UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 8-K

CURRENT REPORT
Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): October 1, 2024

ACASTI PHARMA INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware
001-35776
98-1359336
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation)
(Commission File Number)
(IRS Employer Identification No.)

103 Carnegie Center
Suite 300
Princeton, New Jersey
 
08540
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
 
(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (609) 322-1602

Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:
 

Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)

Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share
ACST
The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).
 
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐



Introductory Note

This Current Report on Form 8-K is being filed by Acasti Pharma Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Acasti Delaware”), as the ultimate successor to Acasti Pharma Inc., a corporation previously existing under the laws of the Province of Québec, Canada (“Acasti Québec”), which, as further described below, changed its jurisdiction to the Province of British Columbia, Canada (“Acasti British Columbia”) prior to changing its jurisdiction to the State of Delaware. For purposes of this Current Report on Form 8-K, the terms the “Company,” “Acasti,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to (i) Acasti Québec, (ii) Acasti British Columbia or (iii) Acasti Delaware, as applicable.

At the Company’s Annual and Special Meeting of Shareholders held on September 30, 2024 (the “Meeting”), the Company’s shareholders approved the Continuance (defined below) and the Domestication (defined below) each by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the votes cast at the Meeting by proxy or in person.

On October 1, 2024, the Company changed its jurisdiction of incorporation from the Province of Québec in Canada to the Province of British Columbia in Canada pursuant to a “continuance” effected in accordance with Chapter XII of the Business Corporations Act (Québec) (the “Continuance”). On October 7, 2024, the Company changed its jurisdiction of incorporation from the Province of British Columbia in Canada to the State of Delaware in the United States pursuant to a “continuance” effected in accordance with Section 308 of the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) and a “domestication” (the “Domestication”) under Section 388 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”).
 
Upon effectiveness of the Continuance, each outstanding Class A common share, without par value per share, of Acasti Québec at the time of the Continuance remained issued and outstanding as a common share, without par value per share, of Acasti British Columbia. Furthermore, upon effectiveness of the Domestication, each outstanding common share of Acasti British Columbia at the time of the Domestication automatically became one outstanding share of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of Acasti Delaware. The common stock of Acasti Delaware continues to be listed for trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol “ACST.”

Item 1.01.
Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement.

On October 7, 2024, in connection with the consummation of the Domestication and pursuant to the Company’s Charter (as defined below), Bylaws (as defined below) and the DGCL, the Company entered into indemnification agreements with each of the Company’s executive officers and directors providing for the indemnification of, and advancement of expenses to, each such person in connection with claims, suits or proceedings arising as a result of such person’s service as an officer or director of the Company (the “Indemnification Agreements”).

The above description of the Indemnification Agreements does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the form of indemnification agreement, which is attached hereto as Exhibit 10.1 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 3.03.
Material Modification to Rights of Security Holders.

In connection with the consummation of the Continuance, the Company adopted a continuation application, which contained the Notice of Articles of Acasti British Columbia (the “Notice of Articles”) and the Articles of Acasti British Columbia (the “Articles”), each of which is described in the Company’s Proxy Statement/Prospectus, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 7, 2024 and is a part of the Company’s registration statement on Form S-4 (File No. 333-280536) (the “Registration Statement”). Upon consummation of the Continuance, the rights of the holders of the Company’s common shares were governed by the Notice of Articles, the Articles and the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia).
 
In connection with the consummation of the Domestication, the Company adopted a Certificate of Incorporation (the “Charter”) and Bylaws (the “Bylaws”), each of which is described in the Registration Statement. The rights of holders of the Company’s common stock are now governed by the Charter, the Bylaws and the DGCL, which contain provisions that differ in certain respects from Acasti Québec’s organizational documents and Québec law and Acasti British Columbia’s organizational documents and British Columbia law. The sections of the Registration Statement entitled “Annex K — Material Differences Between Québec Corporate Law and British Columbia Corporate Law” and “Annex L — Material Differences Between British Columbia Corporate Law and Delaware General Corporation Law” describe the general effects of changes to the rights of the Company’s stockholders, and are incorporated herein by reference.


Item 5.03.
Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year.

The Notice of Articles and the Articles became effective as of October 1, 2024. The Notice of Articles and the Articles are attached hereto as Exhibit 3.1 and Exhibit 3.2, respectively, and are incorporated herein by reference.
 
The Charter and the Bylaws became effective as of October 7, 2024. The Charter and Bylaws are attached hereto as Exhibit 3.3 and Exhibit 3.4, respectively, and are incorporated herein by reference.
 
The information provided in the Introductory Note and Item 3.03 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9.01.
Financial Statements and Exhibits.

(d) Exhibits

Exhibit
 
Description
 
Acasti Pharma Inc. Notice of Articles.
 
Acasti Pharma Inc. Articles.
 
Acasti Pharma Inc. Certificate of Incorporation.
 
Acasti Pharma Inc. Bylaws.
 
Form of Common Stock Certificate.
 
Form of Indemnification Agreement between Acasti Pharma Inc. and its directors and officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed with the SEC on June 27, 2024).
104
 
Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).


SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.
 
     
ACASTI PHARMA INC.
       
Date:
October 7, 2024
By:
/s/ Prashant Kohli
     
Prashant Kohli
Chief Executive Officer




Exhibit 3.1

Mailing Address:
Location:
PO Box 9431 Stn Prov Govt
2nd Floor - 940 Blanshard Street
Victoria BC V8W 9V3
Victoria BC
www.corporateonline.gov.bc.ca
1 877 526-1526

 
CERTIFIED COPY
Of a Document filed with the Province of
British Columbia Registrar of Companies
 
Notice of Articles
 
BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT
T.K. SPARKS


















This Notice of Articles was issued by the Registrar on:

October 1, 2024 09:49 AM Pacific Time








Incorporation Number:

C1504591









Recognition Date and Time:

Continued into British Columbia on October 1, 2024 09:49 AM Pacific Time



















NOTICE OF ARTICLES


Name of Company:

ACASTI PHARMA INC.



REGISTERED OFFICE INFORMATION



Mailing Address:
Delivery Address:
1055 DUNSMUIR STREET
1055 DUNSMUIR STREET
SUITE 3000
SUITE 3000
VANCOUVER BC V7X 1K8
VANCOUVER BC V7X 1K8
CANADA
CANADA


RECORDS OFFICE INFORMATION



Mailing Address:
Delivery Address:
1055 DUNSMUIR STREET
1055 DUNSMUIR STREET
SUITE 3000
SUITE 3000
VANCOUVER BC V7X 1K8
VANCOUVER BC V7X 1K8
CANADA
CANADA

Page: 1 of 3



DIRECTOR INFORMATION



Last Name, First Name, Middle Name:

Kavuru, Vimal



Mailing Address:
Delivery Address:
2572 BOUL. DANIEL-JOHNSON
2572 BOUL. DANIEL-JOHNSON
2ND FLOOR
2ND FLOOR
LAVAL QC H7T 2R3
LAVAL QC H7T 2R3
CANADA
CANADA


Last Name, First Name, Middle Name:

Neugeboren, Edward



Mailing Address:
Delivery Address:
2572 BOUL. DANIEL-JOHNSON
2572 BOUL. DANIEL-JOHNSON
2ND FLOOR
2ND FLOOR
LAVAL QC H7T 2R3
LAVAL QC H7T 2R3
CANADA
CANADA


Last Name, First Name, Middle Name:

Kohli, Prashant



Mailing Address:
Delivery Address:
2572 BOUL. DANIEL-JOHNSON
2572 BOUL. DANIEL-JOHNSON
2ND FLOOR
2ND FLOOR
LAVAL QC H7T 2R3
LAVAL QC H7T 2R3
CANADA
CANADA


Last Name, First Name, Middle Name:

Davis, A. Brian



Mailing Address:
Delivery Address:
2572 BOUL. DANIEL-JOHNSON
2572 BOUL. DANIEL-JOHNSON
2ND FLOOR
2ND FLOOR
LAVAL QC H7T 2R3
LAVAL QC H7T 2R3
CANADA
CANADA




Last Name, First Name, Middle Name:

Kottayil, George



Mailing Address:
Delivery Address:
2572 BOUL. DANIEL-JOHNSON
2572 BOUL. DANIEL-JOHNSON
2ND FLOOR
2ND FLOOR
LAVAL QC H7T 2R3
LAVAL QC H7T 2R3
CANADA CANADA



AUTHORIZED SHARE STRUCTURE

Page: 2 of 3

1.
No Maximum
Common Shares
Without Par Value







With Special Rights or



Restrictions attached












2.
No Maximum
Preferred Shares
Without Par Value







With Special Rights or



Restrictions attached








Page: 3 of 3


EXHIBIT 3.2

Incorporation number:

C1504591

ARTICLES
of
ACASTI PHARMA INC.
(the “Company”)
 
   
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
       
1.
INTERPRETATION
1
 
1.1
Definitions
1
 
1.2
Business Corporations Act and Interpretation Act Definitions Applicable
2
     
2.
SHARES AND SHARE CERTIFICATES
2
 
2.1
Authorized Share Structure
2
 
2.2
Form of Share Certificate
2
 
2.3
Shareholder Entitled to Certificate or Acknowledgement
2
 
2.4
Delivery by Mail
2
 
2.5
Replacement of Worn Out or Defaced Certificate or Acknowledgement
2
 
2.6
Replacement of Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificate or Acknowledgement
3
 
2.7
Recovery of New Share Certificate
3
 
2.8
Splitting Share Certificates
3
 
2.9
Certificate Fee
3
 
2.10
Recognition of Trusts
4
     
3.
ISSUE OF SHARES
4
 
3.1
Board Authorized
4
 
3.2
Commissions and Discounts
4
 
3.3
Brokerage
4
 
3.4
Conditions of Issue
4
 
3.5
Share Purchase Warrants and Rights
5
     
4.
SHARE REGISTERS
5
 
4.1
Central Securities Register
5
 
4.2
Closing Register
5
     
5.
SHARE TRANSFERS
5
 
5.1
Registering Transfers
5
 
5.2
Waivers of the Requirement of Transfer
6
 
5.3
Form of Instrument of Transfer
6
 
5.4
Transferor Remains Shareholder
6
 
5.5
Signing of Instrument of Transfer
6
 
5.6
Enquiry as to Title Not Required
6
 
5.7
Transfer Fee
7
     
6.
TRANSMISSION OF SHARES
7
 
6.1
Legal Personal Representative Recognized on Death
7
 
6.2
Rights of Legal Personal Representative
7
     
7.
PURCHASE OF SHARES
7
 
7.1
Company Authorized to Purchase or Otherwise Acquire Shares
7

i

 
EXHIBIT 3.2
 
7.2
Purchase, Redemption or Other Acquisition When Insolvent
7
 
7.3
Sale and Voting of Purchased, Redeemed or Otherwise Acquired Shares
8
       
8.
BORROWING POWERS
8
     
9.
ALTERATIONS
8

9.1
Alteration of Authorized Share Structure
8

9.2
Special Rights and Restrictions
9

9.3
No Interference with Class or Series Rights without Consent
9

9.4
Change of Name
9

9.5
Other Alterations to Articles
9
     
10.
MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS
10

10.1
Annual General Meetings
10

10.2
Resolution Instead of Annual General Meeting
10

10.3
Calling and Location of Meetings of Shareholders
10

10.4
Electronic Meetings
10

10.5
Notice for Meetings of Shareholders
10

10.6
Record Date for Notice
11

10.7
Record Date for Voting
11

10.8
Failure to Give Notice and Waiver of Notice
11

10.9
Notice of Special Business at Meetings of Shareholders
11

10.10
Notice of Dissent Rights
12

10.11
Class Meetings and Series Meetings of Shareholders
12

10.12
Advance Notice Provisions
12
     
11.
PROCEEDINGS AT MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS
16

11.1
Special Business
16

11.2
Special Majority
16

11.3
Quorum
16

11.4
One Shareholder May Constitute Quorum
17

11.5
Persons Entitled to Attend Meeting
17
 
11.6
Requirement of Quorum
17
 
11.7
Lack of Quorum
17
 
11.8
Lack of Quorum at Succeeding Meeting
17
 
11.9
Chair
17
 
11.10
Selection of Alternate Chair
18
 
11.11
Adjournments
18
 
11.12
Notice of Adjourned Meeting
18
 
11.13
Decisions by Show of Hands or Poll
18
 
11.14
Electronic Voting
18
 
11.15
Declaration of Result
18
 
11.16
Motion Need Not be Seconded
19
 
11.17
Casting Vote
19
 
11.18
Manner of Taking Poll
19
 
11.19
Demand for Poll on Adjournment
19
 
11.20
Chair Must Resolve Dispute
19
 
11.21
Casting of Votes
19
 
11.22
No Demand for Poll on Election of Chair
20
 
11.23
Demand for Poll Not to Prevent Continuance of Meeting
20

ii

 
EXHIBIT 3.2
 
11.24
Retention of Ballots and Proxies
20
     
12.
VOTES OF SHAREHOLDERS
20

12.1
Number of Votes by Shareholder or by Shares
20

12.2
Votes of Persons in Representative Capacity
20

12.3
Votes by Joint Holders
20

12.4
Legal Personal Representatives as Joint Shareholders
21

12.5
Representative of a Corporate Shareholder
21

12.6
Proxy Provisions Do Not Apply to All Companies
21

12.7
Appointment of Proxy Holders
22

12.8
Alternate Proxy Holders
22

12.9
When Proxy Holder Need Not Be Shareholder
22

12.10
Deposit of Proxy
22

12.11
Validity of Proxy Vote
23

12.12
Form of Proxy
23

12.13
Revocation of Proxy
23

12.14
Revocation of Proxy Must Be Signed
24

12.15
Chair May Determine Validity of Proxy
24

12.16
Production of Evidence of Authority to Vote
24
     
13.
DIRECTORS
24

13.1
First Directors; Number of Directors
24

13.2
Change in Number of Directors
25

13.3
Board’s Acts Valid Despite Vacancy
25

13.4
Qualifications of Directors
25

13.5
Remuneration of Directors
25

13.6
Reimbursement of Expenses of Directors
25

13.7
Special Remuneration for Directors
25

13.8
Gratuity, Pension or Allowance on Retirement of Director
25
     
14.
ELECTION AND REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS
26

14.1
Election at Annual General Meeting
26

14.2
Consent to be a Director
26

14.3
Failure to Elect or Appoint Directors
26

14.4
Places of Retiring Directors Not Filled
27

14.5
Directors May Fill Casual Vacancies
27

14.6
Remaining Directors’ Power to Act
27

14.7
Shareholders May Fill Vacancies
27

14.8
Additional Directors
27

14.9
Ceasing to be a Director
27

14.10
Removal of Director by Shareholders
28

14.11
Removal of Director by Directors
28
     
15.
POWERS AND DUTIES OF DIRECTORS
28

15.1
Powers of Management
28

15.2
Appointment of Attorney of Company
28
     
16.
INTERESTS OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
29

16.1
Obligation to Account for Profits
29

16.2
Restrictions on Voting by Reason of Interest
29

16.3
Interested Director Counted in Quorum
29

iii

 
EXHIBIT 3.2

16.4
Disclosure of Conflict of Interest or Property
29

16.5
Director Holding Other Office in the Company
29

16.6
No Disqualification
29

16.7
Professional Services by Director or Officer
29

16.8
Director or Officer in Other Corporations
30
     
17.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOARD
30

17.1
Meetings of the Board
30

17.2
Voting at Meetings
30
 
17.3
Chair of Meetings
30
 
17.4
Meetings by Telephone or Other Communications Medium
30
 
17.5
Calling of Meetings
31
 
17.6
Notice of Meetings
31
 
17.7
When Notice Not Required
31
 
17.8
Meeting Valid Despite Failure to Give Notice
31
 
17.9
Waiver of Notice of Meetings
31
 
17.10
Quorum
32
 
17.11
Validity of Acts Where Appointment Defective
32
 
17.12
Consent Resolutions in Writing
32
     
18.
EXECUTIVE AND OTHER COMMITTEES
32
 
18.1
Appointment and Powers of Executive Committee
32
 
18.2
Appointment and Powers of Other Committees
33
 
18.3
Obligations of Committees
33
 
18.4
Powers of Board
33
 
18.5
Committee Meetings
33
     
     
19.
OFFICERS
34

19.1
Board May Appoint Officers
34

19.2
Functions, Duties and Powers of Officers
34

19.3
Qualifications
34

19.4
Remuneration and Terms of Appointment
34
     
20.
INDEMNIFICATION
35

20.1
Definitions
35

20.2
Mandatory Indemnification of Eligible Parties
35

20.3
Indemnification of Other Persons
35

20.4
Non-Compliance with Business Corporations Act
35

20.5
Company May Purchase Insurance
35
     
21.
DIVIDENDS
36

21.1
Payment of Dividends Subject to Special Rights
36

21.2
Declaration of Dividends
36

21.3
No Notice Required
36

21.4
Record Date
36

21.5
Manner of Paying Dividend
36

21.6
Settlement of Difficulties
36

21.7
When Dividend Payable
37

21.8
Dividends to be Paid in Accordance with Number of Shares
37

21.9
Receipt by Joint Shareholders
37

21.10
Dividend Bears No Interest
37

iv

 
EXHIBIT 3.2

21.11
Fractional Dividends
37

21.12
Payment of Dividends
37

21.13
Capitalization of Retained Earnings or Surplus
38

21.14
Unclaimed Dividends
38
     
22.
ACCOUNTING RECORDS
38

22.1
Recording of Financial Affairs
38

22.2
Inspection of Accounting Records
38
     
23.
NOTICES
38

23.1
Method of Giving Notice
38

23.2
Deemed Receipt
39

23.3
Certificate of Sending
39

23.4
Notice to Joint Shareholders
39

23.5
Notice to Legal Personal Representatives and Trustees
39

23.6
Undelivered Notices
40
24.
SEAL AND EXECUTION OF INSTRUMENTS
40

24.1
Who May Attest Seal
40

24.2
Sealing Copies
40

24.3
Mechanical Reproduction of Seal
40

24.4
Execution of Instruments
41
     
25.
FORUM FOR ADJUDICATION OF CERTAIN DISPUTES
41
     
26.
PROHIBITIONS
41

26.1
Definitions
41

26.2
Application
42

26.3
Consent Required for Transfer of Shares or Transfer Restricted Securities
42
     
27.
SPECIAL RIGHTS AND RESTRICTIONS ATTACHING TO THE COMMON SHARES
42

27.1
Dividends; Rights on Liquidation, Dissolution or Winding-Up
42

27.2
Meetings and Voting Rights
42
     
28.
SPECIAL RIGHTS OR RESTRICTIONS ATTACHING TO THE PREFERRED SHARES
43

28.1
Issuable in Series
43

28.2
Class Rights or Restrictions
44

v

Incorporation number:

C1504591

ARTICLES
of
ACASTI PHARMA INC.
(the “Company”)
 
1.          INTERPRETATION
 
1.1
Definitions
 
In these Articles (the “Articles”), unless the context otherwise requires:
 
(1)
applicable securities laws” means the applicable securities legislation of the United States and each relevant province and territory of Canada, as amended from time to time, the written rules, regulations and forms made or promulgated under any such statute and the published national instruments, multilateral instruments, policies, bulletins and notices of the securities commissions and similar regulatory authorities of the United States and each province and territory of Canada;
 
(2)
appropriate person” has the meaning assigned in the Securities Transfer Act;
 
(3)
board of directors”, “directors” and “board” mean the directors or sole director of the Company for the time being;
 
(4)
Business Corporations Act” means the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) from time to time in force and all amendments thereto and includes all regulations and amendments thereto made pursuant to that Act;
 
(5)
Interpretation Act” means the Interpretation Act (British Columbia) from time to time in force and all amendments thereto and includes all regulations and amendments thereto made pursuant to that Act;
 
(6)
legal personal representative” means the personal or other legal representative of a shareholder;
 
(7)
protected purchaser” has the meaning assigned in the Securities Transfer Act;
 
(8)
registered address” of a shareholder means the shareholder’s address as recorded in the central securities register;
 
(9)
seal” means the seal of the Company, if any;
 
(10)
Securities Act” means the Securities Act (British Columbia) from time to time in force and all amendments thereto and includes all regulations and amendments thereto made pursuant to that Act;
 

2
(11)
Securities Transfer Act” means the Securities Transfer Act (British Columbia) from time to time in force and all amendments thereto and includes all regulations and amendments thereto made pursuant to that Act.
 
1.2
Business Corporations Act and Interpretation Act Definitions Applicable
 
The definitions in the Business Corporations Act and the definitions and rules of construction in the Interpretation Act, with the necessary changes, so far as applicable, and unless the context requires otherwise, apply to these Articles as if they were an enactment. If there is a conflict between a definition in the Business Corporations Act and a definition or rule in the Interpretation Act relating to a term used in these Articles, the definition in the Business Corporations Act will prevail in relation to the use of the term in these Articles. If there is a conflict or inconsistency between these Articles and the Business Corporations Act, the Business Corporations Act will prevail.
 
2.          SHARES AND SHARE CERTIFICATES
 
2.1
Authorized Share Structure
 
The authorized share structure of the Company consists of shares of the class or classes and series, if any, described in the Notice of Articles of the Company.
 
2.2
Form of Share Certificate
 
Each share certificate issued by the Company must comply with, and be signed as required by, the Business Corporations Act.
 
2.3
Shareholder Entitled to Certificate or Acknowledgement
 
Except in respect of shares that are uncertificated shares within the meaning of the Business Corporations Act, each shareholder is entitled, without charge, to (a) one share certificate representing the shares of each class or series of shares registered in the shareholder’s name or (b) a non-transferable written acknowledgement of the shareholder’s right to obtain such a share certificate, provided that in respect of a share held jointly by several persons, the Company is not bound to issue more than one share certificate or acknowledgement and delivery of a share certificate or an acknowledgement to one of several joint shareholders or to a duly authorized agent of one of the joint shareholders will be sufficient delivery to all.
 
2.4
Delivery by Mail
 
Any share certificate or non-transferable written acknowledgement of a shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate may be sent to the shareholder by mail at the shareholder’s registered address and neither the Company nor any director, officer or agent of the Company (including the Company’s transfer agent or legal counsel) is liable for any loss to the shareholder because the share certificate or acknowledgement is lost in the mail or stolen.
 
2.5
Replacement of Worn Out or Defaced Certificate or Acknowledgement
 
If the Company is satisfied that a share certificate or a non-transferable written acknowledgement of the shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate is worn out or defaced, it must, on production to it of the share certificate or acknowledgement, as the case may be, and on such other terms, if any, as it thinks fit:
 

3
(1)
order the share certificate or acknowledgement, as the case may be, to be cancelled; and
 
(2)
issue a replacement share certificate or acknowledgement, as the case may be.
 
2.6
Replacement of Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificate or Acknowledgement
 
If a share certificate or a non-transferable written acknowledgement of a shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate is lost, stolen or destroyed, a replacement share certificate or acknowledgement, as the case may be, must be issued to the person entitled to that share certificate or acknowledgement, as the case may be, if the Company receives:
 
(1)
a request for a replacement share certificate or acknowledgement, as the case may be, before the Company has notice that the share certificate has been acquired by a protected purchaser;
 
(2)
any indemnity the Company considers adequate, to protect the Company from any loss that the Company may suffer by issuing a new certificate; and
 
(3)
any other reasonable requirements imposed by the Company.
 
A person entitled to a share certificate may not assert against the Company a claim for a new share certificate where a share certificate has been lost, apparently destroyed or wrongfully taken if that person fails to notify the Company of that fact within a reasonable time after that person has notice of it and the Company registers a transfer of the shares represented by the certificate before receiving a notice of the loss, apparent destruction or wrongful taking of the share certificate.
 
2.7
Recovery of New Share Certificate
 
If, after the issue of a new share certificate, a protected purchaser of the original share certificate presents the original share certificate for the registration of transfer, then in addition to any rights under any indemnity, the Company may recover the new share certificate from a person to whom it was issued or any person taking under that person other than a protected purchaser.
 
2.8
Splitting Share Certificates
 
If a shareholder surrenders a share certificate to the Company with a written request that the Company issue in the shareholder’s name two or more share certificates, each representing a specified number of shares and in the aggregate representing the same number of shares as the share certificate so surrendered, the Company must cancel the surrendered share certificate and issue replacement share certificates in accordance with that request.
 
2.9
Certificate Fee
 
There must be paid to the Company, in relation to the issue of any share certificate under Articles 2.5, 2.6 or 2.8, the amount, if any and which must not exceed the amount prescribed under the Business Corporations Act, determined by the board.
 

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2.10
Recognition of Trusts
 
Except as required by law or statute or these Articles, no person will be recognized by the Company as holding any share upon any trust, and the Company is not bound by or compelled in any way to recognize (even when having notice thereof) any equitable, contingent, future or partial interest in any share or fraction of a share or (except as required by law or statute or these Articles or as ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction) any other rights in respect of any share except an absolute right to the entirety thereof in the shareholder.
 
3.          ISSUE OF SHARES
 
3.1
Board Authorized
 
Subject to the Business Corporations Act and the rights of the holders of issued shares of the Company, the Company may allot, issue, sell or otherwise dispose of the unissued shares, and issued shares held by the Company, at the times, to the persons, including directors, in the manner, on the terms and conditions and for the issue prices (including any premium at which shares with par value may be issued) that the board may determine. The issue price for a share with par value must be equal to or greater than the par value of the share.
 
3.2
Commissions and Discounts
 
The Company may at any time pay a reasonable commission or allow a reasonable discount to any person in consideration of that person purchasing or agreeing to purchase shares of the Company from the Company or any other person or procuring or agreeing to procure purchasers for shares of the Company.
 
3.3
Brokerage
 
The Company may pay such brokerage fee or other consideration as may be lawful for or in connection with the sale or placement of its securities.
 
3.4
Conditions of Issue
 
Except as provided for by the Business Corporations Act, no share may be issued until it is fully paid. A share is fully paid when:
 
(1)
consideration is provided to the Company for the issue of the share by one or more of the following:
 
(a)          past services performed for the Company;
 
(b)          property;
 
(c)          money; and
 
(2)
the value of the consideration received by the Company equals or exceeds the issue price set for the share under Article 3.1.
 

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3.5
Share Purchase Warrants and Rights
 
Subject to the Business Corporations Act, the Company may issue share purchase warrants, options and rights upon such terms and conditions as the board determines, which share purchase warrants, options and rights may be issued alone or in conjunction with debentures, debenture stock, bonds, shares or any other securities issued or created by the Company from time to time.
 
4.          SHARE REGISTERS
 
4.1
Central Securities Register
 
As required by and subject to the Business Corporations Act, the Company must maintain a central securities register, which may be kept in electronic form. The board may, subject to the Business Corporations Act, appoint an agent to maintain the central securities register. The board may also appoint one or more agents, including the agent which keeps the central securities register, as transfer agent for its shares or any class or series of its shares, as the case may be, and the same or another agent as registrar for its shares or such class or series of its shares, as the case may be. The board may terminate such appointment of any agent at any time and may appoint another agent in its place.
 
4.2
Closing Register
 
The Company must not at any time close its central securities register.
 
5.          SHARE TRANSFERS
 
5.1
Registering Transfers
 
Subject to Article 26, the Business Corporations Act and the Securities Transfer Act, the Company must register the transfer of a share of the Company if:
 
(1)
The Company or the transfer agent or registrar for the class or series of share to be transferred has received:
 
(a)          in the case of a share certificate that has been issued by the Company in respect of the share to be transferred, that share certificate and a written instrument of transfer (which may be on a separate document or endorsed on the share certificate) made by the shareholder or other appropriate person or by an agent who has actual authority to act on behalf of that person;
 
(b)         in the case of a share that is represented by a non-transferable written acknowledgement of the shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate that has been issued by the Company in respect of the share to be transferred, a written instrument of transfer, made by the shareholder or other appropriate person or by an agent who has actual authority to act on behalf of that person;
 
(c)         in the case of a share that is an uncertificated share, a written instrument of transfer, made by the shareholder or other appropriate person or by an agent who has actual authority to act on behalf of that person; and
 

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(d)          such other evidence, if any, as the Company or the transfer agent or registrar for the class or series of share to be transferred may require to prove the title of the transferor or the transferor’s right to transfer the share, and that the written instrument of transfer is genuine and authorized and that the transfer is rightful or to a protected purchaser; or
 
(2)
All the preconditions for a transfer of a share under the Securities Transfer Act have been met and the Company is required under the Securities Transfer Act to register the transfer.
 
5.2
Waivers of the Requirement of Transfer
 
The Company may waive any of the requirements set out in Article 5.1(1) and any preconditions referred to in Article 5.1(2).
 
5.3
Form of Instrument of Transfer
 
The instrument of transfer in respect of any share of the Company must be either in the form, if any, on the back of the Company’s share certificates or in any other form that may be approved by the Company or the transfer agent from time to time.
 
5.4
Transferor Remains Shareholder
 
Except to the extent that the Business Corporations Act otherwise provides, the transferor of shares is deemed to remain the holder of the shares until the name of the transferee is entered in a securities register of the Company in respect of the transfer.
 
5.5
Signing of Instrument of Transfer
 
If a shareholder, or other appropriate person or an agent who has actual authority to act on behalf of that person, signs an instrument of transfer in respect of shares registered in the name of the shareholder, the signed instrument of transfer constitutes a complete and sufficient authority to the Company and its directors, officers and agents to register the number of shares specified in the instrument of transfer or specified in any other manner, or, if no number is specified but share certificates are deposited with the instrument of transfer, all the shares represented by such share certificates:
 
(1)
in the name of the person named as transferee in that instrument of transfer; or
 
(2)
if no person is named as transferee in that instrument of transfer, in the name of the person on whose behalf the instrument is deposited for the purpose of having the transfer registered.
 
5.6
Enquiry as to Title Not Required
 
Neither the Company nor any director, officer or agent of the Company is bound to inquire into the title of the person named in the instrument of transfer as transferee or, if no person is named as transferee in the instrument of transfer, of the person on whose behalf the instrument is deposited for the purpose of having the transfer registered or is liable for any claim related to registering the transfer by the shareholder or by any intermediate owner or holder of the shares, of any interest in the shares, of any share certificate representing such shares or of any written acknowledgement of a right to obtain a share certificate for such shares.


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5.7
Transfer Fee
 
Subject to the rules of any stock exchange on which securities of the Company are listed, there must be paid to the Company, in relation to the registration of any transfer, the amount, if any, determined by the board.
 
6.          TRANSMISSION OF SHARES
 
6.1
Legal Personal Representative Recognized on Death
 
In the case of the death of a shareholder, the legal personal representative of the shareholder, or in the case of shares registered in the shareholder’s name and the name of another person in joint tenancy, the surviving joint holder, will be the only person recognized by the Company as having any title to the shareholder’s interest in the shares. Before recognizing a person as a legal personal representative of a shareholder, the board may require proof of appointment by a court of competent jurisdiction, the original court certified grant of letters probate, letters of administration, or such other evidence or documents as the board considers appropriate.
 
6.2
Rights of Legal Personal Representative
 
The legal personal representative of a shareholder has the same rights, privileges and obligations that attach to the shares held by the shareholder, including the right to transfer the shares in accordance with these Articles and applicable securities laws, provided appropriate evidence of appointment or incumbency within the meaning of the Securities Transfer Act has been deposited with the Company. This Article 6.2 does not apply in the case of the death of a shareholder with respect to shares registered in the shareholder’s name and the name of another person in joint tenancy.
 
7.          PURCHASE OF SHARES
 
7.1
Company Authorized to Purchase or Otherwise Acquire Shares
 
Subject to Article 7.2, the special rights and restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares, the Business Corporations Act, and applicable securities laws, the Company may, if authorized by the board, purchase or otherwise acquire any of its shares at the price and upon the terms determined by the board.
 
7.2
Purchase, Redemption or Other Acquisition When Insolvent
 
The Company must not make a payment or provide any other consideration to purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire any of its shares if there are reasonable grounds for believing that:
 
(1)
the Company is insolvent; or
 
(2)
making the payment or providing the consideration would render the Company insolvent.
 

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7.3
Sale and Voting of Purchased, Redeemed or Otherwise Acquired Shares
 
If the Company retains a share purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired by it, the Company may sell, gift or otherwise dispose of the share, but, while such share is held by the Company, it:
 
(1)
is not entitled to vote the share at a meeting of its shareholders;
 
(2)
must not pay a dividend in respect of the share; and
 
(3)
must not make any other distribution in respect of the share.
 
8.          BORROWING POWERS
 
The Company, if authorized by the board, may:
 
(1)
borrow money in the manner and amount, on the security, from the sources and on the terms and conditions that the board considers appropriate;
 
(2)
issue bonds, debentures and other debt obligations either outright or as security for any liability or obligation of the Company or any other person and at such discounts or premiums and on such other terms as the board considers appropriate;
 
(3)
guarantee the repayment of money by any other person or the performance of any obligation of any other person; and
 
(4)
mortgage, charge, whether by way of specific or floating charge, grant a security interest in, or give other security on, the whole or any part of the present and future assets and undertaking of the Company.
 
9.          ALTERATIONS
 
9.1
Alteration of Authorized Share Structure
 
Subject to Article 9.2, Article 9.3, the Business Corporations Act and the special rights and restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares, the Company may:
 
(1)
by ordinary resolution:
 
(a)         create one or more classes or series of shares or, if none of the shares of a class or series of shares are allotted or issued, eliminate that class or series of shares;
 
(b)       increase, reduce or eliminate the maximum number of shares that the Company is authorized to issue out of any class or series of shares or establish a maximum number of shares that the Company is authorized to issue out of any class or series of shares for which no maximum is established;
 
(c)          if the Company is authorized to issue shares of a class of shares with par value:
 

(i)
decrease the par value of those shares; or
 

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(ii)
if none of the shares of that class of shares are allotted or issued, increase the par value of those shares;
 
(d)         change all or any of its unissued, or fully paid issued, shares with par value into shares without par value or any of its unissued shares without par value into shares with par value;
 
(e)          alter the identifying name of any of its shares; or
 
(f)          otherwise alter its shares or authorized share structure when required or permitted to do so by the Business Corporations Act;
 
and, if applicable, alter its Notice of Articles and, if applicable, its Articles, accordingly; and
 
(2)
by directors’ resolution or ordinary resolution, subdivide or consolidate all or any of its unissued, or fully paid issued, shares and, if applicable, alter its Notice of Articles and, if applicable, its Articles accordingly.
 
9.2
Special Rights and Restrictions
 
Subject to Article 9.3, the Business Corporations Act and the special rights and restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares, the Company may by ordinary resolution:
 
(1)
create special rights or restrictions for, and attach those special rights or restrictions to, the shares of any class or series of shares, whether or not any or all of those shares have been issued; or
 
(2)
vary or delete any special rights or restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares, whether or not any or all of those shares have been issued;
 
and alter its Articles and Notice of Articles accordingly.
 
9.3
No Interference with Class or Series Rights without Consent
 
A right or special right attached to issued shares must not be prejudiced or interfered with under the Business Corporations Act, the Notice of Articles or these Articles unless the holders of shares of the class or series of shares to which the right or special right is attached consent by a special separate resolution of the holders of such class or series of shares.
 
9.4
Change of Name
 
The Company may by directors’ resolution or ordinary resolution authorize an alteration of its Notice of Articles in order to change its name or adopt or change any translation of that name.
 
9.5
Other Alterations to Articles
 
If the Business Corporations Act does not specify the type of resolution and these Articles do not specify another type of resolution, the Company may by ordinary resolution alter these Articles.
 

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10.        MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS
 
10.1
Annual General Meetings
 
Unless an annual general meeting is deferred or waived in accordance with the Business Corporations Act, the Company must hold its first annual general meeting within 18 months after the date on which it was incorporated or otherwise recognized, and after that must hold an annual general meeting at least once in each calendar year and not more than 15 months after the last annual reference date at such time and place as may be determined by the board.
 
10.2
Resolution Instead of Annual General Meeting
 
If all the shareholders who are entitled to vote at an annual general meeting consent by a unanimous resolution to all of the business that is required to be transacted at that annual general meeting, the annual general meeting is deemed to have been held on the date of the unanimous resolution. The shareholders must, in any unanimous resolution passed under this Article 10.2, select as the Company’s annual reference date a date that would be appropriate for the holding of the applicable annual general meeting.
 
10.3
Calling and Location of Meetings of Shareholders
 
The board may, at any time, call a meeting of shareholders. The location of a meeting of shareholders shall be determined by the board and may be within or outside British Columbia.
 
10.4
Electronic Meetings
 
The board may determine that a meeting of shareholders shall be a fully electronic meeting or a partially electronic meeting. If the Company holds a meeting of shareholders that is not an electronic meeting, the Company is not obligated to take any action or provide any facility to permit or facilitate the use of telephone or any communications medium at the meeting. If the Company holds a meeting of shareholders that is an electronic meeting, the Company must permit and facilitate participation in the meeting by telephone or other communications medium. If one or more shareholders or proxy holders participate in, including voting at, a meeting of shareholders that is an electronic meeting, each such shareholder or proxy holder is deemed to be present at the meeting, and the meeting is deemed to be held at the location, if any, specified in the notice of the meeting.
 
10.5
Notice for Meetings of Shareholders
 
The Company must send notice of the date, time and location of any meeting of shareholders in the manner provided in these Articles, or in such other manner, if any, as may be prescribed by ordinary resolution (whether previous notice of the resolution has been given or not), to each shareholder entitled to attend the meeting, to each director and to the auditor of the Company, unless these Articles otherwise provide, at least the following number of days before the meeting:
 
(1)
if and for so long as the Company is a public company, 21 days;
 
(2)
otherwise, 10 days.
 

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10.6
Record Date for Notice
 
The board may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to notice of any meeting of shareholders. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is to be held by more than two months or, in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders under the Business Corporations Act, by more than four months. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is held by fewer than:
 
(1)
if and for so long as the Company is a public company, 21 days;
 
(2)
otherwise, 10 days.
 
If no record date is set, the record date is 5:00 p.m. (Vancouver time) on the day immediately preceding the first date on which the notice is sent or, if no notice is sent, the beginning of the meeting.
 
10.7
Record Date for Voting
 
The board may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to vote at any meeting of shareholders. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is to be held by more than two months or, in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders under the Business Corporations Act, by more than four months. If no record date is set, the record date is 5:00 p.m. (Vancouver time) on the day immediately preceding the first date on which the notice is sent or, if no notice is sent, the beginning of the meeting.
 
10.8
Failure to Give Notice and Waiver of Notice
 
The accidental omission to send notice of any meeting of shareholders to, or the non-receipt of any notice by, any of the persons entitled to notice does not invalidate any proceedings at that meeting. Any person entitled to notice of a meeting of shareholders may, in writing or otherwise, waive that entitlement or agree to reduce the period of notice of such meeting. Attendance of a person at a meeting of shareholders is a waiver of entitlement to notice of the meeting, unless that person attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business on the grounds that the meeting is not lawfully called.
 
10.9
Notice of Special Business at Meetings of Shareholders
 
If a meeting of shareholders is to consider special business within the meaning of Article 11.1, the notice of meeting must:
 
(1)
state the general nature of the special business; and
 
(2)
if the special business includes considering, approving, ratifying, adopting or authorizing any document or the signing of or giving of effect to any document, have attached to it a copy of the document or state that a copy of the document will be available for inspection by shareholders:
 
(a)          at the Company’s records office, or at such other reasonably accessible location in British Columbia as is specified in the notice; and
 

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(b)          during statutory business hours on any one or more specified days before the day set for the holding of the meeting.
 
10.10
Notice of Dissent Rights
 
The Company must send to each of its shareholders, whether or not their shares carry the right to vote, a notice of any meeting of shareholders at which a resolution entitling shareholders to dissent is to be considered specifying the date of the meeting and containing a statement advising of the right to send a notice of dissent together with a copy of the proposed resolution at least the following number of days before the meeting:
 
(1)
if and for so long as the Company is a public company, 21 days;
 
(2)
otherwise, 10 days.
 
10.11
Class Meetings and Series Meetings of Shareholders
 
Unless otherwise specified in these Articles, the provisions of these Articles relating to a meeting of the shareholders will apply with the necessary changes and so far as they are applicable, to the class meeting or series meeting of the shareholders holding a particular class or series of shares.
 
10.12
Advance Notice Provisions
 
(1)
Nomination of Directors
 
Subject only to the Business Corporations Act and these Articles, only persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set out in this Article 10.12 shall be eligible for election as directors to the board. Nominations of persons for election to the board may only be made at an annual meeting of shareholders, or at a special meeting of shareholders called for any purpose at which the election of directors is a matter specified in the notice of meeting, as follows:
 
(a)        by or at the direction of the board or an authorized officer of the Company, including pursuant to a notice of meeting;
 
(b)         by or at the direction or request of one or more shareholders pursuant to a valid proposal made in accordance with the provisions of the Business Corporations Act or a valid requisition of shareholders made in accordance with the provisions of the Business Corporations Act; or
 
(c)          by any person entitled to vote at such meeting (a “Nominating Shareholder”), who:
 

(i)
is, at the close of business on the date of giving notice provided for in this Article 10.12 and on the record date for notice of such meeting, either entered in the central securities register of the Company as a holder of one or more shares carrying the right to vote at such meeting or who beneficially owns shares that are entitled to be voted at such meeting and provides evidence of such beneficial ownership to the Company; and
 

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(ii)
has given timely notice in proper written form as set forth in this Article 10.12.
 
(2)
Exclusive Means
 
For the avoidance of doubt, this Article 10.12 shall be the exclusive means for any person to bring nominations for election to the board before any annual or special meeting of shareholders of the Company.
 
(3)
Timely Notice
 
In order for a nomination made by a Nominating Shareholder to be timely notice (a “Timely Notice”), the Nominating Shareholder’s notice must be received by the corporate secretary of the Company at the principal executive offices or registered office of the Company:
 
(a)          in the case of an annual meeting of shareholders (including an annual and special meeting), not later than 5:00 p.m. (Vancouver time) on the 35th day before the date of the meeting; provided, however, if the first public announcement made by the Company of the date of the meeting (each such date being the “Notice Date”) is less than 50 days before the meeting date, notice by the Nominating Shareholder may be given not later than the close of business on the 10th day following the Notice Date; and
 
(b)         in the case of a special meeting (which is not also an annual meeting) of shareholders called for any purpose which includes the election of directors to the board, not later than the close of business on the 15th day following the Notice Date;
 
provided that, in either instance, if notice-and-access (as defined in National Instrument 54 - 101 - Communication with Beneficial Owners of Securities of a Reporting Issuer) is used for delivery of proxy related materials in respect of a meeting described in Article 10.12(3)(a) or 10.12(3)(b) and the Notice Date in respect of the meeting is not less than 50 days before the date of the applicable meeting, the notice must be received not later than the close of business on the 40th day before the date of the applicable meeting.
 
(4)
Proper Form of Notice
 
To be in proper written form, a Nominating Shareholder’s notice to the corporate secretary must comply with all the provisions of this Article 10.12 and disclose or include, as applicable:
 
(a)          as to each person whom the Nominating Shareholder proposes to nominate for election as a director (a “Proposed Nominee”):
 

(i)
the name, age, business and residential address of the Proposed Nominee;
 

(ii)
the principal occupation/business or employment of the Proposed Nominee, both presently and for the past five years;
 

(iii)
the number of securities of each class of securities of the Company or any of its subsidiaries beneficially owned, or controlled or directed, directly or indirectly, by the Proposed Nominee, as of the record date for the meeting of shareholders (if such date shall then have been made publicly available and shall have occurred) and as of the date of such notice;
 

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(iv)
full particulars of any relationships, agreements, arrangements or understandings (including financial, compensation or indemnity related) between the Proposed Nominee and the Nominating Shareholder, or any affiliates or associates of, or any person or entity acting jointly or in concert with, the Proposed Nominee or the Nominating Shareholder;
 

(v)
any other information that would be required to be disclosed in a dissident proxy circular or other filings required to be made in connection with the solicitation of proxies for election of directors pursuant to the Business Corporations Act or applicable securities laws; and
 

(vi)
a written consent of each Proposed Nominee to being named as nominee and certifying that such Proposed Nominee is not disqualified from acting as director under the provisions of subsection 124(2) of the Business Corporations Act; and
 
(b)          as to each Nominating Shareholder giving the notice, and each beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is made:
 

(i)
their name, business and residential address;
 

(ii)
the number of securities of the Company or any of its subsidiaries beneficially owned, or controlled or directed, directly or indirectly, by the Nominating Shareholder or any other person with whom the Nominating Shareholder is acting jointly or in concert with respect to the Company or any of its securities, as of the record date for the meeting of shareholders (if such date shall then have been made publicly available and shall have occurred) and as of the date of such notice;
 

(iii)
their interests in, or rights or obligations associated with, any agreement, arrangement or understanding, the purpose or effect of which is to alter, directly or indirectly, the person’s economic interest in a security of the Company or the person’s economic exposure to the Company;
 

(iv)
any relationships, agreements or arrangements, including financial, compensation and indemnity related relationships, agreements or arrangements, between the Nominating Shareholder or any affiliates or associates of, or any person or entity acting jointly or in concert with, the Nominating Shareholder and any Proposed Nominee;
 

(v)
full particulars of any proxy, contract, relationship arrangement, agreement or understanding pursuant to which such person, or any of its affiliates or associates, or any person acting jointly or in concert with such person, has any interests, rights or obligations relating to the voting of any securities of the Company or the nomination of directors to the board;
 

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(vi)
a representation as to whether such person intends to deliver a proxy circular and/or form of proxy to any shareholder of the Company in connection with such nomination or otherwise solicit proxies or votes from shareholders of the Company in support of such nomination; and
 

(vii)
any other information relating to such person that would be required to be included in a dissident proxy circular or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to the Business Corporations Act or as required by applicable securities laws.
 
Reference to “Nominating Shareholder” in this Article 10.12(4) shall be deemed to refer to each shareholder that nominated or seeks to nominate a person for election as director in the case of a nomination proposal where more than one shareholder is involved in making the nomination proposal.
 
(5)
Currency of Nominee Information
 
All information to be provided in a Timely Notice pursuant to this Article 10.12 shall be provided as of the date of such notice. The Nominating Shareholder shall provide the Company with an update to such information forthwith so that it is true and correct in all material respects as of the date that is 10 business days before the date of the meeting, or any adjournment or postponement thereof.
 
(6)
Delivery of Information
 
Notwithstanding Article 23, any notice, or other document or information required to be given to the corporate secretary pursuant to this Article 10.12 may only be given by personal delivery or courier to the corporate secretary at the address of the principal executive offices or registered office of the Company, and shall be deemed to have been given and made on the date of delivery; provided such delivery is made on a business day and the delivery was made prior to 5:00 p.m. (Vancouver time) on that business day and otherwise such delivery shall be deemed to have been made on the subsequent day that is a business day.
 
(7)
Defective Nomination Determination
 
The chair of any meeting of shareholders of the Company shall have the power to determine whether any proposed nomination is made in accordance with the provisions of this Article 10.12, and if any proposed nomination is not in compliance with such provisions, must as soon as practicable following receipt of such nomination and prior to the meeting declare that such defective nomination shall not be considered at any meeting of shareholders.
 
(8)
Waiver
 
The board may, in its sole discretion, waive any requirement in this Article 10.12.
 
(9)
Definitions
 
For the purposes of this Article 10.12, “public announcement” means disclosure in a press release disseminated by the Company through a national news service in Canada, or in a document filed by the Company for public access under its profile on the System of Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval at www.sedarplus.ca.
 

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11.        PROCEEDINGS AT MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS
 
11.1
Special Business
 
At a meeting of shareholders, the following business is special business:
 
(1)
at a meeting of shareholders that is not an annual general meeting, all business is special business except business relating to the conduct of or voting at the meeting;
 
(2)
at an annual general meeting, all business is special business except for the following:
 
(a)          business relating to the conduct of or voting at the meeting;
 
(b)          consideration of any financial statements of the Company presented to the meeting;
 
(c)          consideration of any reports of the directors or auditor;
 
(d)          the setting or changing of the number of directors;
 
(e)          the election or appointment of directors;
 
(f)          the appointment of an auditor;
 
(g)          the setting of the remuneration of an auditor;
 
(h)          business arising out of a report of the directors not requiring the passing of a special resolution or an exceptional resolution;
 
(i)          any other business which, under these Articles or the Business Corporations Act, may be transacted at a meeting of shareholders without prior notice of the business being given to the shareholders; and
 
(j)          any non-binding advisory vote (i) proposed by the Company, (ii) required by the rules of any stock exchange on which securities of the Company are listed or (iii) required by applicable securities laws.
 
11.2
Special Majority
 
The majority of votes required for the Company to pass a special resolution at a general meeting of shareholders is two-thirds of the votes cast on the resolution.
 
11.3
Quorum
 
Subject to the special rights and restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares and to Article 11.4, a quorum of shareholders is present at a meeting of shareholders irrespective of the number of persons actually present at the meeting, if the holders of at least thirty-three and one-third percent (33 1/3%) of the issued shares entitled to be voted at the meeting are present in person or represented by proxy.
 

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11.4
One Shareholder May Constitute Quorum
 
If there is only one shareholder entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders:
 
(1)
the quorum is one person who is, or who represents by proxy, that shareholder, and
 
(2)
that shareholder, present in person or by proxy, may constitute the meeting.
 
11.5
Persons Entitled to Attend Meeting
 
In addition to those persons who are entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders, the only other persons entitled to be present at the meeting are the directors, the officers, any lawyer for the Company, the auditor of the Company, any other persons invited to be present at the meeting by the board or by the chair of the meeting and any persons entitled or required under the Business Corporations Act or these Articles to be present at the meeting; but if any of those persons does attend the meeting, that person is not to be counted in the quorum and is not entitled to vote at the meeting unless that person is a shareholder or proxy holder entitled to vote at the meeting.
 
11.6
Requirement of Quorum
 
No business, other than the election of a chair of the meeting and the adjournment of the meeting, may be transacted at any meeting of shareholders unless a quorum of shareholders entitled to vote is present at the commencement of the meeting, but such quorum need not be present throughout the meeting.
 
11.7
Lack of Quorum
 
If, within one-half hour from the time set for the holding of a meeting of shareholders, a quorum is not present:
 
(1)
in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders, the meeting is dissolved; and
 
(2)
in the case of any other meeting of shareholders, the meeting stands adjourned to the same day in the next week at the same time and place or to the time and place determined by the chair of the board.
 
11.8
Lack of Quorum at Succeeding Meeting
 
If, at the meeting to which the meeting referred to in Article 11.7(2) was adjourned, a quorum is not present within one-half hour from the time set for the holding of the meeting, the person or persons present and being, or representing by proxy, one or more shareholders entitled to attend and vote at the meeting constitute a quorum.
 
11.9
Chair
 
The following individual is entitled to preside as chair at a meeting of shareholders:
 

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(1)
the chair of the board, if any; or
 
(2)
if the chair of the board is absent or unwilling to act as chair of the meeting, the president, if any.
 
11.10
Selection of Alternate Chair
 
If, at any meeting of shareholders, there is no chair of the board or president present within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting, or if the chair of the board and the president are unwilling to act as chair of the meeting, or if the chair of the board and the president have advised the secretary, if any, or any director present at the meeting, that they will not be present at the meeting, the directors present must choose one of their number to be chair of the meeting or if all of the directors present decline to take the chair or fail to so choose or if no director is present, the shareholders entitled to vote at the meeting who are present in person or by proxy may choose any person present at the meeting to chair the meeting.
 
11.11
Adjournments
 
The chair of a meeting of shareholders may, and if so directed by the meeting must, adjourn the meeting from time to time and from place to place, but no business may be transacted at any adjourned meeting other than the business left unfinished at the meeting from which the adjournment took place.
 
11.12
Notice of Adjourned Meeting
 
It is not necessary to give any notice of an adjourned meeting of shareholders or of the business to be transacted at an adjourned meeting of shareholders except that, when a meeting is adjourned for 30 days or more, notice of the adjourned meeting must be given as in the case of the original meeting.
 
11.13
Decisions by Show of Hands or Poll
 
Subject to the Business Corporations Act and applicable securities laws, every motion put to a vote at a meeting of shareholders will be decided on a show of hands (or its functional equivalent) unless a poll, before or on the declaration of the result of the vote by show of hands (or its functional equivalent), is directed by the chair or demanded by any shareholder entitled to vote who is present in person or by proxy.
 
11.14
Electronic Voting
 
Any vote at a meeting of shareholders may be held entirely or partially by means of telephonic, electronic or other communications facilities, if the board determines to make them available, whether or not persons entitled to attend participate in the meeting by means of communications facilities.
 
11.15
Declaration of Result
 
The chair of a meeting of shareholders must declare to the meeting the decision on every question in accordance with the result of the show of hands (or its functional equivalent) or the poll, as the case may be, and that decision must be entered in the minutes of the meeting. A declaration of the chair that a resolution is carried by the necessary majority or is defeated is, unless a poll is directed by the chair or demanded under Article 11.13, conclusive evidence without proof of the number or proportion of the votes recorded in favour of or against the resolution.
 

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11.16
Motion Need Not be Seconded
 
No motion proposed at a meeting of shareholders need be seconded unless the chair of the meeting rules otherwise, and the chair of any meeting of shareholders is entitled to propose or second a motion.
 
11.17
Casting Vote
 
In the case of an equality of votes, the chair of a meeting of shareholders does not, either on a show of hands (or its functional equivalent) or on a poll, have a second or casting vote in addition to the vote or votes to which the chair may be entitled as a shareholder.
 
11.18
Manner of Taking Poll
 
Subject to Article 11.19, if a poll is duly demanded at a meeting of shareholders:
 
(1)
the poll must be taken:
 
(a)          at the meeting, or within seven days after the date of the meeting, as the chair of the meeting directs; and
 
(b)          in the manner, at the time and at the place that the chair of the meeting directs;
 
(2)
the result of the poll is deemed to be the decision of the meeting at which the poll is demanded; and
 
(3)
the demand for the poll may be withdrawn by the person who demanded it.
 
11.19
Demand for Poll on Adjournment
 
A poll demanded at a meeting of shareholders on a question of adjournment must be taken immediately at the meeting.
 
11.20
Chair Must Resolve Dispute
 
In the case of any dispute as to the admission or rejection of a vote given on a poll, the chair of the meeting must determine the dispute, and the chair’s determination made in good faith is final and conclusive.
 
11.21
Casting of Votes
 
On a poll, a shareholder entitled to more than one vote need not cast all the votes in the same way.
 

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11.22
No Demand for Poll on Election of Chair
 
No poll may be demanded in respect of the vote by which a chair of a meeting of shareholders is elected.
 
11.23
Demand for Poll Not to Prevent Continuance of Meeting
 
The demand for a poll at a meeting of shareholders does not, unless the chair of the meeting so rules, prevent the continuation of a meeting for the transaction of any business other than the question on which a poll has been demanded.
 
11.24
Retention of Ballots and Proxies
 
The Company or its agent must, for at least three months after a meeting of shareholders, keep each ballot cast on a poll and each proxy voted at the meeting, and, during that period, make them available for inspection during normal business hours by any shareholder or proxyholder entitled to vote at the meeting. At the end of such three month period, the Company may destroy such ballots and proxies.
 
12.        VOTES OF SHAREHOLDERS
 
12.1
Number of Votes by Shareholder or by Shares
 
Subject to any special rights or restrictions attached to any shares and to the restrictions imposed on joint shareholders under Article 12.3:
 
(1)
on a vote by show of hands (or its functional equivalent), every person present who is a shareholder or proxy holder and entitled to vote on the matter has one vote; and
 
(2)
on a poll, every shareholder entitled to vote on the matter has one vote in respect of each share entitled to be voted on the matter and held by that shareholder and may exercise that vote either in person or by proxy.
 
12.2
Votes of Persons in Representative Capacity
 
A person who is not a shareholder may vote at a meeting of shareholders, whether on a show of hands (or its functional equivalent) or on a poll, and may appoint a proxy holder to act at the meeting, if, before doing so, the person satisfies the chair of the meeting, or the board, that the person is a legal personal representative or a trustee in bankruptcy for a shareholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting.
 
12.3
Votes by Joint Holders
 
If there are joint shareholders registered in respect of any share:
 
(1)
any one of the joint shareholders may vote at any meeting of shareholders, personally or by proxy, in respect of the share as if that joint shareholder were solely entitled to it; or
 
(2)
if more than one of the joint shareholders is present at any meeting of shareholders, personally or by proxy, and more than one of them votes in respect of that share, then only the vote of the joint shareholder present whose name stands first on the central securities register in respect of the share will be counted.
 

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12.4
Legal Personal Representatives as Joint Shareholders
 
Two or more legal personal representatives of a shareholder in whose sole name any share is registered are, for the purposes of Article 12.3, deemed to be joint shareholders registered in respect of that share.
 
12.5
Representative of a Corporate Shareholder
 
If a corporation, that is not a subsidiary of the Company, is a shareholder, that corporation may appoint an individual person to act as its representative at any meeting of shareholders of the Company, and:
 
(1)
for that purpose, the instrument appointing a representative must be received:
 
(a)        at the registered office of the Company or at any other place specified, in the notice calling the meeting, for the receipt of proxies, at least the number of business days specified in the notice for the receipt of proxies, or if no number of days is specified, two business days before the day set for the holding of the meeting or any adjourned or postponed meeting; or
 
(b)         at the meeting or any adjourned or postponed meeting, by the chair of the meeting or adjourned or postponed meeting or by a person designated by the chair of the meeting or adjourned or postponed meeting;
 
(2)
if a representative is appointed under this Article 12.5:
 
(a)          the representative is entitled to exercise in respect of and at that meeting the same rights on behalf of the corporation that the representative represents as that corporation could exercise if it were a shareholder who is an individual, including, without limitation, the right to appoint a proxy holder; and
 
(b)          the representative, if present at the meeting, is to be counted for the purpose of forming a quorum and is deemed to be a shareholder present in person at the meeting.
 
Evidence of the appointment of any such representative may be sent to the Company by written instrument, fax or any other method of transmitting legibly recorded messages.
 
12.6
Proxy Provisions Do Not Apply to All Companies
 
If and for so long as the Company is a public company Articles 12.7 to 12.16 apply only insofar as they are not inconsistent with any applicable securities laws, or any rules of any stock exchange on which securities of the Company are listed.
 

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12.7
Appointment of Proxy Holders
 
Every shareholder of the Company, including a corporation that is a shareholder but not a subsidiary of the Company, entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders of the Company may, by proxy, appoint one or more (but not more than five) proxy holders to attend and act at the meeting in the manner, to the extent and with the powers conferred by the proxy.
 
12.8
Alternate Proxy Holders
 
A shareholder may appoint one or more alternate proxy holders to act in the place of an absent proxy holder.
 
12.9
When Proxy Holder Need Not Be Shareholder
 
A person must not be appointed as a proxy holder unless the person is a shareholder, although a person who is not a shareholder may be appointed as a proxy holder if:
 
(1)
the person appointing the proxy holder is a corporation or a representative of a corporation appointed under Article 12.5;
 
(2)
the Company has at the time of the meeting for which the proxy holder is to be appointed only one shareholder entitled to vote at the meeting;
 
(3)
the shareholders present in person or by proxy at and entitled to vote at the meeting for which the proxy holder is to be appointed, by a resolution on which the proxy holder is not entitled to vote but in respect of which the proxy holder is to be counted in the quorum, permit the proxy holder to attend and vote at the meeting; or
 
(4)
the Company is a public company.
 
12.10
Deposit of Proxy
 
A proxy for a meeting of shareholders must:
 
(1)
be received at the registered office of the Company or at any other place specified, in the notice calling the meeting, for the receipt of proxies, at least the number of business days specified in the notice, or if no number of days is specified, two business days before the day set for the holding of the meeting or any adjourned meeting;
 
(2)
unless the notice provides otherwise, be received, at the meeting or any adjourned meeting, by the chair of the meeting or adjourned meeting or by a person designated by the chair of the meeting or adjourned meeting; or
 
(3)
be received in any other manner determined by the board or chair of the meeting.
 
A proxy may be sent to the Company by written instrument, or any other method of transmitting legibly recorded messages or by using such available internet or telephone voting services as may be approved by the board.
 

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12.11
Validity of Proxy Vote
 
A vote given in accordance with the terms of a proxy is valid notwithstanding the death or incapacity of the shareholder giving the proxy and despite the revocation of the proxy or the revocation of the authority under which the proxy is given, unless notice in writing of that death, incapacity or revocation is received:
 
(1)
at the registered office of the Company, at any time up to and including the last business day before the day set for the holding of the meeting or any adjourned meeting at which the proxy is to be used; or
 
(2)
at the meeting or any adjourned meeting, by the chair of the meeting or adjourned meeting, before any vote in respect of which the proxy has been given has been taken.
 
12.12
Form of Proxy
 
A proxy, whether for a specified meeting or otherwise, must be either in the following form or in any other form approved by the board or the chair of the meeting:
 
[Company’s Name]
(the “Company”)
 
The undersigned, being a shareholder of the Company, hereby appoints [name] or, failing that person, [name], as proxy holder for the undersigned to attend, act and vote for and on behalf of the undersigned at the meeting of shareholders of the Company to be held on [month, day, year] and at any adjournment of that meeting.
 
Number of shares in respect of which this proxy is given (if no number is specified, then this proxy is given in respect of all shares registered in the name of the undersigned): _______________
 
 
Signed [month, day, year]
 
 
 
 
[Signature of shareholder]
 
 
 
 
[Name of shareholder-printed]
 

12.13
Revocation of Proxy
 
Subject to Article 12.14 and 12.15, every proxy may be revoked by an instrument in writing that is received:
 
(1)
at the registered office of the Company at any time up to and including the last business day before the day set for the holding of the meeting or any adjourned meeting at which the proxy is to be used; or
 
(2)
at the meeting or any adjourned meeting, by the chair of the meeting or adjourned meeting, before any vote in respect of which the proxy has been given has been taken.
 

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12.14
Revocation of Proxy Must Be Signed
 
An instrument referred to in Article 12.13 must be signed as follows:
 
(1)
if the shareholder for whom the proxy holder is appointed is an individual, the instrument must be signed by the shareholder or the shareholder’s legal personal representative or trustee in bankruptcy;
 
(2)
if the shareholder for whom the proxy holder is appointed is a corporation, the instrument must be signed by the corporation or by a representative appointed for the corporation under Article 12.5.
 
12.15
Chair May Determine Validity of Proxy
 
The chair of any meeting of shareholders may determine whether or not a proxy deposited for use at the meeting, which may not strictly comply with the requirements of this Article 12 as to form, execution, accompanying documentation, time of filing or otherwise, shall be valid for use at the meeting, and any such determination made in good faith shall be final, conclusive and binding upon the meeting.
 
12.16
Production of Evidence of Authority to Vote
 
The chair of any meeting of shareholders may, but need not, inquire into the authority of any person to vote at the meeting and may, but need not, demand from that person production of evidence as to the existence of the authority to vote.
 
13.        DIRECTORS
 
13.1
First Directors; Number of Directors
 
The first directors are the persons designated as directors of the Company in the Notice of Articles that applies to the Company when it is recognized under the Business Corporations Act. The number of directors, excluding additional directors appointed under Article 14.8, is set at:
 
(1)
subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), the number of directors that is equal to the number of the Company’s first directors;
 
(2)
if the Company is a public company, the greater of three and the most recently set of:
 
(a)          the number of directors set by directors’ resolution or ordinary resolution (whether or not previous notice of the resolution was given); and
 
(b)          the number of directors set under Article 14.4;
 
(3)
if the Company is not a public company, the most recently set of:
 
(a)          the number of directors set by directors’ resolution or ordinary resolution (whether or not previous notice of the resolution was given); and
 
(b)          the number of directors set under Article 14.4.
 

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13.2
Change in Number of Directors
 
If the number of directors is set under Articles 13.1(2)(a) or 13.13)a):
 
(1)
the shareholders may elect or appoint the directors needed to fill any vacancies in the board of directors up to that number;
 
(2)
if the shareholders do not elect or appoint the directors needed to fill any vacancies in the board of directors up to that number, then the board may, subject to Article 14.8, appoint, or the shareholders may elect or appoint, directors to fill those vacancies.
 
No decrease in the number of directors will shorten the term of an incumbent director.
 
13.3
Board’s Acts Valid Despite Vacancy
 
An act or proceeding of the board is not invalid merely because fewer than the number of directors set or otherwise required under these Articles is in office.
 
13.4
Qualifications of Directors
 
A director is not required to hold a share in the capital of the Company as qualification for the director’s office but must be qualified as required by the Business Corporations Act to become, act or continue to act as a director.
 
13.5
Remuneration of Directors
 
The directors are entitled to the remuneration for acting as directors, if any, as the board may from time to time determine. If the board so decides, the remuneration of the directors, if any, will be determined by the shareholders. That remuneration may be in addition to any salary or other remuneration paid to any officer or employee of the Company as such, who is also a director.
 
13.6
Reimbursement of Expenses of Directors
 
The Company must reimburse each director for the reasonable expenses that the director may incur in and about the business of the Company.
 
13.7
Special Remuneration for Directors
 
If any director performs any professional or other services for the Company that in the opinion of the board are outside the ordinary duties of a director, or if any director is otherwise specially occupied in or about the Company’s business, the director may be paid remuneration fixed by the board, or, at the option of that director, fixed by ordinary resolution, and such remuneration may be either in addition to, or in substitution for, any other remuneration that the director may be entitled to receive.
 
13.8
Gratuity, Pension or Allowance on Retirement of Director
 
Unless otherwise determined by ordinary resolution, the board on behalf of the Company may pay a gratuity or pension or allowance on retirement to any director who has held any salaried office or place of profit with the Company or to the director’s spouse or dependants and may make contributions to any fund and pay premiums for the purchase or provision of any such gratuity, pension or allowance.
 

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14.        ELECTION AND REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS
 
14.1
Election at Annual General Meeting
 
At every annual general meeting and in every unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 10.2:
 
(1)
the shareholders entitled to vote at the annual general meeting for the election of directors must elect, or in the unanimous resolution appoint, a board of directors consisting of the number of directors for the time being set under these Articles; and
 
(2)
all the directors cease to hold office immediately before the election or appointment of directors under paragraph (1), but are eligible for re-election or re-appointment.
 
14.2
Consent to be a Director
 
No election, appointment or designation of an individual as a director is valid unless:
 
(1)
that individual consents to be a director in the manner provided for in the Business Corporations Act;
 
(2)
that individual is elected or appointed at a meeting at which the individual is present and the individual does not refuse, at the meeting, to be a director; or
 
(3)
with respect to first directors, the designation is otherwise valid under the Business Corporations Act.
 
14.3
Failure to Elect or Appoint Directors
 
If:
 
(1)
the Company fails to hold an annual general meeting, and all the shareholders who are entitled to vote at an annual general meeting fail to pass the unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 10.2, on or before the date by which the annual general meeting is required to be held under the Business Corporations Act; or
 
(2)
the shareholders fail, at the annual general meeting or in the unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 10.2, to elect or appoint any directors;
 
then each director then in office continues to hold office until the earlier of:
 
(3)
when the director’s successor is elected or appointed; and
 
(4)
when the director otherwise ceases to hold office under the Business Corporations Act or these Articles.
 

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14.4
Places of Retiring Directors Not Filled
 
If, at any meeting of shareholders at which there should be an election of directors, the places of any of the retiring directors are not filled by that election, those retiring directors who are not re-elected and who are asked by the newly elected directors to continue in office will, if willing to do so, continue in office to complete the number of directors for the time being set pursuant to these Articles until further new directors are elected at a meeting of shareholders convened for that purpose. If any such election or continuance of directors does not result in the election or continuance of the number of directors for the time being set pursuant to these Articles, the number of directors of the Company is deemed to be set at the number of directors actually elected or continued in office.
 
14.5
Directors May Fill Casual Vacancies
 
Any casual vacancy occurring in the board of directors may be filled by the board.
 
14.6
Remaining Directors’ Power to Act
 
The board may act notwithstanding any vacancy in the board of directors, but if the Company has fewer directors in office than the number set pursuant to these Articles as the quorum of directors, the board may only act for the purpose of appointing directors up to that number or of calling a meeting of shareholders for the purpose of filling any vacancies on the board of directors or, subject to the Business Corporations Act, for any other purpose.
 
14.7
Shareholders May Fill Vacancies
 
If the Company has no directors or fewer directors in office than the number set pursuant to these Articles as the quorum of directors, the shareholders may elect or appoint directors to fill any vacancies on the board of directors.
 
14.8
Additional Directors
 
Notwithstanding Articles 13.1 and 13.2, between annual general meetings or unanimous resolutions contemplated by Article 10.2, the board may appoint one or more additional directors, but the number of additional directors appointed under this Article 14.8 must not at any time exceed:
 
(1)
one-third of the number of first directors, if, at the time of the appointments, one or more of the first directors have not yet completed their first term of office; or
 
(2)
in any other case, one-third of the number of the current directors who were elected or appointed as directors other than under this Article 14.8.
 
Any director so appointed ceases to hold office immediately before the next election or appointment of directors under Article 14.1(1), but is eligible for re-election or re-appointment.
 
14.9
Ceasing to be a Director
 
A director ceases to be a director when:
 

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(1)
the term of office of the director expires;
 
(2)
the director dies;
 
(3)
the director resigns as a director by notice in writing provided to the Company or a lawyer for the Company; or
 
(4)
the director is removed from office pursuant to Articles 14.10 or 14.11.
 
14.10
Removal of Director by Shareholders
 
The Company may remove any director before the expiration of the director’s term of office by special resolution. In that event, the shareholders may elect, or appoint by ordinary resolution, a director to fill the resulting vacancy. If the shareholders do not elect or appoint a director to fill the resulting vacancy contemporaneously with the removal, then the board may appoint or the shareholders may elect, or appoint by ordinary resolution, a director to fill that vacancy.
 
14.11
Removal of Director by Directors
 
The board may remove any director before the expiration of the director’s term of office if the director is convicted of an indictable offence, or if the director ceases to be qualified to act as a director of a company and does not promptly resign, and the board may appoint a director to fill the resulting vacancy.
 
15.        POWERS AND DUTIES OF DIRECTORS
 
15.1
Powers of Management
 
The board must, subject to the Business Corporations Act and these Articles, manage or supervise the management of the business and affairs of the Company and have the authority to exercise all such powers of the Company as are not, by the Business Corporations Act or by these Articles, required to be exercised by the shareholders of the Company.
 
15.2
Appointment of Attorney of Company
 
The board may from time to time, by power of attorney or other instrument, under seal if so required by law, appoint any person to be the attorney of the Company for such purposes, and with such powers, authorities and discretions (not exceeding those vested in or exercisable by the board under these Articles and excepting the power to fill vacancies in the board of directors, to remove a director, to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the board, to appoint or remove officers appointed by the board and to declare dividends) and for such period, and with such remuneration and subject to such conditions as the board may think fit. Any such power of attorney may contain such provisions for the protection or convenience of persons dealing with such attorney as the board thinks fit. Any such attorney may be authorized by the board to sub-delegate all or any of the powers, authorities and discretions for the time being vested in such attorney.
 

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16.        INTERESTS OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
 
16.1
Obligation to Account for Profits
 
A director or senior officer who holds a disclosable interest (as that term is used in the Business Corporations Act) in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter is liable to account to the Company for any profit that accrues to the director or senior officer under or as a result of the contract or transaction only if and to the extent provided in the Business Corporations Act.
 
16.2
Restrictions on Voting by Reason of Interest
 
A director who holds a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter is not entitled to vote on any directors’ resolution to approve that contract or transaction, unless all the directors have a disclosable interest in that contract or transaction, in which case any or all of those directors may vote on such resolution.
 
16.3
Interested Director Counted in Quorum
 
A director who holds a disclosable interest in a contract or transaction into which the Company has entered or proposes to enter and who is present at the meeting of directors at which the contract or transaction is considered for approval may be counted in the quorum at the meeting whether or not the director votes on any or all of the resolutions considered at the meeting.
 
16.4
Disclosure of Conflict of Interest or Property
 
A director or senior officer who holds any office or possesses any property, right or interest that could result, directly or indirectly, in the creation of a duty or interest that materially conflicts with that individual’s duty or interest as a director or senior officer, must disclose the nature and extent of the conflict as required by the Business Corporations Act.
 
16.5
Director Holding Other Office in the Company
 
A director may hold any office or place of profit with the Company, other than the office of auditor of the Company, in addition to the director’s office of director for the period and on the terms (as to remuneration or otherwise) that the board may determine.
 
16.6
No Disqualification
 
No director or intended director is disqualified by the director’s office from contracting with the Company either with regard to the holding of any office or place of profit the director holds with the Company or as vendor, purchaser or otherwise, and no contract or transaction entered into by or on behalf of the Company in which a director is in any way interested is liable to be voided for that reason.
 
16.7
Professional Services by Director or Officer
 
Subject to the Business Corporations Act, a director or officer, or any person in which a director or officer has an interest, may act in a professional capacity for the Company, except as auditor of the Company, and the director or officer or such person is entitled to remuneration for professional services as if that director or officer were not a director or officer.
 

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16.8
Director or Officer in Other Corporations
 
A director or officer may be or become a director, officer or employee of, or otherwise interested in, any person in which the Company may be interested as a shareholder or otherwise, and, subject to the Business Corporations Act, the director or officer is not accountable to the Company for any remuneration or other benefits received by the director or officer as director, officer or employee of, or from the director’s or officer’s interest in, such other person.
 
17.        PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOARD
 
17.1
Meetings of the Board
 
The board may meet together for the conduct of business, adjourn and otherwise regulate its meetings as the board thinks fit, and meetings of the board held at regular intervals may be held at the place, at the time and on the notice, if any, as the board may from time to time determine.
 
17.2
Voting at Meetings
 
Questions arising at any meeting of the board are to be decided by a majority of votes and, in the case of an equality of votes, the chair of the meeting does not have a second or casting vote.
 
17.3
Chair of Meetings
 
The following individual is entitled to preside as chair at a meeting of the board:
 
(1)
the chair of the board, if any;
 
(2)
in the absence of the chair of the board, the president, if any, if the president is a director; or
 
(3)
any other director chosen by the board if:
 
(a)          neither the chair of the board nor the president, if a director, is present at the meeting within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting;
 
(b)          neither the chair of the board nor the president, if a director, is willing to chair the meeting; or
 
(c)          the chair of the board and the president, if a director, have advised the secretary, if any, or any other director, that they will not be present at the meeting.
 
17.4
Meetings by Telephone or Other Communications Medium
 
A director may participate in a meeting of the board or of any committee of the board:
 
(1)
in person;
 
(2)
by telephone; or
 

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(3)
with the consent of all directors who wish to participate in the meeting, by other communications medium;
 
if all the directors participating in the meeting, whether in person, by telephone or by other communications medium, are able to communicate with each other. A director who participates in a meeting in a manner contemplated by this Article 17.4 is deemed for all purposes of the Business Corporations Act and these Articles to be present at the meeting and to have agreed to participate in that manner.
 
17.5
Calling of Meetings
 
A director may, and the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Company, if any, on the request of a director must, call a meeting of the board at any time.
 
17.6
Notice of Meetings
 
Other than for meetings held at regular intervals as determined by the board pursuant to Article 17.1 or as provided in Article 17.7, reasonable notice of each meeting of the board, specifying the place, day and time of that meeting must be given to each of the directors by any method set out in Article 23.1 or orally or by telephone.
 
17.7
When Notice Not Required
 
It is not necessary to give notice of a meeting of the board to a director if:
 
(1)
the meeting is to be held immediately following a meeting of shareholders at which that director was elected or appointed, or is the meeting of the board at which that director is appointed; or
 
(2)
the director has waived notice of the meeting.
 
17.8
Meeting Valid Despite Failure to Give Notice
 
The accidental omission to give notice of any meeting of board to, or the non-receipt of any notice by, any director does not invalidate any proceedings at that meeting.
 
17.9
Waiver of Notice of Meetings
 
Any director may send to the Company a document signed by the director waiving notice of any past, present or future meeting or meetings of the board and may at any time withdraw that waiver with respect to meetings held after that withdrawal. After sending a waiver with respect to all future meetings and until that waiver is withdrawn, no notice of any meeting of the board need be given to that director and, unless the director otherwise requires by notice in writing to the Company and all meetings of the board so held are deemed not to be improperly called or constituted by reason of notice not having been given to such director.
 
Attendance of a director at a meeting of the board is a waiver of notice of the meeting, unless that director attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business on the grounds that the meeting is not lawfully called.
 

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17.10
Quorum
 
The quorum necessary for the transaction of the business of the board may be set by the board and, if not so set, is deemed to be set at two directors or, if the number of directors is set at one, is deemed to be set at one director, and that director may constitute a meeting.
 
17.11
Validity of Acts Where Appointment Defective
 
Subject to the Business Corporations Act, an act of a director or officer is not invalid merely because of an irregularity in the election or appointment or a defect in the qualification of that director or officer.
 
17.12
Consent Resolutions in Writing
 
A resolution of the board or of any committee of the board may be passed without a meeting:
 
(1)
in all cases, if each of the directors entitled to vote on the resolution consents to it in writing; or
 
(2)
in the case of a resolution to approve a contract or transaction in respect of which a director has disclosed that the director has or may have a disclosable interest, if each of the other directors who have not made such a disclosure consents in writing to the resolution.
 
A consent in writing under this Article 17.12 may be by any written instrument, e-mail or any other method of transmitting legibly recorded messages in which the consent of the director is evidenced, whether or not the signature of the director is included in the record. A consent in writing may be in two or more counterparts which together are deemed to constitute one consent in writing. A resolution of the board or of any committee of the board passed in accordance with this Article 17.12 is effective on the date stated in the consent in writing or on the latest date stated on any counterpart and is deemed to be a proceeding at a meeting of the board or of the committee of the board and to be as valid and effective as if it had been passed at a meeting of the board or of the committee of the board that satisfies all the requirements of the Business Corporations Act and all the requirements of these Articles relating to meetings of the board or of a committee of the board.
 
18.        EXECUTIVE AND OTHER COMMITTEES
 
18.1
Appointment and Powers of Executive Committee
 
The board may, by resolution, appoint an executive committee consisting of the director or directors that it considers appropriate, and during the intervals between meetings of the board all of the board’s powers are delegated to the executive committee, except:
 
(1)
the power to fill vacancies in the board of directors;
 
(2)
the power to remove a director;
 
(3)
the power to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the board; and
 

33
(4)
such other powers, if any, as may be set out in the resolution or any subsequent directors’ resolution.
 
18.2
Appointment and Powers of Other Committees
 
The board may, by resolution:
 
(1)
appoint one or more committees (other than the executive committee) consisting of the director or directors that they consider appropriate;
 
(2)
delegate to a committee appointed under paragraph (1) any of the board’s powers, except:
 
(a)          the power to fill vacancies in the board of directors;
 
(b)          the power to remove a director;
 
(c)          the power to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the board; and
 
(d)          the power to appoint or remove officers appointed by the board; and
 
(3)
make any delegation referred to in paragraph (2) subject to the conditions set out in the resolution or any subsequent directors’ resolution.
 
18.3
Obligations of Committees
 
Any committee appointed under Articles 18.1 or 18.2, in the exercise of the powers delegated to it, must:
 
(1)
conform to any rules that may from time to time be imposed on it by the board; and
 
(2)
report every act or thing done in exercise of those powers at such times as the board may require.
 
18.4
Powers of Board
 
The board may, at any time, with respect to a committee appointed under Articles 18.1 or 18.2:
 
(1)
revoke or alter the authority given to the committee, or override a decision made by the committee, except as to acts done before such revocation, alteration or overriding;
 
(2)
terminate the appointment of, or change the membership of, the committee; and
 
(3)
fill vacancies in the committee.
 
18.5
Committee Meetings
 
Subject to Article 18.3(1) and unless the board otherwise provides in the resolution appointing the committee or in any subsequent resolution, with respect to a committee appointed under Articles 18.1 or 18.2:
 

34
(1)
the committee may meet and adjourn as it thinks proper;
 
(2)
the committee may elect a chair of its meetings but, if no chair of a meeting is elected, or if at a meeting the chair of the meeting is not present within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting, the directors present who are members of the committee may choose one of their number to chair the meeting;
 
(3)
a majority of the members of the committee constitutes a quorum of the committee; and
 
(4)
questions arising at any meeting of the committee are determined by a majority of votes of the members present, and in case of an equality of votes, the chair of the meeting does not have a second or casting vote.
 
19.        OFFICERS
 
19.1
Board May Appoint Officers
 
The board may, from time to time, appoint such officers, if any, as the board determines and the board may, at any time, terminate any such appointment.
 
19.2
Functions, Duties and Powers of Officers
 
The board may, for each officer:
 
(1)
determine the functions and duties of the officer;
 
(2)
delegate to the officer any of the powers exercisable by the board on such terms and conditions and with such restrictions as the board thinks fit; and
 
(3)
revoke, withdraw, alter or vary all or any of the functions, duties and powers of the officer.
 
19.3
Qualifications
 
No officer may be appointed unless that officer is qualified in accordance with the Business Corporations Act. One person may hold more than one position as an officer of the Company. Any person appointed as the chair of the board or as a managing director must be a director. Any other officer need not be a director.
 
19.4
Remuneration and Terms of Appointment
 
All appointments of officers are to be made on the terms and conditions and at the remuneration (whether by way of salary, fee, commission, participation in profits or otherwise) that the board thinks fit and are subject to termination at the pleasure of the board, and an officer may in addition to such remuneration be entitled to receive, after the officer ceases to hold such office or leaves the employment of the Company, a pension or gratuity.
 

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20.        INDEMNIFICATION
 
20.1
Definitions
 
In this Article 20:
 
(1)
eligible penalty” means a judgment, penalty or fine awarded or imposed in, or an amount paid in settlement of, an eligible proceeding;
 
(2)
eligible proceeding” means a legal proceeding or investigative action, whether current, threatened, pending or completed, in which a director or former director or an officer or former officer of the Company (each an “eligible party”) or any of the heirs and legal personal representatives of the eligible party, by reason of the eligible party being or having been a director or officer of the Company:
 
(a)          is or may be joined as a party; or
 
(b)          is or may be liable for or in respect of a judgment, penalty or fine in, or expenses related to, the proceeding;
 
(3)
expenses” has the meaning set out in the Business Corporations Act.
 
(4)
officer” means a person appointed by the board as an officer of the Company.
 
20.2
Mandatory Indemnification of Eligible Parties
 
Subject to the Business Corporations Act, the Company must indemnify an eligible party and an eligible party’s heirs and legal personal representatives against all eligible penalties to which such person is or may be liable, and the Company must, after the final disposition of an eligible proceeding, pay the expenses actually and reasonably incurred by such person in respect of that proceeding to the fullest extent permitted by the Business Corporations Act. Each eligible party is deemed to have contracted with the Company on the terms of the indemnity contained in this Article 20.2.
 
20.3
Indemnification of Other Persons
 
Subject to any restrictions in the Business Corporations Act, the Company may indemnify any person, including directors, officers, employees, agents and representatives of the Company.
 
20.4
Non-Compliance with Business Corporations Act
 
The failure of a director or officer of the Company to comply with the Business Corporations Act or these Articles or, if applicable, any former Companies Act or former Articles, does not invalidate any indemnity to which the director or officer is entitled under this Part.
 
20.5
Company May Purchase Insurance
 
The Company may purchase and maintain insurance for the benefit of any person (or any person’s heirs or legal personal representatives) who:
 

36
(1)
is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company;
 
(2)
is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of a corporation at a time when the corporation is or was an affiliate of the Company;
 
(3)
at the request of the Company, is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of a corporation or of a partnership, trust, joint venture or other unincorporated entity;
 
(4)
at the request of the Company, holds or held a position equivalent to that of a director or officer of a partnership, trust, joint venture or other unincorporated entity;
 
against any liability incurred by the person as such director, officer, employee or agent or person who holds or held such equivalent position.
 
21.        DIVIDENDS
 
21.1
Payment of Dividends Subject to Special Rights
 
The provisions of this Article 21 are subject to the rights, if any, of shareholders holding shares with special rights as to dividends.
 
21.2
Declaration of Dividends
 
Subject to the Business Corporations Act, the board may from time to time declare and authorize payment of such dividends as they may deem advisable.
 
21.3
No Notice Required
 
The board need not give notice to any shareholder of any declaration under Article 21.2.
 
21.4
Record Date
 
The board may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to receive payment of a dividend. The record date must not precede the date on which the dividend is to be paid by more than two months. If no record date is set, the record date is 5:00 p.m. (Vancouver time) on the date on which the board passes the resolution declaring the dividend.
 
21.5
Manner of Paying Dividend
 
A resolution declaring a dividend may direct payment of the dividend wholly or partly in money or by the distribution of specific assets or of fully paid shares or of bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company or any other corporation, or in any one or more of those ways.
 
21.6
Settlement of Difficulties
 
If any difficulty arises in regard to a distribution under Article 21.5, the board may settle the difficulty as they deem advisable, and, in particular, may:
 
(1)
set the value for distribution of specific assets;
 

37
(2)
determine that money in substitution for all or any part of the specific assets to which any shareholders are entitled may be paid to any shareholders on the basis of the value so fixed in order to adjust the rights of all parties; and
 
(3)
vest any such specific assets in trustees for the persons entitled to the dividend.
 
21.7
When Dividend Payable
 
Any dividend may be made payable on such date as is fixed by the board.
 
21.8
Dividends to be Paid in Accordance with Number of Shares
 
All dividends on shares of any class or series of shares must be declared and paid according to the number of such shares held.
 
21.9
Receipt by Joint Shareholders
 
If several persons are joint shareholders of any share, any one of them may give an effective receipt for any dividend, bonus or other money payable in respect of the share.
 
21.10
Dividend Bears No Interest
 
No dividend bears interest against the Company.
 
21.11
Fractional Dividends
 
If a dividend to which a shareholder is entitled includes a fraction of the smallest monetary unit of the currency of the dividend, that fraction may be disregarded in making payment of the dividend and that payment represents full payment of the dividend.
 
21.12
Payment of Dividends
 
Any dividend or other distribution payable in money in respect of shares may be paid:
 
(1)
by cheque, made payable to the order of the person to whom it is sent, and mailed to the registered address of the shareholder, or in the case of joint shareholders, to the registered address of the joint shareholder who is first named on the central securities register, or to the person and to the address the shareholder or joint shareholders may direct in writing; or
 
(2)
by electronic transfer, if so authorized by the shareholder.
 
The mailing of such cheque or the forwarding by electronic transfer will, to the extent of the sum represented by the cheque or transfer (plus the amount of the tax required by law to be deducted), discharge all liability for the dividend unless such cheque is not paid on presentation, or the amount of tax so deducted is not paid to the appropriate taxing authority.
 

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21.13
Capitalization of Retained Earnings or Surplus
 
Notwithstanding anything contained in these Articles, the board may from time to time capitalize any retained earnings or surplus of the Company and may from time to time issue, as fully paid, shares or any bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company as a dividend representing the retained earnings or surplus so capitalized or any part thereof.
 
21.14
Unclaimed Dividends
 
Any dividend unclaimed after a period of six years from the date on which the same has been declared to be payable shall be forfeited and shall revert to the Company. The Company shall not be liable to any person in respect of any dividend which is forfeited to the Company or delivered to any public official pursuant to any applicable abandoned property, escheat or similar law.
 
22.        ACCOUNTING RECORDS
 
22.1
Recording of Financial Affairs
 
The board must cause adequate accounting records to be kept to record properly the financial affairs and condition of the Company and to comply with the Business Corporations Act.
 
22.2
Inspection of Accounting Records
 
Unless the board determines otherwise, or unless otherwise determined by ordinary resolution, no shareholder of the Company is entitled to inspect or obtain a copy of any accounting records of the Company.
 
23.        NOTICES
 
23.1
Method of Giving Notice
 
Unless the Business Corporations Act or these Articles provides otherwise, a notice, statement, report or other record required or permitted by the Business Corporations Act or these Articles to be sent by or to a person may be sent by any one of the following methods:
 
(1)
mail addressed to the person at the applicable address for that person as follows:
 
(a)          for a record mailed to a shareholder, the shareholder’s registered address;
 
(b)          for a record mailed to a director or officer, the prescribed address for mailing shown for the director or officer in the records kept by the Company or the mailing address provided by the recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class;
 
(c)          in any other case, the mailing address of the intended recipient;
 
(2)
delivery at the applicable address for that person as follows, addressed to the person:
 
(a)          for a record delivered to a shareholder, the shareholder’s registered address;
 

39
(b)          for a record delivered to a director or officer, the prescribed address for delivery shown for the director or officer in the records kept by the Company or the delivery address provided by the recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class;
 
(c)          in any other case, the delivery address of the intended recipient;
 
(3)
unless the intended recipient is the auditor of the Company, sending the record by e-mail to the e-mail address provided by the intended recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class;
 
(4)
physical delivery to the intended recipient;
 
(5)
creating and providing a record posted on or made available through a generally accessible electronic source and providing written notice by any of the foregoing methods as to the availability of such record; or
 
(6)
as otherwise permitted by applicable securities legislation.
 
23.2
Deemed Receipt
 
A notice, statement, report or other record that is:
 
(1)
mailed to a person by ordinary mail to the applicable address for that person referred to in Article 23.1 is deemed to be received by the person to whom it was mailed on the day, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays excepted, following the date of mailing;
 
(2)
e-mailed to a person to the e-mail address provided by that person referred to in Article 23.1 is deemed to be received by the person to whom it was e-mailed on the day it was e-mailed; and
 
(3)
delivered in accordance with Article 23.1(5), is deemed to be received by the person on the day such written notice is sent.
 
23.3
Certificate of Sending
 
A certificate signed by the secretary, if any, or other officer of the Company or of any other corporation acting in that capacity on behalf of the Company stating that a notice, statement, report or other record was sent in accordance with Article 23.1 is conclusive evidence of that fact.
 
23.4
Notice to Joint Shareholders
 
A notice, statement, report or other record may be provided by the Company to the joint shareholders of a share by providing such record to the joint shareholder first named in the central securities register in respect of the share.
 
23.5
Notice to Legal Personal Representatives and Trustees
 
A notice, statement, report or other record may be provided by the Company to the persons entitled to a share in consequence of the death, bankruptcy or incapacity of a shareholder by:
 

40
(1)
mailing the record, addressed to them:
 
(a)          by name, by the title of the legal personal representative of the deceased or incapacitated shareholder, by the title of trustee of the bankrupt shareholder or by any similar description; and
 
(b)          at the address, if any, supplied to the Company for that purpose by the persons claiming to be so entitled; or
 
(2)
if an address referred to in paragraph 23.5(1)(b) has not been supplied to the Company, by giving the notice in a manner in which it might have been given if the death, bankruptcy or incapacity had not occurred.
 
23.6
Undelivered Notices
 
If, on two consecutive occasions, a notice, statement, report or other record is sent to a shareholder pursuant to Article 23.1 and on each of those occasions any such record is returned because the shareholder cannot be located, the Company shall not be required to send any further records to the shareholder until the shareholder informs the Company in writing of the shareholder’s new address.
 
24.        SEAL AND EXECUTION OF INSTRUMENTS
 
24.1
Who May Attest Seal
 
Except as provided in Articles 24.2 and 24.3, the Company’s seal, if any, must not be impressed on any record except when that impression is attested by the signatures of:
 
(1)
any two directors;
 
(2)
any officer, together with any director;
 
(3)
if the Company only has one director, that director; or
 
(4)
any one or more directors or officers or persons as may be determined by the board.
 
24.2
Sealing Copies
 
For the purpose of certifying under seal a certificate of incumbency of the directors or officers of the Company or a true copy of any resolution or other document, despite Article 24.1, the impression of the seal may be attested by the signature of any director or officer, or the signature of any other person as may be determined by the board.
 
24.3
Mechanical Reproduction of Seal
 
The board may authorize the seal to be impressed by third parties on share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company as they may determine appropriate from time to time. To enable the seal to be impressed on any share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities of the Company, whether in definitive or interim form, on which facsimiles of any of the signatures of the directors or officers of the Company are, in accordance with the Business Corporations Act or these Articles, printed or otherwise mechanically reproduced, there may be delivered to the person employed to engrave, lithograph or print such definitive or interim share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities one or more unmounted dies reproducing the seal and such persons as are authorized under Article 24.1 to attest the Company’s seal may in writing authorize such person to cause the seal to be impressed on such definitive or interim share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities by the use of such dies. Share certificates or bonds, debentures or other securities to which the seal has been so impressed are for all purposes deemed to be under and to bear the seal impressed on them.
 

41
24.4
Execution of Instruments
 
Deeds, transfers, assignments, contracts, obligations, certificates and other instruments shall be signed on behalf of the Company by any director or officer. In addition, the board may from time to time direct the manner in which and the person or persons by whom any particular instrument or class of instruments may or shall be signed.
 
25.        FORUM FOR ADJUDICATION OF CERTAIN DISPUTES
 
Unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Supreme Court of British Columbia, Canada and the appellate courts therefrom, shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company; (ii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, or other employee of the Company to the Company; (iii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Business Corporations Act or these Articles (as either may be amended from time to time); or (iv) any action or proceeding asserting a claim otherwise related to the relationships among the Company, its affiliates and their respective shareholders, directors and/or officers, but this paragraph (iv) does not include claims related to the business carried on by the Company or such affiliates. If any action or proceeding the subject matter of which is within the scope of the preceding sentence is filed in a court other than a court located within the Province of British Columbia (a “Foreign Action”) in the name of any securityholder, such securityholder shall be deemed to have consented to (i) the personal jurisdiction of the provincial and federal courts located within the Province of British Columbia in connection with any action or proceeding brought in any such court to enforce the preceding sentence and (ii) having service of process made upon such securityholder in any such action or proceeding by service upon such securityholder’s counsel in the Foreign Action as agent for such securityholder.
 
26.        PROHIBITIONS
 
26.1
Definitions
 
In this Article 26:
 
 
(a)
security” has the meaning assigned in the Securities Act;
 
 
(b)
transfer restricted security” means
 

(i)
a share of the Company;
 

42

(ii)
a security of the Company convertible into shares of the Company; or
 

(iii)
any other security of the Company which must be subject to restrictions on transfer in order for the Company to satisfy the requirement for restrictions on transfer under the “private issuer” exemption of Canadian securities legislation or under any other exemption from prospectus or registration requirements of Canadian securities legislation similar in scope and purpose to the “private issuer” exemption.
 
26.2
Application
 
Article 26.3 does not apply to the Company if and for so long as it is a public company.
 
26.3
Consent Required for Transfer of Shares or Transfer Restricted Securities
 
No share or other transfer restricted security may be sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of without the consent of the board and the board is not required to give any reason for refusing to consent to any such sale, transfer or other disposition.
 
27.
SPECIAL RIGHTS AND RESTRICTIONS ATTACHING TO THE COMMON SHARES
 
The Common Shares without par value in the authorized share structure of the Company (“Common Shares”) have attached to them the special rights and restrictions set out in this Part 27.
 
27.1
Dividends; Rights on Liquidation, Dissolution or Winding-Up
 
The Common Shares shall be subject to and subordinate to the special rights or restrictions attached to the Preferred Shares and the shares of any other class ranking senior to the Common Shares. For the avoidance of doubt, holders of Common Shares shall, subject always to the rights of the holders of Preferred Shares and the shares of any other class ranking senior to the Common Shares, be entitled to receive (i) such dividends and any amount payable on any distribution of assets constituting a return of capital as the board of directors of the Company may determine from time to time in their absolute discretion, and (ii) in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, or any other distribution of assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purposes of winding up its affairs, the remaining property and assets of the Company.
 
27.2
Meetings and Voting Rights
 
Each holder of Common Shares shall be entitled to receive notice of, attend and vote (in person or by proxy) at all meetings of shareholders of the Company, except meetings at which only holders of another class or of a particular series shall have the right to vote. At each such meeting, each Common Share shall entitle the holder thereof to one vote.
 

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28.
SPECIAL RIGHTS OR RESTRICTIONS ATTACHING TO THE PREFERRED SHARES
 
The Preferred Shares without par value in the authorized share structure of the Company (“Preferred Shares”) have attached to them the special rights and restrictions set out in this Part 27.
 
28.1
Issuable in Series
 
(1)
The directors may issue the Preferred Shares at any time and from time to time in one or more series.
 
(2)
Subject to Article 9.3 and the Business Corporations Act, the directors may from time to time, by directors’ resolution, if none of the Preferred Shares of any particular series are issued, alter these Articles and authorize the alteration of the Notice of Articles of the Company, as the case may be, to do one or more of the following:
 

(a)
determine the maximum number of shares of that series that the Company is authorized to issue, determine that there is no such maximum number, or alter any such determination;
 

(b)
create an identifying name for the shares of that series, or alter any such identifying name; and
 

(c)
attach special rights or restrictions to the shares of any of those series of Preferred Shares or alter any special rights or restrictions attached to those shares, including, but without limiting or restricting the generality of the foregoing, special rights or restrictions with respect to:
 

(A)
the rate, amount, method of calculation and payment of any dividends, whether cumulative, partly cumulative or noncumulative, and whether such rate, amount, method of calculation or payment is subject to change or adjustment in the future;
 

(B)
any rights upon a dissolution, liquidation or winding-up of the Company or upon any other return of capital or distribution of the assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs;
 

(C)
any rights of redemption, retraction or purchase for cancellation and the prices and terms and conditions of any such rights;
 

(D)
any rights of conversion, exchange or reclassification and the terms and conditions of any such rights;
 

(E)
any voting rights and restrictions;
 

(F)
the terms and conditions of any share purchase plan or sinking fund;
 

(G)
restrictions respecting payment of dividends on, or the return of capital, repurchase or redemption of, any other shares of the Company; and
 

44

(H)
any other special rights or restrictions, not inconsistent with these share provisions, attaching to such series of Preferred Shares.
 

(d)
No special rights or restrictions attached to any series of Preferred Shares will confer upon the shares of that series a priority over the shares of any other series of Preferred Shares in respect of dividends or a return of capital in the event of the dissolution of the Company or on the occurrence of any other event that entitles the shareholders holding the shares of all series of the Preferred Shares to a return of capital.  The Preferred Shares of each series will, with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets or return of capital in the event of dissolution or on the occurrence of any other event that entitles the shareholders holding the shares of all series of the Preferred Shares to a return of capital, rank on a parity with the shares of every other series.
 
28.2
Class Rights or Restrictions
 
(1)
Holders of Preferred Shares will be entitled to preference with respect to payment of dividends over the Common Shares and any other shares ranking junior to the Preferred Shares with respect to payment of dividends.
 
(2)
In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, or any other distribution of the assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, the holders of the Preferred Shares will be entitled to preference over the Common Shares and any other shares ranking junior to the Preferred Shares with respect to the repayment of capital paid up on and the payment of unpaid dividends accrued on the Preferred Shares.
 
(3)
The Preferred Shares may also be given such other preferences over the Common Shares and any other shares ranking junior to the Preferred Shares as may be fixed by directors' resolution as to the respective series authorized to be issued.
 
[Signature page follows]
 

Full name and signature of a director
Date of signing
   
/s/ Prashant Kohli
October 1, 2024
Prashant Kohli





EXHIBIT 3.3

CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
OF
ACASTI PHARMA INC.

I, the undersigned, for the purposes of incorporating and organizing a corporation under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, do execute this Certificate of Incorporation and do hereby certify as follows:

ARTICLE I

The name of the corporation (the “Corporation”) is Acasti Pharma Inc.

ARTICLE II

The address of the registered office of the Corporation in the State of Delaware is 251 Little Falls Drive, Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware, 19808. The name of the Corporation’s registered agent at such address is Corporation Service Company.

ARTICLE III

The purpose of the Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations may be organized under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, as from time to time amended (the “DGCL”). The Corporation is being incorporated in connection with the domestication of Acasti Pharma Inc., a corporation existing under the laws of the Province of British Columbia, Canada (“Acasti Canada”), to a corporation existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, and this Certificate of Incorporation is being filed simultaneously with the Certificate of Corporate Domestication of Acasti Canada (the “Certificate of Domestication”).

ARTICLE IV

A. Classes of Stock. The total number of shares of all classes of stock that the Corporation shall have authority to issue is 110,000,000, which shall be divided into two classes as follows: (i) 100,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”); and (ii) 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Preferred Stock”).

Upon the effectiveness of the Certificate of Domestication and this Certificate of Incorporation (the “Effective Time”), each common share, no par value per share, of Acasti Canada issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall automatically become for all purposes one issued and outstanding, fully paid and non-assessable share of Common Stock, without any action required on the part of the Corporation, the holders thereof or any other person. Any stock certificate that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, represented common shares of Acasti Canada will, from and after the Effective Time, automatically and without the necessity of presenting the same for exchange, represent the same number of shares of the Common Stock.

B. Preferred Stock. The Board of Directors of the Corporation (the “Board of Directors”) is hereby expressly authorized, by resolution or resolutions, to provide, out of the unissued shares of Preferred Stock, for one or more series of Preferred Stock and, with respect to each such series, to fix, without further stockholder approval, the designation of such series, the powers (including voting powers), preferences and relative, participating, optional, and other special rights, and the qualifications, limitations, or restrictions thereof, of such series of Preferred Stock and the number of shares of such series, which number the Board of Directors may, except where otherwise provided in the designation of such series, increase (but not above the total number of authorized shares of Preferred Stock) or decrease (but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding) and as may be permitted by the DGCL. The powers, preferences, and relative, participating, optional, and other special rights of, and the qualifications, limitations, or restrictions thereof, of each series of Preferred Stock, if any, may differ from those of any and all other series at any time outstanding.


EXHIBIT 3.3
C. Voting. Each holder of record of Common Stock, as such, shall have one vote for each share of Common Stock which is outstanding in his, her or its name on the books of the Corporation on all matters on which stockholders are entitled to vote generally. Except as otherwise required by law, holders of Common Stock shall not be entitled to vote on any amendment to this Certificate of Incorporation (including any certificate of designation relating to any series of Preferred Stock) that relates solely to the terms, number of shares, powers, designations, preferences or relative, participating, optional or other special rights (including, without limitation, voting rights), or to the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, of one or more outstanding series of Preferred Stock if the holders of one or more series of Preferred Stock are entitled, either separately or together with the holders of one or more other such series, to vote thereon pursuant to this Certificate of Incorporation (including any certificate of designation relating to any series of Preferred Stock) or pursuant to the DGCL. Except as otherwise required by law, holders of any series of Preferred Stock shall be entitled to only such voting rights, if any, as shall expressly be granted thereto by this Certificate of Incorporation (including any certificate of designation relating to such series of Preferred Stock).

D. Dividends. Subject to applicable law and the rights, if any, of the holders of any outstanding series of Preferred Stock or any class or series of stock having a preference over or the right to participate with the Common Stock with respect to the payment of dividends and other distributions in cash, property or shares of stock of the Corporation, dividends and other distributions may be declared and paid ratably on the Common Stock out of the assets of the Corporation which are legally available for this purpose at such times and in such amounts as the Board of Directors in its discretion shall determine.

E. Dissolution. Upon the dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the Corporation, after payment or provision for payment of the debts and other liabilities of the Corporation and subject to the rights, if any, of the holders of any outstanding series of Preferred Stock or any class or series of stock having a preference over or the right to participate with the Common Stock with respect to the distribution of assets of the Corporation upon such dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the Corporation, the holders of Common Stock shall be entitled to receive the remaining assets of the Corporation available for distribution to its stockholders ratably in proportion to the number of shares held by them.

F. Increase or Decrease to Authorized Shares. The number of authorized shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the requisite vote of the holders of the stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon and no vote of the holders of either the Common Stock or Preferred Stock voting separately as a class shall be required therefor irrespective of the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the DGCL, unless a vote of any such holders is required pursuant to this Certificate of Incorporation (including any certificate of designation relating to any series of Preferred Stock).

ARTICLE V

A. Management by the Board. Except as otherwise provided in this Certificate of Incorporation or the DGCL, the business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors.

B. Number of Directors. Subject to rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect additional directors, the Board of Directors shall consist of 1 or more directors and the total number of directors shall be determined from time to time exclusively by resolution adopted by the Board of Directors.

C. Term. Each director shall hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until his or her successor shall be elected and qualified, or his or her earlier death, resignation, retirement, disqualification or removal from office.

D. Vacancies and Newly Created Directorships. Subject to the rights granted to the holders of any one or more series of Preferred Stock then outstanding, any newly-created directorship on the Board of Directors that results from an increase in the total number of directors and any vacancy occurring in the Board of Directors (whether by death, resignation, retirement, disqualification, removal or other cause) shall be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office (other than directors elected by the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, voting separately as a series or together with one or more series, as the case may be), although less than a quorum, by any such sole remaining director and not by the stockholders. Any director elected or appointed to fill a vacancy or newly created directorship shall hold office until the next election of directors and until his or her successor shall be elected and qualified, or until his or her earlier death, resignation, retirement, disqualification or removal.


EXHIBIT 3.3
E. Removal of Directors. Any or all of the directors (other than the directors elected by the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, voting separately as a series or together with one or more other such series, as the case may be) may be removed at any time either with or without cause by the affirmative vote of a majority in voting power of all outstanding shares of stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon, voting together as a single class.

F. Written Ballot. Elections of directors need not be by written ballot unless the bylaws of the Corporation (as amended and/or restated from time to time, the “Bylaws”) shall so provide.

G. Preferred Directors. Whenever the holders of any one or more series of Preferred Stock issued by the Corporation shall have the right, voting separately as a series or separately as a class with one or more such other series, to elect directors at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, the election, term of office, removal and other features of such directorships shall be governed by the terms of this Certificate of Incorporation (including any certificate of designation relating to any series of Preferred Stock) applicable thereto. The number of directors that may be elected by the holders of any such series of Preferred Stock shall be in addition to the number fixed pursuant to Paragraph (B) above, and the total number of directors constituting the whole Board of Directors shall be automatically adjusted accordingly. Except as otherwise provided by the Board of Directors in the resolution or resolutions establishing such series, whenever the holders of any series of Preferred Stock having such right to elect additional directors are divested of such right pursuant to the provisions of such stock, the terms of office of all such additional directors elected by the holders of such stock, or elected to fill any vacancies resulting from the death, resignation, disqualification or removal of such additional directors, shall forthwith terminate (in which case each such director thereupon shall cease to be qualified as, and shall cease to be, a director) and the total authorized number of directors of the Corporation shall automatically be reduced accordingly.

ARTICLE VI

A director or officer of the Corporation shall not be liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director or officer, except to the extent such exemption from liability or limitation thereof is not permitted under the DGCL as the same exists or may hereafter be amended. Any amendment, modification or repeal of the foregoing sentence shall not adversely affect any right or protection of a director or officer of the Corporation hereunder in respect of any act or omission occurring prior to the time of such amendment, modification or repeal.

ARTICLE VII

A. Stockholder Action by Unanimous Consent. Any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of such holders and may not be effected by any consent of stockholders in lieu of a meeting; provided, however, that any action required or permitted to be taken by the holders of Preferred Stock, voting separately as a series or separately as a class with one or more other such series, may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, by less than unanimous consent of such holders to the extent expressly so provided by the applicable certificate of designation relating to such series of Preferred Stock.

B. Special Meetings of Stockholders. Except as otherwise required by law and subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, special meetings of the stockholders of the Corporation for any purpose or purposes may only be called at any time by or at the direction of the Board of Directors, the Chairperson of the Board or the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation.

ARTICLE VIII

A. Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation. The Corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, or repeal any provision contained in this Certificate of Incorporation, in the manner now or hereafter prescribed by the laws of the State of Delaware, and all rights conferred herein are granted subject to this reservation.

B. Amendment of Bylaws. The Board of Directors is expressly authorized to make, repeal, alter, amend and rescind, in whole or in part, the Bylaws without the assent or vote of the stockholders. The Bylaws may also be altered, amended, repealed or rescinded, in whole or in part, by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the voting power of all the then-outstanding shares of stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon, voting together as a single class.


EXHIBIT 3.3
ARTICLE IX

The incorporator of the Corporation is Prashant Kohli whose mailing address is c/o Acasti Pharma Inc., 103 Carnegie Center, Suite 300, Princeton, New Jersey 08540.

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[Remainder of Page Intentionally Left Blank]


EXHIBIT 3.3
The undersigned incorporator hereby acknowledges that the foregoing Certificate of Incorporation is such person’s act and deed on this 7th day of October, 2024.

 
 /s/ Prashant Kohli
 
Name: Prashant Kohli
 
Incorporator




EXHIBIT 3.4

BYLAWS

OF

ACASTI PHARMA INC.

ARTICLE I.

OFFICES

Section 1.01 Registered Office. The registered office and registered agent of Acasti Pharma Inc. (the “Corporation”) in the State of Delaware shall be as set forth in the Corporation’s certificate of incorporation as then in effect (as the same may be amended and/or restated from time to time, the “Certificate of Incorporation”).

Section 1.02 Other Offices. The Corporation may also have offices in such other places in the United States or elsewhere (and may change the Corporation’s registered agent) as the Board of Directors may, from time to time, determine or as the business of the Corporation may require as determined by any officer of the Corporation.

ARTICLE II.

MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

Section 2.01 Annual Meetings. Annual meetings of stockholders may be held at such place, if any, either within or without the State of Delaware, and at such time and date as the Board of Directors shall determine and state in the notice of meeting. The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that annual meetings of stockholders shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held solely by means of remote communication as described in Section 2.12 in accordance with the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, as from time to time amended (the “DGCL”). At the annual meeting, directors shall be elected and other proper business properly brought before the meeting in accordance with Section 2.03 of these Bylaws of the Corporation (as amended and/or restated from time to time, the “Bylaws”) may be transacted. The Board of Directors may postpone, reschedule or cancel any annual meeting of stockholders previously scheduled by the Board of Directors.

Section 2.02 Special Meetings. Except as otherwise required by law and subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, special meetings of the stockholders of the Corporation for any purpose or purposes may be called as provided in the Certificate of Incorporation. Only those matters set forth in the notice of the special meeting may be considered or acted upon at a special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation. A special meeting may be held at such place, if any, either within or without the State of Delaware, and at such time and date as the Board of Directors shall determine and state in the notice of meeting. The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that special meetings of stockholders shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held solely by means of remote communication as described in Section 2.12 in accordance with the DGCL. The Board of Directors may postpone, reschedule or cancel any special meeting of stockholders previously scheduled by the Board of Directors.

Section 2.03 Notice of Stockholder Business and Nominations.

(a) Annual Meetings of Stockholders. (i) Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors and the proposal of other business to be considered by the stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of stockholders only (A) pursuant to the Corporation’s notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto), (B) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or authorized committee thereof or (C) by any stockholder of the Corporation who was a stockholder of record of the Corporation at the time the notice provided for in this Section 2.03 is delivered to the Secretary of the Corporation and at the time of the meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 2.03.


(ii) For any nominations or other business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to Section 2.03(a)(i)(C), the stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation and any such proposed business (other than the nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors) must constitute a proper matter for stockholder action. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the ninetieth (90th) day, nor earlier than the one hundred twentieth (120th) day, prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting (which preceding year’s annual meeting shall, for purposes of the Corporation’s first annual meeting after the has domesticated to the State of Delaware, be deemed to have occurred on September 30, 2024); provided, however, that in the event that the date of the annual meeting is more than thirty (30) days before or more than seventy (70) days after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder must be so delivered not earlier than the one hundred twentieth (120th) day prior to such annual meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the ninetieth (90th) day prior to such annual meeting or the tenth (10th) day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made by the Corporation. In no event shall the public announcement of an adjournment, recess or postponement of an annual meeting commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder’s notice as described above. The number of nominees a Proposing Person (as defined below) may nominate for election at the annual meeting shall not exceed the number of directors to be elected at such annual meeting. Such stockholder’s notice shall set forth:

(A) as to each person whom the Proposing Person proposes to nominate for election as a director (1) all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of directors in an election contest, or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to and in accordance with Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (as so amended and inclusive of such rules and regulations, the “Exchange Act”), (2) all information required to be provided by a Proposing Person in Section 2.03(a)(ii)(C) and Section 2.03(a)(ii)(E), (3) such person’s written consent to being named in the Corporation’s proxy statement and accompanying proxy card relating to the Corporation’s next meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be elected and to serving as a director for a full term if elected, (4) a description of any direct or indirect material interest in any material contract or agreement between or among any Proposing Person, on the one hand, and each candidate for nomination or his or her respective associates or any other participants in such solicitation, on the other hand, including, without limitation, all information that would be required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 under Regulation S-K if such Proposing Person were the “registrant” for purposes of such rule and the candidate for nomination were a director or executive officer of such registrant, (5) a questionnaire completed and signed by such person (in the form to be provided by the Secretary upon written request of any stockholder of record within ten (10) days of such request) with respect to the background, qualification and stock ownership of such proposed nominee and (6) a written representation and agreement completed and signed by such person (in the form to be provided by the Secretary upon written request of any stockholder of record within ten (10) days of such request) that such proposed nominee (x) is not and will not become a party to any agreement, arrangement or understanding with, and has not given any commitment or assurance to, any person or entity as to how such proposed nominee, if elected as a director of the Corporation, will act or vote on any issue or question that has not been disclosed to the Corporation or that could limit or interfere with such proposed nominee’s fiduciary duties under applicable law, (y) is not and will not become a party to any agreement, arrangement or understanding with any person or entity other than the Corporation with respect to any direct or indirect compensation, reimbursement or indemnification in connection with service or action as a director that has not been disclosed to the Corporation, and (z) would be in compliance, if elected as a director of the Corporation, and will comply with, all applicable disclosed corporate governance, code of conduct and ethics, conflict of interest, confidentiality, corporate opportunities, trading and any other policies and guidelines of the Corporation applicable to directors and in effect during such person’s term in office as a director (and, if requested by any candidate for nomination, the Secretary shall provide to such candidate for nomination all such policies and guidelines then in effect);

(B) as to any other business that the stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, (1) a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the meeting, (2) the text of the proposal or business (including the text of any resolutions proposed for consideration and in the event that such business includes a proposal to amend the Bylaws, the language of the proposed amendment), (3) the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting, (4) a reasonably detailed description of all agreements, arrangements and understandings (x) between or among any of the Proposing Persons or (y) between or among any Proposing Person and any other person or entity (including their names) in connection with the proposal of such business by such stockholder and (5) any other information relating to such item of business that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filing required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies in support of the business proposed to be brought before the meeting pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act;

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(C) as to the Proposing Person, (1) the name and address of such Proposing Person, and, if such Proposing Person is a stockholder of record, such name and address must be as they appear on the Corporation’s books, (2) the class or series and number of shares of the Corporation that are, directly or indirectly, owned of record or beneficially owned (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) by such Proposing Person, except that such Proposing Person shall in all events be deemed to beneficially own any shares of any class or series of the Corporation as to which such Proposing Person has a right to acquire beneficial ownership at any time in the future, (3) the date or dates such shares were acquired, and (4) any pledge by such Proposing Person with respect to any of such shares;

(D) as to the stockholder delivering the notice, a representation that such stockholder is a holder of record of stock of the Corporation entitled to vote at such meeting and intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to propose such business or nomination; and

(E) as to the Proposing Person, (1) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any derivative or short positions, profit interests, options, warrants, convertible securities, stock appreciation or similar rights, hedging transactions, and borrowed or loaned shares) that has been entered into as of the date of the stockholder’s notice by, or on behalf of, such stockholder, beneficial owners and Stockholder Related Persons, whether or not such instrument or right shall be subject to settlement in underlying shares of capital stock of the Corporation, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to, manage risk or benefit of share price changes for, or increase or decrease the voting power of, such stockholder, beneficial owner or Stockholder Related Persons, with respect to securities of the Corporation (“Synthetic Equity Position”), (2) any other information relating to such Proposing Person, if any, required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for, as applicable, the proposal and/or for the election of directors in an election contest pursuant to and in accordance with Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, (3) a description of any proxy (other than a revocable proxy given in response to a public proxy solicitation made pursuant to, and in accordance with, the Exchange Act), agreement, arrangement, understanding or relationship pursuant to which such Proposing Person has or shares a right, directly or indirectly, to vote any shares of any class or series of capital stock of the Corporation, (4) any material pending or threatened legal proceeding in which such Proposing Person is a party or material participant involving the Corporation or any of its officers or directors, or any affiliate of the Corporation, (5) any other material relationship between such Proposing Person, on the one hand, and the Corporation or any affiliate of the Corporation, on the other hand, (6) any direct or indirect material interest in any material contract or agreement of such Proposing Person with the Corporation or any affiliate of the Corporation (including, in any such case, any employment agreement, collective bargaining agreement or consulting agreement), (7) any proportionate interest in shares of the Corporation or a Synthetic Equity Position held, directly or indirectly, by a general or limited partnership, limited liability company or similar entity in which any such Proposing Person (x) is a general partner or, directly or indirectly, beneficially owns an interest in a general partner of such general or limited partnership or (y) is the manager, managing member or, directly or indirectly, beneficially owns an interest in the manager or managing member of such limited liability company or similar entity, (8) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding with respect to the nomination or proposal between or among such Proposing Person, and any other person, including, in the case of a nomination, the nominee, including any agreements, arrangements or understandings relating to any compensation or payments to be paid to any such proposed nominee(s), pertaining to the nomination(s) or other business proposed to be brought before the meeting of stockholders (which description shall identify the name of each other person who is party to such an agreement, arrangement or understanding), and (9) a representation that such Proposing Person intends or is part of a group which intends (x) to deliver a proxy statement and/or form of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of the Corporation’s outstanding capital stock required to approve or adopt the proposal or elect the nominee, (y) otherwise to solicit proxies or votes from stockholders in support of such proposal or nomination, and/or (z) to solicit proxies in support of any proposed nominee in accordance with Rule 14a-19 promulgated under the Exchange Act.

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The disclosures to be made pursuant to the clauses set forth in Section 2.03(a)(ii)(E) are referred to as “Disclosable Interests”. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, the Disclosable Interests shall not include any such disclosures with respect to the ordinary course business activities of any broker, dealer, commercial bank, trust company or other nominee who otherwise would be required to disclose Disclosable Interests hereunder solely as a result of being the stockholder directed to prepare and submit the notice required by this Section 2.03 on behalf of a beneficial owner.

(iii) The notice requirements set forth in Section 2.03(a)(ii) shall be deemed satisfied by a stockholder with respect to business other than a nomination if the stockholder has notified the Corporation of his, her or its intention to present a proposal at an annual meeting in compliance with applicable rules and regulations promulgated under the Exchange Act and such stockholder’s proposal has been included in a proxy statement that has been prepared by the Corporation to solicit proxies for such annual meeting. The Board of Directors may request any Proposing Person or proposed nominee to furnish such other information as may be reasonably required by the Board of Directors to determine whether (a) any proposed nominee is qualified under the Certificate of Incorporation, these Bylaws, the rules or regulations of any stock exchange applicable to the Corporation, or any law or regulation applicable to the Corporation to serve as a director and/or independent director of the Corporation or (b) any proposed business (other than the nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors) constitutes a proper matter for stockholder action. Such Proposing Person shall provide such additional information within ten (10) days after it has been requested by the Board of Directors.

(iv) Notwithstanding anything in the second sentence of Section 2.03(a)(ii) to the contrary, in the event that the number of directors to be elected to the Board of Directors at the annual meeting is increased effective after the time period for which nominations would otherwise be due under Section 2.03(a)(ii) and there is no public announcement by the Corporation naming the nominees for the additional directorships at least one hundred (100) days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting, a stockholder’s notice required by this Section 2.03 shall also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for the additional directorships, if it shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which such public announcement is first made by the Corporation.

(v) For purposes of this Section 2.03, the term “Proposing Person” shall mean (i) the stockholder providing the notice of business proposed to be brought before a meeting, (ii) the beneficial owner or beneficial owners, if different, on whose behalf the notice of the business proposed to be brought before the meeting is made, and (iii) any participant (as defined in paragraphs (a)(ii)-(vi) of Instruction 3 to Item 4 of Schedule 14A) with such stockholder in such solicitation.

(b) Special Meetings of Stockholders. Only such business shall be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting pursuant to the Corporation’s notice of meeting. Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors may be made at a special meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be elected pursuant to the Corporation’s notice of meeting (1) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (2) provided that the Board of Directors calling such special meeting pursuant to the Certificate of Incorporation has determined that directors shall be elected at such meeting, by any stockholder of the Corporation who is a stockholder of record at the time the notice provided for in this Section 2.03 is delivered to the Secretary of the Corporation and at the time of the meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and upon such election and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 2.03. The number of nominees a Proposing Person may nominate for election at the special meeting at which directors are to be elected shall not exceed the number of directors to be elected at such special meeting. In the event a special meeting of stockholders is duly called for the purpose of electing one or more directors to the Board of Directors, any such stockholder entitled to vote in such election of directors may nominate a person or persons (as the case may be) for election to such position(s) as specified in the Corporation’s notice of meeting, if the stockholder’s notice required by Section 2.03(a)(ii) shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not earlier than the one hundred twentieth (120th) day prior to such special meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the ninetieth (90th) day prior to such special meeting or the tenth (10th) day following the day on which the Corporation first makes a public announcement of the date of the special meeting at which directors are to be elected. In no event shall the public announcement of an adjournment, recess or postponement of a special meeting commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder’s notice as described above.

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(c) General. (i) Except as otherwise expressly provided in any applicable rule or regulation promulgated under the Exchange Act, only such persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.03 shall be eligible to be elected at an annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation to serve as directors and only such business shall be conducted at a meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.03. Except as otherwise provided by law, at any meeting of stockholders the chairperson of the meeting (or, in advance of any meeting of stockholders, the Board of Directors or an authorized committee thereof) shall (A) determine whether a nomination or any business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made or proposed, as the case may be, in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.03 (including whether the Proposing Person solicited (or is part of a group which solicited) or did not so solicit, as the case may be, proxies or votes in support of such Proposing Person’s nominee or proposal in compliance with such Proposing Person’s representation as required by Section 2.03(a)(ii)(E)(9)) and (B) if any proposed nomination or business was not made or proposed in compliance with this Section 2.03, declare that such nomination shall be disregarded or that such proposed business shall not be transacted. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 2.03, unless otherwise required by law, if the Proposing Person (or a qualified representative of the stockholder) does not appear at the annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation to present a nomination or proposed business advanced by such Proposing Person, such nomination shall be disregarded and such proposed business shall not be transacted, notwithstanding that such proposal or nomination is set forth in the notice of meeting or other proxy materials and notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation. For purposes of this Section 2.03, to be considered a qualified representative of the Proposing Person, a person must be a duly authorized officer, manager or partner of such Proposing Person or must be authorized by a writing executed by such Proposing Person or an electronic transmission delivered by such Proposing Person to act for such Proposing Person as proxy at the meeting of stockholders and such person must produce such writing or electronic transmission, or a reliable reproduction of the writing or electronic transmission, at the meeting of stockholders. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in these Bylaws, unless otherwise required by law, if any Proposing Person (1) provides notice pursuant to Rule 14a-19(b) promulgated under the Exchange Act with respect to any proposed nominee and (2) subsequently fails to comply with the requirements of Rule 14a-19 promulgated under the Exchange Act (or fails to timely provide reasonable evidence sufficient to satisfy the Corporation that such stockholder has met the requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(3) promulgated under the Exchange Act in accordance with the following sentence), then the nomination of each such proposed nominee shall be disregarded, notwithstanding that the nominee is included as a nominee in the Corporation’s proxy statement, notice of meeting or other proxy materials for any annual meeting (or any supplement thereto) and notwithstanding that proxies or votes in respect of the election of such proposed nominees may have been received by the Corporation (which proxies and votes shall be disregarded). If any Proposing Person provides notice pursuant to Rule 14a-19(b) promulgated under the Exchange Act, such stockholder shall deliver to the Corporation, no later than seven (7) business days prior to the applicable meeting, reasonable evidence that such Proposing Person has met the requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(3) promulgated under the Exchange Act.

(ii) For purposes of this Section 2.03, “public announcement” shall include disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or other national news service or in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.

(iii) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 2.03, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act with respect to the matters set forth in this Section 2.03; provided however, that any references in these Bylaws to the Exchange Act are not intended to and shall not limit any requirements applicable to nominations or proposals as to any other business to be considered pursuant to this Section 2.03 (including Section 2.03(a)(i)(C) and Section 2.03(b) hereof), and compliance with Section 2.03(a)(i)(C) and Section 2.03(b) shall be the exclusive means for a stockholder to make nominations or submit other business (other than, as provided in the penultimate sentence of Section 2.03(a)(ii), business other than nominations brought properly under and in compliance with Rule 14a-8 of the Exchange Act). Nothing in this Section 2.03 shall be deemed to affect any rights (A) of stockholders to request inclusion of proposals other than nominations in the Corporation’s proxy statement pursuant to applicable rules and regulations promulgated under the Exchange Act or (B) of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors pursuant to any applicable provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation.

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(iv) A stockholder providing notice of a proposed nomination for election to the Board of Directors or other business proposed to be brought before a meeting (given pursuant to Section 2.03(a)(i) or Section 2.03(b), as applicable) and a candidate for nomination shall promptly update and supplement such materials delivered pursuant to this Section 2.03 from time to time to the extent necessary so that the information provided or required to be provided in such notice pursuant to Section 2.03 (other than the representation made in Section 2.03(a)(ii)(E)(9) which cannot be changed pursuant to any update) shall be true and correct (x) as of the record date for notice and voting at the meeting and (y) as of the date that is fifteen (15) days prior to the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof. Any such update and supplement shall be delivered in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation (1) in the case of any update and supplement required to be made as of the record date for notice of the meeting, not later than five (5) days after the later of such record date and the public announcement of such record date and (2) in the case of any update or supplement required to be made as of fifteen (15) days prior to the meeting or adjournment or postponement thereof, not later than ten (10) days prior to the date for the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof. For the avoidance of doubt, the obligation to update and supplement as set forth in this Section 2.03 or any other section of these Bylaws shall not limit the Corporation’s rights with respect to any deficiencies in any stockholder's notice, including, without limitation, any representation required herein, extend any applicable deadlines under these Bylaws or enable or be deemed to permit a stockholder who has previously submitted a stockholder's notice under these Bylaws to amend or update any proposal or to submit any new proposal, including by changing or adding nominees, matters, business or resolutions proposed to be brought before a meeting of stockholders.

(v) For purposes of this Section 2.03, the following terms have the following meanings:

(A) “affiliates” and “associates” shall have the meanings set forth in Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended;

(B) “business day” means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or a day on which banks are closed in New York City, New York; and

(C) “close of business” means 5:00 p.m. local time at the principal executive offices of the Corporation on any calendar day, whether or not the day is a business day.

Section 2.04 Notice of Meetings. Whenever stockholders are required or permitted to take any action at a meeting, a timely notice in writing or by electronic transmission of the meeting, which shall state the place, if any, date and time of the meeting, the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxyholders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting, the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, if such date is different from the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting, and, in the case of a special meeting, the purposes for which the meeting is called, shall be mailed to or transmitted electronically by the Secretary or other authorized officer of the Corporation to each stockholder of record entitled to vote thereat as of the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting. Unless otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, the notice of any meeting shall be given not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting as of the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting.

Section 2.05 Quorum. Unless otherwise required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation, these Bylaws or the rules of any stock exchange upon which the Corporation’s securities are listed, the holders of record of one third of the voting power of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at all meetings of stockholders. Notwithstanding the foregoing, where a separate vote by a class or series or classes or series is required, one third in voting power of the outstanding shares of such class or series or classes or series, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum entitled to take action with respect to the vote on that matter. Once a quorum is present, it shall not be broken by the subsequent withdrawal of any stockholders. Shares of the Corporation’s capital stock shall neither be entitled to vote nor counted for quorum purposes if such shares belong to (i) the Corporation, (ii) another corporation, if a majority of the shares entitled to vote in the election of directors of such other corporation is held, directly or indirectly, by the Corporation or (iii) any other entity, if a majority of the voting power of such other entity is otherwise controlled, directly or indirectly, by the Corporation; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not limit the right of the corporation to vote stock, including but not limited to its own stock, held by it in a fiduciary capacity. If, however, a quorum is not present or represented at any meeting of the stockholders, then either (i) the person presiding over the meeting or (ii) a majority in voting power of the stockholders entitled to vote thereon, present in person, or by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy, shall have power to recess the meeting or adjourn the meeting from time to time in the manner provided in Section 2.10 of these Bylaws until a quorum is present or represented. At any recessed or adjourned meeting at which a quorum is present or represented, any business may be transacted that might have been transacted at the meeting as originally noticed.

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Section 2.06 Voting; Proxies.

(a) Except as otherwise provided by or pursuant to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, each stockholder entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders shall be entitled to one vote for each share of stock held by such stockholder which has voting power upon the matter in question. Any matter, other than the election of directors, brought before any meeting of stockholders at which a quorum is present shall be decided by the affirmative vote of the majority the votes cast on the matter, unless a different or minimum vote is required by the Certificate of Incorporation, these Bylaws, the rules or regulations of any stock exchange applicable to the Corporation, or any law or regulation applicable to the Corporation or its securities, in which case such different or minimum vote shall be the applicable vote on the matter.

(b) At all meetings of stockholders for the election of directors at which a quorum is present a plurality of the votes cast shall be sufficient to elect.

(c) Unless required by the Certificate of Incorporation or applicable law, or determined by the Board of Directors or the chairperson of the meeting to be advisable, the vote on any question need not be by written ballot. On a vote by written ballot, each ballot shall be signed by the stockholder voting, or by such stockholder’s proxy, if there be such proxy.

(d) Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders or to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder by proxy in any manner provided by applicable law, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three (3) years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. A proxy shall be irrevocable if it states that it is irrevocable and if, and only as long as, it is coupled with an interest sufficient in law to support an irrevocable power. A stockholder may revoke any proxy which is not irrevocable by attending the meeting and voting in person or by delivering to the Secretary of the Corporation a revocation of the proxy or a new proxy bearing a later date.

(e) Any stockholder directly or indirectly soliciting proxies from other stockholders must use a proxy card color other than white, which shall be reserved for the exclusive use by the Board of Directors.

Section 2.07 Chairperson of Meetings. The Chairperson of the Board of Directors, if one is appointed, or, in his or her absence or disability, the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation, or in the absence of the Chairperson of the Board of Directors and the Chief Executive Officer, a person designated by the Board of Directors shall be the chairperson of the meeting of stockholders and, as such, preside at all meetings of the stockholders.

Section 2.08 Secretary of Meetings. The Secretary of the Corporation shall act as secretary at all meetings of the stockholders. In the absence or disability of the Secretary, the Chairperson of the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer shall appoint a person to act as Secretary at such meetings.

Section 2.09 Consent of Stockholders in Lieu of Meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote only to the extent permitted by and in the manner provided in the Certificate of Incorporation and in accordance with applicable law.

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Section 2.10 Adjournment. Any meeting of stockholders, annual or special, and whether or not there is a quorum, may adjourn from time to time to reconvene at the same or some other place, and notice need not be given of any such adjourned meeting if the time and place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken or are provided in any other manner permitted by the DGCL. At the adjourned meeting the Corporation may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more than thirty (30) days, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting. If after the adjournment a new record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote is fixed for the adjourned meeting, the Board of Directors shall fix as the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting the same or an earlier date as that fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting, and shall give notice of the adjourned meeting to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting as of the record date so fixed for notice of such adjourned meeting.

Section 2.11 Conduct of Business. The date and time of the opening and the closing of the polls for each matter upon which the stockholders will vote at a meeting shall be announced at the meeting by the person presiding over the meeting. The Board of Directors may adopt by resolution such rules and regulations for the conduct of the meeting of stockholders as it shall deem appropriate. Except to the extent inconsistent with such rules and regulations as adopted by the Board of Directors, the person presiding over any meeting of stockholders shall have the right and authority to convene and (for any or no reason) to recess and/or adjourn the meeting, to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures (which need not be in writing) and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such presiding person, are appropriate for the proper conduct of the meeting. Such rules, regulations or procedures, whether adopted by the Board of Directors or prescribed by the person presiding over the meeting, may include, without limitation, the following: (i) the establishment of an agenda or order of business for the meeting; (ii) rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of those present (including, without limitation, rules and procedures for removal of disruptive persons from the meeting); (iii) limitations on attendance at or participation in the meeting to stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, their duly authorized and constituted proxies or such other persons as the person presiding over the meeting shall determine; (iv) restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed for the commencement thereof; and (v) limitations on the time allotted to questions or comments by participants. The presiding person at any meeting of stockholders, in addition to making any other determinations that may be appropriate to the conduct of the meeting (including, without limitation, determinations with respect to the administration and/or interpretation of any of the rules, regulations or procedures of the meeting, whether adopted by the Board of Directors or prescribed by the person presiding over the meeting), shall, if the facts warrant, determine and declare to the meeting that a matter of business was not properly brought before the meeting and if such presiding person should so determine, such presiding person shall so declare to the meeting and any such matter or business not properly brought before the meeting shall not be transacted or considered. Unless and to the extent determined by the Board of Directors or the person presiding over the meeting, meetings of stockholders shall not be required to be held in accordance with the rules of parliamentary procedure.

Section 2.12 Remote Communication. If authorized by the Board of Directors in its sole discretion, and subject to such guidelines and procedures as the Board of Directors may adopt, stockholders and proxy holders not physically present at a meeting of stockholders may, by means of remote communication:

(a) participate in a meeting of stockholders; and

(b) be deemed present in person and vote at a meeting of stockholders whether such meeting is to be held at a designated place or solely by means of remote communication, provided, that

(i) the Corporation shall implement reasonable measures to verify that each person deemed present and permitted to vote at the meeting by means of remote communication is a stockholder or proxyholder;

(ii) the Corporation shall implement reasonable measures to provide such stockholders and proxyholders a reasonable opportunity to participate in the meeting and to vote on matters submitted to the stockholders, including an opportunity to read or hear the proceedings of the meeting substantially concurrently with such proceedings; and

(iii) if any stockholder or proxyholder votes or takes other action at the meeting by means of remote communication, a record of such vote or other action shall be maintained by the Corporation.

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Section 2.13 Inspectors of Election. The Corporation may, and shall if required by law, in advance of any meeting of stockholders, appoint one or more inspectors of election, who may be employees of the Corporation, to act at the meeting or any adjournment thereof and to make a written report thereof. The Corporation may designate one or more persons as alternate inspectors to replace any inspector who fails to act. In the event that no inspector so appointed or designated is able to act at a meeting of stockholders, the chairperson of the meeting shall appoint one or more inspectors to act at the meeting. Each inspector, before entering upon the discharge of his or her duties, shall take and sign an oath to execute faithfully the duties of inspector with strict impartiality and according to the best of his or her ability. The inspectors so appointed or designated shall (i) ascertain the number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation outstanding and the voting power of each such share, (ii) determine the shares of capital stock of the Corporation represented at the meeting and the validity of proxies and ballots, (iii) count all votes and ballots, (iv) determine and retain for a reasonable period a record of the disposition of any challenges made to any determination by the inspectors, and (v) certify their determination of the number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation represented at the meeting and such inspectors’ count of all votes and ballots. Such certification and report shall specify such other information as may be required by law. In determining the validity and counting of proxies and ballots cast at any meeting of stockholders of the Corporation, the inspectors may consider such information as is permitted by applicable law. No person who is a candidate for an office at an election may serve as an inspector at such election.

Section 2.14 Delivery to the Corporation. Whenever Section 2.03 requires one or more persons (including a record or beneficial owner of stock) to deliver a document or information to the Corporation or any officer, employee or agent thereof (including any notice, request, questionnaire, revocation, representation or other document or agreement), such document or information shall be in writing exclusively (and not in an electronic transmission) and shall be delivered exclusively by hand (including, without limitation, overnight courier service) or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, and the Corporation shall not be required to accept delivery of any document not in such written form or so delivered. For the avoidance of doubt, the Corporation expressly opts out of Section 116 of the DGCL with respect to the delivery of information and documents to the Corporation required by Section 2.03.

ARTICLE III.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Section 3.01 Powers. Except as otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, these Bylaws or the DGCL, the business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of its Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may exercise all such authority and powers of the Corporation and do all such lawful acts and things as are not by the DGCL or the Certificate of Incorporation directed or required to be exercised or done by the stockholders.

Section 3.02 Number and Term; Chairperson. Subject to the Certificate of Incorporation, the number of directors shall consist of one or more directors and the total number of directors shall be determined from time to time exclusively by resolution adopted by the Board of Directors. Directors shall be elected by the stockholders at their annual meeting. Each director shall hold office until next annual meeting of stockholders and until his or her successor shall be elected and qualified, or his or her earlier death, resignation, retirement, disqualification or removal from office. Directors need not be stockholders. The Board of Directors shall elect a Chairperson of the Board of Directors, who shall have the powers and perform such duties as provided in these Bylaws and as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe. The Chairperson of the Board of Directors shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors at which he or she is present. If the Chairperson of the Board of Directors is not present at a meeting of the Board of Directors, the Chairperson may designate another director to preside at such meeting. If the Chairperson of the Board of Directors is not present at a meeting of the Board of Directors and the Chairperson has not designated another director to preside at the meeting pursuant to the preceding sentence, the Chief Executive Officer (if the Chief Executive Officer is a director and is not also the Chairperson of the Board of Directors) shall preside at such meeting, and, if the Chief Executive Officer is not present at such meeting or is not a director, a majority of the directors present at such meeting shall elect one (1) of their members to preside.

Section 3.03 Resignations. Any director may resign at any time upon notice given in writing or by electronic transmission to the Board of Directors, the Chairperson of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer or the Secretary of the Corporation. The resignation shall take effect at the time specified therein, and if no time is specified, at the time of its receipt. The acceptance of a resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective unless otherwise expressly provided in the resignation.

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Section 3.04 Removal. Directors of the Corporation may be removed in the manner provided in the Certificate of Incorporation and applicable law.

Section 3.05 Vacancies and Newly Created Directorships. Except as otherwise provided by law, vacancies occurring in any directorship (whether by death, resignation, retirement, disqualification, removal or other cause) and newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the number of directors shall be filled in accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation. Any director elected or appointed to fill a vacancy or newly created directorship shall hold office until the next election of directors and until his or her successor shall be elected and qualified, or until his or her earlier death, resignation, retirement, disqualification or removal.

Section 3.06 Meetings. Regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at such places and times as shall be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation or the Chairperson of the Board of Directors, and shall be called by the Chief Executive Officer or the Secretary of the Corporation if directed by the Board of Directors and shall be at such place, date and time as may be fixed by the person or persons at whose direction the meeting is called. Notice need not be given of regular meetings of the Board of Directors. At least twenty-four (24) hours before each special meeting of the Board of Directors, either written notice, notice by electronic transmission or oral notice (either in person or by telephone) of the time, date and place of the meeting shall be given to each director. Unless otherwise indicated in the notice thereof, any and all business may be transacted at a special meeting.

Section 3.07 Quorum and Voting. Except as otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation, or these Bylaws, a majority of the total number of directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any meeting of the Board of Directors. Except as otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, the act of a majority of the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board of Directors.

Section 3.08 Committees; Committee Rules. The Board of Directors may designate one or more committees, each such committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation as determined by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee to replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. Any such committee, to the extent permitted by law and provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors establishing such committee, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation, and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers which may require it. All committees of the Board of Directors shall keep minutes of their meetings and shall report their proceedings to the Board of Directors when requested or required by the Board of Directors. Each committee of the Board of Directors may fix its own rules of procedure and shall hold its meetings as provided by such rules, except as may otherwise be provided by a resolution of the Board of Directors designating such committee. Unless otherwise provided in such a resolution, the presence of at least a majority of the members of the committee then serving shall be necessary to constitute a quorum unless the committee shall consist of one or two members, in which event one member shall constitute a quorum; and all matters shall be determined by a majority vote of the members present at a meeting of the committee at which a quorum is present. Unless otherwise provided in such a resolution, in the event that a member and that member’s alternate, if alternates are designated by the Board of Directors, of such committee is or are absent or disqualified, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not such member or members constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in place of any such absent or disqualified member.

Section 3.09 Action Without a Meeting. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if all members of the Board of Directors or any committee thereof, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission. After an action is taken, the consent or consents or electronic transmission or transmissions shall be filed in the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors in accordance with applicable law. Such filing shall be in paper form if the minutes are maintained in paper form or shall be in electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic form.

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Section 3.10 Remote Meeting. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, members of the Board of Directors, or any committee designated by the Board of Directors, may participate in a meeting by means of conference telephone or other communications equipment in which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other. Participation in a meeting by means of conference telephone or other communications equipment shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.

Section 3.11 Compensation. The Board of Directors shall have the authority to fix the compensation, including fees and reimbursement of expenses, of directors for services to the Corporation in any capacity.

Section 3.12 Reliance on Books and Records. A member of the Board of Directors, or a member of any committee designated by the Board of Directors shall, in the performance of such person’s duties, be fully protected in relying in good faith upon records of the Corporation and upon such information, opinions, reports or statements presented to the Corporation by any of the Corporation’s officers or employees, or committees of the Board of Directors, or by any other person as to matters the member reasonably believes are within such other person’s professional or expert competence and who has been selected with reasonable care by or on behalf of the Corporation.

ARTICLE IV.

OFFICERS

Section 4.01 Officers. The officers of the Corporation may include a Chief Executive Officer, a President, a Chief Financial Officer, a Treasurer, a Secretary, one or more Vice Presidents, and one or more Assistant Treasurers or Assistant Secretaries, each of whom shall, except as otherwise provided in Section 4.02, be elected by the Board of Directors and who shall hold office for such terms as shall be determined by the Board of Directors and until their successors are elected and qualify or until their earlier resignation or removal. Any number of offices may be held by the same person.

Section 4.02. Subordinate Officers. The Board of Directors may appoint, or empower the Chief Executive Officer, to appoint, such other officers and agents as the business of the Corporation may require. Each of such officers and agents shall hold office for such period, have such authority, and perform such duties as are provided in these Bylaws or as the Board of Directors or, if applicable, the Chief Executive Officer, may from time to time determine.

Section 4.03 Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Executive Officer, who may also be the President, subject to the determination of the Board of Directors, shall have general executive charge, management, and control of the properties and operations of the Corporation in the ordinary course of its business, with all such powers with respect to such properties and operations as may be reasonably incident to such responsibilities. The Chief Executive Officer shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors shall designate from time to time. If the Board of Directors has not appointed a separate Chairperson of the Board of Directors or in the absence or inability to act as the Chairperson of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer shall exercise all of the powers Chairperson and discharge all of the duties of the Chairperson of the Board of Directors, but only if the Chief Executive Officer is a director of the Corporation.

Section 4.04 President and Vice Presidents. The President shall have such powers and shall perform such duties as shall be assigned to him or her by the Chief Executive Officer or the Board of Directors. Each Vice President, if any are appointed, of whom one or more may be designated an Executive Vice President or Senior Vice President, shall have such powers and shall perform such duties as shall be assigned to him or her by the Chief Executive Officer or the Board of Directors. The President and each Vice President shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Chief Executive Officer or the Board of Directors shall designate from time to time.

Section 4.05 Chief Financial Officer; Treasurer. The Chief Financial Officer or such other officer performing substantially similar functions, or if none has been appointed, the Treasurer, shall have custody of the corporate funds, securities, evidence of indebtedness and other valuables of the Corporation and shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements in books belonging to the Corporation. The Chief Financial Officer or such other officer performing substantially similar functions, or if none has been appointed, the Treasurer, shall deposit all moneys and other valuables in the name and to the credit of the Corporation in such depositories as may be designated by (i) the Board of Directors or its designees selected for such purposes or (ii) the Chief Executive Officer, the President or any Vice President. The Chief Financial Officer or such other officer performing substantially similar functions and the Treasurer shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Chief Executive Officer or the Board of Directors shall designate from time to time.

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Section 4.06 Secretary. The Secretary shall: (a) cause minutes of all meetings of the stockholders and directors to be recorded and kept properly; (b) cause all notices required by these Bylaws or otherwise to be given properly; (c) see that the minute books, stock books, and other nonfinancial books, records and papers of the Corporation are kept properly; and (d) cause all reports, statements, returns, certificates and other documents to be prepared and filed when and as required. The Secretary shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Chief Executive Officer or the Board of Directors shall designate from time to time.

Section 4.07 Corporate Funds and Checks. The funds of the Corporation shall be kept in such depositories as shall from time to time be prescribed by (i) the Board of Directors or its designees selected for such purposes or (ii) the Chief Executive Officer, President or any Vice President, or the Chief Financial Officer or Treasurer. All checks or other orders for the payment of money shall be signed by any of the Chief Executive Officer, the President, a Vice President, the Chief Financial Officer, the Treasurer or the Secretary or the Assistant Treasurer or Assistant Secretary or such other person or agent as may from time to time be authorized and with such countersignature, if any, as may be required by the Board of Directors.

Section 4.08 Contracts and Other Documents. Any of the Chief Executive Officer, the President, a Vice President, the Chief Financial Officer, the Treasurer or the Secretary, or the Assistant Treasurer or Assistant Secretary or such other officer or officers as may from time to time be authorized by the Board of Directors or any other committee given specific authority in the premises by the Board of Directors during the intervals between the meetings of the Board of Directors, shall have power to sign and execute on behalf of the Corporation deeds, conveyances and contracts, and any and all other documents requiring execution by the Corporation.

Section 4.09 Ownership of Stock of Another Entity. Unless otherwise directed by the Board of Directors, any of the Chief Executive Officer, the President, a Vice President, the Chief Financial Officer, the Treasurer or the Secretary or the Assistant Treasurer or Assistant Secretary, or such other officer or agent as shall be authorized by the Board of Directors, shall have the power and authority, on behalf of the Corporation, to attend and to vote at any meeting of securityholders of any entity in which the Corporation holds securities or equity interests and may exercise, on behalf of the Corporation, any and all of the rights and powers incident to the ownership of such securities or equity interests at any such meeting, including the authority to execute and deliver proxies and consents on behalf of the Corporation.

Section 4.10 Delegation of Duties. In the absence, disability or refusal of any officer to exercise and perform his or her duties, the Board of Directors may delegate to another officer such powers or duties.

Section 4.11 Resignation and Removal. Any officer of the Corporation appointed by the Board may be removed from office for or without cause at any time by the Board of Directors. Any officer appointed by the Chief Executive Officer may be removed by the Chief Executive Officer or by the Board of Directors. Any officer may resign at any time in the same manner as prescribed with respect to directors under Section 3.03.

Section 4.12 Vacancies. The Board of Directors shall have the power to fill vacancies occurring in any office.

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ARTICLE V.

STOCK

Section 5.01 Shares With Certificates. The shares of stock of the Corporation shall be represented by certificates, provided that the Board of Directors may provide by resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series of the Corporation’s stock shall be uncertificated shares. Any such resolution shall not apply to shares represented by a certificate until such certificate is surrendered to the Corporation. Every holder of stock in the Corporation represented by certificates shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by, or in the name of the Corporation by any two authorized officers of the Corporation (it being understood that each of the Chairperson of the Board of Directors or the Vice Chairperson of the Board of Directors, or the Chief Executive Officer, the President or a Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, Assistant Treasurer, Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Corporation shall be an authorized officer for such purpose) certifying the number and class of shares of stock of the Corporation owned by such holder. Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile or electronic signature. The Board of Directors shall have the power to appoint one or more transfer agents and/or registrars for the transfer or registration of certificates of stock of any class, and may require stock certificates to be countersigned or registered by one or more of such transfer agents and/or registrars.

Section 5.02 Shares Without Certificates. If the Board of Directors chooses to issue shares of stock without certificates, the Corporation, if required by the DGCL, shall, within a reasonable time after the issue or transfer of shares without certificates, send the stockholder a written statement of the information required by the DGCL. The Corporation may adopt a system of issuance, recordation and transfer of its shares of stock by electronic or other means not involving the issuance of certificates, provided the use of such system by the Corporation is permitted in accordance with applicable law.

Section 5.03 Transfer of Shares. Shares of stock of the Corporation represented by certificates shall be transferable upon its books by the holders thereof, in person or by their duly authorized attorneys or legal representatives, in the manner prescribed by law, the Certificate of Incorporation, and these Bylaws, upon surrender to the Corporation by delivery thereof (to the extent evidenced by a physical stock certificate) to the person in charge of the stock and transfer books and ledgers. Certificates representing such shares, if any, shall be cancelled and new certificates, if the shares are to be certificated, shall thereupon be issued. Shares of capital stock of the Corporation that are not represented by a certificate shall be transferred in accordance with any procedures adopted by the Corporation or its agent and applicable law. A record shall be made of each transfer. Whenever any transfer of shares shall be made for collateral security, and not absolutely, it shall be so expressed in the entry of the transfer if, when the certificates are presented to the Corporation for transfer or uncertificated shares are requested to be transferred, both the transferor and transferee request the Corporation to do so. The Board of Directors shall have power and authority to make such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or proper concerning the issue, transfer and registration of shares of stock of the Corporation.

Section 5.04 Lost, Stolen, Destroyed or Mutilated Certificates. A new certificate of stock or uncertificated shares may be issued in the place of any certificate previously issued by the Corporation alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, and the Corporation may, in its discretion, require the owner of such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or his or her legal representative, to give the Corporation a bond, in such sum as the Corporation may direct, in order to indemnify the Corporation against any claims that may be made against it in connection therewith. A new certificate or uncertificated shares of stock may be issued in the place of any certificate previously issued by the Corporation that has become mutilated upon the surrender by such owner of such mutilated certificate and, if required by the Corporation, the posting of a bond by such owner in an amount sufficient to indemnify the Corporation against any claim that may be made against it in connection therewith.

Section 5.05 List of Stockholders Entitled To Vote. The Corporation shall prepare, no later than the tenth day before each meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting (provided, however, if the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote is less than ten (10) days before the date of the meeting, the list shall reflect the stockholders entitled to vote as of the tenth day before the meeting date), arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder for any purpose germane to the meeting for a period of ten (10) days ending on the day before the meeting date (i) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of meeting or (ii) during ordinary business hours at the principal place of business of the corporation. In the event that the Corporation determines to make the list available on an electronic network, the Corporation shall take reasonable steps to ensure that such information is available only to stockholders of the Corporation. Except as otherwise provided by law, the stock ledger shall be the only evidence as to who are the stockholders entitled to examine the list of stockholders required by this Section 5.05 or to vote in person or by proxy at any meeting of stockholders.

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Section 5.06 Fixing Date for Determination of Stockholders of Record.
(a) In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date shall, unless otherwise required by law, not be more than sixty (60) nor less than ten (10) days before the date of such meeting. If the Board of Directors so fixes a date, such date shall also be the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting unless the Board of Directors determines, at the time it fixes such record date, that a later date on or before the date of the meeting shall be the date for making such determination. If no record date is fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting, and in such case shall also fix as the record date for stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting the same or an earlier date as that fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to vote in accordance herewith at the adjourned.

(b) In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and which record date shall not be more than sixty (60) days prior to such action. If no such record date is fixed, the record date for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating thereto.

(c) Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, in order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action without a meeting, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Director, and which record date shall not be more than ten (10) days after the date upon which the resolutions fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors. If no record date for determining stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action without a meeting is fixed by the Board of Directors, (i) when no prior action of the Board of Directors is required by law, the record date for such purpose shall be the first date on which a signed consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the Corporation in accordance with applicable law, and (ii) if prior action by the Board of Directors is required by law, the record date for such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution taking such prior action.

Section 5.07 Registered Stockholders. Prior to the surrender to the Corporation of the certificate or certificates for a share or shares of stock or notification to the Corporation of the transfer of uncertificated shares with a request to record the transfer of such share or shares, the Corporation may treat the registered owner of such share or shares as the person entitled to receive dividends, to vote, to receive notifications and otherwise to exercise all the rights and powers of an owner of such share or shares. To the fullest extent permitted by law, the Corporation shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof.

ARTICLE VI.

NOTICE AND WAIVER OF NOTICE

Section 6.01 Notice. If mailed, notice to stockholders shall be deemed given when deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid, directed to the stockholder at such stockholder’s address as it appears on the records of the Corporation and if given by any other form, including any form of electronic transmission, permitted by the DGCL, shall be deemed given as provided in the DGCL. Without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders, any notice to stockholders may be given by electronic transmission in the manner provided in Section 232 of the DGCL.

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Section 6.02 Waiver of Notice. A written waiver of any notice, signed by a stockholder or director, or waiver by electronic transmission by such person, whether given before or after the time of the event for which notice is to be given, shall be deemed equivalent to the notice required to be given to such person. Neither the business nor the purpose of any meeting need be specified in such a waiver. Attendance at any meeting (in person or by remote communication) shall constitute waiver of notice except attendance for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning of the meeting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.

ARTICLE VII.

INDEMNIFICATION

Section 7.01 Right to Indemnification. Each person who was or is made a party or is threatened to be made a party to or is otherwise involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (hereinafter a “proceeding”), by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or an officer of the Corporation or, while serving as a director or officer of the Corporation, is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee, agent or trustee of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including service with respect to an employee benefit plan (hereinafter an “indemnitee”), whether the basis of such proceeding is alleged action in an official capacity as a director, officer, employee, agent or trustee or in any other capacity while serving as a director, officer, employee, agent or trustee, shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest extent permitted by law, as the same exists or may hereafter be amended against all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines, ERISA excise taxes or penalties and amounts paid in settlement) actually and reasonably incurred or suffered by such indemnitee in connection therewith; provided, however, that, except as provided in Section 7.03 with respect to proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification or advancement of expenses or with respect to any compulsory counterclaim brought by such indemnitee, the Corporation shall indemnify any such indemnitee in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such indemnitee only if such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors.

Section 7.02 Right to Advancement of Expenses. In addition to the right to indemnification conferred in Section 7.01, an indemnitee shall also have the right to be paid by the Corporation the expenses (including attorney’s fees) incurred by indemnitee in appearing at, participating in or defending any such proceeding in advance of its final disposition or in connection with a proceeding brought to establish or enforce a right to indemnification or advancement of expenses under this Article VII (which shall be governed by Section 7.03 (hereinafter an “advancement of expenses”)); provided, however, that, if the DGCL requires or in the case of an advancement of expenses made in a proceeding brought to establish or enforce a right to indemnification or advancement of expenses, an advancement of expenses incurred by an indemnitee in his or her capacity as a director or officer (and not in any other capacity in which service was or is rendered by such indemnitee, including, without limitation, service to an employee benefit plan) shall be made solely upon delivery to the Corporation of an undertaking (hereinafter an “undertaking”), by or on behalf of such indemnitee, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal (hereinafter a “final adjudication”) that such indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified under Sections 7.01 and 7.02 or otherwise.

Section 7.03 Right of Indemnitee to Bring Suit. If a claim under Section 7.01 or 7.02 is not paid in full by the Corporation within (i) 60 days after a written claim for indemnification has been received by the Corporation or (ii) 20 days after a claim for an advancement of expenses has been received by the Corporation, the indemnitee may at any time thereafter bring suit against the Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim or to obtain advancement of expenses, as applicable. To the fullest extent permitted by law, if indemnitee is successful in whole or in part in any such suit, or in a suit brought by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the indemnitee shall be entitled to be paid also the expense of prosecuting or defending such suit. In any suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right to indemnification hereunder (but not in a suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right to an advancement of expenses) it shall be a defense that the indemnitee has not met the applicable standard for indemnification set forth in the DGCL In any suit brought by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the Corporation shall be entitled to recover such expenses upon a final adjudication that the indemnitee has not met the applicable standard for indemnification set forth in the DGCL. Neither the failure of the Corporation (including by its directors who are not parties to such action, a committee of such directors, independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of such suit that indemnification of the indemnitee is proper in the circumstances because the indemnitee has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the DGCL, nor an actual determination by the Corporation (including by its directors who are not parties to such action, a committee of such directors, independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) that the indemnitee has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall create a presumption that the indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of conduct. In any suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right to indemnification or to an advancement of expenses hereunder, or brought by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the burden of proving that the indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified, or to such advancement of expenses, under this Article VII or otherwise shall be on the Corporation.

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Section 7.04 Indemnification Not Exclusive. The provision of indemnification to or the advancement of expenses and costs to any indemnitee under this Article VII, or the entitlement of any indemnitee to indemnification or advancement of expenses and costs under this Article VII, shall not limit or restrict in any way the power of the Corporation to indemnify or advance expenses and costs to such indemnitee in any other way permitted by law or be deemed exclusive of, or invalidate, any right to which any indemnitee seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses and costs may be entitled under any law, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in such indemnitee’s capacity as an officer, director, employee or agent of the Corporation and as to action in any other capacity.

Section 7.05 Nature of Rights. The rights granted pursuant to the provisions of this Article VII shall vest at the time a person becomes a director or officer of the Corporation and shall be deemed to create a binding contractual obligation on the part of the Corporation to the persons who from time to time are elected as officers or directors of the Corporation, and such persons in acting in their capacities as officers or directors of the Corporation or any subsidiary shall be entitled to rely on such provisions of this Article VII without giving notice thereof to the Corporation. Such rights shall continue as to an indemnitee who has ceased to be a director or officer and shall inure to the benefit of the indemnitee’s heirs, executors and administrators. Any amendment, alteration or repeal of this Article VII that adversely affects any right of an indemnitee or its successors shall be prospective only and shall not limit, eliminate, or impair any such right with respect to any proceeding involving any occurrence or alleged occurrence of any action or omission to act that took place prior to such amendment, alteration or repeal.

Section 7.06 Insurance. The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance, at its expense, to protect itself and any director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any expense, liability or loss, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such expense, liability or loss under the DGCL.

Section 7.07 Indemnification of Employees and Agents of the Corporation. The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time by the Board of Directors, grant rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses to any employee or agent of the Corporation and to any person (in addition to an indemnitee) serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another enterprise to the fullest extent of the provisions of this Article VII with respect to the indemnification and advancement of expenses of directors and officers of the Corporation. Any reference to an officer of the Corporation in this Article VII shall be deemed to refer exclusively to an officer of the Corporation elected by the Board of Directors or the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Article IV, and any reference to an officer of any other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise shall be deemed to refer exclusively to an officer elected by the board of directors or equivalent governing body of such other entity pursuant to the certificate of incorporation and bylaws or equivalent organizational documents of such other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise. The fact that any person who is or was an employee of the Corporation or an employee of any other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise has been given or has used the title of “Vice President” or any other title that could be construed to suggest or imply that such person is or may be an officer of the Corporation or of such other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise shall not result in such person being constituted as, or being deemed to be, an officer of the Corporation or of such other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise for purposes of this Article VII.

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ARTICLE VIII.

MISCELLANEOUS

Section 8.01 Electronic Transmission. For purposes of these Bylaws, “electronic transmission” means any form of communication, not directly involving the physical transmission of paper, including the use of, or participation in, one or more electronic networks or databases (including one or more distributed networks or databases), that creates a record that may be retained, retrieved, and reviewed by a recipient thereof, and that may be directly reproduced in paper form by such a recipient through an automated process.

Section 8.02 Corporate Seal. The Board of Directors may provide a suitable seal, containing the name of the Corporation, which seal shall be in the charge of the Secretary. If and when so directed by the Board of Directors or a committee thereof, duplicates of the seal may be kept and used by the Treasurer or by an Assistant Secretary or Assistant Treasurer.

Section 8.03 Fiscal Year. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall end on March 31, or such other day as the Board of Directors may designate.

Section 8.04 Section Headings. Section headings in these Bylaws are for convenience of reference only and shall not be given any substantive effect in limiting or otherwise construing any provision herein.

Section 8.05 Inconsistent Provisions. In the event that any provision of these Bylaws is or becomes inconsistent with any provision of the Certificate of Incorporation, the DGCL or any other applicable law, such provision of these Bylaws shall not be given any effect to the extent of such inconsistency but shall otherwise be given full force and effect.

ARTICLE IX.
AMENDMENTS

The Board of Directors is authorized to make, repeal, alter, amend and rescind, in whole or in part, these Bylaws without the assent or vote of the stockholders in any manner not inconsistent with the laws of the State of Delaware or the Certificate of Incorporation. Notwithstanding any other provisions of these Bylaws, in addition to any vote of the holders of any class or series of the stock of this Corporation required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the voting power of all the then-outstanding shares of stock of the Corporation entitled to thereon, voting together as a single class, shall be required in order for the stockholders of the Corporation to alter, amend, repeal or rescind, in whole or in part, any provision of these Bylaws (including, without limitation, this Article IX) or to adopt any provision inconsistent herewith.

ARTICLE X

FORUM

Unless the Corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or if such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction another state or federal court (as appropriate) located within the State of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Corporation, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer or other employee, or stockholder of the Corporation to the Corporation or the Corporation’s stockholders, creditors or other constituents, (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Corporation or any current or former director, officer, employee, or stockholder of the Corporation arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws (as either may be amended and/or restated from time to time) or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Unless the Corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the federal securities laws of the United States of America. To the fullest extent permitted by law, any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of capital stock of the Corporation shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of this Article X. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the provisions of this Article X shall not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or any other claim for which the federal courts of the United States have exclusive jurisdiction.


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Exhibit 4.1

 THIS CERTIFIES THAT  is the owner of  DATED  COUNTERSIGNED AND REGISTERED: COMPUTERSHARE TRUST COMPANY, N.A. TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR,  FULLY-PAID AND NON-ASSESSABLE SHARES OF COMMON STOCK OF  Acasti Pharma Inc. (hereinafter called the “Company”), transferable on the books of the Company in person or by duly authorized attorney, upon surrender of this Certificate properly endorsed. This Certificate and the shares represented hereby, are issued and shall be held subject to all of the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws of the Company, each as now or hereafter amended (copies of which are on file with the Company and with the Transfer Agent), to all of which each holder, by acceptance hereof, assents.  This Certificate is not valid unless countersigned and registered by the Transfer Agent and Registrar.  Witness the facsimile seal of the Company and the facsimile signatures of its duly authorized officers.  Common Stock  PAR VALUE $0.0001  Common Stock  SEE REVERSE FOR CERTAIN DEFINITIONS  .  Chief Executive Officer  Vice President, Finance  By  AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE  2/1/2002  D  E  L  A  W  A  R  E  C  R  P  O  R  A  T  E  A  C  A  S  T  O  I  P  H  A  R  M  A  I  N  C  .  ZQ|CERT#|COY|CLS|RGSTRY|ACCT#|TRANSTYPE|RUN#|TRANS#  CUSIP 00439U 10 4  DD-MMM-YYYY  Shares  * * 000000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *   * * * 000000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *   * * * * 000000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *   * * * * * 000000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *   * * * * * * 000000 * * * * * * * * * * * * * *   ACASTI PHARMA INC.  INCORPORATED UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE  ** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample  **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David  Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sam  ple **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander  David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr.  Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample ****  Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample  **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sam  ple **** Mr. Alexander David Sa  mple **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David  Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander  David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr.  Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Alexander David Sample **** Mr. Sample **** Mr. Sample  **000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares***  *000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****  000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****0  00000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****00  0000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000  000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****0000  00**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****00000  0**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000  **Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shar
es****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000*  *Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000** Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**Shares****000000**S  ***ZERO HUNDRED THOUSAND  ZERO HUNDRED AND ZERO***  MR. SAMPLE & MRS. SAMPLE &  MR. SAMPLE & MRS. SAMPLE  Certificate Number  ZQ00000000  1  2  3  4  5  6  1  2  3  4  5  6  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  CUSIP/IDENTIFIER  Holder ID Insurance Value Number of Shares DTC  Certificate Numbers  1234567890/1234567890  1234567890/1234567890  1234567890/1234567890  1234567890/1234567890  1234567890/1234567890  1234567890/1234567890  Total Transaction  XXXXXX XX X XXXXXXXXXX 1,000,000.00  123456  12345678 123456789012345  Num/No. Denom. Total  MR A SAMPLE DESIGNATION (IF ANY) ADD 1  ADD 2  ADD 3  ADD 4  PO Box 43004, Providence RI 02940-3004  THIS CERTIFICATE IS TRANSFERABLE IN CITIES DESIGNATED BY THE TRANSFER AGENT, AVAILABLE ONLINE AT  www.computershare.com 
 

 The IRS requires that the named transfer agent (“we”) report the cost basis of certain shares or units acquired after January 1, 2011. If your shares or units are covered by the legislation, and you requested to sell or transfer the shares or units using a specific cost basis calculation method, then we have processed as you requested. If you did not specify a cost basis calculation method, then we have defaulted to the first in, first out (FIFO) method. Please consult your tax advisor if you need additional information about cost basis.  If you do not keep in contact with the issuer or do not have any activity in your account for the time period specified by state law, your property may become subject to state unclaimed property laws and transferred to the appropriate state.   of the common stock represented by the within Certificate, and do hereby irrevocably constitute and appoint   to transfer the said stock on the books of the within-named Company with full power of substitution in the premises.  Shares  Attorney  Dated: 20   Signature:   Signature: Notice: The signature to this assignment must correspond with the name as written upon the face of the certificate, in every particular,  without alteration or enlargement, or any change whatever.  PLEASE INSERT SOCIAL SECURITY OR OTHER IDENTIFYING NUMBER OF ASSIGNEE  For value received, hereby sell, assign and transfer unto  (PLEASE PRINT OR TYPEWRITE NAME AND ADDRESS, INCLUDING POSTAL ZIP CODE, OF ASSIGNEE)  .  Signature(s) Guaranteed: Medallion Guarantee Stamp  THE SIGNATURE(S) SHOULD BE GUARANTEED BY AN ELIGIBLE GUARANTOR INSTITUTION (Banks,  Stockbrokers, Savings and Loan Associations and Credit Unions) WITH MEMBERSHIP IN AN APPROVED SIGNATURE GUARANTEE MEDALLION PROGRAM, PURSUANT TO S.E.C. RULE 17Ad-15.  ACASTI PHARMA INC.  The following abbreviations, when used in the inscription on the face of this certificate, shall be construed as though they were written out in full according to applicable laws or regulations:  TEN COM - as tenants in common UNIF GIFT MIN ACT -............................................ Custodian................................................  TEN ENT - as tenants by the entireties  (Cust) (Minor)  under Uniform Gifts to Minors Act........................................................  JT TEN  (State)  UNIF TRF MIN ACT -............................................ Custodian (until age................................ )  - as joint tenants with right of survivorship and not as tenants in common  (Cust)  ............................. under Uniform Transfers to Minors Act...................  (Minor) (State)  Additional abbreviations may also be used though not in the above list.