AMPCO PITTSBURGH CORP (Form: S-1/A, Received: 07/21/2020 16:32:37)

AMPCO-PITTSBURGH CORPORATION

/s/ J. Brett McBrayer

J. Brett McBrayer

Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit 1.1

DEALER-MANAGER AGREEMENT

, 2020

Advisory Group Equity Services, Ltd.

doing business as RHK Capital

As Dealer-Manager

276 Post Road West

Westport, CT 06880

Ladies and Gentlemen:

The following will confirm our agreement relating to the proposed subscription rights offering (the “Rights Offering”) to be undertaken by Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation, a Pennsylvania corporation (the “Company”), pursuant to which the Company will distribute to holders of record of its common stock, par value $1.00 per share (the “Common Stock”), subscription rights (the “Rights”) as set forth in the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-239446), initially filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on June 26, 2020, to subscribe for and purchase up to an aggregate of units (the “Units”), each consisting of share[s] of Common Stock (the “Rights Shares”) and one Series A warrant (the “Warrants”), each to purchase share[s] of Common Stock, at a subscription price of $ per Unit (the “Subscription Price”).

1. The Rights Offering.

(a) The Company proposes to undertake the Rights Offering pursuant to which each holder of Common Stock shall receive one Right for every share of Common Stock held of record by such holder at the close of business on August 17, 2020 (the “Record Date”). Holders of Rights (each a “Holder”) will be entitled to subscribe for and purchase, at the Subscription Price, one Unit for every Right granted to Holders on the Record Date (the “Basic Subscription Right”).

(b) The Rights shall be non-transferable and will not be listed for trading on any stock exchange or market. The Rights Shares will be listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange. The Company will apply for the Warrants to be traded or quoted on the .

(c) Any holder of Rights who fully exercises all Basic Subscription Rights issued to such holder is entitled to subscribe for Units which were not otherwise subscribed for by others pursuant to their Basic Subscription Rights (the “Over-Subscription Right”). The Over-Subscription Right shall allow a holder of a Right to subscribe for an additional amount equal to any and all of the Units which were not otherwise subscribed for as of the Expiration Date (as defined below). Units acquired pursuant to the Over-Subscription Rights are subject to allotment and pro rata allocation, as more fully discussed in the Prospectus (as defined herein).

(d) The Rights will expire at 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, on September 16, 2020, (the “Expiration Date”). The Company shall have the right to extend the Expiration Date for up to an additional 45 days in its sole discretion.

(e) All funds from the exercise of Basic Subscription Rights and Over-Subscription Rights will be submitted to Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc., as the subscription agent (the “Subscription Agent”), and held in a segregated account with the Subscription Agent pending a final determination of the number of Units to be issued pursuant to the exercise of Basic Subscription Rights and Over-Subscription Rights. As soon as is practicable after the Expiration Date, the Company shall conduct a closing of the Rights Offering (a “Closing”).

2. Appointment as Dealer-Manager; Role of Dealer-Manager. The Company hereby engages Advisory Group Equity Services, Ltd. doing business as RHK Capital (“RHK”), as the exclusive dealer-manager (the “Dealer-Manager”) in connection with the Rights Offering, and authorizes the Dealer-Manager to act as such on its behalf in connection with the Rights Offering, in accordance with this Dealer-Manager Agreement (this “Agreement”). Until the Expiration Date, the Company will not solicit, negotiate with or enter into any agreement with any placement agent, financial advisor, dealer-manager, brokers, dealers or underwriters or any other person or entity in connection with the Rights Offering. On the basis of the representations and warranties and agreements of the Company contained in this Agreement and subject to and in accordance with the terms and conditions hereof, the Dealer-Manager agrees that as Dealer-Manager it will, in accordance with its customary practice and to the extent requested by the Company, use its commercially reasonable efforts to (i) advise on pricing, structuring and other terms and conditions of the Rights Offering, including whether to provide for transferability, tradability and oversubscription rights and limits (it being acknowledged that such services have been previously provided pursuant to the Engagement Letter (as defined herein) without compensation therefor), (ii) provide guidance on general market conditions and their impact on the Rights Offering, (iii) assist the Company in drafting a presentation that may be used to market the Rights Offering to existing and potential investors, describing the proposed capital raising, the Company’s history and performance to date, track records of key executives, highlights of the Company’s business plan and the intended use of proceeds from the Rights Offering, (iv) advise on the selection of the Information Agent and Subscription Agent (it being acknowledged that such advice has been previously rendered pursuant to the Engagement Letter), (v) assist the Company with its understanding of state blue sky laws and retaining of Issuer counsel to assist with the blue sky filings related to the Rights Offering, and (vi) solicit the holders of the Rights to encourage them to exercise such Rights. For the avoidance of doubt and notwithstanding anything that may be to the contrary in this Agreement, the Company and the Dealer-Manager hereby agree that the Dealer-Manager will not underwrite the Rights Offering, the Dealer-Manager has no obligation to act, and will not act, in any capacity as an underwriter in connection with the Rights Offering and the Dealer-Manager has no obligation to purchase or procure purchases of the Units offered in connection with the Rights Offering and Dealer-Manager shall not accept any part of the sale price of any Units offered in connection with the Rights Offering. Except as set forth herein, the Company agrees that it will not hold the Dealer-Manager liable or responsible for the failure of the Rights Offering in the event that the Rights Offering is not successfully consummated for any reason.

3. No Liability for Acts of Brokers, Dealers, Banks and Trust Companies. The Dealer-Manager shall not be subject to any liability to the Company or any of the Company’s Subsidiaries (as defined below) or “affiliates” (“Affiliates,” as such term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”)), for any act or omission on the part of any broker or dealer in securities (other than the Dealer-Manager) or any natural person, partnership, limited liability partnership, corporation, limited liability company, business trust, joint stock company, trust, unincorporated association, joint venture, or other entity or organization (each, a “Person”), and the Dealer-Manager shall not be liable for its own acts or omissions in performing its obligations as advisor or Dealer-Manager hereunder or otherwise in connection with the Rights Offering or the related transactions, except for any losses, claims, damages, liabilities and expenses resulting directly from any such acts or omissions undertaken or omitted to be taken by the Dealer-Manager through its bad faith, gross negligence or willful misconduct. The Dealer-Manager may appoint sub-placement agents and/or dealers in connection with the Rights Offering. In soliciting or obtaining exercises of Rights, the Dealer-Manager shall not be deemed to be acting as the agent of the Company or as the agent of any broker, dealer, bank or trust company, and no broker, dealer, bank or trust company shall be deemed to be acting as the Dealer-Manager’s agent or as the agent of the Company. As used herein, the term “Subsidiary” means a Subsidiary of the Company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Unless the context specifically requires otherwise, the term “Company” as used in this Agreement means the Company and its Subsidiaries collectively on a consolidated basis.

4. The Offer Documents.

(a) There will be used in connection with the Rights Offering certain materials in addition to the Registration Statement, Preliminary Prospectus and any Prospectus Supplement as filed (each as defined herein), including: (i) all exhibits to the Registration Statement which pertain to the conduct of the Rights Offering, (ii) any soliciting materials relating to the Rights Offering approved by the Company and (iii) any free writing prospectus with respect to the Rights Offering filed by the Company (collectively with the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the “Offer Documents”). The Dealer-Manager shall be given an opportunity to review and comment upon the Offer Documents.

(b) The Company agrees to furnish the Dealer-Manager with as many copies as it may reasonably request of the final forms of the Offer Documents and the Dealer-Manager is authorized to use copies of the Offer Documents in connection with its acting as Dealer-Manager. The Dealer-Manager hereby agrees that it will not disseminate any written material for or in connection with the solicitation of exercises of Rights pursuant to the Rights Offering other than the Offer Documents.

(c) The Company represents and agrees that no solicitation material, other than the Offer Documents and the documents to be filed therewith as exhibits thereto (each in the form of which has been approved by the Dealer-Manager), will be used in connection with the Rights Offering by or on behalf of the Company without the prior approval of the Dealer-Manager, which approval will not be unreasonably withheld. In the event that the Company uses or permits the use of any such solicitation material in connection with the Rights Offering, then the Dealer-Manager shall be entitled to withdraw as Dealer-Manager in connection with the Rights Offering and the related transactions without any liability or penalty to the Dealer-Manager or any other Person identified in Section 11 hereof as an “indemnified party,” and the Dealer-Manager shall be entitled to receive the payment of all fees and expenses payable under this Agreement or the Engagement Letter which have accrued to the date of such withdrawal or which otherwise thereafter become payable.

(d) As of the date hereof and at all times prior to and following the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the Company and its officers, directors and Affiliates shall abide by all rules and regulations of the Commission relating to public offerings, including, without limitation, those relating to public statements and disclosures of material non-public information.

5. Representations and Warranties. The Company represents and warrants to the Dealer-Manager that:

(a) The Company has prepared and filed with the Commission a registration statement, and an amendment or amendments thereto, on Form S-1 (File No. 333-239446) including a Preliminary Prospectus (as defined below) for the registration of the Rights, Units, Rights Shares, Warrants and Common Stock underlying the Warrants under the Securities Act, which Registration Statement, as so amended prior to the Effective Time (including post-effective amendments, if any), has been declared effective by the Commission and copies of which have heretofore been delivered to the Dealer-Manager. At the time of such filing, the Company met the requirements of Form S-1 under the Securities Act. Promptly after execution and delivery of this Agreement, the Company will prepare and file a prospectus in accordance with the provisions of Rule 430A (“Rule 430A”) of the rules and regulations of the Commission under the Securities Act (the “Securities Act Regulations”) and paragraph (b) of Rule 424 (“Rule 424(b)”) of the Securities Act Regulations. The information included in such prospectus that was omitted from such Registration Statement at the time it became effective but that is deemed to be part of such Registration Statement at the time it became effective pursuant to paragraph (b) of Rule 430A is referred to as “Rule 430A Information.” The Preliminary Prospectus and each prospectus used before such Registration Statement became effective, and any prospectus that omitted the Rule 430A Information that was used after such effectiveness and prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement, is referred to herein as a “Preliminary Prospectus.” For purposes of this Agreement, “Effective Time” means the date and the time as of which such registration statement, or the most recent post-effective amendment thereto, if any, was declared effective by the Commission; “Effective Date” means the date of the Effective Time; “Registration Statement” means such Registration Statement, as amended at the Effective Time, including any documents which are exhibits thereto; and “Prospectus” means such final prospectus, as first filed with the Commission pursuant to paragraph (1) or (4) of Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act, including the Preliminary Prospectus and all information or reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), incorporated in the Prospectus by reference. The Commission has not issued any order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus. All references in this Agreement to the Registration Statement, a Preliminary Prospectus, and the Prospectus, or any amendments or supplements to any of the foregoing shall be deemed to include any copy thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval System (“EDGAR”). The Prospectus delivered to the Dealer-Manager for use in connection with the Rights Offering will be identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T promulgated by the Commission.

(b) The Registration Statement (together with all exhibits filed as part of the Registration Statement) conforms, and any Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus and any further amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement conforms or will conform, when they are filed with or become effective by the Commission, as the case may be, in each case, in all material respects to the requirements of the Securities Act and collectively do not and will not, as of the applicable Effective Date (as to the Registration Statement and any amendment thereto) and as of the applicable filing date (as to the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto) contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (with respect to the Prospectus, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading; provided that no representation or warranty is made by the Company as to information contained in or omitted from the Registration Statement or the Prospectus in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by or on behalf of the Dealer-Manager specifically for inclusion therein, it being acknowledged and agreed that such information provided by or on behalf of the Dealer-Manager consists solely and exclusively of disclosure of the name of the Dealer-Manager acting in its capacity as dealer-manager for the Rights Offering contained in the Prospectus (collectively, the “Dealer-Manager Information”) under appropriate headings and in its final form as approved by the Dealer-Manager and its counsel.

(c) There are no contracts, agreements, plans or other documents which are required to be described in the Prospectus or filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement by the Securities Act which have not been described in the Prospectus or filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement or referred to in, or incorporated by reference into, the exhibit table of the Registration Statement as permitted by the Securities Act.

(d) The Company and each of its Subsidiaries have been duly incorporated and are validly existing as corporations in good standing under the laws of their respective jurisdictions of incorporation, are duly qualified to do business and are in good standing as foreign corporations in each jurisdiction in which their respective ownership or lease of property or the conduct of their respective businesses requires such qualification, and have all power and authority necessary to own or hold their respective properties and to conduct the businesses in which they are engaged, except where the absence of such power or authority (either individually and in the aggregate) could not reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on: (i) the business, condition (financial or otherwise), results of operations, shareholders’ equity, properties or prospects (as such prospects are disclosed or described in the Prospectus) of the Company or its Subsidiaries; (ii) the long-term debt or capital stock of the Company or its Subsidiaries; or (iii) the Rights Offering or consummation of any of the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement, the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (any such effect being a “Material Adverse Effect”).

(e) This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and, assuming the due authorization, execution and delivery by the Dealer-Manager, constitutes the valid and legally binding agreement of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except as the enforceability thereof may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally and by general principles of equity.

(f) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries: (i) is in violation of its charter or by-laws, (ii) in default under or in breach of, and no event has occurred which, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute a default or breach under or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge, mortgage, pledge, security interest, claim, equity, trust or other encumbrance, preferential arrangement, defect or restriction of any kind whatsoever (each, a “Lien”) upon any of their property or assets pursuant to, any material contract, agreement, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it is bound or to which any of its properties or assets is subject, or (iii) is in violation in any respect of any law, rule, regulation, ordinance, directive, judgment, decree or order, foreign and domestic, to which it or its properties or assets may be subject or has failed to obtain any material license, permit, certificate, franchise or other governmental authorization or permit necessary to the ownership of its properties or assets or to the conduct of its business, except, in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii) above, any violation, default or failure to possess the same that would not have a Material Adverse Effect.

(g) Prior to or on the date hereof: (i) the Company and the Subscription Agent have or will have entered into a subscription agency agreement (the “Subscription Agency Agreement”) if required by the Subscription Agent and (ii) the Company and D.F. King (the “Information Agent”) have or will have entered into an information agency agreement (the “Information Agency Agreement”) if required by the Information Agent. When executed by the Company, if applicable, each of the Subscription Agency Agreement and the Information Agency Agreement will have been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and, assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by Subscription Agent or the Information Agent, as the case may be, will constitute a valid and legally binding agreement of the Company enforceable in accordance with its terms, except as the enforceability thereof may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally and by general principles of equity.

(h) The Rights, Units, Rights Shares and Warrants to be issued and distributed by the Company have been duly and validly authorized and, when issued and delivered in accordance with the terms of the Offer Documents, will be duly and validly issued, and will constitute valid and legally binding obligations of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms, no holder of the Rights, Units, Rights Shares or Warrants is or will be subject to personal liability by reason of being such a holder, and the Rights, Units, Rights Shares and Warrants conform to the description thereof contained in the Prospectus. The shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion or exercise (as applicable) of any Warrants have been duly and validly authorized and, when issued and delivered in accordance with the terms of the Warrants, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable and will constitute valid and legally binding obligations of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms, no holder of the Common Stock is or will be subject to personal liability by reason of being such a holder, and the Common Stock conforms to the description thereof contained in the Prospectus.

(i) Except as disclosed in the Prospectus with respect to the Company’s authorized capitalization, the Common Stock underlying the Warrants has been duly and validly authorized and reserved for issuance upon conversion or exercise (as applicable) of the Warrants and are free of statutory and contractual preemptive rights and are sufficient in number to meet the exercise requirements of the Rights Offering; and the Units, when so issued and delivered against payment therefore in accordance with the terms of the Rights Offering, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable, with no personal liability attaching to the ownership thereof, and will conform to the description thereof contained in the Prospectus.

(j) The Common Stock is listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”). The Company has not received an oral or written notification from the NYSE or any court or any other federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authority having jurisdiction over the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of their properties or assets (“Governmental Authority”) of any investigation or other action that would cause the Common Stock to not be listed on the NYSE.

(k) The Company has an authorized capitalization as set forth under the caption “Capitalization” in the Prospectus, and all of the issued shares of capital stock of the Company have been duly and validly authorized and issued, are fully paid and non-assessable and have been issued in compliance with federal and state securities laws. None of the outstanding shares of Company capital stock were issued in violation of any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities of the Company. There are no authorized or outstanding options, warrants, preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other rights to purchase, or equity or debt securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for, any capital stock of the Company or any of its subsidiaries other than those accurately described in the Registration Statement. The description of the Company’s stock option, stock bonus and other stock plans or arrangements, and the options or other rights granted thereunder, set forth in the Registration Statement accurately and fairly presents in all material respects the information required to be shown with respect to such plans, arrangements, options and rights.

(l) The Company and its Subsidiaries own or lease all such assets or properties as are necessary to the conduct of its business as presently operated and as proposed to be operated as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. Except to the extent leased by the Company or its Subsidiaries, the Company and its Subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to all assets or real property and good and marketable title to all personal property owned by them, in each case free and clear of any Lien, except for such Liens as are described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. Any assets or real property and buildings held under lease or sublease by the Company or any Subsidiary is held under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with such exceptions as are not material to, and do not interfere with, the use made and proposed to be made as described in the Registration Statement and Prospectus of such property and buildings by the Company or such Subsidiary. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received any notice of any material claim adverse to its ownership of any real or personal property or of any material claim against the continued possession of any real property, whether owned or held under lease or sublease by the Company or any Subsidiary.

(m) The Company and its Subsidiaries have all material consents, approvals, authorizations, orders, registrations, qualifications, licenses, filings and permits of, with and from all judicial, regulatory and other Governmental Authorities and all third parties, foreign and domestic (collectively with the Licensing Requirements described below, the “Consents”), to own, lease and operate their properties and conduct their businesses as presently being conducted and as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, and each such Consent is valid and in full force and effect. The Company has not received notice of any investigation or proceedings which results in or, if decided adversely to the Company, could reasonably be expected to result in, the revocation of any Consent or reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. No Consent contains a materially burdensome restriction not adequately disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.

(n) The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by the Company, the issuance of the Rights in accordance with the terms of the Offer Documents, the issuance of the Units, Rights Shares, Warrants and Common Stock underlying the Warrants in accordance with the terms of the Rights Offering, and the consummation by the Company of the transactions contemplated hereby, the Subscription Agency Agreement and the Information Agency Agreement, will not conflict with or result in a breach or violation of any of the terms or provisions of, or constitute a default under, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of its Affiliates is a party or by which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or its Affiliates is bound or to which any of the properties or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or its Affiliates is subject, nor will such actions result in any violation of the provisions of the charter or by-laws of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any statute or any order, rule or regulation of any Governmental Authority; and except for the registration of the Rights, Units, Rights Shares, Warrants and Common Stock underlying the Warrants under the Securities Act and such consents, approvals, authorizations, registrations or qualifications as may be required under the Exchange Act and applicable state securities laws in connection with the distribution of the Rights and the sale of the Units by the Company, no consent, approval, authorization or order of, or filing or registration with, any such court or Governmental Authority is required for the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by the Company and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby.

(o) Except as otherwise set forth in the Prospectus, there are no contracts, agreements or understandings between the Company and any Person granting such Person the right to require the Company to include such securities in the securities registered pursuant to the Registration Statement. No holder of any security of the Company has any rights of rescission or similar rights with respect to such securities held by them.

(p) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has sustained, since the date of the latest balance sheet included in the Prospectus or after such date and as disclosed in the Prospectus, any material loss or interference with its business from fire, explosion, flood or other calamity, whether or not covered by insurance, or from any labor dispute or court or governmental action, order or decree; and, since such date or after such date and as disclosed in the Prospectus, there has not been any change in the capital stock or long-term debt of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any material adverse change, or any development involving a prospective material adverse change, in or affecting the general affairs, management, financial position, stockholders’ equity, results of operations or prospects (as such prospects are disclosed or described in the Prospectus) of the Company and its Subsidiaries (a “Material Adverse Change”). Since the date of the latest balance sheet presented in the Prospectus, the Company has not incurred or undertaken any liabilities or obligations, whether direct or indirect, liquidated or contingent, matured or unmatured, or entered into any transactions, including any acquisition or disposition of any business or asset, which are material to the Company, except for liabilities, obligations and transactions which are disclosed in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus.

(q) Deloitte & Touche LLP (“Deloitte”), whose reports relating to the Company and its Subsidiaries are included in the Registration Statement, are independent registered public accountants as required by the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”). Deloitte, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, is duly registered and in good standing with the PCAOB. Deloitte has not, during the periods covered by the financial statements included in the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus, provided to the Company or its Subsidiaries any non-audit services, as such term is used in Section 10A(g) of the Exchange Act.

(r) The financial statements, including the notes thereto, and any supporting schedules included in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position as of the dates indicated and the cash flows and results of operations for the periods specified of the Company. Except as otherwise stated in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus, said financial statements have been prepared in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods involved. Any supporting schedules included in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus present fairly, in all material respects, the information required to be stated therein. No other financial statements or supporting schedules are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement. The other financial and statistical information included in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus present fairly, in all material respects, the information included therein and have been prepared on a basis consistent with that of the financial statements that are included in the Registration Statement, such Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus and the books and records of the respective entities presented therein.

(s) There are no pro forma or as adjusted financial statements which are required to be included in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus in accordance with Regulation S-X under the Securities Act which have not been included as so required. The pro forma and/or as adjusted financial information included in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus has been properly compiled and prepared in accordance with the applicable requirements of the Securities Act and include all adjustments necessary to present fairly, in all material respects, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles the pro forma and as adjusted financial position of the respective entity or entities presented therein at the respective dates indicated and their cash flows and the results of operations for the respective periods specified. The assumptions used in preparing the pro forma and as adjusted financial information included in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus provide a reasonable basis for presenting the significant effects directly attributable to the transactions or events described therein. The related pro forma and pro forma as adjusted adjustments give appropriate effect to those assumptions; and the pro forma and pro forma as adjusted financial information reflect the proper application of those adjustments to the corresponding historical financial statement amounts.

(t) The statistical, industry-related and market-related data included in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources which the Company reasonably believes are reliable and accurate, and such data agree with the sources from which they are derived. All applicable third party consents have been obtained in order for such data to be included in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus.

(u) Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company maintains a system of internal accounting and other controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that: (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorizations, (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles and to maintain accountability for assets, (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization, and (iv) the recorded accounting for assets is compared with existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences.

(v) The Company’s Board of Directors has validly appointed an audit committee, compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee whose composition satisfies the requirements of the rules and regulations of the Commission and the Company’s Board of Directors and/or audit committee, compensation committee and the nominating corporate governance committee has each adopted a charter as described in the Registration Statement, and such charters are in full force and effect as of the date hereof. Neither the Company’s Board of Directors nor the audit committee thereof has been informed, nor is any director of the Company aware, of: (i) except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, any significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; or (ii) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

(w) The Company is in material compliance with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (“Sarbanes-Oxley”), applicable to the Company, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder and related or similar rules and regulations promulgated by any other Governmental Authority or self-regulatory entity or agency, except for violations which, singly or in the aggregate, are disclosed in the Prospectus or would not have a Material Adverse Effect.

(x) No relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among any of the Company or any Affiliate of the Company, on the one hand, and any director, officer, shareholder, customer or supplier of the Company or any Affiliate of the Company, on the other hand, which is required by the Securities Act or the Exchange Act to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus which is not so described as required. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there are no outstanding loans, advances (except normal advances for business expenses in the ordinary course of business) or guarantees of indebtedness by the Company to or for the benefit of any of the officers or directors of the Company or any of their respective family members. The Company has not, in violation of Sarbanes-Oxley, directly or indirectly, including through any Affiliate of the Company (other than as permitted under Sarbanes-Oxley for depositary institutions), extended or maintained credit, arranged for the extension of credit, or renewed an extension of credit, in the form of a personal loan to or for any director or executive officer of the Company.

(y) Except as described in the Prospectus, there are no legal or governmental proceedings pending to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or of which any property or asset of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is the subject, including with respect to the use, disposal or release of hazardous or toxic substances or relating to the protection or restoration of the environment or human exposure to hazardous or toxic substances, including any asbestos-related claims, which if determined adversely to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, are reasonably likely to have a Material Adverse Effect; and to the best of the Company’s knowledge, except as disclosed in the Prospectus, no such proceedings are threatened or contemplated by Governmental Authorities or threatened by others.

(z) The Company and its Subsidiaries have filed all necessary federal, state and foreign income and franchise tax returns and have paid all taxes required to be paid by any of them and, if due and payable, any related or similar assessment, fine or penalty levied against any of them, except where the failure to make such filings or make such payments, either individually or in the aggregate, could not reasonably be expected to have, a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has made adequate charges, accruals and reserves in its financial statements above in respect of all federal, state and foreign income and franchise taxes for all periods as to which the tax liability of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has not been finally determined.

(aa) Each of the Company and its Subsidiaries maintains insurance of the types and in the amounts which the Company believes to be reasonable and sufficient for a company of its size operating in the Company’s industry, including, but not limited to: (i) directors’ and officers’ insurance (including insurance covering the Company, its directors and officers for liabilities or losses arising in connection with the Rights Offering, including, without limitation, liabilities or losses arising under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and applicable foreign securities laws), (ii) insurance covering real and personal property owned or leased against theft, damage, destruction, acts of vandalism and all other risks customarily insured against and (iii) business interruption insurance. There are no claims by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries under any policy or instrument described in this paragraph as to which any insurance company is denying liability or defending under a reservation of rights clause. All of the insurance policies described in this paragraph are in full force and effect. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has been refused any insurance coverage sought or applied for, and the Company has no reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business at a cost that would not have a Material Adverse Effect.

(bb) The Company and its Subsidiaries own or possess or have the right to use on reasonable terms all patents, patent rights, patent applications, licenses, inventions, copyrights, know-how (including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures), trademarks, service marks, trade names, service names and other intellectual property (collectively, “Intellectual Property”) necessary to carry on their respective businesses as described in the Prospectus and as proposed to be conducted; and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice or is otherwise aware of any infringement of or conflict with asserted rights of others with respect to any Intellectual Property or of any facts or circumstances which would render any Intellectual Property invalid or inadequate to protect the interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries therein, and which infringement or conflict (if the subject of any unfavorable decision, ruling or finding) or invalidity or inadequacy, individually or in the aggregate, might result in a Material Adverse Effect. All former and current employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (and, to the Company’s knowledge, all other agents, consultants and contractors of the Company or any of its subsidiaries who contributed to or participated in the conception or development of any Intellectual Property for the Company or any of its Subsidiaries) have executed written contracts or agreements that assign to the Company all rights to any inventions, improvements, discoveries or information relating to the business of the Company and its subsidiaries, including without limitation all Intellectual Property owned, controlled by or in the possession of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. To the knowledge of the Company, there is no unauthorized use, infringement or misappropriation of any of the Intellectual Property by any third party, employee or former employee. Each agreement and instrument (each, a “License Agreement”) pursuant to which any Intellectual Property is licensed to the Company or any of its subsidiaries is in full force and effect, has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by, and is a valid and binding agreement of, the Company or the applicable subsidiary, as the case may be, enforceable against the Company or such subsidiary in accordance with its terms, except as enforcement thereof may be subject to bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally or by general equitable principles; the Company and its subsidiaries are in compliance with their respective obligations under all License Agreements and, to the knowledge of the Company, all other parties to any of the License Agreements are in compliance with all of their respective obligations thereunder; no event or condition has occurred or exists that gives or would give any party to any License Agreement the right, either immediately or with notice or passage of time or both, to terminate or limit (in whole or in part) any such License Agreement or any rights of the Company or any of its subsidiaries thereunder, to exercise any of such party’s remedies thereunder, or to take any action that would adversely affect any rights of the Company or any of its subsidiaries thereunder or that might have a Material Adverse Effect and the Company is not aware of any facts or circumstances that would result in any of the foregoing or give any party to any License Agreement any such right; and neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has received any notice of default, breach or non-compliance under any License Agreement.

(cc) Except as described in any Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus and the Registration Statement, the Company: (i) is and at all times has been in full compliance with all statutes, rules, regulations or guidance applicable to (A) the ownership, testing, development, manufacture, packaging, processing, use, distribution, marketing, labeling, promotion, sale, offer for sale, storage, import, export or disposal of any product manufactured, distributed or sold by the Company or any component thereof and (B) the use, disposal or release of hazardous or toxic substances or relating to the protection or restoration of the environment or human exposure to hazardous or toxic substances (such statutes, rules, regulations or guidance, collectively, “Applicable Laws”); (ii) has not received any notice of adverse finding, warning letter, untitled letter or other correspondence or notice from any Governmental Authority alleging or asserting noncompliance with any Applicable Laws or any licenses, certificates, approvals, clearances, authorizations, permits and supplements or amendments thereto required by any such Applicable Laws (“Authorizations”); (iii) possesses all Authorizations and such Authorizations are valid and in full force and effect and are not in violation of any term of any such Authorizations; (iv) has not received notice of any claim, suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, audit, investigation, arbitration or other action from any Governmental Authority or third party alleging that any product operation or activity is in violation of any Applicable Laws or Authorizations and has no knowledge that any such Governmental Authority or third party is considering any such claim, suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, audit, investigation, arbitration or other action; (v) has not received notice that any Governmental Authority has taken, is taking or intends to take action to limit, suspend, modify or revoke any Authorizations and has no knowledge that any such Governmental Authority is considering such action; (vi) has filed, obtained, maintained or submitted all material reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments as required by any Applicable Laws or Authorizations and that all such material reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments were complete and correct in all material respects on the date filed (or were corrected or supplemented by a subsequent submission), except, in the case of each of clauses (i), (ii) and (iii), for any default, violation or event that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(dd) Neither the Company nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any of the Company’s directors, officers or employees has violated: (i) the Bank Secrecy Act, as amended, (ii) the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986, as amended, (iii) the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or (iv) the Uniting and Strengthening of America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001, and/or the rules and regulations promulgated under any such law, or any successor law, except for such violations which, singly or in the aggregate, would not have a Material Adverse Effect.

(ee) Neither the Company nor any of its Affiliates has, prior to the date hereof, made any offer or sale of any securities which are required to be “integrated” pursuant to the Securities Act with the offer and sale of the Units, Rights Shares, Warrants and Common Stock underlying the Warrants pursuant to the Registration Statement.

(ff) Except as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there are no claims, payments, arrangements, agreements or understandings relating to the payment of a finder’s, consulting or origination fee or other compensation by the Company with respect to the issuance or exercise of the Rights or the sale of the Units, Rights Shares and Warrants or any other arrangements, agreements or understandings of the Company or, to the Company’s knowledge, the Company’s officers, directors and employees or Affiliates that may affect the Dealer-Manager’s compensation, as determined by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”). Except as previously disclosed by the Company to the Dealer-Manager in writing, no officer, director, or beneficial owner of 5% or more of any class of the Company’s securities (whether debt or equity, registered or unregistered, regardless of the time acquired or the source from which derived) or any other Affiliate is a member or a Person associated, or affiliated with a member of FINRA. No proceeds from the exercise of the Rights will be paid to any FINRA member, or any Persons associated or affiliated with a member of FINRA, except as specifically contemplated herein. Except as previously disclosed by the Company to the Dealer-Manager, to the Company’s knowledge, no Person to whom securities of the Company have been privately issued within the 180-day period prior to the initial filing date of the Registration Statement has any relationship or affiliation or association with any member of FINRA.

(gg) There are no contracts, agreements or understandings between the Company and any Person that would give rise to a valid claim against the Company or the Dealer-Manager for a brokerage commission, finder’s fee or other like payment in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Other than the Dealer-Manager, the Company has not employed any brokers, dealers or underwriters in connection with solicitation of exercise of Rights in the Rights Offering, and except provided for in Sections 6 and 7 hereof, no other commissions, fees or discounts will be paid by the Company in connection with solicitation of the exercise of Rights in the Rights Offering.

(hh) Neither the Company nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any of the Company’s officers, directors, employees or agents has at any time during the last five (5) years: (i) made any unlawful contribution to any candidate for foreign office, or failed to disclose fully any contribution in violation of law, or (ii) made any payment to any federal or state governmental officer or official, or other Person charged with similar public or quasi-public duties, other than payments that are not prohibited by the laws of the United States of any jurisdiction thereof.

(ii) The Company has not and will not, directly or indirectly through any officer, director or Affiliate of the Company or through any other Person: (i) taken any action designed to cause or to result in, or that has constituted or which might reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the issuance of the Rights or the sale or resale of the Units, Rights Shares, Warrants or Common Stock underlying the Warrants, (ii) since the filing of the Registration Statement sold, bid for or purchased, or paid any Person (other than the Dealer-Manager) any compensation for soliciting exercises or purchases of, the Rights or the Rights Units and (iii) until the later of the expiration of the Rights or the completion of the distribution (within the meaning of Regulation M under the Exchange Act) of the Units, sell, bid for or purchase, apply or agree to pay to any Person (other than the Dealer-Manager) any compensation for soliciting another to purchase any other securities of the Company (except for the solicitation of the exercises of Rights pursuant to this Agreement). The foregoing shall not apply to the offer, sale, agreement to sell or delivery with respect to: (i) Units offered and sold upon exercise of the Rights, as described in the Prospectus, or (ii) any shares of Common Stock sold pursuant to the Company’s employee benefit plans.

(jj) Each “forward-looking statement” (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act or Section 21E of the Exchange Act) included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus has been made or reaffirmed with a reasonable basis and has been disclosed in good faith.

As used in this Agreement, references to matters being “material” with respect to the Company or any matter relating to the Company shall mean a material item, event, change, condition, status or effect related to the condition (financial or otherwise), properties, assets (including intangible assets), liabilities, business, prospects (as such prospects are disclosed or described in any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus), operations or results of operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole.

As used in this Agreement, the term “knowledge of the Company” (or similar language) shall mean the knowledge of the officers of the Company who are named in the Prospectus, with the assumption that such officers shall have made reasonable and diligent inquiry of the matters presented (with reference to what is customary and prudent for the applicable individuals in connection with the discharge by the applicable individuals of their duties as officers or directors of the Company).

6. Compensation. In consideration for its services in the Rights Offering, the Dealer-Manager shall receive a cash fee equal to 6.0%, a non-accountable expense fee of 1.8% and an out-of-pocket accountable expense allowance of 0.2% of the aggregate subscription prices received by the Company from any cash exercise of the Rights issued to investors in the Rights Offering. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Dealer-Manager shall receive a cash fee of (i) 1.5% (without any payment with respect to non-accountable or accountable expenses) on the aggregate proceeds from any cash exercise of the subscription rights which the Company receives from its executive officers and directors and any shareholders who beneficially own at least 5.0% of the Company’s common stock as of the Record Date (“Significant Shareholders”), to the extent the aggregate subscription price from such officers and directors and Significant Shareholders is more than $5,000,000, and (ii) 3.0% (without any payment with respect to non-accountable or accountable expenses) on the aggregate proceeds from any cash exercise of the subscription rights which the Company receives from its executive officers and directors and any Significant Shareholders, to the extent the aggregate subscription price from such officers and directors and Significant Shareholders is less than $5,000,000. The Company has previously paid the Dealer-Manager a $25,000 advance against such out-of-pocket accountable expense allowance (the “Advance”). If the Rights Offering is not consummated, the portion of the Advance not used for the Dealer-Manager’s actual out-of-pocket expenses shall be promptly reimbursed to the Company as required under FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(D). All payments to be made by the Company pursuant to this Section 6 shall be made, with respect to the Rights Offering, on the date of the consummation of the subscriptions for Units pursuant to the exercise of Rights (the “Closing Date”).

7. Expenses. Subject to Section 6 hereof and notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Engagement Letter, the Company shall pay or cause to be paid:

(a) all expenses (including any taxes) incurred by the Company in connection with the Rights Offering and the preparation, issuance, execution, authentication and delivery of the Rights and the Units;

(b) all fees, expenses and disbursements of the Company’s accountants, legal counsel and other third party advisors;

(c) all reasonable and documented costs and expenses of the Dealer-Manager as set forth in Section 6 above and reimbursable upon any termination of this Agreement only as permitted by FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(D);

(d) all fees and expenses of the Subscription Agent and the Information Agent;

(e) all fees, expenses and disbursements (including, without limitation, fees and expenses of the Company’s accountants and counsel) in connection with the preparation, printing, filing, delivery and shipping of the Registration Statement (including the financial statements therein and all amendments and exhibits thereto), each Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus, the other Offer Documents and any amendments or supplements of the foregoing and any printing, delivery and shipping of this Agreement, the costs of distributing the terms of any agreement relating to any organization of soliciting dealers, if any, to the members thereof by mail, fax or other means of communications;

(f) all reasonable fees, expenses and disbursements relating to the registration or qualification of the Rights, Units, Rights Shares, Warrants and Common Stock underlying the Warrants under the “blue sky” securities laws of any states or other jurisdictions and all fees and expenses associated with the preparation of the preliminary and final forms of Blue Sky Memoranda;

(g) all filing fees of the Commission;

(h) all filing fees relating to the review of the Rights Offering by FINRA;

(i) any applicable listing or other fees;

(j) the cost of printing certificates representing the Rights, Units, Rights Shares, Warrants and Common Stock underlying the Warrants;

(k) all advertising charges pertaining to the Rights Offering that have been pre-approved by the Company in writing;

(l) all fees and expenses relating to the listing of the Common Stock and/or the Warrants for trading on any stock exchange or quotation on any marketplace;

(m) the cost and charges of the Company’s transfer agent(s) or registrar(s); and

(n) all other costs and expenses incident to the performance of the Company’s obligations hereunder for which provision is not otherwise made in this Section.

(o) All payments to be made by the Company pursuant to this Section 7 shall be made promptly after the termination or expiration of the Rights Offering or, if later, promptly after the related fees, expenses or charges accrue and an invoice therefor is sent by the Dealer-Manager. The Company shall perform its obligations set forth in this Section 7 whether or not the Rights Offering commences or any Rights are exercised pursuant to the Rights Offering, except that the Dealer-Manager’s non-accountable expenses may only be reimbursed upon Closing. For the avoidance of doubt, except as reimbursed pursuant to the non-accountable expense fee, the Dealer-Manager shall be responsible for expenses it incurs with respect to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement, including without limitation expenses it incurs with respect to travel and lodging expenses in connection with “road show” trips and legal counsel and other third parties engaged by the Dealer-Manager.

8. Shareholder Lists; Subscription Agent; Information Agent.

(a) The Company will cause the Dealer-Manager to be provided with any cards or lists showing the names and addresses of, and the number of shares of Common Stock held by, the holders of shares of Common Stock as of a recent date and will use its best efforts to cause the Dealer-Manager to be advised from time to time during the period, as the Dealer-Manager shall request, of the Rights Offering as to any transfers of record of shares of Common Stock.

(b) The Company (i) has arranged for the Subscription Agent to serve as subscription agent in connection with the Rights Offering, (ii) will arrange for the Subscription Agent to advise the Dealer-Manager regularly as to such matters as the Dealer-Manager may reasonably request, including the number of Rights that have been exercised, and (iii) will arrange for the Subscription Agent to be responsible for receiving subscription funds paid.

(c) The Company has arranged for D.F. King to serve as the Information Agent in connection with the Rights Offering (together with the Subscription Agent, the “Agents”) and to perform services in connection with the Rights Offering that are customary for an information agent.

9. Covenants of the Company. The Company covenants and agrees with the Dealer-Manager:

(a) To use its best efforts to cause the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto to become effective; to advise the Dealer-Manager, promptly after it receives notice thereof, of the time when the Registration Statement, or any amendment thereto, becomes effective or any supplement to the Prospectus or any amended Prospectus has been filed and to furnish the Dealer-Manager with copies thereof; to prepare a Prospectus in a form approved by the Dealer-Manager (such approval not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed) and to file such Prospectus pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act within the time prescribed by such rule; to advise the Dealer-Manager, promptly after it receives notice thereof, of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order or of any order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus, of the suspension of the qualification of the Rights for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, of the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for any such purpose, or of any request by the Commission for the amending or supplementing of the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or for additional information; and, in the event of the issuance of any stop order or of any order preventing or suspending the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus or suspending any such qualification, to use promptly its reasonable best efforts to obtain its withdrawal.

(b) To deliver promptly to the Dealer-Manager, at any such location as requested by the Dealer-Manager, such number of the following documents as the Dealer-Manager shall reasonably request: (i) conformed copies of the Registration Statement as originally filed with the Commission and each amendment thereto (in each case excluding exhibits other than this Agreement, any other Offer Documents filed as exhibits, the computation of the ratio of earnings to fixed charges and the computation of per share earnings), (ii) each Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus and any amended or supplemented Prospectus and (iii) any document incorporated by reference in the Prospectus (excluding exhibits thereto); and, if the delivery of a prospectus is required at any time during which the Prospectus relating to the Rights, Units, Rights Shares, Warrants or Common Stock underlying the Warrants is required to be delivered under the Securities Act and if at such time any events shall have occurred as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made when such Prospectus is delivered, not misleading, or, if for any other reason it shall be necessary during such period to amend or supplement the Prospectus or to file under the Exchange Act any document incorporated by reference in the Prospectus in order to comply with the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, to notify the Dealer-Manager and, upon its request, to file such document and to prepare and furnish without charge to the Dealer-Manager as many copies as the Dealer-Manager may from time to time reasonably request of an amended or supplemented Prospectus which will correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance.

(c) To file promptly with the Commission any amendment to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any supplement to the Prospectus that may, in the judgment of the Company or the Dealer-Manager, be necessary or advisable in connection with the distribution of the Rights or the sale of the Units or be requested by the Commission.

(d) Prior to filing with the Commission any: (i) Preliminary Prospectus, (ii) amendment to the Registration Statement, any document incorporated by reference in the Prospectus or (iii) any Prospectus pursuant to Rule 424 of the Securities Act, to furnish a copy thereof to the Dealer-Manager and counsel for the Dealer-Manager and obtain the consent of the Dealer-Manager to the filing (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld).

(e) To furnish to the Dealer-Manager copies of all materials not available via EDGAR furnished by the Company to its shareholders and all public reports and all reports and financial statements furnished by the Company to the principal national securities exchange upon which any of the Company’s securities may be listed pursuant to requirements of or agreements with such exchange or to the Commission pursuant to the Exchange Act or any rule or regulation of the Commission thereunder.

(f) To qualify or register the Rights, Units, Rights Shares, Warrants and Common Stock underlying the Warrants for sale under (or obtain exemptions from the application of) the state securities or blue sky laws of those jurisdictions designated by the Dealer-Manager, shall comply with such laws and shall continue such qualifications, registrations and exemptions in effect so long as required for the distribution of the Rights, Units, Rights Shares, Warrants and Common Stock underlying the Warrants. The Company shall not be required to qualify as a foreign corporation or to take any action that would subject it to general service of process in any such jurisdiction where it is not presently qualified or where it would be subject to taxation as a foreign corporation. The Company will advise the Dealer-Manager promptly of the suspension of the qualification or registration of (or any such exemption relating to) the Rights, Units, Rights Shares, Warrants and Common Stock underlying the Warrants for offering, sale or trading in any jurisdiction or any initiation or threat of any proceeding for any such purpose, and in the event of the issuance of any order suspending such qualification, registration or exemption, the Company shall use its best efforts to obtain the withdrawal thereof at the earliest possible moment.

(g) To apply the net proceeds from the exercise of the Rights in the manner described under the caption “Use of Proceeds” in the Prospectus.

(h) Prior to the effective date of the Registration Statement, to list for the trading the Rights Shares on the NYSE and to apply for trading or quotation of the Warrants on .

(i) To take such steps as shall be necessary to ensure that neither the Company nor any Subsidiary shall become an “investment company” within the meaning of such term under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder.

(j) To advise the Dealer-Manager, directly or through the Subscription Agent, from time to time, as the Dealer-Manager shall request, of the number of Units subscribed for, and arrange for the Subscription Agent to furnish the Dealer-Manager with copies of written reports it furnishes to the Company concerning the Rights Offering.

(k) To commence mailing the Offer Documents to record holders of the Common Stock not later than the second business day following the Record Date for the Rights Offering, and complete such mailing as soon as practicable.

(l) To reserve and keep available for issue upon the exercise of the Rights such number of authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock underlying the Warrants as will be sufficient to permit the exercise in full of all Rights, except as otherwise contemplated by the Prospectus.

(m) To not take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to cause or to result in, or that has constituted or which might reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the issuance of the Rights or the sale or resale of the Units, Rights Shares, Warrants and Common Stock underlying the Warrants.

10. Conditions of Dealer-Manager’s Obligations. The obligations of the Dealer-Manager hereunder are subject to (and the occurrence of any Closing shall be conditioned upon) the accuracy, as of the date hereof and at all times during the Rights Offering, of the representations and warranties of the Company contained herein, to the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder and to the following additional conditions:

(a) (i) The Registration Statement shall have become effective and the Prospectus shall have been timely filed with the Commission in accordance with the Securities Act; (ii) all post-effective amendments to the Registration Statement shall have become effective; (iii) no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplement thereto shall have been issued and no proceedings for the issuance of any such order shall have been initiated or threatened, and (iv) any request of the Commission for additional information (to be included in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or otherwise) shall have been disclosed to the Dealer-Manager and complied with to the Dealer-Manager’s reasonable satisfaction.

(b) The Dealer-Manager shall not have been advised by the Company or shall have discovered and disclosed to the Company that the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact which in the Dealer-Manager’s opinion, or in the opinion of counsel to the Dealer-Manager, is material, or omits to state a fact which, in the Dealer-Manager’s opinion, or in the opinion of counsel to the Dealer-Manager, is material and is required to be stated therein or is necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.

(c) All corporate proceedings and other legal matters incident to the authorization, form and validity of this Agreement, the Rights, Units, Rights Shares, Warrants, Common Stock underlying the Warrants, the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, and all other legal matters relating to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby shall be reasonably satisfactory in all material respects to counsel for the Dealer-Manager, and the Company shall have furnished to such counsel all documents and information that they may reasonably request to enable them to pass upon such matters.

(d) On the Closing Date, there shall have been furnished to the Dealer-Manager the signed opinion (addressed to the Dealer-Manager) of Cozen O’Connor P.C., counsel for the Company, dated as of the Closing Date and in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to counsel for the Dealer-Manager.

(e) The Company shall have furnished to the Dealer-Manager a certificate, dated as of the Closing Date, of its Chief Executive Officer or President and its Chief Financial Officer stating that:

To the best of their knowledge after reasonable investigation, the representations, warranties, covenants and agreements of the Company hereof are true and correct in all material respects;

ii.

The conditions set forth in this Agreement have been fulfilled;

iii.

Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has sustained any material loss or interference with its business, whether or not covered by insurance, or from any labor dispute or any legal or governmental proceeding;

iv.

Subsequent to the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there has not been any Material Adverse Change or any development involving a prospective Material Adverse Change; and

They have carefully examined the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and, in their opinion (A) the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as of the Effective Date, did not include any untrue statement of a material fact and did not omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and (B) since the Effective Date no event has occurred which should have been set forth in a supplement or amendment to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus.

(f) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries shall have sustained since the date of the latest audited financial statements included in the Prospectus any Material Adverse Change, the effect of which is, in the judgment of the Dealer-Manager, so material and adverse as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the Rights Offering.

(g) Neither FINRA nor the NYSE shall have objected to the Rights Offering.

(h) All opinions, letters, evidence and certificates mentioned above or elsewhere in this Agreement shall be deemed to be in compliance with the provisions hereof only if they are in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to counsel for the Dealer-Manager. If any of the conditions specified in this Section 10 shall not have been fulfilled when and as required by this Agreement, this Agreement and all obligations of the Dealer-Manager hereunder may be canceled at, or at any time during the Rights Offering, by the Dealer-Manager. Any such cancellation shall be without liability of the Dealer-Manager to the Company. Notice of such cancellation shall be given the Company in writing, or by telegraph or telephone and confirmed in writing.

11. Indemnification and Contribution.

(a) The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Dealer-Manager and its affiliates and any officer, director, employee or agent of RHK or any such affiliates and any Person controlling (within the meaning of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act) the Dealer-Manager or any of such affiliates (collectively, the “Indemnified Parties”) from and against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities and expenses whatsoever, under the Securities Act or otherwise (as incurred or suffered and including, but not limited to, any and all legal or other expenses incurred in connection with investigating, preparing to defend or defending any lawsuit, claim or other proceeding, commenced or threatened, whether or not resulting in any liability, which legal or other expenses shall be reimbursed by the Company promptly after receipt of any invoices therefore from the Dealer-Manager), (A) arising out of or based upon: (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Offer Documents or any amendment or supplement thereto, in any other solicitation material used by the Company or authorized by it for use in connection with the Rights Offering, or in any blue sky application or other document prepared or executed by the Company (or based on any written information furnished by the Company) specifically for the purpose of qualifying any or all of the Rights, Units, Rights Shares, Warrants or Common Stock underlying the Warrants under the securities laws of any state or other jurisdiction (any such application, document or information being hereinafter called a “Blue Sky Application”) or arising out of or based upon the omission or alleged omission to state in any such document a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading (other than statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with the Dealer-Manager Information), (ii) any withdrawal or termination by the Company of, or failure by the Company to make or consummate, the Rights Offering, (iii) any actions taken or omitted to be taken by an Indemnified Party with the consent of the Company or in conformity with actions taken or omitted to be taken by the Company or (iv) any failure by the Company to comply with any agreement or covenant, contained in this Agreement or (B) arising out of, relating to or in connection with or alleged to arise out of, relate to or be in connection with, the Rights Offering, any of the other transactions contemplated thereby or the performance of RHK’s services to the Company with respect to the Rights Offering; provided, however, that in the case of clause (B) only, the Company shall not be responsible for any liabilities or expenses of any Indemnified Party that have resulted primarily from such Indemnified Party’s (x) gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct in connection with any of the advice, actions, inactions or services referred to herein or (y) use of any Offering materials or information concerning the Company in connection with the Offer that were not authorized for such use by the Company and which use constitutes negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct.

(b) If the indemnification provided for in the foregoing paragraph is judicially determined to be unavailable (other than in accordance with the terms hereof) to any Indemnified Party otherwise entitled to indemnity in respect of any losses, claims, damages or liabilities referred to herein, then, in lieu of indemnifying such person hereunder, whether or not the Dealer-Manager is the person entitled to indemnification or reimbursement, the Company shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by the Indemnified Party as a result of such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (and expenses relating thereto) (i) in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits to the Company, on the one hand, and the Dealer-Manager, on the other hand, of the Rights Offering or (ii) if the allocation provided for in clause (i) above is not available, in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in such clause (i) but also the relative fault of each of the Company and the Dealer-Manager, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations; provided, however, in no event shall the Dealer-Manager’s aggregate contribution to the amount paid or payable exceed the aggregate amount of fees actually received by the Dealer-Manger under this Agreement. For the purposes of this Agreement, the relative benefits to the Company and to the Dealer-Manager of the engagement shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as (a) the total value paid or contemplated to be paid or received or contemplated to be received by the Company in the Rights Offering, whether or not the Rights Offering is consummated, bears to (b) the fees paid or to be paid to the Dealer-Manager under this Agreement.

(c) The Company also agrees that neither the Dealer-Manager, nor any other Indemnified Party, shall have any liability to the Company for or in connection with the Dealer-Manager’s engagement as Dealer-Manager, except for any such liability for losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses incurred by the Company which have resulted primarily from the Dealer-Manager’s bad faith, willful misconduct, or gross negligence. The foregoing agreement shall be in addition to any rights that the Dealer-Manager, the Company or any Indemnified Party may have at common law or otherwise, including, but not limited to, any right to contribution. For the sole purpose of enforcing and otherwise giving effect to the provisions of this Agreement, the Company hereby consents to personal jurisdiction and service and venue in any court in which any claim which is subject to this agreement is brought against the Dealer-Manager or any other indemnified party.

(d) The Company agrees that it will not, without the prior written consent of the Dealer-Manager, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment with respect to any pending or threatened claim, action, suit or proceeding in respect of which indemnification or contribution may be sought hereunder (whether or not the Dealer-Manager is an actual or potential party to such claim, action, suit or proceeding) unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes an unconditional release, reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Dealer-Manager, releasing the Dealer-Manager from all liability arising out of such claim, action, suit or proceeding.

(e) The Company agrees to reimburse each Indemnified Party for all expenses as they are incurred in connection with enforcing such Indemnified Party’s rights hereunder.

12. Effective Date of Agreement; Termination.

(a) This Agreement shall become effective upon the later of the time on which the Dealer-Manager shall have received notification of the effectiveness of the Registration Statement and the time which this Agreement shall have been executed by all of the parties hereto.

(b) This Agreement shall terminate upon the earliest to occur of (a) the consummation, termination or withdrawal of the Rights Offering, and (b) the withdrawal by the Dealer-Manager pursuant to Section 4.

13. Survival of Certain Provisions. The agreements contained in Sections 3, 6, 7 and 13 through 21 hereof and the representations, warranties and agreements of the Company contained in Section 5 hereof shall survive the consummation of or failure to commence the Rights Offering and shall remain in full force and effect, regardless of any termination or cancellation of this Agreement or any investigation made by or on behalf of any indemnified party; provided, that the Company’s obligations under Section 7 to reimburse the Dealer-Manager for accountable expenses are subject to FINRA Rule 5110 (f)(2)(D) in that such expenses are only reimbursable to the extent actually incurred and only if the Offering actually closes.

14. Notices. All notices and other communications required or permitted to be given under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given if (a) delivered personally, (b) sent by facsimile with immediate telephonic confirmation or (c) sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid, to the parties hereto as follows:

If to the Dealer-Manager:

Advisory Group Equity Services, Ltd. dba RHK Capital

88 Post Road West

Westport, CT 06880

Attention: Mr. Richard H. Kreger, Senior Managing Director

Email: rkreger@rhk.capital

With a copy to:

Olshan Frome Wolosky LLP

1325 Avenue of the Americas, 15^th Floor

New York, NY 10019

Attention: Spencer G. Feldman, Esq.

Email: sfeldman@olshanlaw.com

Facsimile: (212) 451-2222

If to the Company:

Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation

726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301

P.O. Box 457

Carnegie, PA 15106

Attention: Ms. Rose Hoover, President and Chief Administrative Officer

Email: rhoover@ampcopgh.com

Facsimile: (412) 456-4443

With a copy to:

Cozen O’Conner P.C.

One Oxford Center

301 Grant Street, 41^st Floor

Pittsburgh, PA 15229

Attention: Jeremiah G. Garvey, Esq.

Email: jgarvey@cozen.com

Facsimile: (412) 275-2390

15. Parties. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Dealer-Manager, the Company and their respective successors. This Agreement and the terms and provisions hereof are for the sole benefit of only those Persons, except that the representations, warranties, indemnities and agreements of the Company contained in this Agreement shall also be deemed to be for the benefit of the Person or Persons, if any, who control the Dealer-Manager within the meaning of Section 15 of the Act. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to give any Person, other than the Persons referred to in this Section 15, any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Agreement or any provision contained herein.

16. Amendment. This Agreement may not be amended or modified except in writing signed by each of the parties hereto.

17. Governing Law; Venue. This Agreement shall be deemed to have been executed and delivered in New York and both this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby shall be governed as to validity, interpretation, construction, effect, and in all other respects by the laws of the State of New York, without regard to the conflicts of laws principles thereof (other than Section 5-1401 of the New York General Obligations Law). Each of the Dealer-Manager and the Company: (a) agrees that any legal suit, action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement and/or the transactions contemplated hereby shall be instituted exclusively in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County, or in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, (b) waives any objection which it may have or hereafter to the venue of any such suit, action or proceeding, and (c) irrevocably consents to the jurisdiction of Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County, or in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in any such suit, action or proceeding. Each of the Dealer-Manager and the Company further agrees to accept and acknowledge service of any and all process which may be served in any such suit, action or proceeding in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County, or in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and agrees that service of process upon the Company mailed by certified mail to the Company’s address or delivered by Federal Express via overnight delivery shall be deemed in every respect effective service of process upon the Company, in any such suit, action or proceeding, and service of process upon the underwriters mailed by certified mail to the Dealer-Manager’s address or delivered by Federal Express via overnight delivery shall be deemed in every respect effective service process upon the Dealer-Manager, in any such suit, action or proceeding. THE COMPANY (ON BEHALF OF ITSELF AND, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ON BEHALF OF ITS RESPECTIVE EQUITY HOLDERS AND CREDITORS) HEREBY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN RESPECT OF ANY CLAIM BASED UPON, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT AND THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED BY THIS AGREEMENT, THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT, ANY PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS AND THE PROSPECTUS.

18. Entire Agreement. This Agreement, together with the exhibit attached hereto and as the same may be amended from time to time in accordance with the terms hereof, contains the entire agreement among the parties hereto relating to the subject matter hereof and there are no other or further agreements outstanding not specifically mentioned herein. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the engagement letter entered into by and between the Company and the Dealer-Manager, dated May 14, 2020 (the “Engagement Letter”), shall continue to be effective and the terms therein shall continue to survive and be enforceable by the parties thereto, in accordance with its terms.

19. Assignment. Neither this Agreement nor any right or interest hereunder shall be assignable by the Company or the Dealer-Manager without the prior written consent of the other party hereto; provided, however, that nothing in this Section 19 shall preclude the Dealer-Manager from (i) assigning any rights hereunder to a corporation or other entity acquiring all or substantially all the assets and business, whether by operation of law or otherwise, of the Dealer-Manager, provided such entity is a registered broker-dealer, or (ii) designating another broker-dealer to perform services hereunder if the Dealer-Manager is unable to do so, provided such firm includes some or all of the Dealer-Manager’s former investment banking staff.

20. Severability. If any term or provision of this Agreement or the performance thereof shall be invalid or unenforceable to any extent, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect or render invalid or unenforceable any other provision of this Agreement and this Agreement shall be valid and enforced to the fullest extent permitted by law.

21. Headings. The headings herein are inserted for convenience of reference only and are not intended to be part of, or to affect the meaning or interpretation of, this Agreement.

22. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery of a signed counterpart of this Agreement by facsimile or other electronic transmission shall constitute valid and sufficient delivery thereof. If the foregoing correctly sets forth your understanding, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding agreement among us.

	Very truly yours,

	AMPCO-PITTSBURGH CORPORATION



	By:
	Name:	Rose Hoover
	Title:	President and Chief Administrative Officer

Accepted and agreed as of the date first written above:

ADVISORY GROUP EQUITY SERVICES, LTD.
dba RHK Capital


By:
Name:	Richard H. Kreger
Title:	Senior Managing Director

[Signature Page to Dealer-Manager Agreement]

Exhibit 4.5

WARRANT AGREEMENT

WARRANT AGREEMENT (this “Warrant Agreement”) made as of , 2020 (“Issuance Date”), between Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation, a Pennsylvania corporation, with offices at 726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301, Carnegie, Pennsylvania 15106 (the “Company”), and Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc., with offices at 51 Mercedes Way, Edgewood, NY 11717 (“Warrant Agent”).

WHEREAS, the Company is engaged in a public offering of units (the “Units”), each consisting of shares of common stock, par value $1.00 per share (the “Common Stock”), and Series A Warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock (the “Warrants” and each a “Warrant”); and

WHEREAS, the Company has filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) a Registration Statement, No. 333-239446 on Form S-1 (as the same may be amended from time to time or any other registration statement filed by the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Act”) with respect to the registration of the issuance of the Warrant Shares (as defined below) by the Company, the “Registration Statement”) for the registration, under the Act of, among other Units, shares of Common Stock included in the Units, the Warrants and the Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants (the “Warrant Shares”); and

WHEREAS, the Company desires the Warrant Agent to act on behalf of the Company, and the Warrant Agent is willing to so act, in connection with the issuance, registration, transfer, exchange and exercise of the Warrants; and

WHEREAS, the Company desires to provide for the form and provisions of the Warrants, the terms upon which they shall be issued and exercised, and the respective rights, limitation of rights, and immunities of the Company, the Warrant Agent, the holders of the Warrants and, if the Warrants are held in “street name”, a Participant (as defined below) or a designee appointed by such Participant (each, a “Holder”); and

WHEREAS, all acts and things have been done and performed which are necessary to make the Warrants, when executed on behalf of the Company and countersigned by or on behalf of the Warrant Agent, as provided herein, the valid, binding and legal obligations of the Company, and to authorize the execution and delivery of this Warrant Agreement.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual agreements herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:

1. Appointment of Warrant Agent. The Company hereby appoints the Warrant Agent to act as agent for the Company for the Warrants, and the Warrant Agent hereby accepts such appointment and agrees to perform the same in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Warrant Agreement.

2. Warrants.

2.1 Form of Warrant. Each Warrant shall be issued in registered form only, and, if a physical certificate is issued, shall be in substantially the form of Exhibit A hereto, the provisions of which are incorporated herein, and shall be signed by, or bear the facsimile or electronic signature of, the Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Financial Officer or Treasurer, Secretary or Assistant Secretary of the Company. In the event the person whose facsimile or electronic signature has been placed upon any Warrant shall have ceased to serve in the capacity in which such person signed the Warrant before such Warrant is issued, it may be issued with the same effect as if he or she had not ceased to be such at the date of issuance. All of the Warrants shall initially be represented by one or more book-entry certificates (each a “Book-Entry Warrant Certificate”).

2.2 Effect of Countersignature. If a physical certificate is issued, unless and until countersigned by the Warrant Agent pursuant to this Warrant Agreement, a Warrant certificate shall be invalid and of no effect and may not be exercised by the Holder thereof.

2.3 Registration.

2.3.1 Warrant Register. The Warrant Agent shall maintain books (the “Warrant Register”), for the registration of original issuance and the registration of transfer of the Warrants. Upon the initial issuance of the Warrants, the Warrant Agent shall issue and register the Warrants in the names of the respective Holders thereof in such denominations and otherwise in accordance with instructions delivered to the Warrant Agent by the Company. To the extent the Warrants shall be eligible for the book entry and depositary services of The Depositary Trust Company (“DTC eligible”) as of the Issuance Date, all of the Warrants shall be represented by one or more Book-Entry Warrant Certificates deposited with The Depository Trust Company (the “Depositary”) and registered in the name of Cede & Co., a nominee of the Depositary. Ownership of beneficial interests in the Book-Entry Warrant Certificates shall be shown on, and the transfer of such ownership shall be effected through, records maintained (i) by the Depositary or its nominee for each Book-Entry Warrant Certificate; (ii) by institutions that have accounts with the Depositary (such institution, with respect to a Warrant in its account, a “Participant”); or (iii) directly on the book-entry records of the Warrant Agent with respect only to owners of beneficial interests that represent such direct registration.

If the Warrants are not DTC eligible as of the Issuance Date or the Depositary subsequently ceases to make its book-entry settlement system available for the Warrants, the Company may instruct the Warrant Agent regarding making other arrangements for book-entry settlement within ten (10) days after the Depositary ceases to make its book-entry settlement available. In the event that the Company does not make alternative arrangements for book-entry settlement within ten (10) days or the Warrants are not eligible for, or it is no longer necessary to have the Warrants available in, book-entry form, the Warrant Agent shall provide written instructions to the Depositary to deliver to the Warrant Agent for cancellation each Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, and the Company shall instruct the Warrant Agent to deliver to the Depositary definitive certificates (“Warrant Certificates”) in physical form evidencing such Warrants. Such Warrant Certificates shall be in substantially the form annexed hereto as Exhibit A, with appropriate insertions, modifications and omissions, as provided herein.

2.3.2 Beneficial Owner; Registered Holder. The term “beneficial owner” shall mean any person in whose name ownership of a beneficial interest in the Warrants evidenced by a Book-Entry Warrant Certificate is recorded in the records maintained by the Depositary or its nominee. Prior to due presentment for registration of transfer of any Warrant, the Company and the Warrant Agent may deem and treat the person in whose name such Warrant is registered upon the Warrant Register (“Registered Holder”), which may be a Participant or a nominee of the Depositary, as the absolute owner of such Warrant and of each Warrant represented thereby (notwithstanding any notation of ownership or other writing on the Warrant Certificate made by anyone other than the Company or the Warrant Agent), for the purpose of any exercise thereof, and for all other purposes, and neither the Company nor the Warrant Agent shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.

2.4 Detachability of Warrants. The Common Stock comprising a part of the Units will be separately transferable immediately upon issuance.

2.5 Uncertificated Warrants. Notwithstanding the foregoing and anything else herein to the contrary, the Warrants may be issued in uncertificated form.

3. Terms and Exercise of Warrants.

3.1 Exercise Price. Each Warrant shall entitle the Registered Holder thereof, subject to the provisions of such Warrant and of this Warrant Agreement, to purchase from the Company the number of shares of Common Stock stated therein, at the price of $ per whole share, subject to the subsequent adjustments provided in Section 4 hereof. The term “Exercise Price” as used in this Warrant Agreement shall mean the price per share at which a Warrant Share may be purchased at the time a Warrant is exercised.

3.2 Duration of Warrants. A Warrant may be exercised only during the period (the “Exercise Period”) commencing on , 2020 and terminating at 5:00 P.M., New York time on August 1, 2025 (“Expiration Date”). Each Warrant not exercised on or before the Expiration Date shall become void, and all rights thereunder and all rights in respect thereof under this Warrant Agreement shall cease at 5:00 P.M., New York time on the Expiration Date.

3.3 Exercise of Warrants.

3.3.1 Exercise and Payment. Subject to the provisions of the Warrant and this Agreement, a Registered Holder may exercise a Warrant by delivering, not later than 5:00 P.M., New York time, on any Business Day (as defined below) during the Exercise Period (such date of delivery, the “Exercise Date”) to the Warrant Agent at its corporate trust department (i) the Warrant Certificate evidencing the Warrants to be exercised, or, in the case of a Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, the Warrants to be exercised (the “Book-Entry Warrants”) shown on the records of the Depositary to an account of the Warrant Agent at the Depositary designated for such purposes in writing by the Warrant Agent to the Depositary from time to time, (ii) an election to purchase some or all of the Warrant Shares underlying the Warrants to be exercised (“Election to Purchase”), properly completed and executed by the Registered Holder on the reverse of the Warrant Certificate or, in the case of a Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, properly delivered by the Participant in accordance with the Depositary’s procedures, and (iii) subject to Section 3.3.7 of this Warrant Agreement, payment in full of the Exercise Price for each Warrant Share as to which the Warrant is exercised, and any and all applicable taxes due in connection with the exercise of the Warrant, the exchange of the Warrant for the Warrant Shares and the issuance of such Warrant Shares as shares of Common Stock, in lawful money of the United States of America by certified or official bank check or by bank wire transfer in immediately available funds.

If any of (A) the Warrant Certificate or the Book-Entry Warrants, (B) the Election to Purchase, or (C) the Exercise Price therefor, is received by the Warrant Agent after 5:00 P.M., New York time, on the specified Exercise Date, the Warrants will be deemed to be received and exercised on the Business Day next succeeding the Exercise Date. If the date specified as the Exercise Date is not a Business Day, the Warrants will be deemed to be received and exercised on the next succeeding day that is a Business Day. If the Warrants are received or deemed to be received after the Expiration Date, the exercise thereof will be null and void and any funds delivered to the Warrant Agent will be returned to the Registered Holder or Participant, as the case may be, as soon as practicable. In no event will interest accrue on funds deposited with the Warrant Agent in respect of an exercise or attempted exercise of Warrants. The validity of any exercise of Warrants will be determined by the Company in its sole discretion and such determination will be final and binding upon the Registered Holder or Participant, as applicable, and the Warrant Agent. Neither the Company nor the Warrant Agent shall have any obligation to inform a Registered Holder or the Participant, as applicable, of the invalidity of any exercise of Warrants.

The Warrant Agent shall deposit all funds received by it in payment of the Exercise Price in the account of the Company maintained with the Warrant Agent for such purpose and shall advise the Company via telephone at the end of each day on which funds for the exercise of the Warrants are received of the amount so deposited to its account. The Warrant Agent shall promptly confirm such telephonic advice to the Company in writing.

3.3.2 Issuance of Shares of Common Stock on Exercise. The Warrant Agent shall, by 11:00 A.M. New York time on the Business Day following the Exercise Date of any Warrant, advise the Company or the transfer agent and registrar in respect of (a) the Warrant Shares issuable upon such exercise as to the number of Warrants exercised in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Warrant Agreement, (b) the instructions of each Registered Holder or Participant, as the case may be, with respect to delivery of the Warrant Shares issuable upon such exercise, and the delivery of definitive Warrant Certificates, as appropriate, evidencing the balance, if any, of the Warrants remaining after such exercise, (c) in case of a Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, the notation that shall be made to the records maintained by the Depositary, its nominee for each Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, or a Participant, as appropriate, evidencing the balance, if any, of the Warrants remaining after such exercise and (d) such other information as the Company or such transfer agent and registrar shall reasonably require.

The Company shall, by 5:00 P.M., New York time, on the third Business Day next succeeding the Exercise Date of any Warrant and the clearance of the funds in payment of the Exercise Price, execute, issue and deliver to the Warrant Agent, the Warrant Shares to which such Registered Holder or Participant, as the case may be, is entitled, in fully registered form, registered in such name or names as may be directed by such Registered Holder or the Participant, as the case may be. Upon receipt of such Warrant Shares, the Warrant Agent shall, by 5:00 P.M., New York time, on the fifth Business Day next succeeding such Exercise Date, transmit such Warrant Shares to or upon the order of the Registered Holder or Participant, as the case may be.

In lieu of delivering physical certificates representing the Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise, provided the Company’s transfer agent is participating in the Depositary’s Fast Automated Securities Transfer program, the Company shall use its reasonable best efforts to cause its transfer agent to electronically transmit the Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise to the Depositary by crediting the account of the Depositary or of the Participant through its Deposit Withdrawal Agent Commission system. The time periods for delivery described in the immediately preceding paragraph shall apply to the electronic transmittals described herein.

3.3.3 Valid Issuance. All shares of Common Stock issued upon the proper exercise of a Warrant in conformity with this Warrant Agreement shall be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.

3.3.4 No Fractional Exercise. Warrants may be exercised only in whole numbers of Warrant Shares. No fractional Warrant Shares are to be issued upon the exercise of the Warrant. If, upon the exercise of Warrants, a Holder would be entitled to receive a fractional interest in a Warrant Share any right to a fractional Warrant Share will be automatically terminated without consideration to Holder and the Company will, upon exercise, round down to the nearest whole number the number of Warrant Shares to be issued to Holder. If fewer than all of the Warrants evidenced by a Warrant Certificate are exercised, a new Warrant Certificate for the number of unexercised Warrants remaining shall be executed by the Company and countersigned by the Warrant Agent as provided in Section 2 of this Warrant Agreement, and delivered to the Holder of such Warrant Certificate at the address specified on the books of the Warrant Agent or as otherwise specified by such Registered Holder. If fewer than all the Warrants evidenced by a Book-Entry Warrant Certificate are exercised, a notation shall be made to the records maintained by the Depositary, its nominee for each Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, or a Participant, as appropriate, evidencing the balance of the Warrants remaining after such exercise.

3.3.5 No Transfer Taxes. The Company shall not be required to pay any stamp or other tax or governmental charge required to be paid in connection with any transfer involved in the issue of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of Warrants; and in the event that any such transfer is involved, the Company shall not be required to issue or deliver any Warrant Shares until such tax or other charge shall have been paid or it has been established to the Company’s satisfaction that no such tax or other charge is due.

3.3.6 Date of Issuance. Each person in whose name any such certificate for shares of Common Stock is issued shall for all purposes be deemed to have become the holder of record of such shares on the date on which the conditions set forth in Section 3.3.1 of this Warrant Agreement are satisfied in accordance therewith.

3.3.7 Cashless Exercise Under Certain Circumstances.

(a) The Company shall provide to the Registered Holder prompt written notice of any time that the Company is unable to issue the Warrant Shares via DTC transfer or otherwise (without restrictive legend), because (A) the Commission has issued a stop order with respect to the Registration Statement, (B) the Commission otherwise has suspended or withdrawn the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, either temporarily or permanently, (C) the Company has suspended or withdrawn the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, either temporarily or permanently, or (D) otherwise the prospectus contains in the Registration Statement is not available for issuance of the Warrant Shares by the Company (each a “Restrictive Legend Event”). To the extent that a Restrictive Legend Event occurs after the Registered Holder has exercised a Warrant in accordance with the terms of the Warrants but prior to the delivery of the Warrant Shares, the Company shall, at the election of the Registered Holder to be given within five (5) days of receipt of notice of the Restrictive Legend Event, either (A) rescind the previously submitted Election to Purchase and the Company shall return all consideration paid by Registered Holder for such shares upon such rescission or (B) treat the attempted exercise as a cashless exercise as described in the next paragraph and refund the cash portion of the exercise price to the Registered Holder.

(b) If a Restrictive Legend Event has occurred, the Warrant shall only be exercisable on a “cashless basis”, by exchanging the Warrants (in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Act (or any successor rule) or another exemption pursuant to this Section 3.3.7. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Company shall not be required to make any cash payments or net cash settlement to the Registered Holder in lieu of issuance of the Warrant Shares. Upon a “cashless exercise”, the Holder shall be entitled to receive a certificate (or book entry) for the number of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing ((A-B) (X)) by (A), where:

(A) = the VWAP on the Business Day immediately preceding the date on which the Registered Holder elects to exercise the Warrant by means of a “cashless exercise,” as set forth in the applicable Election to Purchase;

(B) = the Exercise Price of the Warrant, as it may have been adjusted hereunder; and

(X) = the number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of the Warrant in accordance with the terms of the Warrant if such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise.

Upon receipt of an Election to Purchase for a cashless exercise, the Warrant Agent will promptly deliver a copy of the Election to Purchase to the Company to confirm the number of Warrant Shares issuable in connection with the cashless exercise. The Company shall calculate and transmit to the Warrant Agent, and the Warrant Agent shall have no obligation under this section to calculate, the number of Warrant Shares issuable in connection with the cashless exercise.

“Business Day” means a day, other than a Saturday, Sunday or federal holiday, on which banks in New York City are generally open for normal business.

“VWAP” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Common Stock is then listed or quoted on NYSE AMEX, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market or the New York Stock Exchange (each, a “Trading Market”), the daily volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York time)), (b) the volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on the OTC Bulletin Board, (c) if the Common Stock is not then listed or quoted for trading on the OTC Bulletin Board and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported in the “Pink Sheets” published by OTC Markets, Inc. (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per share of the Common Stock so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of a share of Common Stock as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

3.3.8 Disputes. In the case of a dispute as to the determination of the Exercise Price or the arithmetic calculation of the Warrant Shares, the Company shall promptly issue to the Registered Holder the number of Warrant Shares that are not disputed.

4. Adjustments.

4.1 Adjustment upon Subdivision or Combination of Common Stock. If the Company at any time after the Issuance Date subdivides (by any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, reorganization, scheme, arrangement or otherwise) its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a greater number of shares, the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such subdivision will be proportionately reduced and the number of Warrant Shares will be proportionately increased. If the Company at any time after the Issuance Date combines (by any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, reorganization, scheme, arrangement or otherwise) its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares, the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such combination will be proportionately increased and the number of Warrant Shares will be proportionately decreased. Any adjustment under this Section 4.1 shall become effective at the close of business on the date the subdivision or combination becomes effective. Company shall promptly notify Warrant Agent of any such adjustment and give specific instructions to Warrant Agent with respect to any adjustments to the warrant register.

4.2 Adjustment for Other Distributions. In the event the Company shall fix a record date for the making of a dividend or distribution to all holders of Common Stock of any evidences of indebtedness or assets or subscription rights or warrants (excluding those referred to in Section 4.1 or other dividends paid out of retained earnings), then in each such case the Exercise Price shall be adjusted by multiplying the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to the record date fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to receive such distribution by a fraction of which the denominator shall be the VWAP determined as of the record date mentioned above, and of which the numerator shall be such VWAP on such record date less the then per share fair market value at such record date of the portion of such assets or evidence of indebtedness so distributed applicable to one outstanding share of the Common Stock as determined by the Board of Directors in good faith. In either case the adjustments shall be described in a statement provided to the Registered Holder of the portion of assets or evidences of indebtedness so distributed or such subscription rights applicable to one share of Common Stock. Such adjustment shall be made whenever any such distribution is made and shall become effective immediately after the record date mentioned above.

4.3 Reclassification, Consolidation, Purchase, Combination, Sale or Conveyance. If, at any time while the Warrants are outstanding, (i) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another person, (ii) the Company, directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of its assets in one or a series of related transactions, (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by the Company or another person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of the outstanding Common Stock, (iv) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Common Stock is effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, (v) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off or scheme of arrangement) with another person whereby such other person acquires more than 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock (not including any shares of Common Stock held by the other person or other persons making or party to, or associated or affiliated with the other persons making or party to, such stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination) (each a “Fundamental Transaction”), then, upon any subsequent exercise of a Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, the number of shares of Common Stock, if any, of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (the “Alternate Consideration”) receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock for which such Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction. For purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one share of Common Stock in such Fundamental Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration. If holders of Common Stock are given any choice as to the securities, cash or property to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives upon any exercise of such Warrant following such Fundamental Transaction. The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the “Successor Entity”) and for which shareholders received any equity securities of the Successor Entity, to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant Agreement and the Warrants in accordance with the provisions of this Section 4.3 pursuant to written agreements and shall, upon the written request of the Holder of a Warrant, deliver to the Holder in exchange for the Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to the Warrant which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity), if any, plus any Alternate Consideration, receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock for which the Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock, if any, plus any Alternate Consideration (but taking into account the relative value of the shares of Common Stock pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of such Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction). Upon the occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be substituted for (so that from and after the date of such Fundamental Transaction, the provisions of this Warrant Agreement and the Warrant referring to the “Company” shall refer instead to the Successor Entity), and may exercise every right and power of the Company and shall assume all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant Agreement and the Warrants with the same effect as if such Successor Entity had been named as the Company herein.

The Company shall instruct the Warrant Agent to mail by first class mail, postage prepaid, to each Registered Holder of a Warrant, written notice of the execution of any such amendment, supplement or agreement. Any supplemented or amended agreement entered into by the successor corporation or transferee shall provide for adjustments, which shall be as nearly equivalent as may be practicable to the adjustments provided for in Section 4. The Warrant Agent shall be under no responsibility to determine the correctness of any provisions contained in such agreement relating either to the kind or amount of securities or other property receivable upon exercise of warrants or with respect to the method employed and provided therein for any adjustments and shall be entitled to rely upon the provisions contained in any such agreement. The provisions of this Section 4.3 shall similarly apply to successive reclassifications, changes, consolidations, mergers, sales and conveyances of the kind described above.

4.4 Other Events. If any event occurs of the type contemplated by the provisions of Section 4.1, 4.2 or 4.3 but not expressly provided for by such provisions (including, without limitation, the granting of stock appreciation rights, phantom stock rights or other rights with equity features to all holders of Common Stock for no consideration), then the Company’s Board of Directors will in good faith make an adjustment in the Exercise Price and the number of Warrant Shares so as to protect the rights of the Holder.

4.5 Notices of Changes in Warrant. Upon every adjustment of the Exercise Price or the number of shares issuable upon exercise of a Warrant, the Company shall give written notice thereof to the Warrant Agent, which notice shall state the Exercise Price resulting from such adjustment and the increase or decrease, if any, in the number of shares purchasable at such price upon the exercise of a Warrant, setting forth in reasonable detail the method of calculation and the facts upon which such calculation is based. Upon the occurrence of any event specified in Sections 4.1 or 4.2, then, in any such event, the Company shall give written notice to each Registered Holder, at the last address set forth for such holder in the warrant register, of the record date or the effective date of the event. Failure to give such notice, or any defect therein, shall not affect the legality or validity of such event.

4.6 No Fractional Shares. Notwithstanding any provision contained in this Warrant Agreement to the contrary, the Company shall not issue fractional shares upon exercise of Warrants. If, by reason of any adjustment made pursuant to this Section 4, the Holder of any Warrant would be entitled, upon the exercise of such Warrant, to receive a fractional interest in a share, the Company shall, upon such exercise, round up or down, as applicable, to the nearest whole number the number of the shares of Common Stock to be issued to the Holder.

4.7 Form of Warrant. The form of Warrant need not be changed because of any adjustment pursuant to this Section 4, and Warrants issued after such adjustment may state the same Exercise Price and the same number of shares as is stated in the Warrants initially issued pursuant to this Warrant Agreement. However, the Company may at any time in its sole discretion make any change in the form of Warrant that the Company may deem appropriate and that does not affect the substance thereof, and any Warrant thereafter issued or countersigned, whether in exchange or substitution for an outstanding Warrant or otherwise, may be in the form as so changed.

5. Transfer and Exchange of Warrants.

5.1 Registration of Transfer. The Warrant Agent shall register the transfer, from time to time, of any outstanding Warrant upon the Warrant Register, upon surrender of such Warrant for transfer, in the case of a certificated Warrant, properly endorsed with signatures properly guaranteed and accompanied by appropriate instructions for transfer. Upon any such transfer, a new Warrant representing an equal aggregate number of Warrants shall be issued and the old Warrant shall be cancelled by the Warrant Agent. In the case of a certificated Warrant, the Warrants so cancelled shall be delivered by the Warrant Agent to the Company from time to time upon request.

5.2 Procedure for Surrender of Warrants. Warrants may be surrendered to the Warrant Agent, together with a written request for exchange or transfer reasonably acceptable to Warrant Agent, duly executed by the Registered Holder thereof, or by a duly authorized attorney, and thereupon the Warrant Agent shall issue in exchange therefor one or more new Warrants as requested by the Registered Holder of the Warrants so surrendered, representing an equal aggregate number of Warrants; provided, however, that except as otherwise provided herein or in any Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, each Book-Entry Warrant Certificate may be transferred only in whole and only to the Depositary, to another nominee of the Depositary, to a successor depositary, or to a nominee of a successor depositary; provided further, however, that in the event that a Warrant surrendered for transfer bears a restrictive legend, the Warrant Agent shall not cancel such Warrant and issue new Warrants in exchange therefor until the Warrant Agent has received an opinion of counsel for the Company stating that such transfer may be made and indicating whether the new Warrants must also bear a restrictive legend. Upon any such registration of transfer, the Company shall execute, and the Warrant Agent shall countersign and deliver, in the name of the designated transferee a new Warrant Certificate or Warrant Certificates of any authorized denomination evidencing in the aggregate a like number of unexercised Warrants.

5.3 Fractional Warrants. The Warrant Agent shall not be required to effect any registration of transfer or exchange which will result in the issuance of a Warrant Certificate for a fraction of a Warrant, except as part of the Units.

5.4 No Transfer Taxes. The Company shall not be required to pay any stamp or other tax or governmental charge required to be paid in connection with any transfer of Warrants; and in the event that any such transfer is involved, the Company shall not be required to issue or deliver any Warrant Certificates or Warrants, as applicable, until such tax or other charge shall have been paid or it has been established to the Company’s satisfaction that no such tax or other charge is due.

5.5 Service Charges. A service charge shall be made for any exchange or registration of transfer of Warrants, as negotiated between Company and Warrant Agent.

5.6 Warrant Execution and Countersignature. The Warrant Agent is hereby authorized to countersign and to deliver, in accordance with the terms of this Warrant Agreement, the Warrants required to be issued pursuant to the provisions of this Section 5, and the Company, whenever required by the Warrant Agent, will supply the Warrant Agent with Warrants duly executed on behalf of the Company for such purpose.

6. Other Provisions Relating to Rights of Holders of Warrants.

6.1 No Rights as Stockholder. Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, a Registered Holder, solely in its capacity as a holder of a Warrant, shall not be entitled to vote or receive dividends or be deemed the holder of share capital of the Company for any purpose, nor shall anything contained in this Warrant Agreement be construed to confer upon a Registered Holder, solely in its capacity as the Registered Holder of a Warrant, any of the rights of a stockholder of the Company or any right to vote, give or withhold consent to any corporate action (whether any reorganization, issue of stock, reclassification of stock, consolidation, merger, conveyance or otherwise), receive notice of meetings, receive dividends or subscription rights, or otherwise, prior to the issuance to the Registered Holder of the Warrant Shares which it is then entitled to receive upon the due exercise of a Warrant. A Warrant does not entitle the Registered Holder thereof to any of the rights of a stockholder.

6.2 Lost, Stolen, Mutilated, or Destroyed Warrants. If any Warrant is lost, stolen, mutilated, or destroyed, the Company and the Warrant Agent may on such terms as to indemnity (including obtaining an open penalty bond protecting the Warrant Agent) or otherwise as they may in their discretion impose (which shall, in the case of a mutilated Warrant, include the surrender thereof), issue a new Warrant of like denomination, tenor, and date as the Warrant so lost, stolen, mutilated, or destroyed. Any such new Warrant shall constitute a substitute contractual obligation of the Company, whether or not the allegedly lost, stolen, mutilated, or destroyed Warrant shall be at any time enforceable by anyone.

6.3 Reservation of Common Stock. The Company shall at all times reserve and keep available a number of its authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock that will be sufficient to permit the exercise in full of all outstanding Warrants issued pursuant to this Warrant Agreement.

7. Concerning the Warrant Agent and Other Matters.

7.1 Concerning the Warrant Agent. The Warrant Agent:

7.1.1 shall have no duties or obligations other than those set forth herein and no duties or obligations shall be inferred or implied;

7.1.2 may rely on and shall be held harmless by the Company in acting upon any certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, notice, letter, facsimile transmission, telegram or other document, or any security delivered to it, and reasonably believed by it to be genuine and to have been made or signed by the proper party or parties;

7.1.3 may rely on and shall be held harmless by the Company in acting upon written or oral instructions or statements from the Company with respect to any matter relating to its acting as Warrant Agent;

7.1.4 may consult with counsel satisfactory to it (including counsel for the Company) and shall be held harmless by the Company in relying on the advice or opinion of such counsel in respect of any action taken, suffered or omitted by it hereunder in good faith and in accordance with such advice or opinion of such counsel;

7.1.5 solely shall make the final determination as to whether or not a Warrant received by Warrant Agent is duly, completely and correctly executed, and Warrant Agent shall be held harmless by the Company in respect of any action taken, suffered or omitted by Warrant Agent hereunder in good faith and in accordance with its determination;

7.1.6 shall not be obligated to take any legal or other action hereunder which might, in its judgment subject or expose it to any expense or liability unless it shall have been furnished with an indemnity satisfactory to it; and

7.1.7 shall not be liable or responsible for any failure of the Company to comply with any of its obligations relating to the Registration Statement or this Warrant Agreement, including without limitation obligations under applicable regulation or law.

7.2 Payment of Taxes. The Company will from time to time promptly pay all taxes and charges that may be imposed upon the Company or the Warrant Agent in respect of the issuance or delivery of shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of Warrants, but the Company shall not be obligated to pay any transfer taxes in respect of the Warrants or such shares. The Warrant Agent shall not register any transfer or issue or deliver any Warrant Certificate(s) or Warrant Shares unless or until the persons requesting the registration or issuance shall have paid to the Warrant Agent for the account of the Company the amount of such tax, if any, or shall have established to the reasonable satisfaction of the Company that such tax, if any, has been paid

7.3 Resignation, Consolidation, or Merger of Warrant Agent.

7.3.1 Appointment of Successor Warrant Agent. The Warrant Agent, or any successor to it hereafter appointed, may resign its duties and be discharged from all further duties and liabilities hereunder after giving sixty (60) days’ notice in writing to the Company. If the office of the Warrant Agent becomes vacant by resignation or incapacity to act or otherwise, the Company shall appoint in writing a successor Warrant Agent in place of the Warrant Agent. If the Company shall fail to make such appointment within a period of 30 days after it has been notified in writing of such resignation or incapacity by the Warrant Agent or by the holder of the Warrant (who shall, with such notice, submit his Warrant for inspection by the Company), then the holder of any Warrant may apply to the Supreme Court of the State of New York for the County of New York for the appointment of a successor Warrant Agent at the Company’s cost. Any successor Warrant Agent, whether appointed by the Company or by such court, shall be a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the United States of America or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, in good standing, which is authorized under such laws to exercise corporate trust, stock transfer, or shareholder services powers and which has at the time of its appointment as Warrant Agent a combined capital and surplus of at least $50 million or (b) an affiliate of a legal business entity described in clause (a) of this sentence. After appointment, any successor Warrant Agent shall be vested with all the authority, powers, rights, immunities, duties, and obligations of its predecessor Warrant Agent with like effect as if originally named as Warrant Agent hereunder, without any further act or deed; but if for any reason it becomes necessary or appropriate, the predecessor Warrant Agent shall execute and deliver, at the expense of the Company, an instrument transferring to such successor Warrant Agent all the authority, powers, and rights of such predecessor Warrant Agent hereunder; and upon request of any successor Warrant Agent the Company shall make, execute, acknowledge, and deliver any and all instruments in writing for more fully and effectually vesting in and confirming to such successor Warrant Agent all such authority, powers, rights, immunities, duties, and obligations.

7.3.2 Notice of Successor Warrant Agent. In the event a successor Warrant Agent shall be appointed, the Company shall give notice thereof to the predecessor Warrant Agent and the transfer agent for the Common Stock not later than the effective date of any such appointment.

7.3.3 Merger or Consolidation of Warrant Agent. Any corporation into which the Warrant Agent may be merged or with which it may be consolidated or any corporation resulting from any merger or consolidation to which the Warrant Agent shall be a party shall be the successor Warrant Agent under this Warrant Agreement without any further act.

7.4 Fees and Expenses of Warrant Agent.

7.4.1 Remuneration. The Company agrees to pay the Warrant Agent reasonable remuneration in an amount separately agreed to between Company and Warrant Agent for its services as Warrant Agent hereunder and will reimburse the Warrant Agent upon demand for all expenditures that the Warrant Agent may reasonably incur in the execution of its duties hereunder. The fees must be paid upon execution of this Warrant Agreement, before any services hereunder commence. An invoice for any out-of-pocket and/or per item fees incurred will be rendered to and payable by the Company within fifteen (15) days of the date of said invoice. It is understood and agreed that all services to be performed by Warrant Agent shall cease if full payment for its services has not been received in accordance with the above schedule, and said services will not commence thereafter until all payment due has been received by Warrant Agent. If Company fails to pay any amounts due under this Warrant Agreement, Company shall, upon demand by Warrant Agent, pay interest at the rate of 1-1/2% per month (but in no event more than the highest interest rate allowable by law) on such delinquent amounts from the due date until the date of payment.

7.4.2 Further Assurances. The Company agrees to perform, execute, acknowledge, and deliver or cause to be performed, executed, acknowledged, and delivered all such further and other acts, instruments, and assurances as may reasonably be required by the Warrant Agent for the carrying out or performing of the provisions of this Warrant Agreement.

7.5 Liability of Warrant Agent.

7.5.1 Reliance on Company Statement. Whenever in the performance of its duties under this Warrant Agreement, the Warrant Agent shall deem it necessary or desirable that any fact or matter be proved or established by the Company prior to taking or suffering any action hereunder, such fact or matter (unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by a statement signed by the President of the Company and delivered to the Warrant Agent. The Warrant Agent may rely upon such statement for any action taken or suffered in good faith by it pursuant to the provisions of this Warrant Agreement.

7.5.2 Indemnity. The Warrant Agent shall be liable hereunder only for its own gross negligence, willful misconduct or bad faith. The Company agrees to indemnify the Warrant Agent and save it harmless against any and all liabilities, including judgments, claims, losses, damages, costs and reasonable counsel fees, for anything done or omitted by the Warrant Agent in the execution of this Warrant Agreement except as a result of the Warrant Agent’s gross negligence, willful misconduct, or bad faith.

7.5.3 Limitation of Liability.

(a) Warrant Agent shall not be liable or deemed to be in default for any delay or failure to perform under this Warrant Agreement or any schedule resulting directly or indirectly from any cause beyond Warrant Agent’s reasonable control, including, without limitation, natural disasters, and failure of utilities or carriers.

(b) Warrant Agent’s aggregate liability for any and all damages arising from or relating to any and all claims and causes of action not covered by Section 7(a) in connection with the services provided under this Warrant Agreement or any schedule hereto (the “Services”), shall not exceed the lesser of: (i) the amount of actual damages incurred by Company; and (ii) an amount equal to the fees (excluding pass-through charges) paid by Company to Warrant Agent with respect to those Services giving rise to such claim or cause of action during the twelve (12) month period (or such lesser period if those Services have been provided for less than twelve (12) months) immediately preceding the date of occurrence of the event upon which a claim is asserted, less any amounts previously paid by Warrant Agent in satisfaction or settlement of other claims applicable to those Services giving rise to such claim or cause of action, regardless of the basis on which Company is entitled to claim damages (including, without limitation breach, negligence, misrepresentation, or other contract or tort claim) and shall constitute Company’s sole monetary remedy.

(c) NOTWITHSTANDING ANYTHING IN THIS WARRANT AGREEMENT TO THE CONTRARY, NEITHER PARTY TO THIS WARRANT AGREEMENT SHALL BE LIABLE TO THE OTHER PARTY FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES UNDER ANY PROVISION OF THIS WARRANT AGREEMENT OR FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF ANY ACT OR FAILURE TO ACT HEREUNDER EVEN IF THAT PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF OR HAS FORESEEN THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

(d) This Section allocates the risks under this Warrant Agreement between Warrant Agent and Company and is viewed by the parties as an integral part of the business arrangement between them. The pricing and other terms and conditions of this Warrant Agreement and any schedule hereto reflect this allocation of risk and the limitations specified herein.

7.5.4 Disputes. In the event any question or dispute arises with respect to the proper interpretation of this Warrant Agreement or the Warrant Agent’s duties hereunder or the rights of the Company or of any holder of a Warrant, the Warrant Agent shall not be required to act and shall not be held liable or responsible for refusing to act until the question or dispute has been judicially settled (and the Warrant Agent may, if it deems it advisable, but shall not be obligated to, file a suit in interpleader or for a declaratory judgment for such purpose) by final judgment rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction, binding on all parties interested in the matter which is no longer subject to review or appeal, or settled by a written document in form and substance satisfactory to the Warrant Agent and executed by the Company and each other interested party. In addition, the Warrant Agent may require for such purpose, but shall not be obligated to require, the execution of such written settlement by all the Warrant holders, as applicable, and all other parties that may have an interest in the settlement.

7.5.5 Exclusions. The Warrant Agent shall have no responsibility with respect to the validity of this Warrant Agreement or with respect to the validity or execution of any Warrant (except its countersignature thereof); nor shall it be responsible for any breach by the Company of any covenant or condition contained in this Warrant Agreement or in any Warrant; nor shall it be responsible to make any adjustments required under the provisions of Section 4 hereof or responsible for the manner, method, or amount of any such adjustment or the ascertaining of the existence of facts that would require any such adjustment; nor shall it by any act hereunder be deemed to make any representation or warranty as to the authorization or reservation of any shares of Common Stock to be issued pursuant to this Warrant Agreement or any Warrant or as to whether any shares of Common Stock will when issued be valid and fully paid and nonassessable.

7.6 Acceptance of Agency. The Warrant Agent hereby accepts the agency established by this Warrant Agreement and agrees to perform the same upon the terms and conditions herein set forth and among other things, shall account promptly to the Company with respect to Warrants exercised and concurrently account for, and pay to the Company, all moneys received by the Warrant Agent for the purchase of shares of Common Stock through the exercise of Warrants.

8. Miscellaneous Provisions.

8.1 Successors. All the covenants and provisions of this Warrant Agreement by or for the benefit of the Company or the Warrant Agent shall bind and inure to the benefit of their respective successors and assigns.

8.2 Notices. Any notice, statement or demand authorized by this Warrant Agreement to be given or made by the Warrant Agent or by the holder of any Warrant to or on the Company shall be sufficiently given when so delivered if by hand or overnight delivery or if sent by certified mail or private courier service within five days after deposit of such notice, postage prepaid, addressed (until another address is filed in writing by the Company with the Warrant Agent), as follows:

Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation

726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301

Carnegie, Pennsylvania 15106

Attention:

With a copy to:

Cozen O’Connor

One Oxford Center

301 Grant Street, 41st Floor

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15229

Attention: Jeremiah G. Garvey

Any notice, statement or demand authorized by this Warrant Agreement to be given or made by the holder of any Warrant or by the Company to or on the Warrant Agent shall be sufficiently given when so delivered if by hand or overnight delivery or if sent by certified mail or private courier service within five days after deposit of such notice, postage prepaid, addressed (until another address is filed in writing by the Warrant Agent with the Company), as follows:

Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc.

51 Mercedes Way

Edgewood, NY 11717

Attn: Corporate Actions Department

With a copy to:

Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.

2 Gateway Center

Newark, New Jersey 07102

and a copy via email to legalnotices@broadridge.com

in each case, Attention: General Counsel

8.3 Applicable law. The validity, interpretation, and performance of this Warrant Agreement and of the Warrants shall be governed in all respects by the laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to conflicts of law principles that would result in the application of the substantive laws of another jurisdiction. The Company hereby agrees that any action, proceeding or claim against it arising out of or relating in any way to this Warrant Agreement shall be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and irrevocably submits to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction shall be exclusive. The Company hereby waives any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction and that such courts represent an inconvenience forum. Any such process or summons to be served upon the Company may be served by transmitting a copy thereof by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid, addressed to it at the address set forth in Section 8.2 hereof. Such mailing shall be deemed personal service and shall be legal and binding upon the Company in any action, proceeding or claim.

8.4 Persons Having Rights under this Warrant Agreement. Nothing in this Warrant Agreement shall be construed, to confer upon, or give to, any person or entity other than the parties hereto and the Holders of the Warrants, any right, remedy, or claim under or by reason of this Warrant Agreement or of any covenant, condition, stipulation, promise, or agreement hereof. All covenants, conditions, stipulations, promises, and agreements contained in this Warrant Agreement shall be for the sole and exclusive benefit of the parties hereto and their successors and assigns and of the Registered Holders of the Warrants.

8.5 Examination of the Warrant Agreement. A copy of this Warrant Agreement shall be available at all reasonable times at the office of the Warrant Agent in the city of Edgewood, State of New York, for inspection by the Registered Holder of any Warrant. The Warrant Agent may require any such holder to submit his Warrant for inspection by it.

8.6 Counterparts. This Warrant Agreement may be executed in any number of original or facsimile counterparts and each of such counterparts shall for all purposes be deemed to be an original, and all such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument.

8.7 Effect of Headings. The Section headings herein are for convenience only and are not part of this Warrant Agreement and shall not affect the interpretation thereof.

8.8 Amendments. This Warrant Agreement may be amended by the parties hereto without the consent of any Holder for the purpose of curing any ambiguity, or of curing, correcting or supplementing any defective provision contained herein or adding or changing any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under this Warrant Agreement as the parties may deem necessary or desirable and that the parties deem shall not adversely affect the interest of the Holders. All other modifications or amendments, including any amendment to increase the Exercise Price or shorten the Exercise Period, shall require the written consent of the Company and the Registered Holders of a majority of the then outstanding Warrants.

8.9 Severability. This Warrant Agreement shall be deemed severable, and the invalidity or unenforceability of any term or provision hereof shall not affect the validity or enforceability of this Warrant Agreement or of any other term or provision hereof. Furthermore, in lieu of any such invalid or unenforceable term or provision, the parties hereto intend that there shall be added as a part of this Warrant Agreement a provision as similar in terms to such invalid or unenforceable provision as may be possible and be valid and enforceable.

8.10 Force Majeure. In the event either party is unable to perform its obligations under the terms of this Warrant Agreement because of acts of God, strikes, natural disasters failure of carrier or utilities, equipment or transmission failure or damage that is reasonably beyond its control, or any other cause that is reasonably beyond its control, such party shall not be liable for damages to the other for any damages resulting from such failure to perform or otherwise from such causes. Performance under this Warrant Agreement shall resume when the affected party or parties are able to perform substantially that party’s duties.

8.11 Severability. If any provision of this Warrant Agreement shall be held invalid, unlawful, or unenforceable, the validity, legality, and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired.

8.12 Confidentiality. The Warrant Agent and the Company agree that all books, records, information and data pertaining to the business of the other party which are exchanged or received pursuant to the negotiation or the carrying out of this Warrant Agreement, including the fees for services set forth in the attached schedule, shall remain confidential and shall not be voluntarily disclosed to any third party (except the party’s attorneys, subcontractors, vendors, representatives, agents, advisors and affiliates), except with the written approval of the other party or as may be required by law or regulatory authority.

8.13 Survival. The applicable provisions of Sections 8 and 9 shall survive any termination of this Warrant Agreement.

8.14 Merger of Agreement. This Warrant Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties hereto and supersedes any prior agreement with respect to the subject matter hereof whether oral or written: provided, however, that nothing herein contained shall amend, replace or supersede any agreement between the Company and Warrant Agent to act as the Company’s transfer agent which agreement shall remain in full force and effect.

8.15 GDPR and Territorial Limitation.

8.15.1 To the extent Warrant Agent processes Personal Information that would constitute EU Personal Data as defined under Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation), Warrant Agent will comply with the provisions of the Warrant Agent GDPR Annex, found at https://www.broadridge.com/GDPR-Annex by using password ICS54903.

8.15.2 The Services are intended for use in the United States. Except with respect to representations pertaining to the EU Personal Data as defined under Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation) in Section 8.15.1 Warrant Agent makes no representation that the Services are appropriate or available for use outside the United States, and access to the Services from territories where the Services are illegal is prohibited. The Company is responsible for compliance with all local laws in connection with its use of the Services.

[Signature Page Follows]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Warrant Agreement has been duly executed by the parties hereto as of the day and year first above written.

	AMPCO-PITTSBURGH CORPORATION

	By:
	Name:
	Title:


	BROADRIDGE CORPORATE ISSUER SOLUTIONS, INC.

	By:
	Name:
	Title:

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered	Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price⁽¹⁾	Amount of Registration Fee⁽²⁾
Non-transferable Rights to purchase Units⁽³⁾⁽⁴⁾	—	—
Units issuable upon exercise of Non-transferable Rights	$20,000,000	$2,596.00
Common Stock included in Units⁽⁴⁾	Included in Units	—
Series A Warrants included in Units⁽⁴⁾	Included in Units	—
Common Stock issuable upon exercise of Series A Warrants⁽⁵⁾	$1,000,000	$129.80
Total	$21,000,000	$2,725.80⁽⁶⁾

	Per Unit	Total⁽¹⁾
Subscription price	$	$20,000,000
Dealer-manager fees and expenses⁽²⁾	$	$1,600,000
Proceeds to us, before expenses	$	$18,400,000

			Page
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY			1
RISK FACTORS			5
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS			10
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO THIS OFFERING			11
USE OF PROCEEDS			17
CAPITALIZATION			18
MARKET FOR COMMON STOCK AND DIVIDEND POLICY			19
THE RIGHTS OFFERING			20
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES			29
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS			33
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION			41
LEGAL MATTERS			46
EXPERTS			46
WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION			46

Record date			August 17, 2020
Commencement date			August 18, 2020
Expiration date			September 16, 2020
Deadline for delivery of subscription certificates and payment of subscription prices			September 16, 2020
Deadline for delivery of notices of guaranteed delivery			September 16, 2020
Deadline for delivery of subscription certificates and payment of subscription prices pursuant to notices of guaranteed delivery			September 21, 2020

	March 31, 2020
	Actual	Pro Forma
	(in thousands)
Debt – current portion	$21,085	$
Long-term debt	$47,139
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock – par value $1.00; authorized 40,000 shares; issued and outstanding 12,659 shares	12,659
Additional paid-in capital	156,602
Retained deficit	(47,199)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(72,937)
Total Ampco-Pittsburgh shareholders’ equity	49,125
Noncontrolling interest	7,054
Total shareholders’ equity	56,179
Total capitalization	$103,318

Subscription Certificate Delivery Method			Address/Number
By Notice of Guaranteed Delivery:			Contact an Eligible Guarantor Institution, which may include a commercial bank or trust company, a member firm of a domestic stock exchange or a savings bank or credit union, to notify us of your intent to exercise the subscription rights.

By Mail:			Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc. Attn: BCIS re-Organization Dept. P.O. Box 1317 Brentwood, NY 11717-0718

By Hand or Overnight Courier:			Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc. Attn: BCIS IWS 51 Mercedes Way Edgewood, NY 11717

SEC registration fee			$2,726
NYSE listing fee			*
Subscription agent fees and expenses			*
Information agent fees and expenses			*
Warrant agent fees and expenses			*
Printing and engraving expenses			*
Legal fees and expenses			*
Accounting fees and expenses			*
Miscellaneous fees and expenses			*
Total			*

Exhibit			Description
1.1			Form of Dealer-Manager Agreement to be entered into by Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and Advisory Group Equity Services, Ltd. d/b/a RHK Capital
2.1			Share Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated December 2, 2015, by and between, inter alia, Åkers Holdings AB and Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 8, 2015
2.2			Addendum to Share Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated March 1, 2016, among Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation, Ampco UES Sub, Inc., Altor Fund II GP Limited, and Åkers Holding AB, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 7, 2016
2.3			Second Addendum to Share Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated March 3, 2016, among Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation, Ampco UES Sub, Inc., Altor Fund II GP Limited, and Åkers Holding AB, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 7, 2016
2.4			Purchase Agreement, dated November 1, 2016, by and among Ampco UES Sub, Inc., ASW Steel Inc., CK Pearl Fund, Ltd., CK Pearl Fund LP, and White Oak Strategic Master Fund, L.P., incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 4, 2016
2.5			Purchase Agreement, dated September 30, 2019, by and among Ampco UES Sub, Inc., ASW Steel Inc., Valbruna Canada Ltd. and Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 3, 2019
3.1			Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective as of August 11, 2017, incorporated by reference to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2017
3.2			Amended and Restated By-laws, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2015
3.3			Amendment of Restated Article of Incorporation, effective as of May 9, 2019, incorporated by reference to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2019
4.1			Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3
4.2			Form of Common Stock Certificate, incorporated by reference to Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on January 19, 2018
4.3			Form of Non-Transferable Subscription Rights Certificate
4.4			Form of Series A Warrant Certificate
4.5			Form of Warrant Agreement between Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc. with respect to Series A Warrants
5.1			Opinion of Cozen O’Connor P.C., regarding the legality of the securities being registered hereunder
8.1			Tax opinion of Cozen O’Connor P.C.
10.1			Shareholder Support Agreement, dated March 3, 2016, by and between Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and Altor Fund II GP Limited, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 7, 2016
10.2+			1988 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, as amended and restated December 17, 2008, and further amended on July 1, 2015, incorporated by reference to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 13, 2009, and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2015
10.3 +			Amendment No. 1 to the 1988 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, as amended and restated December 17, 2008, incorporated by reference to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2015
10.4+			Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to the Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2008 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed on March 10, 2008
10.5 +			Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation 2011 Omnibus Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to the Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2011 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed on March 22, 2011
10.6 +			Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan, incorporated by supplement to the Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders filed on March 25, 2016

Exhibit			Description
10.7 +			Amended and Restated Change in Control Agreement between Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and Rose Hoover, dated November 4, 2015, incorporated by reference to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 6, 2015
10.8 +			Amended and Restated Change in Control Agreement between Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and Dee Ann Johnson, dated November 4, 2015, incorporated by reference to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 6, 2015
10.9 +			Amended and Restated Change in Control Agreement among Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation, Air & Liquid Systems Corporation, and Terrence W. Kenny, dated November 4, 2015, incorporated by reference to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 6, 2015
10.10 +			Change in Control Agreement between Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and Michael G. McAuley, dated April 25, 2016, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 25, 2016
10.1 1 +			Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Union Electric Steel Corporation Retirement Restoration Plan for Robert G. Carothers, effective as of July 1, 2015, incorporated by reference to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 10, 2015
10.1 2 +			Retirement and Consulting Agreement, effective as of May 1, 2016, by and between Union Electric Steel Corporation and Robert G. Carothers, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 3, 2016
10.1 3			Revolving Credit and Security Agreement, effective as of May 20, 2016, among Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and certain lenders, the guarantors, and the other agents party thereto, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 24, 2016
10.1 4			First Amendment to Revolving Credit and Security Agreement, dated October 31, 2016, by and among Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and certain lenders, the guarantors, and the other agents party thereto, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 4, 2016
10.1 5			Second Amendment to Revolving Credit and Security Agreement, dated March 2, 2017, by and among Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and certain lenders, the guarantors, and the other agents party thereto, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 7, 2017
10.1 6			Consent, Release and Amendment, dated September 30, 2019, by and among Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and certain borrowers, guarantors and the other agents party thereto, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 3, 2019
10.1 7 +			Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock Unit Award (Time-Vesting), incorporated by reference to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2017
10.1 8 +			Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock Unit Award (Performance-Vesting), incorporated by reference to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2017
10.1 9 +			Amendment No. 1 to Retirement and Consulting Agreement by and between Union Electric Steel Corporation and Robert G. Carothers, effective as of June 1, 2017, incorporated by reference to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2017
10.20 +			Change in Control Agreement between Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and J. Brett McBrayer, dated July 1, 2018, incorporated by reference to Amendment No. 1 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 17, 2018
10.2 1 +			Offer Letter between Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and J. Brett McBrayer, dated June 16, 2018, incorporated by reference to Amendment No. 1 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A filed on August 17, 2018
10.2 2 +			Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation Executive Severance Plan, effective June 21, 2018, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 27, 2018
10.2 3			Master Lease Agreement between Union Electric Steel Corporation and Store Capital Acquisitions, LLC, dated September 28, 2018, incorporated by reference to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2018

Exhibit			Description
10.2 4			Unconditional Guaranty of Payment and Performance between Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and Store Capital Acquisitions, LLC, dated September 28, 2018, incorporated by reference to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2018
10.2 5			Third Amendment to the Revolving Credit and Security Agreement, dated September 28, 2018, by and among Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and certain lenders, guarantors and other agents party thereto, incorporated by reference to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2018
10.2 6 +			Amendment No. 2 to Retirement and Consulting Agreement by and between Union Electric Steel Corporation and Robert G. Carothers, effective as of January 1, 2019, incorporated by reference to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 18, 2019
10.2 7 +			Change in Control Agreement, among Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation, Union Electric Steel Corporation and Samuel C. Lyon, dated as of March 6, 2019, incorporated by reference to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 18, 2019
10.2 8 +			Amendment to Change in Control Agreement between Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and J. Brett McBrayer, dated as of December 20, 2019, incorporated by reference to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2020
10.2 9			Fourth Amendment to the Revolving Credit and Security Agreement, dated June 23, 2020, by and among Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation and PNC Bank, National Association, as agent for the lenders, and certain lenders, the borrowers, the guarantors and other agents party thereto, incorporated by reference to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 24, 2020
21			Significant Subsidiaries, incorporated by reference to Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2020
23.1			Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP
23.2			Consent of Cozen O’Connor P.C. (included in Exhibit 5.1 and Exhibit 8.1)
23.3			Consent of Nathan Associates Inc.
24.1^x			Power of Attorney (set forth on the signature page of this Registration Statement)
99.1			Form of Instructions as to Use of Non-Transferable Subscription Rights Certificates
99.2			Form of Letter to Shareholders who are Record Holders
99.3			Form of Letter to Brokers and Other Nominee Holders
99.4			Form of Broker Letter to Clients Who are Beneficial Holders
99.5			Form of Beneficial Owner Election Form
99.6			Form of Nominee Holder Certification
99.7			Form of Notice of Guaranteed Delivery
99.8			Form of Notice of Important Tax Information

Signature			Title

/s/ J. Brett McBrayer			Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)
J. Brett McBrayer

/s/ Michael G. McAuley			Chief Financial Officer, Vice President and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
Michael G. McAuley

*
James J. Abel			Director

*
Terry L. Dunlap			Director

*
Michael I. German			Director

*
William K. Lieberman			Director

*
Stephen E. Paul			Director

*
Carl H. Pforzheimer, III			Director

*
Elizabeth A. Fessenden			Director

* By:			/s/ J. Brett McBrayer
			J. Brett McBrayer Attorney-in-fact


Signature(s) of Subscriber(s)			Date			Daytime Telephone Number(s)

Print Full Name:						Print Full Name:

Print Full Address:						Print Full Address:

Taxpayer ID # or Social Security #:						Taxpayer ID # or Social Security #:

Date: ____________, 20___
	Signature






	(Address)


	(Tax Identification Number)
Signature Guaranteed:

	Very truly yours,

	/s/ Cozen O’Connor P.C.

	Cozen O’Connor P.C.

/s/ Jessica B. Horewitz
Jessica B. Horewitz, Senior Vice President
Nathan Associates Inc.
July 21, 2020

	Beneficiary Account Name: Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions
	Account Number:

	ABA/Routing number:
	Bank:


	United States
	For Further Credit:
	Account Number:

Name:

Capacity:

Address (including Zip Code):



Telephone Number:

	NUMBER OF SHARES OWNED ON RECORD DATE	NUMBER OF UNITS SUBSCRIBED FOR PURSUANT TO BASIC RIGHT	NUMBER OF UNITS SUBSCRIBED FOR PURSUANT TO OVER-SUBSCRIPTION PRIVILEGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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[ ]			has been delivered separately to the Subscription Agent in the manner set forth below (check appropriate box and complete information relating thereto):

[ ]			Wire transfer of funds

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[ ]			Uncertified check (Payment by uncertified check will not be deemed to have been received by the Subscription Agent until such check has cleared. Rights holders paying by such means are urged to make payment sufficiently in advance of the Expiration Time to ensure that such payment clears by such date.)
[ ]			Certified check

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[ ]			Money order

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