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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q
(mark one)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020
or
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OF 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____
Commission File Number: 000-31225
Pinnacle Financial Partners Inc.
PNFP-20200630_G1.JPG , Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Tennessee   62-1812853
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)   (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
150 Third Avenue South, Suite 900 Nashville, TN   37201
(Address of principal executive offices)   (Zip Code)
(615) 744-3700
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changes since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes      No  

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes      No  

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.  (Check one):

Large Accelerated Filer       Accelerated Filer  
Non-accelerated Filer         Smaller reporting company
(do not check if you are a smaller reporting company)    Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).     Yes      No  

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:
Title of Each Class Trading Symbol Name of Exchange on which Registered
Common Stock, par value $1.00 PNFP The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Depositary Shares (each representing 1/40th interest in a share of 6.75% Fixed-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B) PNFPP The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

As of July 31, 2020 there were 75,844,238 shares of common stock, $1.00 par value per share, issued and outstanding.


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Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.
Report on Form 10-Q
June 30, 2020

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

All statements, other than statements of historical fact, included in this report, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The words "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "may," "aims," "should," "plan," "believe," "seek," "estimate" and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements, but other statements not based on historical information may also be considered forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause the actual results to differ materially from the statements, including, but not limited to: (i) further deterioration in the financial condition of borrowers of Pinnacle Bank and its subsidiaries or Bankers Healthcare Group, LLC (BHG) resulting in significant increases in loan losses and provisions for those losses and, in the case of BHG, substitutions; (ii) the further effects of the emergence of widespread health emergencies or pandemics, including the magnitude and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on general economic and financial market conditions and on Pinnacle Financial's and its customers' business, results of operations, asset quality and financial condition; (iii) the ability to grow and retain low-cost core deposits and retain large, uninsured deposits, including during times when Pinnacle Bank is seeking to lower rates it pays on deposits; (iv) the inability of Pinnacle Financial, or entities in which it has significant investments, like BHG, to maintain the historical growth rate of its, or such entities', loan portfolio; (v) changes in loan underwriting, credit review or loss reserve policies associated with economic conditions, examination conclusions, or regulatory developments; (vi) effectiveness of Pinnacle Financial's asset management activities in improving, resolving or liquidating lower-quality assets; (vii) the impact of competition with other financial institutions, including pricing pressures and the resulting impact on Pinnacle Financial’s results, including as a result of compression to net interest margin; (viii) adverse conditions in the national or local economies including in Pinnacle Financial's markets throughout Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Virginia,  particularly in commercial and residential real estate markets; (ix) fluctuations or differences in interest rates on loans or deposits from those that Pinnacle Financial is modeling or anticipating, including as a result of Pinnacle Bank's inability to better match deposit rates with the changes in the short-term rate environment, or that affect the yield curve; (x) the results of regulatory examinations; (xi) Pinnacle Financial's ability to identify potential candidates for, consummate, and achieve synergies from, potential future acquisitions; (xii) difficulties and delays in integrating acquired businesses or fully realizing costs savings and other benefits from acquisitions; (xiii) BHG's ability to profitably grow its business and successfully execute on its business plans; (xiv) risks of expansion into new geographic or product markets including the recent expansion into the Atlanta, Georgia metro market; (xv) any matter that would cause Pinnacle Financial to conclude that there was impairment of any asset, including goodwill or other intangible assets; (xvi) reduced ability to attract additional financial advisors (or failure of such advisors to cause their clients to switch to Pinnacle Bank), to retain financial advisors (including as a result of the competitive environment for associates) or otherwise to attract customers from other financial institutions; (xvii) deterioration in the valuation of other real estate owned and increased expenses associated therewith; (xviii) inability to comply with regulatory capital requirements, including those resulting from changes to capital calculation methodologies, required capital maintenance levels or regulatory requests or directives, particularly if Pinnacle Bank's level of applicable commercial real estate loans were to exceed percentage levels of total capital in guidelines recommended by its regulators; (xix) approval of the declaration of any dividend by Pinnacle Financial's board of directors; (xx) the vulnerability of Pinnacle Bank's network and online banking portals, and the systems of parties with whom Pinnacle Bank contracts, to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes, spam attacks, human error, natural disasters, power loss and other security breaches; (xxi) the possibility of increased compliance and operational costs as a result of increased regulatory oversight (including by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau), including oversight of companies in which Pinnacle Financial or Pinnacle Bank have significant investments, like BHG, and the development of additional banking products for Pinnacle Bank's corporate and consumer clients;  (xxii) the risks associated with Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank being a minority investor in BHG, including the risk that the owners of a majority of the equity interests in BHG decide to sell the company if not prohibited from doing so by Pinnacle Financial or Pinnacle Bank; (xxiii) changes in state and federal legislation, regulations or policies applicable to banks and other financial service providers, like BHG, including regulatory or legislative developments; (xxiv) the availability of and access to capital; (xxv) adverse results (including costs, fines, reputational harm, inability to obtain necessary approvals and/or other negative effects) from current or future litigation, regulatory examinations or other legal and/or regulatory actions, including as a result of Pinnacle Bank's participation in and execution of government programs related to the COVID-19 pandemic; and (xxvi) general competitive, economic, political and market conditions. Additional factors which could affect the forward looking statements can be found in Pinnacle Financial's Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC and available on the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. Pinnacle Financial disclaims any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this report, which speak only as of the date hereof, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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Item 1. Part I. Financial Information

PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
ASSETS    
Cash and noninterest-bearing due from banks $ 213,551    $ 157,901   
Restricted cash 254,593    137,045   
Interest-bearing due from banks 2,221,519    210,784   
Federal funds sold and other 3,798    20,977   
Cash and cash equivalents 2,693,461    526,707   
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value 3,310,278    3,539,995   
Securities held-to-maturity (fair value of $1.1 billion, net of allowance for credit losses of $188 at June 30, 2020 and fair value of $201.2 million at Dec. 31, 2019, respectively) 1,048,035    188,996   
Consumer loans held-for-sale 69,443    81,820   
Commercial loans held-for-sale 16,201    17,585   
Loans 22,520,300    19,787,876   
Less allowance for credit losses (285,372)   (94,777)  
Loans, net 22,234,928    19,693,099   
Premises and equipment, net 281,739    273,932   
Equity method investment 302,879    278,037   
Accrued interest receivable 112,675    84,462   
Goodwill 1,819,811    1,819,811   
Core deposits and other intangible assets 47,131    51,130   
Other real estate owned 22,080    29,487   
Other assets 1,383,451    1,220,435   
Total assets $ 33,342,112    $ 27,805,496   
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY    
Deposits:    
Noninterest-bearing $ 6,892,864    $ 4,795,476   
Interest-bearing 4,815,012    3,630,168   
Savings and money market accounts 9,338,719    7,813,939   
Time 4,475,234    3,941,445   
Total deposits 25,521,829    20,181,028   
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 194,553    126,354   
Federal Home Loan Bank advances 1,787,551    2,062,534   
Subordinated debt and other borrowings 717,043    749,080   
Accrued interest payable 34,916    42,183   
Other liabilities 390,573    288,569   
Total liabilities 28,646,465    23,449,748   
Stockholders' equity:    
Preferred stock, no par value, 10.0 million shares authorized; 225,000 shares non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, Series B, liquidation preference $225.0 million, issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and no shares issued and outstanding at Dec. 31, 2019, respectively. 217,632    —   
Common stock, par value $1.00; 180.0 million shares authorized; 75.8 million and 76.6 million shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2020 and Dec. 31, 2019, respectively 75,836    76,564   
Additional paid-in capital 3,019,286    3,064,467   
Retained earnings 1,218,367    1,184,183   
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of taxes 164,526    30,534   
Total stockholders' equity 4,695,647    4,355,748   
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 33,342,112    $ 27,805,496   
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Unaudited)
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) Three months ended
June 30,
Six months ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Interest income:    
Loans, including fees $ 226,281    $ 237,653    $ 462,701    $ 467,032   
Securities:    
Taxable 9,589    12,243    19,857    25,783   
Tax-exempt 14,596    12,556    28,420    24,228   
Federal funds sold and other 1,272    3,399    3,829    6,691   
Total interest income 251,738    265,851    514,807    523,734   
Interest expense:    
Deposits 33,727    58,988    84,425    113,205   
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 94    142    209    287   
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other borrowings 17,260    17,803    35,964    34,078   
Total interest expense 51,081    76,933    120,598    147,570   
Net interest income 200,657    188,918    394,209    376,164   
Provision for credit losses 68,332    7,195    168,221    14,379   
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 132,325    181,723    225,988    361,785   
Noninterest income:    
Service charges on deposit accounts 6,910    8,940    15,942    17,482   
Investment services 5,971    5,868    15,210    11,336   
Insurance sales commissions 2,231    2,147    5,471    5,075   
Gain on mortgage loans sold, net 19,619    6,011    28,202    10,889   
Investment gains (losses) on sales, net (128)   (4,466)   335    (6,426)  
Trust fees 3,958    3,461    8,128    6,756   
Income from equity method investment 17,208    32,261    32,800    45,551   
Other noninterest income 17,185    16,460    37,243    31,082   
Total noninterest income 72,954    70,682    143,331    121,745   
Noninterest expense:    
Salaries and employee benefits 73,887    75,620    154,367    145,996   
Equipment and occupancy 22,026    23,844    43,004    43,175   
Other real estate expense, net 2,888    2,523    5,303    2,769   
Marketing and other business development 2,142    3,282    5,393    6,230   
Postage and supplies 2,070    2,079    4,060    3,971   
Amortization of intangibles 2,479    2,271    4,999    4,582   
Other noninterest expense 26,113    18,067    51,828    35,014   
Total noninterest expense 131,605    127,686    268,954    241,737   
Income before income taxes 73,674    124,719    100,365    241,793   
Income tax expense 11,230    24,398    9,565    47,512   
Net income $ 62,444    $ 100,321    $ 90,800    $ 194,281   
Per share information:    
Basic net income per common share $ 0.83    $ 1.31    $ 1.20    $ 2.54   
Diluted net income per common share $ 0.83    $ 1.31    $ 1.20    $ 2.53   
Weighted average common shares outstanding:    
Basic 75,210,869    76,343,608    75,507,136    76,572,120   
Diluted 75,323,259    76,611,657    75,645,768    76,866,163   

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)
(dollars in thousands)

  Three months ended
June 30,
Six months ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Net income $ 62,444    $ 100,321    $ 90,800    $ 194,281   
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:    
Change in fair value on available-for-sale securities, net of tax 36,007    25,514    68,879    61,894   
Change in fair value of cash flow hedges, net of tax 4,555    6,613    65,639    6,090   
Amortization (accretion) of net unrealized losses (gains) on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity, net of tax (1,514)   41    (1,981)   70   
Net loss (gain) on cash flow hedges reclassified from other comprehensive income into net income, net of tax (123)   73    1,702    (183)  
Net loss (gain) on sale of investment securities reclassified from other comprehensive income into net income, net of tax 95    3,299    (247)   4,746   
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax 39,020    35,540    133,992    72,617   
Total comprehensive income $ 101,464    $ 135,861    $ 224,792    $ 266,898   

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(Unaudited)
(dollars and shares in thousands)
  Common Stock    
  Preferred Stock
Amount
Shares Amounts Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comp. Income (Loss), net Total Stockholder's Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018 $ —    77,484    $ 77,484    $ 3,107,431    $ 833,130    $ (52,105)   $ 3,965,940   
Exercise of employee common stock options & related tax benefits —        125    —    —    130   
Common stock dividends paid ($0.16 per share) —    —    —    —    (12,545)   —    (12,545)  
Repurchase of common stock —    (543)   (543)   (29,506)   —    —    (30,049)  
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures —    180    180    (180)   —    —    —   
Restricted shares withheld for taxes & related tax benefit —    (62)   (62)   (3,425)   —    —    (3,487)  
Compensation expense for restricted shares & performance stock units —    —    —    4,913    —    —    4,913   
Net income —    —    —    —    93,960    —    93,960   
Other comprehensive income —    —    —    —    —    37,077    37,077   
Balance at March 31, 2019 $ —    77,064    $ 77,064    $ 3,079,358    $ 914,545    $ (15,028)   $ 4,055,939   
Exercise of employee common stock options & related tax benefits $ —      $   $   —    $ —    $  
Common stock dividends paid ($0.16 per share) —    —    —    —    (12,432)   —    (12,432)  
Repurchase of common stock —    (132)   (132)   (7,243)   —    —    (7,375)  
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures —    10    10    (10)   —    —    —   
Restricted shares withheld for taxes & related tax benefit —    (14)   (14)   (787)   —    —    (801)  
Compensation expense for restricted shares & performance stock units —    —    —    5,160    —    —    5,160   
Net income —    —    —    —    100,321    —    100,321   
Other comprehensive income —    —    —    —    —    35,540    35,540   
Balance at June 30, 2019 $ —    76,929    $ 76,929    $ 3,076,486    $ 1,002,434    $ 20,512    $ 4,176,361   













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Table of Contents

  Common Stock    
  Preferred Stock
Amount
Shares Amounts Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comp. Income (Loss), net Total Stockholder's Equity
Balance at December 31, 2019 $ —    76,564    $ 76,564    $ 3,064,467    $ 1,184,183    $ 30,534    $ 4,355,748   
Exercise of employee common stock options & related tax benefits —          —    —     
Common dividends paid ($0.16 per share) —    —    —    —    (12,442)   —    (12,442)  
Repurchase of common stock —    (1,015)   (1,015)   (49,775)   —    —    (50,790)  
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures —    198    198    (198)   —    —    —   
Restricted shares withheld for taxes & related tax benefits —    (32)   (32)   (1,925)   —    —    (1,957)  
Issuance of common stock pursuant to restricted stock unit agreement, net of shares withheld for taxes & related tax benefits —    84    84    (2,553)   —    —    (2,469)  
Compensation expense for restricted shares & performance stock units —    —    —    5,501    —    —    5,501   
Net income —    —    —    —    28,356    —    28,356   
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle —    —    —    —    (31,796)   —    (31,796)  
Other comprehensive income —    —    —    —    —    94,972    94,972   
Balance at March 31, 2020 $ —    75,800    $ 75,800    $ 3,015,521    $ 1,168,301    $ 125,506    $ 4,385,128   
Issuance of preferred stock, net of issuance costs $ 217,632    —    $ —    $ —    $ —    $ —    $ 217,632   
Exercise of employee common stock options & related tax benefits —        216    —    —    225   
Common dividends paid ($0.16 per share) —    —    —    —    (12,378)   (12,378)  
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures —    38    38    (38)   —    —    —   
Restricted shares withheld for taxes & related tax benefits —    (13)   (13)   (540)   —    —    (553)  
Issuance of common stock pursuant to restricted stock unit agreement, net of shares withheld for taxes & related tax benefits —        (21)   —    —    (19)  
Compensation expense for restricted shares & performance stock units —    —    —    4,148    —    —    4,148   
Net income —    —    —    —    62,444    —    62,444   
Other comprehensive income —    —    —    —    —    39,020    39,020   
Balance at June 30, 2020 $ 217,632    75,836    $ 75,836    $ 3,019,286    $ 1,218,367    $ 164,526    $ 4,695,647   


See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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Table of Contents
PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(dollars in thousands) Six months ended
June 30,
  2020 2019
Operating activities:    
Net income $ 90,800    $ 194,281   
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:    
Net amortization/accretion of premium/discount on securities 16,092    9,029   
Depreciation, amortization and accretion 21,031    2,276   
Provision for credit losses 168,221    14,379   
Gain on mortgage loans sold, net (28,202)   (10,889)  
Investment losses (gains) on sales, net (335)   6,426   
Stock-based compensation expense 9,649    10,073   
Deferred tax expense (benefit) (24,038)   6,907   
Losses on dispositions of other real estate and other investments 5,033    2,438   
Income from equity method investment (32,800)   (45,551)  
  Dividends received from equity method investment 7,957    40,914   
Excess tax benefit from stock compensation (590)   (701)  
Gain on commercial loans sold, net (1,221)   (1,809)  
Commercial loans held for sale:    
Loans originated (180,238)   (209,747)  
Loans sold 182,844    206,214   
Consumer loans held for sale:    
Loans originated (955,401)   (617,164)  
Loans sold 995,979    592,244   
Increase in other assets (173,328)   (50,505)  
Increase in other liabilities 83,745    35,230   
Net cash provided by operating activities 185,198    184,045   
Investing activities:    
Activities in securities available-for-sale:    
Purchases (810,119)   (670,956)  
Sales 100,055    476,702   
Maturities, prepayments and calls 186,492    149,344   
Activities in securities held-to-maturity:    
Purchases —    (3,822)  
Maturities, prepayments and calls 8,948    6,745   
Increase in loans, net (2,738,112)   (1,110,214)  
Purchases of software, premises and equipment (18,663)   (28,686)  
Proceeds from sales of software, premises and equipment —    52   
Proceeds from sale of other real estate 5,130    3,117   
Purchase of bank owned life insurance policies —    (110,000)  
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance settlements 1,690    217   
Proceeds from (payments for) derivative instruments 35,680    (37,982)  
Purchase of trade name (1,000)   —   
Increase in other investments (26,813)   (31,352)  
Net cash used in investing activities (3,256,712)   (1,356,835)  
Financing activities:    
Net increase in deposits 5,340,992    600,598   
Net increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase 68,199    49,428   
Federal Home Loan Bank: Issuances, net of restructuring charges 762,472    2,222,500   
Federal Home Loan Bank: Payments/maturities (1,037,518)   (1,706,028)  
Increase in other borrowings, net of issuance costs 56,568    —   
Decrease in other borrowings (89,579)   (21,152)  
Principal payments of finance lease obligation (120)   (111)  
Issuance of preferred stock, net of issuance costs 217,632    —   
Issuance of common stock pursuant to restricted stock unit agreement, net of shares withheld for taxes (2,488)   —   
Exercise of common stock options, net of repurchase of restricted shares (2,280)   (4,149)  
Repurchase of common stock (50,790)   (37,424)  
Common stock dividends paid (24,820)   (24,977)  
Net cash provided by financing activities 5,238,268    1,078,685   
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash 2,166,754    (94,105)  
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period 526,707    721,692   
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period $ 2,693,461    $ 627,587   
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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Table of Contents
PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Business — Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc. (Pinnacle Financial) is a financial holding company whose primary business is conducted by its wholly-owned subsidiary, Pinnacle Bank. Pinnacle Bank is a commercial bank headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. Pinnacle Financial completed its acquisitions of CapitalMark Bank & Trust (CapitalMark), Magna Bank (Magna), Avenue Financial Holdings, Inc. (Avenue) and BNC Bancorp (BNC) on July 31, 2015, September 1, 2015, July 1, 2016 and June 16, 2017, respectively. Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank also collectively hold a 49% interest in Bankers Healthcare Group, LLC (BHG), a company that primarily serves as a full-service commercial loan provider to healthcare and other professional practices. Pinnacle Bank provides a full range of banking services, including investment, mortgage, insurance, and comprehensive wealth management services, in its 12 primarily urban markets within Tennessee, the Carolinas, Virginia and beginning in December 2019, Georgia.

On July 2, 2019, Pinnacle Bank acquired all of the outstanding stock of Advocate Capital, Inc. (Advocate Capital) for a cash price of $59.0 million. Advocate Capital is a finance firm headquartered in Nashville, TN which supports the financial needs of legal firms through both case expense financing and working capital lines of credit. Pinnacle Financial accounted for the acquisition of Advocate Capital under the acquisition method in accordance with ASC Topic 805. Accordingly, the purchase price is allocated to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities acquired as of the date of acquisition. Determining the fair value of assets and liabilities, particularly illiquid assets and liabilities, is a complicated process involving significant judgment regarding estimates and assumptions used to calculate estimated fair value. At the acquisition date, Advocate Capital's net assets were recorded at a fair value of approximately $45.6 million, consisting mainly of loans receivable. Advocate Capital's $134.3 million of indebtedness was also paid off in connection with consummation of the acquisition. The purchase price allocations for the acquisition of Advocate Capital were finalized during the second quarter of 2020.

Basis of Presentation — The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with instructions to Form 10-Q and therefore do not include all information and footnotes necessary for a fair presentation of financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP).  All adjustments consisting of normally recurring accruals that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the periods covered by the report have been included. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in Pinnacle Financial's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (2019 10-K).

These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Pinnacle Financial and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Certain statutory trust affiliates of Pinnacle Financial, as noted in Note 11. Other Borrowings are included in these consolidated financial statements pursuant to the equity method of accounting. Significant intercompany transactions and accounts are eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet date and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term include the determination of the allowance for credit losses and determination of any impairment of goodwill or intangible assets. It is reasonably possible Pinnacle Financial's estimate of the allowance for credit losses and determination of impairment of goodwill or intangible assets could change as a result of the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy. The resulting change in these estimates could be material to Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements. There have been no significant changes to Pinnacle Financial's significant accounting policies as disclosed in the 2019 10-K other than those that relate to the allowance for credit losses upon adoption of ASU 2016-13 as described later within Note 1.


10

Cash Flow Information — Supplemental cash flow information addressing certain cash and noncash transactions for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was as follows (in thousands):
  For the six months ended
June 30,
  2020 2019
Cash Transactions:    
Interest paid $ 127,807    $ 141,208   
Income taxes paid, net 23,749    41,928   
Operating lease payments 6,750    6,761
Noncash Transactions:    
Loans charged-off to the allowance for credit losses 20,695    14,548   
Loans foreclosed upon and transferred to other real estate owned 2,442    11,760   
Loans foreclosed upon and transferred to other assets 25    93   
Fixed assets transferred to other real estate owned —    5,126   
Available-for-sale securities transferred to held-to-maturity portfolio 873,613    —   
Right-of-use asset recognized during the period in exchange for lease obligations (1)
2,928    82,856   
(1) Includes $79.9 million recognized upon initial adoption of ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019.

Income Per Common Share — Basic net income per common share (EPS) is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted. The difference between basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding is attributable to common stock options, restricted share awards, and restricted share unit awards. The dilutive effect of outstanding options, restricted share awards, and restricted share unit awards is reflected in diluted EPS by application of the treasury stock method.

The following is a summary of the basic and diluted net income per common share calculations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands, except per share data):
  Three months ended
June 30,
Six months ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Basic net income per common share calculation:    
Numerator - Net income
$ 62,444    $ 100,321    $ 90,800    $ 194,281   
Denominator - Weighted average common shares outstanding
75,211    76,344    75,507    76,572   
Basic net income per common share $ 0.83    $ 1.31    $ 1.20    $ 2.54   
Diluted net income per common share calculation:    
Numerator – Net income
$ 62,444    $ 100,321    $ 90,800    $ 194,281   
Denominator - Weighted average common shares outstanding
75,211    76,344    75,507    76,572   
Dilutive shares contingently issuable 112    268    139    294   
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding 75,323    76,612    75,646    76,866   
Diluted net income per common share $ 0.83    $ 1.31    $ 1.20    $ 2.53   

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans - As described below under Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements, Pinnacle Financial adopted FASB ASC 326 effective January 1, 2020, which requires the estimation of an allowance for credit losses in accordance with the current expected credit loss (CECL) methodology. Pinnacle Financial's management assesses the adequacy of the allowance on a quarterly basis. This assessment includes procedures to estimate the allowance and test the adequacy and appropriateness of the resulting balance. The level of the allowance is based upon management's evaluation of historical default and loss experience, current and projected economic conditions, asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers' ability to repay a loan (including the timing of future payments), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The level of the allowance for credit losses maintained by management is believed adequate to absorb all expected future losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The allowance is increased through provision for credit losses and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries of amounts previously charged-off.
11


The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective basis for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. Pinnacle Financial has identified the following pools of financial assets with similar risk characteristics for measuring expected credit losses:

Owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans - Owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans are secured by commercial office buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses or retail buildings where the owner of the building occupies the property. For such loans, repayment is largely dependent upon the operation of the borrower's business.
Non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans - These loans represent investment real estate loans secured by office buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, retail buildings, and multifamily residential housing. Repayment is primarily dependent on lease income generated from the underlying collateral.
Consumer real estate mortgage loans - Consumer real estate mortgage consists primarily of loans secured by 1-4 family residential properties, including home equity lines of credit. Repayment is primarily dependent on the personal cash flow of the borrower.
Construction and land development loans - Construction and land development loans include loans where the repayment is dependent on the successful completion and eventual sale, refinance or operation of the related real estate project. Construction and land development loans include 1-4 family construction projects and commercial construction endeavors such as warehouses, apartments, office and retail space and land acquisition and development.
Commercial and industrial loans - Commercial and industrial loans include loans to business enterprises issued for commercial, industrial and/or other professional purposes. These loans are generally secured by equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable of the borrower and repayment is primarily dependent on business cash flows.
Consumer and other loans - Consumer and other loans include all loans issued to individuals not included in the consumer real estate mortgage classification. Examples of consumer and other loans are automobile loans, consumer credit cards and loans to finance education, among others. Many consumer loans are unsecured. Repayment is primarily dependent on the personal cash flow of the borrower.

For commercial real estate, consumer real estate, construction and land development, and commercial and industrial loans, Pinnacle Financial primarily utilizes a probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) modeling approach. These models utilize historical correlations between default experience and certain macroeconomic factors as determined through a statistical regression analysis. All loan segments modeled using this approach consider changes in the national unemployment rate. In addition to the national unemployment rate, gross domestic product and the three month treasury rate are considered for owner occupied commercial real estate, the commercial real estate price index and the five year treasury rate are considered for construction loans, and the three month treasury rate is considered for commercial and industrial loans. Projections of these macroeconomic factors, obtained from an independent third party, are utilized to predict quarterly rates of default based on the statistical PD models. The predicted quarterly default rates are then applied to the estimated future exposure at default (EAD), as determined based on contractual amortization terms and estimated prepayments. An estimated LGD, determined based on historical loss experience, is applied to the quarterly defaulted balances for each loan segment to estimate future losses of the loan's amortized cost.

Losses are predicted over a period of time determined to be reasonable and supportable, and at the end of the reasonable and supportable period losses are reverted to long term historical averages. The reasonable and supportable period and reversion period are re-evaluated each quarter by Pinnacle Financial and are dependent on the current economic environment among other factors. Upon implementation of CECL on January 1, 2020, a reasonable and supportable period of eighteen months was utilized for all loan segments, followed by a twelve month straight line reversion to long term averages. At June 30, 2020, a reasonable and supportable period of twelve months was used for owner occupied commercial real estate, construction and land development and commercial and industrial, and a reasonable and supportable period of eighteen months was used for all other loan segments. The twelve month straight line reversion period was maintained for all loan segments at June 30, 2020.

For the consumer and other loan segment, a loss rate approach is utilized. For these loans, historical charge off rates are applied to projected future balances, as determined in the same manner as EAD for the statistically modeled loan segments. For credit cards, which have no amortization terms or contractual maturities, future balances are estimated based on expected payment volume applied to the current balance.

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The estimated loan losses for all loan segments are adjusted for changes in qualitative factors not inherently considered in the quantitative analyses. The qualitative categories and the measurements used to quantify the risks within each of these categories are subjectively selected by management, but measured by objective measurements period over period. The data for each measurement may be obtained from internal or external sources. The current period measurements are evaluated and assigned a factor commensurate with the current level of risk relative to past measurements over time. The resulting qualitative adjustments are applied to the relevant collectively evaluated loan portfolios. These adjustments are based upon quarterly trend assessments in portfolio concentrations, policy exceptions, associate retention, independent loan review results, collateral considerations, risk ratings, competition and peer group credit quality trends. The qualitative allowance allocation, as determined by the processes noted above, is increased or decreased for each loan segment based on the assessment of these various qualitative factors.

Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated pools are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collectively evaluated pools. Individual evaluations are generally performed for loans greater than $1.0 million which have experienced significant credit deterioration. Such loans are evaluated for credit losses based on either discounted cash flows or the fair value of collateral. When management determines that foreclosure is probable, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral, less selling costs. For loans for which foreclosure is not probable, but for which repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, Pinnacle Financial has elected the practical expedient under ASC 326 to estimate expected credit losses based on the fair value of collateral, with selling costs considered in the event sale of the collateral is expected. Loans for which terms have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) are evaluated using these same individual evaluation methods. In the event the discounted cash flow method is used for a TDR, the original interest rate is used to discount expected cash flows.

In assessing the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, Pinnacle Financial considers the results of Pinnacle Financial's ongoing independent loan review process. Pinnacle Financial undertakes this process both to ascertain those loans in the portfolio with elevated credit risk and to assist in its overall evaluation of the risk characteristics of the entire loan portfolio. Its loan review process includes the judgment of management, independent internal loan reviewers and reviews that may have been conducted by third-party reviewers including regulatory examiners. Pinnacle Financial incorporates relevant loan review results in the allowance.

In accordance with CECL, losses are estimated over the remaining contractual terms of loans, adjusted for prepayments. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications unless management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a troubled debt restructuring will be executed or such renewals, extensions or modifications are included in the original loan agreement and are not unconditionally cancellable by Pinnacle Financial.

Credit losses are estimated on the amortized cost basis of loans, which includes the principal balance outstanding, purchase discounts and premiums, deferred loan fees and costs and accrued interest receivable. Accrued interest receivable is presented separately on the balance sheets and as allowed under ASU 2016-13 is excluded from the tabular loan disclosures in Note 4.

While policies and procedures used to estimate the allowance for credit losses, as well as the resultant provision for credit losses charged to income, are considered adequate by management and are reviewed periodically by regulators, model validators and internal audit, they are necessarily approximate and imprecise. There are factors beyond Pinnacle Financial's control, such as changes in projected economic conditions, real estate markets or particular industry conditions which may materially impact asset quality and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses and thus the resulting provision for credit losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off Balance Sheet Credit Exposures - Pinnacle Financial estimates expected credit losses over the contractual term of obligations to extend credit, unless the obligation is unconditionally cancellable. The allowance for off balance sheet exposures is adjusted through other noninterest expense. The estimates are determined based on the likelihood of funding during the contractual term and an estimate of credit losses subsequent to funding. Estimated credit losses on subsequently funded balances are based on the same assumptions as used to estimated credit losses on existing funded loans.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Securities Held-to-Maturity - Expected credit losses on debt securities classified as held-to-maturity are measured on a collective basis by major security type. The estimates of expected credit losses are based on historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The models rely on regression analyses to predict PD based on projected macroeconomic factors, including unemployment rates and GDP, among others. At June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Financial's held-to-maturity securities consisted entirely of municipal securities rated A or higher by the ratings agencies. A reasonable and supportable period of 18 months and reversion period of 12 months is utilized to estimate credit losses on held-to-maturity municipal securities. The allowance is increased through provision for credit losses and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries of amounts previously charged-off.

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Allowance for Credit Losses - Securities Available-for-Sale - For any securities classified as available-for-sale that are in an unrealized loss position at the balance sheet date, Pinnacle Financial assesses whether or not it intends to sell the security, or more likely than not will be required to sell the security, before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either criteria is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net income. If neither criteria is met, Pinnacle Financial evaluates whether any portion of the decline in fair value is the result of credit deterioration. Such evaluations consider the extent to which the amortized cost of the security exceeds its fair value, changes in credit ratings and any other known adverse conditions related to the specific security. If the evaluation indicates that a credit loss exists, an allowance for credit losses is recorded through provisions for credit losses for the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the security exceeds the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, limited by the amount by which the amortized cost exceeds fair value. Any impairment not recognized in the allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements  In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment to simplify how entities other than private companies, such as public business entities and not-for-profit entities, are required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating the comparison of the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. The amendments became effective for Pinnacle Financial on January 1, 2020 and did not have a material impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-13,  Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326), and has issued subsequent amendments thereto, which introduces the current expected credit losses (CECL) methodology. Among other things, ASC 326 requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets, including loans and held-to-maturity debt securities, held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The new model requires institutions to calculate all probable and estimable losses that are expected to be incurred through the financial asset's contractual life through a provision for credit losses, including loans obtained as a result of any acquisition not deemed to be purchased credit deteriorated (PCD). ASC 326 also requires the allowance for credit losses for PCD loans to be determined in a manner similar to that of other financial assets measured at amortized cost; however, the initial allowance determined at acquisition is added to the purchase price rather than recorded as provision expense. In accordance with ASC 326, the disclosure of credit quality indicators related to the amortized cost of financing receivables is further disaggregated by year of origination (or vintage). Pinnacle Financial adopted ASU 2016-13 and all subsequent amendments thereto effective January 1, 2020 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off balance sheet credit exposures. Amounts for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326 and all prior period information is presented in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. At January 1, 2020, Pinnacle Financial recognized a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings of $31.8 million, net of tax, attributable to an increase in the allowance for credit losses of $34.3 million, an increase in the allowance for off balance sheet credit exposures of $8.8 million, and an increase in deferred tax assets of $11.3 million. In addition, an allowance of $3.8 million was recognized on loans purchased with credit deterioration (PCD) previously classified as purchased credit impaired (PCI) with a corresponding adjustment to the gross carrying amount of the loans. Pinnacle Financial adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach for PCD loans, which did not require re-evaluation of whether loans previously classified as PCI loans met the criteria of PCD assets at the date of adoption. The remaining noncredit discount will be accreted into interest income at the effective interest rate as of January 1, 2020.

Newly Issued Not Yet Effective Accounting Standards — In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. It is intended to help stakeholders during the global market-wide reference rate transition period. The guidance is effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Pinnacle Financial is implementing a transition plan to identify and modify its loans and other financial instruments, including certain indebtedness, with attributes that are either directly or indirectly influenced by LIBOR. Pinnacle Financial is assessing ASU 2020-04 and its impact on the transition away from LIBOR for its loans and other financial instruments.

In January 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2020-01, Investments-Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) - Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815. These amendments, among other things, clarify that a company should consider observable transactions that require a company to either apply or discontinue the equity method of accounting under Topic 323,
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Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures, for the purposes of applying the measurement alternative in accordance with Topic 321 immediately before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method. The amendments also clarify that, when determining the accounting for certain forward contracts and purchased options a company should not consider, whether upon settlement or exercise, if the underlying securities would be accounted for under the equity method or fair value option. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Early application is permitted, including early adoption in an interim period. An entity should apply ASU 2020-01 prospectively at the beginning of the interim period that includes the adoption date. Pinnacle Financial is assessing ASU 2020-01 and its impact on its accounting and disclosures.

In December 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes to simplify various aspects of the current guidance to promote consistent application of the standard among reporting entities by moving certain exceptions to the general principles. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. Pinnacle Financial does not plan to adopt this standard early. If this standard had been effective as of the date of the financial statements included in this report, there would have been no impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements.

Other than those pronouncements discussed above and those which have been recently adopted, we do not believe there were any other recently issued accounting pronouncements that are expected to materially impact Pinnacle Financial.

Reclassifications — Some items in the prior year financial statements were reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on prior year net income or stockholders' equity.

Subsequent Events — ASC Topic 855,  Subsequent Events, establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued. Pinnacle Financial evaluated all events or transactions that occurred after June 30, 2020 through the date of the issued financial statements.

Note 2. Equity method investment

A summary of BHG's financial position as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 and results of operations as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, were as follows (in thousands):
  As of
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Assets $ 1,268,208    $ 840,398   
Liabilities 1,046,948    641,037   
Equity interests 221,260    199,361   
Total liabilities and equity $ 1,268,208    $ 840,398   

  For the three months ended
June 30,
For the six months ended
June 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Revenues $ 92,790    $ 107,982    $ 190,734    $ 170,799   
Net income $ 37,674    $ 67,564    $ 70,145    $ 94,699   

At June 30, 2020, technology, trade name and customer relationship intangibles, net of related amortization, totaled $8.2 million compared to $8.8 million as of December 31, 2019. Amortization expense of $293,000 and $587,000, respectively, was included for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $475,000 and $950,000, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year. Accretion income of $541,000 and $1.1 million, respectively, was included in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $660,000 and $1.3 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year.

During the three months ended June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank received no dividends from BHG. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank received dividends from BHG of $8.0 million in the aggregate. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank received dividends of $28.2 million and $40.9 million, respectively, in the aggregate. Earnings from BHG are included in Pinnacle Financial's consolidated tax return. Profits from intercompany transactions are eliminated. No loans were purchased from BHG by Pinnacle Bank for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2020 or 2019, respectively.
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Note 3.  Securities

The amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are summarized as follows (in thousands):
  Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
June 30, 2020:        
Securities available-for-sale:        
U.S. Treasury securities $ 72,482    $ 130    $ —    $ 72,612   
U.S. government agency securities 74,939    1,404    32    76,311   
Mortgage-backed securities 1,661,910    77,923    1,387    1,738,446   
State and municipal securities 1,182,925    28,447    31,643    1,179,729   
Asset-backed securities 142,504    521    2,610    140,415   
Corporate notes and other 106,923    499    4,657    102,765   
  $ 3,241,683    $ 108,924    $ 40,329    $ 3,310,278   
Securities held-to-maturity:        
State and municipal securities $ 1,048,223    $ 19,387    $ 6,377    $ 1,061,233   
  $ 1,048,223    $ 19,387    $ 6,377    $ 1,061,233   
Allowance for credit losses - securities held-to-maturity (188)  
Securities held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses $ 1,048,035   

December 31, 2019:        
Securities available-for-sale:        
U.S. Treasury securities $ 72,862    $ 19    $ 14    $ 72,867   
U.S. government agency securities 80,096    306    710    79,692   
Mortgage-backed securities 1,458,894    12,789    7,776    1,463,907   
State and municipal securities 1,669,606    52,096    7,249    1,714,453   
Asset-backed securities 153,963    302    1,293    152,972   
Corporate notes and other 56,212    635    743    56,104   
  $ 3,491,633    $ 66,147    17,785    $ 3,539,995   
Securities held-to-maturity:        
State and municipal securities $ 188,996    $ 12,221    $ —    $ 201,217   
  $ 188,996    $ 12,221    $ —    $ 201,217   
 
During the first quarter of 2020, Pinnacle Financial transferred, at fair value, $873.6 million of municipal securities from the available-for-sale portfolio to the held-to-maturity portfolio. The related unrealized after tax gains of $69.0 million remained in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and will be amortized over the remaining life of the securities, offsetting the related amortization of discount on the transferred securities. No gains or losses were recognized at the time of transfer. At June 30, 2020, approximately $1.3 billion of securities within Pinnacle Financial's investment portfolio were pledged to secure either public funds and other deposits or securities sold under agreements to repurchase. At June 30, 2020, repurchase agreements comprised of secured borrowings totaled $194.6 million and were secured by $194.6 million of pledged U.S. government agency securities, municipal securities, asset-backed securities, and corporate debentures. As the fair value of securities pledged to secure repurchase agreements may decline, Pinnacle Financial regularly evaluates its need to pledge additional securities to remain adequately secured.

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities as of June 30, 2020 by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities of mortgage- and asset-backed securities since the mortgages and assets underlying the securities may be called or prepaid with or without penalty. Therefore, these securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following summary (in thousands):
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  Available-for-sale Held-to-maturity
June 30, 2020: Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
Amortized
Cost
Fair
Value
Due in one year or less $ 73,636    $ 73,774    $ —    $ —   
Due in one year to five years 9,378    9,640    1,000    1,047   
Due in five years to ten years 173,763    174,310    2,905    2,979   
Due after ten years 1,180,492    1,173,693    1,044,318    1,057,207   
Mortgage-backed securities 1,661,910    1,738,446    —    —   
Asset-backed securities 142,504    140,415    —    —   
  $ 3,241,683    $ 3,310,278    $ 1,048,223    $ 1,061,233   

At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the following investments had unrealized losses. The table below classifies these investments according to the term of the unrealized losses of less than twelve months or twelve months or longer (in thousands):
  Investments with an Unrealized Loss of
less than 12 months
Investments with an Unrealized Loss of
12 months or longer
Total Investments with an
Unrealized Loss
  Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized
Losses
At June 30, 2020            
U.S. Treasury securities $ —    $ —    $ —    $ —    $ —    $ —   
U.S. government agency securities —    —    6,507    32    6,507    32   
Mortgage-backed securities 59,233    614    43,978    773    103,211    1,387   
State and municipal securities 182,186    3,557    496,371    28,448    678,557    32,005   
Asset-backed securities 59,994    1,260    54,376    1,350    114,370    2,610   
Corporate notes 43,808    1,548    18,650    3,109    62,458    4,657   
Total temporarily-impaired securities $ 345,221    $ 6,979    $ 619,882    $ 33,712    $ 965,103    $ 40,691   
At December 31, 2019            
U.S. Treasury securities $ 40,505    $ 14    $ —    $ —    $ 40,505    $ 14   
U.S. government agency securities 1,222      30,892    709    32,114    710   
Mortgage-backed securities 458,881    5,102    163,767    2,674    622,648    7,776   
State and municipal securities 204,958    1,938    244,884    5,311    449,842    7,249   
Asset-backed securities 75,488    796    59,816    497    135,304    1,293   
Corporate notes —    —    16,908    743    16,908    743   
Total temporarily-impaired securities $ 781,054    $ 7,851    $ 516,267    $ 9,934    $ 1,297,321    $ 17,785   

The applicable dates for determining when securities were in an unrealized loss position were June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. As such, it is possible that a security had a market value less than its amortized cost on other days during the past twelve-month periods ended June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, but is not in the "Investments with an Unrealized Loss of less than 12 months" category above.

As shown in the tables above, including both available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities, at June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Financial had approximately $40.7 million in unrealized losses on $965.1 million of securities. The unrealized losses associated with $873.6 million and $179.8 million of municipal securities transferred from the available-for-sale portfolio to the held-to-maturity portfolio during the quarters ended March 31, 2020 and September 30, 2018, respectively, represent unrealized losses since the date of purchase, independent of the impact associated with changes in the cost basis upon transfer between portfolios. As described in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for any securities classified as available-for-sale that are in an unrealized loss position at the balance sheet date, Pinnacle Financial assesses whether or not it intends to sell the security, or more likely than not will be required to sell the security, before recovery of its amortized cost basis which would require a write-down to fair value through net income. Because Pinnacle Financial currently does not intend to sell those securities that have an unrealized loss at June 30, 2020, and it is not more-likely-than-not that Pinnacle Financial will be required to sell the securities before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be maturity, Pinnacle Financial has determined that no write-down is necessary. In addition, Pinnacle Financial evaluates whether any portion of the decline in fair value is the result of credit deterioration, which would require the recognition of an allowance for credit losses. Such evaluations consider the extent to which the amortized cost of the security exceeds its fair value, changes in credit ratings and any other known adverse conditions related to the specific security. The unrealized losses associated with securities at June 30, 2020 are driven by changes in interest rates and are not due to the credit quality of the securities, and accordingly, no allowance for credit losses is considered necessary related to available-for-sale securities at June 30,
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2020. These securities will continue to be monitored as a part of Pinnacle Financial's ongoing evaluation of credit quality. Management evaluates the financial performance of the issuers on a quarterly basis to determine if it is probable that the issuers can make all contractual principal and interest payments.

The allowance for credit losses on held-to-maturity securities is measured on a collective basis by major security type as described in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. At June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Financial's held-to-maturity securities consist entirely of municipal securities. A reasonable and supportable period of 18 months and reversion period of 12 months was utilized to estimate credit losses on held-to-maturity municipal securities at June 30, 2020. With the implementation of CECL effective January 1, 2020, estimated credit losses on held-to-maturity municipal securities totaled approximately $10,000. At June 30, 2020, the estimated allowance for credit losses on these securities increased to $188,000, with the increase driven largely by changes in macroeconomic projections.

Pinnacle Financial utilizes bond credit ratings assigned by third party ratings agencies to monitor the credit quality of debt securities held-to-maturity. At June 30, 2020, all debt securities classified as held-to-maturity were rated A or higher by the ratings agencies. Updated credit ratings are obtained as they become available from the ratings agencies.

Periodically, available-for-sale securities may be sold or the composition of the portfolio realigned to improve yields, quality or marketability, or to implement changes in investment or asset/liability strategy, including maintaining collateral requirements and raising funds for liquidity purposes or preparing for anticipated changes in market interest rates. Additionally, if an available-for-sale security loses its investment grade or tax-exempt status, the underlying credit support is terminated or collection otherwise becomes uncertain based on factors known to management, Pinnacle Financial will consider selling the security, but will review each security on a case-by-case basis as these factors become known. Consistent with the investment policy, during the six months ended June 30, 2020, available-for-sale securities of approximately $100.1 million were sold and net unrealized gains, net of tax, of $247,000 were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into net income.

The carrying values of Pinnacle Financial's investment securities could decline in the future if the financial condition of issuers deteriorates and management determines it is probable that Pinnacle Financial will not recover the entire amortized cost bases of the securities. As a result, there is a risk that other-than-temporary impairment charges may occur in the future. Additionally, there is a risk that other-than-temporary impairment charges may occur in the future if management's intention to hold these securities to maturity and/or recovery changes. Pinnacle Financial has entered into various fair value hedging transactions to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on the fair values of available for sale securities. See Note 8. Derivative Instruments for disclosure of the gains and losses recognized on derivative instruments and the cumulative fair value hedging adjustments to the carrying amount of the hedged securities.

Note 4. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

For financial reporting purposes, Pinnacle Financial classifies its loan portfolio based on the underlying collateral utilized to secure each loan. This classification is consistent with those utilized in the Quarterly Report of Condition and Income filed by Pinnacle Bank with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

Pinnacle Financial uses the following loan categories for presentation of loan balances and the related allowance for credit losses on loans:
Owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans - Owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans are secured by commercial office buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses or retail buildings where the owner of the building occupies the property. For such loans, repayment is largely dependent upon the operation of the borrower's business.
Non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans - These loans represent investment real estate loans secured by office buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, retail buildings, and multifamily residential housing. Repayment is primarily dependent on lease income generated from the underlying collateral.
Consumer real estate mortgage loans - Consumer real estate mortgage consists primarily of loans secured by 1-4 family residential properties, including home equity lines of credit. Repayment is primarily dependent on the personal cash flow of the borrower.
Construction and land development loans - Construction and land development loans include loans where the repayment is dependent on the successful completion and eventual sale, refinance or operation of the related real estate project. Construction and land development loans include 1-4 family construction projects and commercial construction endeavors such as warehouses, apartments, office and retail space and land acquisition and development.
Commercial and industrial loans - Commercial and industrial loans include loans to business enterprises issued for commercial, industrial and/or other professional purposes. These loans are generally secured by equipment, inventory, and
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accounts receivable of the borrower and repayment is primarily dependent on business cash flows. Loans amounting to $2.3 billion which were granted under the Paycheck Protection Program are included in this category.
Consumer and other loans - Consumer and other loans include all loans issued to individuals not included in the consumer real estate mortgage classification. Examples of consumer and other loans are automobile loans, consumer credit cards and loans to finance education, among others. Many consumer loans are unsecured. Repayment is primarily dependent on the personal cash flow of the borrower.


Loans at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were as follows:
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied $ 2,708,306    $ 2,669,766   
Non-owner occupied 5,384,018    5,039,452   
Consumer real estate – mortgage 3,042,604    3,068,625   
Construction and land development 2,574,494    2,430,483   
Commercial and industrial 8,516,333    6,290,296   
Consumer and other 294,545    289,254   
Subtotal $ 22,520,300    $ 19,787,876   
Allowance for credit losses (285,372)   (94,777)  
Loans, net $ 22,234,928    $ 19,693,099   

Commercial loans receive risk ratings assigned by a financial advisor subject to validation by Pinnacle Financial's independent loan review department. Risk ratings are categorized as pass, special mention, substandard, substandard-nonaccrual or doubtful-nonaccrual. Pass rated loans include six distinct ratings categories for loans that represent specific attributes. Pinnacle Financial believes that its categories follow those used by Pinnacle Bank's primary regulators. At June 30, 2020, approximately 82.5% of Pinnacle Financial's loan portfolio was analyzed as a commercial loan type with a specifically assigned risk rating. Consumer loans and small business loans are generally not assigned an individual risk rating but are evaluated as either accrual or nonaccrual based on the performance of the individual loans. However, certain consumer real estate-mortgage loans and certain consumer and other loans receive a specific risk rating due to the loan proceeds being used for commercial purposes even though the collateral may be of a consumer loan nature. Consumer loans that have been placed on nonaccrual but have not otherwise been assigned a risk rating are believed by management to share risk characteristics with loans rated substandard-nonaccrual and have been presented as such in Pinnacle Financial's risk rating disclosures.
 
Risk ratings are subject to continual review by a financial advisor and a senior credit officer. At least annually, Pinnacle Financial's credit procedures require every risk rated loan of $1.0 million or more be subject to a formal credit risk review process. Each loan's risk rating is also subject to review by Pinnacle Financial's independent loan review department, which reviews a substantial portion of Pinnacle Financial's risk rated portfolio annually. Included in the coverage are independent loan reviews of loans in targeted higher-risk portfolio segments such as certain commercial and industrial loans, land loans and/or loan types in certain geographies. During the second quarter of 2020, Pinnacle Financial performed an in-depth review of all risk-graded loans greater than $1.0 million for which we had granted the borrower the ability to defer the payment of principal and/or interest for a period of up to 90 days following the COVID-19 outbreak. Pinnacle Financial also performed an in-depth review of all of its hotel and retail commercial real estate loans greater than $1.0 million regardless of their receipt of deferral.

Following are the definitions of the risk rating categories used by Pinnacle Financial. Pass rated loans include all credits other than those included within these categories:

Special mention loans have potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention.  If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in Pinnacle Financial's credit position at some future date.
Substandard loans are inadequately protected by the current net worth and financial capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any.  Assets so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize collection of the debt.  Substandard loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that Pinnacle Financial could sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
Substandard-nonaccrual loans are substandard loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status.
19

Doubtful-nonaccrual loans have all the characteristics of substandard-nonaccrual loans with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.
The table below presents loan balances classified within each risk rating category by primary loan type and based on year of origination as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):
June 30, 2020 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Total
Commercial real estate- owner occupied
Pass $ 342,164    $ 485,461    $ 509,788    $ 388,684    $ 389,384    $ 347,423    $ 64,075    $ 2,526,979   
Special Mention 2,445    8,612    23,239    11,957    5,563    5,775    —    57,591   
Substandard (1)
18,292    6,902    6,877    18,256    12,685    3,880    45,038    111,930   
Substandard-nonaccrual 821    442    2,138    2,611    1,595    4,089    110    11,806   
Doubtful-nonaccrual —    —    —    —    —    —    —    —   
Total Commercial real estate - owner occupied $ 363,722    $ 501,417    $ 542,042    $ 421,508    $ 409,227    $ 361,167    $ 109,223    $ 2,708,306   
Commercial real estate- Non-owner occupied
Pass $ 798,839    $ 1,154,829    $ 867,521    $ 623,990    $ 574,543    $ 476,052    $ 71,274    $ 4,567,048   
Special Mention 46,818    170,003    95,155    163,384    174,600    136,136    284    786,380   
Substandard (1)
6,068    1,484    4,976    3,541    1,072    2,995    —    20,136   
Substandard-nonaccrual —    3,717    763    147    1,071    4,756    —    10,454   
Doubtful-nonaccrual —    —    —    —    —    —    —    —   
Total Commercial real estate - Non-owner occupied $ 851,725    $ 1,330,033    $ 968,415    $ 791,062    $ 751,286    $ 619,939    $ 71,558    $ 5,384,018   
Consumer real estate – mortgage
Pass $ 276,995    $ 590,211    $ 409,497    $ 200,643    $ 156,708    $ 387,684    $ 974,695    $ 2,996,433   
Special Mention 493    2,697    3,314    645    —    1,025    8,739    16,913   
Substandard (1)
932    1,200    —    900    378    2,141    470    6,021   
Substandard-nonaccrual 491    1,488    921    1,439    3,027    11,489    4,382    23,237   
Doubtful-nonaccrual —    —    —    —    —    —    —    —   
Total Consumer real estate – mortgage $ 278,911    $ 595,596    $ 413,732    $ 203,627    $ 160,113    $ 402,339    $ 988,286    $ 3,042,604   
Construction and land development
Pass $ 594,375    $ 1,216,171    $ 487,354    $ 126,976    $ 20,375    $ 11,501    $ 21,788    $ 2,478,540   
Special Mention 6,750    32,465    47,324    —    4,243    —    —    90,782   
Substandard (1)
824    687    31    —    240    160    —    1,942   
Substandard-nonaccrual 322    565    275    87    —    1,981    —    3,230   
Doubtful-nonaccrual —    —    —    —    —    —    —    —   
Total Construction and land development $ 602,271    $ 1,249,888    $ 534,984    $ 127,063    $ 24,858    $ 13,642    $ 21,788    $ 2,574,494   
Commercial and industrial
Pass $ 3,293,463    $ 1,359,904    $ 889,189    $ 436,566    $ 166,155    $ 114,273    $ 2,001,673    $ 8,261,223   
Special Mention 11,101    54,226    15,780    16,176    7,897    1,958    22,232    129,370   
Substandard (1)
6,657    46,915    15,328    2,993    616    2,571    36,881    111,961   
Substandard-nonaccrual 2,894    6,122    517    877    262    259    2,848    13,779   
Doubtful-nonaccrual —    —    —    —    —    —    —    —   
 Total Commercial and industrial $ 3,314,115    $ 1,467,167    $ 920,814    $ 456,612    $ 174,930    $ 119,061    $ 2,063,634    $ 8,516,333   
Consumer and other
Pass $ 47,178    $ 29,683    $ 9,739    $ 10,453    $ 6,082    $ 2,962    $ 188,337    $ 294,434   
Special Mention —    —    —    —    —    —       
Substandard (1)
—    —    —    —    —    —    47    47   
Substandard-nonaccrual —    —      43        —    55   
Doubtful-nonaccrual —    —    —    —    —    —    —    —   
Total Consumer and other $ 47,178    $ 29,683    $ 9,743    $ 10,496    $ 6,087    $ 2,965    $ 188,393    $ 294,545   
Total loans
Pass $ 5,353,014    $ 4,836,259    $ 3,173,088    $ 1,787,312    $ 1,313,247    $ 1,339,895    $ 3,321,842    $ 21,124,657   
Special Mention 67,607    268,003    184,812    192,162    192,303    144,894    31,264    1,081,045   
20

June 30, 2020 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Total
Substandard (1)
32,773    57,188    27,212    25,690    14,991    11,747    82,436    252,037   
Substandard-nonaccrual 4,528    12,334    4,618    5,204    5,960    22,577    7,340    62,561   
Doubtful-nonaccrual —    —    —    —    —    —    —    —   
Total loans $ 5,457,922    $ 5,173,784    $ 3,389,730    $ 2,010,368    $ 1,526,501    $ 1,519,113    $ 3,442,882    $ 22,520,300   

The following table outlines the risk category of loans as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):

  Commercial real estate - mortgage Consumer real estate - mortgage Construction and land development Commercial and industrial Consumer and other Total
December 31, 2019            
Pass $ 7,499,725    $ 3,019,203    $ 2,422,347    $ 6,069,757    $ 288,361    $ 19,299,393   
Special Mention 51,147    13,787    2,816    79,819    698    148,267   
Substandard (1)
139,518    10,969    3,042    125,035    47    278,611   
Substandard-nonaccrual 18,828    24,666    2,278    15,685    148    61,605   
Doubtful-nonaccrual —    —    —    —    —    —   
Total loans $ 7,709,218    $ 3,068,625    $ 2,430,483    $ 6,290,296    $ 289,254    $ 19,787,876   

(1) Potential problem loans represent those loans with a well-defined weakness and where information about possible credit problems of borrowers has caused management to have doubts about the borrower's ability to comply with present repayment terms. This definition is believed to be substantially consistent with the standards established by Pinnacle Bank's primary regulators for loans classified as substandard, excluding troubled debt restructurings. Potential problem loans, which are not included in nonaccrual loans, amounted to approximately $251.3 million at June 30, 2020, compared to $276.0 million at December 31, 2019.

The table below presents the aging of past due balances by loan segment at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
June 30, 2020 30-59 days past due 60-89 days past due 90 days or more past due Total past due Current Total loans
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 2,446    $ 1,241    $ 4,943    $ 8,630    $ 2,699,676    $ 2,708,306   
Non-owner occupied 576    64    9,950    10,590    5,373,428    5,384,018   
Consumer real estate – mortgage 3,318    1,557    5,917    10,792    3,031,812    3,042,604   
Construction and land development 1,461    598    2,154    4,213    2,570,281    2,574,494   
Commercial and industrial 7,641    2,651    4,991    15,283    8,501,050    8,516,333   
Consumer and other 1,580    23    548    2,151    292,394    294,545   
Total $ 17,022    $ 6,134    $ 28,503    $ 28,503    $ 51,659    $ 22,468,641    $ 22,520,300   
December 31, 2019
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 2,307    $ 2,932    $ 1,719    $ 6,958    $ 2,662,808    $ 2,669,766   
Non-owner occupied 3,156    3,641    3,816    10,613    5,028,839    5,039,452   
Consumer real estate – mortgage 11,646    2,157    7,304    21,107    3,047,518    3,068,625   
Construction and land development 1,392    711    1,487    3,590    2,426,893    2,430,483   
Commercial and industrial 8,474    2,478    6,364    17,316    6,272,980    6,290,296   
Consumer and other 1,770    414    570    2,754    286,500    289,254   
Total $ 28,745    $ 12,333    $ 21,260    $ 21,260    $ 62,338    $ 19,725,538    $ 19,787,876   


21


The following table details the changes in the allowance for credit losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, by loan classification (in thousands):
  Commercial real estate - Owner occupied Commercial real estate - Non-owner occupied Consumer
real estate - mortgage
Construction and land development Commercial and industrial Consumer
and other
Unallocated Total
Three months ended June 30, 2020:
Balance at March 31, 2020 $ 23,634    $ 32,114    $ 32,998    $ 38,911    $ 88,060    $ 6,748    $ —    $ 222,465   
Charged-off loans —    (2)   (1,196)   —    (6,734)   (1,070)   —    (9,002)  
Recovery of previously charged-off loans 80    106    484    50    2,249    648    —    3,617   
Provision for credit losses on loans 15,089    36,208    (2,928)   2,936    17,035    (48)   —    68,292   
Balance at June 30, 2020 $ 38,803    $ 68,426    $ 29,358    $ 41,897    $ 100,610    $ 6,278    $ —    $ 285,372   
Three months ended June 30, 2019:              
Balance at March 31, 2019 $ 12,618    $ 17,549    $ 8,369    $ 10,915    $ 32,699    $ 4,803    $ 241    $ 87,194   
Charged-off loans (1,065)   —    (580)   (4)   (5,408)   (1,423)   —    (8,480)  
Recovery of previously charged-off loans 16    876    372    19    2,744    317    —    4,344   
Provision for credit losses on loans 605    227    328    276    7,401    (1,583)   (59)   7,195   
Balance at June 30, 2019 $ 12,174    $ 18,652    $ 8,489    $ 11,206    $ 37,436    $ 2,114    $ 182    $ 90,253   
Six months ended June 30, 2020:              
Balance at December 31, 2019 $ 13,406    $ 19,963    $ 8,054    $ 12,662    $ 36,112    $ 3,595    $ 985    $ 94,777   
Impact of adopting ASC 326 264    (4,740)   21,029    (3,144)   23,040    2,638    (985)   38,102   
Charged-off loans (1,061)   (263)   (2,126)   —    (14,998)   (2,247)   —    (20,695)  
Recovery of previously charged-off loans 225    199    674    93    2,997    967    —    5,155   
Provision for credit losses on loans 25,969    53,267    1,727    32,286    53,459    1,325    —    168,033   
Balance at June 30, 2020 $ 38,803    $ 68,426    $ 29,358    $ 41,897    $ 100,610    $ 6,278    $ —    $ 285,372   
Six months ended June 30, 2019:              
Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 11,297    $ 15,649    $ 7,670    $ 11,128    $ 31,731    $ 5,423    $ 677    $ 83,575   
Charged-off loans (1,586)   (13)   (930)   (4)   (8,760)   (3,255)   —    (14,548)  
Recovery of previously charged-off loans 76    888    741    141    4,342    659    —    6,847   
Provision for credit losses on loans 2,387    2,128    1,008    (59)   10,123    (713)   (495)   14,379   
Balance at June 30, 2019 $ 12,174    $ 18,652    $ 8,489    $ 11,206    $ 37,436    $ 2,114    $ 182    $ 90,253   

The following table details the allowance for credit losses on loans and recorded investment in loans by loan classification and by impairment evaluation method as of December 31, 2019, as determined in accordance with ASC 310 prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 (in thousands):
  Commercial real estate - mortgage Consumer
real estate - mortgage
Construction and land development Commercial and industrial Consumer
and other
Unallocated Total
December 31, 2019              
Allowance for Loan Losses:              
Collectively evaluated for impairment $ 32,134    $ 6,762    $ 12,629    $ 35,401    $ 3,586    $ 90,512   
Individually evaluated for impairment 1,235    1,292    33    711      3,280   
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality(1)
—    —    —    —    —    —   
Total allowance for loan losses $ 33,369    $ 8,054    $ 12,662    $ 36,112    $ 3,595    $ 985    $ 94,777   
Loans:              
Collectively evaluated for impairment $ 7,681,608    $ 3,036,922    $ 2,426,901    $ 6,274,280    $ 289,106      $ 19,708,817   
Individually evaluated for impairment 18,122    25,018    561    14,295    148      58,144   
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality 9,488    6,685    3,021    1,721    —      20,915   
Total loans $ 7,709,218    $ 3,068,625    $ 2,430,483    $ 6,290,296    $ 289,254      $ 19,787,876   
(1) Prior to the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, an allowance for loan losses was recorded on loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality only in the event of additional credit deterioration subsequent to acquisition.

22


The adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is reviewed by Pinnacle Financial's management on a quarterly basis. This assessment includes procedures to estimate the allowance and test the adequacy and appropriateness of the resulting balance. The level of the allowance is based upon management's evaluation of historical default and loss experience, current and projected economic conditions, asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers' ability to repay the loan (including the timing of future payment), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The level of the allowance for credit losses maintained by management is believed adequate to absorb all expected future losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to expense and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries of amounts previously charged-off.

As described in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Pinnacle Financial adopted ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, which introduced the CECL methodology for estimating all expected losses over the life of a financial asset. Under the CECL methodology the allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective basis for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics, and for loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated pools, evaluations are performed on an individual basis. For all loan segments collectively evaluated, losses are predicted over a period of time determined to be reasonable and supportable, and at the end of the reasonable and supportable period losses are reverted to long term historical averages. Upon implementation of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, Pinnacle Financial utilized a reasonable and supportable period of eighteen months for all loan segments, followed by a twelve month straight line reversion to long term averages. At June 30, 2020, a reasonable and supportable period of twelve months was utilized for owner occupied commercial real estate, construction and land development, and commercial and industrial in response to the relatively high level of economic uncertainly related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. For all other loan segments, the reasonable and supportable period of eighteen months was maintained as longer variable lag structures are used within their statistical models, which inherently mitigates the uncertainty in the economic projections by placing less reliance on sudden changes in the projections. The twelve month straight line reversion period was maintained for all loan segments at June 30, 2020. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-13, the opening balance of the allowance for credit losses was increased by $38.1 million through retained earnings. The additional increase during the three months ended June 30, 2020 is primarily attributable to the change in projected economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, with the projected increase in the unemployment rate being the most significant driver.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans, which are individually evaluated to determine
expected credit losses:
June 30, 2020 Real Estate Business Assets Other Total
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied 16,215    —    —    16,215   
Non-owner occupied 14,447    —    —    14,447   
Consumer real estate – mortgage 29,385    —    —    29,385   
Construction and land development 4,452    —    —    4,452   
Commercial and industrial 482    14,769    309    15,560   
Consumer and other —    —    48    48   
Total $ 64,981    $ 14,769    $ 357    $ 80,107   


23

The table below presents the amortized cost basis of loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due 90 or more days and still accruing interest at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Also presented is the balance of loans on nonaccrual status at June 30, 2020 for which there was no related allowance for credit losses recorded (in thousands):
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Total nonaccrual loans Nonaccrual loans with no allowance for credit losses Loans past due 90 or more days and still accruing Total nonaccrual loans Loans past due 90 or more days and still accruing
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 11,806    $ 4,325    $ —    $ 11,654    $ —   
Non-owner occupied 10,454    7,540    —    7,173    —   
Consumer real estate – mortgage 23,237    —    18    24,667    168   
Construction and land development 3,230    1,222    —    2,278    —   
Commercial and industrial 13,780    6,753    1,459    15,685    946   
Consumer and other 55    —    505    148    501   
Total $ 62,562    $ 19,840    $ 1,982    $ 61,605    $ 1,615   
Pinnacle Financial's policy is the accrual of interest income will be discontinued when (1) there is a significant deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower and full repayment of principal and interest is not expected or (2) the principal or interest is more than 90 days past due, unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. As such, at the date loans are placed on nonaccrual status, Pinnacle Financial reverses all previously accrued interest income against current year earnings. Pinnacle Financial's policy is once a loan is placed on nonaccrual status each subsequent payment is reviewed on a case-by-case basis to determine if the payment should be applied to interest or principal pursuant to regulatory guidelines. Pinnacle Financial recognized no interest income from cash payments received on nonaccrual loans during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $89,000 and $176,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. Had these nonaccruing loans been on accruing status, interest income would have been higher by $854,000 and $1.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to $1.4 million and $2.6 million higher for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. Approximately $32.1 million and $35.8 million of nonaccrual loans as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, were performing pursuant to their contractual terms at those dates.

The following table presents impaired loans at December 31, 2019 as determined under ASC 310 prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13. Impaired loans generally include nonaccrual loans, troubled debt restructurings, and other loans deemed to be impaired but that continue to accrue interest. Presented are the recorded investment, unpaid principal balance and related allowance of impaired loans at December 31, 2019 by loan classification (in thousands):
  At December 31, 2019
  Recorded investment Unpaid principal balances Related allowance
Impaired loans with an allowance:      
Commercial real estate – mortgage $ 9,998    $ 10,983    $ 1,235   
Consumer real estate – mortgage 20,996    23,105    1,292   
Construction and land development 542    654    33   
Commercial and industrial 4,074    5,381    711   
Consumer and other 148    182     
Total $ 35,758    $ 40,305    $ 3,280   
Impaired loans without an allowance:      
Commercial real estate – mortgage $ 8,124    $ 8,891    $ —   
Consumer real estate – mortgage 4,022    4,021    —   
Construction and land development 19    17    —   
Commercial and industrial 10,221    11,322    —   
Consumer and other —    —    —   
Total $ 22,386    $ 24,251    $ —   
Total impaired loans $ 58,144    $ 64,556    $ 3,280   

24

The following table details the average recorded investment and the amount of interest income recognized on a cash basis for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, of impaired loans by loan classification as determined under ASC 310 prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 (in thousands):
  Three months ended Six months ended
  Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Average recorded investment Interest income recognized
Impaired loans with an allowance:    
Commercial real estate – mortgage $ 15,589    $ —    $ 15,097    $ —   
Consumer real estate – mortgage 22,219    —    21,434    —   
Construction and land development 747    —    692    —   
Commercial and industrial 9,718    —    9,563    —   
Consumer and other 221    —    475    —   
Total $ 48,494    $ —    $ 47,261    $ —   
Impaired loans without an allowance:        
Commercial real estate – mortgage $ 13,503    $ 89    $ 13,910    $ 176   
Consumer real estate – mortgage 10,658    —    9,521    —   
Construction and land development —    —    595    —   
Commercial and industrial 13,505    —    13,868    —   
Consumer and other —    —    —    —   
Total $ 37,666    $ 89    $ 37,894    $ 176   
Total impaired loans $ 86,160    $ 89    $ 85,155    $ 176   

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13, loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality, referred to under ASC 310-30 as purchased credit impaired loans and under ASU 2016-13 as purchased credit deteriorated loans, were assigned a credit related purchase discount and non-credit related purchase discount at acquisition. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, the remaining credit related discount was re-classified to a component of the allowance for credit losses. The remaining non-credit discount will continue to be accreted into income over the remaining lives of the related loans. The following table provides a rollforward of purchased credit deteriorated loans from December 31, 2019 through June 30, 2020 (in thousands):
  Gross Carrying Value Accretable
Yield
Nonaccretable
Yield
Net Carrying
Value
December 31, 2019 $ 29,544    $ (4,801)   $ (3,828)   $ 20,915   
Reclassification of discount to allowance for credit losses —    —    3,828    3,828   
Year-to-date settlements (3,152)   1,939    —    (1,213)  
June 30, 2020 $ 26,392    $ (2,862)   $ —    $ 23,530   

The carrying value is adjusted for additional draws, pursuant to contractual arrangements, offset by loan paydowns. Year-to-date settlements include both loans that were charged-off as well as loans that were paid off, typically as a result of refinancings at other institutions.

At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were $3.3 million and $4.9 million, respectively, of troubled debt restructurings that were performing as of their restructure date and which were accruing interest. Troubled commercial loans are restructured by specialists within Pinnacle Bank's Special Assets Group, and all restructurings are approved by committees and/or credit officers separate and apart from the normal loan approval process.  These specialists are charged with reducing Pinnacle Financial's overall risk and exposure to loss in the event of a restructuring by obtaining some or all of the following: improved documentation, additional guaranties, increase in curtailments, reduction in collateral release terms, additional collateral or other similar strategies.


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The following table outlines the amount of each loan category where troubled debt restructurings were made during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in thousands):
Three Months Ended
June 30,
Six Months Ended
June 30,
Number
of contracts
Pre Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment, net of related allowance Number
of contracts
Pre Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment, net of related allowance
2020
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied —    $ —    $ —    —    $ —    $ —   
Non-owner occupied —    —    —    —    —    —   
Consumer real estate – mortgage —    —    —      807    807   
Construction and land development —    —    —    —    —    —   
Commercial and industrial —    —    —    —    —    —   
Consumer and other —    —    —    —    —    —   
—    $ —    $ —      $ 807    $ 807   
2019
Commercial real estate: —    $ —    $ —    —    $ —    $ —   
Consumer real estate – mortgage   712    626      712    626   
Construction and land development   21    19      21    19   
Commercial and industrial   1,397    796      1,397    796   
Consumer and other —    —    —    —    —    —   
  $ 2,130    $ 1,441      $ 2,130    $ 1,441   

There were no troubled debt restructurings made during the three months ended June 30, 2020. During the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, there were no troubled debt restructurings that subsequently defaulted within twelve months of the restructuring.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic impact to its customers, Pinnacle Bank implemented a short-term modification program in accordance with interagency regulatory guidance to provide temporary payment relief to those borrowers directly impacted by COVID-19 who were not more than 30 days past due at the time of the modification. This program allows for a deferral of payments for 90 days, which Pinnacle Bank may extend for an additional 90 days, for a maximum of 180 days on a cumulative and successive basis. Pursuant to the interagency regulatory guidance, Pinnacle Financial may elect to not classify loans for which these deferrals are granted as troubled debt restructurings.

Pinnacle Financial analyzes its commercial loan portfolio to determine if a concentration of credit risk exists to any industries. Pinnacle Financial utilizes broadly accepted industry classification systems in order to classify borrowers into various industry classifications.  Pinnacle Financial has a credit exposure (loans outstanding plus unfunded lines of credit) exceeding 25% of Pinnacle Bank's total risk-based capital to borrowers in the following industries at June 30, 2020 with the comparative exposures for December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
  June 30, 2020  
  Outstanding Principal Balances Unfunded Commitments Total exposure Total Exposure at
December 31, 2019
Lessors of nonresidential buildings $ 3,780,487    $ 907,096    $ 4,687,583    $ 4,578,116   
Lessors of residential buildings 1,046,928    773,602    1,820,530    1,599,837   
New Housing For-Sale Builders 529,797    608,139    1,137,936    1,090,603   
Hotels (except Casino Hotels) and Motels 874,824    155,778    1,030,602    967,771   


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Pinnacle Financial monitors two ratios regarding construction and commercial real estate lending as part of its concentration management processes.  Both ratios are calculated by dividing certain types of loan balances for each of the two categories by Pinnacle Bank’s total risk-based capital. At both June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, Pinnacle Bank’s construction and land development loans as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 83.6%. Non-owner occupied commercial real estate and multifamily loans (including construction and land development loans) as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 275.0% and 268.3% as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Banking regulations have established guidelines for the construction ratio of less than 100% of total risk-based capital and for the non-owner occupied ratio of less than 300% of total risk-based capital. When a bank’s ratios are in excess of one or both of these guidelines, banking regulations generally require an increased level of monitoring in these lending areas by bank management. At June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Bank was within the 100% and 300% guidelines and has established what it believes to be appropriate controls to monitor its lending in these areas as it aims to keep the level of these loans below the 100% and 300% thresholds.

At June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Bank had granted loans and other extensions of credit amounting to approximately $11.1 million to current directors, executive officers, and their related entities, of which $7.1 million had been drawn upon. At December 31, 2019, Pinnacle Bank had granted loans and other extensions of credit amounting to approximately $10.6 million to directors, executive officers, and their related entities, of which approximately $6.8 million had been drawn upon. All loans to directors, executive officers, and their related entities were performing in accordance with contractual terms at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

At June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Financial had approximately $16.2 million in commercial loans held for sale compared to $17.6 million at December 31, 2019, which primarily included commercial real estate and apartment loans originated for sale to a third-party as part of a multi-family loan program. Such loans are closed under a pass-through commitment structure wherein Pinnacle Bank's loan commitment to the borrower is the same as the third party's take-out commitment to Pinnacle Bank and the third party purchase typically occurs within thirty days of Pinnacle Bank closing with the borrowers.

Residential Lending

At June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Financial had approximately $53.7 million of mortgage loans held-for-sale compared to approximately $61.6 million at December 31, 2019. Total loan volumes sold during the six months ended June 30, 2020 were approximately $837.4 million compared to approximately $485.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Financial recognized $19.6 million and $28.2 million, respectively, in gains on the sale of these loans, net of commissions paid, compared to $6.0 million and $10.9 million, respectively, net of commissions paid, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

These mortgage loans held-for-sale are originated internally and are primarily to borrowers in Pinnacle Bank's geographic markets. These sales are typically on a mandatory basis to investors that follow conventional government sponsored entities (GSE) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development/U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (HUD/VA) guidelines.
 
Each purchaser of a mortgage loan held-for-sale has specific guidelines and criteria for sellers of loans and the risk of credit loss with regard to the principal amount of the loans sold is generally transferred to the purchasers upon sale. While the loans are sold without recourse, the purchase agreements require Pinnacle Bank to make certain representations and warranties regarding the existence and sufficiency of file documentation and the absence of fraud by borrowers or other third parties such as appraisers in connection with obtaining the loan. If it is determined that the loans sold were in breach of these representations or warranties, Pinnacle Bank has obligations to either repurchase the loan for the unpaid principal balance and related investor fees or make the purchaser whole for the economic benefits of the loan. To date, Pinnacle Bank's liability pursuant to the terms of these representations and warranties has been insignificant to Pinnacle Bank.

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Note 5. Income Taxes

ASC 740, Income Taxes, defines the threshold for recognizing the benefits of tax return positions in the financial statements as "more-likely-than-not" to be sustained by the taxing authority. This section also provides guidance on the derecognition, measurement and classification of income tax uncertainties, along with any related interest and penalties, and includes guidance concerning accounting for income tax uncertainties in interim periods.
 
The unrecognized tax benefit related to uncertain tax positions related to state income tax filings was $6.9 million at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. No change was recorded to the unrecognized tax benefit related to uncertain tax positions in each of the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.

Pinnacle Financial's policy is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. For both the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, there were no interest and penalties recorded in the income statement.

Pinnacle Financial's effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was expense of 15.2% and 9.5%, respectively, compared to expense of 19.6% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. The difference between the effective tax rate and the federal and state income tax statutory rate of 26.14% at June 30, 2020 and 2019 is primarily due to investments in bank qualified municipal securities, tax benefits of Pinnacle Bank's real estate investment trust subsidiary, participation in the Tennessee Community Investment Tax Credit (CITC) program, and tax benefits associated with share-based compensation, bank-owned life insurance and our captive insurance subsidiary, offset in part by the limitation on deductibility of meals and entertainment expense, non-deductible executive compensation and non-deductible FDIC premiums.

Income tax expense is also impacted by the vesting of equity-based awards and the exercise of employee stock options, which expense or benefit is recorded as a discrete item as a component of total income tax, the amount of which is dependent upon the change in the grant date fair value and the vest date fair value of the underlying award. Accordingly, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 we recognized excess tax expense of $272,000 and benefits of $590,000, respectively, compared to excess tax expense of $68,000 and benefits of $701,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, income tax expense was also impacted by provision for credit losses, including provision for credit losses resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, which was recorded as a discrete item as a component of total income tax. Accordingly, we recognized a tax benefit of $22.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020.
 
Note 6. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

In the normal course of business, Pinnacle Bank has entered into off-balance sheet financial instruments which include commitments to extend credit (i.e., including unfunded lines of credit) and standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit are usually the result of lines of credit granted to existing borrowers under agreements that the total outstanding indebtedness will not exceed a specific amount during the term of the indebtedness. Typical borrowers are commercial concerns that use lines of credit to supplement their treasury management functions, and thus their total outstanding indebtedness may fluctuate during any time period based on the seasonality of their business and the resultant timing of their cash flows. Other typical lines of credit are related to home equity loans granted to consumers. Commitments to extend credit generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. At June 30, 2020, these commitments amounted to $8.7 billion, of which approximately $1.1 billion related to home equity lines of credit.

Standby letters of credit are generally issued on behalf of an applicant (Pinnacle Bank's customer) to a specifically named beneficiary and are the result of a particular business arrangement that exists between the applicant and the beneficiary.  Standby letters of credit have fixed expiration dates and are usually for terms of two years or less unless terminated beforehand due to criteria specified in the standby letter of credit. A typical arrangement involves the applicant routinely being indebted to the beneficiary for such items as inventory purchases, insurance, utilities, lease guarantees or other third party commercial transactions. The standby letter of credit would permit the beneficiary to obtain payment from Pinnacle Bank under certain prescribed circumstances. Subsequently, Pinnacle Bank would then seek reimbursement from the applicant pursuant to the terms of the standby letter of credit. At June 30, 2020, these commitments amounted to $213.3 million.

Pinnacle Bank typically follows the same credit policies and underwriting practices when making these commitments as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. Each customer's creditworthiness is typically evaluated on a case-by-case basis, and the amount of collateral obtained, if any, is based on management's credit evaluation of the customer. Collateral held varies but may include cash, real estate and improvements, marketable securities, accounts receivable, inventory, equipment and personal property.
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The contractual amounts of these commitments are not reflected in the consolidated financial statements and only amounts drawn upon would be reflected in the future. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the contractual amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. However, should the commitments be drawn upon and should Pinnacle Bank's customers default on their resulting obligation to Pinnacle Bank, the maximum exposure to credit loss, without consideration of collateral, is represented by the contractual amount of those commitments. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, Pinnacle Financial had accrued $20.8 million and $2.4 million, respectively, for the inherent risks associated with these off-balance sheet commitments. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 effective January 1, 2020, which introduced the CECL methodology for measuring credit losses, as discussed more fully in Note. 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, increased the opening balance of our accrual for off-balance sheet commitments at adoption by $8.8 million. The remainder of the increase is largely attributable to the anticipated economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on Pinnacle Financial's CECL credit loss modeling for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020.

In June 2020, a purported class action lawsuit was filed against Pinnacle Bank alleging, among other claims, that Pinnacle Bank failed to pay fees to purported agents of PPP borrowers that the plaintiff alleges were owed under the PPP in violation of SBA regulations. Pinnacle Bank disputes the plaintiff’s claims and intends to vigorously defend itself in connection with this proceeding.

Various legal claims also arise from time to time in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, the resolutions of these claims outstanding at June 30, 2020 are not expected to have a material adverse impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial condition, operating results or cash flows.

Note 7.  Stock Options and Restricted Shares

The 2018 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan") permits Pinnacle Financial to reissue outstanding awards that are subsequently forfeited, settled in cash, withheld by Pinnacle Financial to cover withholding taxes or expire unexercised and returned to the 2018 Plan. At June 30, 2020, there were approximately 838,996 shares available for issuance under the 2018 Plan.

The BNC Bancorp 2013 Amended and Restated Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (the "BNC Plan") was assumed by Pinnacle Financial in connection with its merger with BNC. As of June 30, 2020, there were no shares remaining available for issuance from the BNC Plan. No new awards may be granted under equity incentive plans of Pinnacle Financial other than the 2018 Plan.

Upon the acquisition of CapitalMark, Pinnacle Financial assumed approximately 858,000 stock options under the CapitalMark Option Plan. No further awards remain available for issuance under the CapitalMark Option Plan. At June 30, 2020, all of the remaining options outstanding were granted under the CapitalMark Option Plan.

Common Stock Options

A summary of the stock option activity within the equity incentive plans during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and information regarding expected vesting, contractual terms remaining, intrinsic values and other matters is as follows:
  Number Weighted-Average
Exercise
Price
Weighted-Average
Contractual
Remaining Term
(in years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(000's)
 
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 119,274    $ 23.45    2.85 $ 4,837   
(1)
Granted —         
 
Exercised (9,787)        
 
Forfeited —         
 
Outstanding at June 30, 2020 109,487    $ 23.44    2.35 $ 2,031   
(2)
Options exercisable at June 30, 2020 109,487    $ 23.44    2.35 $ 2,031   
(2)

(1)The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the quoted closing price of Pinnacle Financial common stock of $64.00 per common share at December 31, 2019 for the 119,274 options that were in-the-money at December 31, 2019.
(2)The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the quoted closing price of Pinnacle Financial common stock of $41.99 per common share at June 30, 2020 for the 109,487 options that were in-the-money at June 30, 2020.

Compensation costs related to stock options granted under Pinnacle Financial's equity incentive plans have been fully recognized and all outstanding option awards are fully vested.


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Restricted Share Awards

A summary of activity for unvested restricted share awards for the six months ended June 30, 2020 is as follows:
  Number Grant Date
Weighted-Average Cost
Unvested at December 31, 2019 555,296    $ 57.04   
Shares awarded 249,545    58.07
Restrictions lapsed and shares released to associates/directors (167,615)   55.90
Shares forfeited (1)
(12,586)   59.97
Unvested at June 30, 2020 624,640    $ 57.70   
(1)Represents shares forfeited due to employee termination and/or retirement. No shares were forfeited due to failure to meet performance targets.

Pinnacle Financial has granted restricted share awards to associates and outside directors with a time-based vesting criteria. Compensation expense associated with time-based vesting restricted share awards is recognized over the time period that the restrictions associated with the awards lapse on a straight-line basis based on the total cost of the award. The following table outlines restricted stock grants that were made, grouped by similar vesting criteria, during the six months ended June 30, 2020. The table reflects the life-to-date activity for these awards:
Grant
Year
Group (1)
Vesting
Period in years
Shares
awarded
Restrictions Lapsed and shares released to participants
Shares Forfeited by participants (4)
Shares Unvested
Time Based Awards            
2020
Associates (2)
3  - 5 231,020    97    2,973    227,950   
Outside Director Awards (3)
           
2020 Outside directors 1 18,525    —    —    18,525   

(1)Groups include employees (referred to as associates above) and outside directors. When the restricted shares are awarded, a participant receives voting rights and forfeitable dividend rights with respect to the shares, but is not able to transfer the shares until the restrictions have lapsed. Once the restrictions lapse, the participant is taxed on the value of the award and may elect to sell some shares (or have Pinnacle Financial withhold some shares) to pay the applicable income taxes associated with the award. Alternatively, the recipient can pay the withholding taxes in cash. For time-based vesting restricted share awards, dividends paid on shares for which the forfeiture restrictions do not lapse will be recouped by Pinnacle Financial at the time of termination. For performance-based vesting awards to Pinnacle Financial's directors, dividends are placed into escrow until the forfeiture restrictions on such shares lapse.
(2)The forfeiture restrictions on these restricted share awards lapse in equal annual installments on the anniversary date of the grant.
(3)Restricted share awards are issued to the outside members of the board of directors in accordance with their board compensation plan. Restrictions lapse on February 28, 2021 based on each individual board member meeting their attendance goals for the various board and board committee meetings to which each member was scheduled to attend.
(4)These shares represent forfeitures resulting from recipients whose employment or board membership was terminated during the year-to-date period ended June 30, 2020. Any dividends paid on shares for which the forfeiture restrictions do not lapse will be recouped by Pinnacle Financial at the time of termination or will not be distributed from escrow, as applicable.


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Performance-based Vesting Restricted Stock Units

The following table details the performance-based vesting restricted stock unit awards outstanding at June 30, 2020:
  Units Awarded        
Grant year
Named Executive Officers
(NEOs) (1)
Leadership Team other than NEOs Applicable Performance Periods associated with each tranche
(fiscal year)
Service period per tranche
(in years)
Subsequent holding period per tranche
(in years)
Period in which units to be settled into shares of common stock(2)
2020 136,137 204,220    59,648    2020 2 3 2025
2021 2 2 2025
2022 2 1 2025
2019 166,211 - 249,343    52,244    2019 2 3 2024
2020 2 2 2024
2021 2 1 2024
2018 96,878 - 145,339    25,990    2018 2 3 2023
2019 2 2 2023
2020 2 1 2023
2017 72,537 - 109,339    24,916    2017 2 3 2022
      2018 2 2 2022
      2019 2 1 2022
2016 73,474 - 110,223    26,683    2016 2 3 2021
      2017 2 2 2021
      2018 2 1 2021
(1)The named executive officers are awarded a range of awards that may be earned based on attainment of goals between a target level of performance and a maximum level of performance.
(2)Restricted share unit awards, if earned, will be settled in shares of Pinnacle Financial Common Stock in the periods noted in the table, if Pinnacle Bank's ratio of non-performing assets to its loans plus ORE is less than amounts established in the applicable award agreement.

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the restrictions associated with 129,723 performance-based vesting restricted stock unit awards granted in prior years and lapsed, based on the terms of the agreement and approval by Pinnacle Financial's Human Resources and Compensation Committee, and were settled into shares of Pinnacle Financial common stock with 43,996 shares being withheld to pay the taxes associated with the settlement of those shares.

Stock compensation expense related to both restricted share awards and restricted share units for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was $4.1 million and $9.6 million, respectively, compared to $5.2 million and $10.1 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. As of the June 30, 2020, the total compensation cost related to unvested restricted share awards and performance-based vesting restricted stock units not yet recognized was $45.1 million. This expense, if the underlying units are earned, is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.06 years.


Note 8. Derivative Instruments

Financial derivatives are reported at fair value in other assets or other liabilities. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship.

Non-hedge derivatives

For derivatives not designated as hedges, the gain or loss is recognized in current period earnings. Pinnacle Financial enters into interest rate swaps (swaps) to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. Upon entering into these instruments to meet customer needs, Pinnacle Financial enters into offsetting positions in order to minimize the risk to Pinnacle Financial. These swaps qualify as derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments. The income statement impact of the offsetting positions is limited to changes in the reserve for counterparty credit risk. A summary of Pinnacle Financial's interest rate swaps to facilitate customers' transactions as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 is included in the following table (in thousands):
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  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Balance Sheet Location Notional
Amount
Estimated
Fair Value
Notional
Amount
Estimated
Fair Value
Interest rate swap agreements:        
Assets Other assets $ 1,526,515    $ 122,073    $ 1,296,389    $ 43,507   
Liabilities Other liabilities 1,526,515    (123,418)   1,296,389    (43,715)  
Total $ 3,053,030    $ (1,345)   $ 2,592,778    $ (208)  

The effects of Pinnacle Financial's interest rate swaps to facilitate customers' transactions on the income statement during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
Amount of Loss Recognized in Income
Location of Loss Recognized in Income Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Interest rate swap agreements Other noninterest income $ (794)   $ (89)   $ (1,137)   $ (102)  

Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges

For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the aggregate fair value of the derivative instrument is recorded in other assets or other liabilities with any gain or loss related to changes in fair value recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax. The gain or loss is reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged asset or liability affects earnings and is presented in the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged asset or liability. Pinnacle Financial uses interest rate floors in an effort to mitigate the impact of declining interest rates on LIBOR-based variable rate loans. Pinnacle Financial uses forward cash flow hedges in an effort to manage future interest rate exposure on borrowings. The hedging strategy converts the LIBOR-based variable interest rate on forecasted borrowings to a fixed interest rate and is used in an effort to protect Pinnacle Financial from floating interest rate variability. A summary of Pinnacle Financial's cash flow hedge relationships as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):

June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Balance Sheet Location Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (In Years) Weighted Average Pay Rate Receive Rate Notional
Amount
Estimated
Fair Value
Notional
Amount
Estimated
Fair Value
Asset derivatives
Interest rate floor Other assets 4.44 —% 2.25% minus 1 month LIBOR $ 1,500,000    $ 142,560    $ 2,800,000    $ 87,422   
Liability derivatives
Interest rate swaps Other liabilities 1.85 3.09% 3 month LIBOR $ 99,000    $ (5,261)   $ 99,000    $ (3,312)  

The effects of Pinnacle Financial's cash flow hedge relationships on the statement of comprehensive income (loss) during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows, net of tax (in thousands):

Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized
in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
Asset derivatives 2020 2019 2020 2019
Interest rate floor - loans $ 6,318    $ 7,924    $ 71,667    $ 7,924   
Liability derivatives
Interest rate swaps - borrowings $ 141    $ (980)   $ (1,439)   $ (1,503)  
$ 6,459    $ 6,944    $ 70,228    $ 6,421   

The cash flow hedges were determined to be highly effective during the periods presented and as a result qualify for hedge accounting treatment. The hedge would no longer be considered effective if a portion of the hedge becomes ineffective, the item hedged is no longer in existence or Pinnacle Financial discontinues hedge accounting. Pinnacle Financial expects the hedges at June 30, 2020 to continue to be highly effective and qualify for hedge accounting during the remaining terms of the original hedging transactions. Gains totaling $123,000 net of tax and losses totaling $1.7 million net of tax were reclassified from accumulated other
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comprehensive income (loss) into net income during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to losses totaling $73,000 net of tax and gains totaling $183,000 net of tax during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. During the first quarter of 2020, loan interest rate floors entered into in the second quarter of 2019 with a notional amount totaling $1.3 billion and unrealized gains totaling $16.5 million were terminated. These unrealized gains are being amortized into income on a straight line basis through October 2021. Approximately $8.1 million in unrealized gains, net of tax, are expected to be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net income over the next twelve months related to terminated cash flow hedges.

Derivatives designated as fair value hedges

For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged asset or liability attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current earnings. The gain or loss on the derivative instrument is presented on the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged item. Pinnacle Financial utilizes interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges to mitigate the effect of changing interest rates on the fair values of fixed rate callable available-for-sale securities. The hedging strategy converts the fixed interest rates to LIBOR-based variable interest rates. These derivatives are designated as partial term hedges of selected cash flows covering specified periods of time prior to the call dates of the hedged securities.

A summary of Pinnacle Financial's fair value hedge relationships as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 is as follows (in thousands):
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Balance Sheet Location Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (In Years) Weighted Average Pay Rate Receive Rate Notional Amount Estimated Fair Value Notional Amount Estimated Fair Value
Liability derivatives
Interest rate swap agreements - securities Other liabilities 6.54 3.08% 3 month LIBOR $ 477,905    $ (82,210)   $ 477,905    $ (40,778)  

The effects of Pinnacle Financial's fair value hedge relationships on the income statement during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
Location of Loss on Derivative Amount of Loss Recognized in Income
Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
Liability derivatives 2020 2019 2020 2019
Interest rate swaps - securities Interest income on securities $ (2,559)   $ (15,963)   $ (41,432)   $ (26,243)  
Interest rate swaps - loans Interest income on loans $ —    $ (2,061)   $ —    $ (6,915)  

Location of Gain on Hedged Item Amount of Gain Recognized in Income
Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
Liability derivatives - hedged items 2020 2019 2020 2019
Interest rate swaps - securities Interest income on securities $ 2,559    $ 15,963    $ 41,432    $ 26,243   
Interest rate swaps - loans Interest income on loans $ —    $ 2,061    $ —    $ 6,915   
The following amounts were recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets
June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Line item on the balance sheet
Securities available-for-sale $ 591,147    $ 551,789    $ 82,210    $ 40,778   

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, amortization expense totaling $1.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively, related to previously terminated fair value hedges was recognized as a reduction to interest income on loans.


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Note 9. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in U.S. GAAP and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.  The definition of fair value focuses on the exit price, i.e., the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, not the entry price, i.e., the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or received to assume the liability at the measurement date.  The statement emphasizes that fair value is a market-based measurement; not an entity-specific measurement.  Therefore, the fair value measurement should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Valuation Hierarchy

FASB ASC 820 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:

Level 1 – inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

A financial instrument's categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Assets

Securities available-for-sale – Where quoted prices are available for identical securities in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include highly liquid government securities and certain other financial products. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models that use observable inputs or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation and more complex pricing models or discounted cash flows are used, securities are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Other investments – Included in other investments are investments recorded at fair value primarily in certain nonpublic investments and funds. The valuation of these nonpublic investments requires management judgment due to the absence of observable quoted market prices, inherent lack of liquidity and the long-term nature of such assets. These investments are valued initially based upon transaction price. The carrying values of other investments are adjusted either upwards or downwards from the transaction price to reflect expected exit values as evidenced by financing and sale transactions with third parties, or when determination of a valuation adjustment is confirmed through ongoing reviews by senior investment managers. A variety of factors are reviewed and monitored to assess positive and negative changes in valuation including, but not limited to, current operating performance and future expectations of the particular investment, industry valuations of comparable public companies and changes in market outlook and the third-party financing environment over time. In determining valuation adjustments resulting from the investment review process, emphasis is placed on current company performance and market conditions. These investments are included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy if the entities and funds are not widely traded and the underlying investments are in privately-held and/or start-up companies for which market values are not readily available. Certain investments in funds for which the underlying assets of the fund represent publicly traded investments are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Other assets – Included in other assets are certain assets carried at fair value, including interest rate swap agreements to facilitate customer transactions, interest rate floors designated as cash flow hedges, and interest rate locks associated with the mortgage loan pipeline.  The carrying amount of interest rate swap agreements is based on Pinnacle Financial's pricing models that utilize observable market inputs. The fair value of the cash flow hedge agreements is determined by calculating the difference between the discounted fixed rate cash flows and the discounted variable rate cash flows.  The fair value of the mortgage loan pipeline is based upon the projected sales price of the underlying loans, taking into account market interest rates and other market factors at the measurement date, net of the projected fallout rate.  Pinnacle Financial reflects these assets within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy as these assets are valued using similar transactions that occur in the market.

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Collateral dependent loans – Collateral dependent loans are measured at the fair value of the collateral securing the loan less estimated selling costs. The fair value of real estate collateral is determined based on real estate appraisals which are generally based on recent sales of comparable properties which are then adjusted for property specific factors. Non real estate collateral is valued based on various sources, including third party asset valuations and internally determined values based on cost adjusted for depreciation and other judgmentally determined discount factors. Collateral dependent loans are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy due to the unobservable inputs used in determining their fair value such as collateral values and the borrower's underlying financial condition.

Other real estate owned – Other real estate owned (OREO) represents real estate foreclosed upon by Pinnacle Bank through loan defaults by customers or acquired by deed in lieu of foreclosure. A significant portion of these amounts relate to lots, homes and development projects that are either completed or are in various stages of construction for which Pinnacle Financial believes it has adequate collateral. Upon foreclosure, the property is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, based on appraised value, less selling costs estimated as of the date acquired with any loss recognized as a charge-off through the allowance for loan losses. Additional OREO losses for subsequent valuation downward adjustments are determined on a specific property basis and are included as a component of noninterest expense along with holding costs. Any gains or losses realized at the time of disposal are also reflected in noninterest expense, as applicable. OREO is included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy due to the lack of observable market inputs into the determination of fair value as appraisal values are property-specific and sensitive to the changes in the overall economic environment.

Liabilities

Other liabilities – Pinnacle Financial has certain liabilities carried at fair value including certain interest rate swap agreements to facilitate customer transactions, interest rate swaps designated as fair value and cash flow hedges, and interest rate locks associated with the funding for its mortgage loan originations. The fair value of these liabilities is based on Pinnacle Financial's pricing models that utilize observable market inputs and is reflected within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.


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The following tables present financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, by caption on the consolidated balance sheets and by FASB ASC 820 valuation hierarchy (as described above) (in thousands):
Total carrying value in the consolidated balance sheet Quoted market prices in an active market
(Level 1)
Models with significant observable market parameters
(Level 2)
Models with significant unobservable market parameters
(Level 3)
June 30, 2020
Investment securities available-for-sale:        
U.S. Treasury securities $ 72,612    $ —    $ 72,612    $ —   
U.S. government agency securities 76,311    —    76,311    —   
Mortgage-backed securities 1,738,446    —    1,738,446    —   
State and municipal securities 1,179,729    —    1,164,434    15,295   
Agency-backed securities 140,415    —    140,415    —   
Corporate notes and other 102,765    —    102,765    —   
Total investment securities available-for-sale $ 3,310,278    $ —    $ 3,294,983    $ 15,295   
Other investments 66,276    —    25,664    40,612   
Other assets 280,593    —    280,593    —   
Total assets at fair value $ 3,657,147    $ —    $ 3,601,240    $ 55,907   
Other liabilities $ 212,810    $ —    $ 212,810    $ —   
Total liabilities at fair value $ 212,810    $ —    $ 212,810    $ —   
December 31, 2019
Investment securities available-for-sale:        
U.S. Treasury securities $ 72,867    $ —    $ 72,867    $ —   
U.S. government agency securities 79,692    —    79,692    —   
Mortgage-backed securities 1,463,907    —    1,463,907    —   
State and municipal securities 1,714,453    —    1,698,550    15,903   
Agency-backed securities 152,972    —    152,972    —   
Corporate notes and other 56,104    —    56,104    —   
Total investment securities available-for-sale 3,539,995    —    3,524,092    15,903   
Other investments 63,291    —    25,135    38,156   
Other assets 134,040    —    134,040    —   
Total assets at fair value $ 3,737,326    $ —    $ 3,683,267    $ 54,059   
Other liabilities $ 87,613    $ —    $ 87,613    $ —   
Total liabilities at fair value $ 87,613    $ —    $ 87,613    $ —   

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
June 30, 2020 Total carrying value in the consolidated balance sheet Quoted market prices in an active market
(Level 1)
Models with significant observable market parameters
(Level 2)
Models with significant unobservable market
parameters
(Level 3)
Other real estate owned $ 22,080    $ —    $ —    $ 22,080   
Collateral dependent loans 36,408    —    —    36,408   
Total $ 58,488    $ —    $ —    $ 58,488   
December 31, 2019        
Other real estate owned $ 29,487    $ —    $ —    $ 29,487   
Impaired loans, net (1)
32,478    —    —    32,478   
Total $ 61,965    $ —    $ —    $ 61,965   

(1) Amount is net of valuation allowance of $3.3 million at December 31, 2019 as required by ASC 310-10, "Receivables."

In the case of the investment securities portfolio, Pinnacle Financial monitors the portfolio to ascertain when transfers between levels have been affected.  The nature of the remaining assets and liabilities is such that transfers in and out of any level are expected to be rare.  For the six months ended June 30, 2020, there were no transfers between Levels 1, 2 or 3.


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The table below includes a rollforward of the balance sheet amounts for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 (including the change in fair value) for financial instruments classified by Pinnacle Financial within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy measured at fair value on a recurring basis including changes in fair value due in part to observable factors that are part of the valuation methodology (in thousands):
  For the Three months ended June 30, For the Six months ended June 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
  Available-for-sale Securities Other
assets
Available-for-sale Securities Other
assets
Available-for-sale Securities Other
assets
Available-for-sale Securities Other
assets
Fair value, beginning of period $ 14,767    $ 39,756    $ 13,730    $ 28,107    $ 15,903    $ 38,156    $ 14,595    $ 26,422   
Total realized gains (losses) included in income 27    (278)   29    481    55    (452)   59    929   
Changes in unrealized gains/losses included in other comprehensive income for assets and liabilities still held at period-end 501    —    1,504    —    480    —    1,008    —   
Purchases —    1,366    —    3,518    —    3,727    —    5,188   
Issuances —    —    —    —    —    —    —    —   
Settlements —    (232)   —    (584)   (1,143)   (819)   (399)   (1,017)  
Transfers out of Level 3 —    —    —    —    —    —    —    —   
Fair value, end of period $ 15,295    $ 40,612    $ 15,263    $ 31,522    $ 15,295    $ 40,612    $ 15,263    $ 31,522   
Total realized gains (losses) included in income related to financial assets and liabilities still on the consolidated balance sheet at period-end $ 27    $ (278)   $ 29    $ 481    $ 55    $ (452)   $ 59    $ 929   

The following tables present the carrying amounts, estimated fair value and placement in the fair value hierarchy of Pinnacle Financial's financial instruments at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.  This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value.  For short-term financial assets such as cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization.  For financial liabilities such as non-interest bearing demand, interest-bearing demand, and savings deposits, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to these products having no stated maturity (in thousands):
June 30, 2020 Carrying/
Notional
Amount
Estimated
Fair Value (1)
Quoted market prices in an active market
(Level 1)
Models with significant observable market parameters
(Level 2)
Models with significant unobservable market
parameters
(Level 3)
Financial assets:          
Securities held-to-maturity $ 1,048,035    $ 1,061,233    $ —    $ 1,061,233    $ —   
Loans, net 22,234,928    22,534,896    —    —    22,534,896   
Consumer loans held-for-sale 69,443    71,409    —    71,409    —   
Commercial loans held-for-sale 16,201    16,660    —    16,660    —   
Financial liabilities:          
Deposits and securities sold under          
agreements to repurchase 25,716,382    24,880,600    —    —    24,880,600   
Federal Home Loan Bank advances 1,787,551    1,936,334    —    —    1,936,334   
Subordinated debt and other borrowings 717,043    728,610    —    —    728,610   
Off-balance sheet instruments:          
Commitments to extend credit (2)
8,898,952    22,238    —    —    22,238   
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December 31, 2019
Financial assets:          
Securities held-to-maturity $ 188,996    $ 201,217    $ —    $ 201,217    $ —   
Loans, net 19,693,099    19,717,845    —    —    19,717,845   
Consumer loans held-for-sale 81,820    82,986    —    82,986    —   
Commercial loans held-for-sale 17,585    17,836    —    17,836    —   
Financial liabilities:          
Deposits and securities sold under          
agreements to repurchase 20,307,382    19,647,392    —    —    19,647,392   
Federal Home Loan Bank advances 2,062,534    2,078,514    —    —    2,078,514   
Subordinated debt and other borrowings 749,080    712,220    —    —    712,220   
Off-balance sheet instruments:          
Commitments to extend credit (2)
8,141,920    3,786    —    —    3,786   
(1)Estimated fair values are consistent with an exit-price concept. The assumptions used to estimate the fair values are intended to approximate those that a market-participant would realize in a hypothetical orderly transaction.
(2)At the end of each quarter, Pinnacle Financial evaluates the inherent risks of the outstanding off-balance sheet commitments, including both commitments for unfunded loans and standby letters of credit. In making this evaluation, Pinnacle Financial utilizes credit loss expectations on funded loans from our allowance for credit losses methodology and evaluates the probability that the outstanding commitment will eventually become a funded loan. As a result, at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, Pinnacle Financial included in other liabilities $20.8 million and $2.4 million, respectively, representing expected credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments, which are reflected in the estimated fair values of the related commitments. Also included in the fair values at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are unamortized fees related to these commitments of $1.4 million at both dates.


Note 10. Regulatory Matters

Pursuant to Tennessee banking law, Pinnacle Bank may not, without the prior consent of the Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions (TDFI), pay any dividends to Pinnacle Financial in a calendar year in excess of the total of Pinnacle Bank's retained net income for that year plus the retained net income for the preceding two years. Under Tennessee corporate law, Pinnacle Financial is not permitted to pay dividends if, after giving effect to such payment, it would not be able to pay its debts as they become due in the usual course of business or its total assets would be less than the sum of its total liabilities plus any amounts needed to satisfy any preferential rights if it were dissolving. In addition, in deciding whether or not to declare a dividend of any particular size, Pinnacle Financial's board of directors must consider its and Pinnacle Bank's current and prospective capital, liquidity, and other needs. In addition to state law limitations on Pinnacle Financial's ability to pay dividends, the Federal Reserve imposes limitations on Pinnacle Financial's ability to pay dividends. Federal Reserve regulations limit dividends, stock repurchases and discretionary bonuses to executive officers if Pinnacle Financial's regulatory capital is below the level of regulatory minimums plus the applicable capital conservation buffer.

In addition, the Federal Reserve has issued supervisory guidance advising bank holding companies to eliminate, defer or reduce dividends paid on common stock and other forms of Tier 1 capital where the company’s net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends, the company’s prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with the company’s capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition or the company will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios. Recent supplements to this guidance reiterate the need for bank holding companies to inform their applicable reserve bank sufficiently in advance of the proposed payment of a dividend in certain circumstances.

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Bank paid $94.1 million in dividends to Pinnacle Financial. As of June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Bank could pay approximately $619.2 million of additional dividends to Pinnacle Financial without prior approval of the Commissioner of the TDFI. Since the fourth quarter of 2018, Pinnacle Financial has paid a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.16 per share. The amount and timing of all future dividend payments by Pinnacle Financial, if any, is subject to discretion of Pinnacle Financial's board of directors and will depend on Pinnacle Financial's receipt of dividends, including dividends on Pinnacle Financial's 6.75% fixed rate non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, Series B (the Series B Preferred Stock) from Pinnacle Bank, earnings, capital position, financial condition and other factors, including regulatory capital requirements, as they become known to Pinnacle Financial and receipt of any regulatory approvals that may become required as a result of each of Pinnacle Financial's or Pinnacle Bank's financial results.

Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank must meet specific capital guidelines
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that involve quantitative measures of the assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Pinnacle Financial's and Pinnacle Bank's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require Pinnacle Financial and its banking subsidiary to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, total risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets and Tier 1 capital to average assets.

As permitted by the interim final rule issued on March 27, 2020 by the federal banking regulatory agencies, each of Pinnacle Bank and Pinnacle Financial has elected the option to delay the estimated impact on regulatory capital of Pinnacle Financial's and Pinnacle Bank's adoption of ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”, which was effective January 1, 2020. The initial impact of adoption of ASU 2016-13, as well as 25% of the quarterly increases in the allowance for credit losses subsequent to adoption of ASU 2016-13 (collectively the “transition adjustments”), will be delayed for two years. After two years, the cumulative amount of the transition adjustments will become fixed and will be phased out of the regulatory capital calculations evenly over a three year period, with 75% recognized in year three, 50% recognized in year four, and 25% recognized in year five. After five years, the temporary regulatory capital benefits will be fully reversed.

Management believes, as of June 30, 2020, that Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. To be categorized as well-capitalized under applicable banking regulations, Pinnacle Bank must maintain certain total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, common equity Tier 1 and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the following table and not be subject to a written agreement, order or directive to maintain a higher capital level. The capital conservation buffer is not included in the required ratios of the table presented below. Pinnacle Financial's and Pinnacle Bank's actual capital amounts and resulting ratios, not including the capital conservation buffer, are presented in the following table (in thousands):
  Actual Minimum Capital
Requirement
Minimum
To Be Well-Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Regulations
  Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio
At June 30, 2020            
Total capital to risk weighted assets:            
Pinnacle Financial $ 3,499,695    14.0  % $ 1,995,003    8.0  % $ 2,493,754    10.0  %
Pinnacle Bank $ 3,078,671    12.4  % $ 1,988,337    8.0  % $ 2,485,421    10.0  %
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets:            
Pinnacle Financial $ 2,601,104    10.4  % $ 1,496,252    6.0  % $ 1,995,003    8.0  %
Pinnacle Bank $ 2,729,080    11.0  % $ 1,491,253    6.0  % $ 1,988,337    8.0  %
Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets            
Pinnacle Financial $ 2,383,349    9.6  % $ 1,122,189    4.5  % NA NA
Pinnacle Bank $ 2,728,958    11.0  % $ 1,118,439    4.5  % $ 1,615,524    6.5  %
Tier 1 capital to average assets (*):            
Pinnacle Financial $ 2,601,104    8.4  % $ 1,231,757    4.0  % NA NA
Pinnacle Bank $ 2,729,080    8.9  % $ 1,226,324    4.0  % $ 1,532,905    5.0  %
At December 31, 2019
Total capital to risk weighted assets:
Pinnacle Financial $ 3,159,375    13.2  % $ 1,912,885    8.0  % $ 2,391,106    10.0  %
Pinnacle Bank $ 2,906,853    12.2  % $ 1,906,839    8.0  % $ 2,383,549    10.0  %
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets:
Pinnacle Financial $ 2,319,234    9.7  % $ 1,434,664    6.0  % $ 1,912,885    8.0  %
Pinnacle Bank $ 2,679,713    11.2  % $ 1,430,129    6.0  % $ 1,906,839    8.0  %
Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets
Pinnacle Financial $ 2,319,112    9.7  % $ 1,075,998    4.5  % NA NA
Pinnacle Bank $ 2,679,590    11.2  % $ 1,072,597    4.5  % $ 1,549,307    6.5  %
Tier 1 capital to average assets (*):
Pinnacle Financial $ 2,319,234    9.1  % $ 1,021,836    4.0  % NA NA
Pinnacle Bank $ 2,679,713    10.5  % $ 1,019,210    4.0  % $ 1,274,012    5.0  %
(*) Average assets for the above calculations were based on the most recent quarter.

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During the second quarter of 2020, Pinnacle Financial issued 9.0 million depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of Series B preferred stock in a registered public offering to both retail and institutional investors. Net proceeds from the transaction were approximately $217.6 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and offering expenses payable by Pinnacle Financial. The net proceeds were retained by Pinnacle Financial and are available to support the capital needs of Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank, to support Pinnacle Financial's obligations, including interest payments on its outstanding indebtedness, and for other general corporate purposes.


Note 11.  Other Borrowings

Pinnacle Financial has twelve wholly-owned subsidiaries that are statutory business trusts created for the exclusive purpose of issuing 30-year capital trust preferred securities, and Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank have entered into certain other subordinated debt agreements. On April 22, 2020, Pinnacle Financial established a credit facility with the Federal Reserve Bank in conjunction with the SBA Paycheck Protection Program, with available borrowing capacity equal to the outstanding balance of Paycheck Protection Program loans, which totaled approximately $2.2 billion at June 30, 2020. Pinnacle Financial also had a $75.0 million revolving credit facility with no outstanding borrowings as of June 30, 2020 that matured on July 24, 2020 and was not renewed. These instruments are outlined below as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):

Name Date
Established
Maturity Total Debt Outstanding Interest Rate at June 30, 2020 Coupon Structure
Trust preferred securities      
Pinnacle Statutory Trust I December 29, 2003 December 30, 2033 $ 10,310    3.10  % 30-day LIBOR + 2.80%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust II September 15, 2005 September 30, 2035 20,619    1.71  % 30-day LIBOR + 1.40%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust III September 7, 2006 September 30, 2036 20,619    1.96  % 30-day LIBOR + 1.65%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust IV October 31, 2007 September 30, 2037 30,928    3.16  % 30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust I April 3, 2003 April 15, 2033 5,155    4.47  % 30-day LIBOR + 3.25%
BNC Capital Trust II March 11, 2004 April 7, 2034 6,186    4.07  % 30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust III September 23, 2004 September 23, 2034 5,155    3.62  % 30-day LIBOR + 2.40%
BNC Capital Trust IV September 27, 2006 December 31, 2036 7,217    2.01  % 30-day LIBOR + 1.70%
Valley Financial Trust I June 26, 2003 June 26, 2033 4,124    4.33  % 30-day LIBOR + 3.10%
Valley Financial Trust II September 26, 2005 December 15, 2035 7,217    1.80  % 30-day LIBOR + 1.49%
Valley Financial Trust III December 15, 2006 January 30, 2037 5,155    2.49  % 30-day LIBOR + 1.73%
Southcoast Capital Trust III August 5, 2005 September 30, 2035 10,310    1.81  % 30-day LIBOR + 1.50%
Subordinated Debt      
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes July 30, 2015 July 30, 2025 60,000    4.88  %
Fixed (1)
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes March 10, 2016 July 30, 2025 70,000    4.88  %
Fixed (1)
Pinnacle Financial Subordinated Notes November 16, 2016 November 16, 2026 120,000    5.25  %
Fixed (2)
Pinnacle Financial Subordinated Notes September 11, 2019 September 15, 2029 300,000    4.13  %
Fixed (3)
Other Borrowings        
Revolving credit facility (4)
April 22, 2020 July 24, 2020 —    30-day LIBOR + 1.50%
Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility April 22, 2020 September 30, 2020 47,082    0.35  % Fixed
Debt issuance costs and fair value adjustments (13,034)    
Total subordinated debt and other borrowings $ 717,043     
(1) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.128% beginning July 30, 2020 through the end of the term.
(2) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.884% beginning November 16, 2021 through the end of the term.
(3) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 2.775% beginning September 15, 2024 through the end of the term.
(4) Borrowing capacity on the revolving credit facility is $75.0 million. At June 30, 2020, there were no amounts outstanding under this facility. An unused fee of 0.30% is assessed on the average daily unused amount of the line. This credit facility matured on July 24, 2020 and was not renewed.

On September 11, 2019, Pinnacle Financial issued $300.0 aggregate principal amount of 4.125% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2029 (the 2029 Notes) in a public offering. The offering and sale of the 2029 Notes yielded net proceeds of approximately $296.5 million after deducting the underwriting discount and offering expenses payable by Pinnacle Financial. Pinnacle Financial used approximately $8.8 million of such proceeds to redeem the previously outstanding Subordinated Note due October 15, 2023, which Pinnacle Financial assumed in the BNC merger and which carried an interest rate of 7.23% at the time of such redemption, which occurred on September 30, 2019. Pinnacle Financial also used a portion of the net proceeds of this offering to
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redeem, effective January 1, 2020, the outstanding balance and accrued interest of the $20.0 million aggregate principal amount of Avenue subordinated notes and $60.0 million aggregate principal amount of BNC subordinated notes. Pinnacle Financial intends to use the remainder of the net proceeds from the offering of the 2029 Notes for general corporate purposes, including providing capital to support the growth of Pinnacle Bank's business.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following is a discussion of our financial condition at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 and our results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. The purpose of this discussion is to focus on information about our financial condition and results of operations which is not otherwise apparent from our consolidated financial statements. The following discussion and analysis should be read along with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere herein and the risk factors discussed in Part II, Item 1A - Risk Factors, herein as well as our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (Form 10-K) and the other reports we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission since we filed that Form 10-K.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared a global health emergency related to a novel strain of the coronavirus, COVID-19. With that declaration, we activated our pandemic response team and began work to prepare both our associates and clients for the impact of COVID-19. The spread of COVID-19 has created a global public health crisis that has resulted in unprecedented uncertainty, volatility and disruption in financial markets and in governmental, commercial and consumer activity in the United States and globally, including the markets that we serve. These actions included the decision by the Federal Reserve Open Markets Committee to lower the target for the federal funds rate to a range of between zero to 0.25% on March 15, 2020. This action followed a prior reduction of the targeted federal funds rate to a range of 1.0% to 1.25% on March 3, 2020.

We have been intentional in our response to the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure strength in our balance sheet, including increases in liquidity and reserves. As a part of this intentional response, during the second quarter of 2020, we performed an in-depth review of all risk-graded loans greater than $1.0 million for which we had granted the borrower the ability to defer the payment of principal and/or interest for a period of up to 90 days following the COVID-19 outbreak. We also performed an in-depth review of all of our hotel and retail commercial real estate loans greater than $1.0 million regardless of their receipt of deferral. Additionally, we have continued to adjust our business practices, including restricting employee travel, encouraging employees to work from home, where possible, converting to drive-thru only service with specific needs facilitated by appointment, implementing social distancing guidelines within our offices and by the launch of our pandemic response team, which continues to meet on a regular basis.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act was signed into law. It contains substantial tax and spending provisions intended to address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act includes the Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP"), a program designed to aid small- and medium-sized businesses, sole proprietors and other self-employed persons through federally guaranteed loans distributed through banks. These loans are intended to guarantee eight to 24 weeks of payroll and other costs to provide support to participating businesses and increase the ability of these businesses to retain workers. As of June 30, 2020, we had obtained approvals for approximately 14,000 clients totaling approximately $2.3 billion in approved loans. These loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA, carry a term of two or five years, dependent on the date originated, and a 1.0% annualized rate. Inclusive of fees from the SBA, our yield on PPP loans in the second quarter was 2.89%. The reduction in approved dollars from the amounts we previously disclosed as of April 30, 2020 is the result of PPP loans that borrowers chose to return to the SBA prior to June 30, 2020.

We have also implemented a short-term loan modification program to provide temporary payment relief to certain of our borrowers. This program allows for a deferral of principal and/or interest payments for 90 days, which we may extend for an additional 90 days, for a maximum of 180 days on a cumulative and successive basis. As of June 30, 2020, we had granted deferrals on approximately $4.2 billion in aggregate principal amount of loans. As of July 17, 2020, loans with aggregate principal balances of approximately $2.7 billion remained on deferral.

We believe our response has allowed and continues to allow us to appropriately support our associates, clients and their communities. The COVID-19 pandemic along with the implementation of CECL have contributed to an increased provision for credit losses for the first half of 2020 and an extended duration of economic disruption resulting from the virus could lead to increased net charge-offs and continued elevated levels of provisioning expense. We continue to monitor both the impact of COVID-19 and the effects of the CARES Act closely; however, the extent to which each will impact our operations and financial results during the remainder of 2020 remains uncertain.

Overview

Our diluted net income per common share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was $0.83 and $1.20, respectively, compared to $1.31 and $2.53, respectively, for the same periods in 2019. At June 30, 2020, reflecting the significant number of loans
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we had originated under the PPP, loans had increased to $22.5 billion, as compared to $19.8 billion at December 31, 2019, and total deposits increased to $25.5 billion at June 30, 2020 from $20.2 billion at December 31, 2019.

Results of Operations.  Our net interest income increased to $200.7 million and $394.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $188.9 million and $376.2 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year, representing increases of $11.7 million and $18.0 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 when compared to the comparable periods in 2019, this increase was largely the result of lower cost of funds, the impact of both interest and fees related to the PPP and our acquisition of additional liquidity in response to the economic uncertainty resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic as well as organic loan growth during the comparable periods. The net interest margin (the ratio of net interest income to average earning assets) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was 2.87% and 3.06%, respectively, compared to 3.48% and 3.55%, respectively, for the same periods in 2019 and reflects the impact of loans made pursuant to the PPP and our acquisition of additional on-balance sheet liquidity as noted above, the decline in short-term interest rates, declining levels of positive impact from purchase accounting and the competitive rate environments for loans and deposits in our markets.

Our provision for credit losses was $68.3 million and $168.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $7.2 million and $14.4 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2019. The primary drivers of the increase in provision were the anticipated economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and our adoption of FASB ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020. ASU 2016-13, which introduces the current expected credit losses (CECL) methodology, requires us to estimate all expected credit losses over the remaining life of our loan portfolio. Also contributing to the increase in provision was an increase in net charge-offs, which totaled $5.4 million and $15.5 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $4.1 million and $7.7 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2019. The increase in net charge-offs in the first six months of 2020 was in large part the result of an approximately $5.0 million charge-off related to a single credit in the commercial and industrial loan category during the first quarter of 2020. This credit was criticized going into the COVID-19 pandemic and as a result of the pandemic suffered further deterioration resulting in its partial charge-off during the first quarter of 2020. During the second quarter of 2020, we had a partial recovery of approximately $1.7 million on this credit.
At June 30, 2020, our allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans, inclusive of PPP loans, was 1.27% compared to 0.48% at December 31, 2019. The increase in the allowance for credit losses is largely the result of the implementation of CECL on January 1, 2020, which resulted in an adjustment to the opening balance of the allowance for credit losses of $38.1 million, and increased provisioning during the first half of 2020 due to the anticipated economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase in the opening balance upon the implementation of CECL is partially attributable to a change in the treatment of acquired loans. Prior to the adoption of CECL, acquired loans required an allowance only if estimated credit losses exceeded the remaining purchase accounting fair value discounts. Under CECL, an allowance for credit losses is recognized for all loans without regard to fair value discounts. Also contributing to the increase in the opening balance upon adoption was an overall increase in reserve rates under CECL due to the estimation of all expected credit losses over the remaining contractual life of the portfolio rather than only probable incurred losses as was required under the prior accounting standard.

Noninterest income increased by $2.3 million, or 3.2%, and $21.6 million, or 17.7%, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in 2019. The growth in noninterest income was in large part attributable to gains on mortgage loans sold, net, which increased by $13.6 million and $17.3 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the same periods in the prior year, largely due to the favorable interest rate environment as well are our increased number of mortgage originators in the respective periods. These gains on mortgage loans sold, net, were offset in part by a decrease in income from our equity method investment in BHG of $15.1 million, or 46.7%, and $12.8 million, or 28.0%, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in the prior year. Additionally impacting noninterest income were wealth management revenues of $12.2 million and $28.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $11.5 million and $23.2 million, respectively, in the same periods in the prior year as well as $128,000 in net losses and $335,000 in net gains on sales of securities, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $4.5 million and $6.4 million, respectively, in net losses on sales of securities during the same periods in the prior year. Other noninterest income, which is the result of fee revenue lines of business other than those noted above, increased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 by $725,000 and $6.2 million, respectively, when compared to the same periods in the prior year.
Noninterest expense increased by $3.9 million, or 3.1%, and $27.2 million, or 11.3%, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Impacting noninterest expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the same prior year periods was the $1.7 million decrease and $8.4 million increase, respectively, in salaries and employee benefits. The change in salaries and employee benefits was the result of an increase in our associate base in the first six months of 2020 versus the first six months of 2019 offset in part, or in the case of the three months ended June 30, 2020, in whole, by the reduction of our cash incentive plan accrual as well as the reduction in stock-based compensation expense due to our performance through the first half of 2020 compared to the earnings per share performance metric targets established pursuant to our
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annual cash incentive plan and the return on average tangible assets performance metric targets applicable pursuant to certain performance-based equity awards we have previously awarded, each due to the effects of COVID-19 on our anticipated earnings and performance for the year ended December 31, 2020. Also impacting noninterest expense in the first half of 2020 was $9.7 million in lending related costs related to an increase in our off balance sheet reserves. The increase in the expense related to off balance sheet reserves during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was largely due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on expected credit losses under CECL.
Our efficiency ratio (the ratio of noninterest expense to the sum of net interest income and noninterest income) was 48.1% and 50.0%, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to 49.2% and 48.6%, respectively, for the same periods in 2019. The efficiency ratio measures the amount of expense that is incurred to generate a dollar of revenue.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we recorded income tax expense of $11.2 million and $9.6 million, respectively, compared to income tax expense of $24.4 million and $47.5 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Our effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was 15.2% and 9.5%, respectively, compared to 19.6% for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Our tax expense in the first half of 2020 was impacted by the provision for credit losses recorded in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a portion of which was recorded as a discrete item of total income tax in the first quarter of 2020 and contributed a tax benefit of $22.4 million. Our tax rate in each period was also impacted by the vesting and exercise of equity-based awards previously granted under our equity-based compensation program, resulting in the recognition of tax expense of $272,000 and a tax benefit of $590,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to tax expense of $68,000 and a tax benefit of $701,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.
Financial Condition.  Net loans increased $2.7 billion, or 13.8%, during the six months ended June 30, 2020, when compared to December 31, 2019. Contributing to increased loan volumes during the six months ended June 30, 2020, were $2.2 billion of loans, as of June 30, 2020, issued through the Small Business Administration's (SBA's) Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). The remainder of the increase is primarily the result of loans made to borrowers that principally operate or are located in our core markets that were made prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, increases in the number of relationship advisors we employ and continued focus on attracting new customers to our company. Total deposits were $25.5 billion at June 30, 2020, compared to $20.2 billion at December 31, 2019, an increase of $5.3 billion, or 26.5%. Deposit growth during the period was likely aided by our clients' need to build liquidity going into the COVID-19 pandemic and current stock market conditions, but was also due in part to our intentional emphasis on gathering low cost core deposits during 2020. Although it is difficult to measure precisely the level of increased deposits that came to us from the PPP, we estimate that our PPP borrowers increased their deposit balances with us by approximately $1.7 billion between March 31, 2020 and June 30, 2020.
Capital and Liquidity. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our capital ratios, including our bank's capital ratios, exceeded regulatory minimum capital requirements and those necessary to be considered well-capitalized under applicable federal regulations. See Note 10. Regulatory Matters in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this Form 10-Q. From time to time we may be required to support the capital needs of our bank (Pinnacle Bank). At June 30, 2020, we had approximately $318.8 million of cash at the parent company to be used to support our bank.
During the second quarter of 2020, we issued 9.0 million depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of our 6.75% fixed rate non-cumulative, perpetual preferred stock, Series B (Series B Preferred Stock) in a registered public offering to both retail and institutional investors. Net proceeds from the transaction after underwriting discounts and offering expenses payable by us were approximately $217.6 million. The net proceeds were retained at Pinnacle Financial and are available to support our capital needs and other obligations, including payments related to our outstanding indebtedness, to support the capital needs and other obligations of our bank and for other general corporate purposes. Additionally, we believe we have various capital raising techniques available to us to provide for the capital needs of our company and bank, such as the $300 million subordinated debt offering issued during the third quarter of 2019 or entering into a new revolving credit facility with another financial institution. We also periodically evaluate capital markets conditions to identify opportunities to access those markets if necessary or prudent to support our capital levels.
On November 13, 2018, Pinnacle Financial announced that its board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $100.0 million of Pinnacle Financial’s outstanding common stock and on October 15, 2019, the board approved an additional $100.0 million of repurchase authorization. The initial repurchase program expired on March 31, 2020, with the additional $100.0 million authorization expiring on December 31, 2020. Prior to January 1, 2020, we repurchased approximately 1.5 million shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $82.1 million. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, we repurchased approximately 1.0 million shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $50.8 million. Our last purchase of shares of our common stock occurred on March 19, 2020. We suspended our repurchase program at the end of the first quarter of 2020 and it remains suspended until we gain more clarity on the length and depth of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Critical Accounting Estimates
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The accounting principles we follow and our methods of applying these principles conform with U.S. GAAP and with general practices within the banking industry. On January 1, 2020, we adopted FASB ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) which significantly changes our methodology for determining our allowance for credit losses, and ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment which simplifies our process for performing goodwill impairment testing. See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this Form 10-Q for further information related to these changes. There have been no other significant changes to our Critical Accounting Estimates as described in our Form 10-K.

Selected Financial Information
The following is a summary of certain financial information as of or for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2020 and as of December 31, 2019 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):
Three Months Ended
June 30,
2020 - 2019 Percent Six Months Ended
June 30,
2020 - 2019 Percent
  2020 2019 Increase (Decrease) 2020 2019 Increase (Decrease)
Income Statement:
Interest income $ 251,738    $ 265,851    (5.3) % $ 514,807    $ 523,734    (1.7) %
Interest expense 51,081    76,933    (33.6) % 120,598    147,570    (18.3) %
Net interest income 200,657    188,918    6.2  % 394,209    376,164    4.8  %
Provision for credit losses 68,332    7,195    849.7  % 168,221    14,379    1,069.9  %
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 132,325    181,723    (27.2) % 225,988    361,785    (37.5) %
Noninterest income 72,954    70,682    3.2  % 143,331    121,745    17.7  %
Noninterest expense 131,605    127,686    3.1  % 268,954    241,737    11.3  %
Net income before income taxes 73,674    124,719    (40.9) % 100,365    241,793    (58.5) %
Income tax expense 11,230    24,398    (54.0) % 9,565    47,512    (79.9) %
Net income $ 62,444    $ 100,321    (37.8) % $ 90,800    $ 194,281    (53.3) %
Per Share Data:
Basic net income per common share $ 0.83    $ 1.31    (36.6) % $ 1.20    $ 2.54    (52.8) %
Diluted net income per common share $ 0.83    $ 1.31    (36.6) % $ 1.20    $ 2.53    (52.6) %
Balance Sheet:
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses $ 22,234,928    $ 19,693,099    12.9  % $ 22,234,928    $ 19,693,099    12.9  %
Deposits $ 25,521,829    $ 20,181,028    26.5  % $ 25,521,829    $ 20,181,028    26.5  %
Performance Ratios:
Return on average assets (1)
0.77  % 1.55  % (50.3) % 0.60  % 1.54  % (61.0) %
Return on average stockholders' equity (2)
5.58  % 9.77  % (42.9) % 4.10  % 9.63  % (57.4) %
Return on average common stockholders' equity (3)
5.66  % 9.77  % (42.1) % 4.12  % 9.63  % (57.2) %

(1) Return on average assets is the result of net income for the reported period on an annualized basis, divided by average assets for the period.
(2) Return on average stockholders' equity is the result of net income for the reported period on an annualized basis, divided by average stockholders' equity for the period.
(3) Return on average common stockholders' equity is the result of net income for the reported period on an annualized basis, divided by average common stockholders' equity for the period.

Results of Operations

Net Interest Income. Net interest income represents the amount by which interest earned on various earning assets exceeds interest paid on deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities and is the most significant component of our revenues. 

Net interest income totaled $200.7 million and $394.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $188.9 million and $376.2 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year, representing increases of $11.7 million and $18.0 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 when compared to the comparable periods in 2019, this increase was largely the result of lower funding costs, the impact of the PPP and our acquisition of additional on-balance
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sheet liquidity in response to the economic uncertainty resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic as well as organic loan growth during the comparable periods.

The following tables set forth the amount of our average balances, interest income or interest expense for each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the average interest rate for interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, net interest spread and net interest margin for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in thousands):
  Three Months Ended
June 30, 2020
Three Months Ended
June 30, 2019
  Average Balances Interest Rates/ Yields Average Balances Interest Rates/ Yields
Interest-earning assets:
Loans (1)(2)
$ 22,257,168    $ 226,281    4.16  % $ 18,611,164    $ 237,653    5.22  %
Securities:
Taxable 2,157,081    9,589    1.79  % 1,781,814    12,243    2.76  %
Tax-exempt (2)
2,037,730    14,596    3.44  % 1,630,661    12,556    3.68  %
Federal funds sold and other 2,618,832    1,272    0.20  % 530,556    3,399    2.57  %
Total interest-earning assets 29,070,811    $ 251,738    3.58  % 22,554,195    $ 265,851    4.85  %
Nonearning assets
Intangible assets 1,868,231    1,850,146   
Other nonearning assets 1,846,349    1,511,630   
Total assets $ 32,785,391    $ 25,915,971   
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing deposits:
Interest checking 4,639,729    4,256    0.37  % 3,150,865    9,305    1.18  %
Savings and money market 9,181,266    8,904    0.39  % 7,355,783    26,947    1.47  %
Time 4,554,027    20,567    1.82  % 3,958,445    22,736    2.30  %
Total interest-bearing deposits 18,375,022    33,727    0.74  % 14,465,093    58,988    1.64  %
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 191,084    94    0.20  % 117,261    142    0.49  %
Federal Home Loan Bank advances 2,213,769    9,502    1.73  % 2,164,341    11,552    2.14  %
Subordinated debt and other borrowings 706,657    7,758    4.42  % 469,498    6,251    5.34  %
Total interest-bearing liabilities 21,486,532    51,081    0.96  % 17,216,193    76,933    1.79  %
Noninterest-bearing deposits 6,432,010    —    0.00  % 4,399,766    —    0.00  %
Total deposits and interest-bearing liabilities 27,918,542    $ 51,081    0.74  % 21,615,959    $ 76,933    1.43  %
Other liabilities 367,411    182,258   
Stockholders' equity  4,499,438    4,117,754   
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 32,785,391    $ 25,915,971   
Net  interest  income 
$ 200,657    $ 188,918   
Net interest spread (3)
2.62  % 3.06  %
Net interest margin (4)
2.87  % 3.48  %

(1) Average balances of nonaccrual loans are included in the above amounts.
(2) Yields computed on tax-exempt instruments on a tax equivalent basis and include $6.9 million of taxable equivalent income for each of the three months ended June 30, 2020 and the three months ended June 30, 2019. The tax-exempt benefit has been reduced by the projected impact of tax-exempt income that will be disallowed pursuant to IRS Regulations as of and for the period presented.
(3) Yields realized on interest-bearing assets less the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities.  The net interest spread calculation excludes the impact of demand deposits.  Had the impact of demand deposits been included, the net interest spread for the three months ended June 30, 2020 would have been 2.84% compared to a net interest spread of 3.42% for the three months ended June 30, 2019.
(4) Net interest margin is the result of annualized net interest income calculated on a tax-equivalent basis divided by average interest-earning assets for the period.



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(dollars in thousands) Six months ended Six months ended
June 30, 2020 June 30, 2019
  Average Balances Interest Rates/ Yields Average Balances Interest Rates/ Yields
Interest-earning assets
Loans (1) (2)
$ 21,133,228    $ 462,701    4.48  % $ 18,276,680    $ 467,032    5.25  %
Securities
Taxable 2,040,855    19,857    1.96  % 1,813,693    25,783    2.87  %
Tax-exempt (2)
1,963,822    28,420    3.47  % 1,544,186    24,228    3.77  %
Federal funds sold and other 1,713,314    3,829    0.45  % 500,400    6,691    2.70  %
Total interest-earning assets 26,851,219    $ 514,807    3.96  % 22,134,959    $ 523,734    4.89  %
Nonearning assets
Intangible assets 1,869,147    1,851,292   
Other nonearning assets 1,791,150    1,499,104   
Total assets $ 30,511,516    $ 25,485,355   
Interest-bearing liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits:
Interest checking 4,192,505    12,723    0.61  % 3,140,734    18,628    1.20  %
Savings and money market 8,639,407    29,339    0.68  % 7,446,911    53,284    1.44  %
Time 4,315,462    42,363    1.97  % 3,727,061    41,293    2.23  %
Total interest-bearing deposits 17,147,374    84,425    0.99  % 14,314,706    113,205    1.59  %
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 166,138    209    0.25  % 113,305    287    0.51  %
Federal Home Loan Bank advances 2,121,828    19,909    1.89  % 2,046,007    21,515    2.12  %
Subordinated debt and other borrowings 690,036    16,055    4.68  % 470,133    12,563    5.39  %
Total interest-bearing liabilities 20,125,376    120,598    1.21  % 16,944,151    147,570    1.76  %
Noninterest-bearing deposits 5,595,869    —    —    4,298,169    —    —   
Total deposits and interest-bearing liabilities 25,721,245    $ 120,598    0.94  % 21,242,320    $ 147,570    1.40  %
Other liabilities 331,975    175,193   
Stockholders' equity  4,458,296    4,067,842   
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 30,511,516    $ 25,485,355   
Net  interest  income 
$ 394,209    $ 376,164   
Net interest spread (3)
2.76  % 3.14  %
Net interest margin (4)
3.06  % 3.55  %

(1) Average balances of nonaccrual loans are included in the above amounts.
(2) Yields computed on tax-exempt instruments on a tax equivalent basis and include $14.0 million of taxable equivalent income for the six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $13.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. The tax-exempt benefit has been reduced by the projected impact of tax-exempt income that will be disallowed pursuant to IRS Regulations as of and for the period presented.
(3) Yields realized on interest-bearing assets less the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The net interest spread calculation excludes the impact of demand deposits. Had the impact of demand deposits been included, the net interest spread for the six months ended June 30, 2020 would have been 3.02% compared to a net interest spread of 3.49% for the six months ended June 30, 2019.
(4) Net interest margin is the result of annualized net interest income calculated on a tax-equivalent basis divided by average interest-earning assets for the period.


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For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, our net interest margin was 2.87% and 3.06%, respectively, compared to 3.48% and 3.55%, respectively, for the same periods in 2019. Our net interest margin for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 reflects the impact of PPP and the firm's acquisition of additional on-balance sheet liquidity as noted above, the decline in short-term interest rates, declining levels of positive impact from purchase accounting and the competitive rate environments for loans and deposits in our markets. More specifically, our net interest margin was negatively impacted by yield compression in our earning asset portfolio due to a declining macroeconomic interest rate environment, which included a 150 basis points reduction in the federal funds rate in March 2020. This decrease was offset somewhat by a decrease in funding costs. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, our earning asset yield decreased by 127 basis points and 93 basis points, respectively, from the same periods in the prior year. Our total funding rates decreased by 69 basis points and 46 basis points, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year.

We continue to deploy various asset liability management strategies to manage our risk to interest rate fluctuations. Pricing for creditworthy borrowers and meaningful depositors is very competitive in our markets and this competition has adversely impacted, and may continue to adversely impact, our margins. This challenging competitive environment may continue during 2020 even during a time of economic uncertainty due to COVID-19. We also expect the positive impact of purchase accounting on our net interest income will lessen in future periods, which will negatively affect our net interest margin in 2020. We have sought to mitigate much of the negative impact that reductions in short-term interest rates would have on our net interest margin through restructuring a portion of our investment securities portfolio, purchasing loan interest rate floors, and unwinding fixed-to-floating loan interest rate swaps. Those tactics have benefited us during this recent period of falling short-term interest rates. However, our net interest margin could be additionally impacted if we are not able to continue to lower deposit rates at a pace necessary to offset declines in our earning asset yields. We determined that holding elevated levels of on-balance sheet liquidity is a prudent response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This strategy will negatively impact the net interest margin until on-balance sheet liquidity returns to more normalized levels. We seek to fund increased loan volumes by growing our core deposits, but will utilize non-core funding to fund shortfalls, if any. To the extent that our dependence on non-core funding sources increases during 2020, our net interest margin would likely be negatively impacted as we may not be able to reduce the rates we pay on these deposits as quickly as we can on core deposits.

Provision for Credit Losses. On January 1, 2020, we adopted FASB ASU 2016-13, which introduces the current expected credit losses (CECL) methodology and requires us to estimate all expected credit losses over the remaining life of our loan and held-to-maturity securities portfolios. Accordingly, the provision for credit losses represents a charge to earnings necessary to establish an allowance for credit losses that, in management's evaluation, is adequate to provide coverage for all expected credit losses. The provision for credit losses amounted to $68.3 million and $168.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $7.2 million and $14.4 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Provision expense is impacted by organic loan growth in our loan portfolio, our internal assessment of the credit quality of the loan portfolio, our expectations about future economic conditions and net charge-offs. The primary driver of the increase in provision for credit losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was the estimated economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our CECL model relies on projected macroeconomic conditions, including unemployment and GDP, as key inputs to estimate future credit losses. As a result, the anticipated deterioration in economic conditions resulting from COVID-19 has resulted in a significant increase in expected credit losses. Also contributing to the increase in provision was an increase in net charge-offs, which totaled $5.4 million and $15.5 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $4.1 million and $7.7 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2019. The increase in net charge-offs in the first six months of 2020 was in large part the result of an approximately $5.0 million charge-off related to a single credit in the commercial and industrial loan category during the first quarter of 2020. This credit was criticized going into the COVID-19 pandemic and as a result of the pandemic suffered further deterioration resulting in its partial charge-off during the first quarter of 2020. During the second quarter of 2020, we had a partial recovery of approximately $1.7 million on this credit.

Our allowance for credit losses reflects an amount deemed appropriate to adequately cover all expected future losses as of the date the allowance is determined based on our allowance for credit losses assessment methodology. At June 30, 2020, our allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans, inclusive of PPP loans, was 1.27%, up from 0.48% at December 31, 2019. The increase in the allowance for credit losses is largely the result of the implementation of CECL on January 1, 2020, which resulted in an adjustment to the opening balance of the allowance for credit losses of $38.1 million, and increased provisioning during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 due to the estimated economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Noninterest Income.  Our noninterest income is composed of several components, some of which vary significantly between quarterly and annual periods. Service charges on deposit accounts and other noninterest income generally reflect customer growth trends, while fees from our wealth management departments, gains on mortgage loans sold, gains and losses on the sale of securities and gains or losses related to our efforts to mitigate risks associated with interest rate volatility will often reflect financial market conditions and fluctuate from period to period.


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The following is a summary of our noninterest income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

Three Months Ended
June 30,
2020 - 2019
Percent
Six Months Ended
June 30,
2020 - 2019
Percent
  2020 2019 Increase (Decrease) 2020 2019 Increase (Decrease)
Noninterest income:            
Service charges on deposit accounts $ 6,910    $ 8,940    (22.7)% $ 15,942    $ 17,482    (8.8)%
Investment services 5,971    5,868    1.8% 15,210    11,336    34.2%
Insurance sales commissions 2,231    2,147    3.9% 5,471    5,075    7.8%
Gains on mortgage loans sold, net 19,619    6,011    226.4% 28,202    10,889    159.0%
Investment (gains) losses on sales of securities, net (128)   (4,466)   97.1% 335    (6,426)   105.2%
Trust fees 3,958    3,461    14.4% 8,128    6,756    20.3%
Income from equity method investment 17,208    32,261    (46.7)% 32,800    45,551    (28.0)%
Other noninterest income:
Interchange and other consumer fees 8,323    9,088    (8.4)% 18,292    16,595    10.2%
Bank-owned life insurance 4,726    4,201    12.5% 9,378    8,296    13.0%
Loan swap fees 614    799    (23.2)% 2,801    1,560    79.6%
SBA loan sales 941    1,171    (19.6)% 2,282    1,743    30.9%
Gain (loss) on other equity investments (278)   832    (133.4)% (452)   1,614    (128.0)%
Other noninterest income 2,859    369    674.8% 4,942    1,274    287.9%
Total other noninterest income 17,185    16,460    4.4% 37,243    31,082    19.8%
Total noninterest income $ 72,954    $ 70,682    3.2% $ 143,331    $ 121,745    17.7%

The decrease in service charges on deposit accounts in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 is primarily related to analysis fees due to a decrease in the transaction volume of commercial checking accounts which we believe is the result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
 
Income from our wealth management groups (investments, insurance and trust) is also included in noninterest income. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, commissions and fees from investment services at our financial advisory unit, Pinnacle Asset Management, a division of Pinnacle Bank, increased by $103,000 and $3.9 million when compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. At June 30, 2020 and 2019, Pinnacle Asset Management was receiving commissions and fees in connection with approximately $4.5 billion and $4.3 billion, respectively, in brokerage assets. Revenues from the sale of insurance products by our insurance subsidiaries for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 increased by $84,000 and $396,000, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. Included in insurance revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $1.1 million of contingent income received in the first quarter of 2020 that was based on 2019 sales production and claims experience compared to $873,000 recorded in the same period in the prior year. Additionally, at June 30, 2020, our trust department was receiving fees on approximately $2.9 billion of managed assets compared to $2.4 billion at June 30, 2019, reflecting organic growth and increased market valuations. The growth in our wealth management businesses is attributable to the addition of associates in these areas, market volatility and the attractive markets in which we operate.

Gains on mortgage loans sold, net, consists of fees from the origination and sale of mortgage loans. These mortgage fees are for loans primarily originated in our current markets that are subsequently sold to third-party investors. Substantially all of these loan sales transfer servicing rights to the buyer. Generally, mortgage origination fees increase in lower interest rate environments and more robust housing markets and decrease in rising interest rate environments and more challenging housing markets. Mortgage origination fees will fluctuate from quarter to quarter as the rate environment changes. Gains on mortgage loans sold, net, were $19.6 million and $28.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $6.0 million and $10.9 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year. This sizeable increase is the direct result of the current interest rate environment and the strong markets in which we operate. We hedge a portion of our mortgage pipeline as part of a mandatory delivery program. The hedge is not designated as a hedge for GAAP purposes and, as such, changes in its fair value are recorded directly through the income statement. There is a positive correlation between the dollar amount of the mortgage pipeline and the value of this hedge. Therefore, the change in the outstanding mortgage pipeline at the end of any reporting period will directly impact the amount of gain recorded for mortgage loans held for sale during that reporting period. At June 30, 2020, the mortgage pipeline included $340.7 million in loans expected to close in 2020 compared to $134.6 million in loans at June 30, 2019 expected to close in 2019.
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Investment gains and losses on sales, net represent the net gains and losses on sales of investment securities in our available-for-sale securities portfolio during the periods noted. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we sold approximately $100.1 million of securities for a net gain of $335,000 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2019, when we sold approximately $476.7 million of securities for a net loss of $6.4 million.

Income from equity-method investment. Income from equity-method investment is comprised solely of income from our 49% equity-method investment in BHG. BHG is engaged in the origination of commercial and consumer loans primarily to healthcare providers and other professionals throughout the United States. The loans originated by BHG are either financed by secured borrowings or sold without recourse to independent financial institutions and investors. BHG has expanded its operations to include commercial lending to other professional service firms such as attorneys, accountants and others.

Income from this equity-method investment was $17.2 million and $32.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $32.3 million and $45.6 million, respectively, for the same periods last year. Historically, BHG has sold the majority of the loans its originates to a network of bank purchasers through a combination of online auctions, direct sales and its direct purchase option. In the second half of 2019, BHG began retaining more loans on its balance sheet than historically had been the case in recent years. As a result of the economic disruption resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, BHG, in the first six months of 2020, sold more loans through its auction platform than we had anticipated would be the case earlier in the year and will likely slow its transition to holding more loans on its balance sheet as the effects of COVID-19 are monitored. As is the case for our business, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on BHG's business is not fully known at this point though we believe its business, including demand for its loans and losses it may incur as a result of borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, will be negatively impacted.

Income from equity-method investment is recorded net of amortization expense associated with customer lists and other intangible assets of $293,000 and $587,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $475,000 and $950,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. At June 30, 2020, there were $8.2 million of these intangible assets that are expected to be amortized in lesser amounts over the next 15 years. Also included in income from equity-method investment, is accretion income associated with the fair valuation of certain of BHG's liabilities of $541,000 and $1.1 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, compared to $660,000 and $1.3 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. At June 30, 2020, there were $3.7 million of these liabilities that are expected to accrete into income in lesser amounts over the next six years.

During the three months ended June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank received no dividends from BHG. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank received $8.0 million in dividends from BHG in the aggregate. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank received dividends of $28.2 million and $40.9 million, respectively, in the aggregate. Dividends from BHG during such periods reduced the carrying amount of our investment in BHG, while earnings from BHG during such periods increased the carrying amount of our investment in BHG. Profits from intercompany transactions are eliminated. Our proportionate share of earnings from BHG is included in our consolidated tax return. No loans were purchased from BHG by Pinnacle Bank for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2020 or 2019, respectively. Earnings from BHG are likely to fluctuate from period-to-period.

As our ownership interest in BHG is 49% and our representatives do not occupy a majority of the seats on BHG's board of managers, we do not consolidate BHG's results of operations or financial position into our financial statements but record the net result of BHG's activities at our percentage ownership in income from equity method investment in noninterest income. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, BHG reported $92.8 million and $190.7 million, respectively, in revenues, net of substitution losses of $28.1 million and $44.4 million, respectively, compared to revenues of $108.0 million and $170.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, net of substitution losses of $12.7 million and $25.1 million, respectively.

Approximately $67.3 million and $136.9 million, respectively, of BHG's revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 related to gains on the sale of commercial loans BHG had previously issued primarily to doctor, dentist and other medical practices compared to $90.5 million and $139.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. BHG refers to this activity as its core product. BHG typically funds these loans from cash reserves on its balance sheet. Subsequent to origination, these core product loans have typically been sold by BHG with no recourse to a network of community banks and other financial institutions at a premium to the par value of the loan. The purchaser may access a BHG cash reserve account of up to 3% of the loan balance to support loan payments. BHG retains no servicing or other responsibilities related to the core product loan once sold. As a result, this gain on sale premium represents BHG's compensation for absorbing the costs to originate the loan as well as marketing expenses associated with maintaining its business model.


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At June 30, 2020 and 2019, there were $3.2 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively, in core product loans previously sold by BHG that were being actively serviced by BHG's network of bank purchasers. BHG, at its sole option, may also provide purchasers of these core product loans the ability to substitute the acquired loan with another more recently-issued BHG loan should the previously-acquired loan become at least 90-days past due as to its monthly payments. This substitution is subject to the purchaser having adhered to the standards of its purchase agreement with BHG. Additionally, all substitutions are subject to the approval by BHG's board of managers. As a result, the reacquired loans are deemed purchased credit impaired and recorded on BHG's balance sheet at the net present value of the loan's anticipated cash flows. BHG will then initiate collection efforts and attempt to restore the reacquired loan to performing status. As a result, BHG maintained a liability as of June 30, 2020 and 2019 of $229.3 million and $100.3 million, respectively, that represents an estimate of the future inherent losses for the outstanding core portfolio that may be subject to future substitution. This liability represents 7.2% and 4.6%, respectively, of core product loans previously sold by BHG that remain outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase in this liability in the six months ended June 30, 2020 was principally the result of the economic disruption associated with the COVID-19 pandemic which has adversely impacted physician and dental practices in a material manner.

BHG will maintain loans on its balance sheet for a period of time prior to sale or transfer to a purchaser. Alternatively, BHG may elect to keep certain loans on its balance sheet through maturity. From time to time, BHG may hold a higher volume of these loans depending upon the timing of loan originations, its loan pipeline and market demand as well as the deployment of its business strategy. As previously discussed, BHG realigned its business model to retain more of its originated loans on the balance sheet beginning in the second half of 2019. At June 30, 2020, BHG reported loans totaling $839.3 million compared to $467.2 million as of June 30, 2019. A portion of these loans do not qualify for sale accounting and accordingly an offsetting secured borrowing liability has been recorded. At June 30, 2020 and 2019, BHG had $310.4 million and $217.6 million, respectively, of secured borrowings associated with loans held for investment which did not qualify for sale accounting. At June 30, 2020 and 2019, BHG reported allowance for loan losses totaling $9.5 million and $2.3 million, respectively. Interest income and fees amounted to $22.0 million and $46.1 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $13.5 million and $24.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. 

BHG also sometimes refers loans to other financial institutions and, based on an agreement with the institution, earns a fee for doing so. Typically, these are loans that BHG believes would either be classified as consumer-type loans rather than commercial loans, fail to meet the credit underwriting standards of BHG but another institution will accept the loans or are loans issued to borrowers in certain geographic locations where BHG has elected not to do business. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, BHG recognized fee income of $195,000 and $753,000, respectively, compared to $495,000 and $1.1 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year related to these activities.

Included in other noninterest income are interchange and other consumer fees, gains from bank-owned life insurance, swap fees earned for the facilitation of derivative transactions for our clients, SBA loan sales, gains or losses on other equity investments and other noninterest income items. Interchange revenues decreased in the three months ended June 30, 2020 as a result of decreased debit and credit card transactions as compared to the comparable period in 2019, which we believe is the result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interchange revenues increased during the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019 due to increased loan fees primarily as a result of loan prepayments during the second quarter of 2020. Other noninterest income included changes in the cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance which was $4.7 million and $9.4 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $4.2 million and $8.3 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, we purchased $110.0 million of new bank-owned life insurance policies. The assets that support these policies are administered by the life insurance carriers and the income we recognize (i.e., increases or decreases in the cash surrender value of the policies) on these policies is dependent upon the crediting rates applied by the insurance carriers, which are subject to change at the discretion of the carriers, subject to any applicable floors. Earnings on these policies generally are not taxable. Loan swap fees increased by $1.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019 due primarily to reduced third party fees and an increase in the volume of activity resulting from the current interest rate environment. SBA loan sales are also included in other noninterest income and fluctuate based on the current market environment. Additionally, the carrying values of other equity investments are adjusted either upwards or downwards from the transaction price to reflect expected exit values as evidenced by financing and sale transactions with third parties, or when determination of a valuation adjustment is confirmed through ongoing reviews by senior investment managers. Other other noninterest income fluctuated during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the same periods in 2019 due to the $1.5 million loss on the sale of the high-yield automobile portfolio in the second quarter of 2019.


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Noninterest Expense.  Noninterest expense consists of salaries and employee benefits, equipment and occupancy expenses, other real estate expenses, and other operating expenses. The following is a summary of our noninterest expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
  Three Months Ended
June 30,
2020 - 2019
Percent
Six Months Ended
June 30,
2020 - 2019
Percent
  2020 2019 Increase (Decrease) 2020 2019 Increase (Decrease)
Noninterest expense:            
Salaries and employee benefits:            
Salaries $ 54,645    $ 44,625    22.5% $ 106,821    $ 89,681    19.1%
Commissions 3,611    3,224    12.0% 7,594    6,364    19.3%
Cash and equity incentives 4,824    16,159    (70.1%) 15,104    27,322    (44.7%)
Employee benefits and other 10,807    11,612    (6.9%) 24,848    22,629    9.8%
Total salaries and employee benefits 73,887    75,620    (2.3%) 154,367    145,996    5.7%
Equipment and occupancy 22,026    23,844    (7.6%) 43,004    43,175    (0.4%)
Other real estate expense, net 2,888    2,523    14.5% 5,303    2,769    91.5%
Marketing and other business development 2,142    3,282    (34.7%) 5,393    6,230    (13.4%)
Postage and supplies 2,070    2,079    (0.4%) 4,060    3,971    2.2%
Amortization of intangibles 2,479    2,271    9.2% 4,999    4,582    9.1%
Other noninterest expense:
Deposit related expense 5,677    4,873    16.5% 10,915    9,416    15.9%
Lending related expense 10,476    5,401    94.0% 22,544    10,700    110.7%
Wealth management related expense 499    610    (18.2%) 1,057    1,140    (7.3%)
Other noninterest expense 9,461    7,183    31.7% 17,312    13,758    25.8%
Total other noninterest expense $ 26,113    $ 18,067    44.5% $ 51,828    $ 35,014    48.0%
Total noninterest expense $ 131,605    $ 127,686    3.1% $ 268,954    $ 241,737    11.3%

Total salaries and employee benefits expenses decreased approximately $1.7 million and increased approximately $8.4 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in 2019. The change in salaries and employee benefits was the result of an increase in our associate base in 2020 versus 2019 offset in part, or in the case of the three months ended June 30, 2020, in whole, by the reduction of our cash incentive plan accrual as well as the reduction in stock-based compensation expense due to our performance through the first half of 2020 compared to the earnings per diluted share performance metric targets established pursuant to our annual cash incentive plan and the return on average tangible assets performance metric targets applicable pursuant to certain performance-based equity awards we have previously granted, each due to the effects of COVID-19 on our anticipated earnings and performance for the year ended December 31, 2020. At June 30, 2020, our associate base was 2,577.5 full-time equivalent associates as compared to 2,361.0 at June 30, 2019. We expect salary and benefit expenses will continue to rise though at a lesser percentage rate on a linked-quarter basis as we slow our hiring efforts and focus primarily on expanding our associate base in the Atlanta market and those hires critical to our business across the rest of our franchise.

We believe that cash and equity incentives are a valuable tool in motivating an associate base that is focused on providing our clients effective financial advice and increasing shareholder value. As a result, and unlike many other financial institutions, all of our bank's non-commissioned associates participate in our annual cash incentive plan with a minimum targeted bonus equal to 10% of each associate's annual salary, and all of our bank's associates participate in our equity compensation plans. Under the annual cash incentive plan, the targeted level of incentive payments requires achievement of a certain soundness threshold and a targeted level of, and average rate paid on, core deposits and earnings (subject to certain adjustments). To the extent that the soundness threshold is met and core deposit volumes and rates and earnings are above or below the targeted amount, the aggregate incentive payments are increased or decreased. Historically, we have paid between 0% and 125% of our targeted incentives. Through the second quarter of 2020, we have accrued incentive costs for the cash incentive plan in 2020 at approximately 25% of our targeted awards in light of our expectations that our 2020 results will not meet the minimum level of earnings per diluted share required under the plan. The rate at which we are accruing for payouts under the plan is largely the result of the current and expected future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our results of operations and deposit volumes and costs. The current rate of 25% is solely the result of our newly implemented deposit component for which our associates are outperforming with respect to both deposit and volume goals.


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Also included in employee benefits and other expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 were approximately $4.1 million and $9.6 million, respectively, of compensation expenses related to equity-based awards for restricted shares or restricted share units, including those with performance-based vesting criteria, compared to $5.2 million and $10.1 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Under our equity incentive plans, we provide a broad-based equity incentive program for all of our bank's associates. We believe that equity incentives provide a vehicle for all associates to become meaningful shareholders of Pinnacle Financial over an extended period of time and create a shareholder-centric culture throughout our organization. Our compensation expense associated with equity awards for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 decreased when compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 primarily as a result of the fact that our performance through the first half of 2020 made it unlikely that these awards would be earned as a result of the pandemic. Our compensation expense associated with equity awards with time-based vesting criteria is likely to continue to increase during the remainder of 2020 when compared to 2019 as a result of the increased number of associates and our intention to hire additional experienced financial advisors, though for the remainder of 2020 we will focus primarily on expanding our associate base in the Atlanta market and those hires critical to our business across the rest of our franchise. Compensation expense associated with our performance-based vesting awards will be impacted by our performance in 2020 and will likely continue to be less than prior year comparable periods.

Employee benefits and other expenses were $10.8 million and $24.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $11.6 million and $22.6 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and include costs associated with our 401k plan, health insurance and payroll taxes.

Equipment and occupancy expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 were $22.0 million and $43.0 million, respectively, compared to $23.8 million and $43.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. These costs were generally consistent between periods though we expect to incur additional costs in future periods as we continue to enhance our technology infrastructure.

Other real estate income and expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 were $2.9 million and $5.3 million, respectively, as compared to $2.5 million and $2.8 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year. Included in the six months ended June 30, 2020 were writedowns in the first quarter of 2020 of previously foreclosed upon properties to market value based on updated appraisals received.

Marketing and business development expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was $2.1 million and $5.4 million, respectively, compared to $3.3 million and $6.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. The primary source of the decrease for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 as compared to the same periods 2019 is the result of limited in-person client meetings and business development expenses as a result of the restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Intangible amortization expense was $2.5 million and $5.0 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to $2.3 million and $4.6 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2019. The following table outlines our amortizing intangible assets, their initial valuation and amortizable lives at June 30, 2020:
   Year
acquired
Initial
Valuation
(in millions)
Amortizable
Life
(in years)
Remaining Value
(in millions)
Core Deposit Intangible:      
CapitalMark 2015 $ 6.2      $ 0.6   
Magna Bank 2015 3.2      0.1   
Avenue 2016 8.8      2.7   
BNC 2017 48.1    10    27.9   
Book of Business Intangible:      
Miller Loughry Beach Insurance 2008 $ 1.3    20    $ 0.2   
CapitalMark 2015 0.3    16    0.1   
BNC Insurance 2017 0.4    20    0.3   
BNC Trust 2017 1.9    10    1.3   
Advocate Capital 2019 13.6    13    11.5   

These assets are being amortized on an accelerated basis which reflects the anticipated life of the underlying assets. Amortization expense of these intangibles is estimated to decrease from $9.1 million to $5.1 million per year over the next five years with lesser amounts for the remaining amortization period.

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Other noninterest expenses, which consists primarily of deposit, lending, wealth management and administrative expenses increased by $8.0 million and $16.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 when compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Deposit related expense increased by $804,000 and $1.5 million, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 when compared to the same periods in 2019. Lending related expenses increased $5.1 million and $11.8 million, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 when compared to the same periods in 2019. This increase is primarily the result of building our off-balance sheet reserves following the implementation of CECL effective January 1, 2020 and the effect that macroeconomic factors impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic had on our CECL models. Wealth management related expenses decreased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 when compared to the same periods in 2019. Total other noninterest expenses increased by $2.3 million and $3.6 million, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 when compared to the same periods in 2019. This increase is primarily the result of $2.9 million in FHLB prepayment penalties as a result of our prepayment of $392.5 million in FHLB borrowings during the second quarter of 2020.

Our efficiency ratio (the ratio of noninterest expense to the sum of net interest income and noninterest income) was 48.1% and 50.0%, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to 49.2% and 48.6%, respectively, for the same periods in 2019. The efficiency ratio measures the amount of expense that is incurred to generate a dollar of revenue. The efficiency ratio for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in 2019 was impacted in part by increased noninterest expense during the period as a result of our building of off-balance sheet reserves upon the adoption of CECL during the quarter as well as net gains and losses on sales of securities, gains on mortgage loans sold and income from our equity method investment in BHG in both periods.

Income Taxes. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we recorded income tax expense of $11.2 million and $9.6 million, respectively, compared to income tax expense of $24.4 million and $47.5 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Our effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was 15.2% and 9.5%, respectively, compared to 19.6% for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Our effective tax rate differs from the combined federal and state income tax statutory rate in effect of 26.14% primarily due to our investments in bank-qualified municipal securities, tax benefits from our real estate investment trust subsidiary, participation in Tennessee's Community Investment Tax Credit (CITC) program, tax benefits associated with share-based compensation, bank-owned life insurance and our captive insurance subsidiary, offset in part by the limitation on deductibility of meals and entertainment expense, non-deductible FDIC insurance premiums and non-deductible executive compensation. Our tax expense in the six months ended June 30, 2020 was impacted by the provision expense recorded in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which was recorded in the first quarter of 2020 as a discrete item of total income tax and contributed a tax benefit of $22.4 million. Our tax rate in each period was also impacted by the vesting and exercise of equity-based awards previously granted under our equity-based compensation program, resulting in the recognition of tax expense of $272,000 and a tax benefit of $590,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 compared to tax expense of $68,000 and a tax benefit of $701,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

Financial Condition

Our consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2020 reflects an increase in total loans outstanding to $22.5 billion compared to $19.8 billion at December 31, 2019. Total deposits increased by $5.3 billion between December 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020. Total assets were $33.3 billion at June 30, 2020 compared to $27.8 billion at December 31, 2019.

Loans.  The composition of loans at June 30, 2020 and at December 31, 2019 and the percentage (%) of each classification to total loans are summarized as follows (in thousands):
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Amount Percent Amount Percent
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied $ 2,708,306    12.0  % $ 2,669,766    13.5  %
Non-owner occupied 5,384,018    23.9  % 5,039,452    25.5  %
Consumer real estate – mortgage 3,042,604    13.5  % 3,068,625    15.5  %
Construction and land development 2,574,494    11.4  % 2,430,483    12.3  %
Commercial and industrial 8,516,333    37.8  % 6,290,296    31.8  %
Consumer and other 294,545    1.4  % 289,254    1.4  %
Total loans $ 22,520,300    100.0  % $ 19,787,876    100.0  %


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At June 30, 2020, our loan portfolio composition had changed modestly from the composition at December 31, 2019 principally as a result of the PPP loans, though commercial real estate and commercial and industrial lending generally continue to make up the largest segments of our portfolio. At June 30, 2020, approximately 33.5% of the outstanding principal balance of our commercial real estate loans was secured by owner-occupied commercial real estate properties, compared to 34.6% at December 31, 2019. Owner-occupied commercial real estate is similar in many ways to our commercial and industrial lending in that these loans are generally made to businesses on the basis of the cash flows of the business rather than on the valuation of the real estate. Additionally, the construction and land development loan segment continues to be a meaningful portion of our portfolio and reflects the development and growth of the local economies in which we operate and is diversified between commercial, residential and land.

Banking regulations have established guidelines for the construction ratio of less than 100% of total risk-based capital and for the non-owner occupied ratio of less than 300% of total risk-based capital. Should a bank’s ratios be in excess of these guidelines, banking regulations generally require an increased level of monitoring in these lending areas by bank management. Both ratios are calculated by dividing certain types of loan balances for each of the two categories by Pinnacle Bank’s total risk-based capital. At both June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, Pinnacle Bank’s construction and land development loans as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 83.6%. Construction and land development, non-owner occupied commercial real estate and multifamily loans as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 275.0% and 268.3% as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. At June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Bank was within the 100% and 300% guidelines and has established what it believes to be appropriate controls to monitor its lending in these areas as it aims to keep the level of these loans to below the 100% and 300% thresholds.

The following table classifies our fixed and variable rate loans at June 30, 2020 according to contractual maturities of (1) one year or less, (2) after one year through five years, and (3) after five years.  The table also classifies our variable rate loans pursuant to the contractual repricing dates of the underlying loans (in thousands):
  Amounts at June 30, 2020 Percentage Percentage
Fixed
Rates
Variable
Rates
Totals At June 30, 2020 At December 31, 2019
Based on contractual maturity:        
Due within one year $ 2,238,016    $ 1,691,375    $ 3,929,391    17.4% 20.6%
Due in one year to five years 8,004,035    4,694,556    12,698,591    56.4% 50.2%
Due after five years 3,896,408    1,995,910    5,892,318    26.2% 29.2%
Totals $ 14,138,459    $ 8,381,841    $ 22,520,300    100.0% 100.0%
Based on contractual repricing dates:      
Daily floating rate $ —    $ 1,289,724    $ 1,289,724    5.7% 13.4%
Due within one year 2,238,016    6,503,917    8,741,933    38.8% 42.7%
Due in one year to five years 8,004,035    309,803    8,313,838    36.9% 27.7%
Due after five years 3,896,408    278,397    4,174,805    18.6% 16.2%
Totals $ 14,138,459    $ 8,381,841    $ 22,520,300    100.0% 100.0%
        
The above information does not consider the impact of scheduled principal payments.

Loans in Past Due Status.  The following table is a summary of our loans that were past due at least 30 days but less than 89 days and 90 days or more past due as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
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  June 30, December 31,
Loans past due 30 to 89 days: 2020 2019
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied $ 3,687    $ 5,239   
Non-owner occupied 640    6,797   
Consumer real estate – mortgage 4,875    13,803   
Construction and land development 2,059    2,103   
Commercial and industrial 10,292    10,952   
Consumer and other 1,603    2,184   
Total loans past due 30 to 89 days $ 23,156    $ 41,078   
Loans past due 90 days or more:  
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied $ 4,943    $ 1,719   
Non-owner occupied 9,950    3,816   
Consumer real estate – mortgage 5,917    7,304   
Construction and land development 2,154    1,487   
Commercial and industrial 4,991    6,364   
Consumer and other 548    570   
Total loans past due 90 days or more $ 28,503    $ 21,260   
Ratios:  
Loans past due 30 to 89 days as a percentage of total loans 0.10  % 0.21  %
Loans past due 90 days or more as a percentage of total loans 0.13  % 0.11  %
Total loans in past due status as a percentage of total loans 0.23  % 0.32  %

Potential Problem Loans. Potential problem loans, which are not included in nonperforming assets, amounted to approximately $251.3 million, or 1.1% of total loans at June 30, 2020, compared to $276.0 million, or 1.4% of total loans at December 31, 2019. Potential problem loans represent those loans with a well-defined weakness and where information about possible credit problems of borrowers has caused management to have doubts about the borrower's ability to comply with present repayment terms. This definition is believed to be substantially consistent with the standards established by Pinnacle Bank's primary regulators, for loans classified as substandard, excluding the impact of substandard nonaccrual loans and substandard troubled debt restructurings. Troubled debt restructurings are not included in potential problem loans. Approximately $5.4 million of potential problem loans were past due at least 30 days but less than 90 days as of June 30, 2020.

Nonperforming Assets and Troubled Debt Restructurings. At June 30, 2020, we had $84.7 million in nonperforming assets compared to $91.1 million at December 31, 2019. Included in nonperforming assets were $62.6 million in nonaccrual loans and $22.1 million in OREO and other nonperforming assets at June 30, 2020 and $61.6 million in nonaccrual loans and $29.5 million in OREO and other nonperforming assets at December 31, 2019. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were $3.3 million and $4.9 million, respectively, of troubled debt restructurings, all of which were accruing as of the restructured date and remain on accrual status. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic impact to its customers, Pinnacle Bank implemented a short-term modification program in accordance with interagency regulatory guidance to provide temporary payment relief to those borrowers directly impacted by COVID-19 who were not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019. This program allows for a deferral of payments of principal and/or interest for 90 days, which Pinnacle Bank may extend for an additional 90 days, for a maximum of 180 days on a cumulative and successive basis. Pursuant to the interagency regulatory guidance, Pinnacle Financial may elect to not classify loans for which these deferrals are granted as troubled debt restructurings. As of June 30, 2020, we had granted deferrals on approximately $4.2 billion in aggregate principal amount of loans. As of July 17, 2020, approximately $2.7 billion in aggregate principal loan balances remained on deferral.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans (allowance). On January 1, 2020, we adopted FASB ASU 2016-13, which introduces the current expected credit losses (CECL) methodology and requires us to estimate all expected credit losses over the remaining life of our loan portfolio. Accordingly, beginning in 2020, the allowance for credit losses represents an amount that, in management's evaluation, is adequate to provide coverage for all expected future credit losses on outstanding loans. As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our allowance for credit losses was approximately $285.4 million and $94.8 million, respectively, which our management believes to be adequate at each of the respective dates. Our allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans, inclusive of PPP loans, was 1.27% at June 30, 2020, up from 0.48% at December 31, 2019.

The increase in the allowance for credit losses is largely the result of the implementation of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, which resulted in an adjustment to the opening balance of the allowance for credit losses of $38.1 million, and increased provisioning during
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the six months ended June 30, 2020 due primarily to the estimated economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our CECL models rely largely on projections of macroeconomic conditions to estimate future credit losses. Macroeconomic factors used in the model include the national unemployment rate, gross domestic product, the commercial real estate price index and certain US Treasury interest rates. Projections of these macroeconomic factors, obtained from an independent third party, are utilized to predict quarterly rates of default. Projected macroeconomic factors have experienced significant deterioration during the six months ended June 30, 2020, which has resulted in the significant increase in our allowance for credit losses during the same period.

Under the CECL methodology the allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective basis for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics, and for loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated pools, evaluations are performed on an individual basis. Losses are predicted over a period of time determined to be reasonable and supportable, and at the end of the reasonable and supportable period losses are reverted to long term historical averages. At June 30, 2020, reasonable and supportable periods ranging from 12 to 18 months were utilized followed by a 12 month straight line reversion period to long term averages.

The overall balance of our allowance at December 31, 2019 was impacted by fair value accounting on our acquired loan portfolios, for which an allowance for credit losses was only necessary if it exceeded the remaining fair value discount. Subsequent to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, an allowance for credit losses is recognized for all acquired loans, regardless of the amount of remaining fair value discounts. In addition, the remaining nonaccretable discount at December 31, 2019 was reclassified into the allowance for credit losses upon adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020. At June 30, 2020, the remaining fair value discount for all acquired portfolios was $38.0 million, all of which is expected to be accreted into income over the remaining contractual lives of the related loans.

For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the net fair value discount changed as follows (in thousands):
  Accretable
Yield
Nonaccretable
Yield
Total
December 31, 2019 $ (51,322)   $ (3,828)   $ (55,150)  
Reclassification of discount to allowance for credit losses —    3,828    3,828   
Year-to-date accretion and settlements 13,319    —    13,319   
June 30, 2020 $ (38,003)   $ —    $ (38,003)  

The following table sets forth, based on management's estimate, the allocation of the allowance for credit losses to categories of loans as well as the unallocated portion as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 and the percentage of loans in each category to total loans (in thousands):
  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Amount Percent Amount Percent
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied $ 38,803    12.0  % $ 13,406    13.5  %
Non-owner occupied 68,426    23.9  % 19,963    25.5  %
Consumer real estate - mortgage 29,358    13.5  % 8,054    15.5  %
Construction and land development 41,897    11.4  % 12,662    12.3  %
Commercial and industrial 100,610    37.8  % 36,112    31.8  %
Consumer and other 6,278    1.4  % 3,595    1.4  %
Unallocated —    NA 985    NA
Total allowance for credit losses on loans $ 285,372    100.0  % $ 94,777    100.0  %


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The following is a summary of changes in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and for the year ended December 31, 2019 and the ratio of the allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans as of the end of each period (in thousands):
  Six Months Ended
June 30, 2020
Year ended December 31, 2019
Balance at beginning of period $ 94,777    $ 83,575   
Impact of adopting ASC 326 38,102    —   
Provision for credit losses on loans 168,033    27,283   
Charged-off loans:
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied (1,061)   (1,625)  
Non-owner occupied (263)   (75)  
Consumer real estate – mortgage (2,126)   (1,335)  
Construction and land development —    (18)  
Commercial and industrial (14,998)   (19,208)  
Consumer and other loans (2,247)   (6,206)  
Total charged-off loans (20,695)   (28,467)  
Recoveries of previously charged-off loans:
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied 225    1,252   
Non-owner occupied 199    980   
Consumer real estate – mortgage 674    1,827   
Construction and land development 93    682   
Commercial and industrial 2,997    6,473   
Consumer and other loans 967    1,172   
Total recoveries of previously charged-off loans 5,155    12,386   
Net charge-offs (15,540)   (16,081)  
Balance at end of period $ 285,372    $ 94,777   
Ratio of allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans outstanding at end of period 1.27  % 0.48  %
Ratio of net charge-offs to average total loans outstanding for the period (1)
0.15  % 0.08  %
(1) Net charge-offs for the year-to-date period ended June 30, 2020 have been annualized.

Pinnacle Financial's management assesses the adequacy of the allowance on a quarterly basis. This assessment includes procedures to estimate the allowance and test the adequacy and appropriateness of the resulting balance. The level of the allowance is based upon management's evaluation of historical default and loss experience, current and projected economic conditions, asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers' ability to repay the loan (including the timing of future payments), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to expense and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries of amounts previously charged-off. For further discussion regarding our allowance for credit losses, refer to Critical Accounting Estimates in Part I Item 2 - Critical Accounting Estimates herein. We expect that the economic disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic will cause our net charge-offs to increase in 2020 when compared to comparable periods in 2019.

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Based upon our evaluation of the loan portfolio, we believe the allowance for credit losses to be adequate to absorb our estimate of expected future credit losses on loans outstanding at June 30, 2020. While our policies and procedures used to estimate the allowance for credit losses as well as the resultant provision for credit losses charged to operations are considered adequate by management, they are necessarily approximate and imprecise. There are factors beyond our control, such as conditions in the local and national economy, local real estate market or a particular industry or borrower which may negatively impact, materially, our asset quality and the adequacy of our allowance for credit losses and, thus, the resulting provision for credit losses. In particular, the length and severity of the economic disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic is difficult to predict and each may be worse than we have estimated, which could cause our provision for credit losses to be negatively impacted for the duration of the pandemic and its aftermath. We believe borrowers that operate in the restaurant, entertainment, hospitality, medical, dental, retail and construction sectors, including owners of commercial real estate properties and hotels, continue to be the most likely to be negatively impacted by the economic disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, though other businesses and nonprofit and religious organizations have been, and are likely to continue to be, negatively impacted as well. If the strict social distancing practices or safer-at-home directives that were initially implemented in response to the spread of COVID-19 were to return, these impacts could be more severe than currently anticipated.

Investments.  Our investment portfolio, consisting primarily of Federal agency bonds, mortgage-backed securities, and state and municipal securities amounted to $4.4 billion and $3.7 billion at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Our investment portfolio serves many purposes including serving as a stable source of income, as collateral for public funds deposits and as a potential liquidity source. A summary of our investment portfolio at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 follows:

  June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Weighted average life 6.73 years 6.55 years
Effective duration* 4.60% 4.75%
Tax equivalent yield 2.59% 2.85%
(*) The metric is presented net of fair value hedges tied to certain investment portfolio holdings. The effective duration of the investment portfolio without the fair value hedges as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was 5.45% and 5.89%, respectively.

Restricted Cash. Our restricted cash balances totaled approximately $254.6 million at June 30, 2020, compared to $137.0 million at December 31, 2019. This restricted cash is maintained at other financial institutions as collateral primarily for our derivative portfolio. The increase in restricted cash is attributable primarily to an increase in collateral requirements on certain derivative instruments for which the fair value has declined. See Note 8. Derivative Instruments in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Deposits and Other Borrowings. We had approximately $25.5 billion of deposits at June 30, 2020 compared to $20.2 billion at December 31, 2019. Our deposits consist of noninterest and interest-bearing demand accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts and time deposits. Additionally, we routinely enter into agreements with certain customers to sell certain securities under agreements to repurchase the security the following day. These agreements (which are typically associated with comprehensive treasury management programs for our clients and provide them with short-term returns for their excess funds) amounted to $194.6 million at June 30, 2020 and $126.4 million at December 31, 2019. Additionally, at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, Pinnacle Bank had borrowed $1.8 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively, in advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati (FHLB). During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, $392.5 million in FHLB advances were restructured and prepayment penalties of $2.9 million were recognized in expense for the three months ended June 30, 2020. At June 30, 2020, Pinnacle Bank had approximately $2.4 billion in additional availability with the FHLB; however, incremental borrowings are subject to applicable collateral requirements and are made in a formal request by Pinnacle Bank and the subsequent approval by the FHLB. Our efforts to increase our on-balance sheet liquidity in the second half of the first quarter resulted in increased borrowings from the FHLB Cincinnati.


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Generally, we have classified our funding base as either core funding or noncore funding as shown in the table below. The following table represents the balances of our deposits and other funding and the percentage of each type to the total at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

June 30, 2020 Percent December 31, 2019 Percent
Core funding:        
Noninterest-bearing deposit accounts $ 6,892,864    24.4% $ 4,795,476    20.7%
Interest-bearing demand accounts 3,747,577    13.3% 3,135,581    13.6%
Savings and money market accounts 7,424,099    26.3% 6,807,825    29.5%
Time deposit accounts less than $250,000 1,524,146    5.4% 1,674,970    7.2%
Reciprocating demand deposit accounts (1)
455,889    1.6% 302,610    1.3%
Reciprocating savings accounts (1)
1,120,722    4.0% 717,149    3.1%
Reciprocating CD accounts (1)
226,496    0.8% 183,868    0.8%
Total core funding 21,391,793    75.8% 17,617,479    76.2%
Noncore funding:    
Relationship based noncore funding:    
Other time deposits 827,254    2.9% 850,189    3.7%
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase 194,553    0.7% 126,354    0.5%
Total relationship based noncore funding 1,021,807    3.6% 976,543    4.2%
   Wholesale funding:
   
Brokered deposits 1,405,444    5.0% 480,942    2.1%
Brokered time deposits 1,897,338    6.7% 1,232,418    5.3%
Federal Home Loan Bank advances 1,787,551    6.3% 2,062,534    8.9%
Paycheck Protection Program liquidity facility 47,082    0.2% —    —%
Subordinated debt and other funding 669,961    2.4% 749,080    3.3%
Total wholesale funding 5,807,376    20.6% 4,524,974    19.6%
Total noncore funding 6,829,183    24.2% 5,501,517    23.8%
Totals $ 28,220,976    100.0% $ 23,118,996    100.0%

(1)The reciprocating categories consists of deposits we receive from a bank network (the Promontory network) in connection with deposits of our customers in excess of our FDIC coverage limit that we place with the Promontory network.

As noted in the table above, our core funding as a percentage of total funding decreased from 76.2% at December 31, 2019 to 75.8% at June 30, 2020, primarily as a result of the significant increase in deposits estimated to have been funded by PPP loans, offset in part by our intentional increase in wholesale funding to build on-balance sheet liquidity as we prepared for the initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Competition for core deposits in our markets remains very competitive and we anticipate that our percentage of non-core funding is likely to increase as PPP loan funds are utilized.

When wholesale funding is necessary to complement the company's core deposit base, management determines which source is best suited to address both liquidity risk management and interest rate risk management objectives. Our Asset Liability Management Policy imposes limitations on overall wholesale funding reliance and on brokered deposit exposure specifically. Both our overall reliance on wholesale funding and exposure to brokered deposits and brokered time deposits were within those policy limitations as of June 30, 2020.

Our funding policies impose limits on the amount of non-core funding we can utilize based on the non-core funding dependency ratio which is calculated pursuant to regulatory guidelines. Periodically, we may exceed our policy limitations, at which time management will develop plans to bring our funding sources back into compliance with our core funding ratios. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we were in compliance with our core funding policies. Though growing our core deposit base is a key strategic objective of our firm and we experienced meaningful growth in core deposits in the first half of 2020, we may increase our non-core funding amounts from current levels if we need to do so to fund growth or increase levels of on-balance sheet liquidity, but we do not currently anticipate that such increases will exceed the limits we have established in our internal policies for total levels of non-core funding.


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The amount of time deposits as of June 30, 2020 amounted to $4.5 billion.  The following table shows our time deposits in denominations of $100,000 and less and in denominations greater than $100,000 by category based on time remaining until maturity and the weighted average rate for each category as of June 30, 2020 (in thousands):
  Balances Weighted Avg. Rate
Denominations less than $100,000  
Three months or less $ 492,482    1.68  %
Over three but less than six months 429,745    1.90  %
Over six but less than twelve months 841,281    1.36  %
Over twelve months 726,287    1.06  %
  $ 2,489,795    1.43  %
Denominations $100,000 and greater
Three months or less $ 644,536    1.86  %
Over three but less than six months 433,041    1.70  %
Over six but less than twelve months 576,978    1.63  %
Over twelve months 330,884    1.85  %
  $ 1,985,439    1.76  %
Totals $ 4,475,234    1.57  %

Subordinated debt and other borrowings.  We have established, or through acquisition acquired, twelve statutory business trusts which were established to issue 30-year trust preferred securities and certain other subordinated debt agreements. These securities qualify as Tier 2 capital subject to annual phase outs beginning five years from maturity. On April 22, 2020, we established a credit facility with the Federal Reserve Bank in conjunction with the PPP, with available borrowing capacity equal to the outstanding balance of PPP loans, which totaled approximately $2.2 billion at June 30, 2020. We also had a $75.0 million revolving credit facility with no outstanding borrowings as of June 30, 2020 that matured on July 24, 2020 and was not renewed. These instruments are outlined below (in thousands):

Name Date
Established
Maturity Total Debt Outstanding Interest Rate at June 30, 2020 Coupon Structure
Trust preferred securities      
Pinnacle Statutory Trust I December 29, 2003 December 30, 2033 $ 10,310    3.10  % 30-day LIBOR + 2.80%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust II September 15, 2005 September 30, 2035 20,619    1.71  % 30-day LIBOR + 1.40%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust III September 7, 2006 September 30, 2036 20,619    1.96  % 30-day LIBOR + 1.65%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust IV October 31, 2007 September 30, 2037 30,928    3.16  % 30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust I April 3, 2003 April 15, 2033 5,155    4.47  % 30-day LIBOR + 3.25%
BNC Capital Trust II March 11, 2004 April 7, 2034 6,186    4.07  % 30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust III September 23, 2004 September 23, 2034 5,155    3.62  % 30-day LIBOR + 2.40%
BNC Capital Trust IV September 27, 2006 December 31, 2036 7,217    2.01  % 30-day LIBOR + 1.70%
Valley Financial Trust I June 26, 2003 June 26, 2033 4,124    4.33  % 30-day LIBOR + 3.10%
Valley Financial Trust II September 26, 2005 December 15, 2035 7,217    1.80  % 30-day LIBOR + 1.49%
Valley Financial Trust III December 15, 2006 January 30, 2037 5,155    2.49  % 30-day LIBOR + 1.73%
Southcoast Capital Trust III August 5, 2005 September 30, 2035 10,310    1.81  % 30-day LIBOR + 1.50%
Subordinated Debt      
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes July 30, 2015 July 30, 2025 60,000    4.88  %
Fixed (1)
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes March 10, 2016 July 30, 2025 70,000    4.88  %
Fixed (1)
Pinnacle Financial Subordinated Notes November 16, 2016 November 16, 2026 120,000    5.25  %
Fixed (2)
Pinnacle Financial Subordinated Notes September 11, 2019 September 15, 2029 300,000    4.13  %
Fixed (3)
Other Borrowings        
Revolving credit facility (4)
April 22, 2020 July 24, 2020 —    30-day LIBOR + 1.50%
Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility April 22, 2020 September 30, 2020 47,082    0.35  % Fixed
Debt issuance costs and fair value adjustments (13,034)    
Total subordinated debt and other borrowings $ 717,043     
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(1) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.128% beginning July 30, 2020 through the end of the term.
(2) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.884% beginning November 16, 2021 through the end of the term.
(3) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 2.775% beginning September 15, 2024 through the end of the term.
(4) Borrowing capacity on the revolving credit facility is $75.0 million. At June 30, 2020, there were no amounts outstanding under this facility. An unused fee of 0.30% is assessed on the average daily unused amount of the line. This credit facility matured on July 24, 2020 and was not renewed.
 
Effective January 1, 2020, we used $80.0 million of the net proceeds from our 2019 subordinated debt offering to redeem certain other of our subordinated notes, including the $20.0 million aggregate principal amount of Avenue subordinated notes and $60.0 million aggregate principal amount of BNC subordinated notes. We had previously anticipated using $130 million of the net proceeds from our 2019 subordinated debt offering to redeem two tranches of subordinated notes issued by Pinnacle Bank with a maturity date of July 30, 2025 but have decided to not redeem those notes at this time in light of the uncertainty resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Pursuant to regulatory guidelines, once the maturity date on these subordinated notes is within five years, a portion of the notes will no longer be eligible to be included in regulatory capital, with an additional portion being excluded each year over the five year period approaching maturity.

Capital Resources. At June 30, 2020, our shareholders' equity amounted to $4.7 billion compared to $4.4 billion at December 31, 2019. During the second quarter of 2020, we issued 9.0 million depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of Series B Preferred Stock with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share of Series B Preferred Stock in a registered public offering to both retail and institutional investors. Net proceeds from the transaction after underwriting discounts and offering costs were approximately $217.6 million. The net proceeds were retained by Pinnacle Financial and are available to support our obligations including payments related to our outstanding indebtedness, to support the capital needs of our company and our bank, and for other general corporate purposes. Additionally, shareholders' equity during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was impacted by increases in our net income and other comprehensive income offset in part by $50.8 million related to shares repurchased pursuant to the share repurchase programs authorized by our board of directors in November 2018 and October 2019 and dividends of $24.8 million paid on shares of our common stock. We currently have approximately $67.2 million remaining of our authorized repurchase program which is set to expire December 31, 2020. In March 2020, we suspended our share repurchase program in light of uncertainty regarding the length and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our share repurchase program remains suspended as of the date of this filing. For additional information regarding our capital and shareholders’ equity, see Note 10. Regulatory Matters in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Dividends. Pursuant to Tennessee banking law, our bank may not, without the prior consent of the TDFI, pay any dividends to us in a calendar year in excess of the total of our bank's retained net profits for that year plus the retained net profits for the preceding two years, which was $619.2 million at June 30, 2020. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, our bank paid dividends of $94.1 million to us which is within the limits allowed by the TDFI.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we paid $12.4 million and $24.8 million, respectively, in dividends to our common shareholders. On July 21, 2020, our board of directors declared a $0.16 per share quarterly cash dividend to common shareholders which should approximate $12.4 million in aggregate dividend payments that are expected to be paid on Aug. 28, 2020 to common shareholders of record as of the close of business on Aug. 7, 2020. Additionally, on that same day, our board of directors approved a quarterly dividend of approximately $3.8 million, or $16.88 per share (or $0.422 per depositary share), on the Series B Preferred Stock payable on Sept. 1, 2020 to shareholders of record at the close of business on Aug. 17, 2020. The amount and timing of all future dividend payments, if any, is subject to board discretion and will depend on our earnings, capital position, financial condition and other factors, including, if necessary, our receipt of dividends from Pinnacle Bank, regulatory capital requirements, as they become known to us and receipt of any regulatory approvals that may become required as a result of our and our bank subsidiary's financial results.

Market and Liquidity Risk Management

Our objective is to manage assets and liabilities to provide a satisfactory, consistent level of profitability within the framework of established liquidity, loan, investment, borrowing, and capital policies. Our Asset Liability Management Committee (ALCO) is charged with the responsibility of monitoring these policies, which are designed to ensure acceptable composition of asset/liability mix. Two critical areas of focus for ALCO are interest rate sensitivity and liquidity risk management.

Interest Rate Sensitivity.  In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risk arising from fluctuations in interest rates.  ALCO measures and evaluates the interest rate risk so that we can meet customer demands for various types of loans and deposits.  ALCO determines the most appropriate amounts of on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet items.  Measurements which we use to help us manage interest rate sensitivity include an earnings simulation model and an economic value of equity (EVE) model. 

Our interest rate sensitivity modeling incorporates a number of assumptions for both earnings simulation and EVE, including loan and deposit re-pricing characteristics, the rate of loan prepayments, etc. ALCO periodically reviews these assumptions for accuracy based
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on historical data and future expectations. Our ALCO policy requires that the base scenario assumes rates remain flat and is the scenario to which all others are compared in order to measure the change in net interest income and EVE. Policy limits are applied to the results of certain modeling scenarios. While the primary policy scenarios focus is on a twelve month time frame for the earnings simulations model, longer time horizons are also modeled. All policy scenarios assume a static volume forecast where the balance sheet is held constant, although other scenarios are modeled. 

During the first half of 2020, several unique events occurred that are noteworthy when comparing the results of both the earnings simulation and the economic value of equity modeling results as of June 30, 2020 to the modeling results at December 31, 2019:

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve reduced the target federal funds rate by 150 basis points.
We built over $2.5 billion in additional on-balance-sheet liquidity.
We unwound a $1.3 billion in-the-money interest rate floor.

Earnings simulation model. We believe interest rate risk is best measured by our earnings simulation modeling. Earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities and off-balance sheet financial instruments are combined with forecasts of interest rates for the next 12 months and are combined with other factors in order to produce various earnings simulations over that same 12-month period. To limit interest rate risk, we have policy guidelines for our earnings at risk which seek to limit the variance of net interest income in both gradual and instantaneous changes to interest rates. For instantaneous upward and downward changes in rates from management's flat interest rate forecast over the next twelve months, assuming a static balance sheet, the following estimated changes are calculated:
Estimated % Change in Net Interest Income Over 12 Months
June 30, 2020*
Instantaneous Rate Change
100 bps increase 0.0  %
200 bps increase 1.7  %
100 bps decrease 0.6  %
*: Negative interest rates are not contemplated in these scenarios. The Treasury curve and all short-term rate indices, such as Fed Funds, LIBOR, etc., are assumed to be zero bound.

While an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates was used in this analysis to provide an estimate of exposure under these scenarios, we believe that a gradual shift in interest rates would have a more modest impact. Further, the earnings simulation model does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, changes in yield curve relationships, hedging activities we might take and changing product spreads that could mitigate any potential adverse impact of changes in interest rates.

The behavior of our deposit portfolio in the baseline forecast and in alternate interest rate scenarios set out in the table above is a key assumption in our projected estimates of net interest income. The projected impact on net interest income in the table above assumes no change in deposit portfolio size or mix from the baseline forecast in alternative rate environments. In higher rate scenarios, any customer activity resulting in the replacement of low-cost or noninterest-bearing deposits with higher-yielding deposits or market-based funding would reduce the assumed benefit of those deposits. The projected impact on net interest income in the table above also assumes a "through-the-cycle" non-maturity deposit beta which may not be an accurate predictor of actual deposit rate changes realized in scenarios of smaller and/or non-parallel interest rate movements.

At June 30, 2020, our earnings simulation model indicated we were in compliance with our policies for interest rate scenarios for which we model as required by our board approved Asset Liability Policy.  

Economic value of equity model. While earnings simulation modeling attempts to determine the impact of a changing rate environment to our net interest income, our EVE model measures estimated changes to the economic values of our assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items as a result of interest rate changes. Economic values are determined by discounting expected cash flows from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items, which establishes a base case EVE. We then shock rates as prescribed by our Asset Liability Policy and measure the sensitivity in EVE values for each of those shocked rate scenarios versus the base case. The Asset Liability Policy sets limits for those sensitivities. At June 30, 2020, our EVE modeling calculated the following estimated changes in EVE due to instantaneous upward and downward changes in rates:
June 30, 2020*
Instantaneous Rate Change
100 bps increase 1.9  %
200 bps increase (1.2  %)
100 bps decrease (2.9  %)
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*: Negative interest rates are not contemplated in these scenarios. The Treasury curve and all short-term rate indices, such as Fed Funds, LIBOR, etc., are assumed to be zero bound.

While an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates was used in this analysis to provide an estimate of exposure under these scenarios, we believe that a gradual shift in interest rates would have a more modest impact. Since EVE measures the discounted present value of cash flows over the estimated lives of instruments, the change in EVE does not directly correlate to the degree that earnings would be impacted over a shorter time horizon (i.e., the current year). Further, EVE does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, changes in yield curve relationships, hedging activities we might take and changing product spreads that could mitigate the adverse impact of changes in interest rates.

At June 30, 2020, our EVE model indicated we were in compliance with our policies for all interest rate scenarios for which we model as required by our board approved Asset Liability Policy.

Most likely earnings simulation models. We also analyze a most-likely earnings simulation scenario that projects the expected change in rates based on a forward yield curve adopted by management using expected balance sheet volumes forecasted by management.  Separate growth assumptions are developed for loans, investments, deposits, etc.  Other interest rate scenarios analyzed by management may include delayed rate shocks, yield curve steepening or flattening, or other variations in rate movements to further analyze or stress our balance sheet under various interest rate scenarios. Each scenario is evaluated by management. These processes assist management to better anticipate our financial results and, as a result, management may determine the need to invest in other operating strategies and tactics which might enhance results or better position the firm's balance sheet to reduce interest rate risk going forward.

Each of the above analyses may not, on its own, be an accurate indicator of how our net interest income will be affected by changes in interest rates.  Income associated with interest-earning assets and costs associated with interest-bearing liabilities may not be affected uniformly by changes in interest rates.  In addition, the magnitude and duration of changes in interest rates may have a significant impact on net interest income.  For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods of repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates.  Interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities fluctuate in advance of changes in general market rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in general market rates.  In addition, certain assets, such as adjustable rate mortgage loans, have features (generally referred to as interest rate caps and floors) which limit changes in interest rates.  Prepayment and early withdrawal levels also could deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the maturity of certain instruments. The ability of many borrowers to service their debts also may decrease during periods of rising interest rates.  ALCO reviews each of the above interest rate sensitivity analyses along with several different interest rate scenarios as part of its responsibility to provide a satisfactory, consistent level of profitability within the framework of established liquidity, loan, investment, borrowing, and capital policies.

Management's model governance, model implementation and model validation processes and controls are subject to review in our regulatory examinations to ensure they are in compliance with the most recent regulatory guidelines and industry and regulatory practices. Management utilizes a respected, sophisticated third party asset liability modeling software to help ensure implementation of management's assumptions into the model are processed as intended in a robust manner. That said, there are numerous assumptions regarding financial instrument behavior that are integrated into the model. The assumptions are formulated by combining observations gleaned from our historical studies of financial instruments and our best estimations of how, if at all, these instruments may behave in the future given changes in economic conditions, technology, etc. These assumptions may prove to be inaccurate. Additionally, given the large number of assumptions built into firms' asset liability modeling software, it is difficult, at best, to compare our results to other firms.

ALCO may determine that Pinnacle Financial should over time become more or less asset or liability sensitive depending on the underlying balance sheet circumstances and our conclusions as to anticipated interest rate fluctuations in future periods.  At present, ALCO has determined that its "most likely" rate scenario considers no change in short-term interest rates throughout the remainder of 2020. Our "most likely" rate forecast is based primarily on information we acquire from a service which includes a consensus forecast of numerous interest rate benchmarks. We may implement additional actions designed to achieve our desired sensitivity position which could change from time to time.

We have in the past used, and may in the future continue to use, derivative financial instruments as one tool to manage our interest rate sensitivity, including in our mortgage lending program, while continuing to meet the credit and deposit needs of our customers. For further details on the derivatives we currently use, see Note 8. Derivative Instruments in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

We may also enter into interest rate swaps to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs.  These swaps qualify as derivatives, even though they are not designated as hedging instruments.

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Liquidity Risk Management.  The purpose of liquidity risk management is to ensure that there are sufficient cash flows to satisfy loan demand, deposit withdrawals, and our other needs.  Traditional sources of liquidity for a bank include asset maturities and growth in core deposits.  A bank may achieve its desired liquidity objectives from the management of its assets and liabilities and by internally generated funding through its operations.  Funds invested in marketable instruments that can be readily sold and the continuous maturing of other earning assets are sources of liquidity from an asset perspective.  The liability base provides sources of liquidity through attraction of increased deposits and borrowing funds from various other institutions.

To assist in determining the adequacy of our liquidity, we perform a variety of liquidity stress tests including idiosyncratic, systemic and combined scenarios for both moderate and severe events. Liquidity is defined as the ability to convert assets into cash or cash equivalents without significant loss and to raise additional funds by increasing liabilities. Liquidity management involves maintaining our ability to meet the daily cash flow requirements of our customers, both depositors and borrowers. We seek to maintain a sufficiently liquid asset balance to ensure our ability to meet our obligations. The amount of the appropriate minimum liquid asset balance is determined through severe liquidity stress testing as measured by our liquidity coverage ratio calculation. At June 30, 2020, we were in compliance with our internal policies related to liquidity coverage ratio.

Changes in interest rates also affect our liquidity position. We currently price deposits in response to market rates. If deposits are not priced in response to market rates, a loss of deposits, particularly noncore deposit, could occur which would negatively affect our liquidity position.

Scheduled loan payments are a relatively stable source of funds, but loan payoffs and deposit flows fluctuate significantly, being influenced by interest rates, general economic conditions and competition. Additionally, debt security investments are subject to prepayment and call provisions that could accelerate their payoff prior to stated maturity. We attempt to price our deposit products to meet our asset/liability objectives consistent with local market conditions. Our ALCO is responsible for monitoring our ongoing liquidity needs. Our regulators also monitor our liquidity and capital resources on a periodic basis.

In addition, our bank is a member of the FHLB Cincinnati.  As a result, our bank receives advances from the FHLB Cincinnati, pursuant to the terms of various borrowing agreements, which support our funding needs. Under the borrowing agreements with the FHLB Cincinnati, our bank has pledged certain qualifying residential mortgage loans and, pursuant to a blanket lien, all qualifying commercial mortgage loans as collateral. As such, Pinnacle Bank may use the FHLB Cincinnati as a source of liquidity depending on its ALCO strategies. Additionally, we may pledge additional qualifying assets, reduce the amount of pledged assets or experience changes in the value of pledged assets with the FHLB Cincinnati to increase or decrease our borrowing capacity with the FHLB Cincinnati. At June 30, 2020, we estimate we had $2.4 billion in additional borrowing capacity with the FHLB Cincinnati. However, incremental borrowings are made via a formal request by Pinnacle Bank and the subsequent approval by the FHLB Cincinnati. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, $392.5 million in FHLB advances were restructured and prepayment penalties of $2.9 million were recognized in expense for the three months ended June 30, 2020. At June 30, 2020, our bank had received advances from the FHLB Cincinnati totaling $1.8 billion. At June 30, 2020, the scheduled maturities of Pinnacle Bank's FHLB Cincinnati advances and interest rates are as follows (in thousands):
Scheduled Maturities Amount
Interest Rates (1)
2020 $ 125,000    0.62%
2021 575,000    0.89%
2022 —    —%
2023 —    —%
2024 200,000    2.09%
Thereafter 891,266    1.95%
Total $ 1,791,266   
Weighted average interest rate 1.53%

(1)Some FHLB Cincinnati advances include variable interest rates and could increase in the future.  The table reflects rates in effect as of June 30, 2020.

Pinnacle Bank also has accommodations with upstream correspondent banks available for unsecured short-term advances which aggregate $195 million.  These accommodations have various covenants related to their term and availability, and in most cases must be repaid within a month of borrowing. We had no outstanding borrowings at June 30, 2020 under these agreements. Our bank also had approximately $3.4 billion in available Federal Reserve discount window lines of credit at June 30, 2020.

At June 30, 2020, excluding reciprocating time and money market deposits issued through the Promontory Network, we had $3.3 billion of brokered deposits. Historically, we have issued brokered certificates of deposit through several different brokerage houses based on competitive bid. During the first half of 2020, and in response to the uncertainty resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, we intentionally increased our levels of on-balance sheet liquidity. During the first quarter of 2020, this increase was funded by a
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combination of increased core deposits, increased borrowings from the FHLB Cincinnati and increases in brokered time deposits. Core deposit growth during the second quarter of 2020 increased such that we were able to prepay certain wholesale maturities while maintaining an elevated level of on-balance sheet liquidity.

Banking regulators have defined additional liquidity guidelines, through the issuance of the Basel III Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and the Modified LCR. These regulatory guidelines became effective January 2015 with phase in over subsequent years and require these large institutions to follow prescriptive guidance in determining an absolute level of a high quality liquid asset (HQLA) buffer that must be maintained on their balance sheets in order to withstand a potential liquidity crisis event. Although Pinnacle Financial follows the principles outlined in the Interagency Policy Statement on Liquidity Risk Management, issued March 2010, to determine its HQLA buffer, Pinnacle Financial is not currently subject to these regulations. However, these formulas could eventually be imposed on smaller banks, such as Pinnacle Bank, and require an increase in the absolute level of liquidity on our balance sheet, which could result in lower net interest margins for us in future periods.

At June 30, 2020, we had no individually significant commitments for capital expenditures. But, we believe the number of our locations, including non-branch locations, will increase over an extended period of time across our footprint and that certain of our locations will be in need of required renovations. In future periods, these expansions and renovation projects may lead to additional equipment and occupancy expenses as well as related increases in salaries and benefits expense. Additionally, we expect we will continue to incur costs associated with technology improvements to enhance the infrastructure of our firm.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements.  At June 30, 2020, we had outstanding standby letters of credit of $213.3 million and unfunded loan commitments outstanding of $8.7 billion. Because these commitments generally have fixed expiration dates and many will expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment level does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. If needed to fund these outstanding commitments, Pinnacle Bank has the ability to liquidate Federal funds sold or, on a short-term basis, to borrow and purchase Federal funds from other financial institutions.

Impact of Inflation

The consolidated financial statements and related consolidated financial data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and practices within the banking industry which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on a financial institution's performance than the effects of general levels of inflation.
 
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

See "Part I - Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements - Note. 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of this Report for further information.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The information required by this Item 3 is included on pages 43 through 67 of Part I - Item 2 - "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."


ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Pinnacle Financial maintains disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by it in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Pinnacle Financial's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Pinnacle Financial carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on the evaluation of these disclosure controls and procedures, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Pinnacle Financial's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by Pinnacle Financial in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) accumulated and communicated to Pinnacle Financial's management (including the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer) to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms.

Changes in Internal Controls

No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-(f)) occurred during fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2020 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Various legal proceedings to which Pinnacle Financial or a subsidiary of Pinnacle Financial is a party arise from time to time in the normal course of business. There are no material pending legal proceedings to which Pinnacle Financial or a subsidiary of Pinnacle Financial is a party or of which any of their property is the subject.
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ITEM 1A.  RISK FACTORS

Investing in Pinnacle Financial involves various risks which are particular to our company, our industry and our market area. We believe all significant risks to investors in Pinnacle Financial have been outlined in Part II, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. However, other risks may prove to be important in the future, and new risks may emerge at any time. We cannot predict with certainty all potential developments which could materially affect our financial performance or condition. There has been no material change to our risk factors as previously disclosed in the above described Annual Report on Form 10-K except as set forth below:

The COVID-19 pandemic is adversely affecting our business and the businesses of a significant percentage of our customers as well as certain of our third-party vendors and service providers, and the adverse impacts on our business, financial position, capital, liquidity, results of operations and prospects could be significant.

The spread of COVID-19 has created a global public health crisis that has resulted in uncertainty, volatility and deterioration in financial markets and in governmental, commercial and consumer activity including in the United States, where we conduct substantially all of our activity.

To combat the spread of COVID-19, federal, state and local governments have taken a variety of actions that have materially and adversely affected the businesses and lives of our customers. These actions have included orders closing non-essential businesses and restricting movement of individuals through the issuance of safer-at-home orders and other guidance encouraging individuals to observe strict social distancing measures. At times, the actions being taken by governmental authorities are not always coordinated or consistent across states or even within states and the impact of those actions across our markets may be uneven. These actions, together with the independent actions of individuals and businesses aimed at slowing the spread of the virus, have resulted in extensive economic disruption and rapid declines in consumer and commercial activity. Many businesses are experiencing significant declines in revenue and there has been a rapid rise in unemployment rates throughout our markets with corresponding negative effects on consumer spending and behavior. Global supply chains have also been negatively impacted as have equity and debt markets. Whether the efforts to stop the spread of COVID-19 will be successful is unknown at this time as in recent weeks the number of cases, hospitalizations and death in some of our markets has trended upward following efforts to re-open the economies in our markets, and continued spread of the disease or continuation of higher levels of cases, hospitalizations and death over the remainder of 2020 or into 2021 will further negatively impact the businesses and lives of our customers and our results of operations.

In March 2020, the Federal Open Market Committee reduced the target Federal funds rate by 150 basis points and for a portion of March 2020 the 10-year treasury bond rate fell to below 1.00% for the first time in history. These actions, and other actions being taken by governmental and regulatory agencies affecting monetary policy in response to the unprecedented challenges resulting from the spread of COVID-19, have negatively impacted our net interest margin and our results and are likely to continue to negatively impact our net interest margin and our results throughout the remainder of 2020 and possibly into 2021. The fair values of certain of our investments are also likely to decline as a result of COVID-19.

As a result of COVID-19, many of our borrowers, particularly those that operate in the restaurant, entertainment, hospitality, medical, dental, retail and construction sectors, but also other businesses as well, including owners of commercial real estate properties and hotels, are experiencing varying degrees of financial distress, which is expected to continue, and may likely increase, over the coming months. As a result, these borrowers will likely have difficulty paying, on a timely basis, interest and principal payments on their loans and the value of collateral securing these obligations is likely to be adversely impacted as well. Though we have offered these borrowers, and others, the ability to defer interest and/or principal payments for 90 days which we may extend for an additional 90 days, that deferral period may not be sufficient to allow the impacts of COVID-19 to have sufficiently subsided, and these borrowers may still be experiencing distress at the expiration of those deferral periods. As a result, these borrowers may have difficulty satisfying their obligations to us. Disruptions to our customers’ businesses, together with volatility in the stock market, could also result in declines to our wealth management revenues.

The economic pressures and uncertainties arising from the COVID-19 pandemic may result in specific changes in consumer and business spending and borrowing and saving habits, affecting the demand for loans and other products and services we offer. Consumers affected by COVID-19 may continue to demonstrate changed behavior even after the crisis is over. For example, consumers may decrease discretionary spending on a permanent or long-term basis, certain industries may take longer to recover (particularly those that rely on travel or large gatherings) as consumers may be hesitant to return to full social interaction, We lend to customers operating in such industries including restaurants, hotels/lodging, entertainment, retail and commercial real estate, among others, that have been significantly impacted by COVID-19 and we are continuing to monitor these customers closely. The potential changes in behaviors driven by COVID-19 also present heightened liquidity risks, for example, arising from increased
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demand for our products and services (such as elevated levels of draws on credit facilities) or decreased demand for our products and services (such as idiosyncratic, or broad-based, market or other developments that lead to deposit outflows).

Like our borrowers, BHG’s borrowers have been similarly affected by COVID-19. Many of BHG’s borrowers are medical or dental practices that have been particularly impacted by safer-at-home orders that have effectively caused those practices’ revenues to decline materially as a result of elective procedures being prohibited, cancelled or delayed or individuals’ decisions to postpone non-emergency procedures, even as restrictions on elective procedures are relaxed. For those loans that BHG has sold through its auction platform, BHG may at its sole discretion, in response to a request from a purchaser of a loan, agree to substitute a performing loan for one that has become past due. If requests for substitutions increase, and BHG opts to provide the substitution. BHG’s credit losses may likewise increase and its results of operations would be adversely impacted.

COVID-19’s economic disruption has also impacted many states and municipalities. As a result, many states and municipalities are facing a strain on resources and a reduction in tax collections and some of these have sought assistance from the Federal government to cover the cost of resource depletion and tax shortfalls. The ability of states and municipalities to fund shortfalls could have an adverse effect on their ability to sustain debt maintenance obligations which would negatively impact the value of our municipal bond portfolio.

Banks and bank holding companies have been particularly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of disruption and volatility in the global capital markets. This disruption has impacted our cost of capital and may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets if we need or desire to do so and, although the ultimate impact cannot be reliably estimated at this time in light of the uncertainties and ongoing developments noted herein, such impacts could be material. Furthermore, bank regulatory agencies have been (and are expected to continue to be) very proactive in responding to both market and supervisory concerns arising from the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the potential impact on customers, especially borrowers. As shown during and following the financial crisis, periods of economic and financial disruption and stress have, in the past, resulted in increased scrutiny of banking organizations. We are closely monitoring the potential for new laws and regulations impacting lending and funding practices as well as capital and liquidity standards. Such changes could require us to maintain significantly more capital, with common equity as a more predominant component, or manage the composition of our assets and liabilities to comply with formulaic liquidity requirements. Furthermore, provisions of the CARES Act allow, but do not require, the FDIC to guarantee deposit obligations of banks in non-interest-bearing transaction accounts through December 31, 2020. Participation in any such guarantee program may result in fees and other assessments as the FDIC determines and may include special assessments. Other provisions of the CARES Act as well as actions taken by bank regulators, such as potential relief for working with borrowers who are distressed as a result of the effects of COVID-19, could similarly impact aggregate deposit insurance expense.

As we sought to protect the health and safety of our employees and customers during the first and second quarter of 2020, we took numerous actions to modify our business operations, including restricting employee travel, directing a significant percentage of our employees that were able to do so to work from home, closing the lobbies of many of our branches, and in some cases the branch itself, and implementing our business continuity plans and protocols. We may take further actions in the future either of our own volition or as a result of government orders or directives. Though we believe we have been able to adequately service our clients under these restrictions, we cannot provide any assurances that our ability to do so wouldn’t be negatively impacted if additional restrictions are necessary or imposed on us in the future, including if key employees of ours or a significant number of our associates become ill as a result of contracting the virus. Given our preference for hiring experienced lenders the average age of an associate of ours may be higher than many of our peers and those of our associates who are of an age that puts them in a higher risk category may be more susceptible to contracting the virus. We rely on the services of various key vendors and business partners to service our clients and if those companies’ businesses or workforces are impacted in ways similar to those that may impact our business, our ability to service our customers could be impacted.

The economic uncertainty caused by COVID-19’s spread and the efforts of government and non-governmental authorities and the behavior of individuals seeking to slow its spread, have caused our provision expense for credit losses to increase materially in the
first half of 2020 and may contribute to further elevated levels of provision expense through the duration of the pandemic and any recovery period following its end. Increased provision levels would negatively impact our capital levels which may impact our ability to pay dividends or cause us to need to access the capital markets to support our capital needs. We have also taken efforts to increase our on-balance sheet liquidity and those efforts have caused, and may continue to cause, our net interest margin to be adversely impacted.

COVID-19 has not yet been contained, and given the ongoing and fluid nature of the country’s response to the pandemic, it is difficult for us to accurately estimate the length and severity of the economic disruption being caused by COVID-19. As a result, the extent to which our results of operations, provision expense, capital levels, liquidity ratios and published credit ratings will be impacted is difficult to predict.

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Our participation in the PPP may expose us to financial liability, credit losses, compliance costs or reputational damage.

Under the CARES Act, Congress created the PPP and authorized the Treasury to implement rules regarding the program. Banks, like us, and non-bank lenders, including BHG, facilitated funding under the program on behalf of the SBA for borrowers that were eligible participants. Since the roll out of the PPP, Treasury has issued rules and other interpretive guidance seeking to address uncertainty surrounding the program and its eligibility and other criteria. This constantly changing guidance caused challenges for us and other lenders under the program, like BHG, in finalizing and submitting applications. We are beginning to receive requests from our customers for forgiveness of their obligations under their PPP loans and again guidance is lacking from the Treasury and SBA on how to process these requests. As a result, we, and other lenders under the PPP, may face criticism from customers or others that are seeking forgiveness. This criticism could cause reputational damage to us and there is a possibility that customers or others may threaten and pursue legal action against banks and other lenders like us and BHG under the program. Moreover, as a result of updated guidance regarding the PPP and its eligibility standards, some borrowers that received loans through our processing efforts, have repaid their loans in full and others may choose to do the same. If that happens, we may not receive the fees that we were entitled to as a result of originating these loans.

Among other regulatory requirements, PPP loans are subject to forbearance of loan payments for a six-month period to the extent that loans are not eligible for forgiveness. If PPP borrowers fail to qualify for loan forgiveness, including by failing to use the funds appropriately in order to qualify for forgiveness under the program, we and BHG have a greater risk of holding these loans at unfavorable interest rates. In addition, because of the short time period between the passing of the CARES Act and the implementation of the PPP, there is ambiguity in the laws, rules, and guidance regarding the operation of the PPP, which exposes us and BHG to risks relating to noncompliance with the PPP. There is risk that the SBA or another governmental entity could conclude there is a deficiency in the manner in which we or BHG originated, funded, or serviced PPP loans, which may or may not be related to the ambiguity in the CARES Act or the rules and guidance promulgated by the SBA and the Treasury regarding the operation of the PPP. In the event of such deficiency, the SBA may deny its liability under the guaranty, reduce the amount of the guaranty, or, if it has already made payment under the guaranty, seek recovery of any loss related to the deficiency from us or BHG.

Since the commencement of the PPP, several banks have been subject to litigation regarding the process and procedures that such banks followed in accepting and processing applications for the PPP. We and BHG may be exposed to the risk of similar litigation, from both customers and non-customers that contacted us or BHG regarding obtaining PPP loans with respect to the processes and procedures we or BHG used in processing applications for the PPP. Legal proceedings related to our or BHG’s participation in the PPP, like the purported class action lawsuit filed against our bank subsidiary in June 2020 that alleges, among other claims, that our bank subsidiary failed to pay fees to purported agents of PPP borrowers that the plaintiff alleges were owed under the PPP in violation of SBA regulations, if not resolved in a manner that is favorable to us, or BHG, may result in significant financial liability to us or BHG, or adversely affect our, or BHG’s results of operations, financial condition or reputation. In addition, litigation can be costly, regardless of outcome. Any financial liability, litigation costs, or reputational damage caused by PPP-related litigation could have a material adverse impact on our or BHG's reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition, we may be subject to regulatory scrutiny regarding our processing of PPP applications or our origination or servicing of PPP loans. While the SBA has said that in many instances, banks may rely on the certifications of borrowers regarding their eligibility for PPP loans, we do have several obligations under the PPP, and if the SBA found that we did not meet those obligations, the remedies the SBA may seek against us are unknown but may include not guarantying the PPP loans resulting in credit exposure to borrowers who may be unable to repay their loans. The PPP may also attract significant interest from federal and state enforcement authorities, oversight agencies, regulators, and Congressional committees. State Attorneys General and other federal and state agencies may assert that they are not subject to the provisions of the CARES Act and the PPP regulations entitling us to rely on borrower certifications, and take more aggressive action against us for alleged violations of the provisions governing our participation in the PPP.

Additional issuances of preferred stock or securities convertible into preferred stock may further dilute existing holders of the depositary shares.

We may determine that it is advisable, or we may encounter circumstances where we determine it is necessary, to issue additional shares of preferred stock, securities convertible into, exchangeable for, or that represent an interest in preferred stock, or preferred stock-equivalent securities to fund strategic initiatives or other business needs or to build additional capital. Our board of directors is authorized to cause us to issue one or more classes or series of preferred stock from time to time without any action on the part of our shareholders, including issuing additional shares of our 6.75% fixed rate non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, Series B (Series B preferred stock) or additional depositary shares. Our board of directors also has the power, without shareholder approval, to set the terms of any such classes or series of preferred stock that may be issued, including voting rights, dividend rights, and preferences over the Series B preferred stock with respect to dividends or upon our dissolution, liquidation or winding-up and other terms.
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Although the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least two-thirds of all outstanding shares of the Series B preferred stock, voting together as a single class with any parity stock having similar voting rights, is required to authorize or issue any shares of capital stock senior in rights and preferences to the Series B preferred stock, if we issue preferred stock or depositary shares in the future with voting rights that dilute the voting power of the Series B preferred stock or depositary shares, the rights of holders of the depositary shares or the market price of the depositary shares could be adversely affected. The market price of the depositary shares could decline as a result of these other offerings, as well as other sales of a large block of depositary shares, Series B preferred stock, or similar securities in the market thereafter, or the perception that such sales could occur. Holders of the Series B preferred stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or other protections against dilution.

Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of the depositary shares bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of the depositary shares and diluting their holdings in the depositary shares.

Our ability to declare and pay dividends is limited.

While our board of directors has approved the payment of a quarterly cash dividend on our common stock since the fourth quarter of 2013 and approved the payment of the initial quarterly dividend on the Series B Preferred Stock (and underlying depositary shares), there can be no assurance of whether or when we may pay dividends on our capital stock in the future. Future dividends, if any, will be declared and paid at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our and Pinnacle Bank’s capital levels. Moreover, our ability to pay dividends on our common stock is limited by the terms of our Series B preferred stock which provides that if we have not paid dividends on the Series B preferred stock for the most recently completed dividend period, then no dividend or distribution shall be declared, paid, or set aside for payment on shares of our common stock.

Our principal source of funds used to pay cash dividends on our common stock will be cash we may hold from time to time as well as dividends that we receive from Pinnacle Bank. Although Pinnacle Bank’s asset quality, earnings performance, liquidity and capital requirements will be taken into account before we declare or pay any future dividends on our common stock, our board of directors will also consider our liquidity and capital requirements and our board of directors could determine to declare and pay dividends without relying on dividend payments from Pinnacle Bank.

Federal and state banking laws and regulations and state corporate laws restrict the amount of dividends we may declare and pay and that Pinnacle Bank may declare and pay to us. For example, Federal Reserve regulations implementing the capital rules required under Basel III do not permit dividends unless capital levels exceed certain higher levels applying capital conservation buffers. In addition, the Federal Reserve has issued supervisory guidance advising bank holding companies to eliminate, defer or reduce dividends paid on common stock and other forms of Tier 1 capital, like the Series B preferred stock, where the company’s net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends, the company’s prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with the company’s capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition or the company will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios. Recent supplements to this guidance reiterate the need for bank holding companies to inform their applicable reserve bank sufficiently in advance of the proposed payment of a dividend in certain circumstances.

In addition, subject to certain exceptions, the terms of our subordinated debentures, including the subordinated debentures we assumed upon the consummation of the BNC merger, prohibit us from paying dividends on shares of our capital stock at times when we are deferring the payment of interest on such subordinated debentures.

The Series B preferred stock constitutes an equity security and ranks junior to all of our and our subsidiaries’ existing indebtedness and will rank junior to our and our subsidiaries’ future indebtedness.

Shares of the Series B preferred stock are equity interests in Pinnacle Financial and do not constitute indebtedness. Accordingly, shares of the Series B preferred stock and the related depositary shares are and will be junior in right of payment to any existing and all future indebtedness and other non-equity claims of Pinnacle Financial with respect to assets available to satisfy claims on us, including in a liquidation of Pinnacle Financial. In the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, our assets will be available to pay obligations on the Series B preferred stock and any parity stock only after all of our liabilities have been paid and any obligations we owe on any securities that rank senior to the Series B preferred stock then outstanding, if any, have been satisfied. In case of such bankruptcy, liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the Series B preferred stock will rank equally with any parity stock in the distribution of our assets. Holders of the depositary shares may be fully subordinated to
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interests held by the U.S. government in the event of a receivership, insolvency, liquidation or similar proceeding. In addition, our existing and future indebtedness may restrict payment of dividends on the Series B preferred stock.

The Series B preferred stock and the depositary shares representing the Series B preferred stock effectively rank junior to any existing and all future liabilities of our subsidiaries.

We are a financial holding company and conduct substantially all of our operations through our subsidiaries. Our right to participate in any distribution of the assets of our subsidiaries upon any liquidation, reorganization, receivership or conservatorship of any subsidiary (and thus the ability of the holder of the Series B preferred stock and the holders of the depositary shares to benefit indirectly from such distribution) will rank junior to the prior claims of that subsidiary’s creditors. In the event of bankruptcy, liquidation or winding-up, there may not be sufficient assets remaining, after paying our and our subsidiaries’ liabilities, to pay amounts due on any or all of the Series B preferred stock and the depositary shares representing the Series B preferred stock then outstanding.

We, together with Pinnacle Bank, own 49% of the outstanding equity interests of BHG. Our right to participate in any distribution of the assets of BHG upon its liquidation, reorganization, receivership or conservatorship (and thus the ability of the holders of the Series B preferred stock and the holders of the depositary shares to benefit indirectly from such distribution) will rank junior to the prior claims of BHG’s creditors. Moreover, our 49% ownership interest in BHG and minority board representation on BHG’s board means that we, and Pinnacle Bank, cannot cause BHG to make distributions to us and Pinnacle Bank that could be used to pay dividends on the Series B preferred stock. In addition, BHG is a party to various loan agreements pursuant to which BHG’s ability to make distributions to us may be limited.

The Series B preferred stock and the depositary shares representing the Series B preferred stock places no restrictions on our business or operations or on our ability to incur indebtedness or engage in any transactions, subject only to the limited voting rights of the shares of Series B preferred stock. The holders of the Series B preferred stock, and therefore the holders of the depositary shares representing the Series B preferred stock, have limited voting rights.

Dividends on the Series B preferred stock are non-cumulative and discretionary. If we do not declare dividends on the Series B preferred stock, holders of the depositary shares will not be entitled to receive related distributions on their depositary shares.

Dividends on the Series B preferred stock are non-cumulative and discretionary, not mandatory. Consequently, if our board of directors does not authorize and declare a dividend for any dividend period, the holder of the Series B preferred stock, and therefore the holders of the depositary shares, will not be entitled to receive a dividend for such period, and such undeclared dividend will not accrue and be payable. We will have no obligation to pay dividends for such dividend period, whether or not dividends are authorized and declared for any subsequent dividend period with respect to the Series B preferred stock. Our board of directors may determine that it would be in our best interests to pay less than the full amount of the stated dividends on the Series B preferred stock or no dividend for any dividend period even if funds are available. Factors that would be considered by our board of directors in making this determination include our financial condition, liquidity and capital needs, the impact of current and pending legislation and regulations, economic conditions, including worsening economic conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, our ability to service any equity or debt obligations senior to the Series B preferred stock, any credit agreements to which we are a party, tax considerations and such other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant.

Unlike indebtedness, where principal and interest would customarily be payable on specified due dates, in the case of preferred stock like the Series B preferred stock dividends are payable only when, as and if authorized and declared by our board of directors or a duly authorized committee of the board and as a Tennessee corporation, we are subject to restrictions on payments of dividends out of lawfully available funds as described elsewhere in this report.

The holders of the Series B preferred stock, and therefore the holders of the depositary shares representing the Series B preferred stock, have limited voting rights.

Until and unless we are in arrears on our dividend payments on the Series B preferred stock for six quarterly dividend periods, whether consecutive or not, the holders of the Series B preferred stock, and therefore the holders of the depositary shares, have no voting rights with respect to matters that generally require the approval of voting shareholders, except with respect to certain fundamental changes in the terms of the Series B preferred stock, and except as may be required by the rules of any securities exchange or quotation system on which the Series B preferred stock is listed, traded or quoted or by Tennessee law. If dividends on the Series B preferred stock are not paid in full for six dividend periods, whether consecutive or not, the holders of Series B preferred stock, voting together as a class with any other equally ranked series of preferred stock that have similar voting rights then outstanding, if any, will have the right, at the first annual meeting or special meeting held thereafter and at subsequent annual meetings, to elect two directors to our board. The terms of the additional directors so elected will end upon the payment or setting
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aside for payment by us of continuous noncumulative dividends for at least four dividend periods on the Series B preferred stock and any other equally ranked series of preferred stock then outstanding, if any.

Holders of the depositary shares must act through the depositary to exercise any voting rights of the Series B preferred stock. Although each depositary share is entitled to 1/40th of a vote, the depositary can only vote whole shares of Series B preferred stock. While the depositary will vote the maximum number of whole shares of Preferred Stock in accordance with the instructions it receives, any remaining fractional votes of holders of the depositary shares will not be voted.

The price of our capital stock may be volatile or may decline.

The trading price of our capital stock may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside our control. In addition, the stock market is subject to fluctuations in trading volumes that affect the market prices of the shares of many companies. These broad market fluctuations could adversely affect the market price of our capital stock. Among the factors that could affect the trading prices of our capital stock are:

•actual or anticipated quarterly fluctuations in our results of operations and financial condition;
•changes in revenue or earnings estimates or publication of research reports and recommendations by financial analysts;
•failure to meet analysts’ revenue or earnings estimates;
•speculation in the press or investment community;
•strategic actions by us or our competitors;
•actions by institutional shareholders;
•fluctuations in the stock price and operating results of our competitors;
•general market conditions and, in particular, developments related to market conditions for the financial services industry;
•market perceptions about the innovation economy, including levels of funding or "exit" activities of companies in the industries we serve;
•proposed or adopted regulatory changes or developments;
•changes in the political climate;
•market reactions to social media messages or posts;
•anticipated or pending investigations, proceedings or litigation that involve or affect us; and
•domestic and international economic and social factors unrelated to our performance.

The trading price of the shares of our common stock and depositary shares representing fractional interests in our Series B preferred stock and the value of our other securities will further depend on many factors, which may change from time to time, including, without limitation, our financial condition, performance, creditworthiness and prospects, our ability to pay dividends and future sales of our equity or equity-related securities. In some cases, the markets have produced downward pressure on trading prices of capital stock and credit availability for certain issuers without regard to those issuers’ underlying financial strength. A significant decline in the trading price of our capital stock could result in substantial losses for individual shareholders and could lead to costly and disruptive securities litigation, as well as the loss of key employees.

An investment in our capital stock is not an insured deposit and is not guaranteed by the FDIC.

An investment in our capital stock is not a bank deposit and, therefore, is not insured against loss or guaranteed by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund or by any other public or private entity. An investment in our capital stock is inherently risky for the reasons described herein and our shareholders will bear the risk of loss if the value or market price of our capital stock is adversely affected.
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ITEM 2.  UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
The following table discloses shares of our common stock repurchased during the three months ended June 30, 2020.
Period
Total Number of Shares Repurchased (1)(2)
Average Price Paid Per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2)
Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
April 1, 2020 to April 30, 2020 3,890    $ 37.14    —    67,170,000   
May 1, 2020 to May 31, 2020 1,089    36.83    —    67,170,000   
June 1, 2020 to June 30, 2020 9,009    42.95    —    67,170,000   
Total 13,988    $ 40.62    —    67,170,000   
______________________
(1)During the quarter ended June 30, 2020, 49,982 shares of restricted stock or performance-based vesting restricted stock units previously awarded to certain of the participants in our equity incentive plans vested. We withheld 13,988 shares to satisfy tax withholding requirements associated with the vesting of these awards.

(2)On November 13, 2018, Pinnacle Financial announced that its board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $100.0 million of Pinnacle Financial’s outstanding common stock that expired on March 31, 2020. On October 15, 2019, Pinnacle Financial's board of directors approved and additional $100.0 million share repurchase program that commenced upon the exhaustion of the original $100.0 million repurchase program. The additional share repurchase program will expire on December 31, 2020. Pinnacle Financial repurchased 1,015,039 shares of its common stock at an aggregate cost of $50.8 million in the quarter ended March 31, 2020. Share repurchases may be made from time to time, on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, at the discretion of the management of Pinnacle Financial, after the board of directors of Pinnacle Financial authorizes a repurchase program. The approved share repurchase programs do not obligate Pinnacle Financial to repurchase any dollar amount or number of shares, and the programs may be extended, modified, suspended, or discontinued at any time. Stock repurchases generally are affected through open market purchases, and may be made through unsolicited negotiated transactions. The timing of these repurchases will depend on market conditions and other requirements. Pinnacle Financial has chosen to suspend its repurchase program in light of uncertainty regarding the length and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. No shares were purchased in the quarter ended June 30, 2020.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
Not applicable
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None


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ITEM 6.  EXHIBITS
3.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
 
 
 
 
101.INS*   Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*   Inline XBRL Schema Documents
101.CAL*   Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB*   Inline XBRL Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*   Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*   Inline XBRL Definition Linkbase Document
104 The cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101)
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
    PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC.
     
August 7, 2020   /s/ M. Terry Turner
    M. Terry Turner
    President and Chief Executive Officer
August 7, 2020   /s/ Harold R. Carpenter
    Harold R. Carpenter
    Chief Financial Officer

77
Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
AMENDED AND RESTATED CHARTER
OF
PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC.

Under the authority of Section 48-20-101, et. al., of the Tennessee Business Corporation Act, as amended, the undersigned corporation adopts the following Amended and Restated Charter:

Article 1. Name

The name of the Corporation is: “Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.

Article 2. Capital Stock

(a) The total number of shares of capital stock which the Corporation is authorized to issue is one hundred ninety million (190,000,000) shares, divided into one hundred eighty million (180,000,000) shares of common stock, $1.00 par value (the “Common Stock”), and ten million (10,000,000) shares of preferred stock no par value (the “Preferred Stock”).

(b) The Board of Directors of the Corporation is authorized, subject to limitations prescribed by law and the provisions of this Article, to provide for the issuance of the shares of Preferred Stock in series, and by filing an article of amendment pursuant to the applicable law of the State of Tennessee to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, and to fix the designation, powers, preferences, and relative rights of the shares of each such series and the qualifications, or restrictions thereof. The authority of the Board of Directors with respect to each series shall include, but not be limited to, determination of the following:

(i) The number of shares constituting that series and the distinctive designation of that series;

(ii) The dividend rate on the shares of that series, whether dividends shall be cumulative, and, if so, from which date or dates, and the relative rights of priority, if any, of payments of dividends on shares of that series;

(iii) Whether that series shall have voting rights, in addition to the voting rights provided by law, and, if so, the terms of such voting rights;

(iv) Whether that series shall have conversion privileges, and, if so, the terms and conditions of such conversion, including provisions for adjustment of the conversion rate in such events as the Board of Directors shall determine;

(v) Whether or not the shares of that series shall be redeemable, and, if so, the terms and conditions of such redemption, including the date or dates upon or after which they shall be redeemable, and the amount per share payable in case of redemption, which amount may vary under different conditions and at different redemption rates;

(vi) Whether that series shall have a sinking fund for the redemption or purchase of shares of that series, and, if so, the terms and amount of such sinking fund;

(vii) The rights of the shares of that series in the event of voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Corporation, and the relative rights of priority, if any, of payment of shares of that series; and

(viii) Any other relative rights, preferences and limitations of that series.

(c) Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)

A. Designation and Number of Shares. There is hereby created out of the authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock of the Corporation a series of preferred stock designated as the “Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A” (the “Designated Preferred Stock”). The authorized number of shares of Designated Preferred Stock shall be 95,000.

B. Standard Provisions. The Standard Provisions contained in Annex A attached hereto are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and shall be deemed to be a part of these Articles of Amendment to the same extent as if such provisions had been set forth in full herein.

C. Definitions. The following terms are used in these Articles of Amendment (including the Standard Provisions in Annex A hereto) as defined below:

(a) “Common Stock” means the common stock, par value $1.00 per share, of the Corporation.

(b) “Dividend Payment Date” means February 15, May 15, August 15 and November 15 of each year.

(c) “Junior Stock” means the Common Stock, and any other class or series of stock of the Corporation the terms of which expressly provide that it ranks junior to Designated Preferred Stock as to dividend rights and/or as to rights on liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation.

(d) “Liquidation Amount” means $1,000 per share of Designated Preferred Stock.

(e) “Minimum Amount” means $23,750,000.

(f) “Parity Stock” means any class or series of stock of the Corporation (other than Designated Preferred Stock) the terms of which do not expressly provide that such class or series will rank senior or junior to Designated Preferred Stock as to dividend rights and/or as to rights on liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation (in each case without regard to whether dividends accrue cumulatively or non-cumulatively).

(g) “Signing Date” means the Original Issue Date.

D. Certain Voting Matters. Holders of shares of Designated Preferred Stock will be entitled to one vote for each such share on any matter on which holders of Designated Preferred Stock are entitled to vote, including any action by written consent.

(d) 6.75% Fixed-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B

A. Designation and Number of Shares. There is hereby created out of the authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock of the corporation a series of preferred stock, no par value per share, designated as the “6.75% Fixed-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B” (hereinafter called “Series B Preferred Stock”). The authorized number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall be 225,000, and such shares shall have a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share. The number of shares constituting the Series B Preferred Stock may be increased from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors in accordance with the Charter (as then in effect), the Bylaws (as then in effect), and applicable law up to the maximum number of shares of Preferred Stock authorized to be issued under the Charter (as then in effect) less all shares at the time authorized of any other series of Preferred Stock or decreased from time to time by a resolution of the Board of Directors in accordance with the Charter (as then in effect), the Bylaws (as then in effect), and applicable law but not below the number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock then outstanding. Shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall be dated the date of issue, which date shall be referred to herein and in the Standards Provisions (as defined in Section 2(d)(B)) as the “original issue date.” Shares of outstanding Series B Preferred Stock that are redeemed, purchased or otherwise acquired by the corporation shall, after such redemption, purchase or acquisition, be cancelled and shall revert to authorized but


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
unissued shares of Preferred Stock undesignated as to series until such shares are once more designated as part of a particular series by the Board of Directors. The corporation shall have the authority to issue fractional shares of Series B Preferred Stock.

B. Standard Provisions. The Standard Provisions contained in Annex B (the “Standard Provisions”) attached hereto are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and shall be deemed to be a part of these Articles of Amendment to the same extent as if such provisions had been set forth in full herein.

Article 3. Registered Office; Registered Agent

The name and address of the Registered Agent and the Registered Office of the Corporation are: Robert A. McCabe, Jr., 150 Third Avenue South, Suite 900, Nashville, Tennessee 37201

Article 4. Incorporator

The name and address of the incorporator are:

M. Terry Turner
812 Jones Parkway
Brentwood, Tennessee 37027

Article 5. Principal Office

The mailing address of the principal office of the corporation is: 150 Third Avenue South, Suite 900, Nashville, Tennessee 37201.

Article 6. Purpose

The Corporation is for profit.

Article 7. Board of Directors

(a) The business and affairs of the corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of a Board of Directors. Prior to the annual meeting of shareholders in 2015, the directors of the corporation shall be divided into three classes: Class I, Class II and Class III. Each director elected prior to the annual meeting of shareholders in 2015 shall serve for the full term to which such director was elected. Following the expiration of the term of the Class III directors in 2015, the Class I directors in 2016 and the Class II directors in 2017, the directors in each such class shall be elected for a term expiring at the next annual meeting of shareholders and until their successors are elected and qualified, subject, however, to prior death, resignation, retirement, disqualification or removal from office with or without cause. Commencing with the annual meeting of shareholders in 2017, the classification of the Board of Directors shall be eliminated, and all directors shall be elected at each annual meeting of shareholders for terms expiring at the next annual meeting of shareholders. Each director shall hold office for the term for which the director is elected or appointed and until the director's successor shall be elected and qualified, subject, however, to prior death, resignation, retirement, disqualification or removal from office with or without cause.

(b) Each nominee for director shall be elected by the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast with respect to the director at any meeting of shareholders for the election of directors at which a quorum is present, provided that if, as of (a) the expiration of the time fixed under Section 3.9 of the corporation's Bylaws (or any successor provision) for advance notice of nomination of a director by a shareholder or (b) in the absence of any such provision, a date that is fourteen (14) days in advance of the date the corporation files its definitive proxy statement for the applicable meeting of shareholders at which directors are to be elected (regardless of whether or not thereafter revised or supplemented) with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the number of nominees exceeds the number of positions on the Board of Directors to be filled by election at the meeting, the directors shall


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
be elected by a plurality of the votes cast in person or by proxy at the meeting at which a quorum is present. For purposes of this Article 7, a majority of the votes cast means that the number of shares voted “for” a nominee exceeds the shares voted “against” that nominee; abstentions and broker non-votes shall not be deemed to be votes cast for purposes of tabulating the vote.

Article 8. Bylaws; Number of Directors

Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this Article 8, the Board of Directors shall have the right to adopt, amend or repeal the bylaws of the Corporation by the affirmative vote of a majority of all directors then in office, and the shareholders shall have such right by the affirmative vote of a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of the Corporation entitled to vote in an election of directors.

Article 9. Removal of Directors

(a) The entire Board of Directors or any individual director may be removed without cause, at any shareholders' meeting with respect to which notice of such purpose has been given, only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of the Corporation entitled to vote in an election of directors.

(b) The entire Board of Directors or any individual director may be removed with cause upon the affirmative vote of a majority of all directors then in office or, at any shareholders' meeting with respect to which notice of such purpose has been given, by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of the Corporation entitled to vote in an election of directors.

(c) For purposes of this Article 9, a director of the Corporation may be removed for cause if (i) the director has been convicted of a felony; (ii) any bank regulatory authority having jurisdiction over the Corporation requests or demands the removal; or (iii) at least two-thirds (2/3) of the directors of the Corporation then in office, excluding the director to be removed, determine that the director's conduct has been inimical to the best interests of the Corporation.

Article 10. Liability of Directors

(a) A director of the Corporation shall not be personally liable to the Corporation or its shareholders for monetary damages, for breach of any duty as a director, except for liability for:

(i) a breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the Corporation or its shareholders;

(ii) acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; or

(iii) the types of liability set forth in Section 48-18-304 of the Tennessee Business Corporation Act dealing with unlawful distributions of corporate assets to shareholders; or

(b) Any repeal or modification of this Article by the shareholders of the Corporation shall be prospective only and shall not adversely affect any right or protection of a director of the Corporation existing at the time of such repeal or modification.

Article 11. Shareholder Action by Written Consent

Any action required or permitted by the provisions of the Tennessee Business Corporation Act (the “Act”) to be taken at a shareholders' meeting may be taken without a meeting in accordance with Section 48-17-104 of the Act if the action is taken by persons who would be entitled to vote at a meeting shares having voting power to cast not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take the action at a meeting at


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
which all shareholders entitled to vote were present and voted. Notice of such action without a meeting by less than unanimous written consent shall be given within ten (10) days of the taking of such action to those shareholders of record on the date when the written consent is first executed and whose shares were not represented on the written consent.

Article 12. Indemnification

The Corporation shall, to the fullest extent permitted by the provisions of the Tennessee Business Corporation Act, as the same may be amended and supplemented, indemnify its directors and officers, and may indemnify all other persons whom it shall have power to indemnify under the Act from and against any and all of the expenses, liabilities, or other matters referred to in or covered by the Act. Any indemnification effected under this provision shall not be deemed exclusive of rights to which those indemnified may be entitled under any Bylaw, vote of shareholders or disinterested directors, or otherwise, both as to action in their official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office, and shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee, or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors, and administrators of such a person.

Article 13. Reserved.

Article 14. Factors Considered in Business Transactions

The Board of Directors, when evaluating any offer of another party (i) to make a tender offer or exchange offer for any equity security of the Corporation, (ii) to merge or consolidate any other corporation with the Corporation, or (iii) to purchase or otherwise acquire all or substantially all of the assets of the Corporation, shall, in determining what is in the best interests of the Corporation and its shareholders, give due consideration to all relevant factors, including without limitation: (A) the short-term and long-term social and economic effects on the employees, customers, shareholders and other constituents of the Corporation and its subsidiaries, and on the communities within which the Corporation and its subsidiaries operate (it being understood that any subsidiary bank of the Corporation is charged with providing support to and being involved in the communities it serves); and (B) the consideration being offered by the other party in relation to the then-current value of the Corporation in a freely negotiated transaction and in relation to the Board of Directors' then-estimate of the future value of the Corporation as an independent entity.

Article 15. Savings Clause

Should any provision of this Charter, or any clause hereof, be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, in whole or in part, the remaining provisions and clauses of this Charter shall remain valid and fully enforceable.

Article 16. Effective Date

The Amended and Restated Charter is to be effective upon filing with the Secretary of State of Tennessee.


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)

ANNEX A
STANDARD PROVISIONS

Section 1. General Matters. Each share of Designated Preferred Stock shall be identical in all respects to every other share of Designated Preferred Stock. The Designated Preferred Stock shall be perpetual, subject to the provisions of Section 5 of these Standard Provisions that form a part of the Certificate of Designations. The Designated Preferred Stock shall rank equally with Parity Stock and shall rank senior to Junior Stock with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets in the event of any dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the Corporation.

Section 2. Standard Definitions. As used herein with respect to Designated Preferred Stock:

(a)“Applicable Dividend Rate” means (i) during the period from the Original Issue Date to, but excluding, the first day of the first Dividend Period commencing on or after the fifth anniversary of the Original Issue Date, 5% per annum and (ii) from and after the first day of the first Dividend Period commencing on or after the fifth anniversary of the Original Issue Date, 9% per annum.

(b)“Appropriate Federal Banking Agency” means the “appropriate Federal banking agency” with respect to the Corporation as defined in Section 3(q) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. Section 1813(q)), or any successor provision.

(c)“Articles of Amendment” means the Articles of Amendment filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Tennessee by Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc. creating the Designated Preferred Stock.

(d)“Business Combination” means a merger, consolidation, statutory share exchange or similar transaction that requires the approval of the Corporation's stockholders.

(e)“Business Day” means any day except Saturday, Sunday and any day on which banking institutions in the State of New York generally are authorized or required by law or other governmental actions to close.

(f)“Bylaws” means the bylaws of the Corporation, as they may be amended from time to time.

(g)“Certificate of Designations” means the Articles of Amendment, of which these Standard Provisions form a part, as may be amended from time to time.

(h)“Charter” means the Corporation's certificate or articles of incorporation, articles of association, or similar organizational document.

(i)“Dividend Period” has the meaning set forth in Section 3(a).

(j)“Dividend Record Date” has the meaning set forth in Section 3(a).

(k)“Liquidation Preference” has the meaning set forth in Section 4(a).

(l)“Original Issue Date” means the date on which shares of Designated Preferred Stock are first issued.

(m)“Preferred Director” has the meaning set forth in Section 7(b).

(n)“Preferred Stock” means any and all series of preferred stock of the Corporation, including the Designated Preferred Stock.

(o)“Qualified Equity Offering” means the sale and issuance for cash by the Corporation to persons other than the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries after the Original Issue Date of shares of perpetual Preferred Stock, Common Stock or any combination of such stock, that, in each case, qualify as and may be included in Tier 1 capital of the Corporation at the time of issuance under the applicable risk-based capital guidelines of the Corporation's


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
Appropriate Federal Banking Agency (other than any such sales and issuances made pursuant to agreements or arrangements entered into, or pursuant to financing plans which were publicly announced, on or prior to October 13, 2008).

(p)“Share Dilution Amount” has the meaning set forth in Section 3(b).

(q)“Standard Provisions” mean these Standard Provisions that form a part of the Certificate of Designations relating to the Designated Preferred Stock.

(r)“Successor Preferred Stock” has the meaning set forth in Section 5(a).

(s)“Voting Parity Stock” means, with regard to any matter as to which the holders of Designated Preferred Stock are entitled to vote as specified in Sections 7(a) and 7(b) of these Standard Provisions that form a part of the Certificate of Designations, any and all series of Parity Stock upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable with respect to such matter.

Section 3. Dividends.

(a)Rate. Holders of Designated Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, on each share of Designated Preferred Stock if, as and when declared by the Board of Directors or any duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors, but only out of assets legally available therefor, cumulative cash dividends with respect to each Dividend Period (as defined below) at a rate per annum equal to the Applicable Dividend Rate on (i) the Liquidation Amount per share of Designated Preferred Stock and (ii) the amount of accrued and unpaid dividends for any prior Dividend Period on such share of Designated Preferred Stock, if any. Such dividends shall begin to accrue and be cumulative from the Original Issue Date, shall compound on each subsequent Dividend Payment Date (i.e., no dividends shall accrue on other dividends unless and until the first Dividend Payment Date for such other dividends has passed without such other dividends having been paid on such date) and shall be payable quarterly in arrears on each Dividend Payment Date, commencing with the first such Dividend Payment Date to occur at least 20 calendar days after the Original Issue Date. In the event that any Dividend Payment Date would otherwise fall on a day that is not a Business Day, the dividend payment due on that date will be postponed to the next day that is a Business Day and no additional dividends will accrue as a result of that postponement. The period from and including any Dividend Payment Date to, but excluding, the next Dividend Payment Date is a “Dividend Period”, provided that the initial Dividend Period shall be the period from and including the Original Issue Date to, but excluding, the next Dividend Payment Date.

Dividends that are payable on Designated Preferred Stock in respect of any Dividend Period shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. The amount of dividends payable on Designated Preferred Stock on any date prior to the end of a Dividend Period, and for the initial Dividend Period, shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months, and actual days elapsed over a 30-day month.

Dividends that are payable on Designated Preferred Stock on any Dividend Payment Date will be payable to holders of record of Designated Preferred Stock as they appear on the stock register of the Corporation on the applicable record date, which shall be the 15th calendar day immediately preceding such Dividend Payment Date or such other record date fixed by the Board of Directors or any duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors that is not more than 60 nor less than 10 days prior to such Dividend Payment Date (each, a “Dividend Record Date”). Any such day that is a Dividend Record Date shall be a Dividend Record Date whether or not such day is a Business Day.

Holders of Designated Preferred Stock shall not be entitled to any dividends, whether payable in cash, securities or other property, other than dividends (if any) declared and payable on Designated Preferred Stock as specified in this Section 3 (subject to the other provisions of the Certificate of Designations).

(b)Priority of Dividends. So long as any share of Designated Preferred Stock remains outstanding, no dividend or distribution shall be declared or paid on the Common Stock or any other shares of Junior Stock (other than dividends payable solely in shares of Common Stock) or Parity Stock, subject to the immediately following


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
paragraph in the case of Parity Stock, and no Common Stock, Junior Stock or Parity Stock shall be, directly or indirectly, purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired for consideration by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries unless all accrued and unpaid dividends for all past Dividend Periods, including the latest completed Dividend Period (including, if applicable as provided in Section 3(a) above, dividends on such amount), on all outstanding shares of Designated Preferred Stock have been or are contemporaneously declared and paid in full (or have been declared and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof has been set aside for the benefit of the holders of shares of Designated Preferred Stock on the applicable record date). The foregoing limitation shall not apply to (i) redemptions, purchases or other acquisitions of shares of Common Stock or other Junior Stock in connection with the administration of any employee benefit plan in the ordinary course of business (including purchases to offset the Share Dilution Amount (as defined below) pursuant to a publicly announced repurchase plan) and consistent with past practice, provided that any purchases to offset the Share Dilution Amount shall in no event exceed the Share Dilution Amount; (ii) purchases or other acquisitions by a broker-dealer subsidiary of the Corporation solely for the purpose of market-making, stabilization or customer facilitation transactions in Junior Stock or Parity Stock in the ordinary course of its business; (iii) purchases by a broker-dealer subsidiary of the Corporation of capital stock of the Corporation for resale pursuant to an offering by the Corporation of such capital stock underwritten by such broker-dealer subsidiary; (iv) any dividends or distributions of rights or Junior Stock in connection with a stockholders' rights plan or any redemption or repurchase of rights pursuant to any stockholders' rights plan; (v) the acquisition by the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries of record ownership in Junior Stock or Parity Stock for the beneficial ownership of any other persons (other than the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries), including as trustees or custodians; and (vi) the exchange or conversion of Junior Stock for or into other Junior Stock or of Parity Stock for or into other Parity Stock (with the same or lesser aggregate liquidation amount) or Junior Stock, in each case, solely to the extent required pursuant to binding contractual agreements entered into prior to the Signing Date or any subsequent agreement for the accelerated exercise, settlement or exchange thereof for Common Stock. “Share Dilution Amount” means the increase in the number of diluted shares outstanding (determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, and as measured from the date of the Corporation's consolidated financial statements most recently filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission prior to the Original issue Date) resulting from the grant, vesting or exercise of equity-based compensation to employees and equitably adjusted for any stock split, stock dividend, reverse stock split, reclassification or similar transaction.

When dividends are not paid (or declared and a sum sufficient for payment thereof set aside for the benefit of the holders thereof on the applicable record date) on any Dividend Payment Date (or, in the case of Parity Stock having dividend payment dates different from the Dividend Payment Dates, on a dividend payment date falling within a Dividend Period related to such Dividend Payment Date) in full upon Designated Preferred Stock and any shares of Parity Stock, all dividends declared on Designated Preferred Stock and all such Parity Stock and payable on such Dividend Payment Date (or, in the case of Parity Stock having dividend payment dates different from the Dividend Payment Dates, on a dividend payment date falling within the Dividend Period related to such Dividend Payment Date) shall be declared pro rata so that the respective amounts of such dividends declared shall bear the same ratio to each other as all accrued and unpaid dividends per share on the shares of Designated Preferred Stock (including, if applicable as provided in Section 3(a) above, dividends on such amount) and all Parity Stock payable on such Dividend Payment Date (or, in the case of Parity Stock having dividend payment dates different from the Dividend Payment Dates, on a dividend payment date falling within the Dividend Period related to such Dividend Payment Date) (subject to their having been declared by the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors out of legally available funds and including, in the case of Parity Stock that bears cumulative dividends, all accrued but unpaid dividends) bear to each other. If the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors determines not to pay any dividend or a full dividend on a Dividend Payment Date, the Corporation will provide written notice to the holders of Designated Preferred Stock prior to such Dividend Payment Date.

Subject to the foregoing, and not otherwise, such dividends (payable in cash, securities or other property) as may be determined by the Board of Directors or any duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors may be declared and paid on any securities, including Common Stock and other Junior Stock, from time to time out of any funds legally available for such payment, and holders of Designated Preferred Stock shall not be entitled to participate in any such dividends.

Section 4. Liquidation Rights.



Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
(a)Voluntary or Involuntary Liquidation. In the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, holders of Designated Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive for each share of Designated Preferred Stock, out of the assets of the Corporation or proceeds thereof (whether capital or surplus) available for distribution to stockholders of the Corporation, subject to the rights of any creditors of the Corporation, before any distribution of such assets or proceeds is made to or set aside for the holders of Common Stock and any other stock of the Corporation ranking junior to Designated Preferred Stock as to such distribution, payment in full in an amount equal to the sum of (i) the Liquidation Amount per share and (ii) the amount of any accrued and unpaid dividends (including, if applicable as provided in Section 3(a) above, dividends on such amount), whether or not declared, to the date of payment (such amounts collectively, the “Liquidation Preference”).

(b)Partial Payment. If in any distribution described in Section 4(a) above the assets of the Corporation or proceeds thereof are not sufficient to pay in full the amounts payable with respect to all outstanding shares of Designated Preferred Stock and the corresponding amounts payable with respect of any other stock of the Corporation ranking equally with Designated Preferred Stock as to such distribution, holders of Designated Preferred Stock and the holders of such other stock shall share ratably in any such distribution in proportion to the full respective distributions to which they are entitled.

(c)Residual Distributions. If the Liquidation Preference has been paid in full to all holders of Designated Preferred Stock and the corresponding amounts payable with respect of any other stock of the Corporation ranking equally with Designated Preferred Stock as to such distribution has been paid in full, the holders of other stock of the Corporation shall be entitled to receive all remaining assets of the Corporation (or proceeds thereof) according to their respective rights and preferences.

(d)Merger, Consolidation and Sale of Assets Not Liquidation. For purposes of this Section 4, the merger or consolidation of the Corporation with any other corporation or other entity, including a merger or consolidation in which the holders of Designated Preferred Stock receive cash, securities or other property for their shares, or the sale, lease or exchange (for cash, securities or other property) of all or substantially all of the assets of the Corporation, shall not constitute a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation.

Section 5. Redemption.

(a)Optional Redemption. Except as provided below, the Designated Preferred Stock may not be redeemed prior to the first Dividend Payment Date falling on or after the third anniversary of the Original Issue Date. On or after the first Dividend Payment Date falling on or after the third anniversary of the Original Issue Date, the Corporation, at its option, subject to the approval of the Appropriate Federal Banking Agency, may redeem, in whole or in part, at any time and from time to time, out of funds legally available therefor, the shares of Designated Preferred Stock at the time outstanding, upon notice given as provided in Section 5(c) below, at a redemption price equal to the sum of (i) the Liquidation Amount per share and (ii) except as otherwise provided below, any accrued and unpaid dividends (including, if applicable as provided in Section 3(a) above, dividends on such amount) (regardless of whether any dividends are actually declared) to, but excluding, the date fixed for redemption.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, prior to the first Dividend Payment Date falling on or after the third anniversary of the Original Issue Date, the Corporation, at its option, subject to the approval of the Appropriate Federal Banking Agency, may redeem, in whole or in part, at any time and from time to time, the shares of Designated Preferred Stock at the time outstanding, upon notice given as provided in Section 5(c) below, at a redemption price equal to the sum of (i) the Liquidation Amount per share and (ii) except as otherwise provided below, any accrued and unpaid dividends (including, if applicable as provided in Section 3(a) above, dividends on such amount) (regardless of whether any dividends are actually declared) to, but excluding, the date fixed for redemption; provided that (x) the Corporation (or any successor by Business Combination) has received aggregate gross proceeds of not less than the Minimum Amount (plus the “Minimum Amount” as defined in the relevant certificate of designations for each other outstanding series of preferred stock of such successor that was originally issued to the United States Department of the Treasury (the “Successor Preferred Stock”) in connection with the Troubled Asset Relief Program Capital Purchase Program) from one or more Qualified Equity Offerings (including Qualified Equity Offerings of such successor), and (y) the aggregate redemption price of the Designated Preferred Stock (and any Successor Preferred Stock) redeemed pursuant to this paragraph may not exceed the aggregate net


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
cash proceeds received by the Corporation (or any successor by Business Combination) from such Qualified Equity Offerings (including Qualified Equity Offerings of such successor).

The redemption price for any shares of Designated Preferred Stock shall be payable on the redemption date to the holder of such shares against surrender of the certificate(s) evidencing such shares to the Corporation or its agent. Any declared but unpaid dividends payable on a redemption date that occurs subsequent to the Dividend Record Date for a Dividend Period shall not be paid to the holder entitled to receive the redemption price on the redemption date, but rather shall be paid to the holder of record of the redeemed shares on such Dividend Record Date relating to the Dividend Payment Date as provided in Section 3 above.

(b)No Sinking Fund. The Designated Preferred Stock will not be subject to any mandatory redemption, sinking fund or other similar provisions. Holders of Designated Preferred Stock will have no right to require redemption or repurchase of any shares of Designated Preferred Stock.

(c)Notice of Redemption. Notice of every redemption of shares of Designated Preferred Stock shall be given by first class mail, postage prepaid, addressed to the holders of record of the shares to be redeemed at their respective last addresses appearing on the books of the corporation. Such mailing shall be at least 30 days and not more than 60 days before the date fixed for redemption. Any notice mailed as provided in this Subsection shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the holder receives such notice, but failure duly to give such notice by mail, or any defect in such notice or in the mailing thereof, to any holder of shares of Designated Preferred Stock designated for redemption shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other shares of Designated Preferred Stock. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if shares of Designated Preferred Stock are issued in book-entry form through The Depository Trust Corporation or any other similar facility, notice of redemption may be given to the holders of Designated Preferred Stock at such time and in any manner permitted by such facility. Each notice of redemption given to a holder shall state: (1) the redemption date; (2) the number of shares of Designated Preferred Stock to be redeemed and, if less than all the shares held by such holder are to be redeemed, the number of such shares to be redeemed from such holder; (3) the redemption price; and (4) the place or places where certificates for such shares are to be surrendered for payment of the redemption price.

(d)Partial Redemption. In case of any redemption of part of the shares of Designated Preferred Stock at the time outstanding, the shares to be redeemed shall be selected either pro rata or in such other manner as the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee thereof may determine to be fair and equitable. Subject to the provisions hereof, the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee thereof shall have full power and authority to prescribe the terms and conditions upon which shares of Designated Preferred Stock shall be redeemed from time to time. If fewer than all the shares represented by any certificate are redeemed, a new certificate shall be issued representing the unredeemed shares without charge to the holder thereof.

(e)Effectiveness of Redemption. If notice of redemption has been duly given and if on or before the redemption date specified in the notice all funds necessary for the redemption have been deposited by the Corporation, in trust for the pro rata benefit of the holders of the shares called for redemption, with a bank or trust company doing business in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, and having a capital and surplus of at least $500 million and selected by the Board of Directors, so as to be and continue to be available solely therefor, then, notwithstanding that any certificate for any share so called for redemption has not been surrendered for cancellation, on and after the redemption date dividends shall cease to accrue on all shares so called for redemption, all shares so called for redemption shall no longer be deemed outstanding and all rights with respect to such shares shall forthwith on such redemption date cease and terminate, except only the right of the holders thereof to receive the amount payable on such redemption from such bank or trust company, without interest. Any funds unclaimed at the end of three years from the redemption date shall, to the extent permitted by law, be released to the Corporation, after which time the holders of the shares so called for redemption shall look only to the Corporation for payment of the redemption price of such shares.

(f)Status of Redeemed Shares. Shares of Designated Preferred Stock that are redeemed, repurchased or otherwise acquired by the Corporation shall revert to authorized but unissued shares of Preferred Stock (provided that any such cancelled shares of Designated Preferred Stock may be reissued only as shares of any series of Preferred Stock other than Designated Preferred Stock).



Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
Section 6. Conversion. Holders of Designated Preferred Stock shares shall have no right to exchange or convert such shares into any other securities.

Section 7. Voting Rights.

(a)General. The holders of Designated Preferred Stock shall not have any voting rights except as set forth below or as otherwise from time to time required by law.

(b)Preferred Stock Directors. Whenever, at any time or times, dividends payable on the shares of Designated Preferred Stock have not been paid for an aggregate of six quarterly Dividend Periods or more, whether or not consecutive, the authorized number of directors of the Corporation shall automatically be increased by two and the holders of the Designated Preferred Stock shall have the right, with holders of shares of any one or more other classes or series of Voting Parity Stock outstanding at the time, voting together as a class, to elect two directors (hereinafter the “Preferred Directors” and each a “Preferred Director”) to fill such newly created directorships at the Corporation's next annual meeting of stockholders (or at a special meeting called for that purpose prior to such next annual meeting) and at each subsequent annual meeting of stockholders until all accrued and unpaid dividends for all past Dividend Periods, including the latest completed Dividend Period (including, if applicable as provided in Section 3(a) above, dividends on such amount), on all outstanding shares of Designated Preferred Stock have been declared and paid in full at which time such right shall terminate with respect to the Designated Preferred Stock, except as herein or by law expressly provided, subject to revesting in the event of each and every subsequent default of the character above mentioned; provided that it shall be a qualification for election for any Preferred Director that the election of such Preferred Director shall not cause the Corporation to violate any corporate governance requirements of any securities exchange or other trading facility on which securities of the Corporation may then be listed or traded that listed or traded companies must have a majority of independent directors. Upon any termination of the right of the holders of shares of Designated Preferred Stock and Voting Parity Stock as a class to vote for directors as provided above, the Preferred Directors shall cease to be qualified as directors, the term of office of all Preferred Directors then in office shall terminate immediately and the authorized number of directors shall be reduced by the number of Preferred Directors elected pursuant hereto. Any Preferred Director may be removed at any time, with or without cause, and any vacancy created thereby may be filled, only by the affirmative vote of the holders a majority of the shares of Designated Preferred Stock at the time outstanding voting separately as a class together with the holders of shares of Voting Parity Stock, to the extent the voting rights of such holders described above are then exercisable. If the office of any Preferred Director becomes vacant for any reason other than removal from office as aforesaid, the remaining Preferred Director may choose a successor who shall hold office for the unexpired term in respect of which such vacancy occurred.

(c)Class Voting Rights as to Particular Matters. So long as any shares of Designated Preferred Stock are outstanding, in addition to any other vote or consent of stockholders required by law or by the Charter, the vote or consent of the holders of at least 66 2/3 % of the shares of Designated Preferred Stock at the time outstanding, voting as a separate class, given in person or by proxy, either in writing without a meeting or by vote at any meeting called for the purpose, shall be necessary for effecting or validating:

(i)Authorization of Senior Stock. Any amendment or alteration of the Certificate of Designations for the Designated Preferred Stock or the Charter to authorize or create or increase the authorized amount of, or any issuance of, any shares of, or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for shares of, any class or series of capital stock of the Corporation ranking senior to Designated Preferred Stock with respect to either or both the payment of dividends and/or the distribution of assets on any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation;

(ii)Amendment of Designated Preferred Stock. Any amendment, alteration or repeal of any provision of the Certificate of Designations for the Designated Preferred Stock or the Charter (including, unless no vote on such merger or consolidation is required by Section 7(c)(iii) below, any amendment, alteration or repeal by means of a merger, consolidation or otherwise) so as to adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers of the Designated Preferred Stock; or

(iii)Share Exchanges, Reclassifications, Mergers and Consolidations. Any consummation of a binding share exchange or reclassification involving the Designated Preferred Stock, or of a merger or consolidation


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
of the Corporation with another corporation or other entity, unless in each case (x) the shares of Designated Preferred Stock remain outstanding or, in the case of any such merger or consolidation with respect to which the Corporation is not the surviving or resulting entity, are converted into or exchanged for preference securities of the surviving or resulting entity or its ultimate parent, and (y) such shares remaining outstanding or such preference securities, as the case may be, have such rights, preferences, privileges and voting powers, and limitations and restrictions thereof, taken as a whole, as are not materially less favorable to the holders thereof than the rights, preferences, privileges and voting powers, and limitations and restrictions thereof, of Designated Preferred Stock immediately prior to such consummation, taken as a whole; provided, however, that for all purposes of this Section 7(c), any increase in the amount of the authorized Preferred Stock, including any increase in the authorized amount of Designated Preferred Stock necessary to satisfy preemptive or similar rights granted by the Corporation to other persons prior to the Signing Date, or the creation and issuance, or an increase in the authorized or issued amount, whether pursuant to preemptive or similar rights or otherwise, of any other series of Preferred Stock, or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for any other series of Preferred Stock, ranking equally with and/or junior to Designated Preferred Stock with respect to the payment of dividends (whether such dividends are cumulative or non-cumulative) and the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation will not be deemed to adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers, and shall not require the affirmative vote or consent of, the holders of outstanding shares of the Designated Preferred Stock.

(d)Changes after Provision for Redemption. No vote or consent of the holders of Designated Preferred Stock shall be required pursuant to Section 7(c) above if, at or prior to the time when any such vote or consent would otherwise be required pursuant to such Section, all outstanding shares of the Designated Preferred Stock shall have been redeemed, or shall have been called for redemption upon proper notice and sufficient funds shall have been deposited in trust for such redemption, in each case pursuant to Section 5 above.

(e)Procedures for Voting and Consents. The rules and procedures for calling and conducting any meeting of the holders of Designated Preferred Stock (including, without limitation, the fixing of a record date in connection therewith), the solicitation and use of proxies at such a meeting, the obtaining of written consents and any other aspect or matter with regard to such a meeting or such consents shall be governed by any rules of the Board of Directors or any duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors, in its discretion, may adopt from time to time, which rules and procedures shall conform to the requirements of the Charter, the Bylaws, and applicable law and the rules of any national securities exchange or other trading facility on which Designated Preferred Stock is listed or traded at the time.

Section 8. Record Holders. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the Corporation and the transfer agent for Designated Preferred Stock may deem and treat the record holder of any share of Designated Preferred Stock as the true and lawful owner thereof for all purposes, and neither the Corporation nor such transfer agent shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.

Section 9. Notices. All notices or communications in respect of Designated Preferred Stock shall be sufficiently given if given in writing and delivered in person or by first class mail, postage prepaid, or if given in such other manner as may be permitted in this Certificate of Designations, in the Charter or Bylaws or by applicable law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if shares of Designated Preferred Stock are issued in book-entry form through The Depository Trust Corporation or any similar facility, such notices may be given to the holders of Designated Preferred Stock in any manner permitted by such facility.

Section 10. No Preemptive Rights. No share of Designated Preferred Stock shall have any rights of preemption whatsoever as to any securities of the Corporation, or any warrants, rights or options issued or granted with respect thereto, regardless of how such securities, or such warrants, rights or options, may be designated, issued or granted.

Section 11. Replacement Certificates. The Corporation shall replace any mutilated certificate at the holder's expense upon surrender of that certificate to the Corporation. The Corporation shall replace certificates that become destroyed, stolen or lost at the holder's expense upon delivery to the Corporation of reasonably satisfactory evidence that the certificate has been destroyed, stolen or lost, together with any indemnity that may be reasonably required by the Corporation.



Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
Section 12. Other Rights. The shares of Designated Preferred Stock shall not have any rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers or relative, participating, optional or other special rights, or qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof other than as set forth herein or in the Charter or as provided by applicable law.


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)

Annex B
Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.
Standard Provisions for Series B Preferred Stock

Section 1. General Matters. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock shall be identical in all respects to every other share of Series B Preferred Stock. The Series B Preferred Stock shall be perpetual, subject to the provisions of Section 6 of these Standard Provisions that form a part of the Articles of Amendment.

Section 2. Definitions. The following terms used herein shall be defined as set forth below:

Appropriate Federal Banking Agency” means the “appropriate Federal banking agency” with respect to the Corporation as defined in Section 3(q) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. Section 1813(q)), or any successor provision.

Articles of Amendment” means those articles of amendment to the Corporation’s Charter filed by the Corporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Tennessee on June 1, 2020, establishing the Series B Preferred Stock.

Business Day” means any day, other than a Saturday or Sunday, that is neither a legal holiday nor a day on which banking institutions are authorized or required by law or regulation to close in The City of New York.

Bylaws” means the Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Corporation, as they may be amended or restated from time to time.

Charter” means the Amended and Restated Charter, as amended, of the Corporation, as it may be amended or restated from time to time.

Common Stock” means the common stock, par value $1.00 per share, of the Corporation.

Corporation” means Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.

Preferred Stock” means any and all series of preferred stock, having no par value, of the Corporation, including the Series B Preferred Stock.

Standard Provisions” means these Standard Provisions that form a part of the Articles of Amendment.

Voting Preferred Stock” means, with regard to any election or removal of a Preferred Stock Director (as defined in Section 7(b) below) or any other matter as to which the holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to vote as specified in Section 7 of these Standard Provisions and any and all other series of Preferred Stock (other than Series B Preferred Stock) that rank equally with Series B Preferred Stock as to the payment of dividends and upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable with respect to such matter.

Section 3. Ranking. The shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall rank:

(a) senior, as to dividends and upon liquidation, dissolution, and winding-up of the Corporation, to the Common Stock and to any other class or series of capital stock of the Corporation now or hereafter authorized, issued, or outstanding that, by its terms, does not expressly provide that such class or series ranks pari passu with the Series B Preferred Stock or senior to the Series B Preferred Stock as to dividends and upon liquidation, dissolution, and winding-up of the Corporation, as the case may be (collectively, “Series B Junior Securities”);

(b) on a parity, as to dividends and upon liquidation, dissolution, and winding-up of the Corporation, with any class or series of capital stock of the Corporation now or hereafter authorized, issued, or outstanding that, by its terms, expressly provides that such class or series ranks pari passu with the Series B Preferred Stock as to dividends and upon liquidation, dissolution, and winding-up of the Corporation, as the case may be (collectively, “Series B Parity Securities”); and


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
(c) junior, as to dividends and upon liquidation, dissolution, and winding-up of the Corporation, to any other class or series of capital stock of the Corporation now or hereafter authorized, issued, or outstanding that, by its terms, expressly provides that such class or series ranks senior to the Series B Preferred Stock as to dividends and upon liquidation, dissolution, and winding-up of the Corporation, as the case may be.

The Corporation may authorize and issue additional shares of Series B Junior Securities and Series B Parity Securities from time to time without the consent of the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock.

Section 4. Dividends.

(a) Holders of Series B Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive, only when, as, and if declared by the Board or a duly authorized committee of the Board, on each Series B Dividend Payment Date (as defined below), out of assets legally available for the payment of dividends thereof, non-cumulative cash dividends based on the liquidation preference of the Series B Preferred Stock of $1,000 per share at a rate equal to 6.75% per annum for each Series B Dividend Period (as defined below) from the original issue date of the Series B Preferred Stock to, but excluding, the date of redemption (if any) of the Series B Preferred Stock. If the Corporation issues additional shares of the Series B Preferred Stock after the original issue date, dividends on such shares may accrue from the original issue or any other date specified by the Board or a duly authorized committee of the Board at the time such additional shares are issued.

(b) If declared by the Board or a duly authorized committee of the Board, dividends will be payable on the Series B Preferred Stock quarterly in arrears on March 1, June 1, September 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on September 1, 2020, each such day a “Series B Dividend Payment Date”; provided, however, that if any such Series B Dividend Payment Date is not a Business Day, then such date shall nevertheless be a Series B Dividend Payment Date but dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock shall be paid on the next succeeding Business Day (without interest or any other adjustment to the amount of dividends paid in respect of such delayed payment).

(c) Dividends will be payable to holders of record of Series B Preferred Stock as they appear on the Corporation’s stock register on the applicable record date, which shall be the 15th calendar day before the applicable Series B Dividend Payment Date, or such other record date, not less than 10 calendar days nor more than 30 calendar days before the applicable Series B Dividend Payment Date, as such record date (the “Dividend Record Date”) shall be fixed by the Board or a duly authorized committee of the Board. Any such day that is a Dividend Record Date shall be a Dividend Record Date whether or not such day is a Business Day.

(d) A “Series B Dividend Period” is the period from and including a Series B Dividend Payment Date to, but excluding, the next succeeding Series B Dividend Payment Date, except that the initial Series B Dividend Period will commence on and include the original issue date of Series B Preferred Stock and continue to but exclude September 1, 2020. Dividends payable on Series B Preferred Stock will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. Dollar amounts resulting from the calculation will be rounded to the nearest cent, with one-half cent being rounded upward. Dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock will cease to accrue on the redemption date, if any, with respect to the Series B Preferred Stock redeemed, unless the Corporation defaults in the payment of the redemption price of the Series B Preferred Stock called for redemption.

(e) Dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock will not be cumulative and will not be mandatory. If the Board or a duly authorized committee of the Board does not declare a dividend, in full or otherwise, on the Series B Preferred Stock in respect of a Series B Dividend Period, then such unpaid dividends shall cease to accrue and shall not be payable on the applicable Series B Dividend Payment Date or be cumulative, and the Corporation will have no obligation to pay (and the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock will have no right to receive) dividends accrued for such Series B Dividend Period after the Series B Dividend Payment Date for such Series B Dividend Period, whether or not the Board or a duly authorized committee of the Board declares a dividend for any future Series B Dividend Period with respect to the Series B Preferred Stock, the Common Stock, or any other class or series of the Corporation’s Preferred Stock. No interest, or sum of money in lieu of interest, shall be payable in respect of any dividend not declared.

(f) Notwithstanding any other provision hereof, dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock shall not be declared, paid, or set aside for payment to the extent such act would cause the Corporation to fail to comply with


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
the laws and regulations applicable to it, including applicable capital adequacy rules of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”) or, as and if applicable, the capital adequacy rules or regulations of any Appropriate Federal Banking Agency.

(g) So long as any share of Series B Preferred Stock remains outstanding:

(i) no dividend shall be declared or paid or set aside for payment, and no distribution shall be declared or made or set aside for payment, on any Series B Junior Securities, other than (1) a dividend payable on Series B Junior Securities in the form of stock, warrants, options or other rights where the dividend stock or the stock issuable upon exercise of such warrants, options or other rights is the same stock as that on which the dividend is being paid or ranks equal or junior to that stock or is other Series B Junior Securities or (2) any dividend in connection with the implementation of a shareholders’ rights plan, or the issuance of rights, stock, or other property under any such plan, or the redemption or repurchase of any rights under any such plan;

(ii) no shares of Series B Junior Securities shall be repurchased, redeemed, or otherwise acquired for consideration by the Corporation, directly or indirectly, other than (1) as a result of a reclassification of Series B Junior Securities for or into other Series B Junior Securities, (2) the exchange or conversion of one share of Series B Junior Securities for or into another share of Series B Junior Securities, (3) through the use of the proceeds of a substantially contemporaneous sale of other shares of Series B Junior Securities, (4) purchases, redemptions, or other acquisitions of shares of Series B Junior Securities in connection with any employment contract, benefit plan, or other similar arrangement with or for the benefit of employees, officers, directors, or consultants, (5) purchases of shares of Series B Junior Securities pursuant to a contractually binding requirement to buy Series B Junior Securities existing prior to the most recently completed Series B Dividend Period, including under a contractually binding stock repurchase plan, (6) the purchase of fractional interests in shares of Series B Junior Securities pursuant to the conversion or exchange provisions of such stock or the security being converted or exchanged or (7) the acquisition by the Corporation or any of the Corporation’s subsidiaries of record ownership in Series B Junior Stock for the beneficial ownership of any other persons (other than for the beneficial ownership by the Corporation or any of the Corporation’s subsidiaries), including as trustees or custodians; nor shall any monies be paid to or made available for a sinking fund for the redemption of any such Series B Junior Securities by the Corporation; and

(iii) no shares of Series B Parity Securities shall be repurchased, redeemed, or otherwise acquired for consideration by the Corporation, directly or indirectly, other than (1) pursuant to pro rata offers to purchase all, or a pro rata portion, of the Series B Preferred Stock and such Series B Parity Securities, if any, (2) as a result of a reclassification of Series B Parity Securities for or into other Series B Parity Securities, (3) the exchange or conversion of one share of Series B Parity Securities or Series B Junior Securities for or into another share of Series B Parity Securities, (4) through the use of the proceeds of a substantially contemporaneous sale of other shares of Series B Parity Securities, (5) purchases of shares of Series B Parity Securities pursuant to a contractually binding requirement to buy Series B Parity Securities existing prior to the most recently completed Series B Dividend Period, including under a contractually binding stock repurchase plan, (6) the purchase of fractional interests in shares of Series B Parity Securities pursuant to the conversion or exchange provisions of such stock or the security being converted or exchanged or (7) the acquisition by the Corporation or any of the Corporation’s subsidiaries of record ownership in Series B Parity Securities for the beneficial ownership of any other persons (other than for the beneficial ownership by the Corporation or any of the Corporation’s subsidiaries), including as trustees or custodians; nor shall any monies be paid to or made available for a sinking fund for the redemption of any such securities by the Corporation; unless, in each case, the full dividends for the most recently completed Series B Dividend Period on all outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock have been declared and paid (or declared and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof has been set aside). Nothing in sub-sections (g)(ii) or (g)(iii) of this Section 4 of these Standard Provisions shall restrict the ability of the Corporation or any affiliate of the Corporation to engage in any market-making transactions or purchases in connection with the distribution of securities in the ordinary course of business.

(h) When dividends are not paid (or declared and a sum sufficient for payment thereof set aside) on any Series B Dividend Payment Date (or, in the case of Series B Parity Securities having dividend payment dates different from the Series B Dividend Payment Dates, on a dividend payment date falling within a Series B Dividend Period) in full upon the Series B Preferred Stock and any shares of Series B Parity Securities, all dividends declared on the Series B Preferred Stock and all such Series B Parity Securities and payable on such Series B Dividend


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
Payment Date (or, in the case of Series B Parity Securities having dividend payment dates different from the Series B Dividend Payment Dates, on a dividend payment date falling within the Series B Dividend Period related to such Series B Dividend Payment Date) shall be declared pro rata so that the respective amounts of such dividends shall bear the same ratio to each other as all accrued but unpaid dividends per share on the Series B Preferred Stock and all Series B Parity Securities payable on such Series B Dividend Payment Date (or, in the case of Series B Parity Securities having dividend payment dates different from the Series B Dividend Payment Dates, on a dividend payment date falling within the Series B Dividend Period related to such Series B Dividend Payment Date) bear to each other.

(i) Subject to the foregoing, and not otherwise, dividends (payable in cash, securities, or otherwise), as may be determined by the Board or a duly authorized committee of the Board, may be declared and paid on the Common Stock and any other class or series of capital stock ranking equally with or junior to Series B Preferred Stock from time to time out of any assets legally available for such payment, and the holders of Series B Preferred Stock shall not be entitled to participate in any such dividend.

Section 5. Liquidation.

(a) Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of the Corporation, holders of Series B Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive out of the assets of the Corporation available for distribution to shareholders, after satisfaction of liabilities and obligations to creditors, if any, and subject to the rights of holders of any securities then outstanding ranking senior to or on parity with Series B Preferred Stock with respect to distributions of assets upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Corporation, before any distribution or payment out of the assets of the Corporation is made to holders of Common Stock or any Series B Junior Securities, a liquidating distribution in the amount of the liquidation preference of $1,000 per share plus the per share amount of any declared and unpaid dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock prior to the payment of the liquidating distribution, without accumulation of any dividends that have not been declared prior to the payment of the liquidating distribution. After payment of the full amount of such liquidating distribution, the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock shall not be entitled to any further participation in any distribution of assets of the Corporation.

(b) In any such liquidating distribution, if the assets of the Corporation are not sufficient to pay the liquidation preferences (as defined below) in full to all holders of Series B Preferred Stock and all holders of any Series B Parity Securities, the amounts paid to the holders of Series B Preferred Stock and to the holders of all Series B Parity Securities will be paid pro rata in accordance with the respective aggregate liquidation preferences owed to those holders. In any such distribution, the “liquidation preference” of any holder of Series B Preferred Stock or any Series B Parity Securities means the amount otherwise payable to such holder in such distribution (assuming no limitation on the Corporation’s assets available for such distribution), including any declared but unpaid dividends (and, in the case of any holder of stock other than the Series B Preferred Stock on which dividends accrue on a cumulative basis, an amount equal to any unpaid, accrued, cumulative dividends, whether or not declared, as applicable).

(c) If the liquidation preference has been paid in full to all holders of Series B Preferred Stock and any Series B Parity Securities, the holders of the Corporation’s Series B Junior Securities shall be entitled to receive all remaining assets of the Corporation according to their respective rights and preferences.

(d) For purposes of this Section 5, neither the sale, conveyance, exchange, or transfer of all or substantially all of the assets or business of the Corporation for cash, securities, or other property, nor the merger or consolidation of the Corporation with any other entity, including a merger or consolidation in which the holders of Series B Preferred Stock receive cash, securities, or property for their shares, shall constitute a liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of the Corporation.

Section 6. Redemption.

(a) The Series B Preferred Stock is perpetual and has no maturity date. The Series B Preferred Stock is not subject to any mandatory redemption, sinking fund, or other similar provision. The Series B Preferred Stock is not redeemable prior to September 1, 2025. On and after that date, shares of the Series B Preferred Stock then


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
outstanding will be redeemable at the option of the Corporation, in whole or in part, from time to time, on any Series B Dividend Payment Date, at a redemption price equal to $1,000 per share, plus any declared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends, to, but excluding, the date of redemption. Holders of the Series B Preferred Stock will have no right to require the redemption or repurchase of Series B Preferred Stock. Notwithstanding the foregoing, within 90 days following the occurrence of a Regulatory Capital Treatment Event (as defined below), the Corporation, at its option, may redeem, at any time, all (but not less than all) of the shares of the Series B Preferred Stock at the time outstanding, at a redemption price equal to $1,000 per share, plus any declared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends, upon notice given as provided in sub-section (b) below. Any declared but unpaid dividends payable on a redemption date that occurs subsequent to the record date for a Series B Dividend Period shall not be paid to the holder entitled to receive the redemption price on the redemption date, but rather shall be paid to the holder of record of the redeemed shares on such Dividend Record Date relating to the Series B Dividend Payment Date as provided in Section 4(c) above. In all cases, the Corporation may not redeem shares of the Series B Preferred Stock without having received the prior approval of the Federal Reserve or any Appropriate Federal Banking Agency if then required under capital rules or guidelines applicable to the Corporation.

A “Regulatory Capital Treatment Event” means the good faith determination by the Corporation that, as a result of (i) any amendment to, clarification of, or change in, the laws, rules, or regulations of the United States (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any agency or instrumentality of the United States, including the Federal Reserve and other appropriate federal bank regulatory agencies) or any political subdivision of or in the United States (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any agency or instrumentality of the United States, including the Federal Reserve and other federal bank regulatory agencies) that is enacted or becomes effective after the initial issuance of any share of the Series B Preferred Stock; (ii) any proposed change in those laws, rules, or regulations that is announced or becomes effective after the initial issuance of any share of the Series B Preferred Stock; or (iii) any official administrative decision or judicial decision or administrative action or other official pronouncement interpreting or applying those laws, rules, or regulations or policies with respect thereto that is announced or becomes effective after the initial issuance of any share of the Series B Preferred Stock, there is more than an insubstantial risk that the Corporation will not be entitled to treat the full liquidation value of $1,000 per share of the Series B Preferred Stock then outstanding as “tier 1 capital” (or its equivalent) for purposes of the capital adequacy guidelines, rules or regulations of the Federal Reserve (or, as and if applicable, the capital adequacy rules, guidelines or regulations of any successor Appropriate Federal Banking Agency), as then in effect and applicable, for so long as any share of the Series B Preferred Stock is outstanding.

(b) If shares of Series B Preferred Stock are to be redeemed, the notice of redemption shall be given to the holders of record of Series B Preferred Stock to be redeemed by first class mail, postage prepaid, addressed to the holders of record of such shares to be redeemed at their respective last addresses appearing on the Corporation’s stock register not less than 30 days nor more than 60 days prior to the date fixed for redemption thereof (provided that, if the shares of Series B Preferred Stock or the depositary shares representing Series B Preferred Stock, if any, are held in book-entry form through The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), the Corporation may give such notice in any manner permitted by DTC). Each notice of redemption will include a statement setting forth (i) the redemption date; (ii) the number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock to be redeemed and, if less than all the shares held by such holder are to be redeemed, the number of such shares to be redeemed from such holder; (iii) the redemption price; (iv) the place or places where certificates for such shares are to be surrendered for payment of the redemption price; and (v) that dividends on the shares to be redeemed will cease to accrue on the redemption date. If notice of redemption of any shares of Series B Preferred Stock has been duly given and if the funds necessary for such redemption have been set aside by the Corporation for the benefit of the holders of any shares of Series B Preferred Stock so called for redemption, then, on and after the redemption date, dividends will cease to accrue on such shares of Series B Preferred Stock; such shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall no longer be deemed outstanding; and all rights of the holders of such shares will terminate, except the right to receive the redemption price described in sub-section (a) above, without interest.

(c) In case of any redemption of only part of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock at the time outstanding, the shares to be redeemed shall be selected (1) pro rata from the holders of record of the Series B Preferred Stock in proportion to the number of shares of the Series B Preferred Stock held by such holders, (2) by lot, or (3) in such other manner as the Corporation may determine to be equitable and permitted by DTC and the rules of any national securities exchange on which the Series B Preferred Stock is listed.


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
Subject to the provisions hereof, the Board (or a duly authorized committee of the Board) shall have full power and authority to prescribe the terms and conditions on which shares of the Series B Preferred Stock shall be redeemed from time to time. If the Corporation shall have issued certificates for the Series B Preferred Stock and fewer than all shares represented by any certificates are redeemed, new certificates shall be issued representing the unredeemed shares without charge to the holders thereof.

Section 7. Voting Rights.

(a) Except as provided below or as expressly required by law, the holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall have no voting power, and no right to vote on any matter at any time, either as a separate series or class or together with any other series or class of shares of capital stock of the Corporation, and shall not be entitled to call a meeting of the holders of any series or class of shares of capital stock of the Corporation for any purpose, nor shall they be entitled to participate in any meeting of the holders of the Common Stock. Each holder of Series B Preferred Stock shall have one vote per share on any matter on which holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to vote.

(b) If and whenever dividends on any shares of the Series B Preferred Stock or any shares of Voting Preferred Stock shall not have been declared and paid for at least six Dividend Periods, whether or not consecutive (a “Nonpayment Event”), the number of directors then constituting the Board shall automatically be increased by two and the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock, together with the holders of all outstanding shares of Voting Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class, shall be entitled to elect two additional directors (the “Preferred Stock Directors”) to the Board of the Corporation, provided that the Board shall at no time include more than two Preferred Stock Directors (including, for purposes of this limitation, all directors that the holders of any series of Voting Preferred Stock are entitled to elect pursuant to like voting rights) and provided, further, that the election of any Preferred Stock Directors shall not cause the Corporation to violate the corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market (or any other exchange on which the Corporation’s securities may be listed), including the requirements that listed companies must have a majority of independent directors.

In the event that the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock, and, if applicable, such other holders of Voting Preferred Stock, shall be entitled to vote for the election of the Preferred Stock Directors following a Nonpayment Event, such directors shall be initially elected following such Nonpayment Event only at a special meeting called at the request of the holders of record of at least 20% of the number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock or of any other series of Voting Preferred Stock then outstanding which have the right to exercise voting rights similar to those of the Series B Preferred Stock described above (unless such request for a special meeting is received less than 90 days before the date fixed for the next annual or special meeting of the shareholders of the Corporation, in which event such election shall be held only at such next annual or special meeting of shareholders), and at each subsequent annual meeting of shareholders of the Corporation. Such request to call a special meeting for the initial election of the Preferred Stock Directors after a Nonpayment Event shall be made by written notice, signed by the requisite holders of Series B Preferred Stock or any series of Voting Preferred Stock, and delivered to the Secretary of the Corporation in such manner as provided for in Section 12 below, or as may otherwise be required by law.

When dividends have been paid in full on the Series B Preferred Stock and any Voting Preferred Stock for two consecutive semi-annual or four consecutive quarterly Dividend Periods, as applicable, after a Nonpayment Event, then the right of the holders of Series B Preferred Stock and Voting Preferred Stock to elect the Preferred Stock Directors shall cease (but subject always to re-vesting of such voting rights in the case of any future Nonpayment Event), and, if and when any rights of holders of Series B Preferred Stock and Voting Preferred Stock to elect the Preferred Stock Directors shall have ceased, the terms of office of all the Preferred Stock Directors shall forthwith terminate and the number of directors constituting the Board of Directors shall automatically be reduced accordingly.

Any Preferred Stock Director may be removed at any time without cause by the holders of record of a majority of all of the outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock and Voting Preferred Stock, when they have the voting rights described above (voting together as a single class). So long as a Nonpayment Event shall continue, any vacancy in the office of a Preferred Stock Director (other than prior to the initial election of Preferred Stock Directors after a Nonpayment Event) may be filled by the written consent of the Preferred Stock Director remaining


Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
in office, or if none remains in office, by a vote of the holders of record of a majority of all of the outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock and Voting Preferred Stock, when they have the voting rights described above (voting together as a single class). Any such vote of shareholders to remove, or to fill a vacancy in the office of, a Preferred Stock Director may be taken only at a special meeting of such shareholders, called as provided above for an initial election of Preferred Stock Director after a Nonpayment Event (unless such request is received less than 90 days before the date fixed for the next annual or special meeting of the shareholders, in which event such election shall be held at such next annual or special meeting of shareholders). The Preferred Stock Directors shall each be entitled to one vote per director on any matter that shall come before the Board for a vote. Each Preferred Stock Director elected at any special meeting of shareholders or by written consent of the other Preferred Stock Director shall hold office until the next annual meeting of the shareholders if such office shall not have previously terminated as above provided.

(c) So long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock are outstanding, in addition to any other vote or consent of shareholders required by law or by the Charter, the vote or consent of the holders of at least two-thirds of all of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock and Voting Preferred Stock at the time outstanding and entitled to vote thereon, voting together as a single class, shall be necessary for effecting or validating:

(i) Any amendment or alteration of the Charter to authorize or create, or increase the authorized amount of, any shares of any class or series of capital stock of the Corporation ranking senior to the Series B Preferred Stock with respect to either or both the payment of dividends and/or the distribution of assets on any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation;

(ii) Any amendment, alteration or repeal of any provision of the Charter so as to materially and adversely affect the special rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers of the Series B Preferred Stock, taken as a whole; provided, however, that any amendment to authorize, create, or issue, or increase the authorized amount of, any Series B Junior Securities or any Series B Parity Securities, or any securities convertible into or exchangeable for Series B Junior Securities or Series B Parity Securities will not be deemed to materially and adversely affect the powers, preferences, privileges, or rights of Series B Preferred Stock; or

(iii) Any consummation of a binding share exchange or reclassification involving the Series B Preferred Stock, or of a merger or consolidation of the Corporation with another corporation or other entity, unless in each case (1) the shares of Series B Preferred Stock remain outstanding or, in the case of any such merger or consolidation with respect to which the Corporation is not the surviving or resulting entity, are converted into or exchanged for preference securities of the surviving or resulting entity or its ultimate parent, and (2) such shares remaining outstanding or such preference securities, as the case may be, have such rights, preferences, privileges and voting powers, and limitations and restrictions thereof, taken as a whole, as are not materially less favorable to the holders thereof than the rights, preferences, privileges and voting powers, and limitations and restrictions thereof, of the Series B Preferred Stock immediately prior to such consummation, taken as a whole; provided, however, that for all purposes of this Section 7(c), any increase in the amount of the authorized or issued Series B Preferred Stock or authorized Preferred Stock, or the creation and issuance, or an increase in the authorized or issued amount, of any Series B Parity Securities or Series B Junior Securities (whether dividends payable on such securities, if any, are cumulative or non-cumulative) will not be deemed to adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers of the Series B Preferred Stock.

If any amendment, alteration, repeal, share exchange, reclassification, merger or consolidation specified in this Section 7(c) would adversely affect the Series B Preferred Stock and one or more but not all other series of Preferred Stock, then only the Series B Preferred Stock and such series of Preferred Stock as are adversely affected by and entitled to vote on the matter shall vote on the matter together as a single class (in lieu of all other series of Preferred Stock).

(d) Without the consent of the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock, so long as such action does not adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges and voting powers, and limitations and restrictions thereof, of the Series B Preferred Stock, the Corporation may amend, alter, supplement or repeal any terms of the Series B Preferred Stock:



Exhibit 3.1
(Restated for SEC filing purposes only)
(i) to cure any ambiguity, or to cure, correct or supplement any provision contained in the Articles of Amendment or these Standard Provisions that may be defective or inconsistent; or

(ii) to make any provision with respect to matters or questions arising with respect to the Series B Preferred Stock that is not inconsistent with the provisions of the Articles of Amendment and these Standard Provisions.

(e) No vote or consent of the holders of Series B Preferred Stock shall be required pursuant to Section 7(b), (c) or (d) above if, at or prior to the time when any such vote or consent would otherwise be required pursuant to such Section, all outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall have been redeemed, or shall have been called for redemption upon proper notice and sufficient funds shall have been set aside for such redemption, in each case pursuant to Section 6 above.

(f) The rules and procedures for calling and conducting any meeting of the holders of Series B Preferred Stock (including, without limitation, the fixing of a record date in connection therewith), the solicitation and use of proxies at such a meeting, the obtaining of written consents and any other aspect or matter with regard to such a meeting or such consents shall be governed by any rules the Board (or any duly authorized committee of the Board), in its discretion, may adopt from time to time, which rules and procedures shall conform to the requirements of the Charter, the Bylaws, applicable law and the rules of any national securities exchange or other trading facility on which the Series B Preferred Stock is listed or traded at the time. Whether the vote or consent of the holders of a plurality, majority or other portion of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock, Series B Parity Securities and/or Voting Preferred Stock has been cast or given on any matter on which the holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to vote shall be determined by the Corporation by reference to the specified liquidation amounts of the shares voted or covered by the consent.

Section 8. Conversion Rights. The holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall not have any rights to convert such shares into shares of any other class or series of securities of the Corporation.

Section 9. Preemptive Rights. The holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock will have no preemptive rights with respect to any shares of the Corporation’s capital stock or any of its other securities convertible into or carrying rights or options to purchase or otherwise acquire any such capital stock or any interest therein, regardless of how any such securities may be designated, issued, or granted.

Section 10. Certificates. The Corporation may at its option issue shares of Series B Preferred Stock without certificates.

Section 11. Record Holders. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the Corporation and the transfer agent for the Series B Preferred Stock may deem and treat the record holder of any share of Series B Preferred Stock as the true and lawful owner thereof for all purposes, and neither the Corporation nor such transfer agent shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.

Section 12. Notices. All notices or communications in respect of Series B Preferred Stock shall be sufficiently given if given in writing and delivered in person or by first class mail, postage prepaid, or if given in such other manner as may be permitted in the Articles of Amendment or these Standard Provisions, in the Charter or Bylaws or by applicable law.

Section 13. Rank. For the avoidance of doubt, the Board (or any duly authorized committee of the Board) may, without the vote of the holders of Series B Preferred Stock, authorize and issue shares of Series B Junior Securities or Series B Parity Securities.

Section 14. No Other Rights. The shares of Series B Preferred Stock shall not have any rights, preferences, privileges, or voting powers or relative, participating, optional, or other special rights, or qualifications, limitations, or restrictions thereof, other than as set forth in the Articles of Amendment, these Standard Provisions or the Charter, or as provided by applicable law.




Exhibit 31.1


Certification

I, M. Terry Turner, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

August 7, 2020 Signature: /s/ M. Terry Turner
    M. Terry Turner
    President and Chief Executive Officer
    Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.



Exhibit 31.2


Certification

I, Harold R. Carpenter, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

August 7, 2020 Signature: /s/ Harold R. Carpenter
    Harold R. Carpenter
    Chief Financial Officer
    Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.



Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Pinnacle Financial Partners (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, M. Terry Turner, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934; and
2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

August 7, 2020   /s/ M. Terry Turner
    M. Terry Turner
    President and Chief Executive Officer
    Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.



Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Pinnacle Financial Partners (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Harold R. Carpenter, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1.The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934; and
2.The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

August 7, 2020   /s/ Harold R. Carpenter
    Harold R. Carpenter
    Chief Financial Officer
    Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.