UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
(Mark One)

☐
REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
 
OR
 
 
☒
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021
 
 
OR
 
 
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
 
OR
 
 
☐
SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
 
Date of event requiring this shell company report _________________
 
For the transition period from _________________ to _________________

Commission file number 001-35025

PERFORMANCE SHIPPING INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Performance Shipping Inc.
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Republic of the Marshall Islands
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

373 Syngrou Avenue, 175 64 Palaio Faliro, Athens, Greece
(Address of principal executive offices)

Mr. Andreas Michalopoulos, 373 Syngrou Avenue, 175 64 Palaio Faliro, Athens, Greece
Tel: + 30-216-600-2400, Fax: + 30-216-600-2599, E-mail: amichalopoulos@pshipping.com
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.01 par value, including the Preferred stock purchase rights
“PSHG”
The NASDAQ Capital Market

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None
(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None
(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

As of December 31, 2021, there were 5,082,726 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well‑known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
☐ Yes ☒ No
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
☐ Yes ☒ No
Note-Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:
Large accelerated filer ☐
Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☒
Emerging growth company ☐
 
 

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
U.S. GAAP ☒
International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the
International Accounting Standards Board ☐
Other  ☐
 
 
 
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.     ☐ Item 17  ☐ Item 18
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
☐ Yes ☒ No
(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.
☐ Yes ☐ No

TABLE OF CONTENTS


 4
Item 1.
 4
Item 2.
 4
Item 3.
 4
Item 4.
30
Item 4A.
46
Item 5.
46
Item 6.
59
Item 7.
63
Item 8.
64
Item 9.
65
Item 10.
66
Item 11.
73
Item 12.
73

74
Item 13.
74
Item 14.
74
Item 15.
74
Item 16.
74
Item 16A.
74
Item 16B. 
74
Item 16C. 
75
Item 16D. 
75
Item 16E. 
75
Item 16F.
75
Item 16G.
75
Item 16H.
76
Item 16I.
76

77
Item 17.
77
Item 18.
77
Item 19.
77

2
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 
Matters discussed in this annual report and the documents incorporated by reference may constitute forward-looking statements. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides safe harbor protections for forward-looking statements in order to encourage companies to provide prospective information about their business. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events or performance, underlying assumptions and other statements, which are other than statements of historical facts.
 
Performance Shipping Inc., or the Company, desires to take advantage of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and is including this cautionary statement in connection with this safe harbor legislation. This document and any other written or oral statements made by the Company or on its behalf may include forward-looking statements, which reflect its current views with respect to future events and financial performance, and are not intended to give any assurance as to future results. When used in this document, the words “believe,” “anticipate,” “intends,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “plan,” “potential,” “will,” “may,” “should,” “expect,” “targets,” “likely,” “would,” “could,” “seeks,” “continue,” “possible,” “might,” “pending” and similar expressions, terms or phrases may identify forward-looking statements.
 
Please note in this annual report, “we,” “us,” “our,” and “the Company” all refer to Performance Shipping Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise.
 
The forward-looking statements in this document are based upon various assumptions, many of which are based, in turn, upon further assumptions, including without limitation, management’s examination of historical operating trends, data contained in its records and other data available from third parties. Although the Company believes that these assumptions were reasonable when made, because these assumptions are inherently subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies which are difficult or impossible to predict and are beyond its control, the Company cannot assure you that it will achieve or accomplish these expectations, beliefs or projections.

Such statements reflect the Company’s current views with respect to future events and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described herein as anticipated, believed, estimated, expected or intended. The Company is making investors aware that such forward-looking statements, because they relate to future events, are by their very nature subject to many important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated.
 
In addition to these important factors and matters discussed elsewhere herein, including under the heading “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors,” and in the documents incorporated by reference herein, important factors that, in its view, could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: the strength of world economies, fluctuations in currencies and interest rates, general market conditions, including fluctuations in charter rates and vessel values, changes in demand in the tanker shipping industry, changes in the supply of vessels, changes in worldwide oil production and consumption and storage, changes in our operating expenses, including bunker prices, crew costs, drydocking and insurance costs, our future operating or financial results, availability of financing and refinancing and changes to our financial condition and liquidity, including our ability to pay amounts that it owes and obtain additional financing to fund capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate activities and our ability to obtain financing and comply with the restrictions and other covenants in our financing arrangements, our ability to continue as a going concern, potential liability from pending or future litigation and potential costs due to environmental damage and vessel collisions, the market for our vessels, availability of skilled workers and the related labor costs, compliance with governmental, tax, environmental and safety regulation, any non-compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA) or other applicable regulations relating to bribery, the impact of the discontinuance of LIBOR on interest rates of our debt that reference LIBOR, general economic conditions and conditions in the oil industry, effects of new products and new technology in our industry, the failure of counter parties to fully perform their contracts with us, our dependence on key personnel, adequacy of insurance coverage, our ability to obtain indemnities from customers, changes in laws, treaties or regulations, the volatility of the price of our common shares, our incorporation under the laws of the Marshall Islands and the different rights to relief that may be available compared to other countries, including the United States, changes in governmental rules and regulations or actions taken by regulatory authorities, general domestic and international political conditions or events, including “trade wars”, acts by terrorists or acts of piracy on ocean-going vessels, the length and severity of epidemics and pandemics, including the ongoing outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and its impact on the demand for seaborne transportation of petroleum and other types of products, potential disruption of shipping routes due to accidents, labor disputes or political events, and other important factors described from time to time in the reports filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC.
 
This report may contain assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions, and beliefs about future events. These statements are intended as forward-looking statements. The Company may also, from time to time, make forward-looking statements in other documents and reports that are filed with or submitted to the Commission, in other information sent to the Company’s security holders, and in other written materials. The Company also cautions that assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions, and beliefs about future events may, and often do, vary from actual results and the differences can be material. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement contained in this report, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.

3
PART I
 
Item 1.
Identity of Directors, Senior Management, and Advisers
 
Not Applicable.
 
Item 2.
Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
 
Not Applicable.
 
Item 3.
Key Information
 
 
A.
[Reserved]
 
 
B.
Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not Applicable.
 
 
C.
Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
 
Not Applicable.
 
 
D.
Risk Factors
 
Some of the following risks relate principally to the industry in which we operate and our business in general. Other risks relate principally to the securities market and ownership of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the events described in this section could significantly and negatively affect our business, financial condition, or operating results, or the trading price of our common stock.
 
Summary of Risk Factors
 
Industry Specific Risk Factors
 

 •
The tanker vessel industry is cyclical and volatile, which may lead to reductions and volatility in the charter rates we are able to obtain, in vessel values, and in our earnings and available cash flow.

•
An over-supply of tanker capacity may lead to a reduction in charter rates, vessel values, and profitability.

•
Our results of operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations, which may adversely affect our financial condition.

•
The current state of the global financial markets and current economic conditions may adversely impact our results of operation, financial condition, cash flows, and ability to obtain financing or refinance our existing and future credit facilities on acceptable terms, which may negatively impact our business.

•
If economic conditions throughout the world continue to deteriorate or become more volatile, it could impede our operations.

•
Tanker vessel values may fluctuate due to economic and technological factors, which may adversely affect our financial condition, or result in the incurrence of a loss upon disposal of a tanker vessel, impairment losses, or increases in the cost of acquiring additional tanker vessels.

•
An increase in operating costs could adversely affect our cash flows and financial condition.

•
Rising fuel prices may adversely affect our profits.

•
Compliance with safety and other vessel requirements imposed by classification societies may be very costly and may adversely affect our business.

•
We are subject to regulation and liability under environmental laws that could require significant expenditures and affect our cash flows and net income.

•
We, or our in-house managers, may be unable to attract and retain qualified, skilled employees or crew necessary to operate our business. In addition, labor interruptions could disrupt our business

•
We operate our vessels worldwide and, as a result, our vessels are exposed to international risks and inherent operational risks of the tanker vessel industry, which may adversely affect our business and financial condition.

•
International hostilities and terrorist attacks could affect our results of operations and financial condition.

•
Outbreaks of epidemic and pandemic of diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19, and governmental responses thereto, could adversely affect our business.

•
Acts of piracy on ocean-going vessels could adversely affect our business.

•
If our vessels call on ports located in countries or territories that are the subject of sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government or other governmental authorities, it could lead to monetary fines or penalties and adversely affect our business, reputation and the market for our common stock.

•
We conduct business in China, where the legal system is unpredictable and has inherent uncertainties that could limit the legal protections available to us.

•
Governments could requisition our vessels during a period of war or emergency, resulting in loss of earnings.

•
Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, or the FCPA, could result in fines, criminal penalties, and an adverse effect on our business.

•
The smuggling of drugs or other contraband onto our tanker vessels may lead to governmental claims against us.

4

 •
Maritime claimants could arrest or attach our tanker vessels, which would interrupt our business or have a negative effect on our cash flows.

•
Changing laws and evolving reporting requirements could have an adverse effect on our business.
 
Company Specific Risk Factors
 

 •
The market values of our vessels are highly volatile and may decline, which could limit the amount of funds that we can borrow and trigger breaches of certain financial covenants under our future loan facilities.

•
We are currently subject to litigation, and we may be subject to similar or other litigation in the future.

•
Our business, operating results, financial condition, and growth will depend on our ability to successfully charter our tanker vessels, for which we will face substantial competition.

•
The failure of our counterparties to meet their obligations to us under any vessel purchase agreements or charter agreements could cause us to suffer losses or otherwise adversely affect our business.

•
We may be unable to locate suitable vessels or dispose of vessels at reasonable prices, which would adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

•
Our purchasing and operating secondhand vessels, and the aging of our fleet may result in increased operating costs and vessels off-hire, which could adversely affect our earnings.

•
There is a lack of historical operating history provided with our secondhand vessel acquisitions, and profitable operation of the vessels will depend on our skill and expertise.

•
Technical innovation and technical quality and efficiency requirements from our customers could reduce our charter hire income and the value of our tanker vessels.

•
The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board inspection of our independent accounting firm could lead to findings in our auditors’ reports and challenge the accuracy of our published audited consolidated financial statements.

•
Our ability to obtain debt financing in the future may be dependent on the performance of our then existing charters and the creditworthiness of our charterers.

•
We may be unable to attract and retain key management personnel and other employees in the shipping industry, which may negatively impact the effectiveness of our management and results of operations.

•
Aliki Paliou, the Chairperson of the Board, has the right and has expressed the intention to acquire a significant percentage of voting power over matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote, and accordingly, may exert considerable influence over us and may have interests that are different from the interests of our other shareholders.

•
Our Chief Financial Officer participates in business activities not associated with us, and does not devote all of his time to our business, which may create conflicts of interest and hinder our ability to operate successfully.

•
We expect to continue to operate substantially outside the United States, which will expose us to political and governmental instability, which could harm our operations.

•
We generate all of our revenues in U.S. dollars and incur a portion of our expenses in other currencies, and therefore exchange rate fluctuations could have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

•
If volatility in the London InterBank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, occurs, or if LIBOR is replaced as the reference rate under our debt obligations, it could affect our profitability, earnings and cash flow.

•
We may have to pay tax on United States source income, which would reduce our earnings.

•
We may be treated as a “passive foreign investment company,” which could have certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders.

•
We may be subject to increased premium payments, or calls, because we obtain some of our insurance through protection and indemnity associations.

•
The international nature of our operations may make the outcome of any bankruptcy proceedings difficult to predict.

•
A cyber-attack could materially disrupt our business.

•
If we do not identify suitable vessels for acquisition or successfully integrate any acquired vessels, we may not be able to grow or to effectively manage our growth.

•
The IMO 2020 regulations may cause us to incur substantial costs and to procure low-sulfur fuel oil directly on the wholesale market for storage at sea and onward consumption on our tanker vessels.

•
Climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions may adversely impact our operations and markets.

•
Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, lenders, and other market participants with respect to our Environmental, Social, and Governance (“ESG”) policies may impose additional costs on us or expose us to additional risks.

•
If we are unable to operate our vessels profitably, we may be unsuccessful in competing in the highly competitive international tanker vessel market, which would negatively affect our financial condition and our ability to expand our business.

•
Regulations relating to ballast water discharge came into effect during September 2019 and may adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

•
Insurance may be difficult to obtain, or if obtained, may not be adequate to cover our losses that may result from our operations due to the inherent operational risks of the shipping industry.

•
Adverse market conditions could cause us to breach covenants in our credit facilities and adversely affect our operating results.

5

 •
A shift in consumer demand from crude oil towards other energy sources or changes to trade patterns for crude oil and refined petroleum products may have a material adverse effect on our business.
 
Risks Relating to our Common Shares
 

 •
The market price of our common shares is subject to significant fluctuations. Further, there is no guarantee of a continuing public market for you to resell our common shares.

•
Future sales of our common stock, including through the exercise of conversion rights under our outstanding convertible preferred shares, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

•
As a key component of our business strategy, we intend to issue additional shares of common stock or other securities to finance our growth as market conditions warrant. These issuances, which would generally not be subject to shareholder approval, may lower your ownership interests and may depress the market price of our common stock.

•
Our Series B Preferred Shares are convertible under certain circumstances into preferred shares with superior voting rights, which may limit the ability of our common shareholders to control or influence corporate matters, and the interests of the holders of such shares could conflict with the interests of common shareholders.

•
A decline in the closing price of our common shares could result in a breach of the requirements for listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, and our common shares could be delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market, or trading could be suspended.

•
We cannot assure you that our board of directors will declare dividend payments in the future, or when such payment might occur.

•
Future offerings of debt securities and amounts outstanding under any future credit facilities or other borrowings, which would rank senior to our common stock upon our liquidation, and future offerings of equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders, may adversely affect the market value of our common stock.

•
We are a holding company, and we depend on the ability of our current and future subsidiaries to distribute funds to us in order to satisfy our financial obligations and to make dividend payments.

•
Because we are a foreign corporation, you may not have the same rights or protections that a shareholder in a U.S. corporation may have.

•
As a Marshall Islands corporation with principal executive offices in Greece, and also having subsidiaries in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, our operations may be subject to economic substance requirements.

•
It may not be possible for our investors to enforce judgments of U.S courts against us.

•
Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents could make it difficult for our shareholders to replace or remove our current board of directors or have the effect of discouraging, delaying, or preventing a merger or acquisition, which could adversely affect the value of our securities.
 
Industry Specific Risk Factors
 
The tanker vessel industry is cyclical and volatile, which may lead to reductions and volatility in the charter rates we are able to obtain, in vessel values, and in our earnings and available cash flow.
 
The tanker industry is both cyclical and volatile in terms of charter rates and profitability. For example, during the ten year period from 2012 through 2021, time charter equivalent, or TCE, spot rates for an Aframax tanker trading between Curacao and Texas City fluctuated between $3,331 to $59,490 per day. Periodic adjustments to the supply of and demand for oil tankers cause the industry to be cyclical in nature. We expect continued volatility in market rates for our vessels in the foreseeable future with a consequent effect on our short- and medium-term liquidity. A worsening of the current global economic conditions may adversely affect our ability to charter or re-charter our vessels or to sell them on the expiration or termination of their charters, or any renewal or replacement charters that we enter into may not be sufficient to allow us to operate our vessels profitably. Fluctuations in charter rates and vessel values result from changes in the supply and demand for tanker capacity and changes in the supply and demand for oil and oil products. The carrying values of our vessels may not represent their fair market values or the amount that could be obtained by selling the vessels at any point in time since the market prices of second-hand vessels tend to fluctuate with changes in charter rates and the cost of newbuildings.
 
The factors affecting the supply and demand for tanker vessels are outside of our control, and the nature, timing, and degree of changes in industry conditions are unpredictable.
 
The factors that influence demand for tanker vessel capacity include:
 

 •
supply and demand for energy resources and oil and petroleum products;
 

 •
competition from, and supply and demand for, alternative sources of energy;
 

 •
regional availability of refining capacity and inventories;
 

 •
global and regional economic and political conditions and developments, including armed conflicts, terrorist activities, trade wars, tariffs embargoes, and strikes;
 

 •
currency exchange rates;
 
6

 •
changes in seaborne and other transportation patterns, including shifts in transportation demand between crude oil and refined oil products and the distance they are transported by sea and changes in the price of crude oil and changes to the West Texas Intermediate and Brent Crude Oil pricing benchmarks, and changes in trade patterns;
 

 •
changes in governmental or maritime self-regulatory organizations’ rules and regulations or actions taken by regulatory authorities;
 

 •
environmental and other legal and regulatory developments;
 

 •
government subsidies of shipbuilding;
 

 •
construction or expansion of new or existing pipelines or railways;
 

 •
weather and natural disasters;
 

 •
economic slowdowns caused by public health events such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic;
 

 •
developments in international trade, including those relating to the imposition of tariffs;
 

 •
changes in the production levels of crude oil (including in particular production by OPEC, the United States, and other key producers); and
 

 •
international sanctions, embargoes, import and export restrictions, nationalizations, and wars or other conflicts, including the conflict in Ukraine.
 
The factors that influence the supply of tanker vessel capacity include:
 

 •
demand for alternative sources of energy;
 

 •
the number of newbuilding orders and deliveries;
 

 •
the number of shipyards and availability of shipyards to deliver vessels;
 

 •
vessel casualties;
 

 •
the recycling of older vessels, depending, amongst other things, on recycling rates and international recycling regulations;
 

 •
conversion of tanker vessels to other uses;
 

 •
the number of vessels that are out of service, namely those that are laid up, dry-docked, awaiting repairs, or otherwise not available for hire;
 

 •
availability of financing for new vessels;
 

 •
changes in national or international regulations that may effectively cause reductions in the carrying capacity of vessels or early obsolescence of tonnages;
 

 •
changes in environmental and other regulations that may limit the useful lives of vessels;
 

 •
port or canal congestion and weather delays; and
 

 •
sanctions (in particular, sanctions on Russia, Iran and Venezuela, amongst others).
 
Declines in crude oil and natural gas prices for an extended period of time, or market expectations of potential decreases in these prices, could negatively affect our future growth in the tanker vessel sector. Sustained periods of low oil and natural gas prices typically result in reduced exploration and extraction because oil and natural gas companies’ capital expenditure budgets are subject to cash flow from such activities and are therefore sensitive to changes in energy prices. These changes in commodity prices can have a material effect on demand for our services, and periods of low demand can cause excess vessel supply and intensify the competition in the industry, which often results in vessels, particularly older and less technologically-advanced vessels, being idle for long periods of time. We cannot predict the future level of demand for our services or future conditions of the oil and natural gas industry. Any decrease in exploration, development, or production expenditures by oil and natural gas companies could reduce our revenues and materially harm our business, results of operations, and cash available for distribution.
 
An over-supply of tanker capacity may lead to a reduction in charter rates, vessel values, and profitability.
 
The market supply of tanker vessels is affected by a number of factors, such as supply and demand for energy resources, including oil and petroleum products, supply and demand for seaborne transportation of such energy resources, the current and expected price for newbuildings, and the number of vessels being recycled for scrap steel. If the capacity of new tanker vessels delivered exceeds the capacity of tanker vessels being recycled for scrap steel or converted to non-trading tanker vessels, tanker vessel capacity will increase. If the supply of tanker vessel capacity increases and if the demand for tanker vessel capacity decreases or does not increase correspondingly, charter rates could materially decline. A reduction in charter rates and the value of our tanker vessels may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and earnings and available cash, and our ability to comply with the covenants in our loan agreements.
 
7
Our results of operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations, which may adversely affect our financial condition.
 
We operate our vessels in markets that have historically exhibited seasonal variations in demand and, as a result, charter rates. Peaks in tanker vessel demand quite often precede seasonal oil consumption peaks, as refiners and suppliers anticipate consumer demand. Seasonal peaks in oil demand can broadly be classified into two main categories: (1) increased demand prior to Northern Hemisphere winters as heating oil consumption increases and (2) increased demand for gasoline prior to the summer driving season in the United States. Unpredictable weather patterns and variations in oil reserves disrupt tanker scheduling. This seasonality may result in quarter-to-quarter volatility in our operating results, as many of our vessels trade in the spot market. Seasonal variations in tanker vessel demand will affect any spot market-related rates that we may receive.
 
The current state of the global financial markets and current economic conditions may adversely impact our results of operation, financial condition, cash flows, and ability to obtain financing or refinance our existing and future credit facilities on acceptable terms, which may negatively impact our business.
 
Global financial markets and economic conditions have been, and continue to be, volatile. Beginning in February 2020, due in part to the broad impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (as more fully described below), global financial markets experienced volatility and a steep and abrupt downturn followed by a recovery, which volatility may continue.Credit markets and the debt and equity capital markets have been distressed, and the uncertainty surrounding the future of the global credit markets has resulted in reduced access to credit worldwide, particularly for the shipping industry. These issues, along with significant write-offs in the financial services sector, the re-pricing of credit risk, and the uncertain economic conditions, have made, and may continue to make, it difficult to obtain additional financing. The current state of global financial markets and current economic conditions might adversely impact our ability to issue additional equity at prices that will not be dilutive to our existing shareholders or preclude us from issuing equity at all. Economic conditions may also adversely affect the market price of our common shares.
 
Also, as a result of concerns about the stability of financial markets generally and the solvency of counterparties specifically, the availability and cost of obtaining money from the public and private equity and debt markets has become more difficult. Many lenders have increased interest rates, enacted tighter lending standards, refused to refinance existing debt at all or on terms similar to current debt, and reduced, and in some cases ceased, to provide funding to borrowers and other market participants, including equity and debt investors, and some have been unwilling to invest on attractive terms or even at all. Due to these factors, we cannot be certain that financing will be available if needed and to the extent required or that we will be able to refinance our existing and future credit facilities on acceptable terms or at all. If financing or refinancing is not available when needed, or is available only on unfavorable terms, we may be unable to meet our obligations as they come due, or we may be unable to enhance our existing business, complete additional vessel acquisitions, or otherwise take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.
 
Credit markets in the United States and Europe have in the past experienced significant contraction, de-leveraging, and reduced liquidity, and there is a risk that the U.S. federal government and state governments, and European authorities continue to implement a broad variety of governmental action and/or new regulation of the financial markets. Global financial markets and economic conditions have been, and continue to be, disrupted and volatile. We face risks attendant to changes in economic environments, changes in interest rates, and instability in the banking and securities markets around the world, among other factors. Major market disruptions may adversely affect our business or impair our ability to borrow amounts under our credit facilities or any future financial arrangements. In the absence of available financing, we also may be unable to take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures.
 
We face risks attendant to changes in economic environments, changes in interest rates, and instability in the banking and securities markets around the world, among other factors. We cannot predict how long the current market conditions will last. However, these recent and developing economic and governmental factors may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition and may cause the price of our common shares to decline.
 
If economic conditions throughout the world continue to deteriorate or become more volatile, it could impede our operations.
 
The world economy faces a number of challenges, including the effects of volatile oil prices, trade tensions between the United States and China and between the United States and the European Union, continuing turmoil and hostilities in the Middle East, the Korean Peninsula, North Africa, Venezuela, Iran and other geographic areas and countries, continuing threat of terrorist attacks around the world, continuing instability and conflicts and other recent occurrences in the Middle East and in other geographic areas and countries, continuing economic weakness in the European Union, or the E.U., and stabilizing growth in China, as well as significant public health concerns such as the COVID-19 pandemic. If U.S and world economic conditions weaken, the demand for energy, including crude oil and natural gas, may be negatively affected. There has historically been a strong link between the development of the world economy and demand for energy, including crude oil and natural gas.
 
Our ability to secure funding is dependent on well-functioning capital markets and on an appetite to provide funding to the shipping industry. If global economic conditions worsen or lenders for any reason decide not to provide debt financing to us, we may, among other things, not be able to secure additional financing to the extent required, on acceptable terms or at all. If additional financing is not available when needed, or is available only on unfavorable terms, we may be unable to meet our obligations as they come due, or we may be unable to enhance our existing business, complete additional vessel acquisitions or otherwise take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.
 
8
This conflict in Ukraine has disrupted supply chains and cause instability in the energy markets and the global economy, which have experienced significant volatility. The United States and the European Union, among other countries, have announced sanctions against Russia, including sanctions targeting the Russian oil sector, among those a prohibition on the import of oil from Russia to the United States. Apart from the immediate commercial disruptions caused in the conflict zone, escalating tensions among the two countries and fears of potential shortages in the supply of Russian crude have caused the price of oil to currently trade above $100 per barrel. The ongoing conflict could result in the imposition of further economic sanctions by the United States and the European Union against Russia, with uncertain impacts on the tanker market and the world economy. Much uncertainty remains regarding the global impact of the conflict in Ukraine, and it is possible that such uncertainty and resulting volatility could adversely affect our ability to secure financing and as a result adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows.
 
In Europe, large sovereign debts and fiscal deficits, low growth prospects, and high unemployment rates in a number of countries have contributed to the rise of Eurosceptic parties, which would like their countries to leave the Euro. The exit of the United Kingdom, or the U.K., from the European Union, or the EU, as described more fully below, and potential new trade policies in the United States further increase the risk of additional trade protectionism.
 
In China, a transformation of the Chinese economy continues to be underway, as China transforms from a production-driven economy towards a service or consumer-driven economy. The Chinese economic transition implies that we expect challenges with the Chinese economy maintaining high levels of GDP growth rates in the near term. The annual year-over-year growth rate of China’s GDP was expected to be around 8.1% for the year ending December 31, 2021, as compared to 2.3% for the year ending December 31, 2020. Furthermore, there is a continuing threat of a Chinese financial crisis resulting from massive personal and corporate indebtedness and “trade wars.” The International Monetary Fund has warned that continuing trade tensions, including significant tariff increases, between the United States and China are expected to result in a cumulative reduction in global GDP. Additionally, following the emergence of COVID-19, industrial activity in China and other countries came to a quick halt in early 2020. The outbreak of COVID-19 initially had a very negative development for the Chinese economy and led to an economic contraction. While the Chinese economy has since recovered and is growing, we cannot assure you that the Chinese economy will not contract in the future.
 
While the recent developments in Europe and China have been without significant immediate impact on our charter rates, an extended period of deterioration in the world economy could reduce the overall demand for our services. Such changes could adversely affect our future performance, results of operations, cash flows, and financial position.
 
Further, governments may turn to trade barriers to protect their domestic industries against foreign imports, thereby depressing shipping demand. In particular, leaders in the United States have indicated that the United States may seek to implement more protective trade measures. There is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States, China, and other exporting countries, including with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations, and tariffs. For example, in January 2019, the United States announced sanctions against Venezuela, which may have an effect on its oil output and in turn affect global oil supply. Protectionist developments, or the perception that they may occur, may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions, and may significantly reduce global trade. Moreover, increasing trade protectionism may cause an increase in (a) the cost of goods exported from regions globally, (b) the length of time required to transport goods, and (c) the risks associated with exporting goods. Such increases may significantly affect the quantity of goods to be shipped, shipping time schedules, voyage costs, and other associated costs, which could have an adverse impact on the shipping industry, and therefore, our charterers and their business, operating results and financial condition and could thereby affect their ability to make timely charter hire payments to us and to renew and increase the number of their time charters with us. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and our ability to pay any cash distributions to our shareholders.
 
Prospective investors should consider the potential impact, uncertainty, and risk associated with the developments in the wider global economy. A further economic downturn in any of these countries could have a material effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows, and financial position.
 
Tanker vessel values may fluctuate due to economic and technological factors, which may adversely affect our financial condition, or result in the incurrence of a loss upon disposal of a tanker vessel, impairment losses, or increases in the cost of acquiring additional tanker vessels.
 
Tanker vessel values may fluctuate due to a number of different factors, including: general economic and market conditions affecting the shipping industry; competition from other shipping companies; the types and sizes of available tanker vessels; the availability of other modes of transportation; increases in the supply of tanker vessel capacity; the cost of newbuildings; governmental or other regulations; and the need to upgrade secondhand and previously owned tanker vessels as a result of charterer requirements, technological advances in vessel design or equipment or otherwise, including as a result of compliance with more stringent emissions regulations. In addition, as tanker vessels grow older, they generally decline in value. Due to the cyclical nature of the shipping market, if we sell any of our owned tanker vessels at a time when prices are depressed, we could incur a loss and our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition could be adversely affected. Moreover, if the book value of a tanker vessel is impaired due to unfavorable market conditions, we may incur a loss that could adversely affect our operating results. In 2021 we did not recognize any impairment losses,  and in 2020 and 2019, we recognized $0.34 million and $31.6 million of impairment charges, for one and three of our container vessels, respectively.
 
9
Conversely, if tanker vessel values are elevated at a time when we wish to acquire additional tanker vessels, the cost of acquisition may increase, and this could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, and ability to pay dividends to our shareholders. Over the past ten years, the value of a ten year old Aframax tanker has fluctuated widely within a range of $17.0 million to $31.0 million.
 
An increase in operating costs could adversely affect our cash flows and financial condition.
 
Vessel operating expenses include the costs of crew, provisions, deck and engine stores, lube oil, bunkers, insurance, and maintenance and repairs, which depend on a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Some of these costs, primarily relating to insurance and enhanced security measures implemented after September 11, 2001, and as a result of increases in the frequency of acts of piracy, have been increasing. If our vessels suffer damage, they may need to be repaired at a drydocking facility. The costs of drydock repairs are unpredictable and can be substantial. Increases in any of these costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, and ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.
 
Rising fuel prices may adversely affect our profits.
 
Fuel is a significant, if not the largest, expense in our shipping operations when vessels are operated on the spot market under voyage charters. While we do not directly bear the cost of fuel or bunkers under our time charters, fuel is also a significant factor in negotiating charter rates. As a result, an increase in the price of fuel beyond our expectations may adversely affect our profitability at the time of charter negotiation. The price and supply of fuel is unpredictable and fluctuates based on events outside our control, including geopolitical developments, supply, and demand for crude oil and natural gas, actions by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, and other oil and natural gas producers, war and unrest in oil producing countries and regions, regional production patterns and environmental concerns.  In April 2020, the crude oil price fell to under $27.00 per barrel  (the lowest price over the past ten years) following OPEC’s inability to reach an agreement in respect of oil production cuts. However, fuel may become much more expensive in the future as a result of new regulations mandating a reduction in sulfur emissions to 0.5% as of January 2020. Over the past ten years, the price of crude oil has fluctuated widely within a range of $26.6 to $125.5 per barrel. An increase in oil prices in the future may reduce the profitability of our business. Other future regulations may have a similar impact.
 
Compliance with safety and other vessel requirements imposed by classification societies may be very costly and may adversely affect our business.
 
The hull and machinery of every commercial vessel must be classed by a classification society authorized by its country of registry. The classification society certifies that a vessel is safe and seaworthy in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the country of registry of the vessel and the IMO’s International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1974, or SOLAS.
 
A vessel must undergo annual surveys, intermediate surveys, and special surveys. In lieu of a special survey, a vessel’s machinery may be on a continuous survey cycle under which the machinery would be surveyed periodically over a five-year period. If any vessel does not maintain its class and/or fails any annual survey, intermediate survey, or special survey, the vessel will be unable to trade between ports and will be unemployable. If this were to happen to one or more of our vessels, it could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.
 
We are subject to regulation and liability under environmental laws that could require significant expenditures and affect our cash flows and net income.
 
Our business and the operations of our vessels are materially affected by environmental regulation in the form of international conventions, national, state, and local laws and regulations in force in the jurisdictions in which our vessels operate, as well as in the country or countries of their registration, including those governing the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, the cleanup of oil spills and other contamination, air emissions (including greenhouse gases), water discharges and ballast water management.  These regulations include, but are not limited to, European Union regulations, the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, requirements of the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Clean Air Act of 1970 (including its amendments of 1977 and 1990), the U.S. Clean Water Act, and the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, and regulations of the IMO, including the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978, collectively referred to as MARPOL 73/78 or MARPOL, including designations of Emission Control Areas, thereunder, SOLAS, the International Convention on Load Lines of 1966, the International Convention of Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, and the ISM Code. Because such conventions, laws, and regulations are often revised, we cannot predict the ultimate cost of complying with such requirements or the impact thereof on the re-sale price or useful life of any vessel that we own or will acquire. Additional conventions, laws, and regulations may be adopted that could limit our ability to do business or increase the cost of our doing business and which may materially adversely affect our operations. Government regulation of vessels, particularly in the areas of safety and environmental requirements, continues to change, requiring us to incur significant capital expenditures on our vessels to keep them in compliance, or even to scrap or sell certain vessels altogether. In addition, we may incur significant costs in meeting new maintenance and inspection requirements, in developing contingency arrangements for potential environmental violations, and in obtaining insurance coverage.
 
In addition, we are required by various governmental and quasi-governmental agencies to obtain certain permits, licenses, certificates, approvals, and financial assurances with respect to our operations. Our failure to maintain necessary permits, licenses, certificates, approvals, or financial assurances could require us to incur substantial costs or temporarily suspend the operation of one or more of the vessels in our fleet or lead to the invalidation or reduction of our insurance coverage.
 
10
Environmental requirements can also affect the resale value or useful lives of our vessels, require a reduction in cargo capacity, ship modifications or operational changes or restrictions, lead to decreased availability of insurance coverage for environmental matters, or result in the denial of access to certain jurisdictional waters or ports, or detention in certain ports. Under local, national, and foreign laws, as well as international treaties and conventions, we could incur material liabilities, including for cleanup obligations and natural resource damages, in the event that there is a release of petroleum or hazardous substances from our vessels or otherwise in connection with our operations. We could also become subject to personal injury or property damage claims relating to the release of hazardous substances associated with our existing or historic operations. Violations of, or liabilities under, environmental requirements can result in substantial penalties, fines, and other sanctions, including, in certain instances, seizure or detention of our vessels.
 
We, or our in-house managers, may be unable to attract and retain qualified, skilled employees or crew necessary to operate our business. In addition, labor interruptions could disrupt our business.
 
Our success will depend largely on our ability and on the ability of Unitized Ocean Transport Limited, or UOT, our wholly-owned subsidiary, which acts as our in-house manager, to attract and retain highly skilled and qualified personnel. In crewing our vessels, we require technically skilled employees with specialized training who can perform physically demanding work. Competition to attract and retain qualified crew members is intense. If we are not able to increase our charter rates to compensate for any crew cost increases, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. Any inability we or UOT experience in the future to hire, train and retain a sufficient number of qualified employees could impair our ability to manage, maintain and grow our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
 
Our vessels are manned by masters, officers, and crews that are employed by our vessel-owning subsidiaries. If not resolved in a timely and cost-effective manner, industrial action or other labor unrest could prevent or hinder our operations from being carried out normally and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
 
We operate our vessels worldwide, and as a result, our vessels are exposed to international risks and inherent operational risks of the tanker vessel industry, which may adversely affect our business and financial condition.
 
The operation of an ocean-going vessel carries inherent risks. Our vessels and their cargoes are at risk of being damaged or lost because of events such as marine disasters, bad weather, and acts of God, business interruptions caused by mechanical failures, grounding, fire, explosions and collisions, human error, war, terrorism, piracy, and other circumstances or events. In addition, changing economic, regulatory, and political conditions in some countries, including political and military conflicts, have from time to time resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways, piracy, terrorism, labor strikes, and boycotts. These events may result in death or injury to persons, loss of revenues or property, the payment of ransoms, environmental damage, higher insurance rates, damage to our customer relationships, and market disruptions, delay or rerouting, which may also subject us to litigation. In addition, the operation of tanker vessels has unique operational risks associated with the transportation of oil. An oil spill may cause significant environmental damage and the associated costs could exceed the insurance coverage available to us. Compared to other types of vessels, tanker vessels are exposed to a higher risk of damage and loss by fire, whether ignited by a terrorist attack, collision, or other cause, due to the high flammability and high volume of the oil transported in tanker vessels.
 
If our vessels suffer damage, they may need to be repaired at a drydocking facility. The costs of drydock repairs and maintenance are unpredictable and may be substantial. We may have to pay drydocking costs that our insurance does not cover in full. The loss of revenues while these vessels are being repaired and repositioned, as well as the actual cost of these repairs, may adversely affect our business and financial condition. In addition, space at drydocking facilities is sometimes limited and not all drydocking facilities are conveniently located. We may be unable to find space at a suitable drydocking facility, or our vessels may be forced to travel to a drydocking facility that is not conveniently located to our vessels’ positions. The loss of earnings while these vessels are forced to wait for space, or to travel to more distant drydocking facilities, may adversely affect our business and financial condition. Further, the total loss of any of our vessels could harm our reputation as a safe and reliable vessel owner and operator. If we are unable to adequately maintain or safeguard our vessels, we may be unable to prevent any such damage, costs, or loss which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and available cash.
 
In addition, international shipping is subject to various security and customs inspection and related procedures in countries of origin and destination and transshipment points. Inspection procedures can result in the seizure of the cargo and/or our vessels, delays in the loading, offloading, or delivery, and the levying of customs duties, fines, or other penalties against us. It is possible that changes to inspection procedures could impose additional financial and legal obligations on us. Furthermore, changes to inspection procedures could also impose additional costs and obligations on our customers and may, in certain cases, render the shipment of certain types of cargo uneconomical or impractical. Any such changes or developments may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, and available cash.
 
11
International hostilities and terrorist attacks could affect our results of operations and financial condition.
 
Continuing conflicts and recent developments in Ukraine, the Middle East, including tensions between the U.S. and Iran, as well as other geographic countries and areas, geopolitical events such as Brexit, terrorist or other attacks, and war (or threatened war) or international hostilities, such as between Russia and Ukraine, China and Taiwan, or the U.S. and North Korea, may lead to armed conflict or acts of terrorism around the world, which may contribute to further economic instability in the global financial markets and international commerce. The recent escalation of conflict between Russia and Ukraine may lead to further regional and international conflicts or armed action. This conflict has disrupted supply chains and cause instability in the energy markets and the global economy, with effects on the tanker market, which has experienced volatility. The United States and the European Union, among other countries, have announced sanctions against Russia, including sanctions targeting the Russian oil sector, among those a prohibition on the import of oil from Russia to the United States. The ongoing conflict could result in the imposition of further economic sanctions by the United States and the European Union against Russia, with uncertain impacts on the tanker market. While much uncertainty remains regarding the global impact of the conflict in Ukraine, it is possible that such tensions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows. Furthermore, it is possible that third parties with whom we have charter contracts may be impacted by events in Russia and Ukraine, which could adversely affect our operations. Additionally, any further escalations of tension between the U.S. and Iran could result in retaliation from Iran that could potentially affect the shipping industry through increased attacks on vessels in the Strait of Hormuz (which already experienced an increased number of attacks on and seizures of vessels in 2019). These uncertainties could also adversely affect our ability to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. In the past, political conflicts have also resulted in attacks on vessels, mining of waterways and other efforts to disrupt international shipping, particularly in the Arabian Gulf region. The conflict in Ukraine has recently resulted in missile attacks on commercial vessels in the Black Sea. Acts of terrorism and piracy have also affected vessels trading in regions such as the South China Sea, the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia, and in particular, the Gulf of Guinea region off Nigeria, which experienced increased incidents of piracy in recent years. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse impact on our operating results. Additionally, Brexit, or similar events in other jurisdictions, could impact global markets, including foreign exchange and securities markets; any resulting changes in currency exchange rates, tariffs, treaties, and other regulatory matters could, in turn, adversely impact our business and operations.
 
Outbreaks of epidemic and pandemic of diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19, and governmental responses thereto, could adversely affect our business.
 
Since the beginning of the calendar year 2021, the outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in numerous actions taken by governments and governmental agencies in an attempt to mitigate the spread of the virus, including travel bans, quarantines, lockdown measures, and other emergency public health measures. These measures have resulted in a significant reduction in global economic activity and extreme volatility in the global financial markets. If the COVID-19 pandemic continues on a prolonged basis, or becomes more severe, the adverse impact on the global economy and the rate environment for tanker vessels may deteriorate further, and our operations and cash flows may be negatively impacted. Relatively weak global economic conditions during periods of volatility have, and may continue to have, a number of adverse consequences for the tanker vessel sector, including, among other things:
 

 •
low charter rates, particularly for tanker vessels employed on short-term time charters or in the spot market;
 

 •
decreases in the market value of tanker vessels and a limited second-hand market for the sale of tanker vessels;
 

 •
limited financing for tanker vessels;
 

 •
loan covenant defaults; and
 

 •
declaration of bankruptcy by certain tanker vessel operators, tanker vessel owners, shipyards, and charterers.
 
The COVID-19 pandemic and measures to contain its spread have negatively impacted regional and global economies and trade patterns in markets in which we operate, the way we operate our business, and the businesses of our charterers and suppliers. These negative impacts could continue or worsen, even after the pandemic itself diminishes or ends. Companies, including us, have also taken precautions, such as requiring employees to work remotely and imposing travel restrictions, while some other businesses have been required to close entirely. Moreover, we face significant risks to our personnel and operations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our crews face risk of exposure to COVID-19 as a result of travel to ports in which cases of COVID-19 have been reported. Our shore-based personnel likewise face risk of such exposure, as we maintain offices in areas that have been impacted by the spread of COVID-19.
 
Measures against COVID-19 in a number of countries have restricted crew rotations on our vessels, which may continue or become more severe. As a result, in 2021 and up to the date of this annual report, vessel operators experienced and may continue to experience disruptions to normal vessel operations caused by increased deviation time associated with positioning vessels to countries in which they can undertake a crew rotation in compliance with such measures. Our crews generally work on a rotation basis, relying exclusively on international air transport for crew changes plan fulfillment. Any such disruptions could impact the cost of rotating our crew further, and possibly impact our ability to maintain a full crew synthesis onboard our vessel and other vessels we may acquire at any given time. Delays in crew rotations have furthermore led to issues with crew fatigue and may continue to do so, which may result in delays or other operational issues. Additionally, we are particularly vulnerable to our crew members getting sick, as if even one of our crew members gets sick, local authorities could require us to detain and quarantine the vessel and its crew for an unspecified amount of time, disinfect and fumigate the vessel and cargo onboard, or take similar precautions, which would add costs, decrease our utilization, and substantially disrupt our cargo operations. We expect to incur increased expenses due to incremental fuel consumption and days in which our vessel and other vessels we may acquire are unable to earn revenue in order to deviate to certain ports on which we would ordinarily not call during a typical voyage. We may also incur additional expenses associated with testing, personal protective equipment, quarantines, and travel expenses such as airfare costs in order to perform crew rotations in the current environment.
 
12
The COVID-19 pandemic and measures in place against the spread of the virus have led to a more difficult environment in which to dispose of vessels, given the difficulty to physically inspect vessels. The impact of COVID-19 has also resulted in reduced industrial activity in China with temporary closures of factories and other facilities, labor shortages, and restrictions on travel. We believe these disruptions, along with other seasonal factors, including lower demand for some of the cargoes we carry, such as crude oil and refined petroleum products, have contributed to lower tanker charter rates during 2021 and up to the date of this annual report.
 
Epidemics may also affect personnel operating payment systems through which we receive revenues from the chartering of our vessels or pay for our expenses, resulting in delays in payments. Organizations across industries, including ours, are rightly focusing on their employees’ well-being while ensuring that their operations continue undisrupted and, at the same time, adapting to new ways of operating. As such, employees are encouraged or even required to operate remotely, which significantly increases the risk of cybersecurity attacks.
 
While it is not possible to fully assess the overall impact that COVID-19 has had and will have on our financial condition and operations and on the tanker sector in general, we assess that tanker charter rates have been reduced significantly as a result of COVID-19 and that the tanker industry in general, and we specifically, are likely to continue to be exposed to volatility in the near term.
 
Further, containment measures and quarantine restrictions adopted by many countries worldwide have caused a significant impact on our ability to embark and disembark crew members and on our seafarers themselves. As a result, since the outbreak of COVID-19 and as of the date of this report, we have encountered certain prolonged delays and surrounding complexities in embarking and disembarking crew onto our ships which further resulted in increased operational costs and decreased revenues by reason of off-hires associated with crew rotation and related logistical complications associated with supplying our vessels with spares or other supplies.
 
The extent of the COVID-19 outbreak’s effect on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, including the duration, spread and intensity of the outbreak, any resurgence or mutation of the virus, the continued availability of vaccines and their global deployment, the development of effective treatments, the imposition of effective public safety and other protective measures and the public’s response to such measures. There continues to be a high level of uncertainty relating to how the pandemic will evolve, how governments and consumers will react and progress on the approval and distribution of vaccines, all of which are uncertain and difficult to predict considering the rapidly evolving landscape. As a result, the ultimate severity of the COVID-19 outbreak is uncertain at this time, and therefore, we cannot predict the impact it may have on our future operations, which impact could be material and adverse.
 
The occurrence or continued occurrence of any of the foregoing events or other epidemics, or an increase in the severity or duration of the COVID-19 or other epidemics, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, the value of our vessels, and ability to pay dividends.
 
Acts of piracy on ocean-going vessels could adversely affect our business.
 
Acts of piracy have historically affected ocean-going vessels trading in regions of the world such as the South China Sea, in the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia, Sulu Sea and Celebes Sea, and in particular, the Gulf of Guinea region off Nigeria, which experienced increased incidents of piracy in recent years. Although the frequency of sea piracy worldwide has generally decreased since 2013, sea piracy incidents continue to occur. Acts of piracy could result in harm or danger to the crews that man our vessels. In addition, if these piracy attacks result in regions in which our vessels are deployed being characterized by insurers as “war risk” zones, or Joint War Committee “war and strikes” listed areas, premiums payable for such coverage could increase significantly, and such insurance coverage may be more difficult to obtain. In addition, crew costs due to employing onboard security guards could increase in such circumstances. We may not be adequately insured to cover losses from these incidents, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, detention hijacking, involving the hostile detention of a vessel, as a result of an act of piracy against our vessels, or an increase in cost, or unavailability of insurance for our vessels, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations.
 
If our vessels call on ports located in countries or territories that are the subject of sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government or other governmental authorities, it could lead to monetary fines or adversely affect our business, reputation and the market for our common stock.
 
While none of our vessels have called on ports located in countries or territories that are the subject of country-wide or territory-wide sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government or other governmental authorities (“Sanctioned Jurisdictions”) in 2021, and although we intend to maintain compliance with all applicable sanctions and embargo laws, and we endeavor to take precautions reasonably designed to ensure compliance with such laws, it is possible that, in the future, our vessels may call on ports in Sanctioned Jurisdictions on charterers’ instructions and without our consent.  If such activities result in a violation of sanctions or embargo laws, we could be subject to monetary fines, penalties, or other sanctions, and our reputation and the market for our common shares could be adversely affected.
 
The U.S. sanctions and embargo laws and regulations vary in their application, as they do not all apply to the same covered persons or proscribe the same activities, and such sanctions and embargo laws and regulations may be amended or expanded over time. In particular, the ongoing conflict in Ukraine could result in the imposition of further economic sanctions by the United States and the European Union against Russia. Current or future counterparties of ours may be affiliated with persons or entities that are or may be, in the future, the subject of sanctions imposed by the governments of the U.S., European Union, and/or other international bodies. If we determine that such sanctions require us to terminate existing or future contracts to which we, or our subsidiaries, are party or if we are found to be in violation of such applicable sanctions, our results of operations may be adversely affected or we may suffer reputational harm.
 
13
Although we believe that we have been in compliance with all applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations, and intend to maintain such compliance, any such violation could result in fines, penalties or other sanctions that could severely impact our ability to access U.S. capital markets and conduct our business, and could result in some investors deciding, or being required, to divest their interest, or not to invest, in us. In addition, certain institutional investors may have investment policies or restrictions that prevent them from holding securities of companies that have contracts with countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism. The determination by these investors not to invest in, or to divest from, our common stock may adversely affect the price at which our common stock trades. Moreover, our charterers may violate applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations as a result of actions that do not involve us or our vessels, and those violations could, in turn, negatively affect our reputation. Investor perception of the value of our common stock may also be adversely affected by the consequences of war, the effects of terrorism, civil unrest and governmental actions in countries or territories that we operate in.
 
We conduct business in China, where the legal system is unpredictable and has inherent uncertainties that could limit the legal protections available to us.
 
Some of our vessels may be chartered to Chinese customers, and from time to time, on our charterers’ instructions, our vessels may call on Chinese ports. Such charters and voyages may be subject to regulations in China that may require us to incur new or additional compliance or other administrative costs and may require that we pay to the Chinese government new taxes or other fees. Applicable laws and regulations in China may not be well-publicized and may not be known to us or to our charterers in advance of us or our charterers becoming subject to them, and the implementation of such laws and regulations may be inconsistent. Changes in Chinese laws and regulations, including with regards to tax matters, or changes in their implementation by local authorities, could affect our vessels if chartered to Chinese customers, as well as our vessels calling to Chinese ports, and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
 
Governments could requisition our vessels during a period of war or emergency, resulting in loss of earnings.
 
A government of a vessel’s registry could requisition for title or seize one or more of our vessels. Requisition for title occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and becomes the owner. A government could also requisition one or more of our vessels for hire. Requisition for hire occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and effectively becomes the charterer at dictated charter rates. Generally, requisitions occur during a period of war or emergency. Even if we were entitled to compensation in the event of a requisition of one or more of our vessels, the amount and timing of the payment would be uncertain. Government requisition of one or more of our vessels could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
 
Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, or the FCPA, could result in fines, criminal penalties, and an adverse effect on our business.
 
We may operate in a number of countries throughout the world, including countries known to have a reputation for corruption. We are committed to doing business in accordance with applicable anti-corruption laws and have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that is consistent and in full compliance with the FCPA. We are subject, however, to the risk that we, our affiliated entities or our or their respective officers, directors, employees, and agents may take actions determined to be in violation of such anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA. In addition, actual or alleged violations could damage our reputation and ability to do business. Furthermore, detecting, investigating, and resolving actual or alleged violations is expensive and can consume significant time and attention of our senior management. Any such violation could result in substantial fines, sanctions, civil and/or criminal penalties, curtailment of operations in certain jurisdictions, and might adversely affect our business, earnings or financial condition.
 
The smuggling of drugs or other contraband onto our vessels may lead to governmental claims against us.
 
We expect that our vessels will call in ports in areas where smugglers attempt to hide drugs and other contraband on vessels, with or without the knowledge of crew members. To the extent our vessels are found with contraband, whether inside or attached to the hull of our vessel and whether with or without the knowledge of any of our crew, we may face governmental or other regulatory claims and our vessels may be detained for a prolonged period of time which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
 
Maritime claimants could arrest or attach our vessels, which would interrupt our business or have a negative effect on our cash flows.
 
Crew members, suppliers of goods and services to a vessel, shippers of cargo, lenders, and other parties may be entitled to a maritime lien against that vessel for unsatisfied debts, claims, or damages. In many jurisdictions, a maritime lien holder may enforce its lien by arresting or attaching a vessel through foreclosure proceedings. The arrest or attachment of one or more of our vessels could interrupt our business or require us to pay large sums of funds to have the arrest or attachment lifted, which would have a negative effect on our cash flows.
 
In addition, in some jurisdictions, such as South Africa, under the “sister-ship” theory of liability, a claimant may arrest both the vessel that is subject to the claimant’s maritime lien and any “associated” vessel, which is any vessel owned or controlled by the same owner. Claimants could try to assert “sister-ship” liability against one vessel in our fleet for claims relating to another of our ships.
 
14
Changing laws and evolving reporting requirements could have an adverse effect on our business.
 
Changing laws, regulations, and standards relating to reporting requirements, including the EU General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, may create additional compliance requirements for us.
 
GDPR broadens the scope of personal privacy laws to protect the rights of EU citizens and requires organizations to report on data breaches within 72 hours and be bound by more stringent rules for obtaining the consent of individuals on how their data can be used. GDPR was enforced on May 25, 2018, and non-compliance exposes entities to significant fines or other regulatory claims which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operations.
 
Company Specific Risk Factors
 
The market values of our vessels are highly volatile and may decline, which could limit the amount of funds that we can borrow and trigger breaches of certain financial covenants under our future loan facilities.
 
The market values of our vessels are related to prevailing charter rates. While the market values of vessels and the charter market have a very close relationship as the charter market moves from trough to peak, the time lag between the effects of charter rates on market values of ships can vary. The market values of our vessels have generally experienced high volatility, and you should expect the market value of our vessels to fluctuate depending on a number of factors, including:
 

 •
the prevailing level of charter rates;
 

 •
general economic and market conditions affecting the shipping industry;
 

 •
competition from other shipping companies and other modes of transportation;
 

 •
the types, sizes, and ages of vessels;
 

 •
the supply of and demand for vessels;
 

 •
applicable governmental or other regulations;
 

 •
the need to upgrade secondhand and previously owned vessels as a result of charterer requirements;
 

 •
technological advances in vessel design or equipment or otherwise;
 

 •
fuel efficiency and level of air emissions;
 

 •
the cost of newbuildings; and
 

 •
shipyard capacity.
 
The market values of our vessels are at low levels compared to historical averages. At times when we have loans outstanding with covenants based on vessels’ market values, if the market values of our vessels decline further, we may not be in compliance with certain covenants contained in such loan facilities, and we may not be able to refinance our debt or obtain additional financing or incur debt on terms that are acceptable to us or at all. As of December 31, 2021, we had $50.2 million outstanding under our loan facilities and were in compliance with all our loan covenants. In the future, if we are not in compliance with the covenants in our loan facilities or are unable to obtain waivers or amendments or otherwise remedy the relevant breaches, our lenders under the facilities could accelerate our debt and foreclose on our fleet. We may not be successful in obtaining any such waiver or amendment, and we may not be able to refinance our debt or obtain additional financing. Moreover, our loan facilities, as amended or pursuant to any waiver, and any refinancing or additional financing, may be more expensive and carry more onerous terms than those in our existing debt agreements.
 
In addition, if the book value of a vessel is impaired due to unfavorable market conditions, or if a vessel is sold at a price below its book value, we would incur a loss that could adversely affect our operating results.
 
We are currently subject to litigation and we may be subject to similar or other litigation in the future.
 
We, and our former Chief Executive Officer, are defendants in a purported class action lawsuit pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The lawsuit alleges violations of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
 
While we believe these claims to be without merit and intend to defend these lawsuits vigorously, we cannot predict their outcome. Furthermore, we may, from time to time, be a party to other litigation in the normal course of business. Monitoring and defending against legal actions, whether or not meritorious, is time-consuming for our management and detracts from our ability to fully focus our internal resources on our business activities. In addition, legal fees and costs incurred in connection with such activities may be significant, and we could in the future be subject to judgments or enter into settlements of claims for significant monetary damages. A decision adverse to our interests could result in the payment of substantial damages and could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow, results of operations, and financial position.
 
With respect to any litigation, our insurance may not reimburse us or may not be sufficient to reimburse us for the expenses or losses we may suffer in contesting and concluding such a lawsuit. Substantial litigation costs, including the substantial self-insured retention that we are required to satisfy before any insurance is applied to the claim, or an adverse result in any litigation may adversely impact our business, operating results, or financial condition.
 
15
Our business, operating results, financial condition, and growth will depend on our ability to successfully charter our vessels, for which we will face substantial competition.
 
The process of obtaining new charters is highly competitive and generally involves an intensive screening process and competitive bids, and often extends for several months. Charters are awarded based upon a variety of factors relating to the vessel operator, including:
 

 •
shipping industry relationships and reputation for customer service and safety;
 

 •
the experience and quality of ship operations, including cost-effectiveness;
 

 •
quality and experience of the seafaring crew;
 

 •
the ability to finance vessels at competitive rates and financial stability generally;
 

 •
relationships with shipyards and the ability to get suitable berths;
 

 •
the technical specifications of the vessel;
 

 •
construction management experience, including the ability to obtain on-time delivery of new ships according to customer specifications;
 

 •
willingness to accept operational risks pursuant to the charter, such as allowing termination of the charter for force majeure events; and
 

 •
competitiveness of the bid in terms of overall price.
 
We expect substantial competition for providing tanker vessel transportation services from a number of experienced companies, including state-sponsored entities and major shipping companies. Many of these competitors have significantly greater financial resources than we do and can therefore operate larger fleets and may be able to offer better charter rates. As a result of these factors, we may be unable to attract new customers or secure charters at profitable charter rates, if at all, which will impede our operating results, financial condition, and growth.
 
Furthermore, if our vessels become available for employment under new charters during periods when charter rates are at depressed levels, we may have to employ our tanker vessels at depressed charter rates, if we are able to secure employment for our vessels at all, which would lead to reduced or volatile earnings. Future charter rates may not be at a level that will enable us to operate our vessels profitably.
 
The failure of our counterparties to meet their obligations to us under any vessel purchase agreements or charter agreements could cause us to suffer losses or otherwise adversely affect our business.
 
Generally, we intend to selectively employ our vessels in the spot market under short to medium term time charters or voyage charters, and pool arrangements, which exposes us to counterparty risks. The ability and willingness of each of our counterparties to perform its obligations under a vessel purchase agreement or charter agreement with us will depend on a number of factors that are beyond our control and may include, among other things, general economic conditions, the condition of the shipping market and the overall financial condition of the counterparty. From time to time, we may enter into agreements to acquire vessels, and if the seller of a vessel fails to deliver a vessel to us as agreed, or if we cancel a purchase agreement because a seller has not met its obligations, this may have a material adverse effect on our business.
 
In addition, in depressed market conditions, there have been reports of charterers renegotiating their charters or defaulting on their obligations under charters, and our future customers may fail to pay charter hire or attempt to renegotiate charter rates. Furthermore, it is possible that third parties with whom we have charter contracts may be impacted by events in Russia and Ukraine or the resulting sanctions, which could adversely affect their ability to perform. If our future charterers fail to meet their obligations to us or attempt to renegotiate our future charter agreements, it may be difficult to secure substitute employment for such vessels, and any new charter arrangements we secure may be at lower rates. As a result, we could sustain significant losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
 
We may be unable to locate suitable vessels or dispose of vessels at reasonable prices, which would adversely affect our ability to operate our business.
 
There are periods when we may be interested in further growing our fleet through selective acquisitions. Our business strategy is dependent on identifying and purchasing suitable vessels. Changing market and regulatory conditions may limit the availability of suitable vessels because of customer preferences or because they are not or will not be compliant with existing or future rules, regulations, and conventions. Additional vessels of the age and quality we desire may not be available for purchase at prices we are prepared to pay or at delivery times acceptable to us, and we may not be able to dispose of vessels at reasonable prices, if at all. If we are unable to purchase and dispose of vessels at reasonable prices in accordance with our business strategy or in response to changing market and regulatory conditions, our business would be adversely affected.
 
16
Our purchasing and operating secondhand vessels, and the aging of our fleet may result in increased operating costs and vessels off-hire, which could adversely affect our earnings.
 
While we will typically inspect secondhand vessels before purchase, this does not provide us with the same knowledge about their condition that we would have had if these vessels had been built for and operated exclusively by us. Accordingly, we may not discover defects or other problems with such vessels before purchase. Any such hidden defects or problems, when detected, may be expensive to repair, and if not detected, may result in accidents or other incidents for which we may become liable to third parties. In addition, when purchasing secondhand vessels, we do not receive the benefit of any builder warranties if the vessels we buy are older than one year.
 
In general, the costs to maintain a vessel in good operating condition increase with the age of the vessel. Older vessels are typically less fuel efficient than more recently constructed vessels due to improvements in engine technology. Potential charterers may also choose not to charter older vessels. Governmental regulations, safety, and other equipment standards related to the age of vessels may require expenditures for alterations or the addition of new equipment to some of our vessels and may restrict the type of activities in which these vessels may engage. We cannot assure you that, as our vessels age, market conditions will justify those expenditures or enable us to operate our vessels profitably during the remainder of their useful lives. As a result, regulations and standards could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
 
There is a lack of historical operating history provided with our secondhand vessel acquisitions, and profitable operation of the vessels will depend on our skill and expertise.
 
Consistent with shipping industry practice, other than inspection of the physical condition of the vessels and examinations of classification society records, neither we, nor UOT, will conduct any historical financial due diligence process at times when we acquire vessels. Accordingly, neither we, nor UOT, will obtain the historical operating data for any secondhand vessels we may acquire in the future from the sellers because that information is not material to our decision to make acquisitions, nor do we believe it would be helpful to potential investors in assessing our business or profitability. Most vessels are sold under a standardized agreement, which, among other things, provides the buyer with the right to inspect the vessel and the vessel’s classification society records. The standard agreement does not give the buyer the right to inspect, or receive copies of, the historical operating data of the vessel. Prior to the delivery of a purchased vessel, the seller typically removes from the vessel all records, including past financial records and accounts related to the vessel. In addition, the technical management agreement between the seller’s technical manager and the seller is automatically terminated and the vessel’s trading certificates are revoked by its flag state following a change in ownership.
 
Consistent with shipping industry practice, we treat the acquisition of a vessel (whether acquired with or without charter) as the acquisition of an asset rather than a business. Although vessels are generally acquired free of charter, we have acquired and may also in the future acquire some vessels with time charters. Where a vessel has been under a voyage charter, the vessel is delivered to the buyer free of charter, and it is rare in the shipping industry for the last charterer of the vessel in the hands of the seller to continue as the first charterer of the vessel in the hands of the buyer. In most cases, when a vessel is under time charter, and the buyer wishes to assume that charter, the vessel cannot be acquired without the charterer’s consent and the buyer’s entering into a separate direct agreement with the charterer to assume the charter. The purchase of a vessel itself does not transfer the charter, because it is a separate service agreement between the vessel owner and the charterer.
 
Due to the differences between the prior owners of these vessels and the Company with respect to the routes we expect to operate, our future customers, the cargoes we expect to carry, the freight rates and charter rates we will charge in the future, and the costs we expect to incur in operating our vessels, we believe that our operating results will be significantly different from the operating results of the vessels while owned by the prior owners. The profitable operation of the vessels will depend on our skill and expertise. If we are unable to operate the vessels profitably, it may have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
 
Technical innovation and technical quality and efficiency requirements from our customers could reduce our charter hire income and the value of our tanker vessels.
 
Our customers, in particular those in the oil industry, have a high and increasing focus on quality and compliance standards with their suppliers across the entire supply chain, including the shipping and transportation segment. Our continued compliance with these standards and quality requirements is vital for our operations. The charter rates and the value and operational life of a vessel are determined by a number of factors, including the vessel’s efficiency, operational flexibility, and physical life. Efficiency includes speed, fuel economy, and the ability to load and discharge cargo quickly. Flexibility includes the ability to enter harbors, utilize related docking facilities and pass through canals and straits. The length of a vessel’s physical life is related to its original design and construction, its maintenance, and the impact of the stress of operations. If new vessels are built that are more efficient or more flexible or have longer physical lives than our vessels, competition from these more technologically advanced vessels could adversely affect the amount of charter hire payments we receive for our vessels, and the resale value of our vessels could significantly decrease. This could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, and ability to pay dividends.
 
17
The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board inspection of our independent accounting firm could lead to findings in our auditors’ reports and challenge the accuracy of our published audited consolidated financial statements.
 
Auditors of U.S. public companies are required by law to undergo periodic Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, inspections that assess their compliance with U.S. law and professional standards in connection with the performance of audits of financial statements filed with the SEC. For several years certain European Union countries, including Greece, did not permit the PCAOB to conduct inspections of accounting firms established and operating in such European Union countries, even if they were part of major international firms. Accordingly, unlike most U.S. public companies, the PCAOB was prevented from evaluating our auditor’s performance of audits and its quality control procedures, and, unlike stockholders of most U.S. public companies, we, and our stockholders, were deprived of the possible benefits of such inspections. Since 2015, Greece has agreed to allow the PCAOB to conduct inspections of accounting firms operating in Greece. In the future, such PCAOB inspections could result in findings in our auditors’ quality control procedures, question the validity of the auditor’s reports on our published consolidated financial statements and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and cast doubt upon the accuracy of our published audited financial statements.
 
Our ability to obtain debt financing in the future may be dependent on the performance of our then existing charters and the creditworthiness of our charterers.
 
The actual or perceived credit quality of our charterers, and any defaults by them, may materially affect our ability to obtain the additional capital resources that we will require to purchase additional vessels in the future or may significantly increase our costs of obtaining such capital. Our inability to obtain financing at all or at a higher than anticipated cost may materially affect our results of operation and our ability to implement our business strategy.
 
We may be unable to attract and retain key management personnel and other employees in the shipping industry, which may negatively impact the effectiveness of our management and results of operations.
 
Our success depends to a significant extent upon the abilities and efforts of our management team, the Chairperson of the Board, Aliki Paliou, and our Chief Executive Officer, Director and Secretary, Andreas Michalopoulos. Our success will depend upon our ability to retain key members of our management team and to hire new members as may be necessary. The loss of any of these individuals could adversely affect our business prospects and financial condition. Difficulty in hiring and retaining replacement personnel could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and ability to pay dividends. We do not intend to maintain “key man” life insurance on any of our officers or other members of our management team.
 
Aliki Paliou, the Chairperson of the Board, has the right and has expressed the intention to acquire a significant percentage of voting power over matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote, and accordingly, may exert considerable influence over us and may have interests that are different from the interests of our other shareholders.
 
As of the date of this report, Aliki Paliou, our Chairperson, may be deemed to beneficially own 657,396 shares of our Series B Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (“Series B Preferred Shares”) through Mango Shipping Corp. (“Mango Shipping”), which has indicated to the Company that it intends to exercise its right pursuant to the terms of the Series B Preferred Shares to convert its Series B Preferred Shares into shares of Series C Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock  (“Series C Preferred Shares”), during the conversion period for the Series B Preferred Shares, which will begin no earlier than February 3, 2023.  Upon issuance, our Series C Preferred Shares will bear superior voting rights to our common shares and will be entitled to vote on all matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote, and further are convertible into our common shares under certain conditions. For additional information regarding the terms of our issued and outstanding Series B Preferred Shares and the Series C Preferred Shares, which may be issued pursuant to the terms of our Series B Preferred Shares, please see “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association.” Assuming Mango Shipping converts all its Series B Preferred Shares into Series C Preferred Shares (and assuming that no other Series B Preferred Shares are converted and there are no other changes to our capitalization or Aliki Paliou’s beneficial ownership of our shares and no adjustments to the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Shares), Aliki Paliou will control 96.1% of the vote over any matter submitted to a vote of our shareholders.
 
Therefore, Aliki Paliou has the right and has expressed an intention to acquire the power to exert considerable influence over our actions and to control the outcome of matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote, including the election of our directors and other significant corporate actions. The interests of Aliki Paliou may be different from your interests. Any such conflicts of interest could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and the trading price of our common shares. Moreover, the potential concentration of ownership may delay, deter or prevent acts that may be favored by or favorable to our other shareholders. Similarly, this potential concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our shares because investors may perceive disadvantages in owning shares in a company with concentrated ownership. Aliki Paliou is married to Andreas Michalopoulos, our Chief Executive Officer, Director and Secretary.
 
Our Chief Financial Officer participates in business activities not associated with us, and does not devote all of his time to our business, which may create conflicts of interest and hinder our ability to operate successfully.
 
Anthony Argyropoulos, our Chief Financial Officer, participates in business activities not associated with us, and as a result, may devote less time to us than if he was not engaged in other business activities. This may create conflicts of interest in matters involving or affecting us and our customers, and it is not certain that any of these conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

18
We expect to continue to operate substantially outside the United States, which will expose us to political and governmental instability, which could harm our operations.
 
We expect that our operations will continue to be primarily conducted outside the United States and may be adversely affected by changing or adverse political and governmental conditions in the countries where our vessels are flagged or registered and in the regions where we otherwise engage in business. Any disruption caused by these factors may interfere with the operation of our vessels, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Past political efforts to disrupt shipping in these regions, particularly in the Arabian Gulf, have included attacks on ships and mining of waterways. In addition, terrorist attacks outside this region and continuing hostilities in the Middle East and the world may lead to additional armed conflicts or to further acts of terrorism and civil disturbance in the United States and elsewhere. Any such attacks or disturbances may disrupt our business, increase vessel operating costs, including insurance costs, and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our operations may also be adversely affected by expropriation of vessels, taxes, regulation, tariffs, trade embargoes, economic sanctions, or disruption of or limit to trading activities or other adverse events or circumstances in or affecting the countries and regions where we operate or where we may operate in the future.
 
We generate all of our revenues in U.S. dollars and incur a portion of our expenses in other currencies, and therefore exchange rate fluctuations could have an adverse impact on our results of operations.
 
We generate all of our revenues in U.S. dollars and incur a portion of our expenses in currencies other than the dollar. This difference could lead to fluctuations in net income due to changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the other currencies, in particular the Euro. Expenses incurred in foreign currencies against which the U.S. dollar falls in value can increase, decreasing our revenues. Further declines in the value of the dollar could lead to higher expenses payable by us.
 
While we historically have not mitigated the risk associated with exchange rate fluctuations through the use of financial derivatives, we may employ such instruments from time to time in the future in order to minimize this risk. Our use of financial derivatives would involve certain risks, including the risk that losses on a hedged position could exceed the nominal amount invested in the instrument and the risk that the counterparty to the derivative transaction may be unable or unwilling to satisfy its contractual obligations, which could have an adverse effect on our results.
 
If volatility in the London InterBank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, occurs, or if LIBOR is replaced as the reference rate under our debt obligations, it could affect our profitability, earnings and cash flow.
 
LIBOR has historically been volatile, with the spread between LIBOR and the prime lending rate widening significantly at times. These conditions are the result of disruptions in the international credit markets. Because the interest rates borne by our outstanding indebtedness fluctuate with changes in LIBOR, if such volatility were to occur in the future, or if LIBOR is replaced as the reference rate under our debt obligations, it could affect the amount of interest payable on our debt which, in turn, could have an adverse effect on our profitability, earnings and cash flow.
 
 On July 27, 2017, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) announced that it would phase-out LIBOR by the end of 2021. On November 30, 2020, ICE Benchmark Administration (“IBA”), the administrator of LIBOR, with the support of the United States Federal Reserve and the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, announced plans to consult on ceasing publication of U.S. Dollar LIBOR on December 31, 2021 for only the one-week and two-month U.S. Dollar LIBOR tenors, and on June 30, 2023 for all other U.S. Dollar LIBOR tenors. This announcement coincided with an announcement by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) that the IBA announcement was not a triggering event which would set the spread to be used in its derivative contracts as part of the risk-free rate determination process. As a result, lenders have insisted on fallback provisions that entitle the lenders, in their discretion, to replace published LIBOR as the basis for the interest calculation with successor benchmark rates, such as their cost-of-funds rate. Certain of our existing financing arrangements include fallback provisions in the event of the unavailability of LIBOR, but those fallback provisions and related successor benchmarks may create additional risks and uncertainties. We are continuing to evaluate the impact of LIBOR discontinuation on us. While we cannot predict the effect of the potential changes to LIBOR or the establishment and use of alternative rates or benchmarks, the interest payable on our debt could be subject to volatility and our lending costs could increase, which would have an adverse effect on our profitability, earnings and cash flow.
 
In order to manage our exposure to interest rate fluctuations, we may, from time to time, use interest rate derivatives to effectively fix some of our floating rate debt obligations. No assurance can however be given that the use of these derivative instruments, if any, may effectively protect us from adverse interest rate movements. The use of interest rate derivatives may affect our results through mark to market valuation of these derivatives. Also, adverse movements in interest rate derivatives may require us to post cash as collateral, which may impact our free cash position. Interest rate derivatives may also be impacted by the transition from LIBOR to SOFR or other alternative rates.
 
We may have to pay tax on United States source income, which would reduce our earnings.
 
Under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or the Code, 50% of the gross shipping income of a vessel owning or chartering corporation, such as us and our subsidiaries, that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States may be subject to a 4% United States federal income tax without allowance for deduction, unless that corporation qualifies for exemption from tax under Section 883 of the Code, or Section 883, and the applicable Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder.
 
We intend to take the position that we qualified for this statutory tax exemption for U.S. federal income tax return reporting purposes for our 2021 taxable year. However, there are factual circumstances that could cause us to lose the benefit of this tax exemption for any future taxable year and thereby become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our U.S.-source shipping income. Due to the factual nature of the issues involved, there can be no assurances on our tax-exempt status.
 
19
If we are not entitled to exemption under Section 883 for any taxable year, we would be subject for those years to an effective 2% U.S. federal income tax on the shipping income we derive during the year, which is attributable to the transport of cargoes to or from the United States. The imposition of this taxation would have a negative effect on our business and would result in decreased earnings available for distribution to our shareholders.
 
We may be treated as a “passive foreign investment company,” which could have certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders.
 
A foreign corporation will be treated as a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for any taxable year consists of certain types of “passive income”, or (2) at least 50% of the average value of the corporation’s assets produce or are held for the production of those types of “passive income.” For purposes of these tests, cash will be treated as an asset held for the production of passive income. For purposes of these tests, “passive income” generally includes dividends, interest, and gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and rents and royalties other than those received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business. For purposes of these tests, income derived from the performance of services does not constitute “passive income.” U.S. holders of stock in a PFIC are subject to a disadvantageous U.S. federal income tax regime with respect to the income derived by the PFIC, the distributions they receive from the PFIC and the gain, if any, they derive from the sale or other disposition of their stock in the PFIC.
 
Whether we will be treated as a PFIC will depend upon our method of operation. In this regard, we intend to treat the gross income we derive or are deemed to derive from time or voyage chartering activities as services income rather than rental income. Accordingly, we believe that any income from time or voyage chartering activities will not constitute “passive income,” and any assets that we may own and operate in connection with the production of that income will not constitute passive assets. However, any gross income that we may be deemed to have derived from bareboat chartering activities will be treated as rental income and thus will constitute “passive income,” and any assets that we may own and operate in connection with the production of that income will constitute passive assets. There is substantial legal authority supporting this position consisting of case law and Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, pronouncements concerning the characterization of income derived from time charters and voyage charters as services income for other tax purposes. However, it should be noted that there is also authority which characterizes time charter income as rental income rather than services income for other tax purposes. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the IRS or a court of law will accept our position with regard to our status from time to time as a PFIC, and there is a risk that the IRS or a court of law could determine that we are or have been a PFIC for a particular taxable year.
 
If we are or have been a PFIC for any taxable year, U.S. holders of our common stock will face certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences and information reporting obligations. Under the PFIC rules, unless such U.S. holders make certain elections available under the Code (which elections could themselves have certain adverse consequences for such U.S. holders), such U.S. holders would be liable to pay U.S. federal income tax at the then-prevailing income tax rates on ordinary income plus interest upon excess distributions and upon any gain from the disposition of our common stock, as if the excess distribution or gain had been recognized ratably over such U.S. holder’s holding period for such common stock. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—United States Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders—PFIC Status and Significant Tax Consequences” for a more comprehensive discussion of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our common stock if we are or were to be treated as a PFIC.
 
We may be subject to increased premium payments, or calls, because we obtain some of our insurance through protection and indemnity associations.
 
We may be subject to increased premium payments, or calls, in amounts based on our claim records as well as the claim records of other members of the protection and indemnity associations in the International Group, which is comprised of 13 mutual protection and indemnity associations and insures approximately 90% of the world’s commercial tonnage and through which we receive insurance coverage for tort liability, including pollution-related liability, as well as actual claims. Amounts we may be required to pay as a result of such calls will be unavailable for other purposes.
 
The international nature of our operations may make the outcome of any bankruptcy proceedings difficult to predict.
 
We are incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and we conduct operations in countries around the world. Consequently, in the event of any bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization, or similar proceeding involving us or any of our subsidiaries, bankruptcy laws other than those of the United States could apply. If we become a debtor under U.S. bankruptcy law, bankruptcy courts in the United States may seek to assert jurisdiction over all of our assets, wherever located, including property situated in other countries. There can be no assurance, however, that we would become a debtor in the United States, or that a U.S. bankruptcy court would be entitled to, or accept, jurisdiction over such a bankruptcy case, or that courts in other countries that have jurisdiction over us and our operations would recognize a U.S. bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction if any other bankruptcy court would determine it had jurisdiction.
 
20
A cyber-attack could materially disrupt our business.
 
We rely on information technology systems and networks in our operations and administration of our business. Information systems are vulnerable to security breaches by computer hackers and cyber terrorists. We rely on industry accepted security measures and technology to securely maintain confidential and proprietary information maintained on our information systems. However, these measures and technology may not adequately prevent security breaches. Our business operations could be targeted by individuals or groups seeking to sabotage or disrupt our information technology systems and networks or to steal data. A successful cyber-attack could materially disrupt our operations, including the safety of our operations, or lead to the unauthorized release of information or alteration of information in our systems. Any such attack or other breach of our information technology systems could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, the unavailability of the information systems or the failure of these systems to perform as anticipated for any reason could disrupt our business and could result in decreased performance and increased operating costs, causing our business and results of operations to suffer. Any significant interruption or failure of our information systems or any significant breach of security could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
 
Additionally, any changes in the nature of cyber threats might require us to adopt additional procedures for monitoring cybersecurity, which could require additional expenses and/or capital expenditures. Most recently, the escalation in conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been accompanied by cyber-attacks against the Ukrainian government and other countries in the region. It is possible that these attacks could have collateral effects on additional critical infrastructure and financial institutions globally, which could adversely affect our operations. It is difficult to assess the likelihood of such threat and any potential impact at this time.
 
If we do not identify suitable vessels for acquisition or successfully integrate any acquired vessels, we may not be able to grow or to effectively manage our growth.
 
One of our strategies is to continue to grow by expanding our operations and adding tanker vessels to our fleet. Our future growth will depend upon a number of factors, some of which may not be within our control. These factors include our ability to:
 

 •
identify suitable vessels for acquisitions at attractive prices, which may not be possible if asset prices rise too quickly;
 

 •
obtain financing for our existing and new operations;
 

 •
manage relationships with customers and suppliers;
 

 •
identify businesses engaged in managing, operating, or owning tanker vessels for acquisitions or joint ventures;
 

 •
integrate any acquired vessels successfully with our then-existing operations;
 

 •
attract, hire, train, integrate and retain qualified, highly trained personnel and crew to manage and operate our growing business and fleet;
 

 •
identify additional new markets;
 

 •
enhance our customer base;
 

 •
improve our operating, financial, and accounting systems and controls; and
 

 •
obtain required financing for our existing and new operations.
 
Our failure to effectively identify, purchase, develop, and integrate any new vessels could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The number of employees that perform services for us and our current operating and financial systems may not be adequate as we implement our plan to expand the size of our fleet, and we may not be able to effectively hire more employees, or adequately improve those systems. We may incur unanticipated expenses as an operating company. Our current operating and financial systems may not be adequate as we implement our plan to expand the size of our fleet. Finally, additional acquisitions may require additional equity issuances, which may dilute our common shareholders if issued at lower prices than the price they acquired their shares or debt issuances (with amortization payments), both of which could reduce our cash flow. If we are unable to execute the points noted above, our financial condition may be adversely affected.
 
Growing any business by acquisition presents numerous risks such as undisclosed liabilities and obligations, difficulty in obtaining additional qualified personnel and managing relationships with customers and suppliers, and integrating newly acquired operations into existing infrastructures. The expansion of our fleet may impose significant additional responsibilities on our management and staff, and the management and staff of our commercial and technical managers, and may necessitate that we, and they, increase the number of personnel. We cannot give any assurance that we will be successful in executing our growth plans or that we will not incur significant expenses and losses in connection with our future growth.
 
The IMO 2020 regulations may cause us to incur substantial costs and to procure low-sulfur fuel oil directly on the wholesale market for storage at sea and onward consumption on our vessels.
 
Effective January 1, 2020, the IMO implemented a new regulation for a 0.50% global sulfur cap on emissions from vessels (the “IMO 2020 Regulations”).  Under this new global cap, vessels are required to use marine fuels with a sulfur content of no more than 0.50% against the former regulations specifying a maximum of 3.50% sulfur in an effort to reduce the emission of sulfur oxide into the atmosphere.
 
21
We have incurred increased costs to comply with these revised standards. Additional or new conventions, laws, and regulations may be adopted that could require, among others, the installation of expensive emission control systems and could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
 
Currently, none of our vessels are equipped with scrubbers, and as of January 1, 2020, we have transitioned to burning IMO compliant fuels.  We continue to evaluate different options in complying with IMO and other rules and regulations. We expect that our fuel costs and fuel inventories will increase in 2021 as a result of these sulfur emission regulations. Low sulfur fuel is more expensive than standard marine fuel containing 3.5% sulfur content and may become more expensive or difficult to obtain as a result of increased demand. If the cost differential between low sulfur fuel and high sulfur fuel is significantly higher than anticipated, or if low sulfur fuel is not available at ports on certain trading routes, it may not be feasible or competitive to operate our vessels on certain trading routes without installing scrubbers or without incurring deviation time to obtain compliant fuel. Scrubbers may not be available to be installed on such vessels at a favorable cost or at all if we seek them at a later date.
 
Furthermore, although as of the date of this annual report, over two years has passed since the IMO 2020 Regulations became effective, it is uncertain how the availability of high-sulfur fuel around the world will be affected by the implementation of the IMO 2020 Regulations, and both the price of high-sulfur fuel generally and the difference between the cost of high-sulfur fuel and that of low-sulfur fuel are also uncertain. Scarcity in the supply of high-sulfur fuel, or a lower-than-anticipated difference in the costs between the two types of fuel, may cause us to fail to recognize anticipated benefits from installing scrubbers.
 
Fuel is a significant, if not the largest, expense in our shipping operations when vessels are under voyage charter and is an important factor in negotiating charter rates. Our operations and the performance of our vessels, and as a result, our results of operations, face a host of challenges. These include concerns over higher costs, international compliance, and the availability of low-sulfur fuel at key international bunkering hubs such as Rotterdam and Singapore. In addition, we take seriously concerns raised in Europe that certain blends of low-sulfur fuels can emit greater amounts of harmful black carbon than the high-sulfur fuels they are meant to replace. Costs of compliance with these and other related regulatory changes may be significant and may have a material adverse effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows, and financial position. As a result, an increase in the price of fuel beyond our expectations may adversely affect our profitability at the time of charter negotiation.
 
While we carry cargo insurance to protect us against certain risks of loss of or damage to the procured commodities, we may not be adequately insured to cover any losses from such operational risks, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Any significant uninsured or under-insured loss or liability could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition, and our available cash.
 
Climate change and greenhouse gas restrictions may adversely impact our operations and markets.
 
Due to concern over the risk of climate change, a number of countries and the IMO have adopted, or are considering the adoption of, regulatory frameworks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These regulatory measures may include, among others, the adoption of cap and trade regimes, carbon taxes, increased efficiency standards, and incentives, or mandates for renewable energy. Since January 1, 2020, IMO regulations have required vessels to comply with a global cap on the sulfur in fuel oil used on board of 0.5%, down from the previous cap of 3.5%. Additionally, in April 2018, nations at the MEPC 72 adopted an initial strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships. The initial strategy identifies levels of ambition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including (1) decreasing the carbon intensity from ships through the implementation of further phases of the EEDI for new ships; (2) reducing carbon dioxide emissions per transport work, as an average across international shipping, by at least 40% by 2030, pursuing efforts towards 70% by 2050, compared to 2008 emission levels; and (3) reducing the total annual greenhouse emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 while pursuing efforts towards phasing them out entirely.
 
Since January 1, 2020, ships must either remove sulfur from emissions or buy fuel with low sulfur content, which may lead to increased costs and supplementary investments for ship owners. The interpretation of “fuel oil used on board” includes use in main engines, auxiliary engines, and boilers. Shipowners may comply with this regulation by (i) using 0.5% sulfur fuels on board, which are available around the world but at a higher cost; (ii) installing scrubbers for cleaning of the exhaust gas; or (iii) by retrofitting vessels to be powered by liquefied natural gas, which may not be a viable option due to the lack of supply network and high costs involved in this process. Costs of compliance with these regulatory changes may be significant and may have a material adverse effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows, and financial position.
 
In addition, although the emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping currently are not subject to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which required adopting countries to implement national programs to reduce emissions of certain gases, or the Paris Agreement (discussed further below), a new treaty may be adopted in the future that includes restrictions on shipping emissions. Compliance with changes in laws, regulations, and obligations relating to climate change affects the propulsion options in subsequent vessel designs and could increase our costs related to acquiring new vessels, operating and maintaining our existing tanker vessels and require us to install new emission controls, acquire allowances or pay taxes related to our greenhouse gas emissions or administer and manage a greenhouse gas emissions program. Revenue generation and strategic growth opportunities may also be adversely affected.
 
Adverse effects upon the crude oil and natural gas industry relating to climate change, including growing public concern about the environmental impact of climate change, may also adversely affect demand for our services. For example, increased regulation of greenhouse gases or other concerns relating to climate change may reduce the demand for crude oil and natural gas in the future or create greater incentives for the use of alternative energy sources. In addition, the physical effects of climate change, including changes in weather patterns, extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and scarcity of water resources, may negatively impact our operations. Any long-term material adverse effect on the crude oil and natural gas industry could have a significant financial and operational adverse impact on our business that we cannot predict with certainty at this time.
 
22
Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, lenders, and other market participants with respect to our Environmental, Social, and Governance (“ESG”) policies may impose additional costs on us or expose us to additional risks.
 
Companies across all industries are facing increasing scrutiny relating to their ESG policies. Investor advocacy groups, certain institutional investors, investment funds, lenders, and other market participants are increasingly focused on ESG practices and, in recent years, have placed increasing importance on the implications and social cost of their investments. The increased focus and activism related to ESG and similar matters may hinder access to capital, as investors and lenders may decide to reallocate capital or to not commit capital as a result of their assessment of a company’s ESG practices. Companies that do not adapt to, or comply with, investor, lender, or other industry shareholder expectations and standards which are evolving, or which are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern for ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, may suffer from reputational damage and the business, financial condition, and/or stock price of such a company could be materially and adversely affected.
 
We may face increasing pressures from investors, lenders, and other market participants, who are increasingly focused on climate change, to prioritize sustainable energy practices, reduce our carbon footprint and promote sustainability. As a result, we may be required to implement more stringent ESG procedures or standards so that our existing and future investors and lenders remain invested in us and make further investments in us, especially given the highly focused and specific trade of crude oil transportation in which we are engaged. If we do not meet these standards, our business and/or our ability to access capital could be harmed.
 
Additionally, certain investors and lenders may exclude oil transport companies, such as us, from their investing portfolios altogether due to environmental, social, and governance factors. These limitations in both the debt and equity capital markets may affect our ability to grow as our plans for growth may include accessing the equity and debt capital markets. If those markets are unavailable, or if we are unable to access alternative means of financing on acceptable terms, or at all, we may be unable to implement our business strategy, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to service our indebtedness. Further, it is likely that we will incur additional costs and require additional resources to monitor, report, and comply with wide-ranging ESG requirements. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
 
If we are unable to operate our vessels profitably, we may be unsuccessful in competing in the highly competitive international tanker vessel market, which would negatively affect our financial condition and our ability to expand our business.
 
The operation of tanker vessels and transportation of crude oil and refined petroleum products is extremely competitive, and reduced demand for transportation of crude oil and refined petroleum products could lead to increased competition. Competition arises primarily from other tanker vessel owners, including major oil companies and national oil companies or companies linked to authorities of oil producing or importing countries, as well as independent tanker companies, some of whom have substantially greater resources than we do. Competition for the transportation of oil and oil products can be intense and depends on price, location, size, age, condition, and the acceptability of the tanker and its operator to the charterers. Our ability to operate our vessels profitably depends on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to the (i) loss or reduction in business from significant customers, (ii) unanticipated changes in demand for transportation of crude oil and petroleum products, (iii) changes in the production of, or demand for, oil and petroleum products, generally or in particular regions, (iv) greater than anticipated levels of tanker vessel newbuilding orders or lower than anticipated levels of tanker vessel recyclings, and (v) changes in rules and regulations applicable to the tanker vessel industry, including legislation adopted by international organizations such as IMO and the EU or by individual countries.
 
If we expand our business or provide new services in new geographic regions, we may not be able to compete profitably. New markets may require different skills, knowledge, or strategies than we use in our current markets, and the competitors in those new markets may have greater financial strength and capital resources than we do.
 
Regulations relating to ballast water discharge came into effect during September 2019 and may adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
 
The IMO has imposed updated guidelines for ballast water management systems specifying the maximum amount of viable organisms allowed to be discharged from a vessel’s ballast water. Depending on the date of the International Oil Pollution Prevention (IOPP) renewal survey, existing vessels constructed before September 8, 2017, are required to comply with the updated D-2 standard on or after September 8, 2019. For most vessels, compliance with the D-2 standard will involve installing on-board systems to treat ballast water and eliminate unwanted organisms. Vessels constructed on or after September 8, 2017, are required to comply with the D-2 standards on or after September 8, 2017. We currently have one (1)  tanker vessel that has to install a ballast water management system or otherwise meet the D-2 (discharge) standard during their renewal survey linked to the ship’s International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate after 8 September 2019, where costs of compliance may be substantial and adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
 
Furthermore, United States regulations are currently changing. Although the 2013 Vessel General Permit (VGP) program and U.S. National Invasive Species Act (NISA) are currently in effect to regulate ballast discharge, exchange, and installation, the Vessel Incidental Discharge Act or VIDA, which was signed into law on December 4, 2018, requires that the EPA develop national standards of performance for approximately 30 discharges, similar to those found in the VGP within two years. On October 26, 2020, the EPA published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for Vessel Incidental Discharge National Standards of Performance under VIDA. By approximately 2022, the U.S. Coast Guard must develop corresponding implementation, compliance, and enforcement regulations regarding ballast water. The new regulations could require the installation of new equipment, which may cause us to incur substantial costs, which may adversely affect our profitability.
 
23
Insurance may be difficult to obtain, or if obtained, may not be adequate to cover our losses that may result from our operations due to the inherent operational risks of the shipping industry.
 
We carry insurance to protect us against most of the accident-related risks involved in the conduct of our business, including marine hull and machinery insurance, protection and indemnity insurance, which include pollution risks, crew insurance, and war risk insurance. However, we may not be adequately insured to cover losses from our operational risks, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Additionally, our insurers may refuse to pay particular claims, and our insurance may be voidable by the insurers if we take, or fail to take, certain actions, such as failing to maintain certification of our vessels with applicable maritime regulatory organizations. Any significant uninsured or under-insured loss or liability could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition, and our available cash. In addition, we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates in the future during adverse insurance market conditions.
 
Under our vessel management agreements with UOT, UOT is responsible for procuring and paying for insurance for our vessels. Our insurance policies contain standard limitations, exclusions, and deductibles. The policies insure against those risks that the shipping industry commonly insures against, which are hull and machinery, protection and indemnity, and war risk. UOT currently maintains hull and machinery coverage in an amount at least equal to the vessels’ market value. UOT maintains an amount of protection and indemnity insurance that is at least equal to the standard industry level of coverage. We cannot assure you that UOT will be able to procure adequate insurance coverage for our fleet in the future or that our insurers will pay any particular claim.
 
In addition, changes in the insurance markets attributable to terrorist attacks may also make certain types of insurance more difficult for us to obtain due to increased premiums, or reduced or restricted coverage for losses caused by terrorist acts generally.
 
Because we obtain some of our insurance through protection and indemnity associations, which result in significant expenses to us, we may be required to make additional premium payments. We may be subject to increased premium payments, or calls, in amounts based on our claim records, the claim records of our managers, as well as the claim records of other members of the protection and indemnity associations through which we receive insurance coverage for tort liability, including pollution-related liability. In addition, our protection and indemnity associations may not have enough resources to cover claims made against them. Our payment of these calls could result in significant expense to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, and available cash.
 
Adverse market conditions could cause us to breach covenants in our credit facilities and adversely affect our operating results.
 
The market values of tanker vessels are subject to significant volatility. Indicatively, market prices for ten-year-old Aframax tankers over the past ten years have fluctuated significantly from a high level of $31.0 million in 2020 to a low level of $17.0 million in 2012. You should expect the market value of our vessels to fluctuate depending on general economic and market conditions affecting the shipping industry and prevailing charter rates, competition from other tanker companies and other modes of transportation, types, sizes, and ages of vessels, applicable governmental regulations and the cost of newbuildings. We believe that our vessels’ current aggregate market value will be in excess of loan to value amounts required under our credit facility. Our credit facilities generally require that the fair market value of the vessels pledged as collateral never be less than 125% or 135% of the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the loans. We were in compliance with these requirements as of December 31, 2021, and as of the date of this annual report.
 
A decrease in vessel values could cause us to breach certain covenants in our existing credit facilities and future financing agreements that we may enter into from time to time. If we breach such covenants and are unable to remedy the relevant breach or obtain a waiver, our lenders could accelerate our debt and foreclose on our owned vessels. Additionally, if we sell one or more of our vessels at a time when vessel prices have fallen, the sale price may be less than the vessel’s carrying value on our consolidated financial statements, resulting in a loss on sale or an impairment loss being recognized, ultimately leading to a reduction in earnings.
 
A shift in consumer demand from crude oil towards other energy sources or changes to trade patterns for crude oil and refined petroleum products may have a material adverse effect on our business.
 
A significant portion of our earnings are related to the crude oil industry. A shift in the consumer demand from crude oil towards other energy resources such as wind energy, solar energy, hydrogen energy, or nuclear energy will potentially affect the demand for our vessels. This could have a material adverse effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows, and financial position.
 
Seaborne trading and distribution patterns are primarily influenced by the relative advantage of the various sources of production, locations of consumption, pricing differentials, and seasonality. Changes to the trade patterns of crude oil and oil products may have a significant negative or positive impact on the ton-mile and, therefore, the demand for our tanker vessels. This could have a material adverse effect on our future performance, results of operations, cash flows, and financial position.
 
24
Risks Relating to our Common Shares
 
The market price of our common shares is subject to significant fluctuations. Further, there is no guarantee of a continuing public market for you to resell our common shares.
 
Our common shares commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Market on January 19, 2011. Since January 2, 2013, our common shares have traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, and since March 6, 2020, our common shares have traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We cannot assure you that an active and liquid public market for our common shares will continue. The Nasdaq Capital Market and each national securities exchange have certain corporate governance requirements that must be met in order for us to maintain our listing. If we fail to maintain the relevant corporate governance requirements, our common shares could be delisted, which would make it harder for you to monetize your investment in our common shares and would cause the value of your investment to decline.
 
Since June 2016, we have effected seven reverse stock splits of our common shares, each of which was approved by our board of directors and by our shareholders at an annual or special meeting of such shareholders. There were no changes to the trading symbol, number of authorized shares, or par value of our common stock in connection with any of the reverse stock splits.
 
The market price of our common shares has been and may in the future be subject to significant fluctuations as a result of many factors, some of which are beyond our control. Among the factors that have in the past and could in the future affect our stock price are:
 

 •
the failure of securities analysts to publish research about us, or analysts to make appropriate changes in their financial estimates;
 

 •
announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, or capital commitments;
 

 •
variations in quarterly operating results;
 

 •
general economic conditions;
 

 •
terrorist or piracy acts;
 

 •
unforeseen events, such as natural disasters or pandemics (including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic);
 

 •
future sales of our common shares or other securities; and
 

 •
investors’ perception of us and the international tanker vessel sector.
 
These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common shares, regardless of our operating performance.
 
The shipping industry has been highly unpredictable and volatile. The market for common shares in this industry may be equally volatile. Therefore, we cannot assure you that you will be able to sell any of our common shares you may have purchased at a price greater than or equal to its original purchase price, or that you will be able to sell them at all.
 
Future sales of our common stock, including through the exercise of conversion rights under our outstanding convertible preferred shares, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
 
Our amended and restated articles of incorporation authorize us to issue up to 500,000,000 shares of common stock, of which 2,438,477 shares were issued and outstanding as of the date of this annual report.
 
As of the date of this report, 793,657 of our Series B Preferred Shares are currently issued and outstanding. Each Series B Preferred Share is convertible, subject to payment of a conversion price of $7.50 per Series B Preferred Share converted, into two Series C Preferred Shares, with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share, during the conversion period for the Series B Preferred Shares, which will begin no earlier than February 3, 2023. Each Series C Preferred Share will be convertible, at the option of the holder at any time and from time to time after six months from the date of original issuance of such Series C Preferred Share, into a number of common shares equal to the Series C Preferred Share liquidation preference of $25.00 divided by a conversion price equal to $5.50 (as adjusted for any stock splits, reverse stock splits or stock dividends). The conversion price will also be adjusted to equal the lowest price at which common shares are sold by us in any registered offering following the original issuance of our Series B Preferred Shares, provided that such adjusted conversion price shall not be less than $0.50. For additional information regarding the terms of our issued and outstanding Series B Preferred Shares and the Series C Preferred Shares which may be issued pursuant to the terms of our Series B Preferred Shares, please see “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association” and “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Aliki Paliou, one of our directors, has the right and has expressed the intention to acquire a significant percentage of voting power over matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote, and accordingly, may exert considerable influence over us and may have interests that are different from the interests of our other shareholders.”
 
We may offer and sell our common stock or securities convertible into our common stock from time to time, through one or more methods of distribution, subject to market conditions and our capital needs. The market price of our common stock could decline from its current levels due to sales of a large number of shares in the market, including sales of shares by our large shareholders, our issuance of additional shares, or securities convertible into our common stock or the perception that these sales could occur. These sales could also make it more difficult or impossible for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate to raise funds through future offerings of shares of our common stock. The issuance of such additional shares of common stock would also result in the dilution of the ownership interests of our existing shareholders.
 
25
As a key component of our business strategy, we intend to issue additional shares of common stock or other securities to finance our growth as market conditions warrant. These issuances, which would generally not be subject to shareholder approval, may lower your ownership interests and may depress the market price of our common stock.
 
As a key component of our business strategy, we plan to finance potential future expansions of our fleet in large part with equity financing. Pursuant to our amended and restated articles of incorporation, we are authorized to issue up to 500,000,000 common shares and 25,000,000 preferred shares, each with a par value of $0.01 per share. Therefore, subject to Nasdaq rules that are applicable to us, we may issue additional shares of common stock and other equity securities of equal or senior rank, without shareholder approval, in a number of circumstances from time to time.
 
The issuance by us of additional shares of common stock or other equity securities of equal or senior rank will have the following effects:
 

 •
our existing shareholders’ proportionate ownership interest in us may decrease;
 

 •
the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding share may be diminished;
 

 •
the market price of our common stock may decline; and
 

 •
the amount of cash available for dividends payable on our common stock, if any, may decrease.
 
Our Series B Preferred Shares are convertible under certain circumstances into preferred shares with superior voting rights, which may limit the ability of our common shareholders to control or influence corporate matters, and the interests of the holders of such shares could conflict with the interests of common shareholders.
 
As of the date of this report, 793,657 of our Series B Preferred Shares are currently issued and outstanding. Each Series B Preferred Share is convertible, subject to payment of a conversion price of $7.50 per Series B Preferred Share converted, into two Series C Preferred Shares during the conversion period for the Series B Preferred Shares, which will begin no earlier than February 3, 2023. Upon issuance, our Series C Preferred Shares will bear superior voting rights to our common shares and will be entitled to vote on all matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote, and further are convertible into our common shares under certain conditions. Assuming all Series B Preferred Shares are converted into Series C Preferred Shares (and assuming no other changes to our capitalization and no adjustments to the conversion price of the Series C Preferred Shares), holders of our Series C Preferred Shares will control 96.7% of the vote over any matter submitted to a vote of our shareholders. For additional information regarding the terms of our issued and outstanding Series B Preferred Shares and the Series C Preferred Shares which may be issued pursuant to the terms of our Series B Preferred Shares, please see “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association” and “Item 3.D Risk Factors—Aliki Paliou, one of our directors, has the right and has expressed the intention to acquire a significant percentage of voting power over matters on which our shareholders are entitled to vote, and accordingly, may exert considerable influence over us and may have interests that are different from the interests of our other shareholders.”
 
The superior voting rights of our Series C Preferred Shares may limit our common shareholders’ ability to influence corporate matters. The interests of the holders of the Series C Preferred Shares may conflict with the interests of our common shareholders, and as a result, the holders of our capital stock may approve actions that our common shareholders do not view as beneficial. Any such conflicts of interest could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and the trading price of our common shares.
 
A decline in the closing price of our common shares could result in a breach of the requirements for listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, and our common shares could be delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market, or trading could be suspended.
 
On May 22, 2017, we received a notification of deficiency from the Nasdaq Stock Market, or Nasdaq, stating that because the closing bid price of our common stock for the prior 30 consecutive business days was below $1.00 per share, we no longer met the minimum bid price requirement for listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Additionally, on July 31, 2017, we received a second notification of deficiency from Nasdaq stating that the market value of our publicly held shares fell below the $5,000,000 minimum requirement for listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market for 30 consecutive business days. We regained compliance with both deficiencies within the prescribed grace period for each of 180 calendar days by effecting reverse stock splits of our common shares. On January 10, 2019, we received another notification of deficiency from Nasdaq, stating that because the closing bid price of our common stock was below the minimum $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days, we are not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1). The applicable grace period to regain compliance was 180 days, or until July 9, 2019, and we regained compliance with the foregoing deficiency within the prescribed grace period of 180 calendar days. On September 6, 2019, we received another notification of deficiency from Nasdaq, stating that because the closing bid price of our common stock for the prior 30 consecutive business days was below $1.00 per share, we no longer met the minimum bid price requirement for listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. On March 5, 2020, Nasdaq approved our application to list our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market and our securities were transferred to Nasdaq Capital Market at the opening of business on March 6, 2020. Also, on March 5, 2020, Nasdaq granted us an additional 180 calendar days, until August 31, 2020, to regain compliance with the bid price requirement. On April 20, 2020, we were informed by Nasdaq that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, temporary relief had been granted related to the minimum bid price requirement, and as a result, our compliance period was, at that time, suspended until June 30, 2020. Our applicable grace period to regain compliance was November 16, 2020, which included the temporary COVID-19 relief period and we regained compliance with the foregoing deficiency within the prescribed grace period. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company.”
 
26
A decline in the closing price of our common shares could result in a breach of the requirements for listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Although we would have an opportunity to take action to cure such a breach, including by effecting a reverse stock split if necessary, if we do not succeed, Nasdaq could commence suspension or delisting procedures in respect of our common shares. The commencement of suspension or delisting procedures by an exchange remains, at all times, at the discretion of such exchange and would be publicly announced by the exchange. If a suspension or delisting were to occur, there would be significantly less liquidity in the suspended or delisted securities. In addition, our ability to raise additional necessary capital through equity or debt financing would be greatly impaired. Furthermore, with respect to any suspended or delisted common shares, we would expect decreases in institutional and other investor demand, analyst coverage, market making activity, and information available concerning trading prices and volume. Additionally, fewer broker-dealers would be willing to execute trades with respect to such common shares. A suspension or delisting would likely decrease the attractiveness of our common shares to investors, may constitute a breach under certain of our credit facilities, constitute an event of default under certain classes of our preferred stock and cause the trading volume of our common shares to decline, which could result in a further decline in the market price of our common shares.
 
We cannot assure you that our board of directors will declare dividend payments in the future, or when such payment might occur.
 
Our Board of Directors has adopted a variable quarterly dividend policy, pursuant to which we may declare and pay a variable quarterly cash dividend to our common shareholders. While we have declared and paid cash dividends on our common shares in the past, there can be no assurance that our board of directors will declare dividend payments on common shares in the future. If declared, the quarterly dividend is expected to be paid each February, May, August and November and will be equal to available cash from operations during the previous quarter after cash payments for debt repayment, interest expense and dividends to holders of our Series B Preferred Shares and reserves for the replacement of our vessels, scheduled drydockings, intermediate and special surveys, and other purposes as our Board of Directors may from time to time determine are required, after taking into account contingent liabilities, the terms of any credit facility, our growth strategy and other cash needs as well as the requirements of Marshall Islands law. In addition, any credit facilities that we may enter into in the future may include restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.

In accordance with our dividend policy, and taking into account the above-listed factors, we expect to pay dividends only if during the preceding quarter Quarterly Cash Flow is positive and Quarter-End Excess Cash is also positive. Quarter-End Excess Cash is defined as actual end of quarter Cash and Cash Equivalents over our Minimum Cash Threshold. Minimum Cash Threshold is defined as the sum of minimum liquidity pursuant to our loan agreements and $1.5 million per vessel. Our bank facilities currently require us to maintain minimum liquidity of $5.0 million.  Quarterly Cash Flow is equal to voyage and time charter revenues less voyage expenses, less vessel operating expenses, less general and administrative expenses, less - the greater of i) net interest expense and repayment of long-term bank debt or ii) fleet replacement reserves - and less maintenance reserves for our fleet and less cash dividends to holders of our Series B Preferred Shares, if any. As a general guideline, the amount of any such dividends is expected to be based on a pay-out ratio of the lower of i) Quarterly Cash Flow; and ii) Quarter-End Excess Cash. So long as our end of quarter outstanding debt exceeds our equity market capitalization, our pay-out ratio is expected to be 50%. We will consider increasing the pay-out ratio gradually up to a maximum level of 90% that we may achieve when our end of quarter outstanding debt is less than 10% of our equity market capitalization. Quarter-End Excess Cash is defined as actual end of quarter Cash and Cash Equivalents over our Minimum Cash Threshold. Minimum Cash Threshold is defined as the sum of minimum liquidity pursuant to our loan agreements and $1.5 million per vessel.

The declaration and payment of dividends, even during times when we have sufficient funds and are not restricted from declaring and paying dividends by our lenders or any other party, will always be subject to the discretion of our board of directors. Our board of directors may review and amend our dividend policy from time to time, taking into consideration our plans for future growth and other factors. The actual timing and amount of dividend payments on common shares, if any, will be determined by our board of directors and will be affected by various factors, including our cash earnings, financial condition and cash requirements, dividend obligations to holders of our Series B Preferred Shares, the loss of a vessel, the acquisition of one or more vessels, required capital expenditures, reserves established by our board of directors, increased or unanticipated expenses, a change in our dividend policy, additional borrowings or future issuances of securities, many of which will be beyond our control.
 
We may incur expenses or liabilities or be subject to other circumstances in the future that reduce or eliminate the amount of cash that we have available for distribution as dividends. Our growth strategy contemplates that we will finance the acquisition of additional tanker vessels through a combination of primarily equity capital and, to a lesser extent, cash on hand and debt financing on terms acceptable to us. If external sources of funds on terms acceptable to us are limited, our board of directors may determine to finance acquisitions with cash from operations, which would reduce or even eliminate the amount of cash available for the payment of dividends.
 
We are a holding company, and we depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us to satisfy our financial obligations and to make dividend payments. In addition, our existing or future credit facilities may include restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.
 
27
The shipping sector is highly cyclical and volatile. We cannot predict with accuracy the amount of cash flows our operations will generate in any given period. Our quarterly dividends, if any, will vary significantly from quarter to quarter as a result of variations in our operating performance, cash flow, and other contingencies, and we cannot assure you that we will generate available cash for distribution in any quarter, and so we may not declare and pay any dividends in certain quarters, or at all. Our ability to resume payment of dividends will be subject to the limitations set forth above.
 
In times when we have debt outstanding, we intend to limit our dividends per share, if dividend payment is reinstated, to the amount that we would have been able to pay if we were financed entirely with equity. In addition, any credit facilities that we may enter into in the future may include restrictions on our ability to pay dividends. Marshall Islands law generally prohibits the payment of dividends other than from surplus (retained earnings and the excess of consideration received for the sale of shares above the par value of the shares) or while a company is insolvent or would be rendered insolvent by the payment of such a dividend.
 
Future offerings of debt securities and amounts outstanding under any future credit facilities or other borrowings, which would rank senior to our common stock upon our liquidation, may adversely affect the market value of our common stock.
 
In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources with further borrowing under credit facilities, making offerings of debt or additional offerings of equity securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes, and classes of preferred stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and certain series of our preferred stock, and lenders with respect to our credit facilities and other borrowings will receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Any preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference on liquidating distributions or a preference on dividend payments that would limit amounts available for distribution to holders of our common stock. Because our decision to borrow additional amounts under credit facilities or issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, or nature of our future indebtedness or offering of securities. Therefore, holders of our common stock bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market value of our common stock and diluting their shareholdings in us or that in the event of bankruptcy, liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of the Company, all or substantially all of our assets will be distributed to holders of our debt securities or preferred stock or lenders with respect to our credit facilities and other borrowings.
 
We are a holding company, and we depend on the ability of our current and future subsidiaries to distribute funds to us in order to satisfy our financial obligations and to make dividend payments.
 
We are a holding company, and our subsidiaries, which are directly or indirectly wholly-owned by us, conduct all of our operations and own all of our operating assets. We have no significant assets other than the equity interests in our wholly-owned subsidiaries. As a result, our ability to satisfy our financial obligations and to pay dividends, if any, to our shareholders will depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us. In turn, the ability of our subsidiaries to make dividend payments to us will depend on them having profits available for distribution and, to the extent that we are unable to obtain dividends from our subsidiaries, this will limit the discretion of our board of directors to pay or recommend the payment of dividends. Also, our subsidiaries are limited by Marshall Islands law which generally prohibits the payment of dividends other than from surplus (retained earnings and the excess of consideration received for the sale of shares above the par value of the shares) or while a company is insolvent or would be rendered insolvent by the payment of such a dividend.
 
Because we are a foreign corporation, you may not have the same rights or protections that a shareholder in a U.S. corporation may have.
 
We are incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, which does not have a well-developed body of corporate law and may make it more difficult for our shareholders to protect their interests. Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated articles of incorporation and bylaws and the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act, or BCA. The provisions of the BCA resemble provisions of the corporation laws of a number of states in the United States. The rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under the law of the Marshall Islands are not as clearly established as the rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under statutes or judicial precedent in existence in certain U.S. jurisdictions, and there have been few judicial cases in the Marshall Islands interpreting the BCA. Shareholder rights may differ as well. While the BCA does specifically incorporate the non-statutory law, or judicial case law, of the State of Delaware and other states with substantially similar legislative provisions, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions by the management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a U.S. jurisdiction. Therefore, you may have more difficulty in protecting your interests as a shareholder in the face of actions by the management, directors or controlling stockholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a U.S. jurisdiction.
 
As a Marshall Islands corporation with principal executive offices in Greece, and also having subsidiaries in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, our operations may be subject to economic substance requirements.
 
In March 2019, the Council of the European Union, or the Council, published a list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax purposes, the 2019 Conclusions. In the 2019 Conclusions, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, among others, was placed by the E.U. on the list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for failing to implement certain commitments previously made to the E.U. by the agreed deadline. However, it was announced by the Council in October 2019 that the Marshall Islands had been removed from the list of non-cooperative jurisdictions. E.U. member states have agreed upon a set of measures, which they can choose to apply against the listed countries, including, inter alia, increased monitoring and audits, withholding taxes and non-deductibility of costs. The European Commission has stated it will continue to support member states’ efforts to develop a more coordinated approach to sanctions for the listed countries. E.U. legislation prohibits E.U. funds from being channeled or transited through entities in non-cooperative jurisdictions.
 
28
We are a Marshall Islands corporation with principal executive offices in Greece and our significant subsidiaries are organized in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The Marshall Islands have enacted economic substance regulations with which we are obligated to comply. The Marshall Islands economic substance regulations require certain entities that carry out particular activities to comply with a three-part economic substance test whereby the entity must show that it (i) is directed and managed in the Marshall Islands in relation to that relevant activity, (ii) carries out core income-generating activity in relation to that relevant activity in the Marshall Islands (although it is being understood and acknowledged by the regulators that income-generated activities for shipping companies will generally occur in international waters) and (iii) having regard to the level of relevant activity carried out in the Marshall Islands has (a) an adequate amount of expenditures in the Marshall Islands, (b) adequate physical presence in the Marshall Islands and (c) an adequate number of qualified employees in the Marshall Islands.
 
If we fail to comply with our obligations under such legislation or any similar law applicable to us in any other jurisdictions, we could be subject to financial penalties and spontaneous disclosure of information to foreign tax officials, or could be struck from the register of companies, in related jurisdictions. Any of the foregoing could be disruptive to our business and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and operating results.
 
We do not know (i) if the E.U. will once again add the Marshall Islands to the list of non-cooperative jurisdictions, (ii) how quickly the E.U. would react to any changes in legislation of the Marshall Islands, or (iii) how E.U. banks or other counterparties will react while we remain as an entity organized and existing under the laws of the Marshall Islands. The effect of the E.U. list of non-cooperative jurisdictions, and any noncompliance by us with any legislation adopted by applicable countries to achieve removal from the list, including economic substance regulations, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and operating results.

It may not be possible for our investors to enforce judgments of U.S courts against us.
 
We are incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for U.S. shareholders to serve process within the United States upon us or to enforce judgment upon us for civil liabilities in U.S. courts. In addition, you should not assume that courts in the countries in which we are incorporated or where our assets are located (1) would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws or (2) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us based upon these laws.
 
Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents could make it difficult for our shareholders to replace or remove our current board of directors or have the effect of discouraging, delaying, or preventing a merger or acquisition, which could adversely affect the value of our securities.
 
Several provisions of our amended and restated articles of incorporation and bylaws could make it difficult for our shareholders to change the composition of our board of directors in any one year, preventing them from changing the composition of management. In addition, the same provisions may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that shareholders may consider favorable.
 
These provisions include:
 

 •
authorizing our board of directors to issue “blank check” preferred stock without shareholder approval;
 

 •
providing for a classified board of directors with staggered, three-year terms;
 

 •
prohibiting cumulative voting in the election of directors;
 

 •
authorizing the removal of directors only for cause and only upon the affirmative vote of the holders of two-thirds of the outstanding common shares entitled to vote generally in the election of directors;
 

 •
limiting the persons who may call special meetings of shareholders; and
 

 •
establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by shareholders at shareholder meetings.
 
In addition, we have entered into a stockholders’ rights agreement, dated December 20, 2021, or the Stockholders’ Rights Agreement, pursuant to which our board of directors may cause the substantial dilution of any person that attempts to acquire us without the approval of our board of directors.
 
These anti-takeover provisions, including provisions of our Stockholders’ Rights Agreement, could substantially impede the ability of our shareholders to benefit from a change in control and, as a result, may adversely affect the value of our securities, if any, and the ability of our shareholders to realize any potential change of control premium.
 
29
Item 4.
Information on the Company
 
 
A.
History and Development of the Company
 
Performance Shipping Inc. (formerly Diana Containerships Inc.) is a corporation incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands on January 7, 2010. Each of our vessels is owned by a separate wholly-owned subsidiary. Performance Shipping Inc. is the owner of all the issued and outstanding shares of the subsidiaries listed in Exhibit 8.1 to this annual report. We maintain our principal executive offices at 373 Syngrou Avenue, 175 64 Palaio Faliro, Athens, Greece. Our telephone number at that address is +30 216 600 2400. Our agent and authorized representative in the United States is our wholly-owned subsidiary, established in the State of Delaware in July 2014 under the name Container Carriers (USA) LLC and amended to change the name of the company to Performance Shipping USA LLC as of November 20, 2020, which is located at 2711 Centerville Road, Suite 400, Wilmington, Delaware 19808. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the SEC’s Internet site is http://www.sec.gov. The address of our Internet site is http://www.pshipping.com/.
 
Business Development and Capital Expenditures and Divestitures
 
In January 2019, we announced that our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program to purchase up to an aggregate of $6.0 million of our common shares, or the First Share Repurchase Program. The timing and amount of any repurchases would be determined by our management team and would depend on market conditions, capital allocation alternatives, applicable securities laws, and other factors. The board of directors’ authorization of the First Share Repurchase Program was effective immediately and expired on December 21, 2019. No common shares were repurchased as part of this program until its expiration.
 
In January 2019, we announced that we received written notification from the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq, dated January 10, 2019, indicating that because the closing bid price of our common stock for 30 consecutive business days was below the minimum $1.00 per share bid price requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, we were not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1). The applicable grace period to regain compliance was 180 days, or until July 9, 2019. We regained compliance on April 4, 2019, and thus cured this deficiency within the prescribed grace period.
 
In February 2019, we issued 574,779 restricted common shares as a one-time special award to the executive management and the non-executive directors, pursuant to our board of directors’ decision of February 15, 2018, in recognition of the successful refinancing of the RBS loan in 2017, which resulted in a significant gain of $42.2 million, net of expenses. The fair value of the award was $5.0 million, and the number of shares issued was based on the share closing price of February 15, 2019. One third of the shares vested as of the issuance date, and the remainder two thirds vested ratably over two years from the issuance date.
 
In February 2019, the affirmative vote of a majority of all votes eligible to be cast by Shareholders entitled to attend and vote at our Annual Meeting of Shareholders approved an amendment to our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to change our name to “Performance Shipping Inc.”, which was effected on February 25, 2019. Our common shares traded on the Nasdaq stock exchange under the ticker “DCIX” until March 30, 2020, whereupon they commenced trading under the ticker “PSHG.”
 
In June and November 2019, under two separate transactions, we acquired the entities Taburao Shipping Company Inc., Tarawa Shipping Company Inc., and Rongelap Shipping Company Inc., which were affiliated with our Chairman until February 2022 and former Chief Executive Officer, Symeon Palios, for an aggregate purchase price of $21.0 million. Prior to their acquisition by us, each of the three newly-acquired entities had signed contracts to purchase one Aframax tanker vessel each, the Blue Moon, the Briolette, and the P. Fos from unaffiliated third-party sellers for a purchase price of $30.0 million, $30.0 million and $26.0 million respectively, and had paid advance deposits of $8.0 million, $2.0 million and $11.0 million, respectively, in connection therewith. In exchange for the acquisition of the aforementioned entities, we agreed to pay a price equal to the aggregate deposits previously paid to the vessels’ sellers. We paid the $21.0 million aggregate purchase price for the previously signed contracts of the Blue Moon, the Briolette, and the P. Fos in our common shares. Both transactions, which were unanimously approved by the disinterested members of our board of directors, resulted in the issuance of an aggregate number of 2,170,947 of our common shares during 2019.
 
Also, in June 2019, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the First Amended and Restated Shareholders Rights Agreement, dated as of August 28, 2016, by and between the Company and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., or the Rights Agreement, to amend the definition of “Acquiring Person” set out in the Rights Agreement.
 
In July 2019, we, through Taburao Shipping Company Inc. and Tarawa Shipping Company Inc. (the “Initial Borrowers”), entered into a loan agreement with Nordea for a senior secured term loan facility of up to $33.0 million. The purpose of the loan facility was to partially finance the acquisition cost of the tanker vessels Blue Moon and Briolette, discussed above.
 
In August and November 2019, we took delivery of the tanker vessels Blue Moon and Briolette, respectively, and drew down the maximum amount of $16.5 million for each vessel, according to the Nordea loan agreement terms.
 
In the second half of 2019, as the market environment for our containers fleet continued to be negative and with difficult employment opportunities, we initiated a number of actions for the gradual disposal of the whole container vessels’ fleet, although no decision at that time was reached for a strategic shift to the tanker vessels segment. In August and September 2019, we entered into two memoranda of agreement to sell the container vessels Pamina and Pucon to unrelated parties, for an aggregate sale price of $29.0 million, net of commissions. The vessels were delivered to their new owners in October and November 2019, respectively.
 
30
In September 2019, we announced that we received written notification from Nasdaq dated September 6, 2019, indicating that because the closing bid price of our common stock for 30 consecutive business days was below the minimum $1.00 per share bid price requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, we were not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1). The applicable grace period to regain compliance was 180 days, or until March 4, 2020. On March 5, 2020, Nasdaq approved our application to list our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market, and our securities were transferred to Nasdaq Capital Market at the opening of business on March 6, 2020. Moreover, Nasdaq notified us that in connection with the transfer of our securities to the Nasdaq Capital Market, we were granted an additional 180 calendar days, until August 31, 2020, in order to regain compliance with the minimum $1.00 bid price per share requirement. On April 20, 2020, we were informed by Nasdaq that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, temporary relief had been granted related to the minimum bid price requirement, and as a result, our compliance period was, at that time, suspended until June 30, 2020. Our applicable grace period to regain compliance was November 16, 2020, which included the temporary COVID-19 relief period. We regained compliance on November 18, 2020, and thus cured this deficiency within the prescribed grace period.
 
In December 2019, we, through the “Initial Borrowers” and Rongelap Shipping Company Inc. (collectively “the Borrowers”), entered into an amended and restated loan agreement with Nordea for a senior secured term loan facility of up to $47.0 million. The purpose of the amended agreement is to provide additional financing of up to $14.0 million for the acquisition of the tanker vessel P. Fos, discussed above. The amended agreement includes substantively identical terms to the initial agreement of July 2019, discussed above, in all other respects.
 
In January 2020, we took delivery of the tanker vessel P. Fos (ex Virgo Sun) and drew down the maximum amount of $14.0 million under the amended loan agreement with Nordea, as discussed above.
 
Also, in January 2020, we announced that our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program to purchase up to an aggregate of $6.0 million of our common shares. The timing and amount of the repurchases would be determined by our management team and would depend on market conditions, capital allocation alternatives, applicable securities laws, and other factors. From the program’s inception on January 29, 2020, and until the program expired on December 21, 2020, we repurchased 81,785 common shares of value $0.7 million, net of expenses. We canceled all common shares repurchased as part of this program.
 
Also, in January 2020, we contracted to sell to unaffiliated parties the container vessel  Rotterdam for a gross sale price of $18.5 million. The vessel was delivered to her new owners on April 1, 2020.
 
In February 2020, we contracted to acquire, from unaffiliated parties, the tanker vessel P. Kikuma (ex FSL Shanghai) for a gross sale price of $26.0 million. The vessel was delivered to us on March 30, 2020, and we funded its acquisition cost with cash on hand and bank financing – see below.
 
In February 2020, the election of Andreas Michalopoulos as Class I Director of the Company was approved by the requisite vote at our 2020 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, or the 2020 Annual Meeting. Also effective as of the date of the 2020 Annual Meeting, Anastasios Margaronis, Nikolaos Petmezas, and Ioannis Zafirakis resigned from our board of directors due to other business commitments. Our board of directors appointed Christos Glavanis and Aliki Paliou to the board of directors, effective as of February 28, 2020, to fill the existing vacancies created by the resignations of Anastasios Margaronis and Nikolaos Petmezas. Christos Glavanis was also appointed as Chairman of the Compensation Committee. Finally, also effective February 28, 2020, Anastasios Margaronis resigned from his position as our President, Ioannis Zafirakis resigned as our Chief Strategy Officer and Secretary, and Semiramis Paliou resigned as our Chief Operating Officer, in order to devote substantially all of their business time to other endeavors. On the same date, Andreas. Michalopoulos was appointed to replace Ioannis Zafirakis as Secretary. From October 31, 2019, to October 2020, Andreas Michalopoulos held the position of Deputy Chief Executive Officer. In October 2020, we announced that our board of directors appointed Andreas Michalopoulos to the position of Chief Executive Officer following the retirement of Symeon Palios from that position. Our board of directors also appointed Anthony Argyropoulos to the position of Chief Financial Officer of the Company, succeeding Andreas Michalopoulos in that capacity.
 
On March 1, 2020, we terminated early our Brokerage Agreement with Steamship Shipbroking Enterprises Inc., which was originally due to expire on March 31, 2020, at no cost.
 
In March 2020, we signed the second amendment and restatement loan agreement with Nordea, which increases the maximum loan amount to $59.0 million. The purpose of the amended loan facility is to additionally finance the acquisition cost of the vessel P. Kikuma (ex FSL Shanghai), described above, by $12.0 million. The second amendment and restatement loan agreement includes substantively identical terms to the previous loan agreement of December 2019. On March 26, 2020, we drew down the amount of $12.0 million in anticipation of the vessels’ P. Kikuma delivery – see above.
 
In March 2020, the disinterested members of our board of directors approved the repurchase of all of the shares of our Series C Preferred Stock, held by DSI since 2017, for a purchase price of $1.5 million. Our board of directors had previously obtained from an independent third party a fairness opinion for the transaction. On March 25, 2020, we agreed with DSI for the re-purchase of the shares, and on March 26, 2020, we paid the purchase price of $1.5 million and canceled all of the shares of our Series C Preferred Stock. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions – B. Related Party Transactions.”
 
On March 30, 2020, our ticker symbol on Nasdaq changed from “DCIX” to “PSHG.”
 
In April 2020, we entered into an agreement with Kalani Investments Limited, or Kalani, an entity not affiliated with us, and re-purchased all 400 outstanding Series B-2 convertible preferred shares, issued to Kalani in March 2017, for a purchase price of $0.4 million. We canceled these shares upon the conclusion of the transaction.
 
31
In August 2020, we sold the container vessel Domingo to an unrelated party, for a sale price of $5.6 million, net of commissions. The vessel was delivered to her new owners in August 2020. At that point in time, we evaluated the results of the tanker vessels owned since 2019 and assessed that the prospects of the specific segment as being positive. Furthermore, we determined that our decision to exit the container segment represented a strategic shift to the exclusive ownership of tanker vessels and that the disposal of all of our container vessels constituted a disposal of an entity’s segment, that will have a major effect on our operations and financial results.
 
In October 2020, we announced that our board of directors approved a new dividend policy pursuant to which we may declare and pay a variable quarterly cash dividend. If declared, the quarterly dividend is expected to be paid each February, May, August and November. Our board of directors declared its first such dividend on its common stock of $0.10 per share (or $0.01 per share before the adjustment for the reverse stock split of November 2, 2020), in accordance with the newly approved policy. The cash dividend was payable on November 9, 2020, to the shareholders of record at the close of business on October 30, 2020.
 
On November 2, 2020, we effected a one-for-ten reverse stock split, which our shareholders approved at the special meeting of shareholders held on October 29, 2020.
 
In November 2020, we contracted to acquire from an unaffiliated party the tanker vessel P. Yanbu for a gross purchase price of $22.0 million. The vessel was delivered to us in December 2020.
 
In December 2020, we entered into an agreement for a new amortizing term loan facility of up to $31.5 million with Piraeus Bank S.A. (“Piraeus”) through three of our separate wholly-owned subsidiaries. Proceeds from the facility were used to refinance outstanding indebtedness relating to P. Fos and P. Kikuma under an existing term loan facility f with Nordea Bank Abp, filial i Norge, and to partially finance our acquisition of P. Yanbu. Also, in December 2020, we entered into a supplemental loan agreement with Nordea to amend certain terms of our existing loan agreement. For additional information, please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Loan Facilities.”
 
On January 1, 2021, we granted to our Chief Financial Officer stock options to purchase 120,000 of our common shares as share-based remuneration, which can be exercised only when our stock price increases. The stock options are exercisable at a price range between $10.00 and $30.00 per share, for a term of five years. The stock options were granted pursuant to, and in accordance with, our Equity Incentive Plan.
 
On February 25, 2021, the re-election of Aliki Paliou and Reidar Brekke as Class II Directors was approved by the requisite vote at our 2021 Annual Meeting.
 
On March 5, 2021, we entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, as sales agent, pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate of $5.9 million of our common shares. During 2022, and as of the date of this report, we have sold 190,363 common shares pursuant to this agreement at an average price of $2.92 per share, for net proceeds of $542 thousand after payment of commissions and fees in the amount of $14 thousand.
 
In November 2021, we sold to a subsidiary of Diana Shipping Inc. our co-owned indivisible share in a plot of land, located in Athens, Greece, for a purchase price of Euro 1,100,000 (or $1.2 million based on a $1.13 Euro/USD exchange rate). In connection with this sale, we recorded a gain, net of $0.2 million taxes and expenses, of $0.1 million, which is presented as Gain from property sale in the consolidated statement of operations.
 
On December 20, 2021, we entered into a Stockholders’ Rights Agreement dated as of December 20, 2021, between the Company and Computershare Inc., as rights agent, and our board of directors authorized and declared a dividend distribution of one right for each outstanding share of our common stock to stockholders of record as of the close of business on December 30, 2021. Each right entitles the registered holder to purchase from us one one-thousandth of a share of Series A Participating Preferred Stock at an exercise price of $50.00 per one one-thousandth of a preferred share, subject to adjustment. For additional information, please see “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association —Stockholders’ Rights Agreement.”
 
On December 21, 2021, we offered to exchange up to 4,066,181 of our then issued and outstanding common shares for newly issued shares of our Series B Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 and liquidation preference $25.00 (the “Series B Preferred Shares”) at a ratio of 0.28 Series B Preferred Shares for each common share. The offer expired on January 27, 2022 and a total of 2,834,612 common shares were validly tendered and accepted for exchange in the offer, which resulted in the issuance of 793,657 Series B Preferred Shares, out of which 657,396 are beneficially owned by Aliki Paliou, 28,171 are beneficially owned by Andreas Michalopoulos and 29,510 in aggregate are beneficially owned by the resigned board members.
 
On February 28, 2022, the election of Loïsa Ranunkel as a Class I Director and elections of Alex Papageorgiou and Mihalis Boutaris as Class III Directors were approved by the requisite vote at our 2022 Annual Meeting. Symeon Palios, Giannakis (John) Evangelou and Christos Glavanis did not stand for re-election. Effective February 28, 2022, Antonios Karavias and Reidar Brekke resigned from our board of directors, the size of our board of directors decreased from seven to five members, and Aliki Paliou was appointed as Chairperson of our board of directors.
 
On March 2, 2022, we entered into an unsecured credit facility with Mango Shipping Corp., an affiliated entity whose beneficial owner is Aliki Paliou, for up to $5.0 million, to be used for general working capital purposes. The facility, which is repayable in one year from the date of the agreement, will be utilized in advances at our request and will bear interest of 9.0% per annum and commitment fees of 3.0% per annum on any undrawn amount. Arrangement fees of $0.2 million are payable on the date of the agreement. As of the date of this annual report, $3.2 million have been drawn under the credit facility.
 
32
 
B.
Business Overview
 
We provide global shipping transportation services through the ownership of tanker vessels. As of the date of this annual report, our fleet consists of five Aframax tanker vessels, with a combined carrying capacity of 546,094 DWT and a weighted average age of approximately 12.5 years. At our inception in January 2010, our business was focused on the ownership of container vessels and we have since gradually transitioned to a purely tanker fleet, completing our exit from the containership sector in August 2020.
 
During 2021, 2020, and 2019, fleetwide, we had a fleet utilization (including ballast leg) of 85.5%, 89.7%, and 93.8%, respectively, our vessels achieved a daily time charter equivalent rate of $9,963, $18,745, and $15,435, respectively, and we generated voyage and time charter revenues from our container and tanker vessels of $36.5 million, $46.3 million, and $26.8 million, respectively.
 
Our tankers fleet (continuing operations), during 2021, 2020, and 2019, had a fleet utilization (including ballast leg) of 85.5%, 88.1% and 84.6% respectively, achieved a daily time charter equivalent rate of $9,963, $20,228, and $20,431 respectively, and generated voyage and time charter revenues of $36.5 million, $42.0 million, and $6.3 million, respectively.
 
During 2020, and 2019, our container vessels (discontinued operations) had a fleet utilization of  96.6%, and 95.1%, respectively, achieved a daily time charter equivalent rate of  $12,500, and $14,727, respectively, and generated time charter revenues of $4.2 million, and $20.6 million, respectively.
 
Set forth below is summary information concerning our fleet as of March 10, 2022.
 
Vessel
Gross
Rate
(USD Per
Day)
Commission(1)
Charterers
Delivery Date to
Charterers
Redelivery Date to
Owners(2)
BUILT
CAPACITY
Aframax Tanker Vessels
BLUE MOON
(ex Maersk Jeddah)
Spot
-
-
-
- - -
2011   104,623DWT
 
 
 
 
 
BRIOLETTE
(ex Maersk
Jamnagar)
Pool
-
-
-
- - -
2011   104,588DWT
 
 
 
 
 
P. FOS
(ex Virgo Sun)
Pool
-
-
-
- - -
2007   115,577DWT
 
 
 
 
 
P. KIKUMA
(ex FSL Shanghai)
Spot
-
-
-
- - -
2007   115,915DWT
 
 
 
 
 
P. YANBU
(ex Kalamas)
Pool
-
-
-
- - -
2011    105,391DWT
 
 
 
 
 
(1) Total commission paid to third parties.
(2) Range of redelivery dates, with the actual date of redelivery being at the Charterers’ option, but subject to the terms, conditions, and exceptions of the particular charterparty.
 
Management of Our Fleet
 
The business of Performance Shipping Inc. is the ownership of vessels. Performance Shipping Inc. wholly owns, directly or indirectly, the subsidiaries which own the vessels that comprise our fleet. The holding company sets the general overall direction for the company and interfaces with various financial markets. The day-to-day commercial and technical management of our fleet, as well as the provision of administrative services relating to our fleet’s operations, have been carried out since March 1, 2013, by UOT, our in-house fleet manager. Pursuant to an Administrative Services Agreement, we pay UOT a fixed monthly administrative fee of $10,000 in exchange for providing us with accounting, administrative, financial reporting, and other services necessary for the operation of our business. In addition, in exchange for providing us with day-to-day commercial and technical services, we pay UOT a commission of 2.00% of our gross revenues, a fixed management fee of $15,000 per month for each vessel in operation, and a fixed monthly fee of $7,500 for laid-up vessels, if any. For as long as part of the management services were assigned to third-party managers (see below), we paid to UOT a reduced monthly management fee in the range of $1,000 to $5,000, and a commission of 1.00% or 2.00% of our gross revenues, depending on the level of involvement of the third-party managers. Furthermore, for as long as our vessels are chartered under pool arrangements, UOT receives no commission on the vessels’ gross revenues. All management fees and commissions payable to UOT are considered inter-company transactions and are, therefore, eliminated from our consolidated financial statements.
 
33
In August 2019, upon delivery of the tanker vessel Blue Moon, we appointed Maersk Tankers A/S (“Maersk Tankers”), an unaffiliated entity, to provide day-to-day commercial and technical management services for the vessel on a temporary basis. The day-to-day commercial and technical services provided to the vessel Blue Moon were terminated in December 2019 and February 2020, respectively. In November 2019, upon delivery of the tanker vessel Briolette, we appointed Maersk Tankers to provide technical management services for the vessel on a temporary basis. For as long as Maersk Tankers were providing commercial management services to the vessel Blue Moon, they received a daily fee of $275 per vessel plus 1.25% commission on the vessel’s gross income. For the technical management services that Maersk Tankers provided to the vessel Blue Moon until February 2020, and for the technical management fees they provided to Briolette until August 2020, they received a daily fee of $570 per vessel. Following the termination of these management agreements with Maersk, UOT was appointed to provide these services for the fees and commissions described above.
 
In late December 2019, UOT appointed Diana Wilhelmsen Management Limited (“DWM”), to provide management services to our former container vessels,  Rotterdam and Domingo. DWM was an affiliated entity to us until February 2020. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions.” For the technical management services, we paid DWM a fixed management fee of $9,000 per month. DWM provided commercial management services to two of our former container vessels until March 1, 2020, for a fixed fee of $5,000 per month and 1.00% commissions on the vessels’ gross income, and on March 1, 2020, the commercial agreements were terminated. Upon termination of the commercial management services by DWM and through the vessels’ disposals in April and August 2020, UOT was appointed to provide these services to our former container vessels for the fees and commissions described above. Upon the vessels’ sales, the technical management agreements with DWM were also terminated.
 
Business Strategy
 
Our primary objective is to operate our business on behalf of our shareholders in a manner that is consistent with our business strategy. The key elements of our strategy are:
 
Fleet
 
Modern, High Specification Fleet. We intend to operate a fleet of modern, high specification tanker vessels that include high cargo-carrying capacity and competitive fuel efficiency. We believe these features will be commercially attractive to charterers because the high specifications will result in cost-effective vessels with increased flexibility, and we expect these factors will, in turn, maximize our vessels’ utilization rates. We believe that owning a versatile, modern, well-maintained fleet reduces operating costs, improves the quality of service we deliver, and enables us to secure employment with high-quality counterparties. As we grow our fleet, we intend to continue acquiring secondhand vessels built in well-established shipyards in South Korea, Japan, and China with high specifications and fuel efficiency standards.
 
Growing Sector Presence. While we cannot assure you that we will do so, we intend to grow our fleet over time through selective acquisitions of secondhand vessels. This will increase our market presence and enhance our attractiveness to charterers and other customers, including major oil companies, oil traders, and refineries. We believe that by expanding our fleet, we will gain a significant presence in the tanker vessel market, enabling us to offer customers greater flexibility and a higher level of service while achieving greater efficiencies through economies of scale and enhanced vessel utilization.
 
Continuous Fleet Renewal. We are focused on renewing our fleet as our vessels age. We plan to acquire younger vessels as we dispose of our older ones to continuously renew and replace our fleet. We expect that this will, in part, be funded through our mandatory debt repayments and replacement reserves and will enable us to maintain a fleet of modern, high-specification secondhand tankers.
 
Secondhand Acquisitions. We expect to grow our fleet primarily through selective acquisitions of secondhand tanker vessels from unaffiliated third parties. Although we may acquire vessels upon their delivery from the shipyard, we do not expect to enter into agreements to construct new vessels. When evaluating acquisitions, we will consider and analyze our expectation of fundamental developments in the seaborne transportation of crude oil and refined petroleum products, changes in trading patterns, the cash flow currently earned and our expectation of future cash flows to be earned by the target vessel relative to its value, as well as its condition and technical specifications.
 
Management
 
Significant Management Expertise. We believe that our executive management team has extensive public company and vessel operations experience. In the competitive tanker vessel industry, charterers are focused on the quality of vessel operators and we believe that our wholly-owned subsidiary fleet manager has a reputation as a respected commercial and technical manager. The long experience of our executive, commercial and technical management team ensures we have established relationships with charterers, financial institutions, insurers, suppliers, ship repair yards, and other industry participants. We believe that these relationships will assist us in further developing our position as a sought-after business partner with our charterers and provide access to attractive acquisition opportunities.
 
Highly Efficient Operations.  We believe that we have established our Company as a cost-efficient and reliable operator due to the skill of our executive management team, backed by an experienced commercial and technical team comprised of industry veterans, and the quality and maintenance standards of our fleet. We intend to actively monitor and seek to control vessel operating expenses without compromising the quality of our vessels by utilizing regular inspection and maintenance programs, employing and retaining qualified crew members, and taking advantage of the economies of scale that we expect to enjoy when we acquire additional vessels.
 
34
Commercial
 
Spot Market Focus. Our commercial policy is focused mainly on voyage charters and short-term time charters of less than 12 months and, in some cases, medium-term charters of less than 36 months to provide our shareholders with exposure to cyclical fluctuations in charter rates. When available, we will also consider entering time charters with a fixed floor rate and profit-sharing participation in the spot market. Our spot market focus should allow us and our shareholders to realize the benefits from rising charter rates. Still, the spot market is very volatile, and our strategy will also expose us and our shareholders to periods when spot rates decline below the cash breakeven level of our fleet. In line with our strategy, our current fleet of tankers operate primarily under voyage charters and through pool arrangements that enhance our spot market exposure and enable us to achieve economies of scale, obtain increased cargo, better flow of information and greater vessel utilization.
 
Established Commercial Relationships. We expect to capitalize on our commercial and technical management team’s long-standing relationships with leading charterers such as multinational oil companies, including Shell, BP, Total, Statoil, Exxon, and Lukoil; international oil traders, including Glencore, Vitol and Trafigura; refiners, including Valero and Reliance. We believe that our experienced management team will assist us in securing employment for our vessels and will provide us with an established and diverse customer base in both western and eastern geographical basins. Following their delivery to us, we expect all our vessels to be acceptable for business by one or more major oil companies, oil traders, and refineries based on their inspections of our vessels and their review of our operational procedures.
 
Financial
 
Maintain Low Leverage. Our policy is to incur an amount of debt that, upon its incurrence, does not cause our ratio of net debt-to-market value of our fleet to exceed our target of 35%. We believe that having a level of indebtedness upon its incurrence that is at or below our target will allow us to operate in adverse market conditions. On December 31, 2021, our outstanding debt was $50.2 million, we held approximately $9.6 million in cash, and our ratio of net debt to the value of our fleet was approximately 35%. We expect that as we grow our fleet, our net debt upon its incurrence will gradually fall below our target.
 
Equity Capital Reliance. We expect to partially rely on follow-on offerings of shares of our common stock to fund the acquisition of additional secondhand tanker vessels. Consistent with our low leverage strategy, we may enter into new credit agreements or access the public or private debt markets to fund the remaining portion of these acquisitions. We expect the issuance of shares of our common stock to grow our fleet will increase our market capitalization and the trading activity for the shares of our common stock, but there can be no assurances that such increases will materialize. In addition, our reliance on follow-on offerings of our shares of common stock may significantly dilute existing shareholders.
 
Variable Cash Dividends. Pursuant to our dividend policy, when our cash on hand is above a certain threshold, we intend to declare and pay a variable quarterly dividend to our shareholders each February, May, August and November from available cash from operations during the previous quarter after cash payments for debt repayment and interest expense and reserves for the replacement of our vessels, scheduled dry dockings, intermediate and special surveys, dividends to holders of our preferred shares, if paid in cash, and other purposes as our board of directors may from time to time determine are required. Our quarterly dividends on common stock, if any, will vary significantly from quarter to quarter because of variations in our operating performance, which is mainly driven by fluctuations in spot charter rates for tanker vessels. We cannot assure you that we will generate sufficient cash flow for dividends in any quarter, and so we may not declare and pay any dividends to our shareholders in certain quarters. Please see “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.”
 
Governance
 
In-House Management. We wholly own, directly or indirectly, the subsidiaries that own the vessels comprising our fleet. Our executive management team’s responsibilities include working to ensure the implementation of our business strategy, general corporate oversight, interfacing with financial markets, and supervising the day-to-day commercial and technical management teams. The day-to-day commercial and technical management of our fleet, and the provision of administrative services relating to the fleet’s operations, is carried out by our wholly-owned subsidiary company, UOT, our fleet manager. For accounting and administrative purposes only, in exchange for providing us with commercial and technical services, we pay UOT certain fees and commissions. These amounts are considered inter-company transactions and are, therefore, eliminated from our consolidated financial statements.
 
Transparent Corporate Structure. In addition to performing all management functions in-house, we maintain a majority independent board of directors comprising of individuals with extensive experience in all aspects of our business. We do not intend to enter into any transactions with related parties for the acquisition or disposal of vessels. Members of our executive, commercial, and technical management teams have no other ownership or professional interest in other tanker vessel companies, and except for our Chairman, do not have any executive positions in other public or private shipping companies. We have and intend to maintain a simplified capital structure comprising of only one class of shares of common stock and debt.
 
Our Customers
 
Our customers include national, regional, and international companies, such as Aramco Trading Company, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, BP Singapore PTE LTD, Reliance Industries Limited, Nayara Energy Limited, Trafigura. In 2021, two of our charterers accounted for 43% of our revenues: Aramco Trading Company, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia (26%) and Vitol (17%). During 2020, the charterer Aramco Trading Company, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia accounted for 20% of our revenues. During 2019, five of our charterers accounted for 81% of our revenues: Wan Hai Lines (Singapore) Pte. Ltd (31%), Hyundai Merchant Marine Co Ltd., (11%), CMA CGM (16%), Orient Overseas Container Line Ltd (10%), and Lukoil Asia Pacific (13%). We believe that developing strong relationships with the end-users of our services allows us to better satisfy their needs with appropriate and capable vessels. A prospective charterer’s financial condition, creditworthiness, reliability, and track record are important factors in negotiating our vessels’ employment.
 
35
The Tanker Shipping Industry
 
The oil tanker shipping industry constitutes a vital link in the global energy supply chain, in which tanker vessels play a critical role by carrying large quantities of crude oil. The rationale behind this is that only tanker vessels can carry crude oil from one continent to the other and across the oceans based on practical and economical terms. The shipping of crude oil is the only transportation method that implies the lower cost per oil barrel compared to other methods, such as pipelines.
 
Αn oil tanker shipping company earns revenues by the freight rates paid for transportation capacity. Freight is paid for the movement of cargo between a load port and a discharge port. The cost of moving the ship from a discharge port to the next load port is not directly compensated by the charterers in the freight payment but is an expense of the owners if not on time charter.
 
Types of Crude Tanker Vessels
 
The main categories of crude tanker vessels are:
 

 •
VLCCs, with an oil cargo carrying capacity in excess of 200,000 dwt (typically 300,000 to 320,000 dwt or approximately two million barrels). VLCCs generally trade on long-haul routes from the Middle East and West Africa to Asia, Europe, and the U.S. Gulf or the Caribbean.
 

 •
Suezmax tankers, with an oil cargo carrying capacity of approximately 120,000 to 200,000 dwt (typically 150,000 to 160,000 dwt or approximately one million barrels). Suezmax tanker vessels are engaged in a range of crude oil trades across a number of major loading zones.
 

 •
Aframax tankers, with an oil cargo carrying capacity of approximately 80,000 to 120,000 dwt (or approximately 500,000 barrels). Aframax tanker vessels are employed in shorter regional trades, mainly in North West Europe, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, and Asia.
 
Tanker Newbuilding Prices
 
The factors which influence new-built prices include ship type, shipyard capacity, demand for ships, “berth cover”, i.e., the forward book of business of shipyards, buyer relationships with the yard, individual design specifications, including fuel efficiency or environmental features and the price of ship materials, engine and machinery equipment and particularly the price of steel.
 
Tanker Secondhand Prices
 
Second-hand prices are primarily driven by trends in the supply and demand for vessel capacity. During extended periods of high demand, as evidenced by high charter rates, secondhand vessel values tend to appreciate, and during periods of low demand, evidenced by low charter rates, vessel values tend to decline. Vessel values are also influenced by age and specification and by the replacement cost (new-built price) in the case of vessels up to five years old.
 
The sale and purchase (S&P) market, where vessels are sold and bought through specialized brokers, determines vessel values on a daily basis. The S&P market is transparent and liquid, with a significant number of vessels changing hands annually.
 
Values for younger vessels tend to fluctuate on a percentage basis less than values for older vessels. This is due to the fact that younger vessels with a longer remaining economic life are less susceptible to the level of charter rates than older vessels with limited remaining economic life.
 
The Crude Oil Tanker Freight Market
 
Charter Types
 
Employment of oil tanker vessels occurs through the following chartering options:
 
Bareboat Charter: In this charter type, vessels are usually employed for several years. All voyage related costs such as bunkers, port dues, and daily operating expenses are paid by the charterer. The owner of the vessel is entitled to monthly charter hire payments and covers the capital cost associated with the vessel.
 
Time Charter: Involves the use of the vessel for a number of months or years or for a trip between specific delivery and redelivery positions. The charterer covers all voyage related costs while the owner receives monthly charter hire payments on a per day basis and pays all operating expenses and capital costs of the vessel.
 
Pool Charter: In this charter type, the vessel’s owner earns a portion of total revenues generated by the pool, net of expenses incurred by the pool. The amount allocated to each pool participant vessel, is determined in accordance with an agreed-upon formula, which is determined by the margins awarded to each vessel in the pool based on the vessel’s age, design and other performance characteristics.
 
36
Spot or Voyage Charter: Vessels are used for a single voyage for the carriage of a specific amount and type of cargo on a load port to discharge port. The owner covers the repositioning cost of the ship as well as all expenses, namely voyage, operating, and capital costs of the ship.
 
Tanker Vessels Charter Rates
 
The main factors affecting vessel charter rates are primarily the supply and demand for tanker shipping. The shorter the charter period, the greater the vessel charter rate is affected by the current supply to demand balance and by the current phase of the market cycle (high point or low point). For longer charter periods, vessel charter rates tend to be more stable and less cyclical because the period may cover not only a particular phase of a market cycle but a full market cycle or several market cycles. Other factors affecting charter rates include the age and characteristics of the ships (fuel consumption, speed), the price of new-built and secondhand ships (buying as an alternative to chartering ships), and market conditions.
 
Environmental and Other Regulations in the Shipping Industry
 
International, Federal, State, and local regulations and laws significantly affect the ownership and operation of our fleet. We are subject to international conventions and treaties, national, state, and local laws and regulations in force in the countries in which our vessels may operate or are registered relating to safety and health and environmental protection, including the storage, handling, emission, transportation and discharge of hazardous and non-hazardous materials, and the remediation of contamination and liability for damage to natural resources. Compliance with such laws, regulations, and other requirements, entails significant expense, including vessel modifications and implementation of certain operating procedures.
 
A variety of government and private entities subject our vessels to both scheduled and unscheduled rigorous inspections. These entities include the local port authorities (applicable national authorities such as the Ports State Controls (PSC) or United States Coast Guard (“USCG”), harbormaster or equivalent), classification societies, flag state administrations (countries of registry), and particularly the charterers through the SIRE inspection regime and terminal inspections. SIRE inspection program stands for Ship Inspection Report and is a comprehensive, worldwide inspection regime utilizing inspectors with common training and oversight to inspect oil tankers, chemical tankers, and gas carriers, based on a standardized set of questions and requirements known as the SIRE Vessel Inspection Questionnaire. Certain of these entities require us to obtain permits, licenses, certificates, and other authorizations for the operation of our vessels. Failure to maintain necessary permits or approvals could require us to incur substantial costs or result in the temporary suspension of the operation of one or more of our vessels.
 
Increasing environmental concerns have created a demand for vessels that conform to stricter environmental standards. We are required to maintain operating standards for all of our vessels that emphasize operational safety, quality maintenance, continuous training of our officers and crews, and compliance with U.S. and international regulations. We believe that the operation of our vessels is in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations and that our vessels have all material permits, licenses, certificates, or other authorizations necessary for the conduct of our operations. However, because such laws and regulations frequently change and may impose increasingly stricter requirements, we cannot predict the ultimate cost of complying with these requirements or the impact of these requirements on the resale value or useful lives of our vessels. In addition, a future serious marine incident that causes significant adverse environmental impact could result in additional legislation or regulation that could negatively affect our profitability.
 
International Maritime Organization
 
The International Maritime Organization, the United Nations agency for maritime safety and the prevention of pollution by vessels (the “IMO”), has adopted the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, collectively referred to as MARPOL 73/78 and herein as “MARPOL,” the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1974 (“SOLAS Convention”), International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, or STCW, and the International Convention on Load Lines of 1966 (the “LL Convention”). MARPOL establishes environmental standards relating to oil leakage or spilling, garbage management, sewage, air emissions, handling and disposal of noxious liquids, and the handling of harmful substances in packaged forms. MARPOL applies to vessels of any type, operating in the marine environment, and is broken into six Annexes, each of which regulates a different source of pollution. Annex I relates to oil leakage or spilling; Annexes II and III relate to harmful substances carried in bulk in liquid or in packaged form, respectively; Annexes IV and V relate to sewage and garbage management, respectively; and Annex VI, lastly, relates to air emissions. Annex VI was separately adopted by the IMO in September of 1997; new emissions standards, titled IMO-2020, took effect on January 1, 2020.
 
In 2013, the IMO’s Marine Environmental Protection Committee, or the “MEPC,” adopted a resolution amending MARPOL Annex I Condition Assessment Scheme, or “CAS.” These amendments became effective on October 1, 2014, and require compliance with the 2011 International Code on the Enhanced Programme of Inspections during Surveys of Bulk Carriers and Oil Tankers, or “ESP Code,” which provides for enhanced inspection programs. We may need to make certain financial expenditures to comply with these amendments.
 
Air Emissions
 
In September of 1997, the IMO adopted Annex VI to MARPOL to address air pollution from vessels. Effective May 2005, Annex VI sets limits on sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from all commercial vessel exhausts and prohibits “deliberate emissions” of ozone-depleting substances (such as halons and chlorofluorocarbons), emissions of volatile compounds from cargo tanks, and the shipboard incineration of specific substances. Annex VI also includes a global cap on the sulfur content of fuel oil and allows for special areas to be established with more stringent controls on sulfur emissions, as explained below. Emissions of “volatile organic compounds” from certain vessels and the shipboard incineration (from incinerators installed after January 1, 2000) of certain substances (such as polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs) are also prohibited. We believe that all our vessels are currently compliant in all material respects with these regulations.
 
37
The Marine Environment Protection Committee, or “MEPC,” adopted amendments to Annex VI regarding emissions of sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, particulate matter, and ozone-depleting substances, which entered into force on July 1, 2010. The amended Annex VI seeks to further reduce air pollution by, among other things, implementing a progressive reduction of the amount of sulfur contained in any fuel oil used onboard ships. Effective January 1, 2020, there has been a global 0.5% m/m sulfur oxide emissions limit (reduced from 3.50%). This limitation can be met by using low-sulfur compliant fuel oil, alternative fuels, or certain exhaust gas cleaning systems. Ships are now required to obtain bunker delivery notes and International Air Pollution Prevention (“IAPP”) Certificates from their flag states that specify sulfur content. Additionally, at MEPC 73, amendments to Annex VI to prohibit the carriage of bunkers above 0.5% sulfur on ships were adopted and took effect on March 1, 2020. Additional amendments to Annex VI revising, among other terms, the definition of “Sulphur content of fuel oil” and “low-flashpoint fuel” and relating to the sampling and testing of onboard fuel oil, will become effective in 2022. These regulations subject ocean-going vessels to stringent emissions controls and may cause us to incur substantial costs.
 
Sulfur content standards are even stricter within certain “Emission Control Areas” or (“ECAs”). As of January 1, 2015, ships operating within an ECA were not permitted to use fuel with sulfur content over 0.1% m/m. Amended Annex VI establishes procedures for designating new ECAs. Currently, the IMO has designated four ECAs, including specified portions of the Baltic Sea area, North Sea area, North American area, and the United States Caribbean Sea area. Ocean-going vessels in these areas will be subject to stringent emission controls and may cause us to incur additional costs. Other areas in China are subject to local regulations that impose stricter emission controls. If other ECAs are approved by the IMO, or other new or more stringent requirements relating to emissions from marine diesel engines or port operations by vessels are adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) or the states where we operate, compliance with these regulations could entail significant capital expenditures or otherwise increase the costs of our operations.
 
Amended Annex VI also establishes new tiers of stringent nitrogen oxide emissions standards for marine diesel engines, depending on their date of installation. At the MEPC meeting held from March to April 2014, amendments to Annex VI were adopted, which address the date on which Tier III Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) standards in ECAs will go into effect. Under the amendments, Tier III NOx standards apply to ships that operate in the North American and U.S. Caribbean Sea ECAs designed for the control of NOx produced by vessels with a marine diesel engine installed and constructed on or after January 1, 2016. Tier III requirements could apply to areas that will be designated for Tier III NOx in the future. At MEPC 70 and MEPC 71, the MEPC approved the North Sea and Baltic Sea as ECAs for nitrogen oxide for ships built on or after January 1, 2021. The EPA promulgated equivalent (and in some senses stricter) emissions standards in 2010. As a result of these designations or similar future designations, we may be required to incur additional operating or other costs. Additionally, amendments to Annex II, which strengthen discharge requirements for cargo residues and tank washings in specified sea areas (including North West European waters, Baltic Sea area, Western European waters, and the Norwegian Sea), came into effect in January 2021.
 
As determined at the MEPC 70, the new Regulation 22A of MARPOL Annex VI became effective as of March 1, 2018, and requires ships above 5,000 gross tonnage to collect and report annual data on fuel oil consumption to an IMO database, with the first year of data collection having commenced on January 1, 2019. The IMO intends to use such data as the first step in its roadmap (through 2023) for developing its strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships, as discussed further below.
 
As of January 1, 2013, MARPOL made certain measures mandatory relating to energy efficiency for ships. All ships are now required to develop and implement a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (“SEEMP”), and new ships must be designed in compliance with minimum energy efficiency levels per capacity mile as defined by the Energy Efficiency Design Index (“EEDI”). Under these measures, by 2025, all new ships built will be 30% more energy-efficient than those built-in 2014. Additionally, MEPC 75 adopted amendments to MARPOL Annex VI which brings forward the effective date of the EEDI’s “phase 3” requirements from January 1, 2025, to April 1, 2022, for several ship types, including gas carriers, general cargo ships, and LNG carriers.
 
Additionally, MEPC 76 adopted amendments to Annex VI which impose new regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships. The revised Annex VI will enter into force in November 2022, and includes requirements to assess and measure the energy efficiency of all ships and set the required attainment values, to reduce the carbon intensity of international shipping. The requirements include (1) a technical requirement to reduce carbon intensity based on a new Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (“EEXI”), and (2) operational carbon intensity reduction requirements based on a new operational carbon intensity indicator (“CII”). The attained EEXI is required to be calculated for ships of 400 gross tonnage and above, under different values set for ship types and categories. Concerning the CII, the draft amendments would require ships of 5,000 gross tonnage to document and verify their actual annual operational CII achieved against a determined required annual operational CII. The EEXI and CII certification requirements will come into effect from January 1, 2023. Additionally, MEPC 76 adopted amendments requiring ships of 5,000 gross tonnage and above to revise their SEEMP to include a methodology for calculating the ship’s attained annual operation CII and the required annual operational CII, on or before January 1, 2023. MEPC 76 also approved amendments to MARPOL Annex I to prohibit the use and carriage for use as fuel of heavy fuel oil (“HFO”) by ships in Arctic waters on and after July 1, 2024. For ships subject to Regulation 12A (oil fuel tank protection), the prohibition becomes effective on or after July 1, 2029.
 
38
Pursuant to the IMO’s short-term targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the shipping industry by 2030, we may incur costs to comply with these revised standards. Additional or new conventions, laws, and regulations may be adopted that could require the installation of expensive emission control systems and could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
 
Management System Requirements
 
The SOLAS Convention was amended to address the safe manning of vessels and emergency training drills. The Convention of Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (the “LLMC”) sets limitations of liability for a loss of life or personal injury claim or a property claim against ship owners.  We believe that our vessels are in substantial compliance with SOLAS and LLMC standards.
 
Under Chapter IX of the SOLAS Convention, or the International Safety Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and Pollution Prevention (the “ISM Code”), our operations are also subject to environmental standards and requirements. The ISM Code requires the party with operational control of a vessel to develop an extensive management system that includes, among other things, the adoption of a safety and environmental protection policy setting forth instructions and procedures for operating its vessels safely and describing procedures for responding to emergencies. The company’s technical management team has developed a functional Management System (MS), conforming to ISM Code requirements, which includes a safety and environmental protection policy, safe operating procedures, defined levels of authority, procedures for internal audits, etc. The failure of a vessel owner or bareboat charterer to comply with the ISM Code may subject such party to increased liability, may decrease available insurance coverage for the affected vessels, and may result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports.
 
The ISM Code requires that vessel operators obtain a safety management certificate for each vessel they operate. This certificate evidences compliance by a vessel’s management with the ISM Code requirements for a management system. No vessel can obtain a safety management certificate unless its manager has been awarded a document of compliance, issued by each flag state, under the ISM Code. We have obtained applicable documents of compliance for our offices and safety management certificates for all of our vessels for which the certificates are required by the IMO. The document of compliance and safety management certificate is renewed as required.
 
Amendments to the SOLAS Convention Chapter VII apply to vessels transporting dangerous goods and require those vessels to comply with the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (“IMDG Code”). Effective January 1, 2018, the IMDG Code includes (1) updates to the provisions for radioactive material, reflecting the latest provisions from the International Atomic Energy Agency, (2) new marking, packing, and classification requirements for dangerous goods; and (3) new mandatory training requirements. Amendments which took effect on January 1, 2020, also reflect the latest material from the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, including (1) new provisions regarding IMO type 9 tank, (2) new abbreviations for segregation groups; and (3) special provisions for carriage of lithium batteries and vehicles powered by flammable liquid or gas. Amendments to the IMDG Code relating to segregation requirements for certain substances, and classification and transport of carbon, following incidents involving the spontaneous ignition of charcoal, come into effect in June 2022.
 
The IMO has also adopted the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (“STCW”). As of February 2017, all seafarers are required to meet the STCW standards and have a valid STCW certificate. Flag states that have ratified SOLAS and STCW generally employ the classification societies, which have incorporated SOLAS and STCW requirements into their class rules, to undertake surveys to confirm compliance.
 
Furthermore, recent action by the IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee and the United States agencies indicates that cybersecurity regulations for the maritime industry are likely to be further developed in the near future in an attempt to combat cybersecurity threats. For example, cyber-risk management systems must be incorporated by shipowners and managers by 2021. This might cause companies to create additional procedures for monitoring cybersecurity, which could require additional expenses and/or capital expenditures. The impact of such regulations is hard to predict at this time.
 
Pollution Control and Liability Requirements
 
The IMO has negotiated international conventions that impose liability for pollution in international waters and the territorial waters of the signatories to such conventions. For example, the IMO adopted an International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, or the BWM Convention, in 2004. The BWM Convention entered into force on September 9, 2017. The BWM Convention requires ships to manage their ballast water to remove, render harmless, or avoid the uptake or discharge of new or invasive aquatic organisms and pathogens within ballast water and sediments. The BWM Convention’s implementing regulations call for a phased introduction of mandatory ballast water exchange requirements, to be replaced in time with mandatory concentration limits, and require all ships to carry a ballast water record book and an international ballast water management certificate.
 
39
Specifically, ships over 400 gross tons generally must comply with a “D-1 standard,” requiring the exchange of ballast water only in open seas and away from coastal waters. The “D-2 standard” specifies the maximum amount of viable organisms allowed to be discharged, and compliance dates vary depending on the IOPP renewal dates. For most ships, compliance with the D-2 standard will involve installing onboard systems to treat ballast water and eliminate unwanted organisms. Ballast Water Management systems (or BWMS), which include systems that make use of chemical, biocides, organisms, or biological mechanisms, or which alter the chemical or physical characteristics of the Ballast Water, must be approved per IMO Guidelines (Regulation D-3). Under the BWM Convention amendments that entered into force in October 2019, BWMS installed on or after October 28, 2020, shall be approved per BWMS Code, while BWMS installed before October 23, 2020, must be approved taking into account guidelines developed by the IMO or the BWMS Code. Costs of compliance with these regulations may be substantial. The cost of compliance could increase for ocean carriers and may have a material effect on our operations. However, many countries already regulate the discharge of ballast water carried by vessels from country to country to prevent the introduction of invasive and harmful species via such discharges. The U.S., for example, requires vessels entering its waters from another country to conduct mid-ocean ballast exchange, or undertake some alternate measure, and comply with certain reporting requirements. Amendments to the BWM Convention concerning commissioning testing of BWMS will become effective in 2022.
 
Although mid-ocean ballast exchange or ballast water treatment is not yet mandated by many countries, the cost of compliance could increase for ocean carriers and may have a material effect on our operations.
 
The IMO adopted the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969, as amended by different Protocols in 1976, 1984, and 1992, and amended in 2000 (“the CLC”). Under the CLC and depending on whether the country in which the damage results is a party to the 1992 Protocol to the CLC, a vessel’s registered owner may be strictly liable for pollution damage caused in the territorial waters of a contracting state by discharge of persistent oil, subject to certain exceptions. The 1992 Protocol changed certain limits on liability expressed using the International Monetary Fund currency unit, the Special Drawing Rights. The limits on liability have since been amended so that the compensation limits on liability were raised. The right to limit liability is forfeited under the CLC where the spill is caused by the shipowner’s actual fault and under the 1992 Protocol where the spill is caused by the shipowner’s intentional or reckless act or omission where the shipowner knew pollution damage would probably result. The CLC requires ships over 2,000 tons covered by it to maintain insurance covering the liability of the owner in a sum equivalent to an owner’s liability for a single incident. We have protection and indemnity insurance for environmental incidents. P&I Clubs in the International Group issue the required Bunkers Convention “Blue Cards” to enable signatory states to issue certificates. All of our vessels have a CLC State-issued certificate attesting that the required insurance coverage is in force.
 
The IMO also adopted the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage (the “Bunker Convention”) to impose strict liability on ship owners (including the registered owner, bareboat charterer, manager, or operator) for pollution damage in jurisdictional waters of ratifying states caused by discharges of bunker fuel. The Bunker Convention requires registered owners of ships over 1,000 gross tons to maintain insurance for pollution damage in an amount equal to the limits of liability under the applicable national or international limitation regime (but not exceeding the amount calculated per the LLMC). Concerning non-ratifying states, liability for spills or releases of oil carried as fuel in ship’s bunkers typically is determined by the national or other domestic laws in the jurisdiction where the events or damages occur.
 
Ships are required to maintain a certificate attesting that they maintain adequate insurance to cover an incident. In jurisdictions, such as the United States where the Bunker Convention has not been adopted, various legislative schemes or common law govern, and liability is imposed either based on fault or on a strict-liability basis.
 
Anti-Fouling Requirements
 
In 2001, the IMO adopted the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships or the “Anti-fouling Convention.” The Anti-fouling Convention, which entered into force on September 17, 2008, prohibits the use of organotin compound coatings to prevent the attachment of mollusks and other sea life to the hulls of vessels. Vessels of over 400 gross tons engaged in international voyages will also be required to undergo an initial survey before the vessel is put into service, or before an International Anti-fouling System Certificate is issued for the first time and subsequent surveys when the anti-fouling systems are altered or replaced. In 2023, amendments to the Anti-fouling Convention will come into effect which includes controls on the biocide cybutryne; ships shall not apply or re-apply anti-fouling systems containing this substance from January 1, 2023.
 
All of our vessels have obtained Anti-fouling System Certificates per the Anti-fouling Convention.
 
Compliance Enforcement
 
Noncompliance with the ISM Code or other IMO regulations may subject the shipowner or bareboat charterer to increased liability, may lead to decreases in available insurance coverage for affected vessels and may result in the denial of access to, or detention in, some ports. The USCG and European Union authorities have indicated that vessels not in compliance with the ISM Code by applicable deadlines will be prohibited from trading in U.S. and European Union ports, respectively. As of the date of this report, each of our vessels has a valid Safety Management Certificate (SMC) per ISM Code, a document issued to the vessel which signifies that the Company and its shipboard management operate under the approved Management System. However, there can be no assurance that such certificates will be maintained in the future. The IMO continues to review and introduce new regulations. It is impossible to predict what additional regulations, if any, may be passed by the IMO and what effect if any, such regulations might have on our operations.
 
United States Regulations
 
The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
 
The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (“OPA”), established an extensive regulatory and liability regime for the protection and cleanup of the environment from oil spills. OPA affects all “owners and operators” whose vessels trade or operate within the U.S., its territories and possessions, or whose vessels operate in U.S. waters, which includes the U.S.’s territorial sea and its 200 nautical miles exclusive economic zone around the U.S. The U.S. has also enacted the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), which applies to the discharge of hazardous substances other than oil, except in limited circumstances, whether on land or at sea. OPA and CERCLA both define “owner and operator” in the case of a vessel as any person owning, operating, or chartering by demise, the vessel. Both OPA and CERCLA impact our operations.
 
40
Under OPA, vessel owners and operators are “responsible parties” and are jointly, severally, and strictly liable (unless the spill results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God, or an act of war) for all containment and clean-up costs and other damages arising from discharges or threatened discharges of oil from their vessels, including bunkers (fuel). OPA defines these other damages broadly to include:
 

 (i)
injury to, destruction or loss of, or loss of use of, natural resources and related assessment costs;

(ii)
injury to, or economic losses resulting from, the destruction of real and personal property;
  (iii)
loss of subsistence use of natural resources that are injured, destroyed, or lost;
  (iv)
net loss of taxes, royalties, rents, fees or net profit revenues resulting from injury, destruction or loss of real or personal property, or natural resources;

(v)
lost profits or impairment of earning capacity due to injury, destruction, or loss of real or personal property or natural resources; and
  (vi)
net cost of increased or additional public services necessitated by removal activities following a discharge of oil, such as protection from fire, safety or health hazards, and loss of subsistence use of natural resources.
 
OPA contains statutory caps on liability and damages; such caps do not apply to direct cleanup costs. Effective November 12, 2019, the USCG adjusted the limits of OPA liability for a tank vessel, other than a single-hull tank vessel, over 3,000 gross tons liability to the greater of $2,300 per gross ton or $19,943,400 (subject to periodic adjustment for inflation). Also, effective November 12, 2019, the USCG adjusted the limits of OPA liability for non-tank vessels, edible oil tank vessels, and any oil spill response vessels, to the greater of $1,200 per gross ton or $997,100 (subject to periodic adjustment for inflation). These limits of liability do not apply if an incident was proximately caused by the violation of any applicable U.S. federal safety, construction, or operating regulation by a responsible party (or its agent, employee, or a person acting pursuant to a contractual relationship), or a responsible party’s gross negligence or willful misconduct. The limitation on liability similarly does not apply if the responsible party fails or refuses to (i) report the incident as required by law where the responsible party knows or has reason to know of the incident; (ii) reasonably cooperate and assist as requested in connection with oil removal activities; or (iii) without sufficient cause, comply with an order issued under the Federal Water Pollution Act (Section 311 (c), (e)) or the Intervention on the High Seas Act.
 
CERCLA contains a similar liability regime whereby owners and operators of vessels are liable for cleanup, removal, and remedial costs, as well as damages for injury to, or destruction or loss of, natural resources, including the reasonable costs associated with assessing the same, and health assessments or health effects studies. There is no liability if the discharge of a hazardous substance results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God, or an act of war. Liability under CERCLA is limited to the greater of $300 per gross ton or $5.0 million for vessels carrying a hazardous substance as cargo and the greater of $300 per gross ton or $500,000 for any other vessel. These limits do not apply (rendering the responsible person liable for the total cost of response and damages) if the release or threat of release of a hazardous substance resulted from willful misconduct or negligence, or the primary cause of the release was a violation of applicable safety, construction or operating standards or regulations. The limitation on liability also does not apply if the responsible person fails or refuses to provide all reasonable cooperation and assistance as requested in connection with response activities where the vessel is subject to OPA.
 
OPA and CERCLA each preserve the right to recover damages under existing law, including maritime tort law. OPA and CERCLA both require owners and operators of vessels to establish and maintain with the USCG evidence of financial responsibility sufficient to meet the maximum amount of liability to which the particular responsible person may be subject. Vessel owners and operators may satisfy their financial responsibility obligations by providing proof of insurance, a surety bond, qualification as a self-insurer, or a guarantee. We comply and plan to comply going forward with the USCG’s financial responsibility regulations by providing applicable certificates of financial responsibility.
 
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in additional regulatory initiatives or statutes, including higher liability caps under OPA, new regulations regarding offshore oil and gas drilling, and a pilot inspection program for offshore facilities. However, several of these initiatives and regulations have been or may be revised. For example, the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement’s (“BSEE”) revised Production Safety Systems Rule (“PSSR”), effective December 27, 2018, modified and relaxed certain environmental and safety protections under the 2016 PSSR. Additionally, the BSEE amended the Well Control Rule, effective July 15, 2019, which rolled back certain reforms regarding the safety of drilling operations, and former U.S. President Trump had has proposed leasing new sections of U.S. waters to oil and gas companies for offshore drilling. The effects of these proposals and changes are currently unknown, and recently, current U.S. President Biden signed an executive order temporarily blocking new leases for oil and gas drilling in federal waters. Compliance with any new requirements of OPA and future legislation or regulations applicable to the operation of our vessels could impact the cost of our operations and adversely affect our business.
 
OPA specifically permits individual states to impose their own liability regimes concerning oil pollution incidents occurring within their boundaries, provided they accept, at a minimum, the levels of liability established under OPA, and some states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited liability for oil spills. Many U.S. states that border a navigable waterway have enacted environmental pollution laws that impose strict liability on a person for removal costs and damages resulting from a discharge of oil or a release of a hazardous substance. These laws may be more stringent than U.S. federal law. Moreover, some states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited liability for discharge of pollutants within their waters, although in some cases, states which have enacted this type of legislation have not yet issued implementing regulations defining vessel owners’ responsibilities under these laws. The Company’s Management System details all the important operational practices, guidelines, and procedures that are to be followed to ensure compliance with all applicable state regulations in the ports where the Company’s vessels call.
 
41
We currently maintain pollution liability coverage insurance for $1 billion per incident for each of our vessels. If the damages from a catastrophic spill were to exceed our insurance coverage it could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operation.
 
Other United States Environmental Initiatives
 
The U.S. Clean Air Act of 1970 (including its amendments of 1977 and 1990) (“CAA”) requires the EPA to promulgate standards applicable to emissions of volatile organic compounds and other air contaminants. Our vessels are subject to vapor control and recovery requirements for certain cargoes when loading, unloading, ballasting, cleaning and conducting other operations in regulated port areas. The CAA also requires states to draft State Implementation Plans, or “SIPs,” designed to attain national health-based air quality standards in each state. Although state-specific, SIPs may include regulations concerning emissions resulting from vessel loading and unloading operations by requiring the installation of vapor control equipment. Our vessels operating in such regulated port areas with restricted cargoes are equipped with vapor recovery systems that satisfy these existing requirements.
 
The U.S. Clean Air Act of 1970 (including its amendments of 1977 and 1990) (“CAA”) requires the EPA to promulgate standards applicable to emissions of volatile organic compounds and other air contaminants. The CAA requires states to adopt State Implementation Plans, or SIPs, some of which regulate emissions resulting from vessel loading and unloading operations, which may affect our vessels.
 
The U.S. Clean Water Act (“CWA”) prohibits the discharge of oil, hazardous substances, and ballast water in U.S. navigable waters unless authorized by a duly issued permit or exemption and imposes strict liability in the form of penalties for any unauthorized discharges. The CWA also imposes substantial liability for the costs of removal, remediation, and damages and complements the remedies available under OPA and CERCLA. In 2015, the EPA expanded the definition of “waters of the United States” (“WOTUS”), thereby expanding federal authority under the CWA. Following litigation on the revised WOTUS rule, in December 2018, the EPA and Department of the Army proposed a revised, limited definition of “waters of the United States.” The proposed rule was published in the Federal Register on February 14, 2019, and was subject to public comment. On October 22, 2019, the agencies published a final rule repealing the 2015 Rule defining “waters of the United States” and recodified the regulatory text that existed before the 2015 Rule. The final rule became effective on December 23, 2019. On January 23, 2020, the EPA published the “Navigable Waters Protection Rule,” which replaces the rule published on October 22, 2019, and redefines “waters of the United States.” This rule became effective on June 22, 2020. However, in light of a court order issued by the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona on August 30, 2021, the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are interpreting WOTUS consistent with the pre-2015 regulatory regime. In November 2021, the EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced the signing of a proposed rule to revise the definition of WOTUS, which proposes to put back into place the pre-2015 definition.
 
The EPA and the USCG have also enacted rules relating to ballast water discharge, compliance with which requires the installation of equipment on our vessels to treat ballast water before it is discharged or the implementation of other port facility disposal arrangements or procedures at potentially substantial costs, and/or otherwise restrict our vessels from entering U.S. Waters. The EPA will regulate these ballast water discharges and other discharges incidental to the normal operation of certain vessels within United States waters pursuant to the Vessel Incidental Discharge Act (“VIDA”), which was signed into law on December 4, 2018, and replaces the 2013 Vessel General Permit (“VGP”) program (which authorizes discharges incidental to operations of commercial vessels and contains numeric ballast water discharge limits for most vessels to reduce the risk of invasive species in U.S. waters, stringent requirements for exhaust gas scrubbers, and requirements for the use of environmentally acceptable lubricants) and current Coast Guard ballast water management regulations adopted under the U.S. National Invasive Species Act (“NISA”), such as mid-ocean ballast exchange programs and installation of approved USCG technology for all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks bound for U.S. ports or entering U.S. waters. VIDA establishes a new framework for the regulation of vessel incidental discharges under the CWA, requires the EPA to develop performance standards for those discharges, and requires the U.S. Coast Guard to develop implementation, compliance, and enforcement regulations within two years of EPA’s promulgation of standards. On October 26, 2020, the EPA published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for Vessel Incidental Discharge National Standards of Performance under VIDA, and in November 2020, held virtual public meetings. Under VIDA, all provisions of the 2013 VGP and USCG regulations regarding ballast water treatment remain in force and effect until the EPA publishes standards and the corresponding U.S. Coast Guard regulations are finalized. Non-military non-recreational vessels at least 79 feet in length must continue to comply with the requirements of the VGP, including submission of a Notice of Intent (“NOI”) or retention of a PARI form and submission of annual reports. We shall submit NOIs for our vessels where required.
 
Compliance with the EPA, U.S Coast Guard, and state regulations could require the installation of ballast water treatment equipment on our vessels or the implementation of other port facility disposal procedures at potentially substantial cost, or may otherwise restrict our vessels from entering U.S. waters.
 
42
European Union Regulations
 
In October 2009, the European Union amended a directive to impose criminal sanctions for illicit ship-source discharges of polluting substances, including minor discharges, if committed with intent, recklessly, or with serious negligence, and the discharges individually or in the aggregate result in deterioration of the quality of water. Aiding and abetting the discharge of a polluting substance may also lead to criminal penalties. The directive applies to all types of vessels, irrespective of their flag, but certain exceptions apply to warships or where human safety or that of the ship is in danger. Criminal liability for pollution may result in substantial penalties or fines and increased civil liability claims. Regulation (EU) 2015/757 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 (amending EU Directive 2009/16/EC) governs the monitoring, reporting, and verification of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport, and, subject to some exclusions, requires companies with ships over 5,000 gross tonnage to monitor and report carbon dioxide emissions annually, which may cause us to incur additional expenses. As of January 2019, large ships calling at EU ports have been required to collect and publish data on carbon dioxide emissions and other information. The system entered into force on 1 March 2018. July 2020 saw the European Parliament’s Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety vote in favor of the inclusion of vessels of 5000 gross tons and above in the EU Emissions Trading System (in addition to voting for a revision to the monitoring, reporting, and verification of CO2 emissions). In September 2020, the European Parliament adopted the proposal from the European Commission to amend the regulation on monitoring carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport.
 
On July 14, 2021, the European Commission published a package of draft proposals as part of its ‘Fit for 55’ environmental legislative agenda and as part of the wider EU Green Deal growth strategy. The Proposals are not yet in final form and may be subject to amendment. There are two key initiatives relevant to maritime arising from the Proposals: (a) a bespoke emissions trading scheme for maritime (Maritime ETS) which is due to commence in 2023 and which is to apply to all ships above a gross tonnage of 5000; and (b) a FuelEU draft regulation which seeks to require all ships above a gross tonnage of 5000 to carry on board a ‘FuelEU certificate of compliance’ from 30 June 2025 as evidence of compliance with the limits on the greenhouse gas intensity of the energy used on-board by a ship and with the requirements on the use of on-shore power supply (OPS) at berth. More specifically, Maritime ETS is to apply gradually over the period from 2023 to 2025. The cap under the ETS would be set by taking into account EU MRV system emissions data for the years 2018 and 2019, adjusted, from the year 2021 and is to capture 100% of the emissions from intra-EU maritime voyages; 100% of emissions from ships at berth in EU ports; and 50% of emissions from voyages which start or end at EU ports (but the other destination is outside the EU). More recent proposed amendments signal that 100% of non-EU emissions may be caught if the IMO does not introduce a global market-based measure by 2028. Furthermore, the proposals envisage that all maritime allowances would be auctioned and there will be no free allocation. Both proposals are currently being negotiated and final drafts are expected in the summer of 2022.
 
Responsible recycling and scrapping of ships is becoming an increasingly important issue for shipowners and charterers alike as the industry strives to replace old ships with cleaner, more energy-efficient models. The recognition of the need to impose recycling obligations on the shipping industry is not new. In 2009, the IMO oversaw the creation of the Hong Kong Ship Recycling Convention (the “Hong Kong Convention”), which sets standards for ship recycling. Concerned at the lack of progress in satisfying the conditions needed to bring the Hong Kong Convention into force, the EU published its own Ship Recycling Regulation 1257/2013 (SRR) in 2013, to facilitate early ratification of the Hong Kong Convention both within the EU and in other countries outside the EU. As the Hong Kong Convention has yet to come into force, the 2013 regulations are vital to responsible ship recycling in the EU. SRR requires that, from 31 December 2020, all existing ships sailing under the flag of EU member states and non-EU flagged ships calling at an EU port or anchorage must carry on-board an Inventory of Hazardous Materials (IHM) with a certificate or statement of compliance, as appropriate. For EU-flagged vessels, a certificate (either an Inventory Certificate or Ready for Recycling Certificate) will be necessary, while non-EU flagged vessels will need a Statement of Compliance.
 
The European Union has adopted several regulations and directives requiring, among other things, more frequent inspections of high-risk ships, as determined by the type, age, and flag, as well as the number of times the ship has been detained. The European Union also adopted and extended a ban on substandard ships and enacted a minimum ban period and a definitive ban for repeated offenses. The regulation also provided the European Union with greater authority and control over classification societies, by imposing more requirements on classification societies and providing for fines or penalty payments for organizations that failed to comply. Furthermore, the EU has implemented regulations requiring vessels to use reduced sulfur content fuel for their main and auxiliary engines. The EU Directive 2005/33/EC (amending Directive 1999/32/EC) introduced requirements parallel to those in Annex VI relating to the sulfur content of marine fuels. In addition, the EU imposed a 0.1% maximum sulfur requirement for fuel used by ships at berth in the Baltic, the North Sea, and the English Channel (the so-called “SOx-Emission Control Area”). As of January 2020, EU member states must also ensure that ships in all EU waters, except the SOx-Emission Control Area, use fuels with a 0.5% maximum sulfur content.
 
EU Directive 2004/35/CE (as amended) regarding the prevention and remedying of environmental damage addresses liability for environmental damage (including damage to water, land, protected species, and habitats) based on the “polluter pays” principle. Operators whose activities caused the environmental damage are liable for the damage (subject to certain exceptions). Concerning specified activities causing environmental damage, operators are strictly liable. The directive applies where damage has already occurred and where there is an imminent threat of damage. The directive requires preventative and remedial actions, and that operators report environmental damage or an imminent threat of such damage.
 
 In 2021, the EU adopted a European Climate Law (Regulation (EU) 2021/1119), establishing the aim of reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in the EU by 2050, with an intermediate target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. In July 2021, the European Commission launched the Fit for 55 (described above) to support the climate policy agenda.

43
International Labour Organization
 
The International Labour Organization (the “ILO”) is a specialized agency of the UN that has adopted the Maritime Labor Convention 2006 (“MLC 2006”). A Maritime Labor Certificate and a Declaration of Maritime Labor Compliance is required to ensure compliance with the MLC 2006 for all ships that are 500 gross tonnage or over and are either engaged in international voyages or flying the flag of a Member and operating from a port, or between ports, in another country. The Company’s Management System establishes working and living standards for all seafarers working onboard that exceed MLC 2006 requirements. All our vessels have been issued the MLC Certificate following surveys, inspections, paperwork, and approval by the registered flag state.
 
Greenhouse Gas Regulation
 
Currently, the emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping are not subject to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which entered into force in 2005 and according to which adopting countries have been required to implement national programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with targets extended through 2020. International negotiations are continuing for a successor to the Kyoto Protocol, and restrictions on shipping emissions may be included in any new treaty. In December 2009, more than 27 nations, including the U.S. and China, signed the Copenhagen Accord, which includes a non-binding commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris resulted in the Paris Agreement, which entered into force on November 4, 2016, and does not directly limit greenhouse gas emissions from ships. The U.S. initially entered into the agreement, but on June 1, 2017, former U.S. President Trump announced that the United States intends to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, and the withdrawal became effective on November 4, 2020. The United States rejoined the Paris Agreement on February 19, 2021
 
At MEPC 70 and MEPC 71, a draft outline of the structure of the initial strategy for developing a comprehensive IMO strategy on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships was approved. Following this roadmap, in April 2018, nations at the MEPC 72 adopted an initial strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships. The initial strategy identifies “levels of ambition” to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including (1) decreasing the carbon intensity from ships through the implementation of further phases of the EEDI for new ships; (2) reducing carbon dioxide emissions per transport work, as an average across international shipping, by at least 40% by 2030, pursuing efforts towards 70% by 2050, compared to 2008 emission levels; and (3) reducing the total annual greenhouse emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 while pursuing efforts towards phasing them out entirely. The initial strategy notes that technological innovation, alternative fuels, and/or energy sources for international shipping will be integral to achieving the overall ambition. These regulations could cause us to incur substantial additional expenses.
 
As noted above, the 70th MEPC meeting in October 2016 adopted a mandatory data collection system (DCS) which requires ships above 5 000 gross tonnes to report consumption data for fuel oil, hours under way and distance travelled. Unlike the EU MRV (see below), the IMO DCS covers any maritime activity carried out by ships, including dredging, pipeline laying, ice-breaking, fish-catching and off-shore installations. The SEEMPs of all ships covered by the IMO DCS must include a description of the methodology for data collection and reporting. After each calendar year, the aggregated data are reported to the flag state. If the data have been reported in accordance with the requirements, the flag state issues a statement of compliance to the ship. Flag states subsequently transfer this data to an IMO ship fuel oil consumption database, which is part of the Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS) platform. IMO will then produce annual reports, summarising the data collected. Thus, currently, data related to the GHG emissions of ships above 5 000 gross tonnes calling at ports in the European Economic Area (EEA) must be reported in two separate, but largely overlapping, systems: the EU MRV – which applies since 2018 – and the IMO DCS – which applies since 2019. The proposed revision of Regulation (EU) 2015/757 adopted on 4 February 2019 aims to align and facilitate the simultaneous implementation of the two systems however it is still not clear when the proposal will be adopted.
 
IMO’s MEPC 76 adopted amendments to Annex VI that will require ships to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Effective November 1, 2022, the Revised MARPOL Annex VI will enter into force. The revised Annex VI includes carbon intensity measures (requirements for ships to calculate their Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) following technical means to improve their energy efficiency and to establish their annual operational carbon intensity indicator and rating. MEPC 76 also adopted guidelines to support the implementation of the amendments.
 
In 2021, the EU adopted a European Climate Law (Regulation (EU) 2021/1119), establishing the aim of reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in the EU by 2050, with an intermediate target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. In July 2021, the European Commission launched the Fit for 55 (described above) to support the climate policy agenda. Starting in January 2018, large ships over 5,000 gross tonnage calling at EU ports have been required to collect and publish data on carbon dioxide emissions and other information. As previously discussed, regulations relating to the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions from the maritime sector in the European Union’s carbon market are also forthcoming.
 
In the United States, the EPA issued a finding that greenhouse gases endanger public health and safety, adopted regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from certain mobile sources, and proposed regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from large stationary sources. The EPA or individual U.S. states could enact environmental regulations that would affect our operations.
 
Any passage of climate control legislation or other regulatory initiatives by the IMO, the EU, the U.S., or other countries where we operate, or any treaty adopted at the international level to succeed the Kyoto Protocol or Paris Agreement, that restricts emissions of greenhouse gases could require us to make significant financial expenditures which we cannot predict with certainty at this time. Even in the absence of climate control legislation, our business may be indirectly affected to the extent that climate change may result in sea-level changes or certain weather events.
 
44
Vessel Security Regulations
 
Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, in the United States, there have been a variety of initiatives intended to enhance vessel security, such as the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 (“MTSA”). To implement certain portions of the MTSA, the USCG issued regulations requiring the implementation of certain security requirements aboard vessels operating in waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and at certain ports and facilities, some of which are regulated by the EPA.
 
Similarly, Chapter XI-2 of the SOLAS Convention imposes detailed security obligations on vessels and port authorities and mandates compliance with the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (“the ISPS Code”). The ISPS Code is designed to enhance the security of ports and ships against terrorism. To trade internationally, a vessel must attain an International Ship Security Certificate (“ISSC”) from a recognized security organization approved by the vessel’s flag state. Ships operating without a valid certificate may be detained, expelled from, or refused entry at a port until they obtain an ISSC. The various requirements, some of which are found in the SOLAS Convention, include, for example:
 

 •
on-board installation of automatic identification systems to provide a means for the automatic transmission of safety-related information from among similarly equipped ships and shore stations, including information on a ship’s identity, position, course, speed, and navigational status;
 

 •
on-board installation of ship security alert systems, which do not sound on the vessel but only alert the authorities    onshore;
 

 •
the development of vessel security plans;
 

 •
a ship identification number to be permanently marked on a vessel’s hull;
 

 •
a continuous synopsis record kept onboard showing a vessel’s history, including the name of the ship, the state whose flag the ship is entitled to fly, the date on which the ship was registered with that state, the ship’s identification number, the port at which the ship is registered and the name of the registered owner(s) and their registered address; and
 

 •
compliance with flag state security certification requirements.
 
The USCG regulations, intended to align with international maritime security standards, exempt non-U.S. vessels from MTSA vessel security measures, provided such vessels have onboard a valid ISSC that attests to the vessel’s compliance with the SOLAS Convention security requirements and the ISPS Code. Future security measures could have a significant financial impact on us.
 
All vessels have been issued with ISSC, which is subject to Verifications that have ensured that the security system and any associated security equipment of the vessel fully complies with the applicable requirements of MTSA and the ISPS Code, is in satisfactory condition and fit for the service for which the vessel is intended.
 
The cost of vessel security measures has also been affected by the escalation in the frequency of acts of piracy against ships, notably off the coast of Somalia, including the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea area. Substantial loss of revenue and other costs may be incurred as a result of the detention of a vessel or additional security measures, and the risk of uninsured losses could significantly affect our business. Costs are incurred in taking additional security measures per Best Management Practices to Deter Piracy, notably those contained in the BMP5 industry standard.
 
Inspection by Classification Societies
 
Every commercial vessel must be classed by a classification society recognized by its country of registry and member of the International Association of Classification Societies, the IACS. The classification society certifies that a vessel is constructed to specific structural standards and carries out regular surveys throughout the vessel’s service life to ensure continuing compliance with the standards. The Classification Certificate issued is required to enable the vessel’s owner to register the ship and to obtain Marine Insurance on the ship. Commercially, it is required to be produced before a vessel’s entry into ports or waterways and is of interest to Charterers and potential Buyers. The IACS has adopted harmonized Common Structural Rules, or the Rules, which apply to oil tankers and bulk carriers contracted for construction on or after July 1, 2015. The Rules attempt to create a level of consistency between IACS Societies. All of our vessels are certified as being “in class” by IACS recognized Classification Societies (e.g., Bureau Veritas, Lloyd’s Register of Shipping).
 
The Class and Statutory Certificates need to be renewed every five (5) years. A vessel must undergo a five-year survey cycle consisting of periodical surveys, such as annual and intermediate surveys, and special or renewal surveys. Periodical surveys are carried out to confirm the vessel’s compliance with Rules and Regulations. In the scope of ensuring the vessel’s structural integrity, a docking survey is required twice in the five year cycle and without exceeding a 36 month interval between surveys. Vessels younger than fifteen (15) years old can be exempted from the intermediate docking survey by an Underwater Inspection to Class acceptance. In lieu of a special survey, the vessel’s Machinery may be on a continuous survey cycle, under which the machinery would be surveyed periodically over a five-year period. In addition, Hull and Construction are surveyed and tested, resulting in the renewal of Class and Statutory Certificates. If any vessel does not maintain its class and/or fails any annual survey, intermediate survey, docking, or special survey, the vessel will be unable to carry cargo between ports and will be unemployable and uninsurable, which could cause us to be in violation of certain covenants in our loan agreements. Any such inability to carry cargo or be employed, or any such violation of covenants, could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
 
45
Risk of Loss and Liability Insurance Coverage
 
General
 
The operation of any cargo vessel includes risks such as mechanical failure, physical damage, collision, property loss, cargo loss or damage, and business interruption due to political circumstances in foreign countries, piracy incidents, hostilities, and labor strikes. In addition, there is always an inherent possibility of marine disaster, including oil spills and other environmental mishaps, and the liabilities arising from owning and operating vessels in international trade. OPA, which imposes virtually unlimited liability upon shipowners, operators and bareboat charterers of any vessel trading in the exclusive economic zone of the United States for certain oil pollution accidents in the United States, has made liability insurance more expensive for shipowners and operators trading in the United States market.
 
While we maintain hull and machinery insurance, war risks insurance, protection and indemnity cover and freight, demurrage and defense cover for our vessels in amounts that we believe to be prudent to cover normal risks in our operations, we may not be able to achieve or maintain this level of coverage throughout a vessel’s useful life. Furthermore, while we believe we procure adequate insurance coverage, not all risks can be insured, and there can be no guarantee that any specific claim will be paid, or that we will always be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates.
 
Hull and Machinery and War Risk Insurance
 
We maintain for our vessels marine hull and machinery and war risks insurance, which covers, among other risks, the risk of actual or constructive total loss. Our vessels are each covered up to at least market value with deductibles which vary according to the size and value of the vessel.
 
Protection and Indemnity Insurance
 
Protection and indemnity insurance is provided by mutual protection and indemnity associations, or “P&I Associations,” and covers our third-party liabilities in connection with our shipping activities. This includes third-party liability and other related expenses of injury or death of crew, passengers, and other third parties, loss or damage to cargo, claims arising from collisions with other vessels, damage to other third-party property, pollution arising from oil or other substances, and salvage, towing and other related costs, including wreck removal. Protection and indemnity insurance is a form of mutual indemnity insurance, extended by protection and indemnity mutual associations, or “clubs.”
 
We procure protection and indemnity insurance coverage for pollution in the amount of $1 billion per vessel per incident. The 13 P&I Associations that comprise the International Group insure approximately 90% of the world’s commercial tonnage and have entered into a pooling agreement to reinsure each association’s liabilities. The International Group’s website states that the Pool provides a mechanism for sharing all claims in excess of $10 million up to, currently, approximately $8.2 billion. As a member of certain P&I Associations which are members of the International Group, we are subject to calls payable to the associations based on the group’s claim records as well as the claim records of all other members of the individual associations and members of the pool of P&I Associations comprising the International Group. Supplemental calls are made by the P&I Associations based on estimates of premium income and anticipated and paid claims, and such estimates are adjusted each year by the Board of Directors of the P&I Associations until the closing of the relevant policy year, which generally occurs within three years from the end of the policy year. We do not know whether any supplemental calls will be charged in respect of any policy year by the P&I Associations in which the Company’s vessels are entered. To the extent we experience supplemental calls, our policy is to expense such amounts.
 
 
C.
Organizational Structure
 
We are a corporation incorporated under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands on January 7, 2010. We are the sole owner of all of the issued and outstanding shares of the subsidiaries listed in exhibit 8.1 of this annual report.
 
 
D.
Property, Plants, and Equipment
 
Our in-house fleet manager, UOT, rents our office space from unrelated third parties and owns office furniture and equipment. In December 2014, UOT also acquired, jointly with two other related parties, a plot of land in Athens, Greece, which was sold to a subsidiary of Diana Shipping Inc. in November 2021.
 
Other than this interest in real property, our only material properties are the vessels in our fleet.
 
Item 4A.
 Unresolved Staff Comments
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 5.
Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
 
Since August 2019, when the delivery of our first tanker vessel Blue Moon took place, until August 2020, when the last container vessel Domingo was sold, our fleet was a mixture of container and tanker vessels. Accordingly, we had determined that we would operate under two reportable segments, one relating to our operations of container vessels (containers segment) and one to the operations of tanker vessels (tankers segment). Concurrently with the acquisition of our first tanker vessel, as the market environment for our containers fleet continued to be negative and with difficult employment opportunities, our management initiated a number of actions for the gradual disposal of the whole container vessels’ fleet, although no decision at that time was reached for a strategic shift to a different segment. In the first months of 2020, we acquired two additional tanker vessels, the P. Fos and the P. Kikuma. In August 2020, at the time when our fleet’s last container vessel was sold, we evaluated the results of the tanker vessels owned since 2019 and assessed that the prospects of the specific segment as positive. At that time, we determined that our decision to exit the container segment represented a strategic shift to the exclusive ownership of tanker vessels and further assessed that the disposal of all of our container vessels constituted a disposal of an entity’s segment, that will have a major effect on our operations and financial results. Furthermore, we determined that we will not have continuing involvement in the operation of the disposed assets. In this respect, the results of operations of the container vessels, as well as their assets and liabilities, are reported as discontinued operations for all periods presented in our consolidated financial statements. The comparative figures for the fiscal years before the disposal of the container vessels (ie for years before 2020), which have been included in these consolidated financial statements, have been adjusted on the basis of presenting the discontinued operations’ figures separately.
 
46
Commencing from the latter part of the second quarter of 2020, principally as the result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, oil production has declined. This development, which negatively impacted the demand for oil tankers during the second half of 2020, continued throughout 2021. The extent to which the current COVID-19 related market conditions will continue to negatively impact the tanker rate environment will depend on (i) the extent to which oil demand is met from excess crude inventories that were built up during the period of oil demand destruction, (ii) the timing and magnitude of oil demand recoveries in the various parts of the world and (iii) the levels of oil production during such periods.
 
The following management’s discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, and their notes included elsewhere in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, such as those set forth in the section entitled “Item 3. Key Information – D.  Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report.
 
 
A.
Operating Results
 
We have historically chartered our vessels to customers primarily pursuant to short-term and medium-term time charters, on spot voyages and pool arrangements. Under our time charters, the charterer typically pays us a fixed daily charter hire rate and bears all voyage expenses, including the cost of bunkers (fuel oil) and port and canal charges. Under spot charter arrangements, voyage expenses that are unique to a particular charter are paid for by us. For vessels operating in pooling arrangements, we earn a portion of total revenues generated by the pool, net of expenses incurred by the pool. We remain responsible for paying the chartered vessel’s operating expenses, including the cost of crewing, insuring, repairing and maintaining the vessel, the costs of spares and consumable stores, tonnage taxes, environmental costs, and other miscellaneous expenses. We also pay commissions to unaffiliated shipbrokers for the arrangement of the relevant charter, and have historically paid for a limited period of time management fees and commissions to third-party managers.
 
Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
 
We believe that the important measures for analyzing trends in our results of operations consist of the following:
 

 •
Ownership days. We define ownership days as the aggregate number of days in a period during which each vessel in our fleet has been owned by us. Ownership days are an indicator of the size of our fleet over a period and affect both the amount of revenues and the amount of expenses that we record during a period.
 

 •
Available days. We define available days as the number of our ownership days less the aggregate number of days that our vessels are off-hire due to scheduled repairs or repairs under guarantee, vessel upgrades or special surveys, including the aggregate amount of time that we spend positioning our vessels for such events. The shipping industry uses available days to measure the number of days in a period during which vessels should be capable of generating revenues.
 

 •
Operating days. We define operating days, including ballast leg, as the number of available days in a period less the aggregate number of days that our vessels are off-hire. The specific calculation counts as on-hire the days of the ballast leg of the spot voyages, as long as a charter party is in place. The shipping industry uses operating days to measure the aggregate number of days in a period during which vessels actually generate revenues.
 

 •
Fleet utilization. We calculate fleet utilization by dividing the number of our operating days during a period by the number of our available days during the period. The shipping industry uses fleet utilization to measure a company’s efficiency in finding suitable employment for its vessels and minimizing the amount of days that its vessels are off-hire for reasons other than scheduled repairs or repairs under guarantee, vessel upgrades and special surveys, including vessel positioning for such events.
 

 •
Time Charter Equivalent (TCE) rates. We define TCE rates as revenue (voyage, time-charter and pool revenue), less voyage expenses during a period divided by the number of our available days during the period, which is consistent with industry standards. Voyage expenses include port charges, bunker (fuel) expenses, canal charges and commissions. TCE is a non-GAAP measure. TCE rate is a standard shipping industry performance measure used primarily to compare daily earnings generated by vessels despite changes in the mix of charter types (i.e., voyage (spot) charters, time charters, and bareboat charters).
 

 •
Daily Operating Expenses. We define daily operating expenses as total vessel operating expenses, which include crew wages and related costs, the cost of insurance and vessel registry, expenses relating to repairs and maintenance, the costs of spares and consumable stores, lubricant costs, tonnage taxes, regulatory fees, environmental costs, lay-up expenses and other miscellaneous expenses divided by total ownership days for the relevant period.
 
47
The following table reflects our ownership days, available days, operating days, fleet utilization, TCE rate, and daily operating expenses for our total fleet (tanker and container vessels) for the periods indicated. The figures of 2021 relate solely to our tankers’ fleet, as all of our container vessels were sold until 2020.

 
  
For the year ended
December 31, 2021
    
For the year ended
December 31, 2020
    
For the year ended
December 31, 2019
  
Ownership days
    
1,825
      
1,689
      
1,516
  
Available days
    
1,735
      
1,689
      
1,516
  
Operating days
    
1,483
      
1,515
      
1,422
  
Fleet utilization
    
85.5
%
    
89.7
%
    
93.8
%
Time charter equivalent (TCE) rate
  
$
9,963
    
$
18,745
    
$
15,435
  
Daily operating expenses
  
$
6,740
    
$
6,835
    
$
7,468
  

 
  
For the year ended
December 31, 2021
    
For the year ended
December 31, 2020
    
For the year ended
December 31, 2019
  
Revenue
  
$
36,491
    
$
46,283
      
26,846
  
Less voyage expenses
  
$
(19,205
)
  
$
(14,622
)
    
(3,447
)
Voyage and time charter equivalent rates
  
$
17,286
    
$
31,661
      
23,399
  
Available days
    
1,735
      
1,689
      
1,516
  
Time charter equivalent (TCE) rate
  
$
9,963
    
$
18,745
    
$
15,435
  

The following table reflects our ownership days, available days, operating days, fleet utilization, TCE rate and daily operating expenses of our tankers’ fleet (continuing operations) for the periods indicated.
 
 
  
For the year ended
December 31, 2021
    
For the year ended
December 31, 2020
    
For the year ended
December 31, 2019
  
Ownership days
    
1,825
      
1,365
      
188
  
Available days
    
1,735
      
1,365
      
188
  
Operating days
    
1,483
      
1,202
      
159
  
Fleet utilization
    
85.5
%
    
88.1
%
    
84.6
%
Time charter equivalent (TCE) rate
  
$
9,963
    
$
20,228
    
$
20,431
  
Daily operating expenses
  
$
6,740
    
$
6,746
    
$
5,968
  

 
  
For the year ended
December 31, 2021
    
For the year ended
December 31, 2020
    
For the year ended
December 31, 2019
  
Revenue
  
$
36,491
    
$
42,045
      
6,301
  
Less voyage expenses
  
$
(19,205
)
  
$
(14,434
)
    
(2,460
)
Voyage and time charter equivalent rates
  
$
17,286
    
$
27,611
      
3,841
  
Available days
    
1,735
      
1,365
      
188
  
Time charter equivalent (TCE) rate
  
$
9,963
    
$
20,228
    
$
20,431
  

The following table reflects our ownership days, available days, operating days, fleet utilization, TCE rate and daily operating expenses of our containers’ fleet (discontinued operations) for the periods indicated.
 
 
  
For the year ended
December 31, 2021
    
For the year ended
December 31, 2020
    
For the year ended
December 31, 2019
  
Ownership days
    
0
      
324
      
1,328
  
Available days
    
0
      
324
      
1,328
  
Operating days
    
0
      
313
      
1,263
  
Fleet utilization
    
0
%
    
96.6
%
    
95.1
%
Time charter equivalent (TCE) rate
  
$
0
    
$
12,500
    
$
14,727
  
Daily operating expenses
  
$
0
    
$
7,210
    
$
7,680
  

 
  
For the year ended
December 31, 2021
    
For the year ended
December 31, 2020
    
For the year ended
December 31, 2019
  
Time charter revenues
  
$
0
    
$
4,238
      
20,545
  
Less voyage expenses
  
$
0
    
$
(188
)
    
(987
)
Time charter equivalent rates
  
$
0
    
$
4,050
      
19,558
  
Available days
    
0
      
324
      
1,328
  
Time charter equivalent (TCE) rate
  
$
0
    
$
12,500
    
$
14,727
  

48
Revenues
 
Our revenues are driven primarily by the number of vessels in our fleet, the number of voyage days and the amount of daily charter hire that our vessels earn under charters which, in turn, are affected by a number of factors, including:
 

 •
the duration of our charters;
 

 •
our decisions relating to vessel acquisitions and disposals;
 

 •
the amount of time that we spend positioning our vessels;
 

 •
the amount of time that our vessels spend in drydock undergoing repairs;
 

 •
maintenance and upgrade work;
 

 •
the age, condition, and specifications of our vessels;
 

 •
levels of supply and demand in the shipping industry; and
 

 •
other factors affecting spot market charter rates for vessels.
 
Vessels operating on time charters for a certain period of time provide more predictable cash flows over that period of time, but can yield lower profit margins than vessels operating in the spot charter market during periods characterized by favorable market conditions. Vessels operating in the spot or pool charter market generate revenues that are less predictable but may enable their owners to capture increased profit margins during periods of improvements in charter rates, although their owners would be exposed to the risk of declining charter rates, which may have a materially adverse impact on financial performance. As we employ vessels on time and spot or pool charters, we mitigate our charter rates fluctuation exposure.
 
Currently, the vessels in our fleet are employed either on pool charters or on spot voyages. Our charter agreements subject us to counterparty risk. In depressed market conditions, charterers may seek to renegotiate the terms of their existing charter agreements or avoid their obligations under those contracts. Should a counterparty fail to honor its obligations under agreements with us, we could sustain significant losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. For 2022, we expect our revenues to increase, if we further expand our fleet.
 
Voyage Expenses
 
We incur voyage expenses that include port and canal charges, bunker (fuel oil) expenses and commissions. Port and canal charges and bunker expenses primarily increase in periods during which vessels are employed on voyage charters because these expenses are for the account of the owner of the vessels, while they are on the account of the charterer when vessels are time-chartered. Laid-up vessels, if any, do not incur bunkers costs. However, at times when our vessels are off-hire due to other reasons, we incur port and canal charges and bunker expenses.
 
We have paid commissions ranging from 0% to 5% of the total daily charter hire rate of each charter to unaffiliated shipbrokers, depending on the number of brokers involved with arranging the charter, and we typically pay address commissions from 0% to 2.5% to our charerers. Our in-house fleet manager, UOT, our wholly-owned subsidiary, receives a commission that is equal to 2% of our gross revenues in exchange for providing us with technical and commercial management services in connection with the employment of our fleet. However, this commission is eliminated from our consolidated financial statements as an intercompany transaction. For 2022, we expect our voyage expenses to follow the same trend as our revenues.
 
Vessel Operating Expenses
 
Vessel operating expenses include crew wages and related costs, the cost of insurance and vessel registry, expenses relating to repairs and maintenance, the cost of spares and consumable stores, tonnage taxes, regulatory fees, environmental costs, lay-up expenses, and other miscellaneous expenses. Other factors beyond our control, some of which may affect the shipping industry in general, including, for instance, COVID-related disruptions which could cause our crew costs and other operating expenses to increase, developments relating to market prices for crew wages and insurance, may also cause these expenses to increase. In conjunction with our senior executive officers, UOT has established an operating expense budget for each vessel and performs the day-to-day management of our vessels under separate management agreements with our vessel-owning subsidiaries. We monitor the performance of UOT by comparing actual vessel operating expenses with the operating expense budget for each vessel. For 2022, we expect our vessel operating expenses to increase if we further expand our fleet.
 
Vessel Depreciation
 
We depreciate all our vessels on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which we estimate to be 25 years for the tanker vessels, and had estimated 30 years for the container vessels, from the date of their initial delivery from the shipyard. Depreciation is based on the cost less the estimated salvage values. Each vessel’s salvage value is the product of her light-weight tonnage and estimated scrap rate, which is estimated at $350 per light-weight ton for all vessels in our fleet. We believe that these assumptions are common in the tanker and containership industry. For 2022, we expect depreciation expense to increase if we further expand our fleet.
 
49
General and Administrative Expenses
 
We incur general and administrative expenses, including our onshore related expenses such as legal and professional expenses. Certain of our general and administrative expenses have been provided for, effective June 15, 2020, under our Brokerage Services Agreement with Pure Brokerage and Shipping Corp. We also incur payroll expenses of employees and general and administrative expenses reflecting the costs associated with running a public company, including board of director costs, director and officer insurance, investor relations, registrar and transfer agent fees, and legal and accounting costs related to our compliance with public reporting obligations and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. For 2022, we expect our general and administrative expenses to remain approximately at the same levels, as these expenses are relatively fixed and are not widely affected by the expansion (or shrinkage) of our fleet.
 
Interest and Finance Costs
 
We have historically incurred interest expense and financing costs in connection with vessel-specific debt. As of December 31, 2021, our aggregate outstanding debt amounted to $50.2 million. We expect to manage any exposure in interest rates through our regular operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. For 2022, we expect interest and finance expenses to increase due to increased average debt, following the drawdown under our new credit facility with Mango Shipping Corp.
 
Lack of Historical Operating Data for Vessels before their Acquisition
 
Consistent with shipping industry practice, other than inspection of the physical condition of the vessels and examinations of classification society records, there is no historical financial due diligence process when we acquire vessels. Accordingly, we do not obtain the historical operating data for the vessels from the sellers because that information is not material to our decision to make acquisitions, nor do we believe it would be helpful to potential investors in our common shares in assessing our business or profitability. Most vessels are sold under a standardized agreement, which, among other things, provides the buyer with the right to inspect the vessel and the vessel’s classification society records. The standard agreement does not give the buyer the right to inspect, or receive copies of, the historical operating data of the vessel. Prior to the delivery of a purchased vessel, the seller typically removes from the vessel all records, including past financial records and accounts related to the vessel. In addition, the technical management agreement between the seller’s technical manager and the seller is automatically terminated, and the vessel’s trading certificates are revoked by its flag state following a change in ownership.
 
Consistent with shipping industry practice, we treat the acquisition of a vessel (whether acquired with or without charter) as the acquisition of an asset rather than a business. Although vessels are generally acquired free of charter, we have in the past, and we may in the future, acquire vessels with existing time charters. Where a vessel has been under a voyage charter, the vessel is delivered to the buyer free of charter, and it is rare in the shipping industry for the last charterer of the vessel in the hands of the seller to continue as the first charterer of the vessel in the hands of the buyer. In most cases, when a vessel is under time charter, and the buyer wishes to assume that charter, the vessel cannot be acquired without the charterer’s consent and the buyer’s entering into a separate direct agreement with the charterer to assume the charter. The purchase of a vessel itself does not transfer the charter, because it is a separate service agreement between the vessel owner and the charterer.
 
When we purchase a vessel and assume or renegotiate a related time charter, we must take, among other things, the following steps before the vessel will be ready to commence operations:
 

 •
obtain the charterer’s consent to us as the new owner;
 

 •
obtain the charterer’s consent to a new technical manager;
 

 •
obtain the charterer’s consent to a new flag for the vessel;
 

 •
arrange for a new crew for the vessel;
 

 •
replace all hired equipment on board, such as gas cylinders and communication equipment;
 

 •
negotiate and enter into new insurance contracts for the vessel through our own insurance brokers;
 

 •
register the vessel under a flag state and perform the related inspections in order to obtain new trading certificates from the flag state;
 

 •
implement a new planned maintenance program for the vessel; and
 

 •
ensure that the new technical manager obtains new certificates for compliance with the safety and vessel security regulations of the flag state.
 
The following discussion is intended to help you understand how acquisitions of vessels affect our business and results of operations.
 
Our business is mainly comprised of the following elements:
 

 •
acquisition and disposition of vessels;
 

 •
employment and operation of our vessels; and
 
50

 •
management of the financial, general and administrative elements involved in the conduct of our business and ownership of our vessels.
 
The employment and operation of our vessels mainly require the following components:
 

 •
vessel maintenance and repair;
 

 •
crew selection and training;
 

 •
vessel spares and stores supply;
 

 •
contingency response planning;
 

 •
on board safety procedures auditing;
 

 •
accounting;
 

 •
vessel insurance arrangement;
 

 •
vessel chartering;
 

 •
vessel hire management;
 

 •
vessel surveying; and
 

 •
vessel performance monitoring.
 
The management of financial, general and administrative elements involved in the conduct of our business and ownership of vessels, mainly requires the following components:
 

 •
management of our financial resources, including banking relationships, i.e., administration of bank loans and bank accounts;
 

 •
management of our accounting system and records and financial reporting;
 

 •
administration of the legal and regulatory requirements affecting our business and assets; and
 

 •
management of the relationships with our service providers and customers.
 
The principal factors that may affect our profitability, cash flows and shareholders’ return on investment include:
 

 •
rates and periods of charter hire;
 

 •
levels of vessel operating expenses;
 

 •
depreciation expenses;
 

 •
financing costs; and
 

 •
fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.
 
See “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors” for additional factors that may affect our business.
 
Our Fleet – Comparison of Possible Excess of Carrying Value Over Estimated Charter-Free Market Value of our Vessels
 
In “Critical Accounting Policies – Impairment of long-lived assets,” we discuss our policy for impairing the carrying values of our vessels. Historically, the market values of vessels have experienced volatility, which from time to time may be substantial. As a result, the charter-free market value of certain of our vessels may have declined below those vessels’ carrying value, even though we would not impair those vessels’ carrying value under our accounting impairment policy. In 2021, we did not record any impairment charge. In 2020, we recorded an impairment charge of $0.3 million for one of our container vessels as a result of its classification as held for sale.
 
Based on: (i) the carrying value of each of our vessels as of December 31, 2021 plus the carrying value of any unamortized dry docking cost and and cost of any equipment not yet installed; and (ii) what we believe the charter-free market value of each of our vessels was as of December 31, 2021, the aggregate carrying value of four of our tanker vessels exceeded their aggregate charter-free market values by approximately $13.1 million. Based on: (i) the carrying value of each of our vessels as of December 31, 2020; and (ii) what we believe the charter-free market value of each of our vessels was as of December 31, 2020, the aggregate carrying value of our five tanker vessels exceeded their aggregate charter-free market values by approximately $31.5 million.
 
Our estimates of charter-free market value assume that our vessels were all in good and seaworthy condition without need of repair and if inspected would be certified in class without notations of any kind. Our estimates are based on information available from various industry sources, including:
 

 •
reports by industry analysts and data providers that focus on our industry and related dynamics affecting vessel values;
 

 •
news and industry reports of similar vessel sales;
 
51

 •
offers that we may have received from potential purchasers of our vessels; and
 

 •
vessel sale prices and values of which we are aware through both formal and informal communications with shipowners, shipbrokers, industry analysts, and various other shipping industry participants and observers.
 
As we obtain information from various industry reports and other sources, our estimates of charter-free market values are inherently uncertain. In addition, vessel values are highly volatile; as such, our estimates may not be indicative of the current or future charter-free market values of our vessels or prices that we could achieve if we were to sell them. We also refer you to the risk factor under “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors” entitled “Tanker vessel values may fluctuate, which may adversely affect our financial condition, or result in the incurrence of a loss upon disposal of a tanker vessel, impairment losses or increases in the cost of acquiring additional vessels.”
 
           
Carrying Value of vessels; net book value,
unamortized drydock cost and cost of equipment
not yet installed
(in millions of US dollars)
Vessel
  
DWT
  
Year Built
  
At December 31,
2021
  
At December 31,
2020
1.
Blue Moon
 
104,623
  
2011
  
27.5*
  
28.1*
2.
Briolette
 
104,588
  
2011
  
28.6*
  
28.4*
3.
P. Fos
 
115,577
  
2007
  
24.8*
  
24.6*
4.
P. Kikuma
 
115,915
  
2007
  
23.4*
  
24.9*
5.
P. Yanbu
 
105,391
  
2011
  
21.0
  
22.1*
 
Total  Carrying Value**
 
  
 
  
125.3
  
128.1

*Indicates vessels for which we believe that their carrying values exceeded their charter-free market values.
 
** Total Carrying Value represents the vessels’ net book value plus the carrying value of any unamortized dry docking cost and cost of equipment not yet installed for the specific vessel.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies
 
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.
 
Critical accounting policies are those that reflect significant judgments of uncertainties and potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We have described below what we believe are our most critical accounting policies when we acquire and operate vessels, because they generally involve a comparatively higher degree of judgment in their application. For a description of all our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.
 
Accounting for Revenues and Voyage Expenses
 
Since our vessels are employed under time and voyage charter contracts, we disaggregate our revenue from contracts with customers by the type of charter (time charters, spot charters and pool arrangements).
 
We have determined that all of our time charter agreements contain a lease and are therefore accounted for as operating leases in accordance with ASC 842. Time charter revenues are accounted for over the term of the charter as the service is provided. Vessels are chartered when a contract exists, and the vessel is delivered (commencement date) to the charterer, for a fixed period of time, at rates that are generally determined in the main body of charter parties and the relevant voyage expenses burden the charterer (i.e., port dues, canal tolls, pilotages, and fuel consumption). Upon delivery of the vessel, the charterer has the right to control the use of the vessel (under agreed prudent operating practices) as they have the enforceable right to: (i) decide the delivery and redelivery time of the vessel; (ii) arrange the ports from which the vessel shall pass; (iii) give directions to the master of the vessel regarding vessel’s operations (i.e., speed, route, bunkers purchases, etc.); (iv) sub-charter the vessel and (v) consume any income deriving from the vessel’s charter. Any off-hires are recognized as incurred. The charterer may charter the vessel with or without the owner’s crew and other operating services. In the case of time charter agreements, the agreed charter rates include compensation for part of the agreed crew and other operating services provided by the owner (non-lease components). We, as a lessor, elected to apply the practical expedient which allowed us to account for the lease and the non-lease components of time charter agreements as one, as the criteria of the paragraphs ASC 842-10-15-42A through 42B are met. Time-charter revenue is usually received in advance, and as such, unearned revenue represents cash received prior to the balance sheet date for which related service has not been provided.
 
52
Spot, or voyage, charter is a charter where a contract is made in the spot market for the use of a vessel for a specific voyage for a specified freight rate per ton, regardless of time to complete. We have determined that under voyage charters, the charterer has no right to control any part of the use of the vessel. Thus, our voyage charters do not contain a lease and are accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. More precisely, we satisfy our single performance obligation to transfer cargo under the contract over the voyage period. Thus, revenues from voyage charters on the spot market are recognized ratably from the date of loading (Notice of Readiness to the charterer, that the vessel is available for loading) to discharge date of cargo (loading-to-discharge). Voyage charter payments are due upon discharge of the cargo. Demurrage revenue, which is included in voyage revenues, represents charterers’ reimbursement for any potential delays exceeding the allowed lay time as per charter party agreement, represents a form of variable consideration and is recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied. We have taken the practical expedient not to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less.
 
Our tanker vessels have been employed since their acquisition under time and voyage charter contracts, and since June 2021 we also charter some of our vessels through pool arrangements. For vessels operating in pooling arrangements, we earn a portion of total revenues generated by the pool, net of expenses incurred by the pool. The amount allocated to each pool participant vessel, including our vessels, is determined in accordance with an agreed-upon formula, which is determined by the margins awarded to each vessel in the pool based on the vessel’s age, design and other performance characteristics. Revenue under pooling arrangements is accounted for as variable rate operating lease on the accrual basis and is recognized in the period in which the variability is resolved. We recognize net pool revenue on a quarterly basis, when the vessel has participated in a pool during the period and the amount of pool revenue can be estimated reliably based on the pool report. The allocation of such net revenue may be subject to future adjustments by the pool, however, such changes are not expected to be material.
 
As discussed above, under a time charter, specified voyage costs, such as bunkers and port charges are paid by the charterer while commissions are paid by us. Under spot charter arrangements, voyage expenses that are unique to a particular charter are paid for by us. Commissions are expensed as incurred. Voyage expenses that qualify as contract fulfillment costs (mainly consisting of bunkers expenses and port dues) and are incurred by us from the latter of the end of the previous vessel employment, provided that the vessel is fixed, or from the date of inception of a voyage charter contract until the arrival at the loading port, are capitalized to Deferred Voyage Expenses and amortized ratably over the total transit time of the voyage (loading-to-discharge). Vessel voyage expenses that do not qualify as contract fulfillment costs, operating expenses and charter hire expenses are expensed when incurred.
 
Vessel Cost and Vessel Depreciation
 
Vessels are stated at cost which consists of the contract price and costs incurred upon acquisition or delivery of a vessel from a shipyard. Subsequent expenditures for conversions and major improvements are also capitalized when they appreciably extend the life, increase the earnings capacity or improve the efficiency or safety of the vessels; otherwise, these amounts are charged to expense as incurred.
 
We depreciate our vessels on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, after considering the estimated salvage value. Each vessel’s salvage value is the product of her light-weight tonnage and estimated scrap rate, which is estimated at $0.35 per light-weight ton for the tanker and the container vessels in the fleet. Management estimates the useful life of our tanker vessels to be 25 years, and has been 30 years for our container vessels, from the date of initial delivery from the shipyard. Second-hand vessels are depreciated from the date of their acquisition through their remaining estimated useful life. When regulations place limitations on the ability of a vessel to trade on a worldwide basis, the vessel’s useful life is adjusted at the date such regulations are adopted.
 
Impairment of Long-lived Assets
 
We evaluate the carrying amounts, primarily for vessels, related drydock costs and cost of any equipment not yet installed, and periods over which our long-lived assets are depreciated to determine if events have occurred which would require modification to their carrying values or useful lives. When the estimate of future undiscounted net operating cash flows, excluding interest charges, expected to be generated by the use of the vessel over her remaining useful life and her eventual disposition is less than her carrying amount plus unamortized drydocking costs and any cost of equipment not yet installed, we evaluate the vessel for an impairment loss. The measurement of the impairment loss is based on the fair value of the vessel. We determine the fair value of our vessels based on assumptions, by making use of available market data and taking into consideration third-party valuations. In evaluating useful lives and carrying values of long-lived assets, management reviews certain indicators of potential impairment, such as undiscounted projected operating cash flows, vessel sales and purchases, business plans, and overall market conditions. The current conditions in the shipping market, with decreased charter rates and decreased vessel market values, are conditions that we consider indicators of potential impairment. In developing estimates of future undiscounted cash flows, we make assumptions and estimates about the vessels’ future performance, with the significant assumptions being related to charter rates and fleet utilization, while other assumptions include vessels’ operating expenses, vessels’ residual value, dry-dock costs, and the estimated remaining useful life of each vessel. The assumptions used to develop estimates of future undiscounted cash flows are based on historical trends as well as future expectations. We also take into account factors such as the vessels’ age and employment prospects under the then current market conditions, and determine the future undiscounted cash flows considering its various alternatives, including sale possibilities existing for each vessel as of the testing dates. It is reasonably possible that the estimate of undiscounted cash flows may change in the future due to changes in current rates which could adversely affect the average rates being utilized and could result in impairment of certain of our vessels.
 
53
In detail, the projected net operating cash flows are determined by considering the historical and estimated vessels’ performance and utilization, as well as historical utilization of other vessels of similar type and size considering our recent shift to the tanker market and the lack of extended historical data, the charter revenues from existing time charters for the fixed fleet days and an estimated daily rate for the unfixed days (based on the most recent 10 year average historical rates available for each type of vessel) over the remaining estimated life of each vessel, net of commissions, expected outflows for scheduled vessels’ maintenance and vessel operating expenses assuming an average annual inflation rate.  Effective fleet utilization is assumed to be 88% for the tanker vessels, and had estimated 98% for the container vessels until their sale, taking into account the period(s) each vessel is expected to undergo her scheduled maintenance (dry docking and special surveys),  assumptions in line with our historical performance since the acquisition of our tanker vessels, peers’ historical performance, and our expectations for future fleet utilization under our fleet employment strategy. The review of the vessel’s carrying amounts in connection with the estimated recoverable amounts for 2021, 2020 and 2019 did not result in any impairment charges for our tanker vessels (continuing operations). For 2020, and 2019, impairment charges amounting to $0.3 million, and $31.6 million, respectively, were recognized for certain of our container vessels (discontinued operations).
 
In order for any of our vessels to incur an impairment loss, the assumed fleet utilization rate should further decrease to 78%, instead of 88% that we used in our undiscounted cash flows exercise for 2021. This decrease in the assumed fleet utilization rate would result in $6.0 million impairment charge for one of our vessels. The average estimated daily earnings rate used in our impairment analysis for our tanker vessels as of December 31, 2021 was $19,922. For the purposes of presenting our investors with additional information to determine how our future results of operations may be impacted in the event that daily earnings rates do not improve from their current levels in future periods, we set forth below an analysis that shows the 1-year, 3-year and 5-year average blended rates and the effect the use of each of these rates would have on our impairment analysis.
 
 
  
5-year
period (in
USD)
    
Impairment
charge
(in USD
million)
    
3-year period (in
USD)
    
Impairment
charge
(in USD million)
    
1-year period (in
USD)
    
Impairment
charge
(in USD
million)
  
Aframax tanker vessels
  
$
17,397
    
$
6.0
    
$
18,940
    
$
0.0
    
$
8,314
    
$
13.1
  

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
Results of Operations (Continuing Operations)
                              
 
  
For the Years Ended December 31,
        
 
  
2021
    
2020
    
variation
    
% change
        
 
  
in millions of U.S. dollars
              
Revenue
    
36.5
      
42.0
      
(5.5
)
    
(13.1
)
  
%
  
Voyage expenses
    
(19.2
)
    
(14.4
)
    
(4.8
)
    
33.3
    
%
  
Vessel operating expenses
    
(12.3
)
    
(9.2
)
    
(3.1
)
    
33.
    
7%
Depreciation and amortization of deferred charges
    
(7.5
)
    
(5.8
)
    
(1.7
)
    
29.3
    
%
  
Management fees
    
(0.0
)
    
(0.2
)
    
0.2
      
(100
)
  
%
  
General and administrative expenses
    
(5.7
)
    
(8.0
)
    
2.3
      
(28.8
)
  
%
  
Provision for credit losses and write offs
    
(0.2
)
    
(0.1
)
    
(0.1
)
    
100.0
%
      
Interest and finance costs
    
(1.8
)
    
(2.1
)
    
0.3
      
(14.3
)
  
%
  
Interest income
    
0.0
      
0.1
      
(0.1
)
    
(100.0
)%
      
Gain from property sale
    
0.1
      
0.0
      
0.1
            
-
  
Net income / (loss) from continuing operations
    
(10.1
)
    
2.3
      
(12.4
)
    
(539.1
)
  
%
  

Results of Operations (Discontinued Operations)
                        
 
  
For the Years Ended December 31,
  
 
  
2021
    
2020
    
variation
    
% change
  
 
  
in millions of U.S. dollars
        
Time-charter revenues
    
0.0
      
4.2
      
(4.2
)
    
(100
)%
Voyage expenses
    
0.0
      
(0.2
)
    
0.2
      
(100
)%
Vessel operating expenses
    
0.0
      
(2.3
)
    
2.3
      
(100
)%
Depreciation and amortization of deferred charges
    
0.0
      
(0.1
)
    
0.1
      
(100
)%
Management fees
    
0.0
      
(0.1
)
    
0.1
      
(100
)%
Impairment losses
    
0.0
      
(0.3
)
    
0.3
      
(100
)%
Gain on sale of vessels
    
0.0
      
0.3
      
(0.3
)
    
(100
)%
Other income
    
0.4
      
0.0
      
0.4
      
-
  
Net income from discontinued operations
    
0.4
      
1.5
      
(1.1
)
    
(73.3
)%

For purposes of both the following discussion and the Financial Statements, results of operations of the container vessels segment we exited during 2020, are reported as discontinued operations for all periods presented.
 
54
Year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020
 
Net Income / (Loss) from continuing operations. Net loss from continuing operations for 2021 amounted to $10.1 million, compared to a net income of $2.3 million in 2020. The loss of the year ended December 31, 2021, was mainly attributable to the lower revenues that the Company generated during the year compared to 2020, as a result of the overall weaker market conditions in the tankers’ industry in 2021. Commencing from the latter part of the second quarter of 2020, principally as the result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, oil production has declined. This development, which negatively impacted the demand for oil tankers during the second half of 2020, continued throughout 2021.
 
Net Income from discontinued operations. Net income from discontinued operations for 2021 amounted to $0.4 million and relates exclusively to a charterers’ compensation for a crane damage that we received during the year for our container vessel Domingo, which we sold in 2020.
 
Revenues from continuing operations. Revenues from continuing operations for 2021 amounted to $36.5 million, compared to $42.0 in 2020. In 2021, revenues decreased as a result of lower average time charter equivalent rates achieved by the Company during the year mainly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. On average, the TCE’s achieved by our tankers vessels amounted to $9,963 in 2021 and $20,228 in 2020. This decrease was counterbalanced by the revenues contributed by the vessels P. Fos, P. Kikuma and P. Yanbu that were acquired during 2020 and were fully operating in 2021.
 
Voyage Expenses from continuing operations.  Voyage expenses from continuing operations for 2021 amounted to $19.2 million, compared to $14.4 million in 2020. Voyage expenses of our tanker vessels mainly consist of bunkers costs, port and canal expenses, and commissions paid to third-party brokers. The increase in voyage expenses in 2021 compared to 2020 was mainly attributable to increased bunkers costs of our vessels that were operating in the spot market, since the average bunker costs significantly increased in 2021, as a result of the general increase in the bunkers’ prices, as compared to 2020.
 
Vessel Operating Expenses from continuing operations. Vessel operating expenses from continuing operations for 2021 amounted to $12.3 million, compared to $9.2 million in 2020, and mainly consist of  crew wages and related costs, consumables and stores, insurances, repairs and maintenance costs, environmental compliance and other miscellaneous expenses. The operating expenses increase is justified by the increase in the average number of tanker vessels owned by us, after the acquisition of three tanker vessels in 2020 that were fully operating in 2021. On an average basis, daily operating expenses for our tanker vessels remained almost constant ($6,740 in 2021, as compared to $6,746 in 2020).
 
Depreciation and Amortization of Deferred Charges from continuing operations.  Depreciation and amortization of deferred charges in 2021 amounted to $7.5 million, compared to $5.8 million in 2020, and mainly represent the depreciation expense and the amortization of the dry-dock costs for our tanker vessels. The increase in 2021 is mainly attributable to the increased ownership days, and to the incurred amortization of dry-dock costs, which amounted to $68 for 2021, compared to $0 for 2020. In 2021, the effect on depreciation expense from the vessel improvements capitalized during the period, was immaterial.
 
Management Fees from continuing operations. Management fees from continuing operations were $0.2 million in 2020 and represented the management fees to Maersk Tankers for as long as they were providing commercial and technical management services to certain of our tanker vessels. The management agreements with Maersk Tankers were gradually terminated and, effective August 2020, UOT, our in-house Manager, has undertaken the full management of these vessels. Management fees and commissions paid to UOT are eliminated in consolidation as intercompany transactions.
 
General and Administrative Expenses from continuing operations. General and administrative expenses from continuing operations for 2021 amounted to $5.7 million, compared to $8.0 million in 2020, and mainly consist of payroll expenses of the office employees, consultancy fees, brokerage services fees, compensation cost on restricted stock awards, legal fees and audit fees. The decrease in general administrative expenses was mainly attributable to significantly lower compensation cost on restricted stock awards, and also to lower brokerage and legal fees. Compensation cost on restricted cost awards was lower in 2021, due to the lower fair value of the restricted stock awarded in 2020, which is ratably recognized in the statement of operations in the vesting period, as compared to the previous awards which had significantly higher fair value. In addition, brokerage fees have been reduced in 2021 compared to the prior year, as for the two first months of 2020 an amount of $0.3 million was recorded as brokerage fees to Steamship Shipbroking Enterprises,  the agreement of which was terminated on March 1, 2020.
 
Provision for Credit Losses and Write-Offs from continuing operations. Provision for credit losses and write offs from continuing operations for 2021 was $0.2 million, compared to $0.1 million in 2020, and represents the allowance for estimated credit losses on our outstanding short term receivables, being freight and demurrage receivables, and the related writte offs.
 
Interest and Finance Costs from continuing operations. Interest and finance costs from continuing operations for 2021 amounted to $1.8 million, compared to $2.1 million in 2020. The decrease in 2021 is attributable to the decrease of our average debt outstanding, and also due to decreased average interest rates, which were 2.90% for 2021 and 3.32% for 2020.
 
Interest Income from continuing operations. Interest income from continuing operations for 2021 and 2020 amounted to $18 thousand and $0.1 million respectively  and mainly consisted of interest income received on deposits of cash and cash equivalents.
 
Other Income from discontinued operations. Other income from discontinued operations for 2021 amounted to $0.4 million and relates exclusively to a charterers’ compensation for a crane damage that we received during the year for our container vessel Domingo, which we sold in 2020.
 
Year ended December 31, 2020, compared to the year ended December 31, 2019
 
 Please refer to our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the SEC on March 5, 2021.
 
55
Inflation
 
Inflation does not have a material effect on our expenses given current economic conditions. In the event that significant global inflationary pressures appear, these pressures would increase our operating, voyage, administrative and financing costs.
 
 
B.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
We have historically financed our capital requirements with cash flow from operations, equity contributions from shareholders, and long- and medium-term debt. Our operating cash flow is generated from charters on our vessels, through our subsidiaries. Our main uses of funds have been capital expenditures for the acquisition of new vessels, expenditures incurred in connection with ensuring that our vessels comply with international and regulatory standards, repayments of loans, and payments of dividends. At times when we are not restricted by our lenders from acquiring additional vessels, we will require capital to fund vessel acquisitions and debt service.
 
During the COVD-19 pandemic, global financial markets, including financial markets in the U.S., experienced even greater relative volatility and a steep and abrupt downturn, which volatility and downturn may continue as COVID-19 continues to spread. More recently, the conflict in Ukraine and resulting sanctions have disrupted supply chains and cause instability in the energy markets and the global economy, which have experienced significant volatility. Credit markets and the debt and equity capital markets have been distressed, and the uncertainty surrounding the future of the global credit markets has resulted in reduced access to credit worldwide, particularly for the shipping industry. These issues, along with significant write-offs in the financial services sector, the repricing of credit risk, and the current weak economic conditions, have made, and will likely continue to make it difficult to obtain additional financing. The current state of global financial markets and current economic conditions might adversely impact our ability to issue additional equity at prices that will not be dilutive to our existing shareholders or preclude us from issuing equity at all.
 
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, our working capital, which is current assets minus current liabilities, including the current portion of long-term debt, was $4.2 million and $17.6 million, respectively. Management monitors the Company’s liquidity position throughout the year to ensure that it has access to sufficient funds to meet its forecast cash requirements, including debt service commitments, and to monitor compliance with the financial covenants within its loan facilities. We anticipate that our primary sources of funds for at least twelve months from the date of this report will be available cash, cash from operations and additional debt under our loan facility with Mango Shipping Corp. We believe that these anticipated sources of funds, as well as our ability to access the equity capital markets if needed, will be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs and to comply with our banking covenants for at least twelve months from the date of this report. Additionally, we may enter into new debt facilities in the future, as well as public equity or debt instruments, although there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing on terms acceptable to us, which will also depend on financial, commercial and other factors, as well as a significant recovery in capital market conditions and a sustainable improvement in the tankers’ charter market, that are beyond our control.
 
Cash Flow (Continuing and Discontinued Operations)
 
As of December 31, 2021, cash and cash equivalents amounted to $9.6 million (including compensation cash balances of $5.0 million), compared to $21.4 million (including compensation cash balances of $9.0 million) for the prior year.  We consider highly liquid investments such as time deposits and certificates of deposit with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are primarily held in U.S. dollars.
 
For the presentation of the statement of cash flows in our financial statements, we elected to combine cash flows from discontinued operations with cash flows from continuing operations within each cash flow statement category. The absence of cash flows from discontinued operations is not expected to affect our future liquidity and capital resources.
 
Net Cash Provided by / (Used in) Operating Activities
 
Net cash used in operating activities in 2021 amounted to $3.1 million (which includes $0.4 million of cash provided by operating activities of the discontinued operations). Net cash provided by operating activities in 2020 amounted to $13.2 million (out of which approximately $0.9 million was cash provided by operating activities of the discontinued operations). Net cash used in operating activities in 2019 amounted to $4.2 million (out of which approximately $2.2 million was cash used in operating activities of the discontinued operations). Cash from operations in 2021 decreased compared to 2020, mainly due to the lower revenues generated during 2021 as a result of the weak market conditions in the tankers’ shipping industry. Cash from operations in 2020 significantly increased compared to 2019, due to the revenues contributed from our tanker vessels.
 
Net Cash Provided by/ (Used in) Investing Activities
 
Net cash used in investing activities in 2021 was $0.8 million and consists of $1.8 million we paid for vessels’ improvement costs mainly relating to the installation of the ballast water treatment system on certain of our vessels (continuing operations), $1.0 million we received from the sale of a plot of land located in Athens, Greece to a subsidiary of Diana Shipping Inc. (continuing operations), and $8 thousand we paid for equipment additions (continuing operations).
 
Net cash used in investing activities in 2020 was $40.1 million and consists of $63.4 million that we paid for the acquisition of three tanker vessels (continuing operations), $0.2 million that we paid for equipment additions (continuing operations), and $23.5 million net proceeds received from the sale of two container vessels during the year (discontinued operations). Also, the parent company (continuing operations), received an amount of $24.4 million, representing a return of capital from discontinued operations, which is eliminated in consolidation.
 
56
Net cash used in investing activities in 2019 was $18.5 million and consists of $28.9 million net proceeds received from the sale of two container vessels during the year (discontinued operations), $50.2 million that we paid for the acquisition of two tanker vessels (continuing operations), $17 thousand we paid as vessel’s advances (continuing operations), $2.8 million received, representing insurance settlements (discontinued operations), and $38 thousand paid for equipment additions (continuing operations). Also, the parent company (continuing operations), received an amount of $30.1 million, representing a return of capital from discontinued operations, which is eliminated in consolidation.
 
Net Cash Provided by / (Used in) Financing Activities
 
Net cash used in financing activities from continuing operations in 2021 was $7.9 million, and related solely to principal repayments of our long-term bank debt (continuing operations).
 
Net cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations in 2020 was $22.0 million, and consists of $34.8 million of bank loan proceeds, $9.2 million of bank loan repayments, $0.6 million of equity issuance and financing costs, $0.6 million that we paid for the repurchase of our common shares, $1.5 million that we paid for the re-purchase of our Series C preferred shares, $0.4 million that we paid for the re-purchase of our Series B preferred shares and $0.5 million that we paid as cash dividends to our shareholders. Net cash used in financing activities for discontinued operations was $24.4 million and relates to the return of capital to the parent company from container ship-owning companies. Such outflow is eliminated in the consolidated cash flows.
 
Net cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations in 2019 was $38.6 million and consists of $33.0 million of bank loan proceeds, $0.5 million of bank debt repayments, $6.5 million of net proceeds from the equity offering, and finally, $0.4 million of paid equity issuance and finance costs. Net cash used in financing activities for discontinued operations was $30.1 million and relates to the return of capital to the parent company from container ship-owning companies. Such outflow is eliminated in the consolidated cash flows.
 
Loan Facilities
 
As at December 31, 2021, we had $50.2 million of long-term debt outstanding under our bank loan facilities. As of March 10, 2022, we had $48.2 million aggregate amount of indebtedness outstanding under our bank loan facilities and $3.2 million of outstanding indebtedness under the Mango loan facility.
 
As at December 31, 2021, and the date of this report, we were in compliance with all of our loan covenants.
 
As of December 31, 2021, and the date of this annual report, we have not used any derivative instruments for hedging purposes or other purposes.
 
Nordea Bank Abp, Filial i Norge (Nordea):
 
On July 24, 2019, we, through two of our wholly-owned subsidiaries (the “Initial Borrowers”), entered into a loan agreement with Nordea for a senior secured term loan facility of up to $33.0 million (as amended from time to time, the “Nordea Facility”). The purpose of the loan facility was to partially finance the acquisition cost of the tanker vessels Blue Moon and Briolette. In July and November 2019, the Initial Borrowers drew down the maximum amount of $16.5 million each.
 
On December 23, 2019, we, through the “Initial Borrowers” and one new wholly-owned subsidiary (collectively “the Borrowers”), entered into the first amendment and restatement loan agreement with Nordea for a senior secured term loan facility of up to $47.0 million. The purpose of the amended agreement was to provide additional financing of up to $14.0 million for the acquisition of the tanker vessel P. Fos (ex Virgo Sun), and in all other respects included identical terms to the initial agreement of July 2019. On January 22, 2020, we drew down the amount of $14.0 million to support the acquisition of the vessel P. Fos (ex Virgo Sun), whose delivery took place on January 27, 2020.
 
On March 20, 2020, we signed the second amendment and restatement loan agreement with Nordea for a senior secured term loan facility of up to $59.0 million. The purpose of the second amendment and restatement loan agreement was to provide additional financing of up to $12.0 million for the acquisition of the tanker vessel P. Kikuma (ex FSL Shanghai), and in all other respects included identical terms to the prior agreement of December 2019. On March 26, 2020, we drew down the amount of $12.0 million. The vessel P. Kikuma was delivered to us on March 30, 2020.
 
On December 9, 2020, we refinanced the outstanding indebtedness relating to the vessels P. Fos and P. Kikuma in the aggregate amount of $21.2 million using a portion of the proceeds from the Piraeus Facility (described below). Concurrently, we entered into a Supplemental Loan Agreement with Nordea, to amend the existing repayment schedules of the Blue Moon and Briolette tranches and to amend the major shareholder’s clause included in the agreement. The First and Second Amendment and Restatement Loan Agreements, and the Supplemental Loan Agreement with Nordea included substantially identical terms to the Initial Agreement.
 
On November 11, 2021, Nordea provided their consent for a reduction of our minimum liquidity requirement from $9.0 million to $5.0 million, with an effective date December 31, 2021 through June 30, 2022.
 
As of December 31, 2021, the outstanding balance on the Nordea Facility was $24.4 million.
 
57
Piraeus Bank S.A.:
 
On December 3, 2020, we, through three of our subsidiaries (collectively the “Piraeus Bank Borrowers”), entered into a loan agreement with Piraeus Bank S.A. (“Piraeus Bank”) for a senior secured term loan facility of up to $31.5 million (the “Piraeus Facility”), to refinance the existing indebtedness of the vessels “P. Fos” and “P. Kikuma” under the Nordea Facility, described above, and partially finance the acquisition cost of the vessel “P. Yanbu”, which was delivered to us on December 15, 2020. In December 2020, we drew down an aggregate amount of $30.0 million under the loan agreement, and no amount remained available for drawdown thereafter.
 
On November 11, 2021, Piraeus Bank provided their consent for a reduction of our minimum liquidity requirement from $9.0 million to $5.0 million, with an effective date December 31, 2021 through September 30, 2022.
 
As of December 31, 2021, the outstanding balance on the Piraeus Facility was $25.8 million.
 
Mango Shipping Corp.:
 
On March 2, 2022, we entered into an unsecured credit facility with Mango Shipping Corp., an affiliated entity whose beneficial owner is Aliki Paliou, for up to $5.0 million, to be used for general working capital purposes. As of the date of this annual report, $3.2 million have been drawn under the credit facility.
 
Covenants and Security
 
Our loan facilities have financial covenants, which require us to maintain, among other things:
 

 •
Minimum hull value of the financed vessels.
 

 •
Minimum cash liquidity. As at December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, the compensating cash balance required under our loan agreements amounted to $5.0 million and $9.0 million, respectively.
 
Our loan facilities also contain undertakings limiting or restricting us from, among other things:
 

 •
Effecting dividend distributions following the occurrence of an event of default.
 

 •
Effecting certain changes in shareholdings.
 
Our secured loan facilities are generally secured by, among other things:
 

 •
A parent guarantee by Performance Shipping Inc.
 

 •
First priority mortgages over the financed tanker vessels.
 

 •
First priority assignments of earnings, insurances and of any charters exceeding durations of two years.
 

 •
Pledge over the borrowers’ shares and over their earnings accounts.
 

 •
Undertakings by the vessels’ managers.
 
Capital Expenditures
 
Our future capital expenditures relate to the purchase of vessels and vessel upgrades.
 
We also expect to incur additional capital expenditures when our vessels undergo surveys. This process of recertification may require us to reposition these vessels from a discharge port to shipyard facilities, which will reduce our operating days during the period. The loss of earnings associated with the decrease in operating days, together with the capital needs for repairs and upgrades results in increased cash flow needs which we fund with cash on hand.
 
 
C.
Research and Development, Patents and Licenses
 
From time to time, we incur expenditures relating to inspections for acquiring new vessels that meet our standards. Such expenditures are capitalized to vessel’s cost upon such vessel’s acquisition or expensed, if the vessel is not acquired, however, historically, such expenses were not material.
 
 
D.
Trend Information
 
Tanker Shipping Market
 
The global outbreak of COVID-19 is still creating wide ranging operational disruptions as the abrupt emergence of Omicron variant in November amplified the existing uncertainty over charter rates and demand for seaborne crude oil transportation. Nevertheless, due to widespread vaccine programs and several containment measures in place, global crude oil demand is currently projected to return to pre-pandemic levels and increase by 3.4% in 2022 (100.1 million barrels per day), supported by the global need for crude oil restocking.
 
58
‘Headline’ fundamentals across the crude tanker sector currently appear relatively balanced in 2022, as crude tanker dwt demand is projected to grow by 7.1% and crude tanker fleet is projected to grow by 3.5%. Nevertheless, downside risks to the Aframax market outlook have clearly built. Although crude Aframax dwt demand is currently projected to increase by approximately 5.0% in 2022, supported by returning crude output volumes among major exporters, it is still expected to remain clearly below 2019 levels. Recent production disruptions evidenced in Libya, the expected decline in Mexican crude oil exports along with the uncertainty around the Russia/Ukraine crisis are challenging factors affecting the seaborne transportation industry and the tanker shipping markets. Russia accounts for approximately 10% of seaborne oil exports while significant volumes of oil and gas are also moved towards Europe via pipelines. Apart from the immediate commercial disruptions caused in the conflict zone, escalating tensions among the two countries and fears of potential shortages in the supply of Russian crude have caused the price of oil to currently trade above $100 per barrel and the Aframax tanker charter rates to rise dramatically as charterers seek to secure tanker tonnage. Russian oil exports are now prohibited to the U.S. and subject to phased sanctions in the EU.  Although the exact impact of the geopolitical crisis in the tanker markets cannot be quantified yet, we believe that a likely consequence of these events is that oil will be transported via longer haul distances, increasing ton-mile demand.
 
According to industry sources, the average spot earnings for an Aframax tanker trading on selected routes (e.g., Intra-Asia, Med-Med, Black Sea-Med and others) in 2021 was a daily TCE rate of $8,242. This compares to an estimated daily TCE rate of $22,161 in 2020.
 
Specifically in the Aframax crude tanker segment it is expected that the trading Aframax crude tanker fleet will grow by just 0.8% in 2022, while demand for transportation via crude Aframax tankers will rise by 4.9% in the same period.
 
The above market outlook update is based on information, data and estimates derived from industry sources, and there can be no assurances that such trends will continue or that anticipated developments in tanker demand, fleet supply or other market indicators will materialize. While we believe the market and industry information included in this annual report to be generally reliable, we have not independently verified any third-party information or verified that more recent information is not available. The statements in this “Trend Information” section are forward-looking statements based on our current expectations and certain material assumptions and, accordingly, involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, performance and outcomes to differ materially from those expressed herein. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” of this annual report.
 
 
E.
Critical Accounting Estimates
 
For a description of all our principal accounting policies, see Note 2 to our annual consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report, and for our critical accounting estimates, see paragraph “Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies” under Item 5.A discussed above.
 
Item 6.
Directors, Senior Management, and Employees
 
 
A.
Directors and Senior Management
 
Set forth below are the names, ages, and positions of our directors and executive officers. Our board of directors is elected annually on a staggered basis, and each director elected holds office for a three-year term and until his or her successor is elected and has qualified, except in the event of such director’s death, resignation, removal, or the earlier termination of his or her term of office. Officers are appointed from time to time by our board of directors and hold office until a successor is elected.
 
On February 25, 2021, the re-election of Aliki Paliou and Reidar Brekke as Class II Directors was approved by the requisite vote at our 2021 Annual Meeting.
 
On February 28, 2022, the election of Loïsa Ranunkel as a Class I Director and elections of Alex Papageorgiou and Mihalis Boutaris as Class III Directors were approved by the requisite vote at our 2022 Annual Meeting. Symeon Palios, Giannakis (John) Evangelou, Christos Glavanis did not stand for re-election. Effective February 28, 2022, Antonios Karavias and Reidar Brekke resigned from our board of directors. Also, effective February 28, 2022, the size of our board of directors decreased from seven to five members, and Aliki Paliou was appointed as Chairperson of our board of directors.
 
Name
Age
 
Position
Andreas Michalopoulos
51
 
Class I Director, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary
Loïsa Ranunkel
45
  
Class I Director
Aliki Paliou
46
 
Class II Director and Chairperson of the Board
Alex Papageorgiou
50
  
Class III Director
Mihalis Boutaris
48
 
Class III Director
Anthony Argyropoulos
57
  
Chief Financial Officer

The term of the Class I directors expires in 2023, the term of the Class II directors expires in 2024, and the term of the Class III directors expires in 2025.
 
The business address of each officer and director is the address of our principal executive offices, which are located at 373 Syngrou Avenue, 175 64 Palaio Faliro, Athens, Greece.
 
Biographical information concerning the directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report is set forth below.
 
59
Andreas Michalopoulos serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Performance Shipping Inc. since October 2020 and as a Director since February 2020. From October 2019 to October 2020, he served as our Deputy Chief Executive Officer. From January 13, 2010, to October 2020, he also served as our Chief Financial Officer. Andreas Michalopoulos served as Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of Diana Shipping Inc. from March 2006 to February 2020, and he also served as a Director of Diana Shipping Inc. from August 2018 to February 2020. He started his career in 1993 when he joined Merrill Lynch Private Banking in Paris. In 1995, he became an International Corporate Auditor with Nestle SA based in Vevey, Switzerland and moved in 1998 to the position of Trade Marketing and Merchandising Manager. From 2000 to 2002, he worked for McKinsey and Company in Paris, France as an Associate Generalist Consultant before joining a major Greek Pharmaceutical Group with U.S. R&D activity as a Vice President of International Business Development and Member of the Executive Committee in 2002 where he remained until 2005. From 2005 to 2006, he joined Diana Shipping Agencies S.A. as a Project Manager. Andreas Michalopoulos graduated from Paris IX Dauphine University with Honors in 1993 obtaining an MSc in Economics and a master’s degree in Management Sciences specialized in Finance. In 1995, he also obtained a master’s degree in Business Administration from Imperial College, University of London. Andreas Michalopoulos is married to Aliki Paliou, who is also one of our Directors and current Chairperson of our Board, and daughter of Symeon Palios, our Chairman until February 2022 and former Chief Executive Officer.
 
Loïsa Ranunkel serves as an independent Director of the Company and as the Chairman of our Compensation Committee as of the 2022 annual meeting of shareholders. She is an experienced insurance broker specializing in Trade Credit and Political Risks. Since 2018, she has been involved in overseeing the creation and the development of the Political Risks Insurance (PRI) department at AU Group in Paris, a historical and world-leading broker specializing in securing and financing trade receivables. From 2014 to 2018, she worked as a certified Political and Trade Credit Risks Insurance Broker in Greece with clients based in Greece and abroad, focusing on the construction industry, defense industry, renewable energies, and shipbuilding. LoïsaRanunkel began her career in the PRI market in 2006, when she was appointed manager of the Alcatel-Lucent global Political and Commercial Risks program. Before entering the PRI market, she worked at HSBC Investment Bank as an information and communication expert and spent six years as a business development officer at Egis Group – BDPA, a consulting firm specializing in international development assistance. Loïsa Ranunkel holds an MBA from the IAE – Paris Sorbonne.

Aliki Paliou  serves as a Director since February 2020 and as Chairperson of our Board as of the 2022 annual meeting of shareholders. She also serves as Director, Vice-President and Treasurer of Unitized Ocean Transport Limited since January 2020. From 2010 to 2015 she was employed as a Director and Treasurer of Alpha Sigma Shipping Corp. Aliki Paliou studied Theatre Studies at the University of Kent in Canterbury, UK and obtained an M.A. in Scenography at Central Saint Martins School of Art and Design in London, UK. In 2005 she graduated with honors from the Greek School of Fine Art in Athens, Greece. She is the daughter of Symeon Palios, our Chairman until February 2022 and former Chief Executive Officer, and is married to Andreas Michalopoulos, our current Chief Executive Officer, Director and Secretary.

Alex Papageorgiou serves as an independent Director of the Company and as the Chairman of our Audit Committee as of the 2022 annual meeting of shareholders. He has over 25 years of experience in banking, capital markets, real estate, and shipping. Alex Papageorgiou previously served as the Chief Executive Officer of Hystead Limited, a retail real estate company with over Euro 750 million in shopping mall assets located throughout Southeast Europe. He was also the founder and Chief Executive Officer of Assos Capital Limited, a real estate private equity firm focused on real estate in Southeast Europe, as well as Assos Property Management EOOD, a leading retail property management company in Bulgaria. He served as a Director of Seanergy Maritime Corp. (now Seanergy Maritime Holdings Corp.) from December 2008 to November 2009. From 2007 to 2008, he served as a non-executive Director at First Business Bank in Athens, Greece. Between March 2005 and May 2006, he was the chief financial officer of Golden Energy Marine Corp., an international shipping company transporting a variety of crude oil and petroleum products based in Athens, Greece. From March 2004 to March 2005, Alex Papageorgiou served as a director in the equities group in the London office of Citigroup Global Markets Inc., where he was responsible for the management and development of Citigroup’s Portfolio Products business in the Nordic region. From March 2001 to March 2004, Alex Papageorgiou served as a vice president in the equities group in the London office of Morgan Stanley & Co., where he was responsible for Portfolio Product sales and sales-trading coverage for the Nordic region and the Dutch institutional client base. From April 1997 to March 2001, he was an associate at J.P. Morgan Securities Ltd. in the Fixed Income and Investment Banking divisions. Alex Papageorgiou holds an MSC in Shipping, Trade and Finance from City University Business School in London, UK and a BA (Hons) in Business Economics from Vrije Universiteit in Brussels, Belgium.  

Mihalis Boutaris serves as an independent Director of the Company, as a member of our Audit Committee, and as a member of our Compensation Committee as of the 2022 annual meeting of shareholders. He currently acts as an advisor to the National Centre of Scientific Research “Demokritos” and is an independent non-executive Director to the Board of Yalco, a public company listed on the Athens Stock Exchange. Mihalis Boutaris serves as the Co-Founder and Vice-President of Kir-Yianni, a 5th-generation Greek winery, and he has worked in the wine industry of Greece, France, Chile, California, and China. Mihalis Boutaris established XiYuan, a Chinese vineyard based in Shanghai, producing premium wine and a sustainable distribution network for Greek wines in the Asia Pacific region. Out of his passion for innovation, he has launched Athroa, a venture studio bringing to market deep-tech inventions including a novel eco-friendly biopesticide, a small hydroelectric power plant, and the first concentrated solar power plant in Greece. Mihalis Boutaris began his independent career as a management consultant at the Boston Consulting Group from March 2006 to September 2007. He graduated with a bachelor’s degree from Harvard University in philosophy and holds a M.Sc. in horticulture from the University of California. He served in the Greek Marine Corps and co-founded Arcturos, a prominent wildlife NGO.
Anthony Argyropoulos  serves as our Chief Financial Officer since October 2020. Anthony Argyropoulos is the founder of Seaborne Capital Advisors, an Athens, Greece based financial advisory firm focused on the shipping and maritime industries. Prior to Seaborne Capital Advisors, Anthony Argyropoulos was a Partner at Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. until September 2011, where he was responsible for the investment banking group’s activities in the maritime sector. Through early 2004, he was a Senior Vice President with Jefferies & Company, Inc., where he was instrumental in developing their maritime investment banking practice. Anthony Argyropoulos graduated from Deree College, Athens, with a B.A. in Economics and from Bentley College, Waltham, Mass. with an M.B.A. in Finance. He is a member of the Beta Gamma Sigma honor society of collegiate schools of business. He is a frequent speaker in global shipping events, contributor to several publications and recipient of a number of awards.
 
As a foreign private issuer listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we are required to disclose certain self-identified diversity characteristics about our directors pursuant to Nasdaq board diversity and disclosure rules approved by the Commission in August 2021. The Board Diversity Matrix set forth below contains the requisite information as of the date of this annual report.
 
Board Diversity Matrix (As of March 10, 2022)

To be completed by Foreign Issuers (with principal executive offices outside of the U.S.) and Foreign Private Issuers
Country of Principal Executive Offices
Greece
Foreign Private Issuer
Yes
Disclosure Prohibited under Home Country
Law
No
Total Number of Directors
5

 
Female
Male
Non-Binary
Did Not Disclose
Gender
Part I: Gender Identity
Directors
2
3
0
0
Part II: Demographic Background
Underrepresented Individual in Home Country
Jurisdiction
0
LGBTQ+
0
Did Not Disclose Demographic Background
0

 
B.
Compensation
 
Effective March 1, 2020, our senior management is remunerated based on their consultancy or employment agreements, as applicable. Pursuant to the consultancy agreement we have in place with Anthony Anthony Argyropoulos, our Chief Financial Officer, we have agreed to pay Anthony Argyropoulos additional cash compensation in the amount of 0.35% of the consideration paid or received by us in connection with certain capital raising and other transactions.
 
For 2021, the aggregate fees and bonuses of our executives amounted to $1.0 million.
 
During 2021, our non-executive directors received annual compensation in the aggregate amount of $40,000 plus reimbursement of their out-of-pocket expenses incurred while attending any meeting of the board of directors or any board committee, and the chairman of the board received annual compensation of $60,000. In addition, a committee chairman received an additional $20,000 annually, and other committee members received an additional $10,000 annually. We do not have a retirement plan for our officers or directors. For 2021, fees, bonuses and expenses to non-executive directors amounted to $0.4 million.
 
On January 1, 2021, we granted to Anthony Argyropoulos, our Chief Financial Officer, stock options to purchase 120,000 of our common shares as share-based remuneration, which can be exercised only when our stock price increases. The stock options are exercisable at a price range between $10.00 and $30.00 per share, for a term of five years. As of December 31, 2021, and as of the date of this annual report, no stock options have been exercised.
 
In 2021, compensation costs relating to the aggregate amount of stock option awards amounted to $0.1 million. In addition, in 2021, compensation cost relating to restricted stock awards that were issued in prior years was $0.1 million.
 
61
2015 Equity Incentive Plan
 
On May 5, 2015, we adopted an equity incentive plan, which we refer to as the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended from time to time, under which directors, officers, employees, consultants and service providers of us and our subsidiaries and affiliates would be eligible to receive options to acquire common stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and unrestricted common stock. On February 9, 2018, our board of directors adopted Amendment No 1 to the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, solely to increase the aggregate number of common shares issuable under the plan to 55,000 shares (as adjusted after the effectiveness of the reverse stock split of November 2, 2020). Effective December 30, 2020, we amended and restated the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, primarily to increase the aggregate number of common shares issuable under the plan to 538,830 and to extend the term. The plan will expire ten years from its date of adoption (as amended and restated) unless terminated earlier by our board of directors. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we issued 67,225 restricted shares under the plan to our executive officers and non-executive directors. On January 1, 2021, we granted to our Chief Financial Officer stock options to purchase 120,000 of our common shares as share-based remuneration which can be exercised only when our stock price increases. The stock options are exercisable at a price range between $10.00 and $30.00 per share, for a term of five years.
 
The 2015 Equity Incentive Plan is administered by our compensation committee, or such other committee of our board of directors as may be designated by the board to administer the plan.
 
Under the terms of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, stock options and stock appreciation rights granted under the plan will have an exercise price per common share equal to the market value of a common share on the date of grant, unless otherwise specifically provided in an award agreement, but in no event will the exercise price be less than the greater of (i) the market value of a common share on the date of grant and (ii) the par value of one share of common stock. Options and stock appreciation rights will be exercisable at times and under conditions as determined by the plan administrator, but in no event will they be exercisable later than ten years from the date of grant.
 
The plan administrator may grant shares of restricted stock and awards of restricted stock units subject to vesting and forfeiture provisions and other terms and conditions as determined by the plan administrator in accordance with the terms of the plan. Following the vesting of a restricted stock unit, the award recipient will be paid an amount equal to the number of restricted stock units that then vest multiplied by the market value of a common share on the date of vesting, which payment may be paid in the form of cash or common shares or a combination of both, as determined by the plan administrator. The plan administrator may grant dividend equivalents with respect to grants of restricted stock units.
 
Adjustments may be made to outstanding awards in the event of a corporate transaction or change in capitalization or other extraordinary event. In the event of a “change in control” (as defined in the plan), unless otherwise provided by the plan administrator in an award agreement, awards then outstanding will become fully vested and exercisable in full.
 
Our board of directors may amend the plan and may amend outstanding awards issued pursuant to the plan, provided that no such amendment may be made that would materially impair any rights, or materially increase any obligations, of a grantee under an outstanding award without the consent of such grantee. Shareholder approval of plan amendments will be required under certain circumstances. The plan administrator may cancel any award and amend any outstanding award agreement, except no such amendment shall be made without shareholder approval if such approval is necessary to comply with any tax or regulatory requirement applicable to the outstanding award.
 
 
C.
Board Practices
 
Actions by our Board of Directors
 
Our amended and restated bylaws provide that vessel acquisitions and disposals from or to a related party and long term time charter employment with any charterer that is a related party will require the unanimous approval of the independent members of our board of directors and that all other material related party transactions shall be subject to the approval of a majority of the independent members of the board of directors.
 
Committees of our Board of Directors
 
Our Audit Committee, comprised of two members of our board of directors, is responsible for reviewing our accounting controls, recommending to the board of directors the engagement of our independent auditors, and pre-approving audit and audit-related services and fees. Each member has been determined by our board of directors to be “independent” under Nasdaq rules and the rules and regulations of the SEC. As directed by its written charter, the Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing all related party transactions for potential conflicts of interest and all related party transactions are subject to the approval of the Audit Committee. Until February 2022, John Evangelou served as Chairman and Antonios Karavias served as member of our Audit Committee. Alex Papageorgiou serves as the Chairman of the Audit Committee as of the 2022 annual meeting of shareholders. We believe that Alex Papageorgiou qualifies as an Audit Committee financial expert as such term is defined under SEC rules. Mihalis Boutaris serves as a member of our Audit Committee.
 
Our Compensation Committee, comprised of two independent directors, is responsible for, among other things, recommending to the board of directors our senior executive officers’ compensation and benefits. Until February 2022, Christos Glavanis served as the Chairman of the Compensation Committee and Antonios Karavias served as a member of our Compensation Committee. As of the 2022 annual meeting of shareholders, Loïsa Ranunkel serves as the Chairman of the Compensation Committee and Mihalis Boutaris serves as a member of our Compensation Committee.
 
Our Executive Committee is responsible for the overall management of our business. Since November 19, 2020, our Executive Committee is comprised of Aliki Paliou, our Director and Chairperson of our Board, and Andreas Michalopoulos, our Chief Executive Officer.
 
We also maintain directors’ and officers’ insurance, pursuant to which we provide insurance coverage against certain liabilities to which our directors and officers may be subject, including liability incurred under U.S. securities law.
 
62
 
D.
Employees
 
We crew our vessels with Filipino officers and crew members, who are referred to us by independent crewing agencies. The crewing agencies handle each seafarer’s training and payroll. We ensure that all our seafarers have the qualifications and licenses required to comply with international regulations and shipping conventions. We typically crew our vessels with more crew members than are required by the country of the vessel’s flag in order to allow for the performance of routine maintenance duties.
 
The following table presents the number of shoreside personnel employed by our in-house manager and the number of seafaring personnel employed by our vessel-owning subsidiaries as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:
 
 
  
As of December 31, 2021
  
As of December 31, 2020
  
As of December 31, 2019
Shoreside
  
25
  
23
  
28
Seafaring
  
127
  
128
  
84
Total
  
152
  
151
  
112

 
E.
Share Ownership
 
With respect to the total amount of common stock owned by our officers and directors individually and as a group, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions – A. Major Shareholders.”
 
Item 7.
Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions
 
 
A.
Major Shareholders
 
The following table sets forth current information regarding ownership of our common stock of which we are aware as of March 10, 2022, for (i) beneficial owners of five percent or more of our common shares; and (ii) our officers and directors, individually and as a group. All of our shareholders, including the shareholders listed in this table, are entitled to one vote for each common share held.
 
Name
  
Number of
Common Shares
    
Percentage
Owned (1)
  
Anamar Investments Inc.(2)
    
254,558
      
10.4
%
All officers and directors as a group(3)
    
10,504
      
0.43
%

(1) Percentages based on 2,438,477 common shares outstanding as of  March, 10, 2022.
(2) This information is derived from a Schedule 13G filed with the Commission on July 2, 2020.
(3) Aliki Paliou may be deemed to beneficially own 4,201 common shares through Mango Shipping Corp.  Andreas Michalopoulos may be deemed to beneficially own 6,303 common shares through Mitzela Corp. Anthony Argyropoulos, our Chief Financial Officer, holds stock options to purchase up to 120,000 of our common shares, which, if fully exercised, would represent 4.7% of our outstanding common shares (assuming 2,438,477 of our common shares are outstanding), which stock options we granted to Anthony Argyropoulos as stock-based remuneration. The stock options are exercisable at a price range between $10.00 and $30.00 per share, for a term of five years. Anthony Argyropoulos does not hold any of our common shares. All other officers and directors each own 0% of our outstanding common stock.

Aliki Paliou, the Chairperson of our Board of Directors, owns and controls Mango Shipping Corp. (“Mango Shipping”). As a result, Aliki Paliou may be deemed to beneficially own shares held by Mango Shipping. Mango Shipping acquired 2,352,047 common shares from Taracan Investments S.A. (“Taracan”), a Marshall Islands corporation ultimately beneficially owned by Symeon Palios, our Chairman of the Board until the 2022 annual shareholders meeting and former Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to a Contribution Agreement dated September 29, 2020, by and between Taracan and Mango Shipping. In exchange, Mango Shipping issued 999 shares of its own common stock to Taracan. Taracan thereafter distributed as dividend in kind such 999 shares of Mango Shipping (through an intermediary holding company) to its ultimate beneficial owner, Symeon Palios. Subsequently, also on September 29, 2020, Symeon Palios transferred in a private transaction all of his interest in Mango Shipping to Aliki Paliou.
 
We conducted an exchange offer, pursuant to which we offered to exchange issued and outstanding Common Shares for newly issued shares of our Series B Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, which closed on January 27, 2022. Pursuant to the Exchange Offer, Mango Shipping exchanged 2,347,846 Common Shares, representing the majority of the Common Shares beneficially owned by Mango Shipping at that time,  for Series B Preferred Shares at an exchange ratio of 0.28 Series B Preferred Shares per Common Share. The Series B Preferred Shares have no voting rights, subject to certain limited exceptions, and can be converted to Series C Preferred Shares. Mango Shipping has indicated to us that it intends to exercise its right pursuant to the terms of the Series B Preferred Shares to acquire Series C Preferred Shares (as defined in the Amended and Restated Statement of Designations for the Series B Preferred Shares).
 
As of March 10, 2022, we had 9 shareholders of record, 2 of which were located in the United States and held an aggregate of 2,409,058 of our common shares, representing 98.79% of our outstanding common shares. However, one of the U.S. shareholders of record is CEDE & CO., a nominee of The Depository Trust Company, which held 2,409,055 of our common shares as of March 10, 2022. Accordingly, we believe that the shares held by CEDE & CO. include common shares beneficially owned by both holders in the United States and non-U.S. beneficial owners. We are not aware of any arrangements the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in our change of control.
 
63
B.
Related Party Transactions
 
Pure Brokerage and Shipping Corp.
 
Pure Brokerage and Shipping Corp., or Pure, a company controlled by Aliki Paliou, our Chairperson of the Board of Directors, provides us with brokerage services since June 15, 2020, pursuant to a Brokerage Services Agreement for a fixed monthly fee for each of our owned tanker vessels. Pure may also, from time to time, receive chartering commissions on the gross freight and hire revenue of our tanker vessels, depending on the respective charter parties’ terms, and may also receive sale and purchase brokerage commissions. For 2021, commissions and brokerage fees paid to Pure Brokerage amounted to $0.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively.
 
Diana Shipping Inc.
 
On November 18, 2021, we sold to a subsidiary of Diana Shipping Inc. our co-owned indivisible share in a plot of land, located in Athens, Greece, for a purchase price of Euro 1.1 million (or $1.2 million). In connection with this sale, we recorded a gain, net of $0.2 million taxes and expenses, of $0.1 million, which is presented as Gain from property sale in our consolidated statement of operations.
 
Mango Shipping Corp.
 
On March 2, 2022, we entered into an unsecured credit facility with Mango Shipping Corp., an affiliated entity whose beneficial owner is Aliki Paliou, for up to $5.0 million, to be used for general working capital purposes. The facility, which is repayable in one year from the date of the agreement, will be utilized in advances at our request and will bear interest of 9.0% per annum and commitment fees of 3.0% per annum on any undrawn amount. Arrangement fees of $0.2 million are payable on the date of the agreement. As of the date of this annual report, $3.2 million have been drawn under the credit facility.
 
 
C.
Interests of Experts and Counsel
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 8.
Financial information
 
 
A.
Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
 
See “Item 18. Financial Statements.”
 
Legal Proceedings
 
Between October 23, 2017, and December 15, 2017, three largely similar lawsuits were filed against the Company and three of its executive officers.  On October 23, 2017, a complaint captioned Jimmie O. Robinson v. Diana Containerships Inc., Case No. 2:17-cv-6160, was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (“Eastern District”).  The complaint was brought as a purported class action lawsuit on behalf of a putative class consisting of purchasers of common shares of the Company between January 26, 2017 and October 3, 2017.  On October 25, 2017, a complaint captioned Logan Little v. Diana Containerships Inc., Case No. 2:17-cv-6236, was filed in the Eastern District.  The complaint was brought as a purported class action lawsuit on behalf of a putative class consisting of purchasers of common shares of the Company between January 26, 2017, and October 3, 2017.  On December 15, 2017, a complaint captioned Emmanuel S. Austin v. Diana Containerships Inc., Case No. 2:17-cv-7329, was filed in the Eastern District.  The complaint was brought as a purported class action lawsuit on behalf of a putative class consisting of purchasers of common shares of the Company between June 9, 2016, and October 3, 2017.  The complaints named as defendants, among others, the Company and three of its executive officers.  The complaints asserted claims under Sections 9, 10(b) and/or 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.  On April 30, 2018, the Court consolidated the three lawsuits into the first-filed Robinson lawsuit, appointed lead plaintiffs and approved lead plaintiffs’ selection of lead plaintiffs’ counsel.  On July 13, 2018, lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint (superseding the three initial complaints).  On September 21, 2018, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuit.  Briefing on that motion was concluded on November 30, 2018.  On May 28, 2020, prior to any ruling on that motion, lead plaintiffs filed a superseding second amended complaint. On July 22, 2020, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the second amended complaint. Briefing on that motion concluded on October 9, 2020.  On October 1, 2021, prior to any ruling on that motion, lead plaintiffs filed a superseding third amended complaint.  On October 15, 2021, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the third amended complaint.  Briefing on that motion concluded on November 5, 2021. The Court has not issued a ruling on that motion as of the date of this annual report. The Company believes that the lawsuit is without merit and will vigorously defend against the lawsuit.

Except as set forth above, we have not been involved in any legal proceedings which may have, or have had a significant effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity, nor are we aware of any proceedings that are pending or threatened which may have a significant effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business, principally personal injury and property casualty claims. We expect that these claims would be covered by insurance, subject to customary deductibles. Those claims, even if lacking merit, could result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources.

64
Dividend Policy
 
Our Board of Directors has adopted a variable quarterly dividend policy, pursuant to which we may declare and pay a variable quarterly cash dividend to our shareholders. While we have declared and paid cash dividends on our common shares in the past, there can be no assurance that our board of directors will declare dividend payments on common shares in the future. If declared, the quarterly dividend is expected to be paid each February, May, August and November and will be equal to available cash from operations during the previous quarter after cash payments for debt repayment, interest expense and dividends to holders of our Series B Preferred Shares and reserves for the replacement of our vessels, scheduled drydockings, intermediate and special surveys, and other purposes as our Board of Directors may from time to time determine are required, after taking into account contingent liabilities, the terms of any credit facility, our growth strategy and other cash needs as well as the requirements of Marshall Islands law. In addition, any credit facilities that we may enter into in the future may include restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.

We expect to pay dividends only if during the preceding quarter Quarterly Cash Flow is positive and Quarter-End Excess Cash is also positive. As a general guideline, the amount of any such dividends is expected to be based on a pay-out ratio of the lower of i) Quarterly Cash Flow; and ii) Quarter-End Excess Cash. So long as our end of quarter outstanding debt exceeds our equity market capitalization our pay-out ratio is expected to be 50%. We will consider increasing the pay-out ratio gradually up to a maximum level of 90% that we may achieve when our end of quarter outstanding debt is less than 10% of our equity market capitalization. Quarter-End Excess Cash is defined as actual end of quarter Cash and Cash Equivalents over our Minimum Cash Threshold. Minimum Cash Threshold is defined as the sum of minimum liquidity pursuant to our loan agreements and $1.5 million per vessel. Quarterly Cash Flow is equal to voyage and time charter revenues less voyage expenses, less vessel operating expenses, less general and administrative expenses, less the greater of i) net interest expense and repayment of long-term bank debt or ii) fleet replacement reserves, and less maintenance reserves for our fleet, and less cash dividends to holders of our Series B Preferred Shares, if any.

The declaration and payment of dividends, even during times when we have sufficient funds and are not restricted from declaring and paying dividends by our lenders or any other party, will always be subject to the discretion of our board of directors. Our board of directors may review and amend our dividend policy from time to time, taking into consideration our plans for future growth and other factors. The actual timing and amount of dividend payments on common shares, if any, will be determined by our board of directors and will be affected by various factors, including our cash earnings, financial condition and cash requirements, dividend obligations to holders of our Series B Preferred Shares, the loss of a vessel, the acquisition of one or more vessels, required capital expenditures, reserves established by our board of directors, increased or unanticipated expenses, a change in our dividend policy, additional borrowings or future issuances of securities, many of which will be beyond our control.
 
We are a holding company, and we depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us to satisfy our financial obligations and to make dividend payments. In addition, our existing or future credit facilities may include restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.
 
The shipping sector is highly cyclical and volatile. We cannot predict with accuracy the amount of cash flows our operations will generate in any given period. Our quarterly dividends, if any, will vary significantly from quarter to quarter as a result of variations in our operating performance, cash flow, and other contingencies, and we cannot assure you that we will generate available cash for distribution in any quarter, and so we may not declare and pay any dividends in certain quarters, or at all. Our ability to resume payment of dividends will be subject to the limitations set forth above and in the section of this annual report entitled “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors.”
 
In times when we have debt outstanding, we intend to limit our dividends per share, if dividend payment is reinstated, to the amount that we would have been able to pay if we were financed entirely with equity. In addition, any credit facilities that we may enter into in the future may include restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.
 
 
B.
Significant Changes
 
There have been no significant changes since the date of the annual consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, other than those described in “Note 15—Subsequent Events” of our annual consolidated financial statements.
 
Item 9.
The Offer and Listing
 
 
A.
Offer and Listing Details
 
Our common shares have traded on the Nasdaq Global Market since January 19, 2011, on the Nasdaq Global Select Market since January 2, 2013, and on the Nasdaq Capital Market since March 6, 2020. Our ticker symbol was “DCIX” through March 30, 2020, at which date it changed to “PSHG.”
 
 
B.
Plan of Distribution
 
Not Applicable.
 
65
 
C.
Markets
 
Our common shares have traded on the Nasdaq Global Market since January 19, 2011, on the Nasdaq Global Select Market since January 2, 2013, and on the Nasdaq Capital Market since March 6, 2020. Our ticker symbol was “DCIX” through March 30, 2020, at which date it changed to “PSHG.”
 
 
D.
Selling Shareholders
 
Not Applicable.
 
 
E.
Dilution
 
Not Applicable.
 
 
F.
Expenses of the Issue
 
Not Applicable.
 
Item 10.
Additional Information
 
 
A.
Share capital
 
Not Applicable.
 
 
B.
Memorandum and Articles of Association
 
Our amended and restated articles of incorporation and bylaws were filed as exhibits 3.1 and 3.2, respectively, to our registration statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-169974) filed with the SEC on October 15, 2010. The information contained in these exhibits is incorporated by reference herein.
 
Our amended and restated articles of incorporation were amended on (i) June 8, 2016, in connection with our one-for-eight reverse stock split, (ii) July 3, 2017, in connection with our one-for-seven reverse stock split, (iii) July 25, 2017, in connection with our one-for-six reverse stock split, (iv) August 23, 2017, in connection with our one-for-seven reverse stock split, (v) September 22, 2017, in connection with our one-for-three reverse stock split, (vi) November 1, 2017, in connection with our one-for-seven reverse stock split and (vii) October 30, 2020, in connection with our one-for-ten reverse stock split. Copies of these articles of amendment to the amended and restated articles of incorporation of the Company were filed as exhibit 3.1 to our reports on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on June 9, 2016, July 6, 2017, July 28, 2017, August 28, 2017, September 26, 2017, November 3, 2017, and November 2, 2020, respectively. The information contained in these exhibits is incorporated by reference herein. Additionally, (i) on March 21, 2017, we filed a Statement of Designations, Preferences and Rights of our Series B-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, (ii) on March 21, 2017, we filed a Statement of Designations, Preferences and Rights of our Series B-2 Convertible Preferred Stock, (iii) on May 30, 2017, we filed a Statement of Designations of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of our Series C Preferred Stock and (iv) on January 12, 2022, we filed an Amended and Restated Certificate of Designations of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of our Series B Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock.  Our amended and restated articles of incorporation were further amended on February 25, 2019, in connection with our name change from Diana Containerships Inc. to Performance Shipping Inc. A copy of these articles of amendment to the amended and restated articles of incorporation is filed as an exhibit to this annual report and the information contained in such exhibit is incorporated by reference herein.
 
A description of the material terms of our amended and restated articles of incorporation and bylaws is included in “Description of Securities,” attached hereto as Exhibit 2.7 and incorporated by reference herein.
 
Description of Common Stock
 
Each outstanding common share entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred shares, holders of common shares are entitled to receive ratably all dividends, if any, declared by our board of directors out of funds legally available for dividends. Upon our dissolution or liquidation or the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, after payment in full of all amounts required to be paid to creditors and to the holders of our preferred shares having liquidation preferences, if any, the holders of our common shares will be entitled to receive pro rata our remaining assets available for distribution. Holders of our common shares do not have conversion, redemption or preemptive rights to subscribe to any of our securities. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of common shares are subject to the rights of the holders of our preferred shares, including our existing classes of preferred shares and any preferred shares we may issue in the future.
 
Description of Preferred Stock
 
Our amended and restated articles of incorporation authorize our board of directors to establish one or more series of preferred shares and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series, including the designation of the series; the number of shares of the series; the preferences and relative, participating, option or other special rights, if any, and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such series; and the voting rights, if any, of the holders of the series.
 
66
Stockholders’ Rights Agreement
 
On December 20, 2021, we entered into a Stockholders’ Rights Agreement, or the Rights Agreement, with Computershare Inc. as Rights Agent. Pursuant to the Rights Agreement, each share of our common stock includes one right, or a Right, that entitles the holder to purchase from us one one-thousandth of a share of our Series A Participating Preferred Stock at an exercise price of $50.00 per one one-thousandth of a Series A Preferred Stock, subject to specified adjustments. The Rights will separate from the common stock and become exercisable only if a person or group acquires beneficial ownership of 10% or more of our common stock in a transaction not approved by our board of directors. In that situation, each holder of a Right (other than the acquiring person, whose Rights will become void and will not be exercisable) will have the right to purchase, in lieu of one one-thousandth of a share of Series A Preferred Stock, upon payment of the exercise price, a number of shares of our common stock having a then-current market value equal to twice the exercise price. In addition, if we are acquired in a merger or other business combination after an acquiring person acquires 10% or more of our common stock, each holder of the Right will thereafter have the right to purchase, in lieu of one one-thousandth of a share of Series A Preferred Stock, upon payment of the exercise price, a number of shares of common stock of the acquiring person having a then-current market value equal to twice the exercise price. The acquiring person will not be entitled to exercise these Rights. Under the Rights Agreement’s terms, it will expire on December 20, 2031. 
 
A copy of the Rights Agreement is filed as Exhibit 4.1 to our report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on December 21, 2021.
 
 
C.
Material Contracts
 
The contracts included as exhibits to this annual report are the contracts we consider to be both material and not entered into in the ordinary course of business, which (i) are to be performed in whole or in part on or after the filing date of this annual report or (ii) were entered into not more than two years before the filing date of this annual report. Other than these agreements, we have no material contracts, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, to which we or any member of the group is a party. We refer you to Item 5.B for a discussion of our loan facilities, Item 4.B and Item 7.B for a discussion of our agreements with our related parties and Item 6.B for a discussion of our 2015 Equity Incentive Plan.
 
 
D.
Exchange Controls
 
Under Republic of the Marshall Islands law, there are currently no restrictions on the export or import of capital, including foreign exchange controls or restrictions that affect the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to non-resident holders of our securities.
 
 
E.
Taxation
 
The following is a discussion of the material Marshall Islands and U.S. federal income tax considerations of the ownership and disposition by a U.S. Holder and a Non-U.S. Holder, each as defined below, of our common stock. This discussion does not purport to deal with the tax consequences of owning common stock to all categories of investors, who may be subject to special rules such as dealers in securities or commodities, financial institutions, insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations, U.S. expatriates, persons liable for the alternative minimum tax, persons who hold common stock as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion transaction or integrated investment, U.S. Holders whose functional currency is not the United States dollar, persons required to recognize income for U.S. federal income tax purposes no later than when such income is reported on an “applicable financial statement”, persons subject to the “base erosion and anti-avoidance” tax and investors that own, actually or under applicable constructive ownership rules, 10% or more of the Company’s common stock. This discussion deals only with holders who hold the common stock as a capital asset. You are encouraged to consult your own tax advisors concerning the overall tax consequences arising in your own particular situation under U.S. federal, state, local or foreign law of the ownership of our common stock.
 
Marshall Islands Tax Considerations
 
In the opinion of Watson Farley & Williams LLP, the following are the material Marshall Islands tax consequences of the Company’s activities to the Company and of the ownership of the Company’s common stock to its shareholders who are not residents of or domiciled or carrying on any commercial activity in the Marshall Islands. Under current Marshall Islands law, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gains, no Marshall Islands withholding tax will be imposed upon payments of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, and shareholders will not be subject to tax on the sale or other disposition of the Company’s common stock.
 
United States Federal Income Tax Considerations
 
The following discussion of U.S. federal income tax matters is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, judicial decisions, administrative pronouncements, and existing and proposed regulations issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect.
 
Taxation of Operating Income: In General
 
The following discussion addresses the U.S. federal income taxation of our operating income from the international operation of vessels.
 
Unless exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under the rules discussed below, a foreign corporation is subject to U.S. federal income taxation in respect of any income that is derived from the use of vessels, from the hiring or leasing of vessels for use on a time, voyage or bareboat charter basis, from the participation in a pool, partnership, strategic alliance, joint operating agreement, code sharing arrangements or other joint venture it directly or indirectly owns or participates in that generates such income, or from the performance of services directly related to those uses, which we refer to as “shipping income,” to the extent that the shipping income is derived from sources within the United States. For these purposes, 50% of shipping income that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States constitutes income from sources within the United States, which we refer to as “U.S.-source shipping income.”
 
67
Shipping income attributable to transportation that both begins and ends in the United States is considered to be 100% from sources within the United States. We are not permitted by law to engage in transportation that produces income which is considered to be 100% from sources within the United States. Shipping income attributable to transportation exclusively between non-U.S. ports will be considered to be 100% derived from sources outside the United States. Shipping income derived from sources outside the United States will not be subject to any U.S. federal income tax.
 
Exemption of Operating Income from U.S. Federal Income Taxation
 
Under Section 883 of the Code, or Section 883, we will be exempt from U.S. federal income taxation on our U.S.-source shipping income if:
 

 •
we are organized in a foreign country that grants an “equivalent exemption” to corporations organized in the United States, or U.S. corporations; and
 
either:
 

 •
more than 50% of the value of our common stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by qualified shareholders, which we refer to as the “50% Ownership Test,” or
 

 •
our common stock is “primarily and regularly traded on an established securities market” in a country that grants an “equivalent exemption” to U.S. corporations or in the United States, which we refer to as the “Publicly-Traded Test.”
 
The Marshall Islands, the jurisdiction where we are incorporated, grants an “equivalent exemption” to U.S. corporations. We anticipate that any of our shipowning subsidiaries will be incorporated in a jurisdiction that provides an “equivalent exemption” to U.S. corporations. Therefore, we will be exempt from U.S. federal income taxation with respect to our U.S.-source shipping income if either the 50% Ownership Test or the Publicly-Traded Test is met.
 
We do not currently anticipate a circumstance under which we would be able to satisfy the 50% Ownership Test. Our ability to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test is discussed below.
 
Publicly-Traded Test
 
In order to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test, our common stock must be primarily and regularly traded on one or more established securities markets. The regulations under Section 883 provide, in pertinent part, that shares of a foreign corporation will be considered to be “primarily traded” on an established securities market in a country if the number of shares of each class of shares that are traded during any taxable year on all established securities markets in that country exceeds the number of shares in each such class that are traded during that year on established securities markets in any other single country. Our common shares are “primarily traded” on the Nasdaq Capital Market, which is an established securities market.
 
Under the regulations, stock of a foreign corporation will be considered to be “regularly traded” on an established securities market if one or more classes of stock representing more than 50% of the outstanding stock, by both total combined voting power of all classes of shares entitled to vote and total value, are listed on such market, to which we refer as the “listing threshold.” Since our common shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we expect to satisfy the listing threshold.
 
It is further required that with respect to each class of stock relied upon to meet the listing threshold, (i) such class of shares is traded on the market, other than in minimal quantities, on at least 60 days during the taxable year or one-sixth of the days in a short taxable year, which we refer to as the trading frequency test; and (ii) the aggregate number of stock of such class of shares traded on such market during the taxable year is at least 10% of the average number of shares of such class of stock outstanding during such year or as appropriately adjusted in the case of a short taxable year, which we refer to as the trading volume test. Even if these tests are not satisfied, the regulations provide that such trading frequency and trading volume tests will be deemed satisfied if, as is expected to be the case with our common shares, such class of stock is traded on an established securities market in the United States and such shares are regularly quoted by dealers making a market in such shares.
 
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the regulations provide, in pertinent part, that a class of shares will not be considered to be “regularly traded” on an established securities market for any taxable year in which 50% or more of the vote and value of the outstanding shares of such class are owned, actually or constructively under specified share attribution rules, on more than half the days during the taxable year by persons who each own 5% or more of the vote and value of such class of stock, to which we refer as the “Five Percent Override Rule.”
 
For purposes of being able to determine the persons who actually or constructively own 5% or more of the vote and value of our common stock, or “5% Shareholders,” the regulations permit us to rely on those persons that are identified on Schedule 13G and Schedule 13D filings with the SEC, as owning 5% or more of our common stock. The regulations further provide that an investment company which is registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, will not be treated as a 5% Shareholder for such purposes.
 
In the event the Five Percent Override Rule is triggered, the regulations provide that the Five Percent Override Rule will nevertheless not apply if we can establish that within the group of 5% Shareholders, there are sufficient qualified shareholders for purposes of Section 883 to preclude non-qualified shareholders in such group from owning 50% or more of our common stock for more than half the number of days during the taxable year.
 
68
Based on the foregoing, the Company believes that it satisfied the Publicly Traded Test, and therefore believes that it was exempt from U.S. federal income tax under Section 883 of the Code, during the 2021 taxable year, and intends to take this position on its 2021 U.S. federal income tax returns.  However, there can be no assurance that the Company will continue to satisfy the requirements of the section 883 exemption in future taxable years.

Taxation in Absence of Exemption
 
To the extent the benefits of Section 883 are unavailable, our U.S.-source shipping income, to the extent not considered to be “effectively connected” with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business, as described below, would be subject to a 4% tax imposed by Section 887 of the Code on a gross basis, without the benefit of deductions, which we refer to as the 4% gross basis tax regime. Since under the sourcing rules described above, no more than 50% of our shipping income would be treated as being derived from U.S. sources, the maximum effective rate of U.S. federal income tax on our shipping income would never exceed 2% under the 4% gross basis tax regime.
 
To the extent our U.S.-source shipping income is considered to be “effectively connected” with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business, as described below, any such “effectively connected” U.S.-source shipping income, net of applicable deductions, would be subject to the U.S. federal corporate income tax currently imposed at a rate of 21%. In addition, we may be subject to an additional 30% “branch profits” tax on earnings effectively connected with the conduct of such trade or business, as determined after allowance for certain adjustments, and on certain interest paid or deemed paid attributable to the conduct of such U.S. trade or business.
 
Our U.S.-source shipping income would be considered “effectively connected” with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business only if:
 

 •
we have, or are considered to have, a fixed place of business in the United States involved in the earning of shipping income; and
 

 •
substantially all of our U.S.-source shipping income is attributable to regularly scheduled transportation, such as the operation of a vessel that follows a published schedule with repeated sailings at regular intervals between the same points for voyages that begin or end in the United States (or, in the case of income from the bareboat chartering of a vessel, is attributable to a fixed place of business in the United States).
 
We do not anticipate that we will have any vessel operating to or from the United States on a regularly scheduled basis. Based on the foregoing and on the expected mode of our shipping operations and other activities, we do not anticipate that any of our U.S.-source shipping income will be “effectively connected” with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business.
 
United States Federal Income Taxation of Gain on Sale of Vessels
 
Regardless of whether we qualify for exemption under Section 883 of the Code, we will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation with respect to gain realized on a sale of a vessel, provided the sale is considered to occur outside of the United States under U.S. federal income tax principles. In general, a sale of a vessel will be considered to occur outside of the United States for this purpose if title to the vessel, and risk of loss with respect to the vessel, pass to the buyer outside of the United States. It is expected that any sale of a vessel by us will be considered to occur outside of the United States.
 
United States Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders
 
In the opinion of Watson Farley & Williams LLP, the Company’s U.S. counsel, the following are the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders, as defined below, of the ownership and disposition of our common stock.
 
As used herein, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of common stock that is an individual U.S. citizen or resident, a U.S. corporation or other U.S. entity taxable as a corporation, an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source, or a trust if a court within the United States is able to exercise primary jurisdiction over the administration of the trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust.
 
If a partnership holds the common stock, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and upon the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner in a partnership holding the common stock, you are encouraged to consult your tax advisor.
 
69
Distributions
 
Subject to the discussion of the passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, rules below, distributions made by us with respect to our common stock, other than certain pro-rata distributions of our common stock, to a U.S. Holder will generally constitute dividends, which may be taxable as ordinary income or “qualified dividend income” as described in more detail below, to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will be treated first as a nontaxable return of capital to the extent of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such U.S. Holder’s common stock on a dollar-for-dollar basis and thereafter as a capital gain. Because we are not a United States corporation, U.S. Holders that are corporations will not be entitled to claim a dividends-received deduction with respect to any distributions they receive from us. Dividends paid with respect to our common stock will generally be treated as income from sources outside the United States and will generally constitute “passive category income” or, in the case of certain types of U.S. Holders, “general category income” for purposes of computing allowable foreign tax credits for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.
 
Dividends paid on our common stock to a U.S. Holder who is an individual, trust or estate, which we refer to as a U.S. Individual Holder, will generally be treated as “qualified dividend income” that is taxable to such U.S. Individual Holders at preferential tax rates, provided that (1) the common stock is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States such as the Nasdaq Capital Market, on which our common stock is traded; (2) we are not a PFIC for the taxable year during which the dividend is paid or the immediately preceding taxable year, as discussed below; (3) the U.S. Individual Holder has held the common stock for more than 60 days in the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the date on which the common stock becomes ex-dividend; and (4) the U.S. Individual Holder is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property.
 
There is no assurance that any dividends paid on our common stock will be eligible for these preferential rates in the hands of a U.S. Individual Holder. Any distributions out of earnings and profits we pay which are not eligible for these preferential rates will be taxed as ordinary income to a U.S. Individual Holder.
 
Special rules may apply to any “extraordinary dividend,” generally, a dividend paid by us in an amount which is equal to or in excess of ten percent of a U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis, or fair market value in certain circumstances, in a share of our common stock. If we pay an “extraordinary dividend” on our common stock that is treated as “qualified dividend income,” then any loss derived by a U.S. Individual Holder from the sale or exchange of such common stock will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of such dividend.
 
Sale, Exchange or other Disposition of Common Stock
 
Subject to the discussion of the PFIC rules below, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize taxable gain or loss upon a sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized by the U.S. Holder from such sale, exchange or other disposition and the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such stock. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the common stock generally will equal the U.S. Holder’s acquisition cost less any prior return of capital. Such gain or loss will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period is greater than one year at the time of the sale, exchange or other disposition and will generally be treated as U.S.-source income or loss, as applicable, for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. A U.S. Holder’s ability to deduct capital losses is subject to certain limitations.
 
PFIC Status and Significant Tax Consequences
 
Special U.S. federal income tax rules apply to a U.S. Holder that holds stock in a foreign corporation classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In general, we will be treated as a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder if, for any taxable year in which such U.S. Holder held our common stock, either:
 

 •
at least 75% of our gross income for such taxable year consists of passive income (e.g., dividends, interest, capital gains and rents derived other than in the active conduct of a rental business), which we refer to as the income test; or
 

 •
at least 50% of the average value of our assets during such taxable year produce, or are held for the production of, passive income, which we refer to as the asset test.
 
For purposes of determining whether we are a PFIC, cash will be treated as an asset which is held for the production of passive income. In addition, we will be treated as earning and owning our proportionate share of the income and assets, respectively, of any of our subsidiary companies in which we own at least 25% of the value of the subsidiary’s stock or other equity interest. Income earned, or deemed earned, by us in connection with the performance of services would not constitute passive income. By contrast, rental income would generally constitute “passive income” unless we were treated under specific rules as deriving our rental income in the active conduct of a trade or business.
 
Our status as a PFIC will depend upon the operations of our vessels. Therefore, we can give no assurances as to whether we will be a PFIC with respect to any taxable year. In making the determination as to whether we are a PFIC, we intend to treat the gross income we derive or are deemed to derive from the time chartering and voyage chartering activities of us or any of our wholly-owned subsidiaries as services income, rather than rental income. There is substantial legal authority supporting this position consisting of case law and IRS pronouncements concerning the characterization of income derived from time charters and voyage charters as services income for other tax purposes. However, there is also authority which characterizes time charter income as rental income rather than services income for other tax purposes. In the absence of any legal authority specifically relating to the statutory provisions governing PFICs, the IRS or a court could disagree with our position. On the other hand, any income we derive from bareboat chartering activities will be treated as passive income for purposes of the income test. Likewise, any assets utilized in bareboat chartering activities will be treated as generating passive income for purposes of the asset test.
 
70
On the basis of the foregoing, we do not believe that we were a PFIC in 2021, and do not anticipate becoming a PFIC in 2022 or the near future.
 
As discussed more fully below, if we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder would be subject to different taxation rules depending on whether the U.S. Holder makes an election to treat us as a “Qualified Electing Fund,” which election we refer to as a “QEF election,” or a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our common stock. In addition, if we are a PFIC, a U.S. Holder will be required to file IRS Form 8621 with the IRS.
 
Taxation of U.S. Holders Making a Timely QEF Election.
 
If a U.S. Holder makes a timely QEF election, which U.S. Holder we refer to as an “Electing Holder,” the Electing Holder must report each year for U.S. federal income tax purposes such holder’s pro-rata share of our ordinary earnings and our net capital gain, if any, for our taxable year that ends with or within the taxable year of the Electing Holder, regardless of whether or not distributions were received from us by the Electing Holder. The Electing Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common stock will be increased to reflect taxed but undistributed earnings and profits. Distributions of earnings and profits that had been previously taxed will result in a corresponding reduction in the adjusted tax basis in the common stock and will not be taxed again once distributed. An Electing Holder would generally recognize capital gain or loss on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock. A U.S. Holder would make a QEF election with respect to any year that we are a PFIC by filing IRS Form 8621 with such holder’s U.S. federal income tax return. After the end of each taxable year, we will determine whether we were a PFIC for such taxable year. If we determine or otherwise become aware that we are a PFIC for any taxable year, we expect to provide each U.S. Holder with all necessary information, including a PFIC Annual Information Statement, in order to allow such holder to make a QEF election for such taxable year.
 
Taxation of U.S. Holders Making a “Mark-to-Market” Election.
 
Alternatively, if we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year and, as we anticipate will continue to be the case, our shares are treated as “marketable stock,” a U.S. Holder would be allowed to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our common stock, provided the U.S. Holder completes and files IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the relevant instructions and related Treasury regulations. If that election is made, the U.S. Holder generally would include as ordinary income in each taxable year the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the common stock at the end of the taxable year over such holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common stock. The U.S. Holder would also be permitted an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common stock over its fair market value at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such holder’s common stock would be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amount. Gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock would be treated as ordinary income, and any loss realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the common stock would be treated as ordinary loss to the extent that such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included by the U.S. Holder.
 
Taxation of U.S. Holders Not Making a Timely QEF or Mark-to-Market Election.
 
Finally, if we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder who has not timely made a QEF or mark-to-market election for the first taxable year in which such holder holds our common stock and during which we are treated as PFIC, whom we refer to as a “Non-Electing Holder,” would be subject to special rules with respect to (1) any excess distribution (i.e., the portion of any distributions received by the Non-Electing Holder on our common stock in a taxable year in excess of 125% of the average annual distributions received by the Non-Electing Holder in the three preceding taxable years, or, if shorter, the Non-Electing Holder’s holding period for the common stock), and (2) any gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock. Under these special rules:
 

 •
the excess distribution or gain would be allocated ratably to each day over the Non-Electing Holder’s aggregate holding period for the common stock;
 

 •
the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year before we became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and
 

 •
the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed tax deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year.
 
These adverse tax consequences would not apply to a pension or profit sharing trust or other tax-exempt organization that did not borrow funds or otherwise utilize leverage in connection with its acquisition of our common stock. In addition, if a Non-Electing Holder who is an individual dies while owning our common stock, such holder’s successor generally would not receive a step-up in tax basis with respect to such common stock.
 
71
U.S. Federal Income Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders
 
A beneficial owner of our common stock, other than a partnership or entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, that is not a U.S. Holder is referred to herein as a Non-U.S. Holder.
 
Non-U.S. Holders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax on dividends received from us with respect to our common stock, unless that income is effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business in the United States. In general, if the Non-U.S. Holder is entitled to the benefits of certain U.S. income tax treaties with respect to those dividends, that income is taxable only if it is attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the Non-U.S. Holder in the United States.
 
Non-U.S. Holders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax on any gain realized upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common stock, unless:
 

 •
the gain is effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business in the United States. In general, if the Non-U.S. Holder is entitled to the benefits of certain income tax treaties with respect to that gain, that gain is taxable only if it is attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the Non-U.S. Holder in the United States; or
 

 •
the Non-U.S. Holder is an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year of disposition and other conditions are met.
 
If the Non-U.S. Holder is engaged in a U.S. trade or business for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the income from the common stock, including dividends and the gain from the sale, exchange or other disposition of the stock, that is effectively connected with the conduct of that trade or business will generally be subject to regular U.S. federal income tax in the same manner as discussed in the previous section relating to the taxation of U.S. Holders. In addition, a corporate Non-U.S. Holder’s earnings and profits that are attributable to the effectively connected income, subject to certain adjustments, may be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a rate of 30%, or at a lower rate as may be specified by an applicable U.S. income tax treaty.
 
Backup Withholding and Information Reporting
 
In general, dividend payments, or other taxable distributions, made within the United States to you will be subject to information reporting requirements. Such payments will also be subject to backup withholding tax if you are a non-corporate U.S. Holder and you:
 

 •
fail to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number;
 

 •
are notified by the IRS that you have failed to report all interest or dividends required to be shown on your U.S. federal income tax returns; or
 

 •
in certain circumstances, fail to comply with applicable certification requirements.
 
Non-U.S. Holders may be required to establish their exemption from information reporting and backup withholding by certifying their status on an applicable IRS Form W-8.
 
If you sell your common stock through a U.S. office of a broker, the payment of the proceeds is subject to both U.S. backup withholding and information reporting unless you certify that you are a non-U.S. person, under penalties of perjury, or you otherwise establish an exemption. If you sell your common stock through a non-U.S. office of a non-U.S. broker and the sales proceeds are paid to you outside the United States then information reporting and backup withholding generally will not apply to that payment. However, U.S. information reporting requirements, but not backup withholding, will apply to a payment of sales proceeds, even if that payment is made to you outside the United States, if you sell your common stock through a non-U.S. office of a broker that is a U.S. person or has certain other contacts with the United States, unless you certify that you are a non-U.S. person, under penalty of perjury, or you otherwise establish an exemption.
 
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, you generally may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules that exceed your U.S. federal income tax liability by timely filing a refund claim with the IRS.
 
U.S. Holders who are individuals (and to the extent specified in applicable Treasury Regulations, certain U.S. entities) who hold “specified foreign financial assets” (as defined in Section 6038D of the Code) are required to file IRS Form 8938 with information relating to the asset for each taxable year in which the aggregate value of all such assets exceeds $75,000 at any time during the taxable year or $50,000 on the last day of the taxable year (or such higher dollar amount as prescribed by applicable Treasury Regulations).  Specified foreign financial assets would include, among other assets, our common stock, unless the common stock is held through an account maintained with a U.S. financial institution. Substantial penalties apply to any failure to timely file IRS Form 8938, unless the failure is shown to be due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect. Additionally, in the event a U.S. Holder who is an individual (and to the extent specified in applicable Treasury regulations, a U.S. entity) that is required to file IRS Form 8938 does not file such form, the statute of limitations on the assessment and collection of U.S. federal income taxes of such holder for the related tax year may not close until three years after the date that the required information is filed.
 
 
F.
Dividends and paying agents
 
Not Applicable.
 
72
 
G.
Statement by experts
 
Not Applicable.
 
 
H.
Documents on display
 
We file reports and other information with the SEC. These materials, including this annual report and the accompanying exhibits, are available from the SEC’s website http://www.sec.gov.
 
 
I.
Subsidiary information
 
Not Applicable.
 
Item 11.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
 
Interest Rates
 
We are exposed to market risks associated with changes in interest rates relating to our loan facility, according to which we pay interest at LIBOR plus a margin; and as such, increases in interest rates could affect our results of operations. An average increase of 1% in 2021 interest rates would have resulted in interest expenses of $2.1 million, instead of $1.6 million, an increase of about 31%.
 
As of December 31, 2021, we had $50.2 million of debt outstanding. In the future, we expect to manage any exposure in interest rates through our regular operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. Global financial markets and economic conditions have been, and continue to be, volatile. Specifically, due to the COVID-19 outbreak, credit markets and the debt and equity capital markets have been distressed, and the uncertainty surrounding the future of the global credit markets has resulted in reduced access to credit worldwide, particularly for the shipping industry. These issues, along with significant write-offs in the financial services sector, the repricing of credit risk and the current weak economic conditions, have made, and will likely continue to make, it difficult to obtain additional financing.
 
As of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 and as of the date of this annual report, we did not and have not designated any financial instruments as accounting hedging instruments.
 
Currency and Exchange Rates
 
We generate all of our revenues in U.S. dollars, but currently incur more than a half of our general and administrative expenses (around 55% in 2021 and 45% in 2020) and have historically incurred a significant portion of our operating expenses (around 10% in 2021 and 8% in 2020) in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the Euro. For accounting purposes, expenses incurred in Euros are converted into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of each transaction. The amount and frequency of some of these expenses, such as vessel repairs, supplies and stores, may fluctuate from period to period. Since approximately 2002, the U.S. dollar has depreciated against the Euro. Depreciation in the value of the dollar relative to other currencies increases the dollar cost to us of paying such expenses. The portion of our expenses incurred in other currencies could increase in the future, which could expand our exposure to losses arising from currency fluctuations.
 
While we have not mitigated the risk associated with exchange rate fluctuations through the use of financial derivatives, we may determine to employ such instruments from time to time in the future in order to minimize this risk. Our use of financial derivatives would involve certain risks, including the risk that losses on a hedged position could exceed the nominal amount invested in the instrument and the risk that the counterparty to the derivative transaction may be unable or unwilling to satisfy its contractual obligations, which could have an adverse effect on our results. Currently, we do not consider the risk from exchange rate fluctuations to be material for our results of operations and therefore, we are not engaged in derivative instruments to hedge part of those expenses.
 
Item 12.
Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities
 
Not Applicable.
 
73
PART II
 
Item 13.
 Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies
 
None.
 
Item 14.
Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds
 
Pursuant to the Stockholders’ Rights Agreement dated December 20, 2021, each share of our common stock includes one preferred stock purchase right that entitles the holder to purchase from us one-thousandth of a share of our Series A Participating Preferred Stock if any third party acquires beneficial ownership of 10% or more of our common stock without the approval of our board of directors. See “Item 10.B—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Stockholders’ Rights Agreement.”
 
Item 15.
Controls and Procedures
 
a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit to the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms.
 
b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
 
Management has conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework). Based on this assessment, management has determined that our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, is effective.
 
c)  Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
Not applicable.
 
d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
None.
 
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
 
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple errors or mistakes. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.
 
Item 16.
 [Reserved]
 
Item 16A.
 Audit Committee Financial Expert
 
Alex Papageorgiou serves as the Chairman of our Audit Committee. Our board of directors has determined that Alex Papageorgiou qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” and is “independent” according to SEC rules.
 
Item 16B. 
Code of Ethics
 
We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to officers, directors, employees and agents. Our code of ethics is posted on our website, http://www.pshipping.com, under “How We Care—Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.” Copies of our Code of Ethics are available in print, free of charge, upon request to Performance Shipping Inc., 373 Syngrou Avenue, 175 64 Palaio Faliro, Athens, Greece. We intend to satisfy any disclosure requirements regarding any amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of this Code of Ethics by posting such information on our website.
 
74
Item 16C. 
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
 
a)  Audit Fees
 
Our principal accountants, Ernst and Young (Hellas) Certified Auditors Accountants S.A., have billed us for audit services.
 
In 2021 and 2020, audit fees amounted to Euro 78,750 or about $93,000,  and Euro 68,250 or about $74,000, respectively, and relate to audit services provided in connection with the audit and AS 4105 interim reviews of our consolidated financial statements.
 
b)  Audit-Related Fees
 
In 2021 and 2020, our principal accountants, Ernst and Young (Hellas), Certified Auditors Accountants S.A., have also billed us for audit services provided for the Company’s registration statements, which amounted to Euro 54,900 or about $65,000, and Euro 7,500 or about $8,000, respectively.
 
c) Tax Fees
 
During 2020, we received tax services for which fees amounted to $36,000, and relate to the calculation of Earnings and Profits of the Company. No such services were received in 2021.
 
d)  All Other Fees
 
None.
 
e) Audit Committee’s Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
 
Our Audit Committee is responsible for the appointment, replacement, compensation, evaluation and oversight of the work of our independent auditors. As part of this responsibility, the Audit Committee pre-approves all audit and non-audit services performed by the independent auditors in order to assure that they do not impair the auditor’s independence from the Company. The Audit Committee has adopted a policy which sets forth the procedures and the conditions pursuant to which services proposed to be performed by the independent auditors may be pre-approved.
 
f) Audit Work Performed by Other Than Principal Accountant if Greater Than 50%
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 16D. 
Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 16E. 
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
 
None.
 
Item 16F.
Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 16G.
Corporate Governance
 
We have certified to Nasdaq that our corporate governance practices are in compliance with, and are not prohibited by, the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Therefore, we are exempt from many of Nasdaq’s corporate governance practices other than the requirements regarding the disclosure of a going concern audit opinion, submission of a listing agreement, notification to Nasdaq of non-compliance with Nasdaq corporate governance practices, prohibition on disparate reduction or restriction of shareholder voting rights, and the establishment of an audit committee satisfying Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(c)(3) and ensuring that such audit committee’s members meet the independence requirement of Listing Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(ii). The practices we follow in lieu of Nasdaq’s corporate governance rules applicable to U.S. domestic issuers are as follows:
 

 •
As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to have an audit committee comprised of at least three members. Our audit committee is comprised of two members;
 

 •
As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to adopt a formal written charter or board resolution addressing the nominations process. We do not have a nominations committee, nor have we adopted a board resolution addressing the nominations process;
 

 •
As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to hold regularly scheduled board meetings at which only independent directors are present;
 

 •
In lieu of obtaining shareholder approval prior to the issuance of designated securities, we will comply with provisions of the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act, which allows the board of directors to approve share issuances;
 
75

 •
As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to solicit proxies or provide proxy statements to Nasdaq pursuant to Nasdaq corporate governance rules or Marshall Islands law. Consistent with Marshall Islands law and as provided in our bylaws, we will notify our shareholders of meetings between 15 and 60 days before the meeting. This notification will contain, among other things, information regarding business to be transacted at the meeting. In addition, our bylaws provide that shareholders must give us between 150 and 180 days advance notice to properly introduce any business at a meeting of shareholders.
 
Other than as noted above, we are in compliance with all other Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.
 
Item 16H.
 Mine Safety Disclosure
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 16I.
Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
 
Not applicable.
 
76
PART III
 
Item 17.
Financial Statements
 
See Item 18.
 
Item 18.
Financial Statements
 
The financial statements required by this Item 18 are filed as a part of this annual report beginning on page F-1.
 
Item 19.
Exhibits
 
(a)  Exhibits

Exhibit Number
Description
Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company (1)
Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated June 8, 2016 (2)
Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated June 30, 2017 (3)
Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated July 26, 2017 (4)
Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated August 23, 2017 (5)
Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated September 22, 2017 (6)
Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated November 1, 2017 (7)
Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated February 25, 2019(8)
Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated October 30, 2020(10)
Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (9)
Form of Common Share Certificate (10)
Statement of Designations of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of Series A Participating Preferred Stock of Performance Shipping Inc., dated August 2, 2010 (11)
Amended and Restated Certificate of Designation, Preferences and Rights of the Series B Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock of Performance Shipping Inc., dated January 12, 2022 (12)
Description of Securities**
Registration Rights Agreement dated April 6, 2010 (13)
Stockholders’ Rights Agreement dated December 20, 2021 (14)
Amended and Restated 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (15)
Administrative Services Agreement with UOT (16)
Form of Vessel Management Agreement with UOT (17)
Second Amendment and Restatement to Loan Agreement with Nordea Bank Abp, Filial i Norge, dated March 20, 2020 (18)
First Supplemental Agreement to Secured Loan Facility Agreement dated July 24, 2019 as amended and restated by a first amendment and restatement agreement dated December 23, 2019 and a second amendment and restatement agreement dated March 20, 2020. (19)
$31.5 Million Piraeus Loan Facility (20)
At The Market Offering Agreement dated March 5, 2021 between H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC and the Company (21)
Credit Facility dated March 2, 2022 between Mango Shipping Corp. and the Company.**
List of Subsidiaries**
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer**
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer**
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**
Consent of independent registered public accounting firm**
Consent of Watson Farley & Williams LLP**
101
The following financial information from Performance Shipping Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, formatted as Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (1) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020; (2) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019; (3) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income / (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019; (4) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019; (5) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019; and (6) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL) and contained in Exhibit 101)

77
(1) Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-169974) on October 15, 2010.
(2) Filed as Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s report on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on June 9, 2016.
(3) Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s report on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on July 6, 2017.
(4) Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s report on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on July 28, 2017.
(5) Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s report on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on August 28, 2017.
(6) Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s report on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on September 26, 2017.
(7) Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s report on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on November 3, 2017.
(8) Filed as Exhibit 1.8 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F on March 18, 2019.
(9) Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-169974) on October 15, 2010.
(10) Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s report on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on November 2, 2020.
(11) Filed as Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-169974) on October 15, 2010.
(12) Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s report on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on February 4, 2022.
(13) Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-169974) on October 15, 2010.
(14) Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s report on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on December 21, 2021.
(15) Filed as Exhibit 1 to the Company’s report on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on December 31, 2020.
(16) Filed as Exhibit 4.8 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F on March 26, 2014.
(17) Filed as Exhibit 4.11 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F on March 26, 2014.
(18) Filed as Exhibit 4.11 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F, filed with the SEC on April 10, 2020.
(19) Filed as Exhibit 4.8 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1/A (File No. 333-255100) on April 20, 2021.
(20) Filed as Exhibit 4.9 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1/A (File No. 333-255100) on April 20, 2021.
(21) Filed as Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s report on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on March 23, 2021.

** Filed herewith.

78
SIGNATURES
 
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
 
 
PERFORMANCE SHIPPING INC.
 
 
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ Andreas Michalopoulos
 
 
 
Andreas Michalopoulos
 
 
 
Chief Executive Officer, Director and Secretary
 

Dated: March 11, 2022

79
PERFORMANCE SHIPPING INC.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 
Page
   
F-2
   
F-4
   
F-5
   
F-5
   
F-6
   
F-7
   
F-8



F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Performance Shipping Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Performance Shipping Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income/loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 
Basis for Opinion
 
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
 
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
Critical audit matter
 
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
 
F-2
   
Recoverability assessment of vessels held and used
Description of the matter
  
At December 31, 2021, the carrying value of the Company’s vessels plus unamortized dry-docking costs and cost of any equipment not yet installed was $125.3 million. As discussed in Note 2(l) to the consolidated financial statements, the Company evaluates its vessels for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a vessel plus unamortized dry-docking costs and cost of any equipment not yet installed, may not be recoverable in accordance with the guidance in ASC 360 – Property, Plant and Equipment. If indicators of impairment exist, management analyzes the future undiscounted net operating cash flows expected to be generated throughout the remaining useful life of each vessel and compares it to the carrying value of the vessel plus unamortized dry-docking costs and cost of any equipment not yet installed. Where the vessel’s carrying value plus unamortized dry-docking costs and cost of any equipment not yet installed, exceeds the undiscounted net operating cash flows, management will recognize an impairment loss equal to the excess of the carrying value of the vessel plus unamortized dry-docking costs and cost of any equipment not yet installed over its fair value.
Auditing management’s recoverability assessment was complex given the judgement and estimation uncertainty involved in determining certain assumptions to forecast undiscounted net operating cash flows, specifically the future charter rates and the fleet utilization rate for non-contracted revenue days. The charter rates are particularly subjective as they involve the development and use of assumptions about the tanker shipping market through the end of the useful lives of the vessels, while the fleet utilization rates are particularly subjective due to the Company’s recent shift to the tanker market and the lack of extended historical data. These assumptions are forward looking and subject to the inherent unpredictability of future global economic and market conditions, and the Company’s future fleet employment strategy.
     
How we addressed the matter in our audit
  
We analyzed management’s impairment assessment by comparing the methodology used to evaluate impairment of each vessel against the accounting guidance in ASC 360. To test management’s undiscounted net operating cash flow forecasts, our procedures included, among others, comparing the future vessel charter rates and the fleet utilization rate for non-contracted revenue days against internal and external data sources. For example, we compared the assumptions against available market data from various analysts, historical data for both the Company’s vessels and other vessels of similar type and size. Considering the Company’s recent shift to the tanker market and the lack of extended historical data for its vessels, we also evaluated recent economic and industry changes, as well as changes in the Company’s fleet employment strategy. In addition, we performed sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of changes to future charter rates and fleet utilization rate for non-contracted revenue days in the determination of the net operating cash flows. We also evaluated whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Our procedures also included testing the completeness and accuracy of the data used within the forecasts.

/s/ Ernst & Young (Hellas) Certified Auditors Accountants S.A.
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.
Athens, Greece

March 11, 2022

F-3
PERFORMANCE SHIPPING INC.
        
Consolidated Balance Sheets as at December 31, 2021 and 2020
        
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars, except for share and per share data)
        
             
ASSETS
  
December 31, 2021
    
December 31, 2020
  
CURRENT ASSETS:
            
 Cash and cash equivalents
   $ 9,573     $ 21,365  
 Accounts receivable, net of provision for credit losses (Note 4)
     3,792       3,503  
 Deferred voyage expenses (Note 2)
     58       75  
 Inventories
     4,286       1,981  
 Prepaid expenses and other assets
     1,670       1,275  
 Current assets from discontinued operations (Note 3)
     47       228  
    Total current assets
     19,426       28,427  
                 
FIXED ASSETS:
                
Vessels, net (Note 6)
     123,036       128,108  
Property and equipment, net (Note 7)
     151       1,135  
    Total fixed assets
     123,187       129,243  
                 
NON-CURRENT ASSETS:
                
Right of use asset under operating leases (Note 9)
     84       184  
Deferred charges, net (Note 2)
     1,408       -  
Other non-current assets (Note 6)
     819       -  
    Total non-current assets
     2,311       184  
    Total assets
   $ 144,924     $ 157,854  
                 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
                
                 
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
                
Current portion of long-term debt, net of unamortized deferred fin. costs (Note 8)
   $ 7,788     $ 7,768  
Accounts payable, trade and other
     5,742       1,472  
Due to related parties (Note 5)
     127       68  
Accrued liabilities
     1,342       1,100  
Lease liabilities, current (Note 9)
     66       94  
Current liabilities from discontinued operations (Note 3)
     120       316  
    Total current liabilities
     15,185       10,818  
                 
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES:
                
Long-term debt, net of unamortized deferred financing costs (Note 8)
     42,110       49,898  
Other liabilities, non-current
     262       251  
Long-term lease liabilities (Note 9)
     18       90  
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)
            
    Total long-term liabilities
     42,390       50,239  
                 
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
                
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding as at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively (Note 10)
     -       -  
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 5,082,726 issued and outstanding as at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively (Note 10)
     51       51  
Additional paid-in capital (Note 10)
     457,439       457,171  
Other comprehensive income /(loss)
     (2 )     8  
Accumulated deficit
     (370,139 )     (360,433 )
    Total stockholders’ equity
     87,349       96,797  
    Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
   $ 144,924     $ 157,854  

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
  
F-4
Table of Contents
PERFORMANCE SHIPPING INC.
                  
Consolidated Statements of Operations
        
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
        
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars – except for share and per share data)
        
                   
   
2021
    
2020
    
2019
  
REVENUE:
                  
Revenue (Notes 2 and 4)
   $ 36,491     $ 42,045     $ 6,301  
                         
EXPENSES:
                        
Voyage expenses
     19,205       14,434       2,460  
Vessel operating expenses
     12,301       9,208       1,122  
Depreciation and amortization of deferred charges (Notes 2,  6 and 7)
     7,472       5,799       783  
Management fees (Note 1)
     -       231       142  
General and administrative expenses (Notes 5 and 10)
     5,782       7,985       8,162  
Provision for credit losses and write offs (Note 4)
     160       79       -  
Foreign currency losses / (gains)
     31       35       (18 )
    Operating income / (loss)
   $ (8,460 )   $ 4,274     $ (6,350 )
                         
OTHER INCOME / (EXPENSES)
                        
Interest and finance costs (Note 11)
     (1,801 )     (2,089 )     (651 )
Interest income
     18       110       258  
Gain from property sale (Note 7)
     137       -       -  
    Total other income / (expenses), net
   $ (1,646 )   $ (1,979 )   $ (393 )
                         
Net income / (loss) from continuing operations
   $ (10,106 )   $ 2,295       (6,743 )
                         
Gain from repurchase of preferred shares (Notes 5 and 12)
   $ -     $ 1,500     $ -  
Income allocated to participating securities (Note 12)
     -       (87 )     -  
                         
Net income/(loss) available to common stockholders from continuing operations
   $ (10,106 )   $ 3,708     $ (6,743 )
                         
Net income / (loss) from discontinued operations (Note 3)
   $ 400     $ 1,482     $ (25,314 )
                         
Total net income / (loss) available to common stockholders
   $ (9,706 )   $ 5,190     $ (32,057 )
                         
Earnings / (Loss) per common share, basic, continuing operations (Note 12)
   $ (2.01 )   $ 0.76     $ (2.35 )
                         
Earnings / (Loss) per common share, diluted, continuing operations (Note 12)
   $ (2.01 )   $ 0.75     $ (2.35 )
                         
Earnings per common share, basic, discontinued operations (Note 12)
   $ 0.08     $ 0.30     $ (8.84 )
                         
Earnings per common share, diluted, discontinued operations (Note 12)
   $ 0.08     $ 0.30     $ (8.84 )
                         
Earnings / (Loss) per common share, basic, total (Note 12)
   $ (1.93 )   $ 1.06     $ (11.19 )
                         
Earnings / (Loss) per common share, diluted, total (Note 12)
   $ (1.93 )   $ 1.05     $ (11.19 )
                         
Weighted average number of common shares, basic (Note 12)
     5,026,300       4,875,475       2,864,676  
                         
Weighted average number of common shares, diluted (Note 12)
     5,026,300       4,945,562       2,864,676  

PERFORMANCE SHIPPING INC.
                  
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income / (Loss)
        
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
        
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
        
   
2021
    
2020
    
2019
  
                   
Net income / (loss) from continuing and discontinued operations
   $ (9,706 )   $ 3,777     $ (32,057 )
Other comprehensive income / (loss) (Actuarial gain / (loss))
     (10 )     (61 )     12  
Comprehensive income / (loss) from continuing and discontinued operations
   $ (9,716 )   $ 3,716     $ (32,045 )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
  
F-5
Table of Contents
PERFORMANCE SHIPPING INC.
                    
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
  
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
  
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars – except for share and per share data)
  
                                                 
   
Common Stock
    
Preferred Stock
    
Additional
    
Other
              
   
# of
    
Par
    
# of
    
Par
    
Paid-in
    
Comprehensive
    
Accumulated
        
   
Shares
    
Value
    
Shares
    
Value
    
Capital
    
Income / (Loss)
    
Deficit
    
Total
  
Balance, December 31, 2018
    
1,446,294
    
$
14
      
350
    
$
-
    
$
428,656
    
$
57
    
$
(333,151
)
  
$
95,576
  
 - Net loss
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
(32,057
)
    
(32,057
)
 - Issuance of Series B preferred stock, net of expenses (Note 10)
    
-
      
-
      
6,470
      
-
      
6,452
      
-
      
-
      
6,452
  
 - Conversion of Series B preferred stock to common stock (Note 10)
    
710,051
      
7
      
(5,220
)
    
-
      
(7
)
    
-
      
-
      
-
  
 - Issuance of restricted stock and compensation cost on restricted stock (Note 10)
    
574,779
      
6
      
-
      
-
      
3,249
      
-
      
-
      
3,255
  
 - Actuarial gain
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
12
      
-
      
12
  
  - Issuance of common stock in exchange for entities’ acquisition (Note 10)
    
2,170,947
      
22
      
-
      
-
      
20,978
      
-
      
-
      
21,000
  
Balance, December 31, 2019
    
4,902,071
    
$
49
      
1,600
    
$
-
    
$
459,328
    
$
69
    
$
(365,208
)
  
$
94,238
  
 - Net income
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
3,777
      
3,777
  
 - Conversion of Series B preferred stock to common stock (Note 10)
    
195,215
      
2
      
(1,100
)
    
-
      
(2
)
    
-
      
-
      
-
  
 - Repurchase and cancellation of Series B preferred stock (Note 10)
    
-
      
-
      
(400
)
    
-
      
(400
)
    
-
      
-
      
(400
)
 - Repurchase and cancellation of Series C preferred stock, including expenses (Note 10)
    
-
      
-
      
(100
)
    
-
      
(3,015
)
    
-
      
1,500
      
(1,515
)
 - Issuance of restricted stock and compensation cost on restricted stock (Note 10)
    
67,225
      
1
      
-
      
-
      
1,915
      
-
      
-
      
1,916
  
 - Common shares re-purchase and retirement, including expenses (Note 10)
    
(81,785
)
    
(1
)
    
-
      
-
      
(655
)
    
-
      
-
      
(656
)
 - Actuarial loss
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
(61
)
    
-
      
(61
)
 - Dividends declared and paid (at $0.10 per share) (Note 12)
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
(502
)
    
(502
)
Balance, December 31, 2020
    
5,082,726
    
$
51
      
-
    
$
-
    
$
457,171
    
$
8
    
$
(360,433
)
  
$
96,797
  
 - Net loss
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
(9,706
)
    
(9,706
)
 - Compensation cost on restricted stock and stock option awards (Note 10)
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
268
      
-
      
-
      
268
  
 - Actuarial loss
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
      
(10
)
    
-
      
(10
)
Balance, December 31, 2021
   
5,082,726
    
$
51
      
-
    
$
-
    
$
457,439
    
$
(2
)
  
$
(370,139
)
  
$
87,349
  

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
  
F-6
Table of Contents
PERFORMANCE SHIPPING INC.
                  
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continuing and discontinued operations)
        
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
        
(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)
        
    2021      2020    
 2019
  
 Cash Flows provided by / (used in) Operating Activities:
                  
Net income /(loss)
   $ (9,706 )   $ 3,777     $ (32,057 )
Adjustments to reconcile net income/(loss) to net cash provided by / (used in) operating activities:
                        
Depreciation and amortization of deferred charges (Notes 3 and 6)
     7,472       5,898       3,684  
Amortization of deferred financing costs (Note 11)
     143       325       154  
Impairment losses (Note 6)
     -       339       31,629  
Loss / (Gain) on vessel’s sale (Note 6)
     -       (319 )     127  
Gain from property sale (Note 7)
     (137 )     -       -  
Compensation cost on restricted stock and stock option awards (Note 10)
     268       1,916       1,791  
Actuarial gain / (loss)
     (10 )     (61 )     12  
 (Increase) / Decrease in:
                        
Accounts receivable
     (196 )     1,072       (4,575 )
Deferred voyage expenses
     17       (6 )     (69 )
Inventories
     (2,305 )     866       (2,213 )
Prepaid expenses and other assets
     (319 )     20       (3,488 )
Right of use asset under operating leases
     100       6       (190 )
Other non-current assets
     (261 )     -       -  
 Increase / (Decrease) in:
                        
Accounts payable, trade and other
     3,233       (293 )     780  
Due to related parties
     59       60       4  
Accrued liabilities
     84       (523 )     372  
Deferred liabilities
     -       -       (305 )
Other liabilities, non current
     11       105       (40 )
Lease liabilities under operating leases
     (100 )     (6 )     190  
Drydock costs
     (1,476 )     -       -  
 Net Cash provided by / (used in) Operating Activities
   $ (3,123 )   $ 13,176     $ (4,194 )
 Cash Flows used in Investing Activities:
                        
Advances for vessel acquisitions and other vessel costs
     -       -       (17 )
Vessel acquisitions and other vessels’ costs (Note 6)
     -       (63,386 )     (50,161 )
Proceeds from sale of vessels, net of expenses (Note 6)
     -       23,464       28,868  
Proceeds from sale of property, net of expenses (Note 7)
     1,015       -       -  
Payments for vessels’ improvements (Note 6)
     (1,777 )     -       -  
Property and equipment additions (Note 7)
     (8 )     (224 )     (38 )
Insurance settlements
     -       -       2,831  
 Net Cash used in Investing Activities
   $ (770 )   $ (40,146 )   $ (18,517 )
 Cash Flows provided by / (used in) Financing Activities:
                        
Proceeds from long-term bank debt (Note 8)
     -       34,800       33,000  
Repayments of long-term bank debt  (Note 8)
     (7,911 )     (9,181 )     (519 )
Issuance of preferred stock, net of expenses (Note 10)
     -       -       6,452  
Common shares re-purchase and retirement, including expenses (Note 10)
     -       (656 )     -  
Repurchase of Series C preferred shares, including expenses (Note 10)
     -       (1,515 )     -  
Repurchase of Series B preferred shares (Note 10)
     -       (400 )     -  
Payments of equity issuance and financing costs  (Note 8)
     -       (561 )     (352 )
Cash dividends (Note 12)
     -       (502 )     -  
 Net Cash provided by / (used in) Financing Activities
   $ (7,911 )   $ 21,985     $ 38,581  
Net increase / (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
   $ (11,804 )   $ (4,985 )   $ 15,870  
 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year
   $ 21,378     $ 26,363     $ 10,493  
 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year
   $ 9,574     $ 21,378     $ 26,363  
RECONCILIATION OF CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH
                        
 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year
   $ 9,574     $ 21,378     $ 26,363  
 Restricted cash at the end of the year
     -       -       -  
 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year
   $ 9,574     $ 21,378     $ 26,363  
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
                        
   Issuance of common stock in exchange for entities acquisition (Note 5)
   $ -     $ -     $ 21,000  
   Reclassification of compensation cost of issued restricted stock awards from other liabilities to stockholders’ equity
   $ -     $ -     $ 1,464  
   Non-cash investing activities
   $
 999     $
 -     $
 -  
   Interest payments, net of amounts capitalized
   $ 1,608     $ 1,655     $ 408  

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
  
F-7
Table of Contents
1.     General Information

Company’s identity

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Performance Shipping Inc. (or “Performance”) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”). Performance was incorporated as Diana Containerships Inc. on January 7, 2010, under the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands for the purpose of engaging in any lawful act or activity under the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act. On February 19, 2019, the Company’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders approved an amendment to the Company’s Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to change the name of the Company from “Diana Containerships Inc.” to “Performance Shipping Inc.”, which was effected on February 25, 2019.  The Company’s common shares trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “PSHG”.

The Company is a global provider of shipping transportation services through the ownership of tanker vessels, while it owned container vessels since its incorporation through August 2020 (Note 3). The Company operates its fleet through Unitized Ocean Transport Limited (the “Manager” or “UOT”), a wholly-owned subsidiary. The fees payable to UOT are eliminated in consolidation as intercompany transactions. Additionally, during 2019 and 2020, the Company has appointed for a limited period of time other managers to provide management services to its vessels. More specifically, Diana Wilhelmsen Management Limited (or “DWM”), which was an affiliated entity until February 2020, was appointed as manager of the container vessels (discontinued operations), and Maersk Tankers A/S (“Maersk Tankers”), an unaffiliated entity, was appointed to manage two of the Company’s tanker vessels (continuing operations). During 2020, the management agreements with Maersk were terminated and UOT has been appointed to provide these services to the tanker vessels. Accordingly, DWM management agreements were terminated upon the container vessels’ sales. Management fees to “Maersk Tankers” are separately presented in Management fees in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and management fees and commissions to DWM are included in Net income/ (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations (Note 3).

Financial Statements’ presentation

Following the sale of all Company’s container vessels in 2020 (Note 6), the Company’s results of operations of the container vessels, as well as their assets and liabilities, are reported as discontinued operations for all periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements (Note 3). For the statement of cash flows, the Company elected the alternative of combining cash flows from discontinued operations with cash flows from continuing operations within each cash flow statement category, and as such, no separate disclosure of cash flows from discontinued operations is presented in the statement of cash flows.

Furthermore, effective November 2, 2020, the Company effected a one-for-ten reverse stock split on its common stock (Note 10). All share and per share amounts disclosed in the accompanying consolidated financial statements give effect to this reverse stock split retroactively, for all periods presented.

F-8
Table of Contents
Other matters

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) outbreak a pandemic. In response to the outbreak, many countries, ports and organizations, including those where the Company conducts a large part of its operations, have implemented measures to combat the outbreak, such as quarantines, travel restrictions, and other emergency public health measures in an effort to contain the outbreak. Such measures have resulted in a significant reduction in global economic activity and extreme volatility in the global financial markets, which has reduced the global demand for oil and oil products, which the Company’s vessels transport, and has exposed the Company to the risk of volatility in the near-term. During the global gradual recovery from COVID-19, the Company continues to take proactive measures to ensure the health and wellness of its crew and onshore employees while endeavoring to maintain effective business continuity and uninterrupted service to its customers. The Company has incurred increased costs as a result of the restrictions imposed in various jurisdictions creating delays and additional complexities with respect to port calls and crew rotations. In addition, the Company’s revenues have reduced as spot tanker rates have come under pressure since mid-May 2020 due to record OPEC+ oil production cuts and lower production from other oil producing countries, which reduced crude exports, and the unwinding of floating storage and the delivery of newbuilding vessels to the world tanker fleet. Given the dynamic nature of these circumstances, the full extent to which the COVID-19 global pandemic may have direct or indirect impact on the Company’s business and the related financial reporting implications cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, although it could materially affect the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition in the future. As of December 31, 2021, the impact of the outbreak of COVID-19 virus continues to unfold. As a result, many of the Company’s estimates and assumptions carry a higher degree of variability and volatility. As events continue to evolve and additional information becomes available, the Company’s estimates may change in future periods. The overall impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s business, and the efficacy of any measures the Company takes in response to the challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, will depend on how the outbreak further develops, the duration and extent of the restrictive measures that are associated with the pandemic and their impact on global economy and trade, which is still uncertain and may not be fully reflected in the Company’s financial results for the year ended December 31, 2021.

2.  Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Significant Accounting Policies

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform. ASU 2020-04 applies to contracts that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be terminated because of reference rate reform. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. An entity may elect to apply the amendments for contract modifications by Topic or Industry Subtopic as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, or prospectively from a date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, up to the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. Once elected for a Topic or an Industry Subtopic, the amendments in this Update must be applied prospectively for all eligible contract modifications for that Topic or Industry Subtopic. An entity may elect to apply the amendments in this Update to eligible hedging relationships existing as of the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020 and to new eligible hedging relationships entered into after the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020.  An entity may elect certain optional expedients for hedging relationships that exist as of December 31, 2022 and maintain those optional expedients through the end of the hedging relationship. ASU 2020-04 can be adopted as of March 12, 2020. The Company does not currently have any contracts that have been changed to a new reference rate, but will continue to evaluate its contracts and the effects of this standard on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows prior to adoption.

F-9
Table of Contents
Significant Accounting Policies

(a) Principles of Consolidation: The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and include the accounts of Performance Shipping Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. Under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810 “Consolidation”, the Company consolidates entities in which it has a controlling financial interest, by first considering if an entity meets the definition of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) for which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary under the VIE model, or if the Company controls an entity through a majority of voting interest based on the voting interest model. The Company evaluates financial instruments, service contracts, and other arrangements to determine if any variable interests relating to an entity exist. The Company’s evaluation did not result in an identification of variable interest entities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.

(b) Use of Estimates: The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

(c) Other Comprehensive Income / (Loss): The Company follows the provisions of Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) 220, “Comprehensive Income”, which requires separate presentation of certain transactions, which are recorded directly as components of stockholders’ equity. The Company presents Other Comprehensive Income / (Loss) in a separate statement.

(d) Foreign Currency Translation: The functional currency of the Company is the U.S. Dollar because the Company operates its vessels in international shipping markets, and therefore, primarily transacts business in U.S. Dollars. The Company’s accounting records are maintained in U.S. Dollars. Transactions involving other currencies during the years presented are converted into U.S. Dollars using the exchange rates in effect at the time of the transactions. At the balance sheet dates, monetary assets and liabilities which are denominated in other currencies are translated into U.S. Dollars at the period-end exchange rates. Resulting gains or losses are reflected separately in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

(e) Cash and Cash Equivalents: The Company considers highly liquid investments such as time deposits, certificates of deposit and their equivalents with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

(f) Restricted Cash:  Restricted cash, when applicable, includes minimum cash deposits required to be maintained under the Company’s borrowing arrangements.

(g) Accounts Receivable, net: The account includes receivables from pool charterers, charterers for hire, freight and demurrage, net of provision for credit losses – (please refer to paragraph (h) below and to Note 4).

(h) Provision for Credit Losses: The Company measures all expected credit losses of financial assets held at a reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts in order to record credit losses in a timely manner. Receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Subtopic 326-20 and as such, the receivables from time-charters are excluded. The Company measures the allowance for estimated credit losses on its short term receivables, being freight and demurrage receivables, cash equivalent balances and claims receivable (Note 4).

F-10
Table of Contents
(i) Inventories: Inventories consist of bunkers, lubricants and victualling. Bunkers inventory exist when the vessel operates under freight or pool charter, or when on the balance sheet date a vessel has been redelivered by her previous time charterers and has not yet been delivered to new charterers, or remains idle. All inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value and cost is determined by the first in, first out method. Net realizable value is defined as estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation.

(j) Vessel Cost: Vessels are stated at cost which consists of the contract price and costs incurred upon acquisition or delivery of a vessel from a shipyard. Subsequent expenditures for conversions and major improvements are also capitalized when they appreciably extend the life, increase the earnings capacity or improve the efficiency or safety of the vessels; otherwise, these amounts are charged to expense as incurred.For vessels that on the balance sheet date were in the shipyard undergoing their scheduled special survey and the installation of their ballast water treatment system, improvement costs of the period under consideration are capitalized in Other non-current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets .

(k) Vessel Depreciation: The Company depreciates its vessels on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, after considering the estimated salvage value. Each vessel’s salvage value is the product of her light-weight tonnage and estimated scrap rate, which is estimated at $0.35 per light-weight ton for the tanker vessels, and has also been $0.35 per light-weight ton for the container vessels. Management estimates the useful life of the Company’s tanker vessels to be 25 years, and has been 30 years for the container vessels, from the date of initial delivery from the shipyard. Second-hand vessels are depreciated from the date of their acquisition through their remaining estimated useful life. When regulations place limitations on the ability of a vessel to trade on a worldwide basis, the vessel’s useful life is adjusted at the date such regulations are adopted.

(l) Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: The Company follows ASC 360-10-40 “Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets”, which addresses financial accounting and reporting for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets. The Company reviews vessels for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as market conditions, obsolesce or damage to the asset, potential sales and other business plans) indicate that the carrying amount of a vessel plus her unamortized dry-dock costs and cost of any equipment not yet installed may not be recoverable. When the estimate of future undiscounted net operating cash flows, excluding interest charges, expected to be generated by the use of the vessel over her remaining useful life and her eventual disposition is less than her carrying amount plus unamortized drydock-costs and cost of any equipment not yet installed, the Company evaluates the vessel for impairment loss. The measurement of the impairment loss is based on the fair value of the vessel. The fair value of the vessel is determined based on assumptions by making use of available market data and taking into consideration third-party valuations. The Company evaluates the carrying amounts and periods over which vessels are depreciated to determine if events have occurred which would require modification to their carrying values or useful lives. In evaluating useful lives and carrying values of long-lived assets, management reviews certain indicators of potential impairment, such as undiscounted projected operating cash flows, vessel sales and purchases, business plans and overall market conditions. The current conditions in the shipping market with decreased charter rates and decreased vessel market values are conditions that the Company considers indicators of a potential impairment. In developing estimates of future undiscounted cash flows, the Company makes assumptions and estimates about the vessels’ future performance, with the significant assumptions being related to charter rates and fleet utilization, while other assumptions include vessels’ operating expenses, vessels’ residual value, dry-dock costs and the estimated remaining useful life of each vessel. The assumptions used to develop estimates of future undiscounted cash flows are based on historical trends as well as future expectations. The Company also takes into account factors such as the vessels’ age and employment prospects under the then current market conditions and determines the future undiscounted cash flows considering its various alternatives, including sale possibilities existing for each vessel as of the testing dates.

F-11
Table of Contents
In detail, the projected net operating cash flows are determined by considering the historical and estimated vessels’ performance and utilization, as well as historical utilization of other vessels of similar type and size considering the Company’s recent shift to the tanker market and the lack of extended historical data, the charter revenues from existing time charters for the fixed fleet days and an estimated daily rate for the unfixed days (based on the most recent 10 year average historical rates available for each type of vessel) over the remaining estimated life of each vessel, net of commissions, expected outflows for scheduled vessels’ maintenance and vessel operating expenses assuming an average annual inflation rate.  Effective fleet utilization is assumed to 88% in the Company’s exercise for the tanker vessels, and has been 98% for the container vessels until their sale, taking into account the period(s) each vessel is expected to undergo her scheduled maintenance (dry docking and special surveys), assumptions in line with the Company’s historical performance since the acquisition of its tanker vessels, peers’ historical performance, and its expectations for future fleet utilization under its fleet employment strategy. The review of the tanker vessels’ carrying values plus unamortized dry-dock costs and cost of any equipment not yet installed, in connection with the estimated recoverable amounts for 2021, 2020 and 2019 did not result in a recognition of impairment charge, while the respective review for the Company’s container vessels for 2020 and 2019 indicated impairment charges of $0 and $14,195, respectively, which are included in Net income /(loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations (Notes 3 and 6).

(m) Assets Held for Sale: The Company classifies assets or assets in disposal groups as being held for sale in accordance with ASC 360-10-45-9 “Long-Lived Assets Classified as Held for Sale” when the following criteria are met: (i) management possessing the necessary authority has committed to a plan to sell the asset (disposal group); (ii)  the asset (disposal group) is immediately available for sale on an “as is” basis; (iii) an active program to find the buyer and other actions required to execute the plan to sell the asset (disposal group) have been initiated; (iv) the sale of the asset (disposal group) is probable, and transfer of the asset (disposal group) is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year; and (v) the asset (disposal group) is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value and actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. In case a long-lived asset is to be disposed of other than by sale (for example, by abandonment, in an exchange measured based on the recorded amount of the nonmonetary asset relinquished, or in a distribution to owners in a spinoff) the Company continues to classify it as held and used until its disposal date. Long-lived assets or disposal groups classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. These assets are not depreciated once they meet the criteria to be held for sale. The review of the related criteria as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 did not result in held for sale classification for any of the Company’s vessels. During 2020 and 2019, the Company has recognized an impairment charge of $339 and $17,434, respectively, from classification of certain of its container vessels as held for sale within the respective years, which are included in Net income /(loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations (Notes 3 and 6).

F-12
Table of Contents
(n) Revenues and Voyage Expenses: Since the Company’s vessels are employed under time and voyage charter contracts, the Company disaggregates its revenue from contracts with customers by the type of charter (time charters, spot charters and pool arrangements).

The Company has determined that all of its time charter agreements contain a lease and are therefore accounted for as operating leases in accordance with ASC 842. Time charter revenues are accounted for over the term of the charter as the service is provided. Vessels are chartered when a contract exists and the vessel is delivered (commencement date) to the charterer, for a fixed period of time, at rates that are generally determined in the main body of charter parties and the relevant voyage expenses burden the charterer (i.e. port dues, canal tolls, pilotages and fuel consumption). Upon delivery of the vessel, the charterer has the right to control the use of the vessel (under agreed prudent operating practices) as they have the enforceable right to: (i) decide the delivery and redelivery time of the vessel; (ii) arrange the ports from which the vessel shall pass; (iii) give directions to the master of the vessel regarding vessel’s operations (i.e. speed, route, bunkers purchases, etc.); (iv) sub-charter the vessel and (v) consume any income deriving from the vessel’s charter. Any off-hires are recognized as incurred. The charterer may charter the vessel with or without owner’s crew and other operating services. In the case of time charter agreements, the agreed hire rates include compensation for part of the agreed crew and other operating services provided by the owner (non-lease components). The Company, as a lessor, elected to apply the practical expedient which allowed it to account for the lease and the non-lease components of time charter agreements as one, as the criteria of the paragraphs ASC 842-10-15-42A through 42B are met. Time-charter revenue is usually received in advance, and as such, unearned revenue represents cash received prior to the balance sheet date for which related service has not been provided.

Spot, or voyage charter is a charter where a contract is made in the spot market for the use of a vessel for a specific voyage for a specified freight rate per ton, regardless of time to complete. The Company has determined that under voyage charters, the charterer has no right to control any part of the use of the vessel. Thus, the Company’s voyage charters do not contain lease and are accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. More precisely, the Company satisfies its single performance obligation to transfer cargo under the contract over the voyage period. Thus, revenues from voyage charters on the spot market are recognized ratably from the date of loading (Notice of Readiness to the charterer, that the vessel is available for loading) to discharge date of cargo (loading-to-discharge). Voyage charter payments are due upon discharge of the cargo. Demurrage revenue, which is included in voyage revenues, represents charterers’ reimbursement for any potential delays exceeding the allowed lay time as per charter party agreement, represents a form of variable consideration and is recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company has taken the practical expedient not to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less.

The Company’s tanker vessels have been employed since their acquisition under time and voyage charter contracts, and since June 2021 the Company also charters some of its vessels through pool arrangements. For vessels operating in pooling arrangements, the Company earns a portion of total revenues generated by the pool, net of expenses incurred by the pool. The amount allocated to each pool participant vessel, including the Company’s vessels, is determined in accordance with an agreed-upon formula, which is determined by the margins awarded to each vessel in the pool based on the vessel’s age, design and other performance characteristics. Revenue under pooling arrangements is accounted for as variable rate operating lease on the accrual basis and is recognized in the period in which the variability is resolved. The Company recognizes net pool revenue on a quarterly basis, when the vessel has participated in a pool during the period and the amount of pool revenue can be estimated reliably based on the pool report. The allocation of such net revenue may be subject to future adjustments by the pool, however, such changes are not expected to be material (Note 4).

F-13
Table of Contents
As discussed above, under a time charter, specified voyage costs such as bunkers and port charges are paid by the charterer, while commissions are paid by the Company. Under spot charter arrangements, voyage expenses that are unique to a particular charter are paid for by the Company. Commissions are expensed as incurred. Voyage expenses that qualify as contract fulfilment costs (mainly consisting of bunkers expenses and port dues) and are incurred by the Company from the latter of the end of the previous vessel employment, provided that the vessel is fixed, or from the date of inception of a voyage charter contract until the arrival at the loading port, are capitalized to Deferred Voyage Expenses and amortized ratably over the total transit time of the voyage (loading-to-discharge). Vessel voyage expenses that do not qualify as contract fulfilment costs, operating expenses, and charter hire expenses are expensed when incurred.

(o) Earnings/(Loss) per Common Share: Basic earnings/(loss) per common share are computed by dividing net income / (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings/(loss) per common share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised. For purposes of the if-converted calculation, the conversion price of preferred convertible stock is based on the end of the period market price (Note 12).

(p) Dry-Docking Costs: The Company follows the deferral method of accounting for dry-docking costs whereby actual costs incurred are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the period through the date the next dry-docking will be scheduled to become due. Unamortized dry-docking costs of vessels that are sold are written off and included in the calculation of the resulting gain or loss in the year of the vessel’s sale. Unamortized dry-docking costs of vessels classified as held for sale are written off as impairment charges when these vessels’ carrying values are impaired as a result of their classification. The unamortized dry-docking cost as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $1,408 and nil, respectively. Amortization of dry-docking costs for 2021, 2020 and 2019 for the tankers vessels amounted to $68, $0 and $0, respectively, and is included in Depreciation and amortization of deferred charges in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations, while the amortization of dry-docking costs for 2020 and 2019 for the container vessels amounted to $68 and $389, respectively, and is included in Net income / (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. Also, in 2020 and 2019, deferred dry-dock costs which were written off as Loss / (Gain) on vessels’ sale for the container vessels amounted to $66 and $117, respectively, and as Impairment losses due to the respective vessels’ sale or due to their classification as held for sale during the year, amounted to $0 and $598, respectively, and are also included in in Net income / (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations (Note 3).

(q) Financing Costs and Liabilities: Fees paid to lenders for obtaining new loans, or for refinancing existing ones which are determined as debt modifications, are deferred and recorded as a contra to debt. Other fees paid for obtaining loan facilities not used at the balance sheet date are capitalized as deferred financing costs.  Fees are amortized to interest and finance costs over the life of the related debt using the effective interest method and, for the fees relating to loan facilities not used at the balance sheet date, according to the loan availability terms. Discount premiums are accounted for similar to other financing fees. Loan commitment fees are charged to expense in the period incurred. A loan liability is derecognized when the Company pays the creditor and is relieved of its obligation for the liability. For loans repaid or refinanced that meet the criteria of debt extinguishment, the difference between the settlement price and the net carrying amount of the debt being extinguished (which includes any deferred debt issuance costs) is recognized as a gain or loss in the statement of operations.

(r) Repairs and Maintenance: All repair and maintenance expenses including underwater inspection expenses are expensed in the period incurred. Such costs relating to the Company’s tanker vessels are included in Vessel operating expenses, and those relating to the container vessels are included in Net income / (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

F-14
Table of Contents
(s) Share-Based Payment: The Company issues restricted share awards which are measured at their grant date fair value and are not subsequently re-measured.  That cost is recognized under the straight-line method over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award—the requisite service period (usually the vesting period). When the service inception date precedes the grant date, the Company accrues the compensation cost for periods before the grant date based on the fair value of the award at the reporting date. In the period in which the grant date occurs, cumulative compensation cost is adjusted to reflect the cumulative effect of measuring compensation cost based on the fair value at the grant date.  Forfeitures of awards are accounted for when and if they occur. If an equity award is modified after the grant date, incremental compensation cost will be recognized in an amount equal to the excess of the fair value of the modified award over the fair value of the original award immediately before the modification.

The Company also grants stock options as incentive-based compensation to certain of its officers, in accordance with the terms of the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan. Stock-based compensation awards that are classified as equity and do not contain any market, service or performance conditions, are recognized on the grant date with a corresponding credit to equity and are measured at fair value. The compensation cost of the Company’s stock-based compensation awards is included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations (Note 10).

(t) Fair Value Measurements: The Company follows the provisions of ASC 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, which defines fair value and provides guidance for using fair value to measure assets and liabilities. The guidance creates a fair value hierarchy of measurement and describes fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the market in which the reporting entity transacts. In accordance with the requirements of accounting guidance relating to Fair Value Measurements, the Company classifies and discloses its assets and liabilities carried at the fair value in one of the following categories:

•
Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
•
Level 2: Observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data;
•
Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.

(u) Concentration of Credit Risk: Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk, consist principally of cash and trade accounts receivable. The Company places its temporary cash investments, consisting mostly of deposits, with various qualified financial institutions and performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of those financial institutions that are considered in the Company’s investment strategy. The Company limits its credit risk with accounts receivable by performing ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and generally does not require collateral for its accounts receivable and does not have any agreements to mitigate credit risk. For credit losses accounting on the Company’s financial assets please see paragraph (h) above.

(v) Going Concern: The Company’s policy is in accordance with ASU No. 2014-15, “Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern”, issued in August 2014 by the FASB. ASU 2014-15 provides U.S. GAAP guidance on management’s responsibility in evaluating whether there is substantial doubt about a company’s ability to continue as a going concern and on related required footnote disclosures. For each reporting period, management is required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about a company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date the financial statements are issued.

F-15
Table of Contents
(w) Evaluation of Purchase Transactions: When the Company enters into an acquisition transaction, it determines whether the acquisition transaction was the purchase of an asset or a business based on the facts and circumstances of the transaction. In accordance with ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired in an acquisition transaction are concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets, then the set is not a business. To be considered a business, a set must include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contributes to the ability to create an output. All assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured at their acquisition-date fair values. For asset acquisitions, the cost of the acquisition is allocated to individual assets and liabilities on a relative fair value basis. Acquisition costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred. Acquisition costs associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized.

(x) Re-purchase and Retirement of Company’s Common Shares: All Company’s common shares re-purchased are immediately cancelled and retired, and the Company’s share capital is accordingly reduced. The excess of the cost of the common shares over their par value is allocated in additional paid-in capital.

(y) Re-purchase and Retirement of Company’s Preferred Shares: All Company’s preferred shares re-purchased are immediately cancelled and retired, and the Company’s share capital is accordingly reduced. Any difference between the fair value of the consideration transferred to the holders of the preferred stock and the carrying amount of the preferred stock represents a return to (from) the preferred stockholder that should be treated in a manner similar to the treatment of dividends paid on preferred stock. If the fair value of the consideration transferred plus any direct costs incurred in relation to the redemption, is less than the carrying amount of the preferred shares redeemed (net of any issuance costs), the difference is credited to retained earnings. In addition, any possible excess between the fair value of the consideration paid for the re-purchase of preferred shares and the carrying amount of the shares surrendered is reflected as gain and is included in Net income / (loss) attributable to common stockholders (Notes 10 and 12).

(z) Discontinued Operations: It is a Company’s policy, that the current and prior year periods assets, liabilities, results of operations and cash flows of a Company’s component disposed of by sale are reported as discontinued operations when it is determined that their operations and cash flows will be eliminated from the ongoing operations of the Company as a result of their disposal, and that the Company will not have continuing involvement in the operation of these assets after their disposal (Note 3).

(aa) Rent Concessions Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic: The FASB has provided accounting elections for entities that provide or receive rent concessions (e.g., deferral of lease payments, reduced future lease payments) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Entities are allowed to elect to not evaluate whether a concession provided by a lessor due to COVID-19 is a lease modification. An entity that makes this election can then elect whether to apply the modification guidance (i.e., assume the concession was always contemplated by the contract or assume the concession was not contemplated by the contract). During 2021, the Company’s rent costs were reduced as a result of COVID-19 relief measures applied by the Greek government. The Company assessed that the rent concession qualifies for the election, as the concession did not result in a substantial increase in the rights of the lessor or the obligations of the lessee, and then elected to not evaluate whether this concession provided by the Greek government due to COVID-19 is a lease modification, and further chose to adopt a policy to not account for the concession as a lease modification. Finally, the Company, as a lessee that was contractually released from certain lease payments, accounts the rent concession like a negative variable lease payment (Note 9).

(ab) Segmental Reporting: The Company engages in the operation of tanker vessels which has been identified as one reportable segment. The operation of the vessels is the main source of revenue generation, the services provided by the vessels are similar and they all operate under the same economic environment. Additionally, the vessels do not operate in specific geographic areas, as they trade worldwide. The Company reports financial information and evaluates the operations by charter revenues and not by the length of ship employment for its customers, i.e. spot or time charters.

F-16
Table of Contents
3.     Discontinued Operations

Since August 2019, upon the delivery of the Company’s first tanker vessel “Blue Moon”, through August 2020, when the last container vessel “Domingo” was sold, the Company’s fleet was a mixture of container and tanker vessels. Accordingly, the Company had determined that it would operate under two reportable segments, one relating to its operations of container vessels (containers’ segment) and one to the operations of tanker vessels (tankers’ segment). Concurrently with the acquisition of its first tanker vessels, as the market environment for the Company’s containers fleet continued to be negative and with difficult employment opportunities, management initiated a number of actions for the gradual disposal of the whole container vessels’ fleet, although no decision at that time was reached for a strategic shift to a different segment.  In the first months of 2020, the Company acquired two additional tanker vessels. In August 2020, at the time when the fleet’s last container vessel was sold, the Company evaluated the results of the tanker vessels owned since 2019 and assessed the prospects of the specific segment as positive. At that time, the Company determined that its decision to exit the container segment represented a strategic shift to the exclusive ownership of tanker vessels and further assessed that the disposal of all of its container vessels constituted a disposal of an entity’s segment, that will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results. Furthermore, the Company determined that it would not have continuing involvement in the operation of the disposed assets. In this respect, the results of operations of the container vessels, as well as their assets and liabilities, are reported since 2020 as discontinued operations for all periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Below are presented summarized the operating results of the discontinued operations for 2021, 2020 and 2019 as well as the balance sheet information on the Company’s discontinued operations as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:

   
2021
    
2020
    
2019
  
Items constituting net income / (loss) from discontinued operations
                  
Time-charter revenues
   $ -     $ 4,238     $ 20,545  
Voyage expenses
     -       (188 )     (987 )
Vessels’ operating expenses
     -       (2,336 )     (10,199 )
Depreciation and amortization of deferred charges
     -       (99 )     (2,901 )
Management fees
     -       (116 )     (5 )
Impairment losses
     -       (339 )     (31,629 )
Gain / (Loss) on vessels’ sale
     -       319       (127 )
Other income
     400       -       -  
Foreign currency gains / (losses)
     -       3       (11 )
Net income / (loss) from discontinued operations
     400       1,482       (25,314 )

   
December 31,
  
   
2021
    
2020
  
Carrying amounts of major classes of assets of discontinued operations
            
Cash and cash equivalents
  
$
1
    
$
13
  
Accounts receivable, trade
    
17
      
110
  
Prepaid expenses and other assets
    
29
      
105
  
Total major classes of current assets of discontinued operations
    
47
      
228
  
Carrying amounts of major classes of liabilities of discontinued operations
                
Accounts payable, trade and other
    
115
      
207
  
Accrued liabilities
    
5
      
109
  
Total major classes of current liabilities of discontinued operations
    
120
      
316
  

F-17
Table of Contents
4.     Revenue, Accounts Receivable and Provision for Credit Losses

Revenue and Accounts Receivable

The Company’s tanker vessels have been employed since their acquisition under time and voyage charter contracts, and since June 2021, the Company also charters some of its vessels under pool arrangements (Note 2). Accordingly, the Company disaggregates its revenue from contracts with customers by the type of charter (time charters, spot charters and pool charters).

For 2021, Revenue from continuing operations amounted to $23,606 from spot charters, to $10,282 from time-charters and to $2,603 from pool charters. For 2020, Revenue from continuing operations amounted to $34,742 from spot charters, and to $7,303 from time-charters. For 2019, Revenue from continuing operations amounted to $6,301 and relates exclusively to spot charters.

As of December 31, 2021, the balance of Accounts receivable, net, for the continuing operations amounted to $2,037 for the spot charters (of which $196 relates to contract assets), to $2 for the time-charters and to $1,753 for the pool charters. As of December 31, 2020, the balance of Accounts receivable, net, for the continuing operations amounted to $3,399 for the spot charters (of which $456 relates to contract assets), and to $104 for the time-charters.

For the containers’ fleet (discontinued operations), revenue of 2020 related exclusively to time-charters and are included in Net income / (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, while the respective Accounts receivable, net, as of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020 are included in Current assets from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets (Note 3).

For 2021, 2020 and 2019, charterers that accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s revenue, were as follows:

Charterer
  
2021
    
2020
    
2019
  
A - Continuing operations
     26 %     20 %     -  
B - Continuing operations
     17 %     -       -  
C - Continuing operations
     -       -       13 %
D - Discontinued operations
     -       -       31 %
E - Discontinued operations
     -       -       10 %
F - Discontinued operations
     -       -       16 %
G - Discontinued operations
     -       -       11 %

The maximum aggregate amount of loss due to credit risk, net of related allowances, that the Company would incur if the aforementioned charterers failed completely to perform according to the terms of the relevant charter parties, amounted to $405 and to $480 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
 
F-18
Table of Contents
Credit Losses Provision

The Company, in estimating its expected credit losses, gathers annual historical losses on its freight and demurrage receivables since 2019 when the Company’s tanker vessels firstly operated in the spot market, and makes forward-looking adjustments in the estimated loss ratio, which is re-measured on an annual basis. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the balance of the Company’s allowance for estimated credit losses on its outstanding freight and demurrage receivables were $121 and $79, respectively, and is included in Accounts receivable, net of provision for credit losses in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. For 2021 and 2020, the Provision for credit losses and write offs in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations includes changes in the provision of estimated losses of $42 and $79, respectively, and for 2021 it also includes an amount of $118 representing demurrages write offs. No allowance was recorded on insurance claims as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, as their balances were immaterial. In addition, no allowance was recorded for cash equivalents as the majority of cash balances as of the balance sheet date was on time deposits with highly reputable credit institutions, for which periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of those financial institutions are performed.

5.      Transactions with Related Parties

(a)          Pure Brokerage and Shipping Corp. (“Pure Brokerage”): Pure Brokerage, a company controlled by the Company’s Chairperson of the Board Mrs Aliki Paliou, provides brokerage services to the Company since June 15, 2020, pursuant to a Brokerage Services Agreement for a fixed monthly fee per each tanker vessel owned by the Company. Pure Shipbroking may also, from time to time, receive sale and purchase commissions and chartering commissions on the gross freight and hire revenue of the tanker vessels, depending on the respective charter parties’ terms.

For 2021, commissions and brokerage fees to Pure Brokerage amounted to $431 and $180, and for 2020 to $227 and $80, respectively, and are included in Voyage expenses and in General and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Also, for 2020, commissions of discontinued operations amounted to $56 and are included in Net income / (loss) from discontinued operations (Note 3). As at December 31, 2021 and 2020, an amount of $63 and $68 was payable to Pure Brokerage and is reflected in Due to related parties in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Related Parties with whom the Company has terminated its co-operation

(b)          Altair Travel Agency S.A (“Altair”): The Company was using the services of an affiliated travel agent, Altair, which is controlled by the Company’s then Chairman of the Board Mr. Symeon Palios. In January 2021, the Company terminated its co-operation with Altair, at no cost. Travel expenses for 2021, 2020 and 2019, were $18, $179 and $428, respectively, and are included in Vessel operating expenses, in General and administrative expenses and in Net income / (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. As at December 31, 2021 and 2020, there was no amount due to Altair.

(c)          Steamship Shipbroking Enterprises Inc. (“Steamship Shipbroking”): Steamship Shipbroking, a company controlled by the Company’s then Chairman of the Board and former CEO, provided, until March 1, 2020, brokerage services to the Company, pursuant to a Brokerage Services Agreement for a fixed fee.  On March 1, 2020, the Company terminated the Steamship Shipbroking agreement, which was originally due to expire on March 31, 2020, at no cost. For 2020 and 2019, total brokerage fees to Steamship Shipbroking amounted to $280 and $2,100 respectively, and are included in General and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. As at December 31, 2020, there was no amount due from or due to Steamship Shipbroking.

F-19
Table of Contents
(d)          Diana Wilhelmsen Management Limited (“DWM”): In December 2019, the Company appointed Diana Wilhelmsen Management Limited to provide management services to the container vessels “Rotterdam” and “Domingo” for which the Company was paying a fixed monthly management fee, and commissions on the gross hire of the vessels. DWM was deemed a related party to the Company until the resignation of certain of the Company’s BOD members and officers, on the basis that, until February 2020, certain members of the Company’s management and board of directors also acted as board of directors’ members at DWM. For 2020 and 2019, management fees to DWM amounted to $116 and $5, respectively, while commissions to DWM for 2020 amounted to $21. Management fees and commissions to DWM are included in Net income/ (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations (Note 3). As at December 31, 2020, there was no amount due to or due from DWM.

(e)          Diana Shipping Inc.: On March 23, 2020, the Company’s disinterested BOD members approved the repurchase of the Company’s 100 Series C preferred shares, held by Diana Shipping Inc. since 2017, for a purchase price of $1,500 (Note 10). On March 25, 2020, the Company agreed with Diana Shipping Inc. for the repurchase of the Series C preferred shares and on March 26, 2020, the Company paid the agreed purchase price and consequently cancelled the Series C preferred shares. Also, in November 2021, the Company, through UOT, sold to a subsidiary of Diana Shipping Inc. its co-owned indivisible share in a plot of land, located in Athens, Greece (Note 7).

6.      Vessels, net

Vessel acquisitions and Vessel’s Improvements– Continuing Operations
In November 2019, the Company had acquired from its then Chairman of the Board Mr. Symeon Palios the entity Rongelap Shipping Company Inc., whose sole asset was a contract to acquire the tanker vessel “P. Fos” for a purchase price of $11,000. In January 2020, the Company took delivery of the tanker vessel “P. Fos”, which had a purchase price of $26,000. Later during the same year, the Company also acquired the tanker vessels “P. Kikuma” and “P. Yanbu”, for a purchase price of $26,000 and $22,000, respectively. The vessels were delivered to the Company in March and December 2020, respectively. Aggregate pre-delivery costs capitalized in connection with these three vessels amounted to $403 (including the $17 that were capitalized in 2019 for the vessel “P. Fos”).

During 2021, the Company capitalized in Vessels, net an amount of $2,218, mainly representing costs for the installation of ballast water treatment system on the tanker vessels “Briolette” and “P. Fos”, out of which $1,758 has been settled until December 31, 2021 and is included in Payments for vessels’ improvements in the accompanying consolidated statement of cash flows. Additionally, an amount of $558 relating to the installation costs of the ballast water treatment system of the vessel “Blue Moon”, whose scheduled special survey was in progress as of December 31, 2021, is included in Other non-current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Out of the $558 of these installation costs, $19 have been paid until December 31, 2021 and is included in Payments for vessels’ improvements in the accompanying consolidated statement of cash flows.

F-20
Table of Contents
Vessels’ impairment – Discontinued Operations
In 2020 and 2019, the Company, taking into account the provisions of ASC 360 and factors such as the vessels’ age and employment prospects under the then current market conditions, determined the future undiscounted cash flows for each of its vessels, considering its various alternatives, including sale possibilities. During 2020 and 2019, the carrying values of one and three, respectively, containers vessels were impaired as a result of their classification as “held for sale” or as a result of the Company’s impairment exercise. More specifically, in 2020, an impairment loss of $339 was recognized in connection with the container vessels’ “Rotterdam” held for sale classification on the March 31, 2020 balance sheets, as the vessel’s carrying value exceeded its fair value, less costs to sell. During 2019, an impairment loss of $17,434 was recognized in connection with the classification of the container vessel “Pucon” as “held for sale” on the September 30, 2019 balance sheets, and an aggregate impairment loss of $14,195 was recognized for the container vessels ”Pamina” and “Rotterdam” that were classified on the June 30, 2019, and December 31, 2019 balance sheets, respectively, as held and used, as the Company’s impairment exercise concluded that their carrying value was not recoverable. The vessels were measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as a result of the Company’s impairment test exercise or their “held for sale” classification and their fair value was determined through Level 2 inputs of the fair value hierarchy making also use of available market data for the market value of vessels with similar characteristics. The aggregate fair values of the impaired vessels as of the testing dates were $18,130 in 2020 and $47,393 in 2019.

In aggregate, in 2020 and 2019, the impairment loss recognized by the Company for its container vessels amounted to $339 and $31,629, out of which $598 were unamortized dry-dock costs (Note 2 (l),(m)), respectively, and is included in Net income/(loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations (Note 3).

Vessels’ disposals – Discontinued Operations
In January and August 2020, the Company, through two of its subsidiaries, agreed to sell the container vessels “Rotterdam” and “Domingo” to unrelated parties for an aggregate gross price of $24,100. The vessels were delivered to their new owners in April and August 2020, respectively, and the Company received the sale proceeds in accordance with the terms of the contracts.

For 2020, the gain on sale of vessels, net of direct to sale expenses, amounted to $319, while the respective loss for 2019, including direct to sale expenses, amounted to $127. The gain / (loss) on vessels’ sale is included in Net income/(loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations (Note 3).

The amounts of Vessels, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are analyzed as follows:

Continuing Operations
  
Vessels’ Cost
    
Accumulated
Depreciation
    
Net Book Value
  
Balance, December 31, 2019
  
$
60,161
    
$
(740
)
  
$
59,421
  
- Transfer from advances for vessel acquisitions and other vessel costs
    
11,017
      
-
      
11,017
  
- Acquisitions and other vessel costs
    
63,386
      
-
      
63,386
  
- Depreciation
    
-
      
(5,716
)
    
(5,716
)
Balance, December 31, 2020
  
$
134,564
    
$
(6,456
)
  
$
128,108
  
- Vessels’ improvements
    
2,218
      
-
      
2,218
  
- Depreciation
    
-
      
(7,290
)
    
(7,290
)
Balance, December 31, 2021
  
$
136,782
    
$
(13,746
)
  
$
123,036
  

Discontinued Operations
  
Vessels’ Cost
    
Accumulated
Depreciation
    
Net Book Value
  
Balance, December 31, 2019
    
33,840
      
(10,390
)
    
23,450
  
- Vessels’ disposals
    
(33,501
)
    
10,421
      
(23,080
)
- Depreciation
    
-
      
(31
)
    
(31
)
- Impairment charges
    
(339
)
    
-
      
(339
)
Balance, December 31, 2020
  
$
-
    
$
-
    
$
-
  
F-21
Table of Contents
7.      Property and Equipment, net

On November 18, 2021, the Company, through UOT, sold to a subsidiary of Diana Shipping Inc. its co-owned indivisible share in a plot of land, located in Athens, Greece, for a purchase price of Euro 1,100,000 (or $1,248 based on a $1.1345 Euro/USD exchange rate). In connection with this sale, the Company recorded a gain, net of $233 taxes and expenses, of $137, which is presented as Gain from property sale in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations.

The amounts in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are analyzed as follows:

   
Property and
Equipment
    
Accumulated
Depreciation
    
Net Book Value
  
Balance, December 31, 2019
   $ 1,566     $ (573 )   $ 993  
- Additions in equipment
     224       -
       224  
- Depreciation
     -
       (82 )     (82 )
Balance, December 31, 2020
   $ 1,790     $ (655 )   $ 1,135  
- Additions in equipment
     8       -
       8  
- Land sale
     (878 )     -
       (878 )
- Depreciation
     -
       (114 )     (114 )
Balance, December 31, 2021
   $ 920     $ (769 )   $ 151  

8.       Long-Term Debt

The amount of long-term debt shown in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is analyzed as follows:

   
December 31, 2021
    
Current
    
Non-current
    
December 31, 2020
    
Current
    
Non-current
  
                                     
Nordea Bank secured term loan
   $
24,403     $ 3,740     $
20,663     $
28,142     $ 3,740     $
24,402  
Piraeus Bank secured term loan
     25,786       4,171       21,615       29,958       4,171       25,787  
less unamortized deferred financing costs
     (291 )     (123 )     (168 )     (434 )     (143 )     (291 )
Total debt, net of deferred financing costs
   $ 49,898     $
7,788     $
42,110     $
57,666     $ 7,768     $
49,898  

Secured Term Loans: The Company, through its vessel-owning subsidiaries, has entered into two long term loan agreements with certain financial institutions (as described below) to partially finance the acquisition cost of its tanker vessels. The loans are repayable in quarterly installments plus one balloon installment per loan agreement to be paid together with the last installment, and bear variable interest at LIBOR plus a fixed margin ranging from 2.75% to 2.85%. Their maturities fall due in July and December 2024, and at each utilization date, arrangement fees of 1.00% were paid. The term loans are collateralized by the Company’s five tanker vessels, whose aggregate net book value as of December 31, 2021 was $123,036.

F-22
Table of Contents
In July 2019, the Company, through two of its vessel-owning subsidiaries, entered into a loan agreement with Nordea Bank Abp, Filial i Norge (“Nordea Bank”) for a senior secured term loan facility of up to $33,000, to partially finance the acquisition cost of the tanker vessels “Blue Moon” and “Briolette”. In December 2019 and in March 2020, the Nordea Bank loan was twice amended and restated to increase the loan facility to up to $47,000 and $59,000, respectively, so as to partially support the acquisition cost of the tanker vessels “P. Fos” and “P. Kikuma”, respectively. In December 2020, the Company entered into a Deed of Release with Nordea Bank, according to which the borrowers of the vessels “P. Fos” and “P. Kikuma” were released from all obligations under the agreement, in connection with the re-finance by Piraeus Bank S.A. (described below). Also in December 2020, the Company entered into a Supplemental Loan Agreement with Nordea Bank, to amend the existing repayment schedules of the “Blue Moon” and “Briolette” tranches and to amend the major shareholder’s clause included in the agreement.

In December 2020, the Company, through three of its vessel-owning subsidiaries, entered into a loan agreement with Piraeus Bank S.A. (“Piraeus Bank”) for a senior secured term loan facility of up to $31,526, to refinance the existing indebtedness of the vessels “P. Fos” and “P. Kikuma” with Nordea Bank, described above, and partially finance the acquisition cost of the vessel “P. Yanbu”. The three borrowers utilized in December 2020 an aggregate amount of $29,958 under the loan agreement, and no amount remained available for drawdown thereafter.

The Nordea and Piraeus Bank loans are guaranteed by Performance Shipping Inc., and are also secured by first priority mortgages over the financed fleet, first priority assignments of earnings, insurances and of any charters exceeding durations of two years, pledge over the borrowers’ shares and over their earnings accounts, and vessels’ managers’ undertakings. The loan agreements also require a minimum hull value of the financed vessels, impose restrictions as to dividend distribution following the occurrence of an event of default and changes in shareholding, include customary financial covenants and require at all times during the facility period a minimum cash liquidity. In November 2021, the Company’s lenders Nordea Bank and Piraeus Bank have provided their consent for a reduction of the Company’s minimum liquidity requirement from $9,000 to $5,000, with an effective date December 31, 2021 through June 30, 2022 and September 30, 2022, respectively. As at December 31, 2021 and 2020, the compensating cash balance required under the loan agreements is included in Cash and cash equivalents in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As at December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company was in compliance with all of its loan covenants.

The weighted average interest rate of the Company’s loans for 2021 and 2020, was 2.90% and 3.32%, respectively.

For 2021, 2020 and 2019, interest expense on long-term debt amounted to $1,596, $1,710 and $416, respectively, and commitment fees amounted to $0, $6 and $55, respectively, and are included in Interest and finance costs in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations (Note 11). Accrued interest as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 amounted to $51 and $63, respectively, and is included in Accrued liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

As at December 31, 2021, the maturities of the debt facilities described above, are as follows:

   
Principal Repayment
  
Year 1
  
$
 7,911  
Year 2
     7,911  
Year 3
     34,367  
Total
  
$
 50,189  

F-23
Table of Contents
9.      Commitments and Contingencies

(a)  Various claims, suits, and complaints, including those involving government regulations and product liability, arise in the ordinary course of the shipping business. In addition, losses may arise from disputes with charterers, agents, insurance and other claims with suppliers relating to the operations of the Company’s vessels. Currently, management is not aware of any claims or contingent liabilities, which should be disclosed, or for which a provision should be established and has not in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

The Company accrues for the cost of environmental liabilities when management becomes aware that a liability is probable and is able to reasonably estimate the probable exposure. Currently, management is not aware of any such claims or contingent liabilities, which should be disclosed, or for which a provision should be established in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s vessels are covered for pollution in the amount of $1 billion per vessel per incident, by the protection and indemnity association (“P&I Association”) in which the Company’s vessels are entered. The Company’s vessels are subject to calls payable to their P&I Association and may be subject to supplemental calls which are based on estimates of premium income and anticipated and paid claims. Such estimates are adjusted each year by the Board of Directors of the P&I Association until the closing of the relevant policy year, which generally occurs within three years from the end of the policy year.  Supplemental calls, if any, are expensed when they are announced and according to the period they relate to. The Company is not aware of any supplemental calls outstanding in respect of any policy year.

(b)  The Company rents its office spaces in Greece under various lease agreements with unaffiliated parties. The durations of these agreements vary from a few months to 3 years and certain of these contracts also bear the option for the Company to extend the lease terms for further periods. Under ASC 842, the Company, as a lessee, has classified these contracts as operating leases and accordingly, a lease liability of $84 and $184, respectively, and an equal right-of-use asset based on the present value of future minimum lease payments for the fixed periods of each contract have been recognized on the December 31, 2021 and 2020 balance sheets. The monthly rent cost under the existing as of December 31, 2021 lease agreements are $8 (based on the exchange rate of Euro/US Dollar $1.14 as of December 31, 2021). Rent costs have been reduced for the Company since the beginning of 2021 as a result of COVID 19-relief measures applied by the Greek government, as the lessor is partially reimbursed for these rent payments by the state. Accordingly, rent expenses amounted to $47, $104 and $81 for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and are included in General and administrative expenses of the continuing operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.  The Company assessed that the rent concession qualifies for the election and elected to not evaluate whether a concession provided due to COVID-19 is a lease modification under ASC 842. The Company has assessed the right of use asset recognized for office leases for impairment and concluded that no impairment charge should be recorded as December 31, 2021, as no impairment indicators existed.

The following table sets forth the Company’s undiscounted office rental obligations as at December 31, 2021:

   
Amount
  
Year 1
  
$
73
  
Year 2
    
20
  
Total
  
$
93
  
Less imputed interest
    
(9
)
Present value of lease liabilities
  
$
84
  
         
Lease liabilities, current
    
66
  
Lease liabilities, non- current
    
18
  
Present value of lease liabilities
  
$
84
  

F-24
Table of Contents
10.     Changes in Capital Accounts

(a)          Company’s Preferred Stock: As at December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company’s authorized preferred stock consists of 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. Of these preferred shares, 1,250,000 have been designated Series A preferred shares and 1,200,000 have been designated Series B preferred shares. As at December 31, 2021 and 2020, no preferred stock was issued and outstanding.

(b)          Series B Preferred Stock and Warrants to purchase Series B Preferred Stock issued to Kalani Investments Limited: On March 21, 2017, the Company completed a registered direct offering of (i) 3,000 newly-designated Series B-1 convertible preferred shares, par value $0.01 per share, and common shares underlying such Series B-1 convertible preferred shares, and (ii) warrants to purchase 6,500 of Series B-1 convertible preferred shares, 6,500 of Series B-1 convertible preferred shares underlying such warrants, and common shares underlying such Series B-1 convertible preferred shares. Concurrently with the registered direct offering, the Company completed an offering of warrants to purchase 140,500 of Series B-2 convertible preferred shares in a private placement, in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act. The securities in the registered direct offering and private placement were issued and sold to Kalani Investments Limited (or “Kalani”), an entity not affiliated with the Company, pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement. In connection with the private placement, the Company entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with Kalani, pursuant to which the investor was granted certain registration rights with respect to the securities issued and sold in the private placement. The Series B-2 convertible preferred shares were convertible at any time at the option of the holder into common shares based on specific terms of the agreements. On March 24, 2019, the Series B-2 Preferred Warrants that were exercisable for Series B-2 Preferred Shares expired, in accordance with their terms.

In 2019, an aggregate of 6,470 preferred warrants were exercised for the sale of an equal number of preferred shares and in aggregate, 5,220 Series B convertible preferred shares were converted to 710,051 common shares, thus leaving 1,500 Series B convertible preferred shares outstanding as at December 31, 2019. In 2019, the Company received net equity proceeds, after deducting offering expenses payable by the Company, of $6,452. From January 1, 2020 and up to April 6, 2020, 1,100 Series B convertible preferred shares were converted to 195,215 common shares, thus leaving 400 Series B convertible preferred shares outstanding as at April 6, 2020. On April 6, 2020, the Company’s BOD members approved the re-purchase of the Company’s outstanding Series B-2 Preferred Shares, previously issued to Kalani, for a purchase price of $400. Following the BOD approval, the Company entered into an agreement with Kalani on April 7, 2020 for the re-purchase of all 400 Series B-2 convertible preferred shares outstanding, paid the purchase price of $400 and consequently cancelled the Series B-2 Preferred Shares.

(c)          Series C Preferred Stock issued to Diana Shipping Inc.: On May 30, 2017, the Company issued 100 shares of its then newly-designated Series C Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, to Diana Shipping Inc., in exchange for a reduction of $3,000 in the principal amount of the Company’s then outstanding loan. The Series C Preferred Stock had no dividend or liquidation rights. The Series C Preferred Stock voted with the common shares of the Company, and each share of the Series C Preferred Stock entitled the holder thereof to up to 250,000 votes, subject to a cap such that the aggregate voting power of any holder of Series C Preferred Stock together with its affiliates would not exceed 49.0%, on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders of the Company. As at December 31, 2019, the 100 Series C Preferred Stock remained outstanding. On March 23, 2020, the Company’s disinterested BOD members approved the repurchase of the Company’s 100 Series C Preferred Shares, held by Diana Shipping Inc., for a purchase price of $1,500. The Company’s disinterested BOD members had previously received a fairness opinion from an independent third party that the transaction was fair from a financial point of view to the Company. On March 25, 2020, the Company agreed with Diana Shipping Inc. for the repurchase of the Series C Preferred Shares and on March 26, 2020, the Company paid the agreed purchase price and consequently cancelled the Series C Preferred Shares.

F-25
Table of Contents
(d)          One-for-Ten Reverse Stock Split: With the intention of complying with NASDAQ’s minimum bid price requirements, the Company effected as of the opening of trading on November 2, 2020 a one-for-ten reverse stock split of its common shares, which was approved by shareholders at the Company’s 2020 Special Meeting of Shareholders held on October 29, 2020. The number of the Company’s common shares issued and outstanding at that date was reduced from 50,155,299 to 5,015,501. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse split. Shareholders who would otherwise hold fractional shares of the Company’s common stock received a cash payment in lieu of such fractional share.

(e)          Share Repurchase Program: In January 2019, the Company had announced that its Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program to purchase up to an aggregate of $6,000 of the Company’s common shares. The timing and amount of any repurchases would be determined by the Company’s management and would depend on market conditions, capital allocation alternatives, applicable securities laws, and other factors. The Board of Directors’ authorization of the repurchase program was effective immediately and would expire on December 21, 2019. Common shares repurchased as part of this program would be cancelled by the Company. During 2019, no shares had been repurchased under the specific program, which expired on December 21, 2019.

In January 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors further authorized a share repurchase program to purchase up to an aggregate of $6,000 of the Company’s common shares, with identical terms to the former program. During 2020, the Company has repurchased 81,785 common shares of value $656, including expenses, and all common shares repurchased as part of this program were cancelled by the Company. The Board of Directors’ authorization of this program expired on December 21, 2020.

(f)          Shareholders’ Rights Agreement: On December 20, 2021, the Company entered into a Stockholders’ Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”). Pursuant to the Rights Agreement, each share of the Company’s common stock includes one right, or a Right, that entitles the holder to purchase from the Company one one-thousandth of a share of the Company’s Series A Participating Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, at an exercise price of $50.00 per one one-thousandth of a Series A Preferred Stock, subject to specified adjustments. The Rights will separate from the common stock and become exercisable only if a person or group acquires beneficial ownership of 10% or more of the Company’s common stock in a transaction not approved by the Company’s board of directors. In that situation, each holder of a Right (other than the acquiring person, whose Rights will become void and will not be exercisable) will have the right to purchase, in lieu of one one-thousandth of a share of Series A Preferred Stock, upon payment of the exercise price, a number of shares of the Company’s common stock having a then-current market value equal to twice the exercise price. In addition, if the Company is acquired in a merger or other business combination after an acquiring person acquires 10% or more of the Company’s common stock, each holder of the Right will thereafter have the right to purchase, in lieu of one one-thousandth of a share of Series A Preferred Stock, upon payment of the exercise price, a number of shares of common stock of the acquiring person having a then-current market value equal to twice the exercise price. The acquiring person will not be entitled to exercise these Rights. Under the Rights Agreement’s terms, it will expire on December 20, 2031. As at December 31, 2021, no Rights were exercised.

(g)          Tender Offer to Exchange Common Shares for Shares of Series B Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock: In December 2021, the Company commenced an offer to exchange, up to 4,066,181 of its then issued and outstanding common shares, par value $0.01 per share, for newly issued shares of the Company’s Series B Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01, at a ratio of 0.28 Series B Preferred Shares for each common share.  

The Company will pay a 4.00% annual dividend on the Series B Preferred Shares, on a quarterly basis, either in cash, or, at the Company’s option, through the issuance of additional common shares, valued at the volume-weighted average price of the common stock for the 10 trading days prior to the dividend payment date. Each Series B Preferred Share is convertible at the option of the holder during the applicable conversion period and for additional cash consideration of $7.50 per converted Series B Preferred Share, into two Series C Preferred Shares (see description below). Each Series B Preferred Share will have a fixed liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. The Series B Preferred Shares are not subject to mandatory redemption or to any sinking fund requirements, and will be redeemable at the Company’s option, at any time, on or after the date that is the date immediately following the 15-month anniversary of the issuance date, at $25.00 per share plus accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon to and including the date of redemption. Finally, Series B Preferred Shares rank senior to common shares with respect to dividend distributions and distributions upon any liquidation, winding up or dissolution of the Company. As of December 31, 2021 no common shares have been exchanged as part of this offer. The tender offer expired on January 27, 2022 (Note 15).

F-26
Table of Contents
The Series C Preferred Shares, par value $0.01 and $25.00 liquidation preference, will be established not earlier than one year from the date of original issuance of the Series B Preferred Shares. Their material anticipated terms are as follows: the Company will pay a 5.00% annual dividend on the Series C Preferred Shares either in cash, or, at the Company’s option, through the issuance of additional common shares, valued at the volume-weighted average price of the common stock for the 10 trading days prior to the dividend payment date; the Series C Preferred Shares will be convertible to Common Shares, at the option of the holder at any time and from time to time after six months from the date of original issuance of such Series C Preferred Shares, in whole or in part, at a conversion price equal to $5.50 per Common Share (as adjusted). Each Series C Preferred Share shall be entitled to a number of votes equal to the number of shares of Common Stock into which the share is then convertible multiplied by 10. Holders of the Series C Preferred Shares shall be entitled to vote with holders of Common Shares, voting together as a single class (with certain exceptions).

(h)          Compensation Cost on Stock Option Awards: On January 1, 2021, the Company granted to its Chief Financial Officer stock options to purchase 120,000 of the Company’s common shares as share-based remuneration. The stock options, which were granted pursuant to, and in accordance with, the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan, have been approved by the Company’s board of directors, and have a term of five years. The exercise prices of the options are as follows: 30,000 shares for an exercise price of $10.00 per share, 25,000 shares for an exercise price of $12.50 per share, 20,000 shares for an exercise price of $15.00 per share, 15,000 shares for an exercise price of $20.00 per share, 15,000 shares for an exercise price of $25.00 per share, and 15,000 shares for an exercise price of $30.00 per share.

In its assessment for the accounting of the stock options awards, the Company has taken into consideration the provisions of ASC 718 “Compensation – Stock Compensation” and determined that these stock options should be classified as equity rather than liability.  The award was measured on the grant date, being January 1, 2021, at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Its fair value was determined through Level 3 inputs of the fair value hierarchy as determined by management and amounted to $134. The fair value of the stock option was estimated using the binomial-pricing model with the following assumptions: (a) 6% dividend yield, assumed based on Company’s stated dividend policy and existing capital structure, (b) weighted average expected volatility of 75%, (c) risk free rate of 0.36% determined by management using the applicable 5-year treasury yield as of the measurement date, (d) market value of common stock of $4.64 and (e) expected life of 5 years as at January 1, 2021. During 2021, no stock options were exercised and the full amount of $134 was recognized as compensation cost in General and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

(i)          Compensation Cost on Restricted Common Stock: On February 15, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a one-time award of restricted common stock, which was proposed by the Company’s compensation committee, with an aggregate value of $5,000, to the Company’s executive officers and non-executive directors, in recognition of the successful refinancing of the Company’s RBS loan in 2017. In this respect, a number of 574,779 restricted shares were issued on February 15, 2019 and their number was defined based on the share closing price of February 15, 2019. One third of the shares vested on the issuance date and the remainder two thirds vested ratably over two years from the issuance date.

On December 30, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an amendment to the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (or the “Plan”), to increase the aggregate number of shares issuable under the plan to 538,830 shares, and further approved 67,225 restricted common shares to be issued on the same date as an award to the Company’s directors. The fair value of the award was $320 and was calculated by using the share closing price of December 29, 2020. One fourth of the shares vested on December 30, 2020 and the remainder three fourths vest ratably over three years from the issuance date. As at December 31, 2021, 471,605 restricted common shares remained reserved for issuance under the Plan.

During 2021, 2020 and 2019, aggregate compensation cost on restricted stock amounted to $134, $1,916 and $1,791 respectively, and is included in General and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the total unrecognized compensation cost relating to restricted share awards was $159 and $293, respectively.

F-27
Table of Contents
During 2021, 2020 and 2019, the movement of the restricted stock cost was as follows:

   
Number of Shares
    
Weighted
Average Grant
Date Price
  
Outstanding at December 31, 2018
     10,780     $ 23.50  
Granted
     574,779       8.70  
Vested
     (196,983 )     9.10  
Forfeited or expired
     -       -  
Outstanding at December 31, 2019
     388,576     $
8.90  
Granted
     67,225       4.76  
Vested
     (355,702 )     8.74  
Forfeited or expired
     -       -  
Outstanding at December 31, 2020
     100,099       6.71  
Granted
     -       -  
Vested
     (66,488 )     7.70  
Forfeited or expired
     -       -  
Outstanding at December 31, 2021
     33,611     $
4.76  

As at December 31, 2021, the weighted-average period over which the total compensation cost related to non-vested restricted stock, as presented above, is expected to be recognized, is 1.49 years.

(j) At The Market Offering: On March 5, 2021, the Company entered into an At The Market (or “ATM”) Offering Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, as sales agent, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate of $5,900 of its common shares, par value $0.01 per share. No shares have been sold during 2021, while subsequent to the balance sheet date and up to the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements a number of shares of the Company’s common stock were issued as part of the ATM Offering (Note 15).

11.      Interest and Finance Costs

The amounts in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations are analyzed as follows:

   
2021
    
2020
    
2019
  
Interest expense on bank debt  (Note 8)
  
$
1,596
    
$
1,710
    
$
416
  
Amortization of deferred financing costs
    
143
      
325
      
154
  
Commitment fees and other
    
62
      
54
      
81
  
Total
  
$
1,801
    
$
2,089
    
$
651
  

F-28
Table of Contents
12.      Earnings / (Loss) per Share

All common shares issued (including the restricted shares issued under the equity incentive plan, or else) are the Company’s common stock and have equal rights to vote and participate in dividends, subject to forfeiture provisions set forth in the applicable award agreements. Unvested shares granted under the Company’s incentive plan, or else, are entitled to receive dividends which are not refundable, even if such shares are forfeited, and therefore are considered participating securities for basic earnings per share calculation purposes. For 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company paid dividends of $0, $502, and $0, respectively. The calculation of basic earnings/ (loss) per share does not consider the non-vested shares as outstanding until the time-based vesting restrictions have lapsed. The dilutive effect of share-based compensation arrangements is computed using the treasury stock method, which assumes that the “proceeds” upon exercise of these awards are used to purchase common shares at the average market price for the period. The computation of diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution from conversion of outstanding preferred convertible stock (Note 10) calculated with the “if converted” method and for 2020, it resulted to 70,087 shares, while no incremental shares were calculated from the application of the treasury stock method for the restricted shares. For 2021 and 2019, securities that could potentially dilute basic loss per share in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted loss per share, because to do so would have anti-dilutive effect, are any incremental shares resulting from the non-vested restricted share awards and the non-exercised stock options calculated with the treasury stock method, and also shares assumed to be converted with respect to the preferred convertible stock calculated with the “if converted” method.

For 2020, earnings attributable to common equity holders is adjusted by $1,500, being the difference between the fair value of the consideration paid for the re-purchase of the Series C preferred shares (Note 10) and the carrying amount of the shares surrendered. The $1,500 gain from repurchase has been allocated to continuing operations, as it derives from corporate decisions in connection with the restructuring of the Company’s share capital.

   
2021
    
2020
    
2019
  
   
Basic LPS
    
Diluted LPS
    
Basic EPS
    
Diluted EPS
    
Basic LPS
    
Diluted LPS
  
Net income / (loss) from continuing operations
   $ (10,106 )   $ (10,106 )   $ 2,295     $ 2,295     $ (6,743 )   $ (6,743 )
plus gain from repurchase of preferred shares
     -       -       1,500       1,500       -       -  
less income allocated to participating securities
     -       -       (87 )     (87 )     -       -  
Net income / (loss) available to common stockholders from continuing operations
     (10,106 )     (10,106 )     3,708       3,708       (6,743 )     (6,743 )
                                                 
Net income from discontinued operations
     400       400       1,482       1,482       (25,314 )     (25,314 )
                                                 
Total net income / (loss) available to common stockholders
     (9,706 )     (9,706 )     5,190       5,190       (32,057 )     (32,057 )
                                                 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding
     5,026,300       5,026,300       4,875,475       4,875,475       2,864,676       2,864,676  
Effect of dilutive shares
     -       -       -       70,087       -       -  
Total shares outstanding
     5,026,300       5,026,300       4,875,475       4,945,562       2,864,676       2,864,676  
                                                 
Earnings / (Loss) per common share, continuing operations
   $ (2.01 )   $ (2.01 )   $ 0.76     $ 0.75     $ (2.35 )   $ (2.35 )
                                                 
Earnings per common share, discontinued operations
   $ 0.08     $ 0.08     $ 0.30     $ 0.30     $ (8.84 )   $ (8.84 )
                                                 
Earnings / (Loss) per common share, total
   $ (1.93 )   $ (1.93 )   $ 1.06     $ 1.05     $ (11.19 )   $ (11.19 )

F-29
Table of Contents
13.      Income Taxes

Under the laws of the countries of the companies’ incorporation and / or vessels’ registration, the companies are not subject to tax on international shipping income; however, they are subject to registration and tonnage taxes, which are included in Vessel operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

The Company is potentially subject to a four percent U.S. federal income tax on 50% of its gross income derived by its voyages that begin or end in the United States.  However, under Section 883 of the Internal Revenue Code of the United States (the “Code”), a corporation is exempt from U.S. federal income taxation on its U.S.-source shipping income if: (a) it is organized in a foreign country that grants an equivalent exemption from tax to corporations organized in the United States (an “equivalent exemption”); and (b) either (i) more than 50% of the value of its common stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by “qualified shareholders,”, which is referred to as the “50% Ownership Test,” or (ii) its common stock is “primarily and regularly traded on an established securities market” in the United States or in a country that grants an “equivalent exemption”, which is referred to as the “Publicly-Traded Test.”

The Marshall Islands, the jurisdiction where Performance Shipping Inc. and each of its vessel-owning subsidiaries are incorporated, grant an “equivalent exemption” to U.S. corporations. Therefore, the Company would be exempt from U.S. federal income taxation with respect to its U.S.-source shipping income if either the 50% Ownership Test or the Publicly-Traded Test is met.

Based on the trading and ownership of its stock, the Company believes that it satisfied the Publicly-Traded Test for its 2021 taxable year and intends to take this position on its 2021 U.S. federal income tax returns.  Therefore, the Company does not expect to have any U.S. federal income tax liability for the year ended December 31, 2021.

14.      Financial Instruments and Fair Value Disclosures

The carrying values of temporary cash investments, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their fair value due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments. The fair values of long-term bank loans approximate the recorded values, due to their variable interest rates. The Company is exposed to interest rate fluctuations associated with its variable rate borrowings and its objective is to manage the impact of such fluctuations on earnings and cash flows of its borrowings. Currently, the Company does not have any derivative instruments to manage such fluctuations.

F-30
Table of Contents
15.      Subsequent Events

(a)
Changes To The Composition of the Board Of Directors: On February 28, 2022, the election of Ms. Loïsa Ranunkel as a Class I Director and elections of Mr. Alex Papageorgiou and Mr. Mihalis Boutaris as Class III Directors were approved by the requisite vote at the Company’s 2022 Annual Meeting. Mr. Symeon Palios, Mr. Giannakis (John) Evangelou, Mr. Christos Glavanis did not stand for re-election. Effective February 28, 2022, Mr. Antonios Karavias and Mr. Reidar Brekke resigned from the Company’s board of directors. Also, effective February 28, 2022, the size of the Company’s board of directors decreased from seven to five members, and Ms. Aliki Paliou was appointed as Chairperson of the Company’s board of directors.

(b)
Completion of Exchange of Company’s Common Shares to New Series B Perpetual Preferred Shares: On January 27, 2022, the Tender Offer to Exchange Company’s common shares for new Series B Perpetual Preferred Shares was completed (Note 10), and a total of 2,834,612 common shares were validly tendered and accepted for exchange in the Exchange Offer, which resulted in the issuance of 793,657 Series B Preferred Shares, out of which 657,396 are beneficially owned by Mrs. Aliki Paliou, 28,171 are beneficially owned by Mr. Andreas Michalopoulos and 29,510 in aggregate are beneficially owned by the resigned board members (see paragraph (a) above).
 
(c)
At-The-Market (“ATM”) Offering: Subsequent to the balance sheet date and up to the date of issuance of these financial statements, a total of 190,363 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued as part of the Company’s ATM offering (Note 10), and the net proceeds received, after deducting underwriting commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company, amounted to $542.

(d)
Unsecured Credit Facility: On March 2, 2022, the Company entered into an unsecured credit facility with Mango Shipping Corp., whose beneficial owner is Ms. Aliki Paliou, of up to $5.0 million, for general working capital purposes. The loan has a term of one year from the date of the agreement, bears interest of 9.0% per annum, and will be drawn in arrears at the Company’s request. The agreement also provides for arrangement fees of $200 payable on the date of the agreement, and commitment fees of 3.00% per annum on any undrawn amount until the maturity date. On March 9, 2022, an amount of $3,200 has been drawn under the credit facility.

(e)
Uncertainties caused by the Russo-Ukrainian War: The recent outbreak of war between Russia and the Ukraine has disrupted supply chains and caused instability in the global economy, while the United States and the European Union, among other countries, announced sanctions against Russia, including sanctions targeting the Russian oil sector, among those a prohibition on the import of oil from Russia to the United States. The ongoing conflict could result in the imposition of further economic sanctions against Russia, and given Russia’s role as a major global exporter of crude oil, the Company’s business may be adversely impacted. Currently, the Company’s charter contracts have not been affected by the events in Russia and Ukraine. However, it is possible that in the future third parties with whom the Company has or will have charter contracts may be impacted by such events. While in general much uncertainty remains regarding the global impact of the conflict in Ukraine, it is possible that such tensions could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operation and cash flows.
Exhibit 2.5
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT
TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
As of December 31, 2021, Performance Shipping Inc. (the “Company”) had two classes of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended:
 
(1)          Common stock, $0.01 par value (the “common shares”); and
 
(2)          Preferred stock purchase rights (the “Preferred Stock Purchase Rights”).
 
The following description sets forth certain material provisions of these securities. The following summary does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, the applicable provisions of (i) the Company’s Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended (the “Articles of Incorporation”) and (ii) the Company’s Amended and Restated Bylaws (the “Bylaws”), each of which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 20-F of which this Exhibit is a part. We encourage you to refer to our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws for additional information.
 
Please note in this description of securities, “we”, “us”, “our” and “the Company” all refer to Performance Shipping Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise.
 
Authorized Capitalization
 
Under our amended and restated articles of incorporation, our authorized capital stock consists of 500,000,000 common shares, par value $0.01 per share, of which 2,438,477 shares are currently issued and outstanding, and 25,000,000 preferred shares, par value $0.01 per share, of which 793,657 shares are currently issued and outstanding.
 
DESCRIPTION OF COMMON SHARES
 
The respective number of common shares issued and outstanding as of the last day of the fiscal year for the annual report on Form 20-F to which this description is attached or incorporated by reference as an exhibit, is provided on the cover page of such annual report on Form 20-F.
 
Each outstanding common share entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred shares, holders of common shares are entitled to receive ratably all dividends, if any, declared by our board of directors out of funds legally available for dividends. Upon our dissolution or liquidation or the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, after payment in full of all amounts required to be paid to creditors and to the holders of our preferred shares having liquidation preferences, if any, the holders of our common shares will be entitled to receive pro rata our remaining assets available for distribution. Holders of our common shares do not have conversion, redemption or preemptive rights to subscribe to any of our securities. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of common shares are subject to the rights of the holders of our preferred shares, including our existing classes of preferred shares and any preferred shares we may issue in the future.
 
Voting Rights
 
Each outstanding common share entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders. At any annual or special general meeting of shareholders where there is a quorum, the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by holders of shares of stock represented at the meeting shall be the act of the shareholders. (Under the Articles of Incorporation, at all meetings of shareholders except otherwise expressly provided by law, there must be present in person or proxy shareholders of record holding at least one third of the shares issued and outstanding and entitled to vote at such meeting in order to constitute a quorum but if less than a quorum is present, a majority of those shares present either in person or by proxy shall have power to adjourn any meeting until a quorum shall be present.)
 
Our Bylaws do not confer any conversion, redemption or preemptive rights attached to our common shares.
 
Dividend Rights
 
Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred shares, holders of common shares are entitled to receive ratably all dividends, if any, declared by our board of directors out of funds legally available for dividends.
 
Liquidation Rights
 
Upon our dissolution or liquidation or the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, after payment in full of all amounts required to be paid to creditors and to the holders of our preferred shares having liquidation preferences, if any, the holders of our common shares will be entitled to receive pro rata our remaining assets available for distribution.
 
Variation of Rights
 
Generally, the rights or privileges attached to our common shares may be varied or abrogated by the rights of the holders of our preferred shares, including our existing classes of preferred shares and any preferred shares we may issue in the future.
 
Limitations on Ownership
 
Under Marshall Islands law generally, there are no limitations on the right of non-residents of the Marshall Islands or owners who are not citizens of the Marshall Islands to hold or vote our common shares.
 
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED SHARES
 
Our amended and restated articles of incorporation authorize our board of directors to establish one or more series of preferred shares and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series, including:
 

 •
the designation of the series;
 

 •
the number of shares of the series;
 

 •
the preferences and relative, participating, option or other special rights, if any, and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such series; and
 

 •
the voting rights, if any, of the holders of the series.
 
Description of the Series B Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock
 
On December 21, 2021, we offered to exchange up to 4,066,181 of our then issued and outstanding common shares for newly issued shares of our Series B Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 and liquidation preference $25.00 (the “Series B Preferred Shares”) at a ratio of 0.28 Series B Preferred Shares for each common share. The offer expired on January 27, 2022 and a total of 2,834,612 common shares were validly tendered and accepted for exchange in the offer, which resulted in the issuance of 793,657 Series B Preferred Shares.

Listing
 
Currently, no market exists for the Series B Preferred Shares (or the Series C Preferred Shares into which they may be converted), and we do not intend to apply to list the Series B Preferred Shares or the Series C Preferred Shares on any stock exchange or in any trading market. See the Annual Report on Form 20-F of which this Exhibit is a part under “Risk Factors - There is no established trading market for the Series B Preferred Shares which may negatively affect their market value and your ability to transfer or sell them.”
 
Ranking
 
The Series B Preferred Shares, with respect to anticipated quarterly dividends and distributions upon the liquidation, winding-up and dissolution of our affairs, rank:
 

 •
senior to our common stock and to each other class or series of capital stock that has been or will be established after the Original Issue Date of the Series B Preferred Shares that is not expressly made senior to or on parity with the Series B Preferred Shares as to the payment of dividends and amounts payable upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, whether voluntary or involuntary (“Junior Securities”);
 

 •
pari passu with any class or series of capital stock that has been or will be established after the Original Issue Date of the Series B Preferred Shares with terms expressly providing that such class or series ranks on a parity with the Series B Preferred Shares as to the payment of dividends and amounts payable upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, whether voluntary or involuntary (“Parity Securities”); and
 
2

 •
junior to all of our indebtedness and other liabilities with respect to assets available to satisfy claims against us, and each other class or series of capital stock expressly made senior to the Series B Preferred Shares as to the payment of dividends and amounts payable upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, whether voluntary or involuntary (“Senior Securities”).
 
Under the Certificate of Designation, we may issue Junior Securities from time to time in one or more series without the consent of the holders of the Series B Preferred Shares. Our Board of Directors has the authority to determine the preferences, powers, qualifications, limitations, restrictions and special or relative rights or privileges, if any, of any such Series B Preferred Shares or the issuance of any shares of that series. Our Board of Directors will also determine the number of shares constituting each series of securities. Our ability to issue additional Parity Securities in certain circumstances or Senior Securities is limited as described below under “Voting Rights.”
 
Liquidation Rights
 
The holders of outstanding Series B Preferred Shares are entitled, in the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, whether voluntary or involuntary, to receive the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share in cash plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon to and including the date of payment, but without interest, before any distribution will be made to the holders of our common stock or any other Junior Securities. The following will be deemed a liquidation event:
 

 •
merger or consolidation of the Company;
 

 •
sale, lease or conveyance of all or substantially all of the Company’s consolidated assets (other than in the usual or regular course of its business); and
 

 •
change in control.
 
In the event that our assets available for distribution to holders of the outstanding Series B Preferred Shares and any Parity Securities are insufficient to permit payment of all required amounts, our assets then remaining will be distributed among the Series B Preferred Shares and any Parity Securities, as applicable, ratably on the basis of their relative aggregate liquidation preferences plus the amount of any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon. After payment of all required amounts to the holders of the outstanding Series B Preferred Shares and Parity Securities, our remaining assets and funds will be distributed among the holders of our common stock and any other Junior Securities then outstanding according to their respective rights.
 
Voting Rights
 
The Series B Preferred Shares have no voting rights except as set forth below, as set forth in the Certificate of Designation for the Series B Preferred Shares, or as otherwise provided by Marshall Islands law.
 
Unless we have received the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding Series B Preferred Shares, voting as a single class, we may not adopt any amendment to our articles of incorporation that materially and adversely alters the preferences, powers or rights of the Series B Preferred Shares.
 
On any matter described above in which the Series B Preferred Shareholders are entitled to vote as a class, whether separately or together with the holders of any Parity Securities, such holders will be entitled to one vote per Series B Preferred Share.
 
Series B Preferred Shares held in nominee or street name account will be voted by the broker or other nominee in accordance with the instruction of the beneficial owner unless the arrangement between the beneficial owner and his nominee provides otherwise.
 
Dividends
 
General
 
Holders of Series B Preferred Shares will be entitled to receive, when, as, and if declared by our Board of Directors, cumulative cash dividends out of legally available funds for such purpose, payable on each Dividend Payment Date commencing on June 15, 2022. At the Company’s option, such dividends may be paid in Common Shares of the Company valued at the volume-weighted average price of the common stock for the 10 trading days prior to the Dividend Payment Date.
 
3
Dividends on the Series B Preferred Shares offered hereby will accrue from and including the Original Issue Date (at a rate of 4.00% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference of Series B Preferred Shares. The dividend rate is not subject to adjustment.
 
Dividends will accumulate in each dividend period from and including the preceding Dividend Payment Date or the Original Issue Date, as the case may be, to but excluding the next applicable Dividend Payment Date for such dividend period. If any Dividend Payment Date otherwise would fall on a day that is not a Business Day, declared dividends will be paid on the immediately succeeding Business Day without the accumulation of additional dividends. Dividends on the Series B Preferred Shares will be payable based on a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. “Business Day” means a day on which the Nasdaq is open for trading and which is not a Saturday, a Sunday or other day on which banks in New York City are authorized or required to close.
 
Dividend Payment Dates
 
The “Dividend Payment Dates” for the Series B Preferred Shares is each June 15, September 15, December 15 and March 15, commencing with June 15, 2022. If any Dividend Payment Date otherwise would fall on a day that is not a Business Day, declared dividends will be paid on the immediately succeeding Business Day. Dividends on the Series B Preferred Shares will be payable based on a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. “Business Day” means a day on which the Nasdaq is open for trading and which is not a Saturday, a Sunday or other day on which banks in New York City are authorized or required to close.
 
Payment of Dividends
 
Not later than 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on each Dividend Payment Date, we will pay those dividends, if any, on the Series B Preferred Shares that have been declared by our Board of Directors to the Paying Agent or, if there is no Paying Agent at the relevant time, the holders of such shares as such holders’ names appear on our share transfer books maintained by our registrar and transfer agent on the applicable Record Date (as defined below). The applicable record date (the “Record Date”) will be the fifth Business Day immediately preceding the applicable Dividend Payment Date, except that in the case of payments of dividends in arrears, the Record Date with respect to a Dividend Payment Date will be such date as may be designated by our Board of Directors in accordance with the Certificate of Designation, our Articles of Incorporation and our Bylaws, each as amended and as may be further amended from time to time.
 
Declared dividends will be paid to the Paying Agent in same-day funds on each Dividend Payment Date. The Paying Agent will be responsible for holding or disbursing such payments to holders of the Series B Preferred Shares in accordance with the instructions of such holders. In certain circumstances, dividends may be paid by check delivered to the registered address of the holder of Series B Preferred Shares, unless, in any particular case, we elect to pay by wire transfer.
 
No dividend may be declared or paid or set apart for payment on any Junior Securities (other than a dividend payable solely in Junior Securities) unless full dividends have been or contemporaneously are being paid or declared and set aside for payment on all outstanding Series B Preferred Shares and any Parity Securities through the most recent respective dividend payment dates.
 
If less than all dividends payable with respect to all Series B Preferred Shares and any Parity Securities are paid, any partial payment will be made pro rata with respect to the Series B Preferred Shares and any Parity Securities entitled to a dividend payment at such time in proportion to the aggregate amounts remaining due in respect of such shares at such time. No interest or sum of money in lieu of interest will be payable in respect of any dividend payment which may be in arrears on the Series B Preferred Shares.
 
No Sinking Fund
 
The Series B Preferred Shares do not have the benefit of any sinking fund.
 
Redemption
 
Optional Redemption
 
At any time on or after the date that is the date immediately following the 15-month anniversary of the Original Issue Date of the Series B Preferred Shares, we may redeem, at our option, in whole or in part, the Series B Preferred Shares at a redemption price in cash equal to $25.00 plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon to and including the date of redemption. Any such optional redemption shall be effected only out of funds legally available for such purpose. We may undertake multiple partial redemptions.
 
4
Redemption Procedures
 
We will provide notice of any redemption, not less than 30 days and not more than 60 days before the scheduled date of redemption, to the holders of Series B Preferred Shares, as such holders’ names appear on our share transfer books maintained by our registrar and transfer agent at the address of such holders shown therein. Such notice shall state: (1) the redemption date, (2) the number of Series B Preferred Shares to be redeemed and, if less than all outstanding Series B Preferred Shares are to be redeemed, the number (and the identification) of shares to be redeemed from such holder, (3) the redemption price, (4) the place where the Series B Preferred Shares are to be redeemed and shall be presented and surrendered for payment of the redemption price therefor, and (5) that dividends on the shares to be redeemed will cease to accumulate from and after such redemption date.
 
If fewer than all of the outstanding Series B Preferred Shares are to be redeemed, the number of shares to be redeemed will be determined by us, and such Series B Preferred Shares shall be selected for redemption as follows: (i) in accordance with applicable rules and procedures of DTC and any relevant securities exchange; or (ii) if there are no such requirements of DTC or any relevant securities exchange, on a pro rata basis, in each case, with adjustments to avoid redemption of fractional shares. Accordingly, if the Company mandatorily redeems outstanding Series B Preferred Shares in part, it is possible that a holder of Series B Preferred Shares may have some, all, or none of his or her Series B Preferred Shares redeemed by the Company.
 
The redemption price will be paid by the Paying Agent to the holders of the Series B Preferred Shares on the redemption date.
 
The aggregate redemption price for any such partial redemption of the outstanding Series B Preferred Shares shall be allocated correspondingly among the redeemed Series B Preferred Shares. The Series B Preferred Shares not redeemed shall remain outstanding and entitled to all the rights and preferences provided in the Certificate of Designation (including our right, if we so elect, to redeem all or part of the Series B Preferred Shares outstanding at any relevant time in accordance with the redemption provisions described herein).
 
If we give or cause to be given a notice of redemption, then we will deposit with the Paying Agent funds sufficient to redeem the Series B Preferred Shares as to which notice has been given no later than 10:00 a.m., New York City time, on the Business Day fixed for redemption, and will give the Paying Agent irrevocable instructions and authority to pay the redemption price to the holder or holders thereof upon surrender or deemed surrender of such Series B Preferred Shares. If notice of redemption shall have been given, then from and after the date fixed for redemption, unless we default in providing funds sufficient for such redemption at the time and place specified for payment pursuant to the notice, all dividends on such shares will cease to accumulate, and all rights of holders of such Series B Preferred Shares as Series B Preferred Shareholders will cease, except the right to receive the redemption price, including an amount equal to accrued and unpaid dividends through the date fixed for redemption, whether or not declared. We will be entitled to receive from the Paying Agent the interest income, if any, earned on such funds deposited with the Paying Agent (to the extent that such interest income is not required to pay the redemption price of the shares to be redeemed), and the holders of any shares so redeemed will have no claim to any such interest income. Any funds deposited with the Paying Agent hereunder by us for any reason, including, but not limited to, the redemption of Series B Preferred Shares that remain unclaimed or unpaid after two years after the applicable redemption date or other payment date shall, to the extent permitted by law, be repaid to us upon our written request, after which repayment the holders of the Series B Preferred Shares entitled to such redemption or other payment shall have recourse only to us.
 
Any Series B Preferred Shares that are redeemed or otherwise acquired by the Company shall be canceled and shall constitute preferred shares subject to designation by the Board of Directors set forth in our Articles of Incorporation. If only a portion of the Series B Preferred Shares has been called for redemption, upon surrender of any certificate representing Series B Preferred Shares to the Paying Agent, the Paying Agent will issue to the holder of such shares a new certificate (or adjust the applicable book-entry account) representing the number of Series B Preferred Shares represented by the surrendered certificate that have not been called for redemption.
 
Notwithstanding any notice of redemption, there will be no redemption of any Series B Preferred Shares called for redemption until funds sufficient to pay the full redemption price of such shares, including all accrued and unpaid dividends to the date of redemption, whether or not declared, have been deposited by us with the Paying Agent.
 
5
We and our affiliates may from time to time purchase Series B Preferred Shares, subject to compliance with all applicable securities and other laws. Neither we nor any of our affiliates have any obligation, or any present plan or intention, to purchase any Series B Preferred Shares. Any shares repurchased and canceled by us will revert to the status of authorized but unissued preferred shares undesignated by us.
 
Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that dividends on the Series B Preferred Shares and any Parity Securities have not been paid or declared and set apart for payment, we may not repurchase, redeem or otherwise acquire (1) any Series B Preferred Shares or Parity Securities, except pursuant to a purchase or exchange offer made on the same terms to all holders of Series B Preferred Shares and any Parity Securities, an exchange for or conversion or reclassification into other Parity Securities or Junior Securities or with proceeds of a substantially contemporaneous sale of Parity Securities or Junior Securities, or (2) any common stock and any other Junior Securities, except pursuant to an exchange for or conversion or reclassification into other Junior Securities or with proceeds of a substantially contemporaneous sale of Junior Securities.
 
Conversion to Series C Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock
 
Pursuant to the Series B Conversion Right, each Series B Preferred Share is convertible, at the option of the holder and for additional cash consideration of $7.50 per converted Series B Preferred Share, into two shares of Series C Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share and liquidation preference of $25.00 (“Series C Preferred Shares”). The Series B Conversion Right may only be exercised during a 30-day period, such period commencing on the date that is the later of (i) the date that is the date immediately following the one-year anniversary of the Original Issue Date and (ii) the date on which the Company notifies the holders of Series B Preferred Shares that the issuance of Series C Preferred Shares upon exercise of the Series B Conversion Right is covered under an effective registration statement that is filed with the SEC under the Securities Act or the date that the Company notifies the holders of Series B Preferred Shares that it has determined, in its sole discretion, that the issuance of such Series C Preferred Shares is exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act (the “Conversion Period”). The Company will file the Series C Preferred Share Registration Statement to the extent necessary to allow all holders of the Series B Preferred Shares to exercise the Series B Conversion Right.
 
The Series C Preferred Shares will be established when the Certificate of Designation is filed with the Registrar of Corporations of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The following summary is a description of certain material anticipated terms of the Series C Preferred Shares, but does not purport to describe all the expected terms of the Series C Preferred Shares.
 
Liquidation Preference. The Series C Preferred Shares have a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. Deemed liquidation events include a merger or consolidation of the Company, sale, lease or conveyance of all or substantially all of its consolidated assets (other than in the usual or regular course of its business), or a change in control of the Company.
 
Dividends. Holders of Series C Preferred Shares will be entitled to receive, when, as, and if declared by our Board of Directors, cumulating cash dividends out of legally available funds for such purpose, payable on each dividend payment date. Dividends on the Series C Preferred Shares offered hereby will accrue from the dividend payment date immediately preceding issuance at a rate of 5.00% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference of Series C Preferred Shares. The dividend rate is not subject to adjustment. At the Company’s option, the Series C Dividend may be paid in cash or additional common shares of the Company, valued at the volume-weighted average price of the common stock for the 10 trading days prior to the dividend payment date.
 
Conversion to Common Shares. Each Series C Preferred Share will be convertible to Common Shares, at the option of the holder at any time and from time to time after 6 months from the date of issuance of such Series C Preferred Share, in whole or in part, at a conversion price equal to $5.50 per Common Share (adjusted for any stock splits, reverse stock splits or stock dividends, in each case, occurring on or after the date of original issuance of the Series B Preferred Shares). The conversion price shall be adjusted to the lowest price of issuance of common stock by the Company for any registered offering following the original issuance of Series B Preferred Shares, provided that, such adjusted conversion price shall not be less than $0.50. We expect that the issuance of any Common Shares upon conversion of Series C Preferred Shares will be exempt from registration pursuant to Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act.
 
6
Voting. Each Series C Preferred Share shall be entitled to a number of votes equal to the number of shares of Common Stock into which the share is then convertible multiplied by 10. Holders of the Series C Preferred Shares shall be entitled to vote with holders of Common Shares, voting together as a single class (except as provided below), with respect to all matters presented to the stockholders.
 
Without the prior written consent of holders of not less than a majority of the then outstanding Series C Preferred Shares, voting separately as a class, the Company shall not take any action described below:
 

 a.
create any additional class or series of capital stock (or any security convertible into or exercisable for any class or series of capital stock ) that ranks superior to or in parity with the Series C Preferred in rights, preferences, or privileges (including with respect to dividends, liquidation, redemption, or voting);
 

 b.
increase or decrease the number of authorized shares of any series of preferred stock or authorize the issuance of or issue any shares of preferred stock (except for the Series B Preferred Shares);
 

 c.
amend, alter, modify, or repeal the Certificate of Incorporation or the by-laws of the Company, or amend the organizational documents of any subsidiary;
 

 d.
issue, or permit any subsidiary to issue, any indebtedness that would restrict the Company’s ability to pay the stated dividend on the Series C Preferred (or amend any existing indebtedness to do so);
 

 e.
declare bankruptcy, dissolve, liquidate, or wind up the affairs of the Company or any Subsidiary of the Company;
 

 f.
effect, or enter into any agreement to effect, a change of control or sale of all or substantially all of the Company’s consolidated assets;
 

 g.
modify or change the nature of the Company’s or any subsidiary’s business; or
 

 h.
enter into, or become subject to, any agreement or instrument or other obligation which by its terms restricts the Company’s ability to perform its obligations under the Series C Preferred, including the ability of the Company to pay dividends or make any required liquidation payment.
 
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED STOCK PURCHASE RIGHTS
 
On December 20, 2021, we entered into a new Stockholders’ Rights Agreement, or the Rights Agreement, with Computershare Inc. as Rights Agent. Pursuant to the Rights Agreement, each share of our common stock includes one right, or a Right, that entitles the holder to purchase from us a unit consisting of one one-thousandth of a share of our Series A Participating Preferred Stock at an exercise price of $50.00, subject to specified adjustments. The Rights will separate from the common stock and become exercisable only if a person or group acquires beneficial ownership of 10% or more of our common stock in a transaction not approved by our board of directors. In that situation, each holder of a Right (other than the acquiring person, whose Rights will become void and will not be exercisable) will have the right to purchase, upon payment of the exercise price, a number of shares of our common stock having a then-current market value equal to twice the exercise price. In addition, if we are acquired in a merger or other business combination after an acquiring person acquires 10% or more of our common stock, each holder of the Right will thereafter have the right to purchase, upon payment of the exercise price, a number of shares of common stock of the acquiring person having a then-current market value equal to twice the exercise price. The acquiring person will not be entitled to exercise these Rights. Under the Rights Agreement’s terms, it will expire on December 20, 2031. 
 
The Rights may have anti-takeover effects. The Rights will cause substantial dilution to any person or group that attempts to acquire us without the approval of our board of directors. As a result, the overall effect of the Rights may be to render more difficult or discourage any attempt to acquire us. Because our board of directors can approve a redemption of the Rights or a permitted offer, the Rights should not interfere with a merger or other business combination approved by our board of directors.
 
We have summarized the material terms and conditions of the Rights Agreement and the related Rights below.
 
7
Distribution and Transfer of Rights; Rights Certificates
 
The Board has declared a dividend of one Right for each outstanding Common Share. Prior to the Distribution Date referred to below:
 

 •
the Rights will be evidenced by and trade with the certificates for the Common Shares (or, with respect to any uncertificated Common Shares registered in book entry form, by notation in book entry), and no separate rights certificates will be distributed;
 

 •
new Common Shares certificates issued after the Record Date will contain a legend incorporating the Rights Agreement by reference (for uncertificated Common Shares registered in book entry form, this legend will be contained in a notation in book entry); and
 

 •
the surrender for transfer of any certificates for Common Shares (or the surrender for transfer of any uncertificated Common Shares registered in book entry form) will also constitute the transfer of the Rights associated with such Common Shares.
 
Rights will accompany any new Common Shares that are issued after the Record Date.
 
Distribution Date
 
Subject to certain exceptions specified in the Rights Agreement, the Rights will separate from the Common Shares and become exercisable following the earlier of (i) the 10th calendar day (or such later date as may be determined by the Board) after the public announcement that a person or group of affiliated or associated persons (an “Acquiring Person”) has acquired beneficial ownership of 10% or more of the Common Shares; or (ii) the 10th business day (or such later date as may be determined by the Board) after a person or group announces a tender or exchange offer that would result in ownership by a person or group of 10% or more of the Common Shares. For purposes of the Rights Agreement, beneficial ownership is defined to include the ownership of derivative securities.
 
The date on which the Rights separate from the Common Shares and become exercisable is referred to as the “Distribution Date.”
 
After the Distribution Date, the Company will mail Rights certificates to the Company’s stockholders (and in the case of uncertificated shares, by notation in book entry accounts reflecting ownership) as of the close of business on the Distribution Date and the Rights will become transferable apart from the Common Shares. Thereafter, such Rights certificates alone will represent the Rights.
 
Preferred Shares Purchasable Upon Exercise of Rights
 
After the Distribution Date, each Right will entitle the holder to purchase, for the Exercise Price, one one-thousandth of a Preferred Share having economic and other terms similar to that of one Common Share. This portion of a Preferred Share is intended to give the stockholder approximately the same dividend, voting and liquidation rights as would one Common Share, and should approximate the value of one Common Share.
 
More specifically, each one one-thousandth of a Preferred Share, if issued, will, among other things:
 

 •
not be redeemable;
 

 •
entitle holders to quarterly dividend payments in an amount per share equal to 1,000 times the aggregate per share amount of all cash dividends, and 1,000 times the aggregate per share amount (payable in kind) of all non-cash dividends or other distributions other than a dividend payable in Common Shares or a subdivision of the outstanding Common Shares (by reclassification or otherwise), declared on the Common Shares since the immediately preceding quarterly dividend payment date; and
 

 •
entitle holders of Series A Participating Preferred Stock to 1,000 votes on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders of the Company.
 
Flip-In Trigger
 
If an Acquiring Person obtains beneficial ownership of 10% or more of the Common Shares, then each Right will entitle the holder thereof to purchase, for the Exercise Price, a number of Common Shares (or, in certain circumstances, cash, property or other securities of the Company) having a then-current market value of twice the Exercise Price. However, the Rights are not exercisable following the occurrence of the foregoing event until such time as the Rights are no longer redeemable by the Company, as further described below.
 
Following the occurrence of an event set forth in preceding paragraph, all Rights that are or, under certain circumstances specified in the Rights Agreement, were beneficially owned by an Acquiring Person or certain of its transferees will be null and void.

8
Flip-Over Trigger
 
If, after an Acquiring Person obtains 10% or more of the Common Shares, (i) the Company merges into another entity; (ii) an acquiring entity merges into the Company; or (iii) the Company sells or transfers 50% or more of its assets, cash flow or earning power, then each Right (except for Rights that have previously been voided as set forth above) will entitle the holder thereof to purchase, for the Exercise Price, a number of shares of common stock of the person engaging in the transaction having a then-current market value of twice the Exercise Price.
 
Redemption of the Rights
 
The Rights will be redeemable at the Company’s option for $0.01 per Right (payable in cash, Common Shares or other consideration deemed appropriate by the Board) at any time on or prior to the 10th business day (or such later date as may be determined by the Board) after the public announcement that an Acquiring Person has acquired beneficial ownership of 10% or more of the Common Shares. Immediately upon the action of the Board ordering redemption, the Rights will terminate and the only right of the holders of the Rights will be to receive the $0.01 redemption price. The redemption price will be adjusted if the Company undertakes a stock dividend or a stock split.
 
Exchange Provision
 
At any time after the date on which an Acquiring Person beneficially owns 10% or more of the Common Shares and prior to the acquisition by the Acquiring Person of 50% of the Common Shares, the Board may exchange the Rights (except for Rights that have previously been voided as set forth above), in whole or in part, for Common Shares at an exchange ratio of one Common Share per Right (subject to adjustment). In certain circumstances, the Company may elect to exchange the Rights for cash or other securities of the Company having a value approximately equal to one Common Share.
 
Expiration of the Rights
 
The Rights expire on the earliest of (i) 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on December 20, 2031 (unless such date is extended); or (ii) the redemption or exchange of the Rights as described above.
 
Amendment of Terms of Rights Agreement and Rights
 
The terms of the Rights and the Rights Agreement may be amended in any respect without the consent of the holders of the Rights on or prior to the Distribution Date. Thereafter, the terms of the Rights and the Rights Agreement may be amended without the consent of the holders of Rights in order to (i) cure any ambiguities; (ii) shorten or lengthen any time period pursuant to the Rights Agreement; or (iii) make changes that do not adversely affect the interests of holders of the Rights (other than an Acquiring Person or an affiliate or associate of an Acquiring Person).
 
Voting Rights; Other Stockholder Rights
 
The Rights will not have any voting rights. Until a Right is exercised, the holder thereof, as such, will have no separate rights as stockholder of the Company.
 
Anti-Dilution Provisions
 
The Board may adjust the Exercise Price, the number of Preferred Shares issuable and the number of outstanding Rights to prevent dilution that may occur from a stock dividend, a stock split or a reclassification of the Preferred Shares or Common Shares.
 
Taxes
 
The distribution of Rights should not be taxable for federal income tax purposes. However, following an event that renders the Rights exercisable or upon redemption of the Rights, stockholders may recognize taxable income.
 
Directors
 
Our directors are elected by a plurality of the votes cast by shareholders entitled to vote. There is no provision for cumulative voting.
 
9
Our board of directors must consist of at least three members. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation provide that the board of directors may only change the number of directors by a vote of not less than two-thirds of the entire board. Directors are elected annually on a staggered basis, and each shall serve for a three-year term and until his successor shall have been duly elected and qualified, except in the event of his death, resignation, removal, or the earlier termination of his term of office. Our board of directors has the authority to fix the amounts which shall be payable to the members of the board of directors for attendance at any meeting or for services rendered to us.
 
Shareholder Meetings
 
Under our amended and restated bylaws, annual shareholder meetings will be held at a time and place selected by our board of directors. The meetings may be held in or outside the Marshall Islands. Special meetings may be called for any purpose or purposes at any time by a majority of our board of directors, the chairman of our board of directors or an officer of the Company who is also a director. Our board of directors may set a record date between 15 and 60 days before the date of any meeting to determine the shareholders that will be eligible to receive notice and vote at the meeting. Shareholders of record holding at least one-third of the shares issued and outstanding and entitled to vote at such meetings, present in person or by proxy, will constitute a quorum at all meetings of shareholders.
 
Dissenters’ Rights of Appraisal and Payment
 
Under the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act, or the BCA, our shareholders have the right to dissent from various corporate actions, including any merger or consolidation sale of all or substantially all of our assets not made in the usual course of our business, and receive payment of the fair value of their shares. In the event of any further amendment of our amended and restated articles of incorporation a shareholder also has the right to dissent and receive payment for his or her shares if the amendment alters certain rights in respect of those shares. The dissenting shareholder must follow the procedures set forth in the BCA to receive payment. In the event that we and any dissenting shareholder fail to agree on a price for the shares, the BCA procedures involve, among other things, the institution of proceedings in the high court of the Republic of the Marshall Islands or in any appropriate court in any jurisdiction in which the Company’s shares are primarily traded on a local or national securities exchange.
 
Shareholders’ Derivative Actions
 
Under the BCA, any of our shareholders may bring an action in our name to procure a judgment in our favor, also known as a derivative action, provided that the shareholder bringing the action is a holder of common stock both at the time the derivative action is commenced and at the time of the transaction to which the action relates.
 
Limitations on Liability and Indemnification of Officers and Directors
 
The BCA authorizes corporations to limit or eliminate the personal liability of directors to corporations and their shareholders for monetary damages for breaches of directors’ fiduciary duties.
 
Our amended and restated bylaws provide that certain individuals, including our directors and officers, are entitled to be indemnified by us to the extent authorized by the BCA, if such individuals acted in good faith and in a manner they reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe their conduct was unlawful. We shall have the power to pay in advance expenses a director or officer incurred while defending a civil or criminal proceeding, subject to certain conditions. We believe that these indemnification provisions and insurance are useful to attract and retain qualified directors and executive officers.
 
The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our amended and restated bylaws may discourage shareholders from bringing a lawsuit against our directors for breach of their fiduciary duties. These provisions may also have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against our directors and officers, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit us and our shareholders. In addition, your investment may be adversely affected to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against our directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.
 
There is currently no pending material litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors, officers or employees for which indemnification is sought.
 
Anti-takeover Effect of Certain Provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws
 
Several provisions of our amended and restated articles of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may have anti-takeover effects. These provisions, which are summarized below, are intended to avoid costly takeover battles, lessen our vulnerability to a hostile change of control and enhance the ability of our board of directors to maximize shareholder value in connection with any unsolicited offer to acquire us. However, these anti-takeover provisions could also discourage, delay or prevent (i) the merger or acquisition of our Company by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or otherwise that a shareholder may consider in its best interest and (ii) the removal of incumbent officers and directors.
 
10
Blank Check Preferred Stock
 
Under the terms of our amended and restated articles of incorporation, our board of directors has authority, without any further vote or action by our shareholders, to issue up to 25,000,000 shares of blank check preferred stock. Our board of directors may issue shares of preferred stock on terms calculated to discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or the removal of our management.
 
Classified Board of Directors
 
Our amended and restated articles of incorporation provide for the division of our board of directors into three classes of directors, with each class as nearly equal in number as possible, serving staggered, three-year terms. Approximately one-third of our board of directors is elected each year. This classified board provision could discourage a third party from making a tender offer for our shares or attempting to obtain control of us. It could also delay shareholders who do not agree with the policies of our board of directors from removing a majority of our board of directors for two years.
 
Election and Removal of Directors
 
Our amended and restated articles of incorporation prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors. Our amended and restated bylaws require parties other than the board of directors to give advance written notice of nominations for the election of directors. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation also provide that our directors may be removed only for cause and only upon the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the outstanding shares of our capital stock entitled to vote for those directors. These provisions may discourage, delay or prevent the removal of incumbent officers and directors.
 
Limited Actions by Shareholders
 
Under the BCA, our amended and restated articles of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws, any action required or permitted to be taken by our shareholders must be effected at an annual or special meeting of shareholders or by the unanimous written consent of our shareholders. Our amended and restated articles of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless otherwise prescribed by law, only a majority of our board of directors, the chairman of our board of directors or an officer of the Company who is also a director may call special meetings of our shareholders, and the business transacted at the special meeting is limited to the purposes stated in the notice. Accordingly, a shareholder may be prevented from calling a special meeting for shareholder consideration of a proposal over the opposition of our board of directors and shareholder consideration of a proposal may be delayed until the next annual meeting.
 
Advance Notice Requirements for Shareholder Proposals and Director Nominations
 
Our amended and restated bylaws provide that shareholders seeking to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring business before an annual meeting of shareholders must provide timely notice of their proposal in writing to the corporate secretary. Generally, to be timely, a shareholder’s notice must be received at our principal executive offices not less than 150 days nor more than 180 days prior to the one-year anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting. Our amended and restated bylaws also specify requirements as to the form and content of a shareholder’s notice. These provisions may impede shareholders’ ability to bring matters before an annual meeting of shareholders or make nominations for directors at an annual meeting of shareholders.
 
Registrar and Transfer Agent
 
The Board of Directors has the power and authority to make such rules and regulations as they may deem expedient concerning the issuance, registration and transfer of shares of the Company’s stock, and may appoint transfer agents and registrars thereof.
 
Listing
 
Our common shares are listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “PSHG.”
 
11
Comparison of Marshall Island Law to Delaware Law
 
The following table provides a comparison between some statutory provisions of the Delaware General Company Law and the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act relating to shareholders’ rights.
 
Marshall Islands
 
Delaware
Shareholder Meetings
Held at a time and place as designated in the bylaws.
 
May be held at such time or place as designated in the certificate of incorporation or the bylaws, or if not so designated, as determined by the board of directors.
 
 
Special meetings of the shareholders may be called by the board of directors or by such person or persons as may be authorized by the articles of incorporation or by the bylaws.
 
Special meetings of the shareholders may be called by the board of directors or by such person or persons as may be authorized by the certificate of incorporation or by the bylaws.
 
 
May be held within or without the Marshall Islands.
 
May be held within or without Delaware.
 
 
Notice:
 
Notice:
 
 
Whenever shareholders are required to take any action at a meeting, written notice of the meeting shall be given which shall state the place, date and hour of the meeting and, unless it is an annual meeting, indicate that it is being issued by or at the direction of the person calling the meeting. Notice of a special meeting shall also state the purpose for which the meeting is called.
 
Whenever shareholders are required to take any action at a meeting, a written notice of the meeting shall be given which shall state the place, if any, date and hour of the meeting, and the means of remote communication, if any.
 
 
A copy of the notice of any meeting shall be given personally, sent by mail or by electronic mail not less than 15 nor more than 60 days before the meeting.
 
Written notice shall be given not less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the meeting.
 
 
Marshall Islands
 
Delaware
Shareholders’ Voting Rights
Unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation, any action required to be taken at a meeting of shareholders may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken, is signed by all the shareholders entitled to vote with respect to the subject matter thereof, or if the articles of incorporation so provide, by the holders of outstanding shares having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted.
 
Any action required to be taken at a meeting of shareholders may be taken without a meeting if a consent for such action is in writing and is signed by shareholders having not fewer than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted.
 
 
 
Any person authorized to vote may authorize another person or persons to act for him by proxy.
 
Any person authorized to vote may authorize another person or persons to act for him by proxy.
 
Unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or bylaws, a majority of shares entitled to vote constitutes a quorum. In no event shall a quorum consist of fewer than one-third of the shares entitled to vote at a meeting.
 
For stock corporations, the certificate of incorporation or bylaws may specify the number of shares required to constitute a quorum but in no event shall a quorum consist of less than one-third of shares entitled to vote at a meeting. In the absence of such specifications, a majority of shares entitled to vote shall constitute a quorum.

12
When a quorum is once present to organize a meeting, it is not broken by the subsequent withdrawal of any shareholders.
 
When a quorum is once present to organize a meeting, it is not broken by the subsequent withdrawal of any shareholders.
 
 
The articles of incorporation may provide for cumulative voting in the election of directors.
 
The certificate of incorporation may provide for cumulative voting in the election of directors.
 
Merger or Consolidation
Any two or more domestic corporations may merge into a single corporation if approved by the board and if authorized by a majority vote of the holders of outstanding shares at a shareholder meeting.
 
Any two or more corporations existing under the laws of the state may merge into a single corporation pursuant to a board resolution and upon the majority vote by shareholders of each constituent corporation at an annual or special meeting.
 
 
Any sale, lease, exchange or other disposition of all or substantially all the assets of a corporation, if not made in the corporation’s usual or regular course of business, once approved by the board, shall be authorized by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the shares of those entitled to vote at a shareholder meeting.
 
Every corporation may at any meeting of the board sell, lease or exchange all or substantially all of its property and assets as its board deems expedient and for the best interests of the corporation when so authorized by a resolution adopted by the holders of a majority of the outstanding stock of the corporation entitled to vote.
 
 
Any domestic corporation owning at least 90% of the outstanding shares of each class of another domestic corporation may merge such other corporation into itself without the authorization of the shareholders of any corporation.
 
Any corporation owning at least 90% of the outstanding shares of each class of another corporation may merge the other corporation into itself and assume all of its obligations without the vote or consent of shareholders; however, in case the parent corporation is not the surviving corporation, the proposed merger shall be approved by a majority of the outstanding stock of the parent corporation entitled to vote at a duly called shareholder meeting.
 
 
Any mortgage, pledge of or creation of a security interest in all or any part of the corporate property may be authorized without the vote or consent of the shareholders, unless otherwise provided for in the articles of incorporation.
 
Any mortgage or pledge of a corporation’s property and assets may be authorized without the vote or consent of shareholders, except to the extent that the certificate of incorporation otherwise provides.
     
     
Marshall Islands
 
Delaware
 
Directors
The board of directors must consist of at least one member.
 
The board of directors must consist of at least one member.
 
 
The number of board members may be changed by an amendment to the bylaws, by the shareholders, or by action of the board under the specific provisions of a bylaw.
 
The number of board members shall be fixed by, or in a manner provided by, the bylaws, unless the certificate of incorporation fixes the number of directors, in which case a change in the number shall be made only by an amendment to the certificate of incorporation.

13
If the board is authorized to change the number of directors, it can only do so by a majority of the entire board and so long as no decrease in the number shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.
 
If the number of directors is fixed by the certificate of incorporation, a change in the number shall be made only by an amendment of the certificate.
 
 
Removal:
 
Removal:
 
 
 
Any or all of the directors may be removed for cause by vote of the shareholders.
 
Any or all of the directors may be removed, with or without cause, by the holders of a majority of the shares entitled to vote unless the certificate of incorporation otherwise provides.
 
 
If the articles of incorporation or the bylaws so provide, any or all of the directors may be removed without cause by vote of the shareholders.
 
In the case of a classified board, shareholders may effect removal of any or all directors only for cause.
 
Dissenters’ Rights of Appraisal
Shareholders have a right to dissent from any plan of merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all assets not made in the usual course of business, and receive payment of the fair value of their shares. However, the right of a dissenting shareholder under the BCA to receive payment of the appraised fair value of his shares shall not be available for the shares of any class or series of stock, which shares or depository receipts in respect thereof, at the record date fixed to determine the shareholders entitled to receive notice of and to vote at the meeting of the shareholders to act upon the agreement of merger or consolidation, were either (i) listed on a securities exchange or admitted for trading on an interdealer quotation system or (ii) held of record by more than 2,000 holders. The right of a dissenting shareholder to receive payment of the fair value of his or her shares shall not be available for any shares of stock of the constituent corporation surviving a merger if the merger did not require for its approval the vote of the shareholders of the surviving corporation.
 
Appraisal rights shall be available for the shares of any class or series of stock of a corporation in a merger or consolidation, subject to limited exceptions, such as a merger or consolidation of corporations listed on a national securities exchange in which listed stock is offered for consideration is (i) listed on a national securities exchange or (ii) held of record by more than 2,000 holders.
 
 
A holder of any adversely affected shares who does not vote on or consent in writing to an amendment to the articles of incorporation has the right to dissent and to receive payment for such shares if the amendment:
 
 

14
Marshall Islands
 
Delaware


•
Alters or abolishes any preferential right of any outstanding shares having preference; or
 

 •
Creates, alters, or abolishes any provision or right in respect to the redemption of any outstanding shares; or
 

 •
Alters or abolishes any preemptive right of such holder to acquire shares or other securities; or
 
 
•
Excludes or limits the right of such holder to vote on any matter, except as such right may be limited by the voting rights given to new shares then being authorized of any existing or new class.

Shareholder’s Derivative Actions
An action may be brought in the right of a corporation to procure a judgment in its favor, by a holder of shares or of voting trust certificates or of a beneficial interest in such shares or certificates. It shall be made to appear that the plaintiff is such a holder at the time of bringing the action and that he was such a holder at the time of the transaction of which he complains, or that his shares or his interest therein devolved upon him by operation of law.
 
In any derivative suit instituted by a shareholder of a corporation, it shall be averred in the complaint that the plaintiff was a shareholder of the corporation at the time of the transaction of which he complains or that such shareholder’s stock thereafter devolved upon such shareholder by operation of law.
 
 
A complaint shall set forth with particularity the efforts of the plaintiff to secure the initiation of such action by the board or the reasons for not making such effort.
 
Other requirements regarding derivative suits have been created by judicial decision, including that a shareholder may not bring a derivative suit unless he or she first demands that the corporation sue on its own behalf and that demand is refused (unless it is shown that such demand would have been futile).
Such action shall not be discontinued, compromised or settled, without the approval of the High Court of the Republic of the Marshall Islands.
 
 
 
 
Reasonable expenses including attorney’s fees may be awarded if the action is successful.
 
 
 
 
A corporation may require a plaintiff bringing a derivative suit to give security for reasonable expenses if the plaintiff owns less than 5% of any class of outstanding shares or holds voting trust certificates or a beneficial interest in shares representing less than 5% of any class of such shares and the shares, voting trust certificates or beneficial interest of such plaintiff has a fair value of  $50,000 or less.
 
 


15
Exhibit 4.10

Dated:  March 2, 2022

PERFORMANCE SHIPPING INC.
 
and
 
MANGO SHIPPING CORP.
 
CREDIT FACILITY
OF UP TO $ 5,000,000.00

This Agreement is dated March 2, 2022 and made BETWEEN:
 
(1)          PERFORMANCE SHIPPING INC., a corporation duly incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, having its registered address at Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake Island, Majuro, Marshall Islands MH96960, Marshall Islands (the “Borrower”);
 
(2)          MANGO SHIPPING CORP., a corporation duly incorporated in the Republic of the Marshall Islands and having its registered address at Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake Island, Majuro, Marshall Islands MH96960, Marshall Islands (the “Lender”);
 
NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:
 
1.
DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION
 
Unless the context otherwise requires or unless otherwise defined herein, the words and expressions specified below shall have the meaning attributed to them below:
 
“Banking Day” shall mean a day on which banks are opened for business of the nature contemplated by this Agreement in New York and at the place of payment specified by the parties.
 
“Event of Default” means any of the events specified in Clause 10.01 whether or not any requirement for the giving of notice or the lapse of time or both or the happening of any other condition has been satisfied.
 
2.
TERM CREDIT FACILITY
 
2.01.       Purpose.  This Agreement sets out the terms and conditions upon and subject to which the Lender shall make available to the Borrower a credit facility of up to US Dollars five million (US$ 5,000,000.00) (the “Facility,” and such term shall mean the principal amount owing to the Lender at any relevant time) for a period ending on the first anniversary of the date of this Agreement (the “Maturity Date”) to be used by the Borrower for general working capital purposes. The Lender shall not be obliged to monitor or verify how the proceeds of the Facility have been used by the Borrower.
 
3.
UTILIZATION
 
3.01.       Utilization of the Facility. The Facility shall be advanced by the Lender to the Borrower in advances (each an “Advance” and the principal amount owing in respect of each Advance at any relevant time a “Loan”) following receipt by the Lender of a written notice from the Borrower in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Lender (a “Utilization Request”). Subject to satisfaction of the conditions set forth in Clause 3.02, the Borrower may serve a Utilization Request not later than three (3) Banking Days prior to the intended date on which the Borrower requests that the relevant Advance be made available (the “Drawdown Date”). A Utilization Request shall be signed by an authorized representative of the Borrower and once served, such Utilization Request cannot be revoked without the prior written consent of the Lender.
 
3.02.       Conditions of Utilization. The conditions referred to in Clause 3.01 are that:
 

 (a)
the amount of each Advance shall be a multiple of US Dollars one hundred thousand (US$100,000.00) and shall not exceed the amount of the Facility;
 

 (b)
the aggregate amount of all the Loans shall not exceed the amount of the Facility;
 

 (c)
the conditions set out in Clause 8 (as applicable to the relevant Utilization Request) have been complied with by the Borrower.
 
3.03.       No Revolving Credit.  The Borrower may not re-borrow any part of the Facility which is repaid.
 
4.
INTEREST
 
4.01.      Interest Rate and Computation.  The Borrower shall pay interest at a rate of nine percent (9%) per annum until the Maturity Date on each Loan, payable on the last day of each period of three (3) months following the relevant Drawdown Date and on the Maturity Date. All interest and other payments which are periodic or payable by reference to a rate per annum under this Agreement shall accrue from day to day and be calculated on the basis of actual number of days elapsed and a three hundred and sixty (360) day year.
 
4.02.      Default Interest.  In case of failure of the Borrower to pay any sum due under this Agreement on the date on which such amount is due and payable pursuant to this Agreement and irrespective of any notice by the Lender or any other person to the Borrower in respect of such failure, the Borrower shall pay default interest on such sum from the date of such default up to the date of actual payment at the rate of two percent (2.0%) per annum above the interest rate provided for in Clause 4.01.
 
5.
REPAYMENT- VOLUNTARY PREPAYMENT
 
5.01.     Repayment.  The Borrower shall repay all the Loans on the Maturity Date.  On the Maturity Date, any undrawn amount of the Facility shall be automatically cancelled and revoked without any further notice to the Borrower. On the Maturity Date any interest owing and unpaid, costs and any other amounts owing under this Agreement shall be due and payable in full.
 
5.02.      Voluntary Prepayment.  The Borrower shall have the right at any time to prepay a Loan or part thereof together with all unpaid interest accrued thereon and all other sums of money whatsoever due and owing from the Borrower to the Lender under such Loan.
 
5.03.      Deemed Mandatory Repayment.  The Borrower and the Lender agree that the Lender shall have the option to elect, by written notice to the Borrower upon submission of a notice of conversion of shares of the Borrower’s Series B Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock held by the Lender, that the Borrower shall immediately apply the aggregate cash conversion price payable by the Lender in connection with the conversion of such shares as a repayment of a Loan or part thereof or any other sums of money whatsoever due and owing from the Borrower to the Lender under such Loan. Upon issuance of the shares of Series C Convertible Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock pursuant to the notice of conversion submitted in connection with such an election, the Borrower will be deemed to have received full payment of the aggregate conversion price, and the Lender will be deemed to have received a repayment of the same amount in the manner set forth in the previous sentence. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the provisions of this Clause 5.04 will not apply if, within one (1) Banking Day of the date of the Borrower’s receipt of the Lender’s notice hereunder, the Borrower notifies the Lender in writing that such repayment would violate any provision of the Borrower’s other credit facilities or financing arrangements at such time.
 
3
6.
PAYMENTS
 
6.01.       Payment.  All amounts to be paid by the Borrower under this Agreement shall be paid to the Lender in same day immediately available US Dollar funds to an account of the Lender to be notified by it to the Borrower.
 
6.02.      Payments on Banking Days.  All payments due shall be made on a Banking Day. If the due date for payment falls on a day which is not a Banking Day, such payment or payments shall be made on the first Banking Day thereafter, provided that this falls in the same calendar month. If it does not, payments shall fall due and be made on the last Banking Day before said due date.
 
6.03.      No Withholdings – Gross Up. All payments to be made by the Borrower shall be made in full, without set-off or counterclaim whatsoever, and free and clear of, and without withholding or deduction for, or on account of taxes or withholdings and any restrictions or conditions resulting in any charge whatsoever imposed, either now or hereafter, by any legal or regulatory provisions at the place of payment or receipt of any amount payable under this Agreement; and the Borrower shall pay to the Lender such additional amounts as may be necessary to ensure that the Lender will receive a net amount equal to the full amount which would have been received had payment not been made, subject to such deductions, charges or withholdings.
 
7.
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES
 
7.01.      The Borrower makes the representations and warranties set out in this Clause to the Lender on the date of this Agreement and covenants that the said representations and warranties shall remain true and correct during the term of this Agreement:
 

 (a)
The Borrower is a corporation duly organised, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the Marshall Islands and is duly qualified to do business and is in good standing in such jurisdictions where such qualification is necessary;
 

 (b)
The Borrower has the power and authority to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereunder. No limit on its powers will be exceeded as a result of the borrowing contemplated by this Agreement;
 

 (c)
This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Borrower and constitutes the legal, valid and binding obligation of the Borrower enforceable in accordance with its terms, except as limited by bankruptcy, insolvency or other similar laws of general application affecting the enforcement of creditors’ rights or by general principles of equity limiting the availability of equitable remedies; and
 
4

 (d)
Neither the execution or delivery of this Agreement by the Borrower, the consummation by the Borrower of the Loan (or any part thereof), nor compliance by the Borrower with the terms and provisions hereof will (i) violate any law, constitution, statute, treaty, regulation, rule, ordinance, order, injunction, writ, decree or award of any court or governmental authority to which the Borrower is subject, (ii) conflict with or result in a breach or default under the Borrower’s organisational documents, (iii) conflict with or result in a breach or default which is material in the context of this Agreement under any agreement or instrument to which the Borrower is a party or by which it or any of its properties, whether now owned or hereafter acquired, is subject or bound, or (iv) result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge, or encumbrance of any nature upon any property or assets, whether now owned or hereafter acquired, of the Borrower.
 
8.
CONDITIONS PRECEDENT
 
8.01.       The obligation of the Lender to allow any use of the Facility or part thereof shall be subject to the conditions that prior to and/or simultaneously with the delivery of the relevant Utilization Request:
 

 (a)
the representations and warranties set out in Clause 7 are true and correct on and as of each such time as if each was made with respect to the facts and circumstances existing at such time; and
 

 (b)
no Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing or would result from the drawdown of an Advance.
 
9.
COVENANTS
 
The Borrower covenants with the Lender that, as of the date of this Agreement until all its liabilities under this Agreement have been discharged:
 

 (a)
The Borrower shall promptly, after becoming aware of them, notify the Lender of any material litigation, arbitration or administrative proceedings or claim.
 

 (b)
The Borrower shall promptly obtain all consents or authorisations necessary (and do all that is needed to maintain them in full force and effect) under any law or regulation to enable it to perform its obligations under this Agreement.
 

 (c)
The Borrower shall notify the Lender of any Event of Default (and the steps, if any, being taken to remedy it) promptly on becoming aware of its occurrence.
 

 (d)
The Borrower shall carry on and conduct its business in a proper and efficient manner and will not make any substantial change to the general nature or scope of its business as carried on at the date of this Agreement.
 
5

 (e)
The Borrower shall ensure that its obligations under this Agreement shall at all times rank at least pari passu with all its other present and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness with the exception of any obligations which are mandatorily preferred by law and not by contract.
 
10.
EVENTS OF DEFAULT
 
10.01.     Events of Default.  There shall be an Event of Default whenever any of the following events occurs:
 

 (a)
Failure by the Borrower to pay any sum due from the Borrower under this Agreement when due, or, in the case of any sum payable on demand, within five (5) Banking Days of such demand;
 

 (b)
The Borrower fails (other than by failing to pay) to comply with any provision of this Agreement and (if in the Lender’s reasonable opinion that the default is capable of remedy) such default is not remedied within fourteen (14) Business Days of the Borrower’s Chief Executive Officer having actual knowledge of the default;
 

 (c)
The Borrower fails to fulfill its obligations in respect of any other indebtedness for borrowed money to the extent that such indebtedness becomes repayable or capable of being declared repayable prior to its stated maturity;
 

 (d)
Unless otherwise approved by the Lender, any person, entity or group other than the Lender or any of its affiliates or associates acquires beneficial ownership (as such term is defined in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) of securities of the Borrower with voting power in excess of 40% of the aggregate voting power represented by all issued and outstanding securities of the Borrower;
 

 (e)
Mr. Andreas Michalopoulos is no longer the Chief Executive Officer of the Borrower;
 

 (f)
Ms. Aliki Paliou is no longer Chairperson and a director of the Borrower;
 

 (g)
The Borrower is adjudicated or found bankrupt or insolvent by any court of competent jurisdiction or any order is made by any competent court or resolution passed by the Borrower or petition presented for the winding-up or dissolution of the Borrower or for the appointment of a liquidator, trustee, administrator or conservator of the whole or any part of the undertakings, assets, rights or revenues of the Borrower or the Borrower suspends or ceases or threatens to suspend or cease to carry on its business; or
 

 (h)
Any provision of this Agreement is or becomes, for any reason, invalid, unlawful, unenforceable, terminated or ceases to be effective or to have full force and effect.
 
6
10.02.    Consequences of Default.  Without limitation to any other rights of the Lender under the applicable laws and regulations and/or this Agreement, the Lender may at any time after the occurrence of an Event of Default by written notice to the Borrower, for so long as the Event of Default is continuing (i) revoke the Facility in whole (whereupon the Facility shall be reduced to zero), (ii) declare that all the Loans and all interest accrued thereon and all other sums payable under this Agreement be due and payable on demand, whereupon the same shall, immediately or in accordance with the terms of such notice, become due and payable without any further diligence, presentment, demand of payment, protest or notice which are expressly waived by the Borrower, and (iii) take any other action which as a result of the Event of Default or any notice served hereunder the Lender is entitled to take under this Agreement or any applicable laws and regulations.
 
10.03.    Proof of Default.  It is agreed that (i) the non-payment of any sum of money in time will be proven conclusively by mere passage of time and (ii) the occurrence of this (non-payment) and any other Event of Default shall be proven conclusively by a mere written statement of the Lender (save for manifest error).
 
11.
EXPENSES AND FEES
 
11.01.    Expenses.  The Borrower shall pay to the Lender on demand all expenses (including legal expenses and any expenses for filings required under the Nasdaq Stock Market listing rules and/or applicable securities laws and regulations) incurred by the Lender in connection with the negotiation, preparation and execution of this Agreement and of any amendment or extension of or the granting of any waiver or consent under this Agreement. The Borrower shall also pay any and all stamp duties, registration and similar taxes or charges (including those payable by the Lender) imposed by governmental authorities in relation to this Agreement, and shall indemnify the Lender against any and all liabilities with respect to, or resulting from delay or omission on the part of the Borrower to pay such stamp duties, taxes or charges.
 
11.02.    Commitment Fee.  The Borrower shall pay to the Lender a commitment fee on the undrawn amount of the Facility of three percent (3%) per annum. Payment of the commitment fee shall be made in cash on the Maturity Date. The commitment fee will start accruing from the date of execution of this Agreement.
 
11.03.    Arrangement Fee.  The Borrower shall pay to the Lender an arrangement fee of US Dollars two hundred thousand (US$200,000.00). Payment of the arrangement fee shall be made in cash on the date of this Agreement.
 
12.
MISCELLANEOUS
 
12.01.     Assignment by the Borrower.  The Borrower may not assign any rights and/or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the Lender.
 
12.02.     Assignment by the Lender.  The Lender may at any time assign, transfer, or offer participations to any other person in whole or in part, or in any manner dispose of all or any of its rights and/or obligations arising or accruing under this Agreement.
 
12.03.     Set-off.  The Lender may at any time set off any liability of the Lender to the Borrower against any liability of the Borrower to the Lender, whether either liability is present or future, liquidated or unliquidated, and whether or not either liability arises under this Agreement and in the capacity of the Lender as shareholder of the Borrower or otherwise. If the liabilities to be set off are expressed in different currencies, the Lender may convert either liability at a market rate of exchange reasonably determined by the Lender for the purpose of set-off. Any exercise by the Lender of its rights under this Clause shall not limit or affect any other rights or remedies available to it under this Agreement or otherwise.
 
7
12.04.    Cumulative Remedies.  The rights and remedies of the Lender contained in this Agreement are cumulative and not exclusive of each other nor of any other rights or remedies conferred by law.
 
12.05.    Waivers.  No delay or failure to exercise any right under this Agreement shall operate as a waiver of that right and no single or partial exercise of any right under this Agreement shall prevent any further exercise of that right (or any other right under this Agreement).
 
12.06.     Severability.  If any provision (or part of a provision) of this Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision (or part of a provision) shall be deemed deleted. Any modification to or deletion of a provision (or part of a provision) under this Clause shall not affect the legality, validity and enforceability of the rest of this Agreement.
 
12.07.    Amendments.  This Agreement shall not be amended or varied in its respective terms by any oral agreement or representation or in any other manner other than by an instrument in writing of even date herewith or subsequent hereto executed by or on behalf of the parties hereto.
 
12.08.     Notices.  Each notice or other communication required to be given under, or in connection with, this Agreement shall be:
 

 (a)
in writing, delivered personally or sent by courier or fax or shall be served through process server or via e-mail; and
 

 (b)
sent:


(i)
to the Borrower at:
PERFORMANCE SHIPPING INC.
373 Syngrou Avenue
175 64 Palaio Faliro
Athens, Greece
Fax: +30 216 600 2599
Email: amichalopoulos@pshipping.com
Attention: Andreas Michalopoulos


 (ii)
to the Lender at:
MANGO SHIPPING CORP.
373 Syngrou Avenue
175 64 Palaio Faliro
Athens, Greece
Fax: +30 210 722 3460
Email: alikipaliou@gmail.com
Attention: Aliki Paliou

8
or to any other addresses, fax numbers, or email addresses that are notified in writing by one party to the other from time to time.
 
Any notice or other communication given under this Agreement shall be deemed to have been received: if sent by fax, upon receipt of a successful transmission report (or, if sent after business hours, the following business day), if sent via email, upon acknowledgment of receipt thereof and in all other cases when actually delivered or served.
 
12.09.     Process Agent in Greece.  Andreas Michalopoulos (373 Syngrou Avenue, 175 64 Palaio Faliro, Athens, Greece) is hereby appointed by the Borrower as agent in Greece to accept service (the “Greek Process Agent”) upon whom any judicial process may be served. In the event that the Greek Process Agent (or any substitute process agent notified to the Lender in accordance with the foregoing) cannot be found at the address specified above (or, as the case may be, notified to the Lender), which will be conclusively proved by the affidavit of a process server to that effect, the authority of the Greek Process Agent as agent to accept service shall be deemed to have ceased and service of documents may be effected in accordance with the procedure provided by the relevant law. In case, however, that such Greek Process Agent is found at any other address, the Lender shall have the right to serve the documents either on the Greek Process Agent at such address or in accordance with the procedure provided by the relevant law.
 
12.10.     Counterparts.  This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which when executed shall constitute a duplicate original, but all the counterparts shall together constitute one agreement.
 
12.11.     Governing Law and Jurisdiction.
 

 (a)
This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York (without reference to the conflicts of law provisions thereof).
 
9

 (b)
Any dispute regarding this Agreement shall be exclusively referred to arbitration in London and conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Act 1996 (England and Wales) or any statutory modification or re-enactment thereof, and the parties agree to submit to the personal and exclusive jurisdiction and venue of such arbitrators. Any and all disputes hereunder shall be referred by the parties hereto to three arbitrators, each party to appoint one arbitrator and the two so appointed shall appoint the third who shall act as chairman of such panel of arbitrators.  Upon receipt by one party of the nomination in writing of such other party’s arbitrator, that party shall appoint its arbitrator within ten days, failing which the decision of the single arbitrator appointed shall apply. The two arbitrators so appointed shall appoint the third arbitrator within ten days, failing which the third arbitrator shall be appointed by the President of the London Maritime Arbitrators Association (“LMAA”) at the time within twenty one days of the two arbitrators being appointed. The arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the terms of the LMAA then in effect.  The parties agree that any tribunal constituted under this Agreement shall have the power to order consolidation of proceedings or concurrent hearings in relation to any and all disputes arising out of or in connection with this Agreement or the other documents contemplated thereby, which involve common questions of fact or law, and to make any orders ancillary to the same, including, without limitation, any orders relating to the procedures to be followed by the parties in any such consolidated proceedings or concurrent hearings. Consolidated disputes are to be heard by a maximum of three arbitrators, each party to have the right to appoint one arbitrator. In case a dispute arises as to whether consolidation is appropriate (including without limitation conflicting orders of relevant tribunals) and/or as to the constitution of the tribunal for any such consolidated proceedings, each party shall have the right to apply to the President for the time being of the LMAA for final determination of the consolidation of the proceedings and/or constitution of such tribunal.
 
12.12.    Entire Agreement.  This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement among the parties with respect to the matters covered hereby and supersedes all previous written, oral or implied understandings among them with respect to such matters.
 
[Signature Page Follows]
 
10
IN WITNESS whereof, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be duly executed the day and year first above written.
 
SIGNED by
)
 
Andreas Michalopoulos
)
 
for and on behalf of
)
 
PERFORMANCE SHIPPING INC.
)
 
the Borrower
)
 /s/ Andreas Michalopoulos
 
 
Name: Andreas Michalopoulos
 
 
Title: Director, Chief Executive Officer and Secretary
 
 
 
SIGNED by
)
 
Aliki Paliou
)
 
for and on behalf of
)
 
MANGO SHIPPING CORP.
)
 
the Lender
)
 /s/ Aliki Paliou
 
 
Name: Aliki Paliou
 
 
Title: Director, Treasurer and Secretary

[Signature Page to Credit Facility]
Exhibit 8.1

List of Subsidiaries as at December 31, 2021

Name of Subsidiary
Place of Incorporation
 
 
Rongerik Shipping Company Inc.
Marshall Islands
 
 
Utirik Shipping Company Inc.
Marshall Islands
 
 
Oruk Shipping Company Inc.
Marshall Islands
 
 
Jabor Shipping Company Inc.
Marshall Islands
 
 
Unitized Ocean Transport Limited
Marshall Islands
 
 
Meck Shipping Company Inc.
Marshall Islands
 
 
Langor Shipping Company Inc.
Marshall Islands
 
 
Taburao Shipping Company Inc.
Marshall Islands
 
 
Tarawa Shipping Company Inc.
Marshall Islands
 
 
Rongelap Shipping Company Inc.
Marshall Islands
 
 
Toka Shipping Company Inc.
Marshall Islands
 
 
Arno Shipping Company Inc.
Marshall Islands
   
Performance Shipping USA LLC
Delaware, USA


Exhibit 12.1

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

I, Andreas Michalopoulos, certify that:

1.          I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Performance Shipping Inc. (the “Company”);

2.          Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.          Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.          The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

(a)          Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)          Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)          Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)          Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.          The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)          All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)          Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 11, 2022

/s/Andreas Michalopoulos
Andreas Michalopoulos
Chief Executive Officer, Director and Secretary (Principal Executive Officer)
Exhibit 12.2

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

I, Anthony Argyropoulos, certify that:

1.          I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Performance Shipping Inc. (the “Company”);

2.          Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.          Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.          The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

(a)          Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)          Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)          Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)          Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.          The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)          All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)          Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 11, 2022

/s/ Anthony Argyropoulos
Anthony Argyropoulos
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Exhibit 13.1

PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER CERTIFICATION
PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350
 
In connection with this Annual Report of Performance Shipping Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on or about the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Andreas Michalopoulos, Chief Executive Officer, Director and Secretary of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
 
     (1)   The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
 
     (2)   The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
A signed original of this written statement has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the SEC or its staff upon request.
 
Date: March 11, 2022

/s/Andreas Michalopoulos
Andreas Michalopoulos
Chief Executive Officer, Director and Secretary (Principal Executive Officer)
Exhibit 13.2

PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER CERTIFICATION
PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350
 
In connection with this Annual Report of Performance Shipping Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on or about the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Anthony Argyropoulos, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
 
     (1)   The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
 
     (2)   The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
 
A signed original of this written statement has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the SEC or its staff upon request.
 
Date: March 11, 2022

/s/ Anthony Argyropoulos
Anthony Argyropoulos
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Exhibit 15.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:

(1)
Registration Statement (Form F-3 No. 333-237637) of Performance Shipping Inc., and
(2)
Registration Statement (Form F-3 No. 333-197740) of Performance Shipping Inc.;

of our report dated March 11, 2022, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Performance Shipping Inc. included in this Annual Report (Form 20-F) of Performance Shipping Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2021.

/s/ Ernst & Young (Hellas) Certified Auditors Accountants S.A.

Athens, Greece
March 11, 2022
Exhibit 15.2

CONSENT OF WATSON FARLEY & WILLIAMS LLP

Reference is made to the annual report on Form 20-F of Performance Shipping Inc. (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2021 (the “Annual Report”) and the registration statements on Form F-3 (Registration No. 333-237637 and Registration No. 333-197740) of the Company, including the prospectuses contained therein (the “Registration Statements”). We hereby consent to (i) the filing of this letter as an exhibit to the Annual Report, which is incorporated by reference into the Registration Statements and (ii) each reference to us and the discussions of advice provided by us in the Annual Report under the section “Item 10. Additional Information—E.  Taxation” and to the incorporation by reference of the same in the Registration Statements, in each case, without admitting we are “experts” within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission promulgated thereunder with respect to any part of the Registration Statements.

/s/ Watson Farley & Williams LLP
  
Watson Farley & Williams LLP
 
New York, New York
 
March 11, 2022