental hereto. The terms of such series reflected in such Board Resolution,
Officer’s Certificate, or supplemental indenture may include the following or any additional or different terms:
(a) the designation of the Securities of the
series (which may be part of a series of Securities previously issued);
(b) any limit upon the aggregate principal amount
of the Securities of the series that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture (except for Securities authenticated and
delivered upon registration of transfer of, or in exchange for, or in lieu of, other Securities of the series pursuant to Section 2.08,
2.09, 2.11, 8.05 or 12.03);
(c) the date or dates on which the principal
of the Securities of the series is payable or the method used to determine those dates and the right, if any, to extend such date or dates;
(d) the rate or rates at which the Securities
of the series shall bear interest, if any or the method by which such rate or rates shall be determined; the record date or dates for
the determination of holders to whom interest is payable; the date or dates from which such interest shall accrue and on which such interest
shall be payable , or the method by which such date or dates shall be determined; the right, if any, to extend the interest payment periods
and the duration of that extension; and the basis upon which interest shall be calculated if other than that of a 360-day year of twelve
30-day months;
(e) the place or places where the principal
of and any interest on Securities of the series shall be payable (if other than as provided in Section 3.02);
(f) the obligation or the right, if any, of
the Issuer to redeem, purchase or repay Securities of the series pursuant to any mandatory redemption, sinking fund or analogous provisions
or at the option of a Holder thereof and the price or prices at which and the period or periods within which and any terms and conditions
upon which Securities of the series shall be redeemed, purchased or repaid, in whole or in part, pursuant to such obligation or right;
(g) if other than denominations of $2,000 and
any integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof, the denominations in which Securities of the series shall be issuable;
(h) if other than the principal amount thereof,
the portion of the principal amount of Securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity
thereof;
(i) if other than Dollars, the currency, currencies
or currency units in which the Securities of the series are denominated;
(j) if other than the currency in which the
Securities of the series are denominated, the currency in which payment of the principal of or interest on the Securities of such series
shall be payable;
(k) if the principal of or interest on the Securities
of the series is to be payable, at the election of the Issuer or a Holder thereof, in a currency other than that in which the Securities
are denominated, the period or periods within which, and the terms and conditions upon which, such election may be made;
(l) if the amount of payments of principal of
and interest on the Securities of the series may be determined by reference to an index based on a currency other than that in which the
Securities of the series are denominated, or by reference to one or more currency exchange rates, securities or baskets of securities,
commodity prices or indices, the manner in which such amounts shall be determined;
(m) the terms and conditions, if applicable,
upon which conversion or exchange of the Securities into Common Stock will be effected, including the initial conversion or exchange price
or rate and any adjustments thereto, the conversion or exchange period and other provisions in addition to or in lieu of those described
herein;
(n) if the Securities of the series may be issued
in exchange for surrendered Securities of another series, or for other securities of the Issuer, pursuant to the terms of such Securities
or securities or of any agreement entered into by the Issuer, the ratio of the principal amount of the Securities of the series to be
issued to the principal amount of the Securities or securities to be surrendered in exchange, and any other material terms of the exchange;
(o) if Sections 10.01(b) or 10.01(c) are
inapplicable to Securities of such series;
(p) whether and under what circumstances the
Issuer will pay Additional Amounts on the Securities and, if so, whether the Issuer will have the option to redeem such Securities rather
than pay such additional amounts;
(q) if the Securities of such series are to
be issuable in definitive form (whether upon original issue or upon exchange of a temporary Security of such series) only upon receipt
of certain certificates or other documents or satisfaction of other conditions, then the form and terms of such certificates, documents
or conditions;
(r) any trustees, authenticating
or paying agents, transfer agents or registrars or any other agents with respect to the Securities of such series;
(s) any other events of default
or covenants with respect to the Securities of such series in addition to or in lieu of those contained in this Indenture;
(t) the extent to which payments
on the Securities will be subordinated to the payment of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer; and
(u) any other terms of the series.
The Issuer may from time to time, without notice
to or the consent of the holders of any series of Securities, create and issue further Securities of any such series ranking equally with
the Securities of such series in all respects (or in all respects other than (1) the payment of interest accruing prior to the issue
date of such further Securities or (2) the first payment of interest following the issue date of such further Securities). Such further
Securities may be consolidated and form a single series with the Securities of such series and have the same terms as to status, redemption
or otherwise as the Securities of such series.
Section 2.04 Authentication and Delivery
of Securities. The Issuer may deliver Securities of any series executed by the Issuer to the Trustee for authentication together with
the applicable documents referred to below in this Section, and the Trustee shall thereupon authenticate and deliver such Securities to
or upon the order of the Issuer (contained in the Issuer Order referred to below in this Section) or pursuant to such procedures acceptable
to the Trustee and to such recipients as may be specified from time to time by an Issuer Order. The maturity date, original issue date,
interest rate and any other terms of the Securities of such series shall be determined by or pursuant to such Issuer Order and procedures.
If provided for in such procedures, such Issuer Order may authorize authentication and delivery pursuant to oral instructions from the
Issuer or its duly authorized agent, which instructions shall be promptly confirmed in writing. In authenticating such Securities and
accepting the additional responsibilities under this Indenture in relation to such Securities, the Trustee shall be entitled to receive,
and (subject to Section 6.01) shall be fully protected in relying upon:
(a) an Issuer Order requesting such authentication
and setting forth delivery instructions if the Securities are not to be delivered to the Issuer;
(b) any Board Resolution, Officer’s Certificate
and/or executed supplemental indenture referred to in Sections 2.01 and 2.03 by or pursuant to which the forms and terms of the Securities
were established;
(c) an Officer’s Certificate setting forth
the form or forms and terms of the Securities stating that the form or forms and terms of the Securities have been established pursuant
to Sections 2.01 and 2.03 and comply with this Indenture, and covering such other matters as the Trustee may reasonably request; and
(d) an Opinion of Counsel to the effect that:
(i) the form or forms and terms of
such Securities have been established pursuant to Sections 2.01 and 2.03 and comply with this Indenture,
(ii) the authentication and delivery
of such Securities by the Trustee are authorized under the provisions of this Indenture, and
(iii) such Securities when authenticated
and delivered by the Trustee and issued by the Issuer in the manner and subject to any conditions specified in such Opinion of Counsel,
will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Issuer,
and covering such other matters as the Trustee may reasonably request.
The Trustee shall have the right to decline to
authenticate and deliver any Securities under this Section if the Trustee, being advised by counsel, determines that such action
may not lawfully be taken by the Issuer or if the Trustee in good faith by its board of directors or board of trustees, executive committee,
or a trust committee of directors or trustees or Responsible Officers shall determine that such action would expose the Trustee to personal
liability to existing Holders or would affect the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under the Securities, this Indenture
or otherwise.
The Issuer shall execute and the Trustee shall,
in accordance with this Section with respect to the Securities of a series, authenticate and deliver one or more Global Securities
that (i) shall represent and shall be denominated in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount of all of the Securities of
such series issued and not yet cancelled, (ii) shall be registered in the name of the Depositary for such Global Security or Securities
or the nominee of such Depositary, (iii) shall be delivered by the Trustee to such Depositary or pursuant to such Depositary’s
instructions and (iv) shall bear a legend substantially to the following effect:
“UNLESS AND UNTIL IT IS EXCHANGED IN WHOLE
OR IN PART FOR SECURITIES IN DEFINITIVE REGISTERED FORM, THIS SECURITY MAY NOT BE TRANSFERRED EXCEPT AS A WHOLE BY THE DEPOSITARY
TO A NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY OR BY A NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY TO THE DEPOSITARY OR ANOTHER NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY OR BY THE DEPOSITARY
OR ANY SUCH NOMINEE TO A SUCCESSOR DEPOSITARY OR A NOMINEE OF SUCH SUCCESSOR DEPOSITARY.”
Each Depositary designated pursuant to this Section must,
at the time of its designation and at all times while it serves as Depositary, be a clearing agency registered under the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, as amended and any other applicable statute or regulation.
Section 2.05 Execution of Securities.
The Securities shall be signed on behalf of the Issuer by the chairman of its Board of Directors, any vice chairman of its Board of Directors,
its chief executive officer, its principal financial officer, its president, any vice president or its treasurer. Such signatures may
be the manual or facsimile signatures of the present or any future such officers. Typographical and other minor errors or defects in any
such reproduction of any such signature shall not affect the validity or enforceability of any Security that has been duly authenticated
and delivered by the Trustee.
In case any officer of the Issuer who shall have
signed any of the Securities shall cease to be such officer before the Security so signed shall be authenticated and delivered by the
Trustee or disposed of by the Issuer, such Security nevertheless may be authenticated and delivered or disposed of as though the person
who signed such Security had not ceased to be such officer of the Issuer; and any Security may be signed on behalf of the Issuer by such
persons as, at the actual date of the execution of such Security, shall be the proper officers of the Issuer, although at the date of
the execution and delivery of this Indenture any such person was not such an officer.
Section 2.06 Certificate of Authentication.
Only such Securities as shall bear thereon a certificate of authentication substantially in the form hereinbefore recited, executed by
the Trustee by the manual signature of one of its authorized officers, shall be entitled to the benefits of this Indenture or be valid
or obligatory for any purpose. The execution of such certificate by the Trustee upon any Security executed by the Issuer shall be conclusive
evidence that the Security so authenticated has been duly authenticated and delivered hereunder and that the Holder is entitled to the
benefits of this Indenture.
Section 2.07 Denomination and Date of Securities;
Payments of Interest. The Securities of each series shall be issuable in denominations established as contemplated by Section 2.03
or, if not so established, in denominations of $2,000 and any integral multiple of $1,000 thereof. The Securities of each series shall
be numbered, lettered or otherwise distinguished in such manner or in accordance with such plan as the officers of the Issuer executing
the same may determine with the approval of the Trustee, as evidenced by the execution and authentication thereof. Unless otherwise indicated
in a Board Resolution, Officer’s Certificate or supplemental indenture for a particular series, interest will be calculated on the
basis of a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months.
Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication.
The Securities of each series shall bear interest, if any, from the date, and such interest shall be payable on the dates, established
as contemplated by Section 2.03.
The Person in whose name any Security of any series
is registered at the close of business on any record date applicable to a particular series with respect to any Interest Payment Date
for such series shall be entitled to receive the interest, if any, payable on such Interest Payment Date notwithstanding any transfer,
exchange or conversion of such Security subsequent to the record date and prior to such Interest Payment Date, except if and to the extent
the Issuer shall default in the payment of the interest due on such Interest Payment Date for such series, in which case such defaulted
interest shall be paid to the Persons in whose names Outstanding Securities for such series are registered at the close of business on
a subsequent record date (which shall be not less than five Business Days prior to the date of payment of such defaulted interest) established
by notice given by or on behalf of the Issuer to the Holders of Securities not less than 15 days preceding such subsequent record date.
The term “record date” as used with respect to any Interest Payment Date (except a date for payment of defaulted interest)
for the Securities of any series shall mean the date specified as such in the terms of the Securities of such series established as contemplated
by Section 2.03, or, if no such date is so specified, if such Interest Payment Date is the first day of a calendar month, the 15th
day of the immediately preceding calendar month or, if such Interest Payment Date is the 15th day of a calendar month, the first day of
such calendar month, whether or not such record date is a Business Day.
Section 2.08 Registration, Transfer and
Exchange. The Issuer will keep at each office or agency to be maintained for the purpose as provided in Section 3.02 for each
series of Securities a register or registers in which, subject to such reasonable regulations as it may prescribe, it will provide for
the registration of Securities of such series and the registration of transfer of Securities of such series. Such register shall be in
written form in the English language or in any other form capable of being converted into such form within a reasonable time. At all reasonable
times such register or registers shall be open for inspection by the Trustee.
Upon due presentation for registration of transfer
of any Security of any series at any such office or agency to be maintained for the purpose as provided in Section 3.02, the Issuer
shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver in the name of the transferee or transferees a new Security or Securities
of the same series, maturity date, interest rate and original issue date in authorized denominations for a like aggregate principal amount.
At the option of the Holder thereof, Securities
of any series (except a Global Security) may be exchanged for a Security or Securities of such series having authorized denominations
and an equal aggregate principal amount, upon surrender of such Securities to be exchanged at the agency of the Issuer that shall be maintained
for such purpose in accordance with Section 3.02 and upon payment, if the Issuer shall so require, of the charges hereinafter provided.
Whenever any Securities are so surrendered for exchange, the Issuer shall execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, the
Securities which the Holder making the exchange is entitled to receive. All Securities surrendered upon any exchange or transfer provided
for in this Indenture shall be promptly cancelled and disposed of by the Trustee and the Trustee will deliver a certificate of disposition
thereof to the Issuer.
All Securities presented for registration of transfer,
exchange, redemption or payment shall (if so required by the Issuer or the Trustee) be duly endorsed by, or be accompanied by a written
instrument or instruments of transfer in form satisfactory to the Issuer and the Trustee duly executed by, the Holder or his or her attorney
duly authorized in writing.
The Issuer may require payment of a sum sufficient
to cover any stamp or other tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in connection with any exchange or registration of transfer
of Securities. No service charge shall be made for any such transaction.
The Issuer shall not be required to exchange or
register a transfer of (a) any Securities of any series for a period of 15 days immediately preceding the first delivery of notice
of redemption of Securities of such series to be redeemed or (b) any Securities selected, called or being called for redemption,
in whole or in part, except, in the case of any Security to be redeemed in part, the portion thereof not so to be redeemed.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Section 2.08,
unless and until it is exchanged in whole or in part for Securities in definitive registered form, a Global Security representing all
or a portion of the Securities of a series may not be transferred except as a whole by the Depositary for such series to a nominee of
such Depositary or by a nominee of such Depositary to such Depositary or another nominee of such Depositary or by such Depositary or any
such nominee to a successor Depositary for such series or a nominee of such successor Depositary.
If at any time the Depositary for the Securities
of a series notifies the Issuer that it is unwilling or unable to continue as Depositary for the Securities of such series or if at any
time the Depositary for the Securities of a series shall no longer be eligible under Section 2.04, the Issuer shall appoint a successor
Depositary with respect to the Securities of such series. If a successor Depositary for the Securities of such series is not appointed
by the Issuer within 90 days after the Issuer receives such notice or becomes aware of such ineligibility, the Issuer’s determination
pursuant to Section 2.03 that the Securities of such series be represented by a Global Security shall no longer be effective and
the Issuer will execute, and the Trustee, upon receipt of an Officer’s Certificate for the authentication and delivery of definitive
Securities of such series, will authenticate and deliver, Securities of such series in definitive registered form, in any authorized denominations,
in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security or Securities representing the Securities of such
series, in exchange for such Global Security or Securities.
The Issuer may at any time and in its sole discretion
determine that the Securities of any series issued in the form of one or more Global Securities shall no longer be represented by a Global
Security or Securities. In such event the Issuer will execute, and the Trustee, upon receipt of an Officer’s Certificate for the
authentication and delivery of definitive Securities of such series, will authenticate and deliver, Securities of such series in definitive
registered form, in any authorized denominations, in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security
or Securities representing such series, in exchange for such Global Security or Securities.
The Depositary for such Global Security may surrender
such Global Security in exchange in whole or in part for Securities of the same series in definitive registered form in accordance with
the two preceding paragraphs or on such other terms as are acceptable to the Issuer and such Depositary. Thereupon, the Issuer shall execute,
and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, without service charge,
(i) to the Person specified by such
Depositary a new Security or Securities of the same series, of any authorized denominations as requested by such Person, in an aggregate
principal amount equal to and in exchange for such Person’s beneficial interest in the Global Security; and
(ii) to such Depositary a new Global
Security in a denomination equal to the difference, if any, between the principal amount of the surrendered Global Security and the aggregate
principal amount of Securities authenticated and delivered pursuant to clause (i) above.
Upon the exchange of a Global Security for Securities
in definitive registered form, in authorized denominations, such Global Security shall be cancelled by the Trustee. Securities in definitive
registered form issued in exchange for a Global Security pursuant to this Section 2.08 shall be registered in such names and in such
authorized denominations as the Depositary for such Global Security, pursuant to instructions from its direct or indirect participants
or otherwise, shall instruct the Trustee. The Trustee shall deliver such Securities to or as directed by the Persons in whose names such
Securities are so registered.
All Securities issued upon any transfer or exchange
of Securities shall be valid obligations of the Issuer, evidencing the same debt, and entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture,
as the Securities surrendered upon such transfer or exchange.
Section 2.09 Mutilated, Defaced, Destroyed,
Lost and Stolen Securities. In case any temporary or definitive Security shall become mutilated or defaced or be destroyed, lost or
stolen, the Issuer in its discretion may execute, and upon the written request of any officer of the Issuer, the Trustee shall authenticate
and deliver a new Security of the same series, maturity date, interest rate and original issue date, bearing a number or other distinguishing
symbol not contemporaneously outstanding, in exchange and substitution for the mutilated or defaced Security, or in lieu of and substitution
for the Security so destroyed, lost or stolen. In every case the applicant for a substitute Security shall furnish to the Issuer and to
the Trustee and any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee such security or indemnity as may be required by them to indemnify and defend and
to save each of them harmless and, in every case of destruction, loss or theft, evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction, loss
or theft of such Security and of the ownership thereof and in the case of mutilation or defacement shall surrender the Security to the
Trustee.
Upon the issuance of any substitute Security, the
Issuer may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in relation thereto
and any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Trustee) connected therewith. In case any Security which has matured or
is about to mature or has been called for redemption in full, or is being surrendered for conversion in full, shall become mutilated or
defaced or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Issuer may, instead of issuing a substitute Security (with the Holder’s consent, in
the case of convertible Securities), pay or authorize the payment of the same or convert, or authorize conversion of the same (without
surrender thereof except in the case of a mutilated or defaced Security), if the applicant for such payment shall furnish to the Issuer
and to the Trustee and any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee such security or indemnity as any of them may require to save each of them
harmless, and, in every case of destruction, loss or theft, the applicant shall also furnish to the Issuer and the Trustee and any agent
of the Issuer or the Trustee evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction, loss or theft of such Security and of the ownership thereof.
Every substitute Security of any series issued
pursuant to the provisions of this Section by virtue of the fact that any such Security is destroyed, lost or stolen shall constitute
an additional contractual obligation of the Issuer, whether or not the destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall be at any time enforceable
by anyone and shall be entitled to all the benefits of (but shall be subject to all the limitations of rights set forth in) this Indenture
equally and proportionately with any and all other Securities of such series duly authenticated and delivered hereunder. All Securities
shall be held and owned upon the express condition that, to the extent permitted by law, the foregoing provisions are exclusive with respect
to the replacement or payment or conversion of mutilated, defaced or destroyed, lost or stolen Securities and shall preclude any and all
other rights or remedies notwithstanding any law or statute existing or hereafter enacted to the contrary with respect to the replacement
or payment of negotiable instruments or other securities without their surrender.
Section 2.10 Cancellation of Securities;
Destruction Thereof. All Securities surrendered for exchange for Securities of the same series or for payment, redemption, registration
of transfer or conversion or for credit against any payment in respect of a sinking or analogous fund, if surrendered to the Issuer or
any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee, shall be delivered to the Trustee for cancellation or, if surrendered to the Trustee, shall be
cancelled by it; and no Securities shall be issued in lieu thereof except as expressly permitted by any of the provisions of this Indenture.
The Trustee shall dispose of cancelled Securities held by it and deliver a certificate of disposition to the Issuer. If the Issuer shall
acquire any of the Securities, such acquisition shall not operate as a redemption or satisfaction of the Debt represented by such Securities
unless and until the same are delivered to the Trustee for cancellation.
Section 2.11 Temporary Securities. Pending
the preparation of definitive Securities for any series, the Issuer may execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver temporary
Securities for such series (printed, lithographed, typewritten or otherwise reproduced, in each case in form satisfactory to the Trustee).
Temporary Securities of any series shall be issuable in any authorized denomination, and substantially in the form of the definitive Securities
of such series but with such omissions, insertions and variations as may be appropriate for temporary Securities, all as may be determined
by the Issuer with the concurrence of the Trustee as evidenced by the execution and authentication thereof. Temporary Securities may contain
such reference to any provisions of this Indenture as may be appropriate. Every temporary Security shall be executed by the Issuer and
be authenticated by the Trustee upon the same conditions and in substantially the same manner, and with like effect, as the definitive
Securities. Without unreasonable delay the Issuer shall execute and shall furnish definitive Securities of such series and thereupon temporary
Securities of such series may be surrendered in exchange therefor without charge at each office or agency to be maintained by the Issuer
for that purpose pursuant to Section 3.02 and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver in exchange for such temporary Securities
of such series an equal aggregate principal amount of definitive Securities of the same series having authorized denominations. Until
so exchanged, the temporary Securities of any series shall be entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture as definitive Securities
of such series, unless the benefits of the temporary Securities are limited pursuant to Section 2.03.
Section 2.12 CUSIP Numbers. The Issuer
in issuing the Securities may use “CUSIP” numbers if then generally in use and, if so, the Trustee may use “CUSIP”
numbers in notices of redemption as a convenience to Holders. Any such notice may state that no representation is made as to the correctness
of such numbers either as printed on the Securities or as contained in any notice of a redemption and that reliance may be placed only
on the other identification numbers printed on the Securities. No such redemption shall be affected by any defect in or omission of such
numbers.
ARTICLE 3
COVENANTS OF THE ISSUER
Section 3.01 Payment of Principal and Interest.
The Issuer covenants and agrees for the benefit of each series of Securities that it will duly and punctually pay or cause to be paid
the principal of, and interest on, each of the Securities of such series (together with any additional amounts payable pursuant to the
terms of such Securities) at the place or places, at the respective times and in the manner provided in such Securities and in this Indenture.
The interest on Securities (together with any additional amounts payable pursuant to the terms of such Securities) shall be payable only
to or upon the written order of the Holders thereof and at the option of the Issuer may be paid by mailing checks for such interest payable
to or upon the written order of such Holders at their last addresses as they appear on the Security register of the Issuer.
Section 3.02 Offices for Payments, Etc.
The Issuer will maintain (i) in _________, an agency where the Securities of each series may be presented for payment, an agency
where the Securities of each series may be presented for exchange and conversion, if applicable, as provided in this Indenture and an
agency where the Securities of each series may be presented for registration of transfer as in this Indenture provided and (ii) such
further agencies in such places as may be determined for the Securities of such series pursuant to Section 2.03.
The Issuer will maintain in _________, an agency
where notices and demands to or upon the Issuer in respect of the Securities of any series or this Indenture may be served.
The Issuer will give to the Trustee written notice
of the location of each such agency and of any change of location thereof. In case the Issuer shall fail to maintain any agency required
by this Section to be located in _________, or shall fail to give such notice of the location or of any change in the location of
any of the above agencies, presentations and demands may be made and notices may be served at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee.
The Issuer may from time to time designate one
or more additional agencies where the Securities of a series may be presented for payment, where the Securities of that series may be
presented for exchange or conversion, if applicable, as provided in this Indenture and pursuant to Section 2.03 and where the Securities
of that series may be presented for registration of transfer as in this Indenture provided, and the Issuer may from time to time rescind
any such designation, as the Issuer may deem desirable or expedient; provided, however, that no such designation or rescission
shall in any manner relieve the Issuer of its obligation to maintain the agencies provided for in this Section. The Issuer will give to
the Trustee prompt written notice of any such designation or rescission thereof.
Section 3.03 Appointment to Fill a Vacancy
in Office of Trustee. The Issuer, whenever necessary to avoid or fill a vacancy in the office of Trustee, will appoint, in the manner
provided in Section 6.10, a Trustee, so that there shall at all times be a Trustee with respect to each series of Securities hereunder.
Section 3.04 Paying Agents. Whenever
the Issuer shall appoint a paying agent other than the Trustee with respect to the Securities of any series, it will cause such paying
agent to execute and deliver to the Trustee an instrument in which such agent shall agree with the Trustee, subject to the provisions
of this Section,
(a) that it will hold all sums received by it
as such agent for the payment of the principal of or interest on the Securities of such series (whether such sums have been paid to it
by the Issuer or by any other obligor on the Securities of such series) in trust for the benefit of the Holders of the Securities of such
series or of the Trustee,
(b) that it will give the Trustee notice of
any failure by the Issuer (or by any other obligor on the Securities of such series) to make any payment of the principal of or interest
on the Securities of such series when the same shall be due and payable, and
(c) that at any time during the continuance
of any such failure, upon the written request of the Trustee, it will forthwith pay to the Trustee all sums so held in trust by such paying
agent.
The Issuer will, on or prior to each due date of
the principal of or interest on the Securities of such series, deposit with the paying agent a sum sufficient to pay such principal or
interest so becoming due, and (unless such paying agent is the Trustee) the Issuer will promptly notify the Trustee of any failure to
take such action.
If the Issuer shall act as its own paying agent
with respect to the Securities of any series, it will, on or before each due date of the principal of or interest on the Securities of
such series, set aside, segregate and hold in trust for the benefit of the Holders of the Securities of such series a sum sufficient to
pay such principal or interest so becoming due. The Issuer will promptly notify the Trustee of any failure to take such action.
Anything in this Section to the contrary notwithstanding,
but subject to Section 10.01, the Issuer may at any time, for the purpose of obtaining a satisfaction and discharge with respect
to one or more or all series of Securities hereunder, or for any other reason, pay or cause to be paid to the Trustee all sums held in
trust for any such series by the Issuer or any paying agent hereunder, as required by this Section, such sums to be held by the Trustee
upon the trusts herein contained.
Anything in this Section to the contrary notwithstanding,
the agreement to hold sums in trust as provided in this Section is subject to the provisions of Sections 10.03 and 10.04.
Section 3.05 Written Statement to Trustee.
So long as any Securities are Outstanding hereunder, the Issuer will deliver to the Trustee, within 120 days after the end of each
fiscal year of the Issuer ending after the date hereof, a written certificate covering the previous fiscal year, (which need not comply
with Section 11.05), signed by its principal executive officer, principal financial officer or principal accounting officer, stating
whether or not, to the best knowledge of such officer, the Issuer is in default in the performance and observance of any of the terms,
provisions and conditions of this Indenture (without regard to any period of grace or requirement of notice provided hereunder) and, if
the Issuer shall be in default, specifying all such defaults and the nature and status thereof of which they may have knowledge.
ARTICLE 4
SECURITYHOLDERS LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE ISSUER AND THE TRUSTEE
Section 4.01 Issuer to Furnish Trustee
Information as to Names and Addresses of Securityholders. The Issuer covenants and agrees that it will furnish or cause to be furnished
to the Trustee a list in such form as the Trustee may reasonably require of the names and addresses of the Holders of the Securities of
each series pursuant to Section 312 of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939:
(a) semiannually and not more than 15 days after
each record date for the payment of interest on such Securities, as hereinabove specified, as of such record date and on dates to be determined
pursuant to Section 2.03 for non-interest bearing Securities in each year, and
(b) at such other times as the Trustee may request
in writing, within 30 days after receipt by the Issuer of any such request as of a date not more than 15 days prior to the time such information
is furnished, provided, that, if and so long as the Trustee shall be the Security registrar (the “Security Registrar”)
for such series, such list shall not be required to be furnished.
Section 4.02 Reports by the Issuer. The
Issuer covenants to comply with Section 314(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 insofar as it relates to information, documentation
and other reports which the Issuer may be required to file with the Commission pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Section 4.03 Reports by the Trustee. Any
Trustee’s report required under Section 313(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 shall be transmitted on or before ______
in each year following the date hereof, so long as any Securities are Outstanding hereunder, and shall be dated as of a date convenient
to the Trustee but no more than 60 nor less than 45 days prior thereto. The Trustee shall comply with Sections 313(b), 313(c) and
313(d) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939.
Section 4.04 Preservation of Information;
Communication with Securityholders. (a) The Trustee shall preserve, in as current a form as is reasonably practicable, all information
as to the names and addresses of the Holders of Securities contained in the most recent list furnished to it as provided in Section 4.01
and as to the names and addresses of holders of Securities received by the Trustee in its capacity as Security Registrar (if acting in
such capacity).
(b) The Trustee may destroy any
list furnished to it as provided in Section 4.01 upon receipt of a new list so furnished.
(c) Securityholders may communicate
as provided in Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 with other Securityholders with respect to their rights under
this Indenture or under the Securities. The Issuer, the Trustee, the Security Registrar and any other Person shall have the protection
of Section 312(c) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939.
ARTICLE 5
REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT
Section 5.01 Event of Default Defined;
Acceleration of Maturity; Waiver of Default. “Event of Default”, with respect to Securities of any series wherever
used herein, means any one of the following events which shall have occurred and be continuing (whatever the reason for such Event of
Default and whether it shall be voluntary or involuntary or be effected by operation of law or pursuant to any judgment, decree or order
of any court or any order, rule or regulation of any administrative or governmental body):
(a) default in the payment of any installment
of interest upon any of the Securities of such series as and when the same shall become due and payable, and continuance of such default
for a period of 30 days (or such other period as may be established for the Securities of such series as contemplated by Section 2.03);
or
(b) default in the payment of all or any part
of the principal on any of the Securities of such series as and when the same shall become due and payable either at maturity, upon redemption,
by declaration or otherwise (and, if established for the Securities of such series as contemplated by Section 2.03, the continuance
of such default for a specified period); or
(c) default in the performance, or breach, of
any covenant or agreement of the Issuer in respect of the Securities of such series (other than a covenant or agreement in respect of
the Securities of such series a default in the performance or breach of which is elsewhere in this Section specifically dealt with),
and continuance of such default or breach for a period of 90 days after there has been given, by registered or certified mail, to the
Issuer by the Trustee or to the Issuer and the Trustee by the Holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities
of such series, a written notice specifying such default or breach and requiring it to be remedied and stating that such notice is a “Notice
of Default” hereunder; or
(d) a court having jurisdiction in the premises
shall enter a decree or order for relief in respect of the Issuer in an involuntary case under any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency or
other similar law now or hereafter in effect, or appointing a receiver, liquidator, assignee, custodian, trustee or sequestrator (or similar
official) of the Issuer or for all or substantially all of its property and assets or ordering the winding up or liquidation of its affairs,
and such decree or order shall remain unstayed and in effect for a period of 90 consecutive days; or
(e) the Issuer shall commence a voluntary case
under any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar law now or hereafter in effect, or consent to the entry of an order for relief
in an involuntary case under any such law, or consent to the appointment of or taking possession by a receiver, liquidator, assignee,
custodian, trustee or sequestrator (or similar official) of the Issuer or for any substantial part of its property and assets, or make
any general assignment for the benefit of creditors; or
(f) any other Event of Default provided for
in such series of Securities.
If an Event of Default described in clauses (a),
(b), (c) or (f) occurs and is continuing, then, and in each and every such case, unless the principal of all of the Securities
of such series shall have already become due and payable, either the Trustee or the Holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal
amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding hereunder (each such series voting as a separate class) by notice in writing
to the Issuer (and also to the Trustee if given by Securityholders), may declare the entire principal (or, if the Securities of such series
are Original Issue Discount Securities, such portion of the principal amount as may be specified in the terms of such series) of all Securities
of such series and the interest accrued thereon, if any, to be due and payable immediately, and upon any such declaration the same shall
become immediately due and payable. If an Event of Default described in clauses (d) or (e) occurs and is continuing, then and
in each and every such case, the entire principal (or, if any Securities are Original Issue Discount Securities, such portion of the principal
as may be specified in the terms thereof) of all the Securities then Outstanding and interest accrued thereon, if any, shall automatically
become immediately due and payable.
The foregoing provisions, however, are subject
to the condition that if, at any time after the principal of the Securities of any series shall have been so declared due and payable,
and before any judgment or decree for the payment of the moneys due shall have been obtained or entered as hereinafter provided, the Issuer
shall pay or shall deposit with the Trustee a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest upon all the Securities of such
series and the principal of any and all Securities of such series which shall have become due otherwise than by acceleration (with interest
upon such principal and, to the extent that payment of such interest is enforceable under applicable law, on overdue installments of interest,
at the same rate as the rate of interest specified in the Securities of such series to the date of such payment or deposit) and such amount
as shall be sufficient to cover reasonable compensation to the Trustee, its agents, attorneys and counsel, and all other expenses and
liabilities incurred, and all advances made, by the Trustee except as a result of negligence or bad faith, and if any and all Events of
Default under the Indenture with respect to such series, other than the non-payment of the principal of Securities of such series which
shall have become due solely by such acceleration, shall have been cured, waived or otherwise remedied as provided herein, then and in
every such case the Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of all the Securities of such series then Outstanding, by written
notice to the Issuer and to the Trustee, may waive all defaults with respect to such series and rescind and annul such declaration and
its consequences, but no such waiver or rescission and annulment shall extend to or shall affect any subsequent default or shall impair
any right consequent thereon.
Unless otherwise indicated in the Board Resolution,
Officer’s Certificate or supplemental indenture for a series of Original Issue Discount Securities, for all purposes under this
Indenture, if a portion of the principal of any Original Issue Discount Securities shall have been accelerated and declared due and payable
pursuant to the provisions hereof, then, from and after such declaration, unless such declaration has been rescinded and annulled, the
principal amount of such Original Issue Discount Securities shall be deemed, for all purposes hereunder, to be such portion of the principal
thereof as shall be due and payable as a result of such acceleration, and payment of such portion of the principal thereof as shall be
due and payable as a result of such acceleration, together with interest, if any, thereon and all other amounts owing thereunder, shall
constitute payment in full of such Original Issue Discount Securities.
Section 5.02 Collection of Debt by Trustee;
Trustee May Prove Debt. The Issuer covenants that (a) in case default shall be made in the payment of any installment of
interest on any of the Securities of any series when such interest shall have become due and payable, and such default shall have continued
for a period of 30 days or (b) in case default shall be made in the payment of all or any part of the principal of any of the Securities
of any series when the same shall have become due and payable, whether upon maturity of the Securities of such series or upon any redemption
or by declaration or otherwise, then, upon demand of the Trustee, the Issuer will pay to the Trustee for the benefit of the Holders of
the Securities of such series the whole amount that then shall have become due and payable on all Securities of such series for principal
or interest, as the case may be (with interest to the date of such payment upon the overdue principal and, to the extent that payment
of such interest is enforceable under applicable law, on overdue installments of interest at the same rate as the rate of interest or
Yield to Maturity (in the case of Original Issue Discount Securities) specified in the Securities of such series); and, in addition thereto,
such further amount as shall be sufficient to cover the costs and expenses of collection, including reasonable compensation to the Trustee
and each predecessor trustee, their respective agents, attorneys and counsel, and any expenses and liabilities incurred, and all advances
made, by the Trustee and each predecessor trustee except as a result of its negligence or bad faith.
In case the Issuer shall fail forthwith to pay
such amounts upon such demand, the Trustee, in its own name and as trustee of an express trust, shall be entitled and empowered to institute
any action or proceedings at law or in equity for the collection of the sums so due and unpaid, and may prosecute any such action or proceedings
to judgment or final decree, and may enforce any such judgment or final decree against the Issuer or other obligor upon such Securities
and collect in the manner provided by law out of the property of the Issuer or other obligor upon such Securities, wherever situated,
the moneys adjudged or decreed to be payable.
In case there shall be pending proceedings relative
to the Issuer or any other obligor upon the Securities under Title 11 of the United States Code or any other applicable Federal or state
bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar law, or in case a receiver, assignee or trustee in bankruptcy or reorganization, liquidator, sequestrator
or similar official shall have been appointed for or taken possession of the Issuer or its property or such other obligor or its property,
or in case of any other comparable judicial proceedings relative to the Issuer or other obligor upon the Securities of any series, or
to the creditors or property of the Issuer or such other obligor, the Trustee, irrespective of whether the principal of any Securities
shall then be due and payable as therein expressed or by declaration or otherwise and irrespective of whether the Trustee shall have made
any demand pursuant to the provisions of this Section, shall be entitled and empowered, by intervention in such proceedings or otherwise:
(i) to file and prove a claim or claims
for the whole amount of principal and interest (or, if the Securities of any series are Original Issue Discount Securities, such portion
of the principal amount as may be specified in the terms of such series) owing and unpaid in respect of the Securities of any series,
and to file such other papers or documents as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Trustee (including any
claim for reasonable compensation to the Trustee and each predecessor trustee, and their respective agents, attorneys and counsel, and
for reimbursement of all expenses and liabilities incurred, and all advances made, by the Trustee and each predecessor trustee, except
as a result of negligence or bad faith) and of the Securityholders allowed in any judicial proceedings relative to the Issuer or other
obligor upon the Securities of any series, or to the creditors or property of the Issuer or such other obligor,
(ii) unless prohibited by applicable
law and regulations, to vote on behalf of the Holders of the Securities of any series in any election of a trustee or a standby trustee
in arrangement, reorganization, liquidation or other bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings or person performing similar functions in comparable
proceedings, and
(iii) to collect and receive any moneys
or other property payable or deliverable on any such claims, and to distribute all amounts received with respect to the claims of the
Securityholders and of the Trustee on their behalf; and any trustee, receiver or liquidator, custodian or other similar official is hereby
authorized by each of the Securityholders to make payments to the Trustee, and, in the event that the Trustee shall consent to the making
of payments directly to the Securityholders, to pay to the Trustee such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover reasonable compensation
to the Trustee, each predecessor trustee and their respective agents, attorneys and counsel, and all other expenses and liabilities incurred,
and all advances made, by the Trustee and each predecessor trustee except as a result of negligence or bad faith and all other amounts
due to the Trustee or any predecessor trustee pursuant to Section 6.06.
Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to authorize
the Trustee to authorize or consent to or vote for or accept or adopt on behalf of any Securityholder any plan of reorganization, arrangement,
adjustment or composition affecting the Securities of any series or the rights of any Holder thereof, or to authorize the Trustee to vote
in respect of the claim of any Securityholder in any such proceeding except, as aforesaid, to vote for the election of a trustee in bankruptcy
or similar person.
All rights of action and of asserting claims under
this Indenture, or under any of the Securities of any series, may be enforced by the Trustee without the possession of any of the Securities
of such series or the production thereof on any trial or other proceedings relative thereto, and any such action or proceedings instituted
by the Trustee shall be brought in its own name as trustee of an express trust, and any recovery of judgment, subject to the payment of
the expenses, disbursements and compensation of the Trustee, each predecessor trustee and their respective agents and attorneys, shall
be for the ratable benefit of the Holders of the Securities in respect of which such action was taken.
In any proceedings brought by the Trustee (and
also any proceedings involving the interpretation of any provision of this Indenture to which the Trustee shall be a party), the Trustee
shall be held to represent all the Holders of the Securities in respect to which such action was taken, and it shall not be necessary
to make any Holders of such Securities parties to any such proceedings.
Section 5.03 Application of Proceeds. Any
moneys collected by the Trustee pursuant to this Article in respect of any series shall be applied in the following order at the
date or dates fixed by the Trustee and, in case of the distribution of such moneys on account of principal or interest, upon presentation
of the several Securities in respect of which monies have been collected and stamping (or otherwise noting) thereon the payment, or issuing
Securities of such series in reduced principal amounts in exchange for the presented Securities of like series if only partially paid,
or upon surrender thereof if fully paid:
FIRST: To the payment of all amounts due to the Trustee
or any predecessor trustee pursuant to Section 6.06;
SECOND: In case the principal of the Securities of
such series in respect of which moneys have been collected shall not have become and be then due and payable, to the payment of interest
on the Securities of such series in default in the order of the maturity of the installments of such interest, with interest (to the extent
that such interest has been collected by the Trustee) upon the overdue installments of interest, to the extent permitted by applicable
law, at the same rate as the rate of interest or Yield to Maturity (in the case of Original Issue Discount Securities) specified in such
Securities, such payments to be made ratably to the Persons entitled thereto, without discrimination or preference;
THIRD: In case the principal of the Securities of
such series in respect of which moneys have been collected shall have become and shall be then due and payable, to the payment of the
whole amount then owing and unpaid upon all the Securities of such series for principal and interest, with interest upon the overdue principal,
and (to the extent that such interest has been collected by the Trustee) upon overdue installments of interest, to the extent permitted
by applicable law, at the same rate as the rate of interest or Yield to Maturity (in the case of Original Issue Discount Securities) specified
in the Securities of such series; and in case such moneys shall be insufficient to pay in full the whole amount so due and unpaid upon
the Securities of such series, then to the payment of such principal and interest, without preference or priority of principal over interest,
or of interest over principal, or of any installment of interest over any other installment of interest, or of any Security of such series
over any other Security of such series, ratably to the aggregate of such principal and accrued and unpaid interest; and
FOURTH: To the payment of the remainder, if any,
to the Issuer or any other Person lawfully entitled thereto.
Section 5.04 Suits for Enforcement.
In case an Event of Default has occurred, has not been waived and is continuing, the Trustee may in its discretion proceed to protect
and enforce the rights vested in it by this Indenture by such appropriate judicial proceedings as the Trustee shall deem most effectual
to protect and enforce any such rights, either at law or in equity or in bankruptcy or otherwise, whether for the specific enforcement
of any covenant or agreement contained in this Indenture or in aid of the exercise of any power granted in this Indenture or to enforce
any other legal or equitable right vested in the Trustee by this Indenture or by law.
Section 5.05 Restoration of Rights on Abandonment
of Proceedings. In case the Trustee shall have proceeded to enforce any right under this Indenture and such proceedings shall have
been discontinued or abandoned for any reason, or shall have been determined adversely to the Trustee, then and in every such case (subject
to any determination in such proceeding) the Issuer and the Trustee shall be restored respectively to their former positions and rights
hereunder, and all rights, remedies and powers of the Issuer, the Trustee and the Securityholders shall continue as though no such proceedings
had been taken.
Section 5.06 Limitations on Suits by Securityholders.
No Holder of any Security of any series shall have any right by virtue, or by availing itself, of any provision of this Indenture to institute
any action or proceeding at law or in equity or in bankruptcy or otherwise upon or under or with respect to this Indenture, or for the
appointment of a trustee, receiver, liquidator, custodian or other similar official or for any other remedy hereunder, unless such Holder
previously shall have given to the Trustee written notice of default and of the continuance thereof, as hereinbefore provided, and unless
also the Holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding shall have made
written request upon the Trustee to institute such action or proceedings in its own name as trustee hereunder and shall have offered to
the Trustee such reasonable indemnity as it may require against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred therein or thereby
and the Trustee for 60 days after its receipt of such notice, request and offer of indemnity shall have failed to institute any such action
or proceeding and no direction inconsistent with such written request shall have been given to the Trustee pursuant to Section 5.09;
it being understood and intended, and being expressly covenanted by the Holder of every Security of a particular series with every other
Holder of Securities of such series and the Trustee, that no one or more Holders of Securities of any series shall have any right in any
manner whatever by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to affect, disturb or prejudice the rights of any other such
Holder of Securities of such series, or to obtain or seek to obtain priority over or preference to any other such Holder of such series
or to enforce any right under this Indenture, except in the manner herein provided and for the equal, ratable and common benefit of all
Holders of Securities of the applicable series. For the protection and enforcement of the provisions of this Section, each and every Securityholder
and the Trustee shall be entitled to such relief as can be given either at law or in equity.
Section 5.07 Unconditional Right of Securityholders
to Institute Certain Suits. Notwithstanding any other provision in this Indenture and any provision of any Security, the right of
any Holder of any Security to receive payment of the principal of and interest on such Security on or after the respective due dates expressed
in such Security in accordance with the terms hereof and thereof, or to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment on or after
such respective dates, shall not be impaired or affected without the consent of such Holder; it being understood and intended, and being
expressly covenanted by the Holder of every Security of a particular series with every other Holder of Securities of such Series and
the Trustee, that no one or more Holders of Securities of any series shall have any right in any manner whatever by virtue or by availing
of any provision of this Indenture to affect, disturb or prejudice the rights of any other such Holder of Securities of such series, or
to obtain or seek to obtain priority over or preference to any other such Holder of Securities of such series or to enforce any right
under this Indenture, except in the manner herein provided and for the equal, ratable and common benefit of all Holders of Securities
of the applicable series. For the protection and enforcement of the provisions of this Section, each and every Securityholder and the
Trustee shall be entitled to such relief as can be given either at law or in equity.
Section 5.08 Powers and Remedies Cumulative;
Delay or Omission Not Waiver of Default. Except as provided in Section 5.06, no right or remedy herein conferred upon or reserved
to the Trustee or to the Holders of Securities is intended to be exclusive of any other right or remedy, and every right and remedy shall,
to the extent permitted by law, be cumulative and in addition to every other right and remedy given hereunder or now or hereafter existing
at law or in equity or otherwise. The assertion or employment of any right or remedy hereunder, or otherwise, shall not prevent the concurrent
assertion or employment of any other appropriate right or remedy.
No delay or omission of the Trustee or of any Holder
of Securities to exercise any right or power accruing upon any Event of Default occurring and continuing as aforesaid shall impair any
such right or power or shall be construed to be a waiver of any such Event of Default or an acquiescence therein; and, subject to Section 5.06,
every power and remedy given by this Indenture or by law to the Trustee or to the Holders of Securities may be exercised from time to
time, and as often as shall be deemed expedient, by the Trustee or by the Holders of Securities.
Section 5.09 Control by Holders of Securities.
The Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of each series affected (with each series voting as a separate
class) at the time Outstanding shall have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available
to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the Trustee with respect to the Securities of such series by this Indenture;
provided, that such direction shall not be otherwise than in accordance with law and the provisions of this Indenture and provided,
further, that (subject to the provisions of Section 6.01) the Trustee shall have the right to decline to follow any such direction
if the Trustee, being advised by counsel, shall determine that the action or proceeding so directed may not lawfully be taken or if the
Trustee in good faith by its board of directors, the executive committee, or a trust committee of directors or Responsible Officers of
the Trustee shall determine that the action or proceedings so directed would involve the Trustee in personal liability or if the Trustee
in good faith shall so determine that the actions or forbearances specified in or pursuant to such direction would be unduly prejudicial
to the interests of Holders of the Securities of all series so affected not joining in the giving of said direction, it being understood
that (subject to Section 6.01) the Trustee shall have no duty to ascertain whether or not such actions or forbearances are unduly
prejudicial to such Holders.
Nothing in this Indenture shall impair the right
of the Trustee in its discretion to take any action deemed proper by the Trustee and which is not inconsistent with such direction or
directions by Securityholders.
Section 5.10 Waiver of Past Defaults.
The Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding, by notice to the Trustee,
may on behalf of the Holders of all the Securities of such series waive any existing default in the performance of any of the covenants
contained herein or established pursuant to Section 2.03 with respect to such series and its consequences, except an uncured default
in the payment of the principal of, or interest on, any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due by the
terms of such Securities; and may rescind an acceleration and its consequences, including any related payment default that resulted from
such acceleration. In the case of any such waiver, the Issuer, the Trustee and the Holders of the Securities of such series shall be restored
to their former positions and rights hereunder, respectively, such default shall cease to exist and be deemed to have been cured and not
to have occurred, and any Event of Default arising therefrom shall be deemed to have been cured, and not to have occurred for every purpose
of this Indenture; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or Event of Default or impair any right consequent
thereon.
Section 5.11 Trustee to Give Notice of
Default. The Trustee shall, within 90 days after the occurrence of a default with respect to the Securities of any series, give notice
of all defaults with respect to that series known to the Trustee to all Holders of Securities of such series in the manner and to the
extent provided in Sections 4.03 and 11.04, unless in each case such defaults shall have been cured before the giving of such notice (the
term “defaults” for the purpose of this Section being hereby defined to mean any event or condition which is,
or with notice or lapse of time or both would become, an Event of Default); provided, that, except in the case of default in the
payment of the principal of or interest on any of the Securities of such series, or in the payment of any sinking fund installment on
such series, the Trustee shall be protected in withholding such notice if and so long as the board of directors, the executive committee,
or a trust committee of directors or trustees and/or Responsible Officers of the Trustee in good faith determines that the withholding
of such notice is in the interests of the Securityholders of such series.
Section 5.12 Right of Court to Require
Filing of Undertaking to Pay Costs. All parties to this Indenture agree, and each Holder of any Security by his or her acceptance
thereof shall be deemed to have agreed, that any court may in its discretion require, in any suit for the enforcement of any right or
remedy under this Indenture or in any suit against the Trustee for any action taken, suffered or omitted by it as Trustee, the filing
by any party litigant in such suit of an undertaking to pay the costs of such suit, and that such court may in its discretion assess reasonable
costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, against any party litigant in such suit, having due regard to the merits and good faith
of the claims or defenses made by such party litigant; but the provisions of this Section shall not apply to any suit instituted
by the Trustee, to any suit instituted by any Securityholder or group of Securityholders of any series holding in the aggregate more than
10% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series, or to any suit instituted by any Securityholder for the enforcement
of the payment of the principal of or interest on any Security of such series, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such
Security or established pursuant to this Indenture.
ARTICLE 6
CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE
Section 6.01 Duties and Responsibilities
of the Trustee; During Default; Prior to Default. With respect to the Holders of any series of Securities issued hereunder, the Trustee,
prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a particular series and after the curing or waiving of
all Events of Default which may have occurred with respect to such series, undertakes to perform such duties and only such duties as are
specifically set forth in this Indenture. In case an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series has occurred (and has
not been cured or waived), the Trustee shall exercise such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and use the same degree
of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent person would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his or her own
affairs.
No provision of this Indenture shall be construed
to relieve the Trustee from liability for its own negligent action, its own negligent failure to act or its own willful misconduct.
Section 6.02 Certain Rights of the Trustee.
In furtherance of and subject to the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and subject to Section 6.01:
(a) in the absence of bad faith on the part
of the Trustee, the Trustee may conclusively rely, as to the truth of the statements and the correctness of the opinions expressed therein,
upon any statements, certificates or opinions furnished to the Trustee and conforming to the requirements of this Indenture; but, in the
case of any such statements, certificates or opinions which by any provision hereof are specifically required to be furnished to the Trustee,
the Trustee shall be under a duty to examine the same to determine whether or not they conform to the requirements of this Indenture;
(b) the Trustee shall not be liable for any
error of judgment made in good faith by a Responsible Officer or Responsible Officers of the Trustee, unless it shall be proved that the
Trustee was negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts;
(c) the Trustee shall not be liable with respect
to any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the direction of the Holders pursuant to Section 5.09
relating to the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or
power conferred upon the Trustee, under this Indenture;
(d) none of the provisions contained in this
Indenture shall require the Trustee to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur personal financial liability in the performance
of any of its duties or in the exercise of any of its rights or powers if there shall be reasonable ground for believing that the repayment
of such funds or adequate indemnity against such liability is not reasonably assured to it;
(e) the Trustee may rely and shall be protected
in acting or refraining from acting upon any resolution, Officer’s Certificate or any other certificate, statement, instrument,
opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, bond, debenture, note, security or other paper or document believed by it to be genuine
and to have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties;
(f) any request, direction, order or demand
of the Issuer mentioned herein shall be sufficiently evidenced by an Officer’s Certificate (unless other evidence in respect thereof
be herein specifically prescribed); and any resolution of the Board of Directors may be evidenced to the Trustee by a copy thereof certified
by the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Issuer;
(g) the Trustee may consult with counsel and
any advice or Opinion of Counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect of any action taken, suffered or omitted
to be taken by it hereunder in good faith and in accordance with such advice or Opinion of Counsel;
(h) the Trustee shall be under no obligation
to exercise any of the trusts or powers vested in it by this Indenture at the request, order or direction of any of the Securityholders
pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture, unless such Securityholders shall have offered to the Trustee reasonable security or indemnity
against the costs, expenses and liabilities that might be incurred therein or thereby;
(i) the Trustee shall not be liable for any
action taken or omitted by it in good faith and believed by it to be authorized or within the discretion, rights or powers conferred upon
it by this Indenture;
(j) prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default
hereunder and after the curing or waiving of all Events of Default, the Trustee shall not be bound to make any investigation into the
facts or matters stated in any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, approval,
appraisal, bond, debenture, note, security, or other paper or document unless requested in writing so to do by the Holders of not less
than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of all series affected then Outstanding; provided, that, if the
payment within a reasonable time to the Trustee of the costs, expenses or liabilities likely to be incurred by it in the making of such
investigation is, in the opinion of the Trustee, not reasonably assured to the Trustee by the security afforded to it by the terms of
this Indenture, the Trustee may require reasonable indemnity against such expenses or liabilities as a condition to proceeding; the reasonable
expenses of every such investigation shall be paid by the Issuer or, if paid by the Trustee or any predecessor trustee, shall be repaid
by the Issuer upon demand; and
(k) the Trustee may execute any of the trusts
or powers hereunder or perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or through agents or attorneys not regularly in its employ and
the Trustee shall not be responsible for any misconduct or negligence on the part of any such agent or attorney appointed with due care
by it hereunder.
Section 6.03 Trustee Not Responsible for
Recitals, Disposition of Securities or Application of Proceeds Thereof. The recitals contained herein and in the Securities, except
the Trustee’s certificates of authentication, shall be taken as the statements of the Issuer, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility
for the correctness of the same. The Trustee makes no representation as to the validity or sufficiency of this Indenture or of the Securities.
The Trustee shall not be accountable for the use or application by the Issuer of any of the Securities or of the proceeds thereof.
Section 6.04 Trustee and Agents May Hold
Securities; Collections, Etc. The Trustee or any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee, in its individual or any other capacity, may
become the owner or pledgee of Securities with the same rights it would have if it were not the Trustee or such agent and may otherwise
deal with the Issuer and receive, collect, hold and retain collections from the Issuer with the same rights it would have if it were not
the Trustee or such agent.
Section 6.05 Moneys Held by Trustee. Subject
to the provisions of Section 10.04 hereof, all moneys received by the Trustee shall, until used or applied as herein provided, be
held in trust for the purposes for which they were received, but need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required
by mandatory provisions of law. Neither the Trustee nor any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee shall be under any liability for interest
on any moneys received by it hereunder.
Section 6.06 Compensation and Indemnification
of Trustee and Its Prior Claim. The Issuer covenants and agrees to pay to the Trustee from time to time, and the Trustee shall be
entitled to, such reasonable compensation (which shall not be limited by any provision of law in regard to the compensation of a trustee
of an express trust) as the Issuer and the Trustee may from time to time agree in writing and, except as otherwise expressly provided
herein, the Issuer covenants and agrees to pay or reimburse the Trustee and each predecessor trustee upon its request for all reasonable
expenses, disbursements and advances incurred or made by or on behalf of it in accordance with any of the provisions of this Indenture
(including the reasonable compensation and the expenses and disbursements of its counsel and of all agents and other persons not regularly
in its employ) except any such expense, disbursement or advance as may arise from its negligence or bad faith. The Issuer also covenants
to indemnify the Trustee and each predecessor trustee for, and to hold it harmless against, any loss, liability or expense incurred without
negligence or bad faith on its part, arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or administration of this Indenture or the trusts
hereunder and its duties hereunder, including the costs and expenses of defending itself against or investigating any claim of liability
in the premises. The obligations of the Issuer under this Section to compensate and indemnify the Trustee and each predecessor trustee
and to pay or reimburse the Trustee and each predecessor trustee for expenses, disbursements and advances shall constitute additional
indebtedness hereunder and shall survive the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture. Such additional indebtedness shall be a senior
claim to that of the Securities upon all property and funds held or collected by the Trustee as such, except funds held in trust for the
benefit of the Holders of particular Securities, and the Securities are hereby subordinated to such senior claim.
Section 6.07 Right of Trustee to Rely on
Officer’s Certificate, Etc. Subject to Sections 6.01 and 6.02, whenever in the administration of the trusts of this Indenture
the Trustee shall deem it necessary or desirable that a matter be proved or established prior to taking or suffering or omitting any action
hereunder, such matter (unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may, in the absence of negligence
or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by an Officer’s Certificate delivered
to the Trustee, and such certificate, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, shall be full warrant to the
Trustee for any action taken, suffered or omitted by it under the provisions of this Indenture upon the faith thereof.
Section 6.08 Disqualification; Conflicting
Interests. If the Trustee has or shall acquire any “conflicting interest” within the meaning of Section 310(b) of
the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, the Trustee and the Issuer shall in all respects comply with the provisions of Section 310(b) of
the Trust Indenture Act of 1939.
Section 6.09 Persons Eligible for Appointment
as Trustee. The Trustee for each series of Securities hereunder shall at all times be a corporation having a combined capital and
surplus of at least $50,000,000 and shall be eligible in accordance with the provisions of Section 310(a) of the Trust Indenture
Act of 1939. If such corporation publishes reports of condition at least annually, pursuant to law or to the requirements of a Federal,
State or District of Columbia supervising or examining authority, then, for the purposes of this Section, the combined capital and surplus
of such corporation shall be deemed to be its combined capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published.
Section 6.10 Resignation and Removal; Appointment
of Successor Trustee.
(a) The Trustee, or any trustee or trustees
hereafter appointed, may at any time resign with respect to one or more or all series of Securities by giving written notice of resignation
to the Issuer and by delivering notice of such resignation to the Holders of then Outstanding Securities of each series affected at their
addresses as they shall appear on the Security register. Upon receiving such notice of resignation, the Issuer shall promptly appoint
a successor trustee or trustees with respect to the applicable series by written instrument in duplicate, executed by authority of the
Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the resigning Trustee and one copy to the successor trustee or
trustees. If no successor trustee shall have been so appointed with respect to any series and have accepted appointment within 30 days
after the delivery of such notice of resignation, the resigning trustee may petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment
of a successor trustee, or any Securityholder who has been a bona fide Holder of a Security or Securities of the applicable series for
at least six months may, on behalf of himself or herself and all others similarly situated, petition any such court for the appointment
of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon, after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, appoint a successor
trustee.
(b) In case at any time any of the following
shall occur:
(i) the Trustee shall fail to comply
with the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 with respect to any series of Securities after written
request therefor by the Issuer or by any Securityholder who has been a bona fide Holder of a Security or Securities of such series for
at least six months; or
(ii) the Trustee shall cease to be
eligible in accordance with the provisions of Section 310(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and shall fail to resign after
written request therefor by the Issuer or by any Securityholder; or
(iii) the Trustee shall become incapable
of acting with respect to any series of Securities, or shall be adjudged bankrupt or insolvent, or a receiver or liquidator of the Trustee
or of its property shall be appointed, or any public officer shall take charge or control of the Trustee or of its property or affairs
for the purpose of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation;
then, in any such case, (A) the Issuer may remove the Trustee
with respect to the applicable series of Securities and appoint a successor trustee for such series by written instrument, in duplicate,
executed by order of the Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the Trustee so removed and one copy to
the successor trustee, or, (B) subject to Section 315(e) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, any Securityholder who has
been a bona fide Holder of a Security or Securities of such series for at least six months may on behalf of itself and all others similarly
situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the removal of the Trustee and the appointment of a successor trustee with
respect to such series. Such court may thereupon, after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, remove the Trustee and
appoint a successor trustee.
(c) The Holders of a majority in aggregate principal
amount of the Securities of each series at the time Outstanding may at any time remove the Trustee with respect to Securities of such
series and, with the consent of the Issuer, appoint a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of such series by delivering to
the Trustee so removed, to the successor trustee so appointed and to the Issuer the evidence provided for in Section 7.01 of the
action in that regard taken by the Securityholders.
(d) Any resignation or removal of the Trustee
with respect to any series and any appointment of a successor trustee with respect to such series pursuant to any of the provisions of
this Section 6.10 shall become effective upon acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee as provided in Section 6.11.
Section 6.11 Acceptance of Appointment
by Successor Trustee. Any successor trustee appointed as provided in Section 6.10 shall execute and deliver to the Issuer and
to its predecessor trustee an instrument accepting such appointment hereunder, and thereupon the resignation or removal of the predecessor
trustee with respect to all or any applicable series shall become effective and such successor trustee, without any further act, deed
or conveyance, shall become vested with all rights, powers, duties and obligations with respect to such series of its predecessor hereunder,
with like effect as if originally named as trustee for such series hereunder; but, nevertheless, on the written request of the Issuer
or of the successor trustee, upon payment of its charges then unpaid, the trustee ceasing to act shall, subject to Section 10.04,
pay over to the successor trustee all moneys at the time held by it hereunder and shall execute and deliver an instrument transferring
to such successor trustee all such rights, powers, duties and obligations. Upon request of any such successor trustee, the Issuer shall
execute any and all instruments in writing for more fully and certainly vesting in and confirming to such successor trustee all such rights
and powers. Any trustee ceasing to act shall, nevertheless, retain a prior claim upon all property or funds held or collected by such
trustee to secure any amounts then due it pursuant to the provisions of Section 6.06.
If a successor trustee is appointed with respect
to the Securities of one or more (but not all) series, the Issuer, the predecessor trustee and each successor trustee with respect to
the Securities of any applicable series shall execute and deliver an indenture supplemental hereto which shall contain such provisions
as shall be deemed necessary or desirable to confirm that all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the predecessor trustee with respect
to the Securities of any series as to which the predecessor trustee is not retiring shall continue to be vested in the predecessor trustee,
and shall add to or change any of the provisions of this Indenture as shall be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration
of the trusts hereunder by more than one trustee, it being understood that nothing herein or in such supplemental indenture shall constitute
such trustees co-trustees of the same trust and that each such trustee shall be trustee of a trust or trusts under separate indentures.
No successor trustee with respect to any series
of Securities shall accept appointment as provided in this Section 6.11 unless at the time of such acceptance such successor trustee
shall be qualified under the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and eligible under the provisions
of Section 310(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939.
Upon acceptance of appointment by any successor
trustee as provided in this Section 6.11, the Issuer shall deliver notice thereof to the Holders of Securities of each series affected,
by delivering such notice to such Holders at their addresses as they shall appear on the Security register. If the acceptance of appointment
is substantially contemporaneous with the resignation, then the notice called for by the preceding sentence may be combined with the notice
called for by Section 6.10. If the Issuer fails to deliver such notice within ten days after acceptance of appointment by the successor
trustee, the successor trustee shall cause such notice to be given at the expense of the Issuer.
Section 6.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation
or Succession to Business of Trustee. Any corporation into which the Trustee may be merged or converted or with which it may be consolidated,
or any corporation resulting from any merger, conversion or consolidation to which the Trustee shall be a party, or any corporation succeeding
to the corporate trust business of the Trustee, shall be the successor of the Trustee hereunder; provided, that such corporation
shall be qualified under the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and eligible under the provisions
of Section 310(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, without the execution or filing of any paper or any further act on the
part of any of the parties hereto, anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding.
In case, at the time such successor to the Trustee
shall succeed to the trusts created by this Indenture, any of the Securities of any series shall have been authenticated but not delivered,
any such successor to the Trustee may adopt the certificate of authentication of any predecessor trustee and deliver such Securities so
authenticated; and, in case at that time any of the Securities of any series shall not have been authenticated, any successor to the Trustee
may authenticate such Securities either in the name of any predecessor hereunder or in the name of the successor trustee; and in all such
cases such certificate shall have the full force which it is anywhere in the Securities of such series or in this Indenture provided that
the certificate of the Trustee shall have; provided, that the right to adopt the certificate of authentication of any predecessor
trustee or to authenticate Securities of any series in the name of any predecessor trustee shall apply only to its successor or successors
by merger, conversion or consolidation.
Section 6.13 Preferential Collection of
Claims Against the Issuer. The Trustee shall comply with Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, excluding any
creditor relationship described in Section 311(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939. A Trustee who has resigned or been removed
shall be subject to Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 to the extent included therein.
ARTICLE 7
CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS
Section 7.01 Evidence of Action Taken by
Securityholders. Any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action provided by this Indenture
to be given or taken by a specified percentage in principal amount of the Securityholders of any or all series may be embodied in and
evidenced by one or more instruments of substantially similar tenor signed by such specified percentage of Securityholders in person or
by agent duly appointed in writing; and, except as herein otherwise expressly provided, such action shall become effective when such instrument
or instruments are delivered to the Trustee. Proof of execution of any instrument or of a writing appointing any such agent shall be sufficient
for any purpose of this Indenture and (subject to Sections 6.01 and 6.02) conclusive in favor of the Trustee and the Issuer, if made in
the manner provided in this Article.
Section 7.02 Proof of Execution of Instruments
and of Holding of Securities. Subject to Sections 6.01 and 6.02, the execution of any instrument by a Holder or his agent or proxy
may be proved in accordance with such reasonable rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Trustee or in such manner as shall
be satisfactory to the Trustee. The holding of Securities shall be proved by the Security register or by a certificate of the registrar
thereof. The Issuer may set a record date for purposes of determining the identity of Holders of any series entitled to vote or consent
to any action referred to in Section 7.01, which record date may be set at any time or from time to time by notice to the Trustee,
for any date or dates (in the case of any adjournment or reconsideration) not more than 60 days nor less than five days prior to the proposed
date of such vote or consent, and thereafter, notwithstanding any other provisions hereof, only Holders of such series of record on such
record date shall be entitled to so vote or give such consent or revoke such vote or consent. Notice of such record date may be given
before or after any request for any action referred to in Section 7.01 is made by the Issuer.
Section 7.03 Holders to Be Treated as Owners.
The Issuer, the Trustee and any agent of the Issuer or of the Trustee may deem and treat the Person in whose name any Security shall
be registered upon the Security register for such series as the absolute owner of such Security (whether or not such Security shall be
overdue and notwithstanding any notation of ownership or other writing thereon) for the purpose of receiving payment of or on account
of the principal of, and, subject to the provisions of this Indenture, interest on, such Security and for all other purposes; and neither
the Issuer nor the Trustee nor any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee shall be affected by any notice to the contrary. All such payments
so made to any such Person, or upon his or her order, shall be valid, and, to the extent of the sum or sums so paid, effectual to satisfy
and discharge the liability for moneys payable.
Section 7.04 Securities Owned by Issuer
Deemed Not Outstanding. In determining whether the Holders of the requisite aggregate principal amount of Outstanding Securities of
any or all series have concurred in any direction, consent or waiver under this Indenture, Securities that are owned by the Issuer or
any other obligor on the Securities with respect to which such determination is being made or by any Person directly or indirectly controlling
or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Issuer or any other obligor on the Securities with respect to which
such determination is being made shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding for the purpose of any such determination, except
that, for the purpose of determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying on any such direction, consent or waiver, only
Securities which the Trustee knows are so owned shall be so disregarded. Securities so owned which have been pledged in good faith may
be regarded as Outstanding if the pledgee establishes to the satisfaction of the Trustee the pledgee’s right so to act with respect
to such Securities and that the pledgee is not the Issuer or any other obligor upon the Securities or any Person directly or indirectly
controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Issuer or any other obligor on the Securities. In case
of a dispute as to such right, the advice of counsel shall be full protection in respect of any decision made by the Trustee in accordance
with such advice.
Section 7.05 Right of Revocation of Action
Taken. At any time prior to (but not after) the evidencing to the Trustee, as provided in Section 7.01, of the taking of any
action by the Holders of the percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any or all series, as the case may be, specified
in this Indenture in connection with such action, any Holder of a Security the serial number of which is shown by the evidence to be included
among the serial numbers of the Securities the Holders of which have consented to such action may, by filing written notice at the Corporate
Trust Office and upon proof of holding as provided in this Article, revoke such action so far as concerns such Security. Except as aforesaid,
any such action taken by the Holder of any Security shall be conclusive and binding upon such Holder and upon all future Holders and owners
of such Security and of any Securities issued in exchange or substitution therefor or on registration of transfer thereof, irrespective
of whether or not any notation in regard thereto is made upon any such Security. Any action taken by the Holders of the percentage in
aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any or all series, as the case may be, specified in this Indenture in connection with
such action shall be conclusively binding upon the Issuer, the Trustee and the Holders of all the Securities affected by such action.
ARTICLE 8
SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES
Section 8.01 Supplemental Indentures Without
Consent of Securityholders. The Issuer, when authorized by a resolution of its Board of Directors, and the Trustee may from time to
time and at any time, without the consent of any of the Securityholders, enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto in
form satisfactory to the Trustee for one or more of the following purposes:
(a) to convey, transfer, assign, mortgage or
pledge to the Trustee as security for the Securities of one or more series any property or assets;
(b) to evidence the succession of another Person
to the Issuer, or successive successions, and the assumption by such successor of the covenants, agreements and obligations of the Issuer
pursuant to, or to otherwise comply with, Article 9;
(c) to comply with the requirements of the Commission
in order to effect or maintain the qualification of this Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended;
(d) to add to the covenants of the Issuer such
further covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions as its Board of Directors and the Trustee shall consider to be for the protection
of the Holders of Securities, and to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants,
restrictions, conditions or provisions an Event of Default permitting the enforcement of all or any of the several remedies provided in
this Indenture as herein set forth; provided, that in respect of any such additional covenant, restriction, condition or provision
such supplemental indenture may provide for a particular period of grace after default (which period may be shorter or longer than that
allowed in the case of other defaults) or may provide for an immediate enforcement upon such an Event of Default or may limit the remedies
available to the Trustee upon such an Event of Default or may limit the right of the Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount
of the Securities of such series to waive such an Event of Default;
(e) to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency,
or to conform this Indenture or any supplemental indenture to the description of the Securities set forth in any prospectus, prospectus
supplement or offering memorandum related to such series of Securities;
(f) to provide for or add guarantors for the
Securities of one or more series;
(g) to establish the form or terms of Securities
of any series as permitted by Sections 2.01 and 2.03;
(h) to evidence and provide for the acceptance
of appointment hereunder by a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of one or more series and to add to or change any of the
provisions of this Indenture as shall be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts hereunder by more than
one trustee, pursuant to the requirements of Section 6.11;
(i) to add to, change or eliminate any of the
provisions of this Indenture in respect of one or more series of Securities; provided that any such addition, change or elimination shall
(A) not (i) apply to any Security of any series created prior to the execution of such supplemental indenture and entitled to
the benefit of such provision nor (ii) modify the rights of the Holder of any such Security with respect to such provision or (B) shall
become effective only when there is no Security described in clause (A)(i) Outstanding;
(j) to make any change to the Securities of
any series so long as no Securities of such series are Outstanding; and
(k) to make any other change that does not adversely
affect the interests of the Holders of the Securities in any material respect.
The Trustee shall join with the Issuer in the execution
of any such supplemental indenture, to make any further appropriate agreements and stipulations which may be therein contained and to
accept the conveyance, transfer, assignment, mortgage or pledge of any property thereunder, but the Trustee shall not be obligated to
enter into any such supplemental indenture which affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or
otherwise.
Any supplemental indenture authorized by the provisions
of this Section may be executed without the consent of the Holders of any of the Securities at the time Outstanding, notwithstanding
any of the provisions of Section 8.02.
Section 8.02 Supplemental Indentures With
Consent of Securityholders. With the consent (evidenced as provided in Article 7) of the Holders of not less than a majority
in aggregate principal amount of the Securities at the time Outstanding of one or more series affected by such supplemental indenture
(voting as separate series), the Issuer, when authorized by a resolution of the Board of Directors, and the Trustee may, from time to
time and at any time, enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing
in any manner or eliminating any of the provisions of this Indenture or of any supplemental indenture or of modifying in any manner the
rights of the Holders of the Securities of each such consenting series; provided, that no such supplemental indenture shall, without
the consent of the Holder of each Security so affected, (a) extend the final maturity of any Security, or reduce the principal amount
thereof, or reduce the rate or extend the time of payment of interest thereon, or reduce any amount payable on redemption thereof, or
make the principal thereof (including any amount in respect of original issue discount) or interest thereon payable in any currency other
than that provided in the Securities or in accordance with the terms thereof, or reduce the amount of the principal of an Original Issue
Discount Security that would be due and payable upon an acceleration of the maturity thereof pursuant to Section 5.01 or the amount
thereof provable in bankruptcy pursuant to Section 5.02, or (b) waive a continuing default in the payment of principal of any
Security or interest thereon, other than any such default in payment that resulted solely from such acceleration, or change a provision
related to the waiver of past defaults or impair the right of any Securityholder to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment
on or after the Stated Maturity or the date of redemption or conversion of any Security or, if the Securities provide therefor, any right
of repayment at the option of the Securityholder, or (c) modify any of the provisions of this section except to increase any required
percentage or to provide that certain other provisions cannot be modified or waived without the consent of the Holder of each Security
so affected, or (d) make any change that adversely affects the right to convert or exchange any Security into or for Common Stock
or other securities, cash or other property in accordance with the terms of such Security or (e) reduce the aforesaid percentage
of Securities of any series, the consent of the Holders of which is required for any such supplemental indenture or the consent of Holders
of which is required for any modification, amendment or waiver of compliance with certain provisions of this Indenture or certain defaults
hereunder and their consequences provided for in this Indenture.
A supplemental indenture which changes or eliminates
any covenant, Event of Default or other provision of this Indenture (1) that has been expressly included solely for the benefit of
one or more particular series of Securities, if any, or (2) which modifies the rights of Holders of Securities of one or more series
with respect to any covenant, Event of Default or provision, shall be deemed not to affect the rights under this Indenture of the Holders
of Securities of any other series with respect to which such covenant, Event of Default or other provision has not been included or so
modified.
Upon the request of the Issuer, accompanied by
a Board Resolution authorizing the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and upon the filing with the Trustee of evidence of the
consent of Securityholders as aforesaid and other documents, if any, required by Section 7.01, the Trustee shall join with the Issuer
in the execution of such supplemental indenture unless such supplemental indenture affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities
under this Indenture or otherwise, in which case the Trustee may in its discretion, but shall not be obligated to, enter into such supplemental
indenture.
It shall not be necessary for the consent of the
Securityholders under this Section to approve the particular form of any proposed supplemental indenture, but it shall be sufficient
if such consent shall approve the substance thereof.
Promptly after the execution by the Issuer and
the Trustee of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall give a notice thereof to the Holders
of then Outstanding Securities of each series affected thereby, by delivering a notice thereof, and in each case such notice shall set
forth in general terms the substance of such supplemental indenture. Any failure of the Trustee to deliver such notice, or any defect
therein, shall not, however, in any way impair or affect the validity of any such supplemental indenture.
Section 8.03 Effect of Supplemental Indenture.
Upon the execution of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions hereof, this Indenture shall be and be deemed to be modified
and amended in accordance therewith and the respective rights, limitations of rights, obligations, duties and immunities under this Indenture
of the Trustee, the Issuer and the Holders of Securities of each series affected thereby shall thereafter be determined, exercised and
enforced hereunder subject in all respects to such modifications and amendments, and all the terms and conditions of any such supplemental
indenture shall be and be deemed to be part of the terms and conditions of this Indenture for any and all purposes.
Section 8.04 Documents to Be Given to Trustee.
The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Sections 6.01 and 6.02, may receive an Officer’s Certificate and an Opinion of Counsel
as conclusive evidence that any supplemental indenture executed pursuant to this Article 8 complies with the applicable provisions
of this Indenture.
Section 8.05 Notation on Securities in
Respect of Supplemental Indentures. Securities of any series authenticated and delivered after the execution of any supplemental indenture
pursuant to the provisions of this Article may bear a notation in form approved by the Trustee for such series as to any matter provided
for by such supplemental indenture or as to any action taken by Securityholders. If the Issuer or the Trustee shall so determine, new
Securities of any series so modified as to conform, in the opinion of the Trustee and the Board of Directors, to any modification of this
Indenture contained in any such supplemental indenture may be prepared by the Issuer, authenticated by the Trustee and delivered in exchange
for the Securities of such series then Outstanding.
ARTICLE 9
CONSOLIDATION, MERGER, SALE OR CONVEYANCE
Section 9.01 Issuer May Consolidate,
Etc., on Certain Terms. The Issuer shall not consolidate with or merge into any other Person (in a transaction in which the Issuer
is not the surviving corporation) or convey, transfer or lease its properties and assets substantially as an entirety to any Person, unless
(a) the Person formed by such consolidation or into which the Issuer is merged or the Person which acquires by conveyance or transfer,
or which leases, the properties and assets of the Issuer substantially as an entirety (i) shall be a corporation, limited liability
company, partnership or trust, (ii) shall be organized and validly existing under the laws of the United States of America, any State
thereof or the District of Columbia and (iii) shall expressly assume, by an indenture supplemental hereto, executed and delivered
to the Trustee, in form satisfactory to the Trustee, the due and punctual payment of the principal, interest on and any Additional Amounts
with respect to all the Securities and the performance or observance of every covenant of this Indenture on the part of the Issuer to
be performed, by supplemental indenture satisfactory in form to the Trustee, executed and delivered to the Trustee, by the Person formed
by such consolidation or into which the Issuer shall have been merged or by the Person which shall have acquired the Issuer’s assets;
(b) immediately after giving effect to such transaction, no Event of Default, and no event which, after notice or lapse of time or
both, would become an Event of Default, shall have happened and be continuing; and (c) the Issuer has delivered to the Trustee an
Officer’s Certificate and an Opinion of Counsel, each stating that such consolidation, merger, conveyance, transfer or lease and,
if a supplemental indenture is required in connection with such transaction, such supplemental indenture comply with this Article and
that all conditions precedent herein provided for relating to such transaction have been complied with.
The restrictions in this Section 9.01 shall
not apply to (i) the merger or consolidation of the Issuer with one of its affiliates, if the Board of Directors determines in good
faith that the purpose of such transaction is principally to change the Issuer’s State of incorporation or convert the Issuer’s
form of organization to another form, or (ii) the merger of the Issuer with or into a single direct or indirect wholly owned Subsidiary.
Section 9.02 Successor Issuer Substituted.
Upon any consolidation of the Issuer with, or merger of the Issuer into, any other Person or any conveyance, transfer or lease of
the properties and assets of the Issuer substantially as an entirety in accordance with Section 9.01, the successor Person formed
by such consolidation or into which the Issuer is merged or to which such conveyance, transfer or lease is made shall succeed to, and
be substituted for, and may exercise every right and power of, the Issuer under this Indenture with the same effect as if such successor
Person had been named as the Issuer herein, and thereafter, except in the case of a lease, the predecessor Person shall be relieved of
all obligations and covenants under this Indenture and the Securities.
In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale,
lease or conveyance, such changes in phraseology and form (but not in substance) may be made in the Securities thereafter to be issued
as may be appropriate.
ARTICLE 10
SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE OF INDENTURE; DEFEASANCE;
UNCLAIMED MONEYS
Section 10.01 Satisfaction and Discharge
of Indenture; Defeasance.
(a) If at any time
(i) the Issuer shall have paid or
caused to be paid the principal of and interest on and any Additional Amounts with respect to all the Securities of any series Outstanding
hereunder (other than Securities of such series which have been destroyed, lost or stolen and which have been replaced or paid as provided
in Section 2.09) as and when the same shall have become due and payable, or
(ii) the Issuer shall have delivered
to the Trustee for cancellation all Securities of any series theretofore authenticated (other than any Securities of such series which
shall have been destroyed, lost or stolen and which shall have been replaced or paid as provided in Section 2.09); or
(iii) in the case of any series of
Securities the exact amount (including the currency of payment) of principal of and interest and Additional Amounts due on which on the
dates referred to in clause (B) below can be determined at the time of making the deposit referred to in such clause,
(A) all the Securities of such series
not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation shall have become due and payable, or are by their terms to become due and payable
within one year or are to be called for redemption within one year in accordance with their terms under arrangements satisfactory to the
Trustee for the giving of notice of redemption, and
(B) the Issuer shall have irrevocably
deposited or caused to be deposited with the Trustee as trust funds the entire amount (i) in the case of any series of Securities
the payments on which may only be made in Dollars, in Dollars (other than moneys repaid by the Trustee or any paying agent to the Issuer
in accordance with Section 10.04) and/or U.S. Government Obligations maturing as to principal and interest in such amounts and at
such times as will insure the availability of cash in such currency, or (ii) in the case of any series of Securities the payments
on which may only be made in a Foreign Currency, in such Foreign Currency (other than moneys repaid by the Trustee or any paying agent
to the Issuer in accordance with Section 10.04) and/or Foreign Government Obligations maturing as to principal and interest in such
amounts and at such times as will insure the availability of cash in such currency, in each case sufficient to pay on any subsequent Interest
Payment Date all interest due on such Interest Payment Date on the Securities of such series and to pay at maturity or upon redemption
all Securities of such series (in each case other than any Securities of such series which shall have been destroyed, lost or stolen and
which shall have been replaced or paid as provided in Section 2.09) not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, including
principal, interest and Additional Amounts due or to become due to such date of maturity, as the case may be,
and if, in a case described in Section 10.01(a)(iii)(B), the Issuer
shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable hereunder by the Issuer, including amounts due the Trustee pursuant to Section 6.06,
with respect to Securities of such series, then this Indenture shall cease to be of further effect with respect to Securities of such
series (except as to (1) rights of registration of transfer, conversion and exchange of Securities of such series and the Issuer’s
right of optional redemption, (2) substitution of mutilated, defaced, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities, (3) rights of Holders
of Securities to receive, solely from the trust fund described in Section 10.01(a)(iii)(B), payments of principal thereof and interest
thereon, upon the original stated due dates therefor (but not upon acceleration) and remaining rights of the Holders to receive, solely
from the trust fund described in Section 10.01(a)(iii)(B), sinking fund payments, if any, (4) the rights (including the Trustee’s
rights under Section 10.05) and immunities of the Trustee hereunder and the Trustee’s obligations under Sections 10.02 and
10.04 and (5) the obligations of the Issuer under Section 3.02), and the Trustee, on demand of the Issuer accompanied by an
Officer’s Certificate and an Opinion of Counsel which complies with Section 11.05 and at the cost and expense of the Issuer,
shall execute proper instruments acknowledging such satisfaction of and discharging this Indenture with respect to such series. The Issuer
agrees to reimburse the Trustee for any costs or expenses thereafter reasonably and properly incurred and to compensate the Trustee for
any services thereafter reasonably and properly rendered by the Trustee in connection with this Indenture or the Securities of such series.
(b) The following subsection shall apply to
the Securities of each series unless specifically otherwise provided in a Board Resolution, Officer’s Certificate or indenture supplemental
hereto pursuant to Section 2.03. In addition to the right to discharge of the Indenture pursuant to subsection (a) above, the
Issuer, at its option and at any time, by written notice by an officer delivered to the Trustee, may elect to have all of its obligations
with respect to all Outstanding Securities of a series discharged (“Legal Defeasance”), such discharge to be effective
on the date that the conditions set forth in clauses (i) through (iv) and (vi) of Section 10.01(d) are satisfied,
and thereafter the Issuer shall be deemed to have paid and discharged the entire Debt on all the Securities of such series, and satisfied
all its other obligations under such Securities and this Indenture insofar as such Securities are concerned and this Indenture shall cease
to be of further effect with respect to Securities of such series (except as to (1) rights of registration of transfer, conversion
and exchange of Securities of such series, (2) substitution of apparently mutilated, defaced, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities,
(3) rights of Holders of Securities to receive, solely from the trust fund described in Section 10.01(d)(i), payments of principal
thereof, interest thereon and any Additional Amounts, upon the original Stated Maturities therefor (but not upon acceleration) and remaining
rights of the Holders to receive, solely from the trust fund described in Section 10.01(d)(i), sinking fund payments, if any, (4) the
rights (including the Trustee’s rights under Section 10.05) and immunities of the Trustee hereunder and the Trustee’s
obligations with respect to the Securities of such series under Sections 10.02 and 10.04 and (5) the obligations of the Issuer under
Section 3.02).
(c) The following subsection shall apply to
the Securities of each series unless specifically otherwise provided in a Board Resolution, Officer’s Certificate or indenture supplemental
hereto provided pursuant to Section 2.03. In addition to the right to discharge of the Indenture pursuant to subsection (a) and
to Legal Defeasance pursuant to subsection (b), above, the Issuer, at its option and at any time, by written notice executed by an officer
delivered to the Trustee, may elect to have its obligations under any covenant contained in this Indenture or in the Board Resolution
or supplemental indenture relating to such series pursuant to Section 2.03 discharged with respect to all Outstanding Securities
of a series, this Indenture and any indentures supplemental to this Indenture with respect to such series (“Covenant Defeasance”),
such discharge to be effective on the date the conditions set forth in clauses (i) through (iii) and (v) through (vi) of
Section 10.01(d) are satisfied, and such Securities shall thereafter be deemed to be not “Outstanding” for the purposes
of any direction, waiver, consent or declaration of Securityholders (and any consequences thereof) in connection with such covenants,
but shall continue to be “Outstanding” for all other purposes under this Indenture. For this purpose, such Covenant Defeasance
means that, with respect to the Outstanding Securities of a series, the Issuer may omit to comply with and shall have no liability in
respect of any term, condition or limitation set forth in any such covenant, whether directly or indirectly, by reason of any reference
elsewhere herein to any such covenant or by reason of reference in any such covenant to any other provision herein or in any other document
and such omission to comply shall not constitute an Event of Default under Section 5.01(c) or otherwise, but except as specified
in this Section 10.01(c), the remainder of the Issuer’s obligations under the Securities of such series, this Indenture, and
any indentures supplemental to this Indenture with respect to such series shall be unaffected thereby.
(d) The following shall be the conditions to
the application of Legal Defeasance (to the extent set forth in subsection (b)), or Covenant Defeasance (to the extent set forth in subsection
(c)) to the Securities of the applicable series:
(i) the Issuer irrevocably deposits
or causes to be deposited in trust with the Trustee or, at the option of the Trustee, with a trustee satisfactory to the Trustee and the
Company under the terms of an irrevocable trust agreement in form and substance satisfactory to the Trustee, (i) in the case of any
series of Securities the payments on which may only be made in Dollars, Dollars (other than moneys repaid by the Trustee or any paying
agent to the Issuer in accordance with Section 10.04) and/or U.S. Government Obligations maturing as to principal and interest in
such amounts and at such times as will insure the availability of cash in such currency, or (ii) in the case of any series of Securities
the payments on which may only be made in a Foreign Currency, such Foreign Currency (other than moneys repaid by the Trustee or any paying
agent to the Issuer in accordance with Section 10.04) and/or Foreign Government Obligations maturing as to principal and interest
in such amounts and at such times as will insure the availability of cash in such currency, in each case sufficient to pay on any subsequent
Interest Payment Date all interest due on such Interest Payment Date on the Securities of such series and to pay at maturity or upon redemption
all Securities of such series (in each case other than any Securities of such series which shall have been destroyed, lost or stolen and
which shall have been replaced or paid as provided in Section 2.09) not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, including
principal, interest and Additional Amounts due or to become due to such date of maturity, as the case may be;
(ii) the Issuer delivers to the Trustee
an Officer’s Certificate stating that all conditions precedent specified herein relating to Legal Defeasance or Covenant Defeasance,
as the case may be, have been complied with, and an Opinion of Counsel to the same effect;
(iii) no Event of Default under subsection
(a), (b), (d) or (e) of Section 5.01 shall have occurred and be continuing, and no event which with notice or lapse of
time or both would become such an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, on the date of such deposit;
(iv) in the event of an election for
Legal Defeasance under subsection (b), the Issuer shall have delivered to the Trustee an Opinion of Counsel stating that (A) the
Issuer has received from, or there has been published by, the Internal Revenue Service a ruling or (B) since the date of this instrument,
there has been a change in the applicable Federal income tax law, in either case (A) or (B) to the effect that, and based thereon
such opinion shall confirm that, the Holders of such Securities will not recognize gain or loss for Federal income tax purposes as a result
of the deposit, defeasance and discharge to be effected with respect to such Securities and will be subject to Federal income tax on the
same amounts, in the same manner and at the same times as would be the case if such deposit, defeasance and discharge were not to occur;
(v) in the event of an election for
Covenant Defeasance under subsection (c), the Issuer shall have delivered to the Trustee an Opinion of Counsel to the effect that the
Holders of such Securities will not recognize gain or loss for Federal income tax purposes as a result of the deposit and Covenant Defeasance
to be effected with respect to such Securities and will be subject to Federal income tax on the same amount, in the same manner and at
the same times as would be the case if such deposit and Covenant Defeasance were not to occur; and
(vi) notwithstanding any other provisions
of this subsection (d), such defeasance shall be effected in compliance with any additional or substitute terms, conditions or limitations
that may be imposed on the Issuer pursuant to Section 2.03.
After such irrevocable deposit made pursuant to this Section 10.01(d) and
satisfaction of the other applicable conditions set forth in this subsection (d), the Trustee upon request shall execute proper instruments
acknowledging the discharge of the Issuer’s obligations pursuant to this Section 10.01.
Section 10.02 Application by Trustee of
Funds Deposited for Payment of Securities. Subject to Section 10.04, all moneys deposited with the Trustee (or other trustee)
pursuant to Section 10.01 shall be held in trust and applied by it to the payment, either directly or through any paying agent (including
the Issuer acting as its own paying agent), to the Holders of the particular Securities of such series for the payment or redemption of
which such moneys have been deposited with the Trustee, of all sums due and to become due thereon for principal and interest; but such
money need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required by law.
Section 10.03 Repayment of Moneys Held
by Paying Agent. In connection with the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture with respect to Securities of any series, all
moneys then held by any paying agent under the provisions of this Indenture with respect to such series of Securities shall, upon demand
of the Issuer, be repaid to it or paid to the Trustee and thereupon such paying agent shall be released from all further liability with
respect to such moneys.
Section 10.04 Return of Moneys Held by
Trustee and Paying Agent Unclaimed for Two Years. Any moneys deposited with or paid to the Trustee or any paying agent for the payment
of the principal of, interest on or additional amounts in respect of any Security of any series and not applied but remaining unclaimed
for two years after the date upon which such principal, interest or additional amount shall have become due and payable, shall be repaid
to the Issuer by the Trustee for such series or such paying agent, and the Holder of the Securities of such series shall thereafter look
only to the Issuer for any payment which such Holder may be entitled to collect, and all liability of the Trustee or any paying agent
with respect to such moneys shall thereupon cease.
Section 10.05 Indemnity for U.S. Government
Obligations and Foreign Government Obligations. The Issuer shall pay and indemnify the Trustee against any tax, fee or other charge
imposed on or assessed against the U.S. Government Obligations or Foreign Government Obligations deposited pursuant to Section 10.01
or the principal or interest received in respect of such obligations.
ARTICLE 11
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 11.01 No Recourse. No recourse
under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement of this Indenture, or of any Security, or for any claim based thereon or otherwise
in respect thereof, shall be had against any incorporator, stockholder, officer or director, past, present or future as such, of the Issuer
or of any predecessor or successor corporation, either directly or through the Issuer or any such predecessor or successor corporation,
whether by virtue of any constitution, statute or rule of law, or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise; it
being expressly understood that this Indenture and the obligations issued hereunder are solely corporate obligations, and that no such
personal liability whatever shall attach to, or is or shall be incurred by, the incorporators, stockholders, officers or directors as
such, of the Issuer or of any predecessor or successor corporation, or any of them, because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby
authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities
or implied therefrom; and that any and all such personal liability of every name and nature, either at common law or in equity or by constitution
or statute, of, and any and all such rights and claims against, every such incorporator, stockholder, officer or director as such, because
of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in
this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom, are hereby expressly waived and released as a condition of, and as a
consideration for, the execution of this Indenture and the issuance of such Securities.
Section 11.02 Provisions of Indenture for
the Sole Benefit of Parties and Holders of Securities. Nothing in this Indenture or in the Securities, expressed or implied, shall
give or be construed to give to any person, firm or corporation, other than the parties hereto and their successors and the Holders of
the Securities any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under this Indenture or under any covenant or provision herein contained,
all such covenants and provisions being for the sole benefit of the parties hereto and their successors and of the Holders of the Securities.
Section 11.03 Successors and Assigns of
Issuer Bound by Indenture. All the covenants, stipulations, promises and agreements contained in this Indenture by or on behalf of
the Issuer shall bind its successors and assigns, whether so expressed or not.
Section 11.04 Notices and Demands on Issuer,
Trustee and Holders of Securities. Any notice or demand which by any provision of this Indenture is required or permitted to be given
or served by the Trustee or by the Holders of Securities to or on the Issuer may be delivered, given or served by being deposited postage
prepaid, first-class mail (except as otherwise specifically provided herein) addressed (until another address of the Issuer is filed by
the Issuer with the Trustee) to Voyager Therapeutics, Inc., 64 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Attn: Chief Financial
Officer. Any notice, direction, request or demand by the Issuer or any Holder of Securities to or upon the Trustee shall be deemed to
have been sufficiently given or made, for all purposes, if given or made at ______, ______, Attn: ______.
Where this Indenture provides for notice to Holders
of Securities, such notice shall be sufficiently given (unless otherwise herein expressly provided) if in writing and mailed, first-class
postage prepaid, to each Holder entitled thereto, at his, her or its last address as it appears in the Security register. In case, by
reason of the suspension of or irregularities in regular mail service, it shall be impracticable to mail notice of any event to Holders
of Securities when said notice is required to be given pursuant to any provision of this Indenture or of the Securities, then any manner
of giving such notice as shall be satisfactory to the Trustee shall be deemed to be a sufficient giving of such notice.
In case, by reason of the suspension of or irregularities
in regular mail service, it shall be impracticable to mail notice to the Issuer when such notice is required to be given pursuant to any
provision of this Indenture, then any manner of giving such notice as shall be satisfactory to the Trustee shall be deemed to be a sufficient
giving of such notice.
Where this Indenture provides for notice of any
event to a Holder of a Global Security, such notice shall be sufficiently given if given to the Depositary for such Security (or its designee),
pursuant to the Applicable Procedures of the Depositary, not later than the latest date, if any, and not earlier than the earliest date,
if any, prescribed for the giving of such notice.
Neither the failure to give notice, nor any defect
in any notice so given, to any particular Holder of a Security shall affect the sufficiency of such notice with respect to other Holders
of Securities given as provided above.
Where this Indenture provides for notice in any
manner, such notice may be waived in writing by the Person entitled to receive such notice either before or after the event, and such
waiver shall be the equivalent of such notice. Waivers of notice by Holders shall be filed with the Trustee, but such filing shall not
be a condition precedent to the validity of any action taken in reliance upon such waiver.
Section 11.05 Officer’s Certificates
and Opinions of Counsel; Statements to Be Contained Therein. Upon any application or demand by the Issuer to the Trustee to take any
action under any of the provisions of this Indenture, the Issuer shall furnish to the Trustee an Officer’s Certificate stating that
all conditions precedent provided for in this Indenture relating to the proposed action have been complied with and an Opinion of Counsel
stating that in the opinion of such counsel all such conditions precedent have been complied with, except that in the case of any such
application or demand as to which the furnishing of such documents is specifically required by any provision of this Indenture relating
to such particular application or demand, no additional certificate or opinion need be furnished.
Each certificate or opinion provided for in this
Indenture and delivered to the Trustee with respect to compliance with a condition or covenant provided for in this Indenture shall include
(a) a statement that the person making such certificate or opinion has read such covenant or condition, (b) a brief statement
as to the nature and scope of the examination or investigation upon which the statements or opinions contained in such certificate or
opinion are based, (c) a statement that, in the opinion of such person, he or she has made such examination or investigation as is
necessary to enable him or her to express an informed opinion as to whether or not such covenant or condition has been complied with and
(d) a statement as to whether or not, in the opinion of such person, such condition or covenant has been complied with.
Any certificate, statement or opinion of an officer
of the Issuer may be based, insofar as it relates to legal matters, upon a certificate or opinion of or representations by counsel, unless
such officer knows that the certificate or opinion or representations with respect to the matters upon which his or her certificate, statement
or opinion may be based as aforesaid are erroneous, or in the exercise of reasonable care should know that the same are erroneous. Any
certificate, statement or opinion of counsel may be based, insofar as it relates to factual matters, information with respect to which
is in the possession of the Issuer, upon the certificate, statement or opinion of or representations by an officer or officers of the
Issuer, unless such counsel knows that the certificate, statement or opinion or representations with respect to the matters upon which
his or her certificate, statement or opinion may be based as aforesaid are erroneous, or in the exercise of reasonable care should know
that the same are erroneous.
Any certificate, statement or opinion of an officer
of the Issuer or of counsel may be based, insofar as it relates to accounting matters, upon a certificate or opinion of or representations
by an accountant or firm of accountants in the employ of the Issuer, unless such officer or counsel, as the case may be, knows that the
certificate or opinion or representations with respect to the accounting matters upon which his or her certificate, statement or opinion
may be based as aforesaid are erroneous, or in the exercise of reasonable care should know that the same are erroneous.
Any certificate or opinion of any independent firm
of public accountants filed with and directed to the Trustee shall contain a statement that such firm is independent.
Section 11.06 Payments Due on Saturdays,
Sundays and Holidays. If the date of maturity of interest on or principal of the Securities of any series or the date fixed for redemption
or repayment of any such Security, or the last day on which a Holder has the right to convert any Security, shall not be a Business Day,
then payment of interest or principal, or any conversion, need not be made on such date, but may be made on the next succeeding Business
Day with the same force and effect as if made on the date of maturity or the date fixed for redemption or on such last day for conversion,
and no interest shall accrue for the period after such date.
Section 11.07 Conflict of Any Provision
of Indenture With Trust Indenture Act of 1939. If and to the extent that any provision of this Indenture limits, qualifies or conflicts
with another provision included in this Indenture by operation of Sections 310 to 317, inclusive, of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939,
such incorporated provision shall control.
Section 11.08 New York Law to Govern. This
Indenture and each Security shall be deemed to be a contract under the laws of the State of New York, and for all purposes shall be governed
by and construed in accordance with the laws of such State without regard to any principle of conflict of laws that would require or permit
the application of the laws of any other jurisdiction, except as may otherwise be required by mandatory provisions of law.
Section 11.09 Counterparts. This Indenture
may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original; but such counterparts shall together constitute but
one and the same instrument.
Section 11.10 Effect of Headings. The
Article and Section headings herein and the Table of Contents are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction
hereof.
Section 11.11 Actions by Successor.
Any act or proceeding by any provision of this Indenture authorized or required to be done or performed by any board of directors or its
equivalent, committee or officer of the Issuer shall and may be done and performed with like force and effect by the corresponding board,
committee or officer of any corporation that shall at the time be the lawful successor of the Issuer.
Section 11.12 Severability. In case
any one or more of the provisions contained in this Indenture or in the Securities of any series shall for any reason be held to be invalid,
illegal or unenforceable in any respect, such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability shall not affect any other provisions of this
Indenture or of such Securities, but this Indenture and such Securities shall be construed as if such invalid or illegal or unenforceable
provision had never been contained herein or therein.
ARTICLE 12
REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUNDS
Section 12.01 Applicability of Article.
The provisions of this Article shall be applicable to the Securities of any series which are redeemable before their maturity
or to any sinking fund for the retirement of Securities of a series, except as otherwise specified, as contemplated by Section 2.03
for Securities of such series.
Section 12.02 Notice of Redemption; Partial
Redemptions. Notice of redemption to the Holders of Securities of any series to be redeemed as a whole or in part at the option of
the Issuer shall be given by providing notice of such redemption at least 10 days and not more than 60 days prior to the date fixed for
redemption to such Holders of Securities of such series at their last addresses as they shall appear upon the Security register. Any notice
which is given in the manner herein provided shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the Holder receives
the notice. Failure to give notice or any defect in the notice to the Holder of any Security of a series designated for redemption as
a whole or in part shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other Security of such series.
The notice of redemption to each such Holder shall
specify the principal amount of each Security of such series held by such Holder to be redeemed, the date fixed for redemption, the redemption
price, the place or places of payment, that payment will be made upon presentation and surrender of such Securities, that such redemption
is pursuant to the mandatory or optional sinking fund, or both, if such be the case, that interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption
will be paid as specified in such notice and that on and after said date interest thereon or on the portions thereof to be redeemed will
cease to accrue and shall also specify, if applicable, the conversion price then in effect and the date on which the right to convert
such Securities or the portions thereof to be redeemed will expire. In case any Security of a series is to be redeemed in part only, the
notice of redemption shall state the portion of the principal amount thereof to be redeemed and shall state that on and after the date
fixed for redemption, upon surrender of such Security, a new Security or Securities of such series in principal amount equal to the unredeemed
portion thereof will be issued.
The notice of redemption of Securities of any series
to be redeemed at the option of the Issuer shall be given by the Issuer or, at the Issuer’s request, by the Trustee in the name
and at the expense of the Issuer.
On or before the redemption date specified in the
notice of redemption given as provided in this Section, the Issuer will deposit with the Trustee or with one or more paying agents (or,
if the Issuer is acting as its own paying agent, set aside, segregate and hold in trust as provided in Section 3.04) an amount of
money sufficient to redeem on the redemption date all the Securities of such series so called for redemption (other than those Securities
theretofore surrendered for conversion into Common Stock in accordance with their terms) at the appropriate redemption price, together
with accrued interest to the date fixed for redemption. If any Security called for redemption is converted pursuant hereto and in accordance
with the terms thereof, any money deposited with the Trustee or any paying agent or so segregated and held in trust for the redemption
of such Security shall be paid to the Issuer upon the Issuer’s request, or, if then held by the Issuer, shall be discharged from
such trust. The Issuer will deliver to the Trustee at least 10 days prior to the date the notice required to be delivered to the Holders
is to be sent (unless a shorter time period shall be acceptable to the Trustee) an Officer’s Certificate (which need not comply
with Section 11.05) stating the aggregate principal amount of Securities to be redeemed. In case of a redemption at the election
of the Issuer prior to the expiration of any restriction on such redemption, the Issuer shall deliver to the Trustee, prior to the giving
of any notice of redemption to Holders pursuant to this Section, an Officer’s Certificate stating that such restriction has been
complied with.
If less than all the Securities of a series are
to be redeemed, the Trustee shall select, in such manner as it shall deem appropriate and fair, Securities of such series to be redeemed
in whole or in part. Securities may be redeemed in part in multiples equal to the minimum authorized denomination for Securities of such
series or any multiple thereof. The Trustee shall promptly notify the Issuer in writing of the Securities of such series selected for
redemption and, in the case of any Securities of such series selected for partial redemption, the principal amount thereof to be redeemed.
For all purposes of this Indenture, unless the context otherwise requires, all provisions relating to the redemption of Securities of
any series shall relate, in the case of any Security redeemed or to be redeemed only in part, to the portion of the principal amount of
such Security which has been or is to be redeemed. If any Security selected for partial redemption is surrendered for conversion after
such selection, the converted portion of such Security shall be deemed (so far as may be possible) to be the portion selected for redemption.
Section 12.03 Payment of Securities Called
for Redemption. If notice of redemption has been given as above provided, the Securities or portions of Securities specified in such
notice shall become due and payable on the date and at the place stated in such notice at the applicable redemption price, together with
interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption, and on and after said date (unless the Issuer shall default in the payment of such
Securities at the redemption price, together with interest accrued to said date) interest on the Securities or portions of Securities
so called for redemption shall cease to accrue, and such Securities shall cease from and after the date fixed for redemption to be convertible
into Common Stock (to the extent otherwise convertible in accordance with their terms), if applicable, and cease to be entitled to any
benefit or security under this Indenture, and except as provided in the paragraph below, the Holders thereof shall have no right in respect
of such Securities except the right to receive the redemption price thereof and unpaid interest to the date fixed for redemption. On presentation
and surrender of such Securities at a place of payment specified in said notice, said Securities or the specified portions thereof shall
be paid and redeemed by the Issuer at the applicable redemption price, together with interest accrued thereon to the date fixed for redemption;
provided, that payment of interest becoming due on or prior to the date fixed for redemption shall be payable to the Holders of
such Securities registered as such on the relevant record date subject to the terms and provisions of Sections 2.03 and 2.07 hereof.
If any Security called for redemption shall not
be so paid upon surrender thereof for redemption, the principal shall, until paid or duly provided for, bear interest from the date fixed
for redemption at the rate of interest or Yield to Maturity (in the case of an Original Issue Discount Security) borne by such Security
and, if applicable, such Security shall remain convertible into Common Stock until the principal of such Security shall have been paid
or duly provided for.
Upon presentation of any Security redeemed in part
only, the Issuer shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver to or on the order of the Holder thereof, at the expense
of the Issuer, a new Security or Securities of such series, of authorized denominations, in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion
of the Security so presented.
Section 12.04 Exclusion of Certain Securities
from Eligibility for Selection for Redemption. Securities shall be excluded from eligibility for selection for redemption if they
are identified by registration and certificate number in an Officer’s Certificate delivered to the Trustee at least 40 days prior
to the last date on which notice of redemption may be given as being owned of record and beneficially by, and not pledged or hypothecated
by either (a) the Issuer or (b) an entity specifically identified in such written statement as directly or indirectly controlling
or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Issuer.
Section 12.05 Mandatory and Optional Sinking
Funds. The minimum amount of any sinking fund payment provided for by the terms of the Securities of any series is herein referred
to as a “mandatory sinking fund payment”, and any payment in excess of such minimum amount provided for by the terms
of the Securities of any series is herein referred to as an “optional sinking fund payment”. The date on which a sinking
fund payment is to be made is herein referred to as the “sinking fund payment date”.
In lieu of making all or any part of any mandatory
sinking fund payment with respect to any series of Securities in cash, the Issuer may at its option (a) deliver to the Trustee Securities
of such series theretofore purchased or otherwise acquired (except upon redemption pursuant to the mandatory sinking fund) by the Issuer
or receive credit for Securities of such series (not previously so credited) theretofore purchased or otherwise acquired (except as aforesaid)
by the Issuer and delivered to the Trustee for cancellation pursuant to Section 2.10 and, if applicable, receive credit for Securities
(not previously so credited) converted into Common Stock and so delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, (b) receive credit for
optional sinking fund payments (not previously so credited) made pursuant to this Section, or (c) receive credit for Securities of
such series (not previously so credited) redeemed by the Issuer through any optional redemption provision contained in the terms of such
series. Securities so delivered or credited shall be received or credited by the Trustee at the sinking fund redemption price specified
in such Securities.
On or before the 60th day next preceding each sinking
fund payment date for any series, the Issuer will deliver to the Trustee an Officer’s Certificate (which need not contain the statements
required by Section 11.05) (a) specifying the portion of the mandatory sinking fund payment to be satisfied by payment of cash
and the portion to be satisfied by credit of Securities of such series and the basis for such credit, (b) stating that none of the
Securities of such series for which credit will be taken has theretofore been so credited, (c) stating that no defaults in the payment
of interest or Events of Default with respect to such series have occurred (which have not been waived or cured) and are continuing and
(d) stating whether or not the Issuer intends to exercise its right to make an optional sinking fund payment with respect to such
series and, if so, specifying the amount of such optional sinking fund payment which the Issuer intends to pay on or before the next succeeding
sinking fund payment date. Any Securities of such series to be credited and required to be delivered to the Trustee in order for the Issuer
to be entitled to credit therefor as aforesaid which have not theretofore been delivered to the Trustee shall be delivered for cancellation
pursuant to Section 2.10 to the Trustee with such Officer’s Certificate (or reasonably promptly thereafter if acceptable to
the Trustee). Such Officer’s Certificate shall be irrevocable and upon its receipt by the Trustee the Issuer shall become unconditionally
obligated to make all the cash payments or payments therein referred to, if any, on or before the next succeeding sinking fund payment
date. Failure of the Issuer, on or before any such 60th day, to deliver such Officer’s Certificate and Securities specified in this
paragraph, if any, shall not constitute a default but shall constitute, on and as of such date, the irrevocable election of the Issuer
that the mandatory sinking fund payment for such series due on the next succeeding sinking fund payment date shall be paid entirely in
cash without the option to deliver or credit Securities of such series in respect thereof.
If the sinking fund payment or payments (mandatory
or optional or both) to be made in cash on the next succeeding sinking fund payment date plus any unused balance of any preceding sinking
fund payments made in cash shall exceed $50,000 (or the equivalent thereof in any Foreign Currency or a lesser sum in Dollars or in any
Foreign Currency if the Issuer shall so request) with respect to the Securities of any particular series, such cash shall be applied on
the next succeeding sinking fund payment date to the redemption of Securities of such series at the sinking fund redemption price together
with accrued interest to the date fixed for redemption. If such amount shall be $50,000 (or the equivalent thereof in any Foreign Currency)
or less and the Issuer makes no such request then it shall be carried over until a sum in excess of $50,000 (or the equivalent thereof
in any Foreign Currency) is available, which delay in accordance with this paragraph shall not be a default or breach of the obligation
to make such payment. The Trustee shall select, in the manner provided in Section 12.02, for redemption on such sinking fund payment
date a sufficient principal amount of Securities of such series to which such cash may be applied, as nearly as may be, and shall (if
requested in writing by the Issuer) inform the Issuer of the serial numbers of the Securities of such series (or portions thereof) so
selected. The Trustee, in the name and at the expense of the Issuer (or the Issuer, if it shall so request the Trustee in writing), shall
cause notice of redemption of the Securities of such series to be given in substantially the manner provided in Section 12.02 (and
with the effect provided in Section 12.03) for the redemption of Securities of such series in part at the option of the Issuer. The
amount of any sinking fund payments not so applied or allocated to the redemption of Securities of such series shall be added to the next
cash sinking fund payment for such series and, together with such payment, shall be applied in accordance with the provisions of this
Section. Any and all sinking fund moneys held on the stated maturity date of the Securities of any particular series (or earlier, if such
maturity is accelerated), which are not held for the payment or redemption of particular Securities of such series, shall be applied,
together with other moneys, if necessary, sufficient for the purpose, to the payment of the principal of, and interest on, the Securities
of such series at maturity. The Issuer’s obligation to make a mandatory or optional sinking fund payment shall automatically be
reduced by an amount equal to the sinking fund redemption price allocable to any Securities or portions thereof called for redemption
pursuant to the preceding paragraph on any sinking fund payment date and converted into Common Stock in accordance with the terms of such
Securities; provided that, if the Trustee is not the conversion agent for the Securities, the Issuer or such conversion agent shall
give the Trustee written notice on or prior to the date fixed for redemption of the principal amount of Securities or portions thereof
so converted.
On or before each sinking fund payment date, the
Issuer shall pay to the Trustee in cash or shall otherwise provide for the payment of all interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption
on Securities to be redeemed on such sinking fund payment date.
The Trustee shall not redeem or cause to be redeemed
any Securities of a series with sinking fund moneys or give any notice of redemption of Securities for such series by operation of the
sinking fund during the continuance of a default in payment of interest on such Securities or of any Event of Default except that, where
providing notice of redemption of any Securities shall theretofore have been made, the Trustee shall redeem or cause to be redeemed such
Securities, provided that it shall have received from the Issuer a sum sufficient for such redemption. Except as aforesaid, any moneys
in the sinking fund for such series at the time when any such default or Event of Default shall occur, and any moneys thereafter paid
into the sinking fund, shall, during the continuance of such default or Event of Default, be deemed to have been collected under Article 5
and held for the payment of all such Securities. In case such Event of Default shall have been waived as provided in Section 5.10,
or the default cured on or before the 60th day preceding the sinking fund payment date in any year, such moneys shall thereafter be applied
on such sinking fund payment date in accordance with this Section to the redemption of such Securities.
ARTICLE 13
SUBORDINATION OF SECURITIES
Section 13.01 Agreement of Subordination.
The Issuer covenants and agrees, and each holder of Securities issued hereunder by its acceptance thereof likewise covenants and agrees,
that all Securities shall be issued subject to the provisions of this Article 13; and each Securityholder, whether upon original
issue or upon transfer or assignment thereof, accepts and agrees to be bound by such provisions.
The payment of the principal of and interest on
all Securities issued hereunder shall, to the extent and in the manner hereinafter set forth, be subordinated and subject in right of
payment to the prior payment in full of all Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer, whether outstanding at the date of this Indenture or thereafter
incurred.
The provisions of this Article 13 define the
subordination of the Securities, as obligations of the Issuer, with respect to Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer.
No provision of this Article 13 shall prevent
the occurrence of any default or Event of Default hereunder.
Section 13.02 Payments to Securityholders.
In the event and during the continuation of any default in the payment of principal, premium, interest or any other payment due on
any Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer continuing beyond the period of grace, if any, specified in the instrument or lease evidencing such
Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer, then, unless and until such default shall have been cured or waived or shall have ceased to exist,
no payment shall be made by the Issuer with respect to the principal of or interest on the Securities, except sinking fund obligations
satisfied by credit of acquired Securities under Section 12.05 prior to the happening of such default and payments made pursuant
to Article 10 hereof from monies deposited with the Trustee pursuant thereto prior to the happening of such default.
Upon any payment by the Issuer, or distribution
of assets of the Issuer of any kind or character, whether in cash, property or securities, to creditors upon any dissolution or winding-up
or liquidation or reorganization of the Issuer, whether voluntary or involuntary or in bankruptcy, insolvency, receivership or other proceedings,
all amounts due or to become due upon all Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer shall first be paid in full, or payment thereof provided for
in money in accordance with its terms, before any payment is made on account of the principal or interest on the Securities (except payments
made pursuant to Article 10 hereof from monies deposited with the Trustee pursuant thereto prior to the happening of such dissolution,
winding-up, liquidation or reorganization); and upon any such dissolution or winding-up or liquidation or reorganization any payment by
the Issuer, or distribution of assets of the Issuer of any kind or character, whether in cash, property or securities, to which the holders
of the Securities or the Trustee would be entitled, except for the provisions of this Article 13, shall (except as aforesaid) be
paid by the Issuer or by any receiver, trustee in bankruptcy, liquidating trustee, agent or other Person making such payment or distribution,
or by the holders of the Securities or by the Trustee under this Indenture if received by them or it, directly to the holders of Senior
Indebtedness of the Issuer (pro rata to such holders on the basis of the respective amounts of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer held
by such holders, as calculated by the Issuer) or their representative or representatives, or to the trustee or trustees under any indenture
pursuant to which any instruments evidencing any Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer may have been issued, as their respective interests
may appear, to the extent necessary to pay all Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer in full, in money or money’s worth, after giving
effect to any concurrent payment or distribution to or for the holders of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer, before any payment or distribution
is made to the holders of the Securities or to the Trustee.
In the event that, notwithstanding the foregoing,
any payment or distribution of assets of the Issuer of any kind or character, whether in cash, property or securities, prohibited by the
foregoing, shall be received by the Trustee or the holders of the Securities before all Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer is paid in full,
or provision is made for such payment in money in accordance with its terms, such payment or distribution shall be held in trust for the
benefit of and shall be paid over or delivered to the holders of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer or their representative or representatives,
or to the trustee or trustees under any indenture pursuant to which any instruments evidencing any Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer may
have been issued, as their respective interests may appear, as calculated by the Issuer, for application to the payment of all Senior
Indebtedness of the Issuer remaining unpaid to the extent necessary to pay all Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer in full in money in accordance
with its terms, after giving effect to any concurrent payment or distribution to or for the holders of such Senior Indebtedness.
For purposes of this Article 13, the words,
“cash, property or securities” shall not be deemed to include shares of stock of the Issuer as reorganized or readjusted,
or securities of the Issuer or any other corporation provided for by a plan of reorganization or readjustment, the payment of which is
subordinated at least to the extent provided in this Article 13 with respect to the Securities to the payment of all Senior Indebtedness
of the Issuer which may at the time be outstanding; provided that (i) the Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer is assumed by the new
corporation, if any, resulting from any such reorganization or readjustment, and (ii) the rights of the holders of the Senior Indebtedness
of the Issuer (other than leases) and of leases which are assumed are not, without the consent of such holders, altered by such reorganization
or readjustment.
The consolidation of the Issuer with, or the merger
of the Issuer into, another Person or the liquidation or dissolution of the Issuer following the conveyance or transfer of its property
as an entirety, or substantially as an entirety, to another Person upon the terms and conditions provided for in Article 9 hereof
shall not be deemed a dissolution, winding-up, liquidation or reorganization for the purposes of this Section 13.02 if such other
Person shall, as a part of such consolidation, merger, conveyance or transfer, comply with the conditions stated in Article 9 hereof.
Section 13.03 Subrogation of Securities.
Subject to the payment in full of all Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer, the rights of the holders of the Securities shall be subrogated
to the rights of the holders of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer to receive payments or distributions of cash, property or securities
of the Issuer applicable to the Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer until the principal of and interest on the Securities shall be paid
in full; and, for the purposes of such subrogation, no payments or distributions to or for the benefit of the holders of the Senior Indebtedness
of the Issuer or the Trustee of any cash, property or securities to which the holders of the Securities or the Trustee would be entitled
except for the provisions of this Article 13, shall, as between the Issuer, its creditors other than holders of Senior Indebtedness
of the Issuer, and the holders of the Securities, be deemed to be a payment by the Issuer to or on account of the Senior Indebtedness
of the Issuer. It is understood that the provisions of this Article 13 are and are intended solely for the purpose of defining the
relative rights of the holders of the Securities, on the one hand, and the holders of the Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer, on the other
hand.
Nothing contained in this Article 13 or elsewhere
in this Indenture or in the Securities is intended to or shall impair, as between the Issuer, its creditors other than the holders of
its Senior Indebtedness, and the holders of the Securities, the obligation of the Issuer, which is absolute and unconditional, to pay
to the holders of the Securities the principal of and interest on the Securities as and when the same shall become due and payable in
accordance with their terms, or is intended to or shall affect the relative rights of the holders of the Securities and creditors of the
Issuer other than the holders of its Senior Indebtedness, nor shall anything herein or therein prevent the Trustee or the holder of any
Security from exercising all remedies otherwise permitted by applicable law upon default under this Indenture, subject to the rights,
if any, under this Article 13 of the holders of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer in respect of cash, property or securities of the
Issuer received upon the exercise of any such remedy.
Upon any payment or distribution of assets of the
Issuer referred to in this Article 13, the Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 6.01, and the holders of the Securities
shall be entitled to rely upon any order or decree made by any court of competent jurisdiction in which such dissolution, winding-up,
liquidation or reorganization proceedings are pending, or a certificate of the receiver, trustee in bankruptcy, liquidating trustee, agent
or other Person making such payment or distribution, delivered to the Trustee or to the holders of the Securities, for the purpose of
ascertaining the Persons entitled to participate in such distribution, the holders of the Senior Indebtedness and other indebtedness of
the Issuer, the amount thereof or payable thereon, the amount or amounts paid or distributed thereon and all other facts pertinent thereto
or to this Article 13.
Section 13.04 Authorization by Securityholders.
Each holder of a Security by its acceptance thereof authorizes and directs the Trustee on its behalf to take such action as may be
necessary or appropriate to effectuate the subordination provided in this Article 13 appoints the Trustee its attorney-in-fact for
any and all such purposes.
Section 13.05 Notice to Trustee. The
Issuer shall give prompt written notice to a Responsible Officer of the Trustee of any fact known to the Issuer which would prohibit the
making of any payment of monies to or by the Trustee in respect of the Securities pursuant to the provisions of this Article 13.
Notwithstanding the provisions of this Article 13 or any other provision of this Indenture, the Trustee shall not be charged with
knowledge of the existence of any facts which would prohibit the making of any payment of monies to or by the Trustee in respect of the
Securities pursuant to the provisions of this Article 13, unless and until a Responsible Officer of the Trustee shall have received
written notice thereof at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee from the Issuer or a holder or holders of Senior Indebtedness of the
Issuer or from any trustee therefor; and before the receipt of any such written notice, the Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 6.01,
shall be entitled in all respects to assume that no such facts exist; provided that if on a date not fewer than three Business
Days prior to the date upon which by the terms hereof any such monies may become payable for any purpose (including, without limitation,
the payment of the principal of or interest on any Security) the Trustee shall not have received, with respect to such monies, the notice
provided for in this Section 13.05, then, anything herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding, the Trustee shall have full
power and authority to receive such monies and to apply the same to the purpose for which they were received, and shall not be affected
by any notice to the contrary which may be received by it on or after such prior date.
The Trustee conclusively shall be entitled to rely
on the delivery to it of a written notice by a Person representing himself to be a holder of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer (or a trustee
on behalf of such holder) to establish that such notice has been given by a holder of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer or a trustee on
behalf of any such holder or holders. In the event that the Trustee determines in good faith that further evidence is required with respect
to the right of any Person as a holder of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer to participate in any payment or distribution pursuant to
this Article 13, the Trustee may request such Person to furnish evidence to the reasonable satisfaction of the Trustee as to the
amount of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer held by such Person, the extent to which such Person is entitled to participate in such payment
or distribution and any other facts pertinent to the rights of such Person under this Article 13, and if such evidence is not furnished
the Trustee may defer any payment to such Person pending judicial determination as to the right of such Person to receive such payment.
Section 13.06 Trustee’s Relation
to Senior Indebtedness. The Trustee in its individual capacity shall be entitled to all the rights set forth in this Article 13
in respect of any Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer at any time held by it, to the same extent as any other holder of Senior Indebtedness
of the Issuer and nothing elsewhere in this Indenture shall deprive the Trustee of any of its rights as such holder.
With respect to the holders of Senior Indebtedness
of the Issuer, the Trustee undertakes to perform or to observe only such of its covenants and obligations as are specifically set forth
in this Article 13, and no implied covenants or obligations with respect to the holders of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer shall
be read into this Indenture against the Trustee. The Trustee shall not be deemed to owe any fiduciary duty to the holders of Senior Indebtedness
of the Issuer and the Trustee shall not be liable to any holder of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer if it shall pay over or deliver to
holders of Securities, the Issuer or any other Person money or assets to which any holder of Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer shall be
entitled by virtue of this Article 13 or otherwise.
Section 13.07 No Impairment of Subordination.
No right of any present or future holder of any Senior Indebtedness of the Issuer to enforce subordination as herein provided shall
at any time in any way be prejudiced or impaired by any act or failure to act on the part of the Issuer or by any act or failure to act,
in good faith, by any such holder, or by any noncompliance by the Issuer with the terms, provisions and covenants of this Indenture, regardless
of any knowledge thereof which any such holder may have or otherwise be charged with.
Section 13.08 Rights of Trustee. Nothing
in this Article 13 shall apply to claims of or payments to, the Trustee pursuant to Section 6.06.
[Signature pages follow]
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Indenture to
be duly executed as of ______.
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Exhibit 4.6
Form of Senior Note
(FACE OF SECURITY)
[Each Global Security shall bear substantially the following legend:
UNLESS AND UNTIL IT IS EXCHANGED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FOR SECURITIES
IN DEFINITIVE REGISTERED FORM, THIS SECURITY MAY NOT BE TRANSFERRED EXCEPT AS A WHOLE BY THE DEPOSITARY TO A NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY
OR BY A NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY TO THE DEPOSITARY OR ANOTHER NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY OR BY THE DEPOSITARY OR ANY SUCH NOMINEE TO
A SUCCESSOR DEPOSITARY OR A NOMINEE OF SUCH SUCCESSOR DEPOSITARY. UNLESS THIS SECURITY IS PRESENTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF
THE DEPOSITORY TRUST COMPANY, A NEW YORK CORPORATION (“DTC”), TO THE ISSUER OR ITS AGENT FOR REGISTRATION OF TRANSFER, EXCHANGE
OR PAYMENT, AND ANY SECURITY ISSUED IS REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF CEDE & CO. OR IN SUCH OTHER NAME AS IS REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED
REPRESENTATIVE OF DTC (AND ANY PAYMENT IS MADE TO CEDE & CO. OR TO SUCH OTHER ENTITY AS IS REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE
OF DTC), ANY TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR OTHER USE HEREOF FOR VALUE OR OTHERWISE BY OR TO ANY PERSON IS WRONGFUL INASMUCH AS THE REGISTERED OWNER
HEREOF, CEDE & CO., HAS AN INTEREST HEREIN.]
[If the Security has original issue discount for U.S. federal income
tax purposes, insert tax legend:
[FOR PURPOSES OF SECTIONS 1272, 1273 AND 1275 OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE
CODE OF 1986, AS AMENDED, AND THE RULES AND REGULATIONS THEREUNDER, THIS NOTE IS BEING ISSUED WITH ORIGINAL ISSUE DISCOUNT; PLEASE CONTACT
PETER P. PFREUNDSCHUH, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER, VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC., 64 SIDNEY STREET, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139, TELEPHONE:
(857) 259-5340, TO OBTAIN INFORMATION REGARDING THE ISSUE PRICE, THE ISSUE DATE, THE AMOUNT OF ORIGINAL ISSUE DISCOUNT AND THE YIELD
TO MATURITY.]]
VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC.
[ Title of Security ]
| No. [ ] |
CUSIP No.: [ ] |
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[Common Code][ISIN]: [ ] |
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[$ ] |
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation
(the “Issuer”, which term includes any successor corporation), for value received promises to pay to [If the Security
is a Global Security — CEDE & CO.][If the Security is not a Global Security — __________] or registered
assigns, the principal sum of __________ on __________,__________ (the “Maturity Date”) [If the Security is to bear interest
prior to maturity, insert—, and to pay interest thereon from __________ or from the most recent interest payment date to which
interest has been paid or duly provided for, [semiannually in arrears on______ and ______ in each year], commencing __________,__________
(each, an “Interest Payment Date”) at the rate of [___% per annum], until the principal hereof is paid or made available
for payment [If applicable insert—, and (to the extent that the payment of such interest shall be legally enforceable) at
the rate of ___% per annum on any overdue principal and on any overdue installment of interest]. The interest so payable, and punctually
paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date will, as provided in the Indenture (as defined below), be paid to the Holder
in whose name this Security (or one or more predecessor Securities) is registered at the close of business on the record date for such
interest, which shall be the _______ or ________ (whether or not a Business Day), as the case may be, next preceding such Interest Payment
Date (each, an “Interest Record Date”). Interest will be computed on the basis of [a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months].]
[If the Security is not to bear interest prior
to maturity, insert—The principal of this Security shall not bear interest except in the case of a default in payment of principal
upon acceleration, upon redemption or at maturity and, in each such case, the overdue principal of this Security shall bear interest
at the rate of ___% per annum (to the extent that the payment of such interest shall be legally enforceable), which shall accrue from
the date of such default in payment to the date payment of such principal has been made or duly provided for. Interest on any overdue
principal shall be payable on demand.]
Reference is made to the further provisions set
forth on the reverse of this Security contained herein, which will for all purposes have the same effect as if set forth at this place.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Issuer has caused this Security to be signed
manually or by facsimile by its duly authorized officer under its corporate seal.
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Voyager Therapeutics, Inc. |
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By: |
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Name: |
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Title: |
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Attest:
This is one of the Securities of the series designated
herein and referred to in the within-mentioned Indenture.
Dated: [ ]
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____________, as Trustee |
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By: |
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Title: |
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(REVERSE OF SECURITY)
VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC.
[ Title of Security ]
1. Indenture
This Security is one of a duly authorized issue
of debentures, notes or other evidence of indebtedness (hereinafter called the “Securities”) of the Issuer of the series
hereinafter specified, which series is initially limited in aggregate principal amount to [$]____________, all of such Securities
issued and to be issued under an Indenture dated as of ____________,____________ (the “Indenture”) between the Issuer and
____________ as trustee (the “Trustee”). Capitalized terms herein are used as defined in the Indenture unless otherwise indicated.
The terms of the Securities include those stated in the Indenture and those made part of the Indenture by reference to the Trust Indenture
Act of 1939, as in effect on the date of the Indenture. The Securities are subject to all such terms, and Holders are referred to the
Indenture and the Trust Indenture Act for a statement of all such terms. To the extent permitted by applicable law, in the event of any
inconsistency between the terms of this Security and the terms of the Indenture, the terms of the Indenture shall control.
This Security is one of a series of Securities
designated pursuant to the Indenture [and a [Supplemental Indenture] dated ____________, ________, issued pursuant to Section 2.01
and Section 2.03 thereof (the “Supplemental Indenture”)] as ____________. The Securities are general unsecured obligations
of the Issuer. The Issuer may, subject to the provisions of the Indenture and applicable law, issue additional Securities of any series
under the Indenture.
2. Method of Payment.
The Issuer shall pay interest on the Securities
(except defaulted interest) to the persons who are the registered Holders at the close of business on the Interest Record Date immediately
preceding the Interest Payment Date notwithstanding any transfer or exchange of such Security subsequent to such Interest Record Date
and prior to such Interest Payment Date. Holders must surrender Securities to the Trustee to collect principal payments. The Issuer shall
pay Principal and interest in money of [the United States] that at the time of payment is legal tender for payment of public and
private debts. [However, the payments of interest, and any portion of the Principal (other than interest payable at maturity or on any
redemption or repayment date or the final payment of Principal) shall be made by the Paying Agent, upon receipt from the Issuer of immediately
available funds by ____________ [a./p.m.], New York City time (or such other time as may be agreed to between the Issuer and the
Paying Agent or the Issuer), directly to a Holder (by Federal funds wire transfer or otherwise) if the Holder has delivered written instructions
to the Trustee 15 days prior to such payment date requesting that such payment will be so made and designating the bank account to which
such payments shall be so made and in the case of payments of principal surrenders the same to the Trustee in exchange for a Security
or Securities aggregating the same principal amount as the unredeemed principal amount of the Securities surrendered.]
3. Redemption.
[The Securities of this series may be redeemed
at any time [on or after ____________, ____________], as a whole or in part, at the option of the Issuer, upon mailing
notice of such redemption not less than 10 and not more than 60 days to the Holders of such Securities, at a redemption price equal to
____________.]
4. Paying Agent and Security Registrar
Initially, [the Trustee] will act as Paying Agent
and Security Registrar. The Issuer may change any Paying Agent or Security Registrar without notice to the Holders.
5. Denominations; Transfer; Exchange.
The Securities are in registered form, without
coupons, in denominations of [$2,000] and multiples of [$1,000]. A Holder shall register the transfer of or exchange Securities
in accordance with the Indenture. The Issuer may require a Holder, among other things, to furnish appropriate endorsements and transfer
documents and to pay certain transfer taxes or similar governmental charges payable in connection therewith as permitted by the Indenture.
[The Issuer need not register the transfer of or exchange (a) any Securities for a period of fifteen (15) days preceding the
first notice that such Securities are to be redeemed, or (b) any Securities selected, called or being called for redemption in whole
or in part, except, in the case of any Security to be redeemed in part, the portion thereof not to be so redeemed.]
6. Persons Deemed Owners.
The registered Holder of a Security shall be treated
as the owner of it for all purposes.
7. Unclaimed Funds.
If funds for the payment of principal or interest
remain unclaimed for two years, the Trustee and the Paying Agent will repay the funds to the Issuer. After that, all liability of the
Trustee and such Paying Agent with respect to such funds shall cease.
8. Defeasance.
The Indenture [as amended by the Supplemental
Indenture] contains provisions for defeasance at any time of (a) the entire indebtedness of the Issuer on this Security and
(b) certain restrictive covenants and the related Events of Default, upon compliance by the Issuer with certain conditions set forth
therein, which provisions [apply] to this Security.
9. Amendment; Supplement; Waiver.
Subject to certain exceptions, the Securities
of this series, [the Supplemental Indenture] and the provisions of the Indenture relating to the Securities of this series may be amended
or supplemented with the written consent of the Holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of this
series then outstanding, and any existing Default or Event of Default, other than the non-payment of the principal amount of or interest
on the Securities of this series, or compliance with certain provisions may be waived with the consent of the Holders of a majority in
aggregate principal amount of all the Securities of this series then outstanding. Without notice to or consent of any Holder, the parties
thereto may amend or supplement the Indenture and the Securities to, among other things, cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency,
provide for uncertificated Securities in addition to or in place of certificated Securities, or make any other change that does not adversely
affect the rights of any Holder of a Security.
10. Defaults and Remedies.
If an Event of Default (other than certain bankruptcy
Events of Default with respect to the Issuer) occurs and is continuing, the Trustee or the Holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal
amount of Securities of this series then outstanding (voting as a separate class) by notice in writing to the Issuer (and also to the
Trustee if such notice is given by the Holders) may declare [the entire principal] of the Securities of this series and the interest
accrued thereon, if any, to be due and payable immediately in the manner and with the effect provided in the Indenture. If a bankruptcy
Event of Default with respect to the Issuer occurs and is continuing, then [the entire principal] of the Securities then outstanding
and interest accrued thereon, if any, shall become automatically due and payable immediately in the manner and with the effect provided
in the Indenture. Holders of Securities may not enforce the Indenture or the Securities except as provided in the Indenture. The Trustee
is not obligated to enforce the Indenture or the Securities unless it has received indemnity satisfactory to it. The Indenture permits,
subject to certain limitations therein provided, Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities then outstanding
to direct the Trustee in its exercise of any trust or power. The Trustee may withhold from Holders of Securities notice of certain continuing
Defaults or Events of Default if it determines that withholding notice is in their interest.
11. Trustee Dealings with Issuer.
The Trustee under the Indenture, in its individual
or any other capacity, may become the owner or pledgee of Securities and may otherwise deal with the Issuer as if it were not the Trustee.
12. No Recourse Against Others.
No stockholder, director, officer, employee or
incorporator, past, present or future as such, of the Issuer or any predecessor or successor corporation thereof shall have any liability
for any obligation under the Securities or the Indenture or for any claim based on, in respect of or by reason of, such obligations or
their creation. Each Holder of a Security by accepting a Security waives and releases all such liability. The waiver and release are
part of the consideration for the issuance of the Securities.
13. Authentication.
This Security shall not be valid until the Trustee
manually signs the certificate of authentication on this Security.
14. Abbreviations and Defined Terms.
Customary abbreviations may be used in the name
of a Holder of a Security or an assignee, such as: TEN COM (= tenants in common), TEN ENT (= tenants by the entireties), JT TEN (= joint
tenants with right of survivorship and not as tenants in common), CUST (= Custodian), and U/G/M/A (= Uniform Gifts to Minors Act).
15. CUSIP Numbers.
Pursuant to a recommendation promulgated by the
Committee on Uniform Security Identification Procedures, the Issuer has caused CUSIP numbers to be printed on the Securities as a convenience
to the Holders of the Securities. No representation is made as to the accuracy of such numbers as printed on the Securities and reliance
may be placed only on the other identification numbers printed hereon.
16. Governing Law.
The laws of the State of New York shall govern
the Indenture and this Security thereof, and for all purposes this Security shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the
laws of such State without regard to any principle of conflict of laws that would require or permit the application of the laws of any
other jurisdiction, except as may otherwise be required by mandatory provisions of law.
ASSIGNMENT FORM
I or we assign and transfer this Security to
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| (Print or type name, address and zip code
of assignee or transferee) |
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| (Insert Social Security or other identifying
number of assignee or transferee) |
and irrevocably appoint ______________________________________________
agent to transfer this Security on the books of the Issuer. The agent may substitute another to act for him.
| Dated: |
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Signed: |
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(Signed exactly as name appears on the other side of this Security) |
Signature
Guarantee: |
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Participant in a recognized Signature Guarantee Medallion Program (or other signature
guarantor program reasonably acceptable to the Trustee) |
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Exhibit 4.7
Form of Subordinated Note
(FACE OF SECURITY)
[Each Global Security shall bear substantially the following legend:
UNLESS AND UNTIL IT IS EXCHANGED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FOR SECURITIES
IN DEFINITIVE REGISTERED FORM, THIS SECURITY MAY NOT BE TRANSFERRED EXCEPT AS A WHOLE BY THE DEPOSITARY TO A NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY
OR BY A NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY TO THE DEPOSITARY OR ANOTHER NOMINEE OF THE DEPOSITARY OR BY THE DEPOSITARY OR ANY SUCH NOMINEE TO A
SUCCESSOR DEPOSITARY OR A NOMINEE OF SUCH SUCCESSOR DEPOSITARY. UNLESS THIS SECURITY IS PRESENTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE
DEPOSITORY TRUST COMPANY, A NEW YORK CORPORATION (“DTC”), TO THE ISSUER OR ITS AGENT FOR REGISTRATION OF TRANSFER, EXCHANGE
OR PAYMENT, AND ANY SECURITY ISSUED IS REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF CEDE & CO. OR IN SUCH OTHER NAME AS IS REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED
REPRESENTATIVE OF DTC (AND ANY PAYMENT IS MADE TO CEDE & CO. OR TO SUCH OTHER ENTITY AS IS REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE
OF DTC), ANY TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR OTHER USE HEREOF FOR VALUE OR OTHERWISE BY OR TO ANY PERSON IS WRONGFUL INASMUCH AS THE REGISTERED OWNER
HEREOF, CEDE & CO., HAS AN INTEREST HEREIN.]
[If the Security has original issue discount for U.S. federal income
tax purposes, insert tax legend:
[FOR PURPOSES OF SECTIONS 1272, 1273 AND 1275 OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE
CODE OF 1986, AS AMENDED, AND THE RULES AND REGULATIONS THEREUNDER, THIS NOTE IS BEING ISSUED WITH ORIGINAL ISSUE DISCOUNT; PLEASE CONTACT
PETER P. PFREUNDSCHUH, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER, VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC., 64 SIDNEY STREET, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139, TELEPHONE:
(857) 259-5340, TO OBTAIN INFORMATION REGARDING THE ISSUE PRICE, THE ISSUE DATE, THE AMOUNT OF ORIGINAL ISSUE DISCOUNT AND THE YIELD TO
MATURITY.]]
VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC.
[ Title of Security ]
| No. [ ] |
CUSIP No.: [ ] |
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|
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[Common Code][ISIN]: [ ] |
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|
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[$ ] |
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation
(the “Issuer”, which term includes any successor corporation), for value received promises to pay to [If the Security is
a Global Security — CEDE & CO.][If the Security is not a Global Security — __________] or registered assigns,
the principal sum of __________on __________,__________ (the “Maturity Date”) [If the Security is to bear interest prior
to maturity, insert—, and to pay interest thereon from __________ or from the most recent interest payment date to which interest
has been paid or duly provided for, [semiannually in arrears on __________ and __________ in each year], commencing __________,__________
(each, an “Interest Payment Date”) at the rate of [___% per annum], until the principal hereof is paid or made available
for payment [If applicable insert—, and (to the extent that the payment of such interest shall be legally enforceable) at
the rate of ___% per annum on any overdue principal and on any overdue installment of interest]. The interest so payable, and punctually
paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date will, as provided in the Indenture (as defined below), be paid to the Holder in
whose name this Security (or one or more predecessor Securities) is registered at the close of business on the record date for such interest,
which shall be the _______ or _______ (whether or not a Business Day), as the case may be, next preceding such Interest Payment Date (each,
an “Interest Record Date”). Interest will be computed on the basis of [a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months].]
[If the Security is not to bear interest prior
to maturity, insert—The principal of this Security shall not bear interest except in the case of a default in payment of principal
upon acceleration, upon redemption or at maturity and, in each such case, the overdue principal of this Security shall bear interest at
the rate of ___% per annum (to the extent that the payment of such interest shall be legally enforceable), which shall accrue from the
date of such default in payment to the date payment of such principal has been made or duly provided for. Interest on any overdue principal
shall be payable on demand.]
Reference is made to the further provisions set
forth on the reverse of this Security contained herein, which will for all purposes have the same effect as if set forth at this place.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Issuer has caused this Security to be signed
manually or by facsimile by its duly authorized officer under its corporate seal.
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VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC. |
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By: |
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Name: |
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Title: |
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Attest:
This is one of the Securities of the series designated
herein and referred to in the within-mentioned Indenture.
Dated: [ ]
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____________, as Trustee |
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By: |
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Title: |
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(REVERSE OF SECURITY)
VOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC.
[ Title of Security ]
1. Indenture
This Security is one of a duly authorized issue
of debentures, notes or other evidence of indebtedness (hereinafter called the “Securities”) of the Issuer of the series hereinafter
specified, which series is initially limited in aggregate principal amount to [$] ____________, all of such Securities issued and
to be issued under an Indenture dated as of ________, _____ (the “Indenture”) between the Issuer and __________________________
as trustee (the “Trustee”). Capitalized terms herein are used as defined in the Indenture unless otherwise indicated. The
terms of the Securities include those stated in the Indenture and those made part of the Indenture by reference to the Trust Indenture
Act of 1939, as in effect on the date of the Indenture. The Securities are subject to all such terms, and Holders are referred to the
Indenture and the Trust Indenture Act for a statement of all such terms. To the extent permitted by applicable law, in the event of any
inconsistency between the terms of this Security and the terms of the Indenture, the terms of the Indenture shall control.
This Security is one of a series of Securities
designated pursuant to the Indenture [and a [Supplemental Indenture] dated _____, _____, issued pursuant to Section 2.01 and
Section 2.03 thereof (the “Supplemental Indenture”)] as ________________. The Securities are general unsecured obligations
of the Issuer. The Issuer may, subject to the provisions of the Indenture and applicable law, issue additional Securities of any series
under the Indenture.
2. Method of Payment.
The Issuer shall pay interest on the Securities
(except defaulted interest) to the persons who are the registered Holders at the close of business on the Interest Record Date immediately
preceding the Interest Payment Date notwithstanding any transfer or exchange of such Security subsequent to such Interest Record Date
and prior to such Interest Payment Date. Holders must surrender Securities to the Trustee to collect principal payments. The Issuer shall
pay Principal and interest in money of [the United States] that at the time of payment is legal tender for payment of public and
private debts. [However, the payments of interest, and any portion of the Principal (other than interest payable at maturity or on any
redemption or repayment date or the final payment of Principal) shall be made by the Paying Agent, upon receipt from the Issuer of immediately
available funds by __________[a./p.m.], New York City time (or such other time as may be agreed to between the Issuer and the Paying
Agent or the Issuer), directly to a Holder (by Federal funds wire transfer or otherwise) if the Holder has delivered written instructions
to the Trustee 15 days prior to such payment date requesting that such payment will be so made and designating the bank account to which
such payments shall be so made and in the case of payments of principal surrenders the same to the Trustee in exchange for a Security
or Securities aggregating the same principal amount as the unredeemed principal amount of the Securities surrendered.]
3. Redemption.
[The Securities of this series may be redeemed
at any time [on or after ______, ______], as a whole or in part, at the option of the Issuer, upon mailing notice of such
redemption not less than 10 and not more than 60 days to the Holders of such Securities, at a redemption price equal to ___________.]
4. Paying Agent and Security Registrar
Initially, [the Trustee] will act as Paying Agent
and Security Registrar. The Issuer may change any Paying Agent or Security Registrar without notice to the Holders.
5. Denominations; Transfer; Exchange.
The Securities are in registered form, without
coupons, in denominations of [$2,000] and multiples of [$1,000]. A Holder shall register the transfer of or exchange Securities
in accordance with the Indenture. The Issuer may require a Holder, among other things, to furnish appropriate endorsements and transfer
documents and to pay certain transfer taxes or similar governmental charges payable in connection therewith as permitted by the Indenture.
[The Issuer need not register the transfer of or exchange (a) any Securities for a period of fifteen (15) days preceding the first
notice that such Securities are to be redeemed, or (b) any Securities selected, called or being called for redemption in whole or
in part, except, in the case of any Security to be redeemed in part, the portion thereof not to be so redeemed.]
6. Persons Deemed Owners.
The registered Holder of a Security shall be treated
as the owner of it for all purposes.
7. Unclaimed Funds.
If funds for the payment of principal or interest
remain unclaimed for two years, the Trustee and the Paying Agent will repay the funds to the Issuer. After that, all liability of the
Trustee and such Paying Agent with respect to such funds shall cease.
8. Defeasance.
The Indenture [as amended by the Supplemental
Indenture] contains provisions for defeasance at any time of (a) the entire indebtedness of the Issuer on this Security and (b) certain
restrictive covenants and the related Events of Default, upon compliance by the Issuer with certain conditions set forth therein, which
provisions [apply] to this Security.
9. Amendment; Supplement; Waiver.
Subject to certain exceptions, the Securities of
this series, [the Supplemental Indenture] and the provisions of the Indenture relating to the Securities of this series may be amended
or supplemented with the written consent of the Holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of this
series then outstanding, and any existing Default or Event of Default, other than the non-payment of the principal amount of or interest
on the Securities of this series, or compliance with certain provisions may be waived with the consent of the Holders of a majority in
aggregate principal amount of all the Securities of this series, then outstanding. Without notice to or consent of any Holder, the parties
thereto may amend or supplement the Indenture and the Securities to, among other things, cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency,
provide for uncertificated Securities in addition to or in place of certificated Securities, or make any other change that does not adversely
affect the rights of any Holder of a Security.
10. Defaults and Remedies.
If an Event of Default (other than certain bankruptcy
Events of Default with respect to the Issuer) occurs and is continuing, the Trustee or the Holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal
amount of Securities of this series then outstanding (voting as a separate class) by notice in writing to the Issuer (and also to the
Trustee if such notice is given by the Holders) may declare [the entire principal] of the Securities of this series and the interest
accrued thereon, if any, to be due and payable immediately in the manner and with the effect provided in the Indenture. If a bankruptcy
Event of Default with respect to the Issuer occurs and is continuing, then [the entire principal] of the Securities then outstanding
and interest accrued thereon, if any, shall become automatically due and payable immediately in the manner and with the effect provided
in the Indenture. Holders of Securities may not enforce the Indenture or the Securities except as provided in the Indenture. The Trustee
is not obligated to enforce the Indenture or the Securities unless it has received indemnity satisfactory to it. The Indenture permits,
subject to certain limitations therein provided, Holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities then outstanding
to direct the Trustee in its exercise of any trust or power. The Trustee may withhold from Holders of Securities notice of certain continuing
Defaults or Events of Default if it determines that withholding notice is in their interest.
11. Subordination.
Reference is made to the Indenture, including,
without limitation, provisions subordinating the payment of principal of and premium, if any, and interest on the Securities to the prior
payment in full of all Senior Indebtedness as defined in the Indenture. Such further provisions shall for all purposes have the same effect
as though fully set forth at this place.
12. Trustee Dealings with Issuer.
The Trustee under the Indenture, in its individual
or any other capacity, may become the owner or pledgee of Securities and may otherwise deal with the Issuer as if it were not the Trustee.
13. No Recourse Against Others.
No stockholder, director, officer, employee or
incorporator, past, present or future as such, of the Issuer or any predecessor or successor corporation thereof shall have any liability
for any obligation under the Securities or the Indenture or for any claim based on, in respect of or by reason of, such obligations or
their creation. Each Holder of a Security by accepting a Security waives and releases all such liability. The waiver and release are part
of the consideration for the issuance of the Securities.
14. Authentication.
This Security shall not be valid until the Trustee
manually signs the certificate of authentication on this Security.
15. Abbreviations and Defined Terms.
Customary abbreviations may be used in the name
of a Holder of a Security or an assignee, such as: TEN COM (= tenants in common), TEN ENT (= tenants by the entireties), JT TEN (= joint
tenants with right of survivorship and not as tenants in common), CUST (= Custodian), and U/G/M/A (= Uniform Gifts to Minors Act).
16. CUSIP Numbers.
Pursuant to a recommendation promulgated by the
Committee on Uniform Security Identification Procedures, the Issuer has caused CUSIP numbers to be printed on the Securities as a convenience
to the Holders of the Securities. No representation is made as to the accuracy of such numbers as printed on the Securities and reliance
may be placed only on the other identification numbers printed hereon.
17. Governing Law.
The laws of the State of New York shall govern
the Indenture and this Security thereof, and for all purposes this Security shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the
laws of such State without regard to any principle of conflict of laws that would require or permit the application of the laws of any
other jurisdiction, except as may otherwise be required by mandatory provisions of law.
ASSIGNMENT FORM
I or we assign and transfer this Security to
| |
| (Print or type name, address and zip code of assignee or transferee) |
| |
| |
| (Insert Social Security or other identifying number of assignee or transferee) |
and irrevocably appoint ______________________________________________
agent to transfer this Security on the books of the Issuer. The agent may substitute another to act for him.
| Dated: |
|
|
Signed: |
|
| |
|
|
|
(Signed exactly as name appears on the other side of this Security) |
Signature
Guarantee: |
|
|
|
|
| |
Participant in a recognized Signature Guarantee Medallion Program (or other signature guarantor program reasonably acceptable to the Trustee) |
|
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Exhibit 5.1
+1 212 230 8800 (t)
+1 212 230 8888 (f)
| November 8, 2022 |
wilmerhale.com |
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.
64 Sidney Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Re: Registration Statement on Form S-3
Ladies and Gentlemen:
This opinion is furnished to you in connection
with a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (the “Registration Statement”) to be filed by Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.,
a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) under the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), for the registration of the following securities of the Company
(the “Securities”):
| i. | common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Stock”); |
| ii. | preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Preferred Stock”); |
| iii. | senior debt securities (“Senior Debt Securities”); |
| iv. | subordinated debt securities (“Subordinated Debt Securities” and, together with the Senior Debt Securities, “Debt
Securities”); |
| v. | depositary shares representing fractional interests in a share or multiple shares of Preferred Stock (“Depositary Shares”); |
| vi. | subscription rights representing rights to purchase Common Stock, Preferred Stock, Debt Securities or other securities (“Subscription
Rights”); |
| vii. | warrants to purchase Common Stock, Preferred Stock, Debt Securities or Depositary Shares (“Warrants”); |
| viii. | contracts obligating the Company or a holder to purchase or sell Common Stock, Preferred Stock, Depositary Shares or any other securities
at a future date or dates (“Purchase Contracts”); and |
| ix. | units, consisting of one or more securities, including Common Stock, Preferred Stock, Debt Securities, Depositary Shares, Purchase
Contracts or any other securities (“Units”); |
all of which may be issued from time to time on a delayed or continuous
basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act with an aggregate offering price of up to $300,000,000, as set forth in the Registration
Statement, the base prospectus contained therein (the “Prospectus”) and any amendments or supplements thereto.
We are acting as counsel for the Company in connection
with the filing of the Registration Statement. The preferences, limitations and relative rights of shares of any series of Preferred Stock
will be set forth in a Certificate of Designation (a “Certificate of Designation”). The Senior Debt Securities may be issued
pursuant to a senior indenture (the “Senior Indenture”) to be entered into between the Company and a trustee to be named,
as trustee (the “Senior Trustee”) and duly qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the “Trust Indenture
Act”). The Subordinated Debt Securities may be issued pursuant to a subordinated indenture (the “Subordinated Indenture,”
and together with the Senior Indenture, the “Indentures,” and each individually, an “Indenture”) to be entered
into between the Company and a trustee to be named, as trustee (the “Subordinated Trustee” and together with the Senior Trustee,
the “Trustees,” and each individually, a “Trustee”) and duly qualified under the Trust Indenture Act. The shares
of Preferred Stock represented by Depositary Shares will be deposited pursuant to a Depositary Agreement (the “Depositary Agreement”)
to be entered into between the Company and a bank or trust company to be named, as depositary. The Subscription Rights may be issued pursuant
to a subscription rights certificate or subscription rights agreement to be entered into between the Company and a bank or trust company
to be named, as subscription agent (the “Subscription Rights Agreement”). The Warrants may be issued pursuant to a warrant
agreement (the “Warrant Agreement”) to be entered into between the Company and a bank or trust company to be named, as warrant
agent. The Purchase Contracts may be issued pursuant to a Purchase Contract Agreement (the “Purchase Contract Agreement”)
to be entered into between the Company and a bank or trust company to be named, as purchase contract agent. The Units may be issued pursuant
to a Unit Agreement (the “Unit Agreement”) to be entered into between the Company and a bank or trust company to be named,
as unit agent.
We are also acting as counsel for the Company in
connection with the sales agreement prospectus included in the Registration Statement (the “Sales Agreement Prospectus”) relating
to the issuance and sale of shares of Common Stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75,000,000 (the “Sales Agreement
Shares”) under a Sales Agreement, dated November 8, 2022, between the Company and Cowen and Company, LLC (the “Sales
Agreement”).
We have examined and relied upon signed copies
of the Registration Statement to be filed with the Commission, including the exhibits thereto. We have also examined and relied upon the
Sales Agreement, the Fifth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (as amended or restated from time to time,
the “Certificate of Incorporation”), the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (as amended or restated from time to time,
the “Bylaws”) and minutes of meetings of the stockholders and the Board of Directors of the Company including duly authorized
committees thereof.
In our examination of the foregoing documents,
we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of all signatories, the authenticity of all documents submitted
to us as originals, the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as copies, the authenticity of such original
documents and the completeness and accuracy of the corporate minute books of the Company.
We have relied as to certain matters on information
obtained from public officials and officers of the Company, and we have assumed (i) the Registration Statement will be effective
and will comply with all applicable laws at the time Securities are offered or issued as contemplated by the Registration Statement; (ii) other
than for the Sales Agreement Shares, one or more prospectus supplements and term sheets, as applicable will have been prepared and filed
with the Commission describing the Securities offered thereby; (iii) all Securities will be issued and sold in compliance with applicable
federal and state securities laws and in the manner stated in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, the Sales Agreement Prospectus,
if applicable, and any applicable prospectus supplement; (iv) in the case of Debt Securities, (a) the applicable Indenture will
be duly authorized, executed and delivered by the applicable Trustee in substantially the form filed as Exhibit 4.4 or Exhibit 4.5
to the Registration Statement, (b) the applicable Trustee will be duly eligible to serve as trustee, and (c) the Debt Securities
will be duly authenticated by the Trustee named in the applicable Indenture; (v) any Depositary Agreement, Subscription Rights Agreement,
Warrant Agreement, Purchase Contract Agreement or Unit Agreement, as applicable, will be duly authorized, executed and delivered by all
parties thereto other than the Company; (vi) other than for the Sales Agreement Shares, a definitive purchase, underwriting or similar
agreement with respect to any Securities offered will be duly authorized, executed and delivered by all parties thereto other than the
Company; (vii) any Securities issuable upon conversion, exchange or exercise of any Security being offered will be duly authorized,
created and, if appropriate, reserved for issuance upon such conversion, exchange or exercise; (viii) with respect to shares of Common
Stock or Preferred Stock offered, there will be sufficient shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock authorized under the Certificate
of Incorporation and not otherwise reserved for issuance; (ix) if issued in certificated form, valid book-entry notations for the
issuance of the Common Stock or the Preferred Stock will have been duly made in the share register of the Company; (x) at the time
of the issuance and sale of the Securities, the Company will be validly existing as a corporation and in good standing under the laws
of the State of Delaware; and (xi) any Subscription Rights Agreement, Warrant Agreement, Purchase Contract Agreement or Unit Agreement
will be governed by the laws of the State of New York or Delaware.
We are expressing no opinion herein as to the application
of any federal or state law or regulation to the power, authority or competence of any party to any agreement with respect to any of the
Securities other than the Company. We have assumed that such agreements are, or will be, the valid and binding obligations of each party
thereto other than the Company, and enforceable against each such other party in accordance with their respective terms.
We have assumed for purposes of our opinions below
that no authorization, approval or other action by, and no notice to or filing with, any governmental authority or regulatory body or
any other third party is required for the due execution, delivery or performance by the Company, or, if any such authorization, approval,
consent, action, notice or filing is required, it will have been duly obtained, taken, given or made and will be in full force and effect.
We have also assumed that there will not have occurred, prior to the date of issuance of the Securities, any change in law affecting the
validity or enforceability of such Securities and that at the time of the issuance and sale of such Securities, the Board of Directors
of the Company (or any committee of such Board of Directors or any person acting pursuant to authority properly delegated to such person
by the Board of Directors of the Company or any committee of such Board of Directors) shall not have taken any action to rescind or otherwise
reduce its prior authorization of the issuance of such Securities.
Our opinions below are qualified to the extent
that they may be subject to or affected by (i) applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, receivership, moratorium, usury,
fraudulent conveyance, fraudulent transfer or similar laws relating to or affecting the rights or remedies of creditors generally, (ii) duties
and standards imposed on creditors and parties to contracts, including, without limitation, requirements of materiality, good faith, reasonableness
and fair dealing, (iii) general equitable principles, and (iv) acceleration of the Debt Securities which may affect the collectability
of that portion of the stated principal amount thereof that might be determined to constitute unearned interest thereon. Furthermore,
we express no opinion as to the availability of any equitable or specific remedy upon any breach of any of the agreements as to which
we are opining herein, or any of the agreements, documents or obligations referred to therein, or to the successful assertion of any equitable
defenses, inasmuch as the availability of such remedies or the success of any equitable defenses may be subject to the discretion of a
court. We also express no opinion herein as to the laws of any state or jurisdiction other than the state laws of the State of New York
and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. We also express no opinion herein with respect to compliance by the Company
with the securities or “blue sky” laws of any state or other jurisdiction of the United States or of any foreign jurisdiction.
We express no opinion and make no statement herein with respect to the antifraud laws of any jurisdiction.
We also express no opinion herein as to any provision
of any agreement (i) that may be deemed to or construed to waive any right, defense or counterclaim of the Company, (ii) to
the effect that rights and remedies are not exclusive, that every right or remedy is cumulative and may be exercised in addition to or
with any other right or remedy and does not preclude recourse to one or more other rights or remedies, (iii) relating to the effect
of invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of any agreement on the validity or enforceability of any other provision thereof,
(iv) that is in violation of public policy, (v) relating to indemnification and contribution with respect to securities law
matters, (vi) that provides that the terms of any agreement may not be waived or modified except in writing, (vii) purporting
to indemnify any person against his, her or its own negligence or intentional misconduct, (viii) requiring the payment of penalties,
consequential damages or liquidated damages or limiting a party’s recovery of certain damages or losses, (ix) purporting to
establish evidentiary standards or regarding standards for exercising rights and remedies or (x) relating to choice of law or consent
to jurisdiction.
Based upon and subject to the foregoing, we are
of the opinion that:
1. With
respect to shares of Common Stock (other than the Sales Agreement Shares), when (i) specifically authorized for issuance by proper
action of the Board of Directors of the Company or an authorized committee thereof (the “Authorizing Resolutions”), (ii) the
terms of the issuance and sale of the Common Stock have been duly established in conformity with the Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws
and the Authorizing Resolutions, (iii) the shares of Common Stock have been issued and delivered as contemplated by the Registration
Statement, the Prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement in accordance with the applicable underwriting or other purchase agreement
or upon conversion or exercise of any Security offered under the Registration Statement against payment therefor, and (iv) the Company
has received the consideration provided for in the Authorizing Resolutions and the applicable underwriting agreement or other purchase
agreement and such consideration per share is not less than the par value per share of the Common Stock, the Common Stock will be validly
issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
2. With
respect to shares of any series of Preferred Stock, when (i) the Authorizing Resolutions have specifically authorized the issuance
and terms of the shares of the series, the terms of the offering thereof and related matters, including resolutions establishing and designating
the series and fixing and determining the preferences, limitations and relative rights thereof and the filing of a Certificate of Designation
with respect to the series with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, and such Certificate of Designation has been duly filed,
(ii) the terms of the issuance and sale of the series of Preferred Stock have been duly established in conformity with the Certificate
of Incorporation, Bylaws and the Authorizing Resolutions, (iii) the shares of the series of Preferred Stock have been issued and
delivered as contemplated by the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement in accordance with the
applicable underwriting or other purchase agreement against payment therefor, and (iv) the Company has received the consideration
provided for in the Authorizing Resolutions and the applicable underwriting agreement or other purchase agreement and such consideration
per share is not less than the par value per share of the Preferred Stock, the shares of such series of Preferred Stock will be validly
issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
3. With
respect to the Debt Securities, when (i) specifically authorized for issuance by the Authorizing Resolutions, (ii) the applicable
Indenture has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company, (iii) the terms of the Debt Securities and of their issuance
and sale have been duly established in conformity with the applicable Indenture and the Authorizing Resolutions and assuming such terms
and sale do not violate any applicable law or result in a default under or breach of any agreement or instrument binding upon the Company
and comply with any requirement or restriction imposed by any court or governmental body having jurisdiction over the Company, (iv) such
Debt Securities have been duly executed by the Company and authenticated by the applicable Trustee in accordance with the applicable Indenture
and delivered and sold as contemplated by the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement in accordance
with the applicable underwriting or other purchase agreement against payment therefor, and (v) the Company has received the consideration
provided for in the Authorizing Resolutions and the applicable underwriting agreement or other purchase agreement, such Debt Securities
will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.
4. With
respect to the Depositary Shares, when (i) the Authorizing Resolutions have specifically authorized the issuance and terms of the
Depositary Shares, the terms of the offering thereof and related matters, including the adoption of a Certificate of Designation relating
to the Preferred Stock underlying the Depositary Shares and the filing of the Certificate of Designation with the Secretary of State of
the State of Delaware, and such Certificate of Designation has been duly filed, (ii) the applicable Depositary Agreement relating
to the Depositary Shares has been duly authorized, executed and delivered; any depositary receipts evidencing rights in the Depositary
Shares have been executed; and the depositary appointed by the Company, (iii) the terms of the issuance and sale of the Depositary
Shares have been duly established in conformity with the Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws, (iv) the Depositary Shares have
been issued and delivered as contemplated by the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement in accordance
with the applicable underwriting or other purchase agreement against payment therefor, (v) the shares of Preferred Stock underlying
the Depositary Shares have been deposited with a bank or trust company (which meets the requirements for the depositary set forth in the
Registration Statement), and (vi) the Company has received the consideration provided for in the Authorizing Resolutions and the
applicable underwriting agreement or other purchase agreement, the Depositary Shares will be legally issued and will entitle the holders
of such Depositary Shares to the rights specified in the applicable Depositary Agreement and the applicable depositary receipts.
5. With
respect to the Subscription Rights, when (i) specifically authorized for issuance by the Authorizing Resolutions, (ii) any applicable
Subscription Rights Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered, (iii) the terms of the Subscription Rights and of
their issuance and sale have been duly established in conformity with any applicable Subscription Rights Agreement and the Authorizing
Resolutions, (iv) the Subscription Rights have been duly executed and delivered in accordance with any applicable Subscription Rights
Agreement and issued and delivered as contemplated by the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement
in accordance with the applicable underwriting or other purchase agreement against payment therefor, and (v) the Company has received
the consideration provided for in the Authorizing Resolutions and the applicable underwriting agreement or other purchase agreement, such
Subscription Rights will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with their
terms.
6. With
respect to the Warrants, when (i) specifically authorized for issuance by the Authorizing Resolutions, (ii) any applicable Warrant
Agreement relating to the Warrants has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company, (iii) the terms of the Warrants
and of their issuance and sale have been duly established in conformity with any applicable Warrant Agreement and the Authorizing Resolutions,
(iv) the Warrants have been duly executed by the Company and countersigned in accordance with any Warrant Agreement and the Authorizing
Resolutions and issued and delivered as contemplated by the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement
in accordance with the applicable underwriting or other purchase agreement against payment therefor, and (v) the Company has received
the consideration provided for in the Authorizing Resolutions and the applicable underwriting agreement or other purchase agreement, such
Warrants will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.
7. With
respect to the Purchase Contracts, when (i) specifically authorized for issuance by the Authorizing Resolutions, (ii) the applicable
Purchase Contract Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered, (iii) the terms of the Purchase Contracts and of their
issuance and sale have been duly established in conformity with the applicable Purchase Contract Agreement and the Authorizing Resolutions,
(iv) the Purchase Contracts have been duly executed and delivered in accordance with the applicable Purchase Contract Agreement and
issued and delivered as contemplated by the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement in accordance
with the applicable underwriting or other purchase agreement against payment therefor, and (v) the Company has received the consideration
provided for in the Authorizing Resolutions and the applicable underwriting agreement or other purchase agreement, such Purchase Contracts
will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.
8. With
respect to the Units, when (i) specifically authorized for issuance by the Authorizing Resolutions, (ii) any applicable Unit
Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered, (iii) the terms of the Units and of their issuance and sale have been
duly established in conformity with any applicable Unit Agreement and the Authorizing Resolutions, (iv) the Units have been duly
executed and delivered in accordance with any applicable Unit Agreement and issued and delivered as contemplated by the Registration Statement,
the Prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement in accordance with the applicable underwriting or other purchase agreement against
payment therefor, and (v) the Company has received the consideration provided for in the Authorizing Resolutions and the applicable
underwriting agreement or other purchase agreement, such Units will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company enforceable
against the Company in accordance with their terms.
9. With
respect to the Sales Agreement Shares, such Sales Agreement Shares have been duly authorized for issuance and, when (i) the Registration
Statement has become effective under the Securities Act and (ii) the Sales Agreement Shares have been issued and paid for in accordance
with the terms and conditions of the Sales Agreement, the Sales Agreement Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.
It is understood that this opinion is to be used
only in connection with the offer and sale of the Securities while the Registration Statement is in effect.
Please note that we are opining only as to the
matters expressly set forth herein, and no opinion should be inferred as to any other matters. This opinion is based upon currently existing
statutes, rules, regulations and judicial decisions, and we disclaim any obligation to advise you of any change in any of these sources
of law or subsequent legal or factual developments which might affect any matters or opinions set forth herein.
We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion
with the Commission as an exhibit to the Registration Statement in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation
S-K under the Securities Act and to the use of our name therein and in the related Prospectus, the Sales Agreement Prospectus and in any
prospectus supplement under the caption “Legal Matters.” In giving such consent, we do not hereby admit that we are in the
category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission.
Very truly yours,
| /s/ Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP |
|
| |
|
| WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE AND DORR LLP |
Exhibit 23.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting
Firm
We consent to the reference to our firm under the caption "Experts"
in the Registration Statement (Form S-3) and related Prospectus of Voyager Therapeutics, Inc. for the registration of its common
stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depositary shares, subscription rights, warrants, purchase contracts and units and to the incorporation
by reference therein of our reports dated March 8, 2022, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.,
and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Voyager Therapeutics, Inc., included in its Annual Report (Form 10-K)
for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
| /s/ Ernst & Young LLP |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
Boston, Massachusetts
November 8, 2022 |
|
|
Exhibit 107
Calculation of Filing Fee Tables
Form S-3
(Form Type)
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
Table 1: Newly Registered and Carry Forward
Securities
| | |
Security
Type | |
Security
Class Title | |
Fee
Calculation
or Carry
Forward
Rule | |
Amount
Registered | |
Proposed
Maximum
Offering
Price Per
Unit | |
Maximum
Aggregate
Offering Price | | |
Fee Rate | | |
Amount of
Registration
Fee | | |
Carry
Forward Form
Type | | |
Carry
Forward
File
Number | | |
Carry
Forward
Initial
Effective
Date | | |
Filing Fee
Previously
Paid
In
Connection
with
Unsold
Securities
to be
Carried
Forward | |
| | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Newly Registered Securities | |
| Fees to Be Paid | |
Equity | |
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share
(1) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
| (1) | | |
(1) | | |
| (1) | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
| Fees to Be Paid | |
Equity | |
Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share
(1) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
| (1) | | |
(1) | | |
| (1) | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
| Fees to Be Paid | |
Debt | |
Debt Securities (1) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
| (1) | | |
(1) | | |
| (1) | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
| Fees to Be Paid | |
Other | |
Depositary Shares
(1)(2) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
| (1) | | |
(1) | | |
| (1) | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
| Fees to Be Paid | |
Other | |
Subscription Rights (1)(3) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
| (1) | | |
(1) | | |
| (1) | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
| Fees to Be Paid | |
Other | |
Warrants
(1)(4) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
| (1) | | |
(1) | | |
| (1) | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
| Fees to Be Paid | |
Other | |
Purchase Contracts (1)(5) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
| (1) | | |
(1) | | |
| (1) | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
| Fees to Be Paid | |
Other | |
Units
(1)(6) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
| (1) | | |
(1) | | |
| (1) | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
| Fees to be Paid | |
Unallocated (Universal) Shelf | |
Unallocated (Universal) Shelf | |
457(o) | |
(1) | |
(1) | |
$ | 300,000,000 | (1) | |
$110.20 per $1,000,000 | | |
$ | 33,060.00 | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
| Fees Previously Paid | |
- | |
- | |
- | |
- | |
- | |
| - | | |
- | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
| Carry Forward Securities | |
Carry
Forward Securities | |
- | |
- | |
- | |
- | |
- | |
| - | | |
- | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
| | |
Total Offering Amounts | |
| |
$ | 300,000,000 | (1) | |
| | |
$ | 33,060.00 | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
| | |
Total Fees Previously Paid | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
| - | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
| | |
Total Fee Offsets(7) | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
$ | 17,162.39 | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
| | |
Net Fee Due | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
$ | 15,897.61 | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Table 2: Fee Offset Claims and Sources
| | |
Registrant
or
Filer Name | |
Form
or
Filing
Type | |
File
Number | |
Initial
Filing
Date | |
Filing
Date | |
Fee
Offset
Claimed | | |
Security
Type
Associated
with Fee
Offset
Claimed | |
Security
Title
Associated
with Fee
Offset
Claimed | |
Unsold
Securities
Associated
with Fee
Offset
Claimed | |
Unsold
Aggregate
Offering Amount
Associated with
Fee Offset
Claimed | | |
Fee
Paid
with Fee
Offset
Source | |
| | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
| |
| Rule 457(p) |
| Fee Offset
Claims | |
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc. | |
S-3 | |
333-234527 | |
November 6, 2019 | |
- | |
$ | 17,162.39 | | |
Unallocated (Universal) Shelf | |
Unallocated (Universal) Shelf | |
Unallocated (Universal) Shelf | |
$ | 300,000,000 | (7) | |
| - | |
| Fee Offset
Sources | |
Voyager Therapeutics, Inc. | |
S-3 | |
333-234527(7) | |
N/A | |
November 6, 2019 | |
| - | | |
- | |
- | |
- | |
| - | | |
$ | 17,162.39 | |
| (1) |
Pursuant to Instruction 2.A(iii)(b) of Item 16(b) of Form S-3, this information
is not required to be included. An indeterminate amount of the securities of each identified class is being registered as may from
time to time be offered under this registration statement at indeterminate prices, along with an indeterminate number of securities
that may be issued upon exercise, settlement, exchange or conversion of securities offered or sold under this registration statement,
as shall have an aggregate initial offering price up to $300,000,000. Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended,
or the Securities Act, this registration statement also covers any additional securities that may be offered or issued in connection
with any stock split, stock dividend or pursuant to anti-dilution provisions of any of the securities. Separate consideration may
or may not be received for securities that are issuable upon conversion, exercise or exchange of other securities. In addition, the
total amount to be registered and the proposed maximum offering price are estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration
fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act. |
| (2) |
Each depositary share will be issued under a deposit agreement, will represent
an interest in a fractional share or multiple shares of preferred stock and will be evidenced by a depositary receipt. |
| (3) |
The subscription rights to purchase shares of common stock or preferred
stock or other securities will be offered without additional consideration. |
| (4) |
The warrants covered by this registration statement may be warrants for
common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares or debt securities issued by the registrant. The registrant may offer warrants separately
or together with one or more additional warrants, common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, or debt securities, or any combination
of those securities in the form of units. |
| (5) |
The purchase contracts will be issued separately or as a part of units consisting
of a purchase contract and either shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, debt securities, debt obligations of third parties
securing the holder’s obligations to purchase the securities under the share purchase contracts or the rights to purchase any
securities under this registration statement. |
| (6) |
Units may be issued under a unit agreement and will represent an interest
in one or more securities registered under this registration statement including shares of common stock or preferred stock, debt
securities, depositary shares, subscription rights, warrants or purchase contracts, in any combination, which may or may not be separable
from one another. |
| (7) |
Pursuant to Rule 457(p) under the Securities Act, the registrant
hereby offsets the total registration fee due hereunder by $17,162.39, which represents the portion of the registration fee previously
paid with respect to $300,000,000 of unsold securities previously registered on the registrant’s Registration Statement on
Form S-3 (File No. 333-234527) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 6, 2019 and declared effective on December
2, 2019, or the Prior Registration Statement, that was paid on November 6, 2019, in connection
with the filing of the Prior Registration Statement. All offerings under the Prior Registration Statement have been completed and
no securities were sold thereunder. |
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