ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

History

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel on March 9, 2000 as Rosetta Genomics Ltd., an Israeli company. The principal legislation under which we operate is the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999, as amended (referred to herein as the “Companies Law”). Our principal executive office is located at 10 Plaut Street, Science Park, Rehovot 76706 Israel, and our telephone number is + 972-73-222-0700. Our wholly owned subsidiary, Rosetta Genomics Inc., which was incorporated in Delaware on April 21, 2005, is located at 3711 Market Street, Suite 740, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and its telephone number is (215) 382-9000. Rosetta Genomics Inc. serves as our agent for service of process in the United States. Our web site address is www.rosettagenomics.com . The information on our web site is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report and should not be considered to be a part of this Annual Report.

On February 4, 2010, we established Rosetta Green Ltd., an Israeli Company, as a controlled subsidiary.  As of December 31, 2010, we owned approximately 76.2% of the outstanding ordinary shares of Rosetta Green.  In February 2011, Rosetta Green completed an initial public offering in Israel on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, or TASE.  In December 2011, we sold our complete ownership interest in Rosetta Green, which represented approximately 50.03% of the outstanding ordinary shares of Rosetta Green. We received an upfront payment of $900,000 for the Rosetta Green ordinary shares. In addition, we could be entitled to a payment of $2,000,000 if Rosetta Green is acquired within three years and if certain other conditions are met in connection with such acquisition.

On July 22, 2008, through Rosetta Genomics Inc., we purchased all of the shares of Parkway Clinical Laboratories, Inc., a privately held Pennsylvania corporation owning a CLIA-certified laboratory, for an aggregate purchase price of $2,900,000 (not including $207,000 of transaction expenses), consisting of $1,900,000 in cash and $1,000,000 of our ordinary shares, plus an additional $300,000 payable upon the achievement of certain milestones, which were not met.  Parkway remained an indirect wholly owned subsidiary until May 18, 2009, when we sold Parkway for up to $2,500,000, to be paid as a fixed percentage from the revenues over six years. With its CLIA certification, Parkway helped us to obtain CLIA certification for our laboratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Principal Capital Expenditures

We had net capital expenditures and repayment of capital lease of $422,000 in 2011, $579,000 in 2010 and $245,000 in 2009. Our capital expenditures during 2011, 2010 and 2009 consisted primarily of laboratory equipment, computer equipment and leasehold improvements. We have financed our capital expenditures with cash generated from financing activities.

B.  BUSINESS OVERVIEW

Overview

We are seeking to develop and commercialize new diagnostic tests based on a recently discovered group of genes known as microRNAs. MicroRNAs are naturally expressed, or produced, using instructions encoded in DNA and are believed to play an important role in normal function and in various pathologies. We have established a CLIA-certified laboratory in Philadelphia, which enables us to develop, validate and commercialize our own diagnostic tests applying our microRNA technology.

We believe that we were the first commercial enterprise to focus on the emerging microRNA field, and that as a result, we have developed an early and strong intellectual property position related to the development and commercialization of microRNA-based diagnostics. Using our intellectual property, collaborative relationships with leading commercial enterprises and academic and medical institutions, and expertise in the field of microRNAs, we have initiated microRNA-based diagnostic programs for various cancers. In late-2008, we launched our first three diagnostic tests applying our microRNA technology:

In December 2010, we launched our fourth product - miRview ^® mets ² which expands the utility of our miRview ^® mets test.

In July 2011, we launched our fifth product - miRview ^® lung – for differentiating primary lung cancers into four types: squamous lung cancer, non squamous non-small cell lung cancer, carcinoid lung cancer and small cell lung cancer .

We are currently in the process of launching our sixth product - miRview ^® kidney – for differentiating four histological types of renal or kidney tumors.

We currently have distribution agreements with respect to some of these tests covering Australia, Canada, Greece, India, Israel, New Zealand, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates. All of these distribution agreements call for samples to be sent to our CLIA-certified laboratory in Philadelphia for analysis.

Generally speaking, we are generating increasing demand for our testing services, primarily miRview ^® mets ² , through our direct selling effort in the United States and are successfully fulfilling that demand in our lab in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and we are working, with our reimbursement vendor and consultants, to gain more consistent payment from commercial payors as well as to secure reimbursement coverage from Medicare.

In addition, we are in the discovery stage for a body fluid-based diagnostic test for Heart Failure (HF). We have performed a proof of concept (POC) study which demonstrated that by using microRNA expression levels in blood we can identify heart failure patients. We are currently performing additional studies to assess the feasibility to develop a minimally-invasive microRNA-based stratification test for HF.

MicroRNAs also represent potential targets for the development of novel drugs. We are participating in the Rimonim Consortium, which is supported by the Office of the Chief Scientist at the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor of the State of Israel, or the OCS. The aim of this consortium is to develop technologies for the use of short interfering RNA, or siRNA, and microRNA mimetics for therapeutics. In this consortium we will develop novel microRNA mimetic molecules with novel chemical modifications, as well as novel delivery systems for microRNAs. The consortium includes five companies and seven academic groups. The transfer of know-how developed in the framework of the consortium or rights to manufacture based on and/or incorporating such know-how to third parties which are not members of the consortium requires the consent of the OCS. See also “Item 4.B. Business Overview – Rimonim Consortium.”

Background

Rosetta Genomics was founded in 2000 with the belief that what was known as “junk DNA” actually contains hundreds, possibly thousands, of tiny RNA genes that encode small RNA molecules, later termed microRNAs, which play an important role in the regulation of protein production, and hence the onset and progression of disease. In the cell, genes are expressed through information carried from our DNA by messenger RNAs, or mRNAs, which is in turn translated into proteins. Proteins are the building blocks of all living cells. The type of cell, its function, and the timing of its death are determined by which proteins are produced in the cell, and at what quantities and time they are produced. However, the proteins are the end product of a complex process which begins with the genetic code present in DNA. Before a protein is expressed, or produced, relevant parts of the DNA are copied into a mRNA. Each mRNA holds a code with instructions on how to build a specific protein using a process called translation. Although one messenger RNA molecule is capable of translating hundreds of thousands of protein molecules, the number it actually produces is regulated by microRNAs. MicroRNAs have been found to regulate the expression of other genes by binding to the mRNA.

MicroRNAs have been shown to have varying expression levels across various pathological conditions, and thus have significant potential as a new class of highly sensitive and tissue specific biomarkers. We have developed a microRNA discovery process and have demonstrated, in a work published by us in Nature Genetics that the number of human microRNAs is significantly higher than what was previously believed. We have discovered hundreds of biologically validated human microRNAs and dozens of validated viral microRNAs and filed extensive patent applications with claims potentially covering these microRNAs, some of which have been issued.

To leverage the potential of microRNAs as a novel diagnostic platform, we have developed proprietary methods to extract microRNAs from a wide range of tissue and body fluid samples and to quantify specific microRNA expression signatures, which may be used as diagnostic panels to potentially diagnose cancers, their subtypes, as well as the origin of metastases. We have already developed and launched five diagnostic tests based on our platforms and have published several papers demonstrating how our methods can be used to develop such diagnostics (E.g. Rosenwald et al., Modern Pathology, 2010; Benjamin et al., Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, 2010). Moreover, we were able to demonstrate the utility of our developed tests in post-market studies with collaborators from leading medical centers in the United States and Europe (Bishop et al. Clinical Cancer Research, 2010; Muller et al., The Oncologist, 2010).

We believe that microRNAs are stable, sensitive and specific markers, and we are advancing diagnostic development programs in cancer and other areas, to potentially enable accurate diagnosis and improve patient care management worldwide.

Our Strategy

Rosetta’s goal is to become a leader in the development and commercialization of microRNA-based diagnostic tests. Our key business strategies to achieve this goal are as follows:

Our Diagnostic Tests

The Role of MicroRNAs in Diagnostic Products

Ideally, diagnostic tests provide physicians and their patients with information relating to one or more of the following:

We believe that using microRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers will enable the development of diagnostic products that can provide more accurate and comprehensive information to doctors and patients. Currently, many diagnostic tests are designed to detect abnormal levels of messenger RNAs or proteins. We believe microRNA-based tests have the potential to be superior to these tests because it is believed that microRNAs are closer to the biological origin of disease and many studies have shown their involvement in disease processes, including the demonstration that microRNAs are both diagnostic and prognostic markers. A change in the expression level of a single microRNA may affect the activity of dozens of messenger RNA genes, which in turn may affect the concentration of hundreds of proteins. In addition, microRNAs are very tissue specific and very stable in body fluids and tissue samples. Thus, we expect that by focusing our efforts on microRNAs, we can develop a less complex biomarker panel, resulting in a more specific and sensitive test. Furthermore, extracting microRNAs from tissue and body fluid samples is more reliable than extracting messenger RNAs because of the greater stability of microRNAs. In addition, amplification technologies, such as PCR, can potentially increase the sensitivity of a microRNA-based diagnostic test by generating millions of copies of a particular microRNA and thereby making it easier for the test to detect the presence of the microRNA. Since amplification technologies cannot be used with proteins, we believe microRNA-based diagnostic tests have the potential to be more sensitive than protein-based diagnostic tests.

Our Diagnostic Product Development Process

Our development process for diagnostic products consists of the following important steps:

Current Commercial Tests

To date, we have commercially launched the following five tests based on our proprietary microRNA technologies:

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in both men and women worldwide and in the United States. It is estimated that in the United States alone, there were 222,520 new cases of lung cancer diagnosed in 2010 and that approximately 157,300 people will die of the disease this year.

For patients with lung carcinoma, the accurate determination of tumor type significantly influences treatment decision. In general, SCLC, the main sub-type of Neuroendocrine tumors, is much more responsive to chemotherapy and consequently this comprises the mainstay of treatment. This is in contrast to NSCLC which is relatively chemoresistant and thus primarily treated with surgical resection for local disease.

We currently have the following distribution agreements relating to miRview ^® mets miRview ^® squamous and miRview ^® meso :

On June 9 ^th , 2011 we entered into an agreement with PACE claims services, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Navigant Inc.(PACE), according to which, PACE will provide us exclusive educational and marketing services to defendants involved in lawsuits relating to malignant pleural mesothelioma and asbestos exposure, provided the exclusivity does not apply to our own marketing efforts and to any marketing efforts of our distributors offering our tests outside of the United States of America. According to this agreement, PACE will be entitled to certain remuneration derived from actual sales to defendants in these lawsuits.

All of these distribution and other agreements call for samples to be sent to our CLIA-certified laboratory in Philadelphia for analysis.  Our goal is through distribution agreements to provide access to our products to up to 1.5 billion people around the globe by the end of this year.

Our Near-term Pipeline

We are focusing in the near-term on the development and commercialization of the following new diagnostic test based on microRNAs:

Our Long-term Pipeline

We believe that body fluid-based tests for early diagnosis and/or stratification of patients in different diseases are the future of the diagnostics industry and that our highly sensitive and specific platforms are suitable for development of such tests. Thus, we expect to continue to search for microRNA biomarkers in order to develop body fluid-based tests for different indications.

We have recently prioritized the development of the following body fluid based diagnostic test, based on microRNA’s:

Therapeutic Products

MicroRNAs are important regulators of protein production, and as such, they represent potential targets for the development of drugs. Important information about the role of a microRNA in a disease can be deduced by mimicking or inhibiting its activity and examining the impact this has on the phenotype of the cell or organism. If mimicking or inhibiting a microRNA leads to improvement in disease symptoms, this implies that the target microRNA plays an important role in the disease and thus, can serve as potential drug target. The pharmaceutical industry has traditionally focused on the development of drugs that inhibit specific protein activity because of the difficulties in developing drugs that enhance protein activity or increase protein levels. Even siRNAs, a novel class of drugs, are limited to the inhibition of protein production. In contrast, because microRNAs are natural regulators of protein production, we believe it is possible to develop microRNA-based therapeutic products which can either increase or decrease the levels of proteins. A drug that mimics a microRNA should result in decreased levels of the proteins naturally regulated by that microRNA, while a drug that inhibits the microRNA should result in increased levels of those proteins. We believe that microRNAs can serve as a basis for a new class of therapeutic products and that we can leverage our microRNA diagnostic capabilities to help develop drugs targeting microRNAs.

We have demonstrated this in both ovarian cancer and pancreatic cancer, where differential microRNAs that were shown in tissues of patients were used to find drug candidates that could inhibit those cancers through either miR inhibition or mimetics. In ovarian cancer we chose microRNAs that were over-expressed in ovarian tissues (both tumor and normal) comparing to other normal tissues, and in pancreatic cancer we chose microRNAs that are over expressed in the cancerous tissue comparing to adjacent healthy pancreatic tissue. Those microRNAs served to help us design modified oligonucleotides with anti-sense sequences that were used in in vitro proliferation assays. We specifically wanted to see miR inhibition that can lead to reduction in proliferation of cancer cell lines. The anti-miRs with the strongest effect over cell proliferation were chosen as the drug candidates with most potential. We are currently looking for strategic collaborations to pursue the further development of those drug candidates.

Rimonim Consortium

In January 2011, we joined the Rimonim Consortium, which is supported by the Office of the Chief Scientist at the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor of the State of Israel, or the OCS. The purpose of the consortium is to develop RNA interference, or RNAi, -based therapeutics. As of the date of this report, we had received total grants of $216,000from the OCS for our development under the consortium. The vision of the consortium is to develop new advanced technologies that are expected to help in solving some of the key problems and deficiencies that the industry is facing in developing RNAi-based therapeutics and create a significant RNAi-based industry in Israel by using breakthrough technologies and producing RNAi therapeutics and a range of additional products (diagnostics, chemical and biological services). Since discovery, the development of RNAi to first, a powerful research tool and, more recently, to a promising therapeutic approach, has occurred very rapidly. The ability to specifically silence virtually every gene including previously non-druggable (non-amenable for development of small molecule inhibitors) targets has made RNAi-based therapeutics a very attractive approach for treating diseases in many therapeutic areas.

The main challenges in the development of siRNA/miRNA therapeutics addressed by the consortium are:

Members of the consortium, are established representatives of the industry and academia in Israel that will share their expertise and experience in various fields of the technological challenges: biology, toxicology, physical and structural chemistry, formulation, and others, to establish a meaningful scientific/technological basis for what has the potential to be one of the most promising technical breakthroughs in biological research in the last decade.

The transfer of know-how developed in the framework of the consortium or rights to manufacture based on and/or incorporating such know-how to third parties which are not members of the consortium requires the consent of the OCS.

Rosetta Green

Rosetta Green Ltd. is an Israeli subsidiary we established to leverage our capabilities into the areas of cleantech and plant biotech by using our proprietary microRNA technologies to develop plants and algae more suitable for various applications such as improved feedstocks for biofuels and advanced agriculture. Prior to the establishment of the Rosetta Green subsidiary, our efforts in this field were through a separate Rosetta Green project within Rosetta Genomics. Research at the Rosetta Green project has been shown to develop algal strains with potentially increased oil content, to discover potential novel microRNAs from commercially-important algae and to identify drought-regulated microRNAs in plants.

On September 24, 2008, we signed a convertible note purchase agreement with certain private investors in order to provide separate funding for our Rosetta Green project, in an amount of up to $2,500,000. The investors invested a total amount of $1,500,000, in two tranches. The notes were convertible upon the establishment of a subsidiary by us for the Rosetta Green project. We established Rosetta Green Ltd. in February 2010, and the outstanding notes were subsequently converted into ordinary shares of Rosetta Green. On February 17, 2011, Rosetta Green completed an initial public offering in Israel, and on February 23, 2011, Rosetta Green’s ordinary shares started trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE) under the ticker symbol RSTG.

In the initial public offering, Rosetta Green sold 136,200 units at NIS 160.8 ($44.51 based on an exchange rate of 3.613 NIS for US dollars on February 17, 2011, per unit, with each unit comprised of 25 ordinary shares, 25 Warrants 1 and 25 Warrants 2, and a total of 3,405,000 ordinary shares, 3,405,000 Warrants 1 and 3,405,000 Warrants 2. The Warrants 1 are exercisable at NIS 8.04 ($2.23) until February 8, 2013 and the Warrants 2 are exercisable at NIS 9.65 ($2.67) until February 8, 2015. The underwriters of the offering purchased 37,983 units for a total of NIS 6,107,666 ($1.69 million).

In connection with the initial public offering, we entered into an agreement with a minority shareholder of Rosetta Green, pursuant to which we had agreed not to sell any Rosetta Green shares for a period of 12 months following consummation of the initial public offering and thereafter until 24 months following consummation of the initial public offering, we will be entitled to sell up to 1% of the shares of Rosetta Green owned or controlled by us as of November 2010 ("Green Shares") per month (which may be carried over for up to three months). We further granted the minority shareholder certain Co-Sale rights with respect to the sale of the Green Shares in an off-market transaction. In addition, according to the agreement, the number of members of the board of directors of Rosetta Green will be not more than seven and at least one third of the directors but not less than three directors (including the external directors required to be appointed pursuant to the Companies Law which in any case will not be less than two) will qualify as independent directors as such term is defined in the Companies Law. We also agreed to vote the Green Shares in favor of the election to the board of directors of one nominee proposed by the minority shareholder as long as such shareholder continues to hold 50% or more of shares of Rosetta Green owned or controlled by it as of November 2010.

On January 14, 2010 we applied for the Rosetta Green division to participate in a consortium funded by the European Union which is part of the Seventh Framework Programme (“FP7”). The subject matter of the program is the development of microalgae for industrial purposes. In addition to us there are additional 10 participants in FP7. On December 14, 2010 we entered into the consortium agreement with the other participants in the consortium and the European Union in relation to the funding of the FP7. The expected funding under this program will be 499,000 Euros and we must contribute up to 150,000 Euros for the project. On July 5, 2011, the European Commission approved the amendment to the contract so that we are no longer party to the contract within the FP7 and Rosetta Green has taken our place as party to said contract. As part of said assignment, Rosetta Green has undertook, in a letter dating 29 May 2011, “all rights and duties that Genomics has agreed to perform as part of GIAVAP agreement.”

On November 18th 2010 we entered into a license agreement with Rosetta Green according to which we have assigned certain patents relating to microRNAs in plants. We further provided Rosetta Green with a non exclusive license to some of our patents and technologies. For this license we shall be entitled to certain consideration derived from Rosetta Green’s net sales as well as royalties from Rosetta Green’s license income.

On December 16, 2011, we closed a transaction pursuant to which we sold all of the ordinary shares of Rosetta Green held by us (50.03% of the outstanding ordinary shares) to certain purchasers (the “Purchasers”).  The transaction was effected pursuant to a Share Transfer Agreement, dated December 13, 2011.  Under the terms of the share transfer agreement, we received an upfront payment of $900,000 for the Rosetta Green ordinary shares.  In addition, we could receive an additional payment of $2,000,000 if Rosetta Green is acquired within three years from the date of signing of the share transfer agreement and if certain other conditions are met.

Our Intellectual Property Strategy and Position

Our success will depend significantly on our ability to:

We believe that we were the first commercial enterprise to focus on the emerging microRNA field, and as a result, we have developed an early and strong intellectual property position related to the development and commercialization of research, diagnostic and therapeutic products and other applications based on microRNAs. Our patent strategy is to seek broad coverage on all of our identified microRNA sequences. We also filed applications which claim groups of microRNAs which are grouped for example by chromosomal locations of the microRNA genes. We have filed, and will continue to file, patent applications that claim method-of-use for specific diagnostic and therapeutic applications as we or our collaborators develop them. We believe this approach will provide strong and broad patent protection for a large number of microRNAs that we have discovered and may provide us with a competitive advantage over new entrants to the field.

As of February 29, 2012, our patent portfolio included a total of 21 issued U.S. patents, 1 issued Australian patent, 2 issued Israeli patent, 61  pending patent applications worldwide, consisting of 29 U.S. patent applications, 2 of which received notice of allowance, 3 PCT applications, 4 applications that were nationalized in Europe, 14 applications nationalized in Israel, 2 applications nationalized in Japan, 3 applications nationalized in Australia, 2 nationalized in Canada, 2 applications nationalized in China and 1 application that was nationalized in each of Korea and India. Of these patent applications, 55 relate to human microRNAs and their uses, 3 claim viral microRNAs, 3 contain claims related to our discovery process. 34 applications contain claims directed to microRNA-based diagnostics in Heart Failure, Alzheimer’s disease, Cancer of Unknown Origin (CUP), lung, mesothelioma and other cancers; and 10 contain claims directed to microRNA-based therapeutics.. The issued patents expire between 2022 and 2025.

Nucleic acids related to genes are patentable under U.S. patent laws, and are generally patentable under foreign patent laws as well. To date, patent protection related to numerous human genes has been obtained in the United States and elsewhere. MicroRNAs are derived from naturally occurring genes, and as such, we believe, are similarly patentable under U.S. and foreign patent laws.

In order to obtain maximum patent protection for composition of matter of microRNAs in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, our patent applications:

We believe this approach avoids common mistakes made by others in the past with respect to attempts to patent genes and, if patents are issued, will make it more difficult for competitors to design around our patents.

Our intellectual property strategy is closely coordinated with our research and development plan and we have an ongoing three-tier approach to obtaining patent protection, which is illustrated and described below:

First Tier: Composition-of-Matter Patent applications on Biologically Validated MicroRNAs

We have filed a first tier of patent applications claiming patent coverage for the composition-of-matter of microRNAs that we have either detected by microarray or biologically validated by sequencing or qRT-PCR. In addition to the function and utility based on informatically calculated targets, microRNAs claimed in these patent applications are further described as potential markers of a disease, as supported by differential expression of these microRNAs in healthy versus diseased tissue. Our patent portfolio includes 24 issued patents and 14 patent applications with composition-of-matter claims related to validated microRNAs.

Second Tier: Technologies to detect MicroRNAs

We have filed a second tier of patent applications claiming patent coverage for our proprietary discovery process technologies for microRNA detection, including qRT-PCR methods, microarray, in situ hybridization and extraction methods from all body fluids. Our patent portfolio includes 3 patent applications related to discovery process technologies.

Third Tier: Method-of-Use Patents

We have filed a third tier of patent applications claiming patent coverage for the method-of-use of microRNAs, including diagnostic and therapeutic uses for specific diseases. T his tier of patent applications include s applications which we have filed ourselves and those that we have filed jointly with academic, medical and commercial partners with whom we collaborate. Our patent portfolio includes 44 patent applications with method of use claims related to diagnostic and therapeutic uses of microRNAs and we expect to file additional third tier applications in the future.

Individual patents extend for varying periods depending on the effective date of filing of the patent application or the date of patent issuance, and the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. Generally, patents issued in the United States are effective for:

All of our current patent applications were filed after June 8, 1995.

The term of foreign patents varies in accordance with provisions of applicable local law, but typically is 20 years from the earliest effective filing date. In addition, in some instances, a patent term in the United States and outside of the United States can be extended to recapture a portion of the term effectively lost as a result of the health authority regulatory review period. These extensions, which may be as long as five years, are directed to the approved product and its approved indications. We intend to seek such extensions as appropriate. Because of the extensive time required for development, testing and regulatory review of a potential product, it is possible that a patent may remain in force for a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing the advantage of the patent to our business and products.

The patent positions of companies like ours are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our technology will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. We do not know whether any of our patent applications will result in the issuance of any patents or if issued will assist our business. Any patents that may issue in the future may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. This could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing related products and reduce the length of term of patent protection that we may have for any products. In addition, the rights granted under any patents which may issue may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar technology. Our competitors may develop similar technologies, duplicate any technology developed by us, or use their patent rights to block us from taking full advantage of the market.

In addition to patents, we may rely, in some circumstances, on trade secrets to protect our technology. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We seek to protect the trade secrets in our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with commercial partners, collaborators, employees, consultants, scientific advisors and other contractors and into invention assignment agreements with our employees and some of our commercial partners and consultants. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of the technologies that are developed. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors.

In-Licensed Intellectual Property

License Agreement with The Rockefeller University (Diagnostics)

In May 2006, we signed a royalty-bearing, co-exclusive, worldwide license agreement with The Rockefeller University. Under this agreement, we were granted the right to make, use and sell Rockefeller’s proprietary microRNAs for diagnostic purposes including a limited right to sublicense. Our right to sublicense is limited to sublicenses we grant as part of a license that includes other technology or patent rights of ours. The agreement covers microRNAs and microRNA candidates, including approximately 80 biologically validated human microRNAs and approximately 30 biologically validated viral microRNAs discovered by researchers at The Rockefeller University and for which it has filed patent applications. These microRNAs can be licensed by Rockefeller in the diagnostics field to three additional parties. In consideration for this license, we paid an initiation fee and will pay a fixed annual license maintenance fee, royalties based on net sales and a percentage of our revenues from any sublicenses. Rockefeller is obligated to notify us of any license it grants to a third party at a lower royalty rate and we will have the right to modify the terms of our license to adopt all of the material terms and conditions of that license.

Rockefeller controls prosecution, maintenance and enforcement of all the licensed patent rights; however, we are responsible for a pro rata share of associated costs. Also, if Rockefeller elects not to take action against a claim of infringement of the licensed patent rights, we may undertake such action at our own expense. We are obligated to indemnify Rockefeller against any liabilities arising from our development and use of the licensed microRNAs and any actions brought by third parties or related to clinical trials or studies. We are also required to maintain comprehensive insurance coverage.

The agreement will terminate upon the later of the expiration or abandonment of the last patent to expire or become abandoned. If no patent ever issues, the agreement will terminate ten years after the first commercial sale of the first licensed product. Based on an estimate of the date of expiration of the last patent to expire, we estimate that we will pay a minimum of approximately $960,000 in aggregate annual license maintenance fees over the term of this agreement. Rockefeller has the right to terminate the agreement if we are more than 30 days late in meeting our payment obligations and do not pay in full within ten days of Rockefeller’s written demand; or upon our uncured material breach. We can terminate the agreement by providing sixty days written notice to Rockefeller, ceasing all use of the licensed products, terminating any sublicenses granted under the agreement and paying all amounts owed to Rockefeller through the date of termination.

License Agreement with The Rockefeller University (Therapeutics)

In May 2007, we signed a royalty-bearing, co-exclusive, worldwide license agreement with The Rockefeller University. Under this agreement, we were granted the right to make, use and sell Rockefeller’s proprietary microRNAs for therapeutic purposes, including a limited right to sublicense. Our right to sublicense is limited to sublicenses that are for research and development of products and that are granted as part of a license that includes other technology or patent rights of ours. The agreement covers microRNAs and microRNA candidates, including approximately 80 biologically validated human microRNAs and approximately 30 biologically validated viral microRNAs discovered by researchers at The Rockefeller University for which it has filed patent applications. These microRNAs can be licensed by Rockefeller in the therapeutics field to three additional parties. In consideration for this license, we paid an initiation fee and are required to pay a fixed annual license maintenance fee, milestone payments and royalties based on net sales and a percentage of our revenues from any sublicenses. Rockefeller is obligated to notify us of any license it grants to a third party at a lower royalty rate, and we will have the right to modify the terms of our license to adopt all of the material terms and conditions of that license.

Rockefeller controls prosecution, maintenance and enforcement of all the licensed patent rights; however, we are responsible for a pro rata share of associated costs. Also, if Rockefeller elects not to take action against a claim of infringement of the licensed patent rights, we may undertake such action at our own expense. We are obligated to indemnify Rockefeller against any liabilities arising from our development and use of the licensed microRNAs and any actions brought by third parties or related to clinical trials or studies. We are also required to maintain comprehensive insurance coverage.

The agreement will terminate upon the later of the expiration or abandonment of the last patent to expire or become abandoned. If no patent ever issues, the agreement will terminate ten years after the first commercial sale of the first licensed product. Based on an estimate of the date of expiration of the last patent to expire, we estimate that we will pay a minimum of approximately $690,000 in aggregate annual license maintenance fees over the term of this agreement. Rockefeller has the right to terminate the agreement if we are more than 30 days late in meeting our payment obligations and do not pay in full within ten days of Rockefeller’s written demand; or upon our uncured material breach. We can terminate the agreement by providing 60 days written notice to Rockefeller, ceasing all use of the licensed products, terminating any sublicenses granted under the agreement and paying all amounts owed to Rockefeller through the date of termination.

License Agreement with The Rockefeller University (Research)

In January 2008, we signed a royalty-bearing, nonexclusive, worldwide license agreement with The Rockefeller University. Under this agreement, we were granted the right to make, use, import, sell and offer for sale Rockefeller’s proprietary microRNAs for research purposes including a limited right to sublicense. Our right to sublicense is limited to sublicenses we grant as part of a license that includes other technology or patent rights of ours. The agreement covers microRNAs and microRNA candidates, including approximately 80 biologically validated human microRNAs and approximately 30 biologically validated viral microRNAs discovered by researchers at The Rockefeller University and for which it has filed patent applications. In consideration for this license, we paid an initiation fee and will pay a minimum annual royalty, based on net sales and a percentage of our revenues from any sublicenses. Rockefeller is obligated to notify us of any license it grants to a third party at a lower royalty rate and we will have the right to modify the terms of our license to adopt all of the material terms and conditions of that license.

Rockefeller controls preparation, prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patent rights and the selection of patent council with our input; however, we are responsible for a pro rata share of associated costs. Also, if Rockefeller elects not to take action against a claim of infringement of the licensed patent rights, we may undertake such action at our own expense. We are obligated to indemnify Rockefeller against any liabilities arising from our development, testing, use, manufacture, promotion, sale of other disposition of the licensed microRNAs and any actions brought by third parties. We are also required to maintain comprehensive insurance coverage.

The agreement will terminate upon the later of the expiration or abandonment of the last patent to expire or become abandoned. If no patent ever issues, the agreement will terminate ten years after the first commercial sale of the first licensed product. Based on an estimate of the date of expiration of the last patent to expire, we estimate that we will pay a minimum of approximately $440,000 in aggregate minimum annual royalty over the term of this agreement. Rockefeller has the right to terminate the agreement if we are more than 30 days late in meeting our payment obligations and do not pay in full within ten days of Rockefeller’s written demand; or upon our uncured material breach. We can terminate the agreement by providing 60 days written notice to Rockefeller, ceasing all use of the licensed products, terminating any sublicenses granted under the agreement and paying all amounts owed to Rockefeller through the date of termination.

License Agreement with Max Planck Innovation GmbH (Diagnostics)

In June 2006, we entered into a royalty-bearing, co-exclusive, worldwide license agreement with Max Planck Innovation GmbH, or Max Planck, the technology transfer agency of the Max Planck Society. This agreement was amended and restated in March 2009. Under this agreement, we licensed from Max Planck the rights to its proprietary microRNAs for diagnostics purposes. The agreement covers microRNAs and microRNA candidates, including approximately 110 biologically validated human microRNAs, discovered by the researchers of the Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Goettingen. In consideration for this license, we paid an initiation fee, and are required to pay a fixed annual license maintenance fee, royalties based on net sales and a percentage of our revenues from any sublicenses.

These microRNAs can be licensed by Max Planck for diagnostics purposes to three other parties. Max Planck is obligated to notify us of any more favorable license in the diagnostics field it grants for these microRNAs, in which event we shall have the right to adopt all material terms of such license. We have the right to enter into sublicense agreements, only in the event that the granted sublicense includes a license to intellectual property rights owned or co-owned by us as well, is reasonably necessary for sublicensee in order to further develop and/or commercialize or manufacture products and permits no more than one tier of sublicensing.

Max Planck is responsible, in its sole discretion, to apply for, seek issuance of, maintain and prosecute the licensed patent rights, and we have the right to comment on the documents to be filed by the patent office. We are required, however, to pay a pro rata share of associated costs. We are obligated to indemnify Max Planck against any liabilities arising from any use by us, our affiliates, sublicensees and sales partners of the patent rights, the development and use of any product, process or service under the agreement, and the use by third parties of any products, processes or services sold by us. We are also required to maintain comprehensive insurance coverage.

The agreement terminates upon the expiration or abandonment of all issued and filed licensed patents. Based on an estimate of the date of expiration of the last patent to expire, we estimate that we will pay a minimum of approximately $504,000 in aggregate annual license maintenance fees over the term of this agreement. We have the right to terminate the agreement with three months’ prior written notice. We have the obligation to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize the products and services based on the licensed patents in the field of diagnostics. In the event we cease carrying out our business related to the agreement we must notify Max Planck and then both parties have the right to terminate the agreement with three months’ prior notice. Max Planck also has the right to terminate the agreement if we challenge one of the licensed patents; if we fail to cure a breach within 60 days of receiving notice of such breach; or if we fail to pay within 30 days of a notice requiring a payment. The agreement will terminate automatically upon filing of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings by or against us, or upon the assignment of all or a substantial portion of our assets for the benefit of creditors.

License Agreement with Max Planck Innovation GmbH (Research)

In December 2006, we entered into a royalty-bearing, non-exclusive, worldwide license agreement with Max Planck. Under this agreement, we licensed from Max Planck the rights to its proprietary microRNAs for research purposes. The agreement covers microRNAs and microRNA candidates, including approximately 110 biologically validated human microRNAs, discovered by the researchers of the Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Goettingen. In consideration for this license, we will pay an initiation fee, and are required to pay a fixed annual license maintenance fee, royalties based on net sales and a percentage of our revenues from any sublicenses.

Max Planck is obligated to notify us of any more favorable license in the research field it grants for these microRNAs, in which event we shall have the right to adopt all material terms of such license. We have the right to enter into sublicense agreement, but only if the granted sublicense includes a license to microRNAs owned by us as well.

Max Planck is responsible, in its sole discretion, to apply for, seek issuance of, maintain and prosecute the licensed patent rights, and we have the right to comment on the documents to be filed with the patent office. We are obligated to indemnify Max Planck against any liabilities arising from any use by us, our affiliates, sublicensees and sales partners of the patent rights, the development and use of any product, process or service under the agreement, and the use by third parties of any products, processes or services sold by us. We are also required to maintain comprehensive insurance coverage.

The agreement terminates upon the later of the expiration or abandonment of the last patent to expire or become abandoned of the patent rights contemplated under the agreement, or, if no patent ever issues from the patent rights, ten years after the first commercial sale of the first licensed product, as contemplated under the agreement. Based on an estimate of the date of expiration of the last patent to expire, we estimate that we will pay a minimum of approximately $310,000 in aggregate annual license maintenance fees over the term of this agreement. We have the right to terminate the agreement with 60 days prior written notice. Max Planck also has the right to terminate the agreement if we fail to cure a breach within 60 days of receiving notice of such breach; or if we fail to pay within 30 days of a notice requiring a payment.

License Agreement with Johns Hopkins University

In August 2006, we signed a royalty-bearing, exclusive, worldwide license agreement with Johns Hopkins University this agreement was amended and restated in August 2011. Under the restated agreement, we have licensed from Johns Hopkins the rights to its proprietary microRNAs for all fields and applications on a non-exclusive basis. The agreement covers approximately 130 biologically validated microRNAs. We also have the right to further sublicense these rights, provided that such sublicense includes a license to substantial intellectual property rights owned or co-owned by us and is consistent with the terms of our license agreement. In consideration for the restated license we paid an amendment fee, and are required to pay minimum annual royalties, royalties based on net sales and a percentage of our revenues from any sublicense. We are obligated to perform commercially reasonable diligent efforts in the development of products, including or using the licensed microRNAs.

Johns Hopkins is responsible for filing, prosecuting and maintaining the licensed patent rights, and we have the right to comment on and advise Johns Hopkins with respect to such matters. We are required to pay all expenses related to filing, prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patent rights; unless we provide Johns Hopkins notice that we elect not to do so. If we so elect, Johns Hopkins may file, prosecute or maintain such patent rights at its own expense and any license we have with respect to such patent rights shall terminate. We have the right but not the obligation to enforce the patent rights against infringement.

We are obligated to indemnify Johns Hopkins against any liabilities arising out of use by us, our affiliates or sublicensees of the licensed microRNAs. We are also obligated to establish and maintain product liability or other appropriate insurance prior to initial human testing or first commercial sale of any product incorporating the licensed microRNAs.

The agreement terminates with respect to each country in which a patent has issued upon the expiration of the last to expire patent covered by the terms of the agreement in such country. If no patents ever issue in a country but patent applications are filed in such country, the agreement will expire with respect to such country upon the cancellation, abandonment, withdrawal or disallowance of all claims under all patent applications in that country or at such time as there is no claim that has been pending in such country for less than six years from the date such claim was filed in a non-provisional patent application in that country. Based on an estimate of the date of expiration of the last patent to expire, we estimate that we will pay a minimum of approximately $320,000 in aggregate annual royalties over the term of the agreement. In addition, either party may terminate the agreement (1) upon the filing of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings with respect to the other party or (2) if the other party is in material breach of the agreement and such breach is not cured within 30 days of notice. We also have the right to terminate the agreement for any reason upon 90 days notice.

Competition

Our industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. All of the tests and products we are developing or may develop in the future, if approved, will compete against existing non-microRNA-based diagnostic tests and therapies. In addition, we believe a significant number of non-microRNA-based diagnostic tests and drug candidates are currently under development and may become available for the diseases we are targeting or may target. In addition to the competition we face from non-microRNA-based competing tests and products from companies such as Pathwork Diagnostics, Inc. and Biotheranostics, Inc.that have developed or are developing diagnostic tests based on other non-microRNA technologies, we also face competition from other companies working to develop novel tests and products using technology that competes more directly with our microRNAs. We are aware of several other companies that are working to develop microRNA diagnostics and therapeutics, including Combimatrix Corporation, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Asuragen Inc., Exiqon A/S, Life Technologies Corporation, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Merck & Co., Inc., Santaris Pharma A/S, Regulus Therapeutics and others. We believe the key competitive factors affecting the commercial success of our potential tests and products will be:

Many of our potential competitors, either alone or with their collaborative partners, have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and significantly greater experience in the discovery and development of diagnostics and therapeutics, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of tests and products and the commercialization of those tests and products. Accordingly, our competitors may be more successful than we may be in obtaining FDA approval and achieving widespread market acceptance. Our competitors’ tests or products may be more effective, or more effectively marketed and sold, than any test or product we may commercialize and may render our tests and products obsolete or non competitive before we can recover the expenses of developing and commercializing them. We anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as advanced technologies become available.

Manufacturing

We currently intend to rely on contract manufacturers or our collaborative partners to produce materials for diagnostic tests and drug substances and drug products required for preclinical studies and clinical trials. We plan to continue to rely upon contract manufacturers and collaboration partners to manufacture commercial quantities of these materials for any marketed diagnostic or therapeutic.

Regulatory

Diagnostics

CLIA and Other Laboratory Licensure

Laboratories that perform testing on human specimens for the purpose of providing information for diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease or assessment of health are subject to the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, or CLIA. This law imposes quality standards for laboratory testing to ensure the accuracy, reliability and timeliness of patient test results. The FDA is responsible for the categorization of commercially marketed IVD tests under CLIA into one of three categories based upon the potential risk to public health in reporting erroneous results. The categories were devised on the basis of the complexity of the test and include waived tests, tests of moderate complexity, and tests of high complexity. Laboratories performing moderate- or high-complexity testing must meet the CLIA requirements for proficiency testing, patient test management, quality control, quality assurance and personnel.

Under CLIA, certified laboratories are required to hold a certificate applicable to the type of work they perform and to comply with standards covering personnel, facilities administration, quality systems and proficiency testing.  CLIA-certified laboratories are typically subject to survey and inspection every two years to assess compliance with program standards.

In addition to CLIA certification, laboratories offering clinical testing services are required to hold certain federal, state and local licenses, certifications and permits.  Clinical laboratories are licensed by the states in which they are located.  In addition, some states require any clinical laboratory that analyzes samples from residents of that state to also be licensed by it.  Many CLIA-certified laboratories also seek accreditation by the College of American Pathologists, or CAP, and licensure by states that require that state specific licensure for a laboratory that intends to test clinical samples from residents of that state. The CAP Laboratory Accreditation Program is an internationally recognized program that utilizes teams of practicing laboratory professionals as inspectors, and accreditation by CAP can often be used to meet CLIA and state certification requirements.

Food and Drug Administration

Laboratory Developed Tests

Although the FDA has consistently stated that it has the authority to regulate clinical laboratory tests as medical devices, it has generally exercised enforcement discretion in not otherwise regulating most tests developed and validated at the high complexity CLIA-certified laboratory at which the test is performed.  These tests are known as LDTs. More recently, the FDA has indicated that it is reviewing the regulatory requirements that will apply to LDTs, and held a two-day public meeting in 2010, to obtain input from stakeholders on how it should apply its authority to implement a reasonable risk-based and effective regulatory framework for LDTs.  The FDA has not indicated when or how those changes will be implemented, but it left little doubt that changes are forthcoming.

In Vitro Diagnostics

The type of regulation to which our tests and diagnostics may be subject will depend in large part on how we intend to commercialize them. Diagnostics that will be commercialized through direct product sales as in vitro diagnostic kits are subject to review by the FDA as medical devices and must be cleared or approved before they can be marketed. Most tests that are offered as LDTs by a CLIA-certified laboratory have generally not been subject to regulation by the FDA, however, this may change after the FDA announces the new requirements that will apply to LDTs.

The FDA regulates the sale or distribution of medical devices, including in vitro diagnostic test kits and some in vitro diagnostic tests. The information that must be submitted to the FDA in order to obtain clearance or approval to market a new medical device varies depending on how the medical device is classified by the FDA. Medical devices are classified into one of three classes on the basis of the controls deemed by the FDA to be necessary to reasonably ensure their safety and effectiveness. Class I devices are subject to general controls, including labeling, pre-market notification and adherence to FDA’s quality system regulation, which are device-specific good manufacturing practices. Class II devices are subject to general controls and special controls, including performance standards and post-market surveillance. Class III devices are subject to most of the previously identified requirements as well as to pre-market approval. All Class I devices are exempt from premarket review; most Class II devices require 510(k) clearance and all Class III devices must receive premarket approval before they can be sold in the United States. The payment of a fee is usually required when a 510(k) notice or premarket approval application is submitted.

510(k) Premarket Notification. A 510(k) notification requires the sponsor to demonstrate that a medical device is substantially equivalent to another marketed device, termed a “predicate device”, that is legally marketed in the United States and for which a PMA was not required. A device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device if it has the same intended use and technological characteristics as the predicate; or has the same intended use but different technological characteristics, where the information submitted to the FDA does not raise new questions of safety and effectiveness and demonstrates that the device is at least as safe and effective as the legally marketed device.

The FDA is supposed to issue a decision letter within 90 days of receipt of the 510(k) if it has no additional questions or send a first action letter requesting additional information within 75 days.  Most 510(k)s do not require clinical data for clearance, but a minority will.  Requests for additional data, including clinical data, will increase the time necessary to review the notice.  If the FDA believes that the device is not substantially equivalent to a predicate device, it will issue a “Not Substantially Equivalent” letter and designate the device as a Class III device, which will require the submission and approval of a PMA before the new device may be marketed.  Under certain circumstances, the sponsor may petition the FDA to make a risk-based determination of the new device and reclassify the new device as a Class I or Class II device. The FDA is currently reevaluating the 510(k) review process, and we cannot predict what if any changes will occur.

Premarket Approval. The PMA process is more complex, costly and time consuming than the 510(k) process.  A PMA must be supported by more detailed and comprehensive scientific evidence, including clinical data, to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the medical device for its intended purpose.  If the device is determined to present a “significant risk,” the sponsor may not begin a clinical trial until it submits an investigational device exemption, or IDE, to the FDA and obtains approval from the FDA to begin the trial.

After the PMA is submitted, the FDA has 45 days to make a threshold determination that the PMA is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review.  If the PMA is complete, the FDA will file the PMA.  The FDA is subject to a performance goal review time for a PMA that is 180 days from the date of filing, although in practice this review time is longer. Questions from the FDA, requests for additional data and referrals to advisory committees may delay the process considerably. The total process may take several years and there is no guarantee that the PMA will ever be approved.  Even if approved, the FDA may limit the indications for which the device may be marketed. The FDA may also request additional clinical data as a condition of approval or after the PMA is approved. Any changes to the medical device may require a supplemental PMA to be submitted and approved.

Any products sold by us pursuant to FDA clearances or approvals will be subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including record keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the use of the device and restrictions on the advertising and promotion of our products.  Device manufacturers are required to register their establishments and list their devices with the FDA and are subject to periodic inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies.  Noncompliance with applicable FDA requirements can result in, among other things, warning letters, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, recalls or seizures of products, total or partial suspension of production, refusal of the FDA to grant 510(k) clearance or PMA approval for devices, withdrawal of 510(k) clearances and/or PMA approvals and criminal prosecution.

European Regulations

In the European Union, IVD medical devices are regulated under EU-Directive 98/79/EC, or the IVD Directive, and corresponding national provisions. The IVD Directive requires that medical devices meet the essential requirements set out in an annex of the directive. These requirements include the safety and efficacy of the devices. According to the IVD Directive, the Member States presume compliance with these essential requirements in respect of devices which are in conformity with the relevant national standards transposing the harmonized standards of which the reference numbers have been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities. These harmonized standards include ISO 13485:2003, the quality standard for medical device manufacturers.

IVD medical devices, other than devices for performance evaluation, must bear the CE marking of conformity when they are placed on the market. The CE mark is a declaration by the manufacturer that the product meets all the appropriate provisions of the relevant legislation implementing the relevant European Directive. As a general rule, the manufacturer must follow the procedure of the EC Declaration of conformity to obtain this CE marking.

Each European country must adopt its own laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with the IVD Directive. Member States may not create any obstacle to the placing on the market or the putting into service within their territory of devices bearing the CE marking according to the conformity assessment procedures.

Therapeutics

In the United States, the process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state and local statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable United States requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

Once a pharmaceutical candidate is identified for development it enters the preclinical testing stage. Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, and applicable clinical data or literature, among other things, to the FDA as part of the IND. The sponsor will also include a protocol detailing, among other things, the objectives of the first phase of the clinical trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated, if the first phase lends itself to an efficacy evaluation. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, places the clinical trial on a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. Clinical holds also may be imposed by the FDA at any time before or during studies due to, among other things, safety concerns or non-compliance.

All clinical trials must be conducted under the supervision of one or more qualified investigators in accordance with GCP regulations. An IRB at each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that institution. An IRB considers, among other things, whether the risks to individuals participating in the trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the information regarding the trial and the consent form that must be provided to each trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the study until completed.

Each new clinical protocol must be submitted for FDA review, and to the IRBs for approval. Protocols detail, among other things, the objectives of the study, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety.

Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected adverse events. The FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.

Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional nonclinical studies and must also finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the drug within required specifications and, among other things, the manufacturer must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final drug. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the drug does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.

United States Review and Approval Processes

The results of product development, preclinical studies and clinical trials, along with descriptions of the manufacturing process, analytical tests conducted on the chemistry of the drug, proposed labeling, and other relevant information are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA or BLA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications.  The FDA initially reviews all NDAs and BLAs submitted to ensure that they are sufficiently complete for substantive review before it accepts them for filing. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA or BLA for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. The FDA may refer the NDA or BLA to an advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee.

The review process is lengthy and the FDA may refuse to approve an NDA or BLA if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied or may require additional clinical or other data and information. Even if such data and information are submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval.

If a product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be limited to specific diseases and dosages or the approved indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. In addition, the FDA may require a company to conduct post-approval testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials, to further assess a drug’s safety and effectiveness after NDA or BLA approval, and may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved products which have been commercialized.

Post-approval Requirements

Approved drugs are subject to extensive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, cGMP compliance, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the drug, providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, and complying with FDA promotion and advertising requirements. Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market.  Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability.

Non-U.S. Regulations

In addition to regulations in the United States, we are subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials and commercial sales and distribution of our tests and products outside the United States. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, the approval process, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country.

HIPAA and Other Privacy and Security Laws

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, established for the first time comprehensive United States protection for the privacy and security of health information. The HIPAA standards apply to three types of organizations, or “Covered Entities”: health plans, healthcare clearing houses, and healthcare providers which conduct certain healthcare transactions electronically. Covered Entities must have in place administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to guard against the misuse of protected health information. Specifically, Title II of HIPAA, the administrative Simplification Act, contains four provisions that address the privacy of health data, the security of health data, the standardization of identifying numbers used in the healthcare system and the standardization of data content, codes and formats used in healthcare transactions. The privacy regulations protect medical records and other personal health information by limiting their use and release and giving patients the right to access their medical records. The HIPAA security standards require the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards and the adoption of written security policies and procedures.  Additionally, some state laws impose privacy protections more stringent than HIPAA and many impose security standards and breach notification requirements that apply in addition to HIPAA. Most of the institutions and physicians from which we obtain biological specimens that we use in our research and validation work are Covered Entities and must obtain proper authorization from their patients for the subsequent use of those samples and associated clinical information.   We are a Covered Entity to the extent that our U.S. operations involve standard transactions conducted electronically (such as billing) in connection with clinical testing.  Accordingly, we have implemented privacy and security policies and procedures consistent with HIPAA standards and taken other steps to comply.

In 2009, Congress enacted Subtitle D of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, provisions of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.  HITECH amends HIPAA and, among other things, creates significant new regulatory compliance obligations for “business associates” or organizations that provide services to Covered Entities involving the use or disclosure of protected health information.  Additionally, HITECH expands and strengthens HIPAA enforcement, imposes new penalties for noncompliance and establishes new breach notification requirements for Covered Entities and business associates.  Under HITECT’s new breach notification requirements, Covered Entities must, within 60 days of discovery, notify each individual whose information has been or is reasonably believed to have been, accessed, acquired or disclosed as a result of a breach.  Covered Entities must also report breaches to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, and in some cases, publish information about the breach in local or prominent media outlets.  Consequently, it is important that breaches of PHI are promptly detected and reported within the company, so that we can make all required notifications.

Federal Prohibitions on Health Care Fraud and False Statements Related to Health Care Matters

Under the administrative simplification provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, issued regulations for protecting the privacy and security of protected health information.  Additional administrative simplification provisions created new federal crimes: health care fraud, false statements relating to health care matters, theft or embezzlement in connection with a health benefit program and obstruction of criminal investigation of health care offenses.  The health care fraud statute prohibits knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud any health care benefit program, including a private insurer.  The false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing, or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for health care benefits, items, or services.  The theft or embezzlement statute prohibits knowingly and willfully embezzling, stealing or otherwise converting or misapplying the money or property of a health care benefit program.  The obstruction of criminal investigations of health care offenses statute prohibits willfully preventing, obstructing, misleading or delaying the communication of information and records relating to a violation of a federal health care offense to a criminal investigator.  A violation of any of these laws is a felony and may result in fines, imprisonment, or exclusion from the federal health care programs.

We are currently subject to the HIPAA regulations and maintain an active program designed to address regulatory compliance issues.  We are subject to prosecution or administrative enforcement and increased civil and criminal penalties for non-compliance, including monetary penalties.  We are also subject to enforcement by state attorneys general who were given authority to enforce HIPAA under HITECH and who also enforce state data security laws.

Our activities must also comply with other applicable privacy laws. For example, there are international privacy laws that impose restrictions on the access, use, and disclosure of health and other personal information. All of these laws may impact our business. Our failure to comply with these privacy laws or significant changes in the laws restricting our ability to obtain tissue samples and associated patient information or to conduct clinical testing could significantly impact our business and our future business plans.

Compliance with Fraud and Abuse Laws

 We have to comply with various U.S. federal and state laws, rules and regulations pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback laws and physician self-referral laws, rules and regulations.  Violations of the fraud and abuse laws are punishable by criminal and civil sanctions, including, in some instances, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid.

Anti-Kickback Statute

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits persons from knowingly or willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce:

The definition of “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, including such items as gifts, certain discounts, waiver of payments, and providing anything at less than its fair market value.  In addition, several courts have interpreted the law to mean that if “one purpose” of an arrangement is intended to induce referrals, the statute is violated.

The Anti-Kickback Statue is broad and prohibits many arrangements and practices that are lawful in businesses outside of the healthcare industry.  Recognizing that the Anti-Kickback Statute is broad and may technically prohibit many innocuous or beneficial arrangements, the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, or OIG, has issued regulations, commonly known as "safe harbors."  These safe harbors set forth certain requirements that, if fully met, will assure healthcare providers, including medical device manufacturers, that they will not be prosecuted under the Anti-Kickback Statute.  Although full compliance with these safe harbor provisions ensures against prosecution under the Anti-Kickback Statute, full compliance is often difficult and the failure of a transaction or arrangement to fit within a specific safe harbor does not necessarily mean that the transaction or arrangement is illegal or that prosecution under the Anti-Kickback Statute will be pursued.  However, conduct and business arrangements that do not fully satisfy each applicable safe harbor may result in increased scrutiny by government enforcement authorities such as the OIG.  The statutory penalties for violating the Anti-Kickback Statute include imprisonment for up to five years and criminal fines of up to $25,000 per violation.  In addition, through application of other laws, conduct that violates the Anti-Kickback Statute can also give rise to False Claims Act lawsuits, civil monetary penalties and possible exclusion from Medicare and Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs.  In addition to the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, many states have their own kickback laws.  Often, these laws closely follow the language of the federal law, although they do not always have the same scope, exceptions, safe harbors or sanctions.  In some states, these anti-kickback laws apply not only to payment made by a government health care program but also with respect to other payors, including commercial insurance companies.

Physician Self-Referral Laws

The federal ban on physician self-referrals, commonly known as the "Stark Law," prohibits, subject to certain exceptions, physician referrals of Medicare and Medicaid patients to an entity providing certain "designated health services" if the physician or an immediate family member of the physician has any financial relationship with the entity.  The Stark Law also prohibits the entity receiving the referral from billing for any good or service furnished pursuant to an unlawful referral, and any person collecting any amounts in connection with an unlawful referral is obligated to refund such amounts.  A person who engages in a scheme to circumvent the Stark Law's referral prohibition may be fined up to $100,000 for each such arrangement or scheme.  The penalties for violating the Stark Law also include civil monetary penalties of up to $15,000 per service and possible exclusion from federal healthcare programs. In addition to the Stark Law, many states have their own self-referral laws.  Often, these laws closely follow the language of the federal law, although they do not always have the same scope, exceptions, safe harbors or sanctions.  In some states these anti-referral laws apply not only to payment made by a federal health care program but also with respect to other payors, including commercial insurance companies.  In addition, some state laws require physicians to disclose any financial interest they may have with a healthcare provider to their patients when referring patients to that provider even if the referral itself is not prohibited.

Other Fraud and Abuse Laws

The federal False Claims Act, or FCA prohibits any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim or knowingly making, or causing to made, a false statement to obtain payment from the federal government.  Those found in violation of the FCA can be subject to fines and penalties of three times the damages sustained by the government, plus mandatory civil penalties of between $5,500 and $11,000 for each separate false claim.  Actions filed under the FCA can be brought by any individual on behalf of the government, a "qui tam" action, and such individual, known as a "relator" or, more commonly, as a "whistleblower," who may share in any amounts paid by the entity to the government in damages and penalties or by way of settlement.  In addition, certain states have enacted laws modeled after the FCA, and this legislative activity is expected to increase.  Qui tam actions have increased significantly in recent years, causing greater numbers of healthcare companies, including medical device manufacturers, to defend false claim actions, pay damages and penalties or be excluded from Medicare, Medicaid or other federal or state healthcare programs as a result of investigations arising out of such actions.

The OIG also has authority to bring administrative actions against entities for alleged violations of a number of prohibitions, including the Anti-Kickback Statute and the Stark Law.  The OIG may seek to impose civil monetary penalties or exclusion from the Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs. Civil monetary penalties can range from $2,000 to $50,000 for each violation or failure plus, in certain circumstances, three times the amounts claimed in reimbursement or illegal remuneration.  Typically, exclusions last for five years.

In addition, we must comply with a variety of other laws, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement under Medicare and Medicaid. all of which can also be triggered by violations of federal anti-kickback laws; the Health Insurance Portability and Accounting Act of 1996, which makes it a federal crime to commit healthcare fraud and make false statements; and the Federal Trade Commission Act and similar laws regulating advertisement and consumer protections.

Reimbursement

United States

In the United States, payments for diagnostic tests come from several sources, including third party payors such as insurance companies and health maintenance organizations; government health programs such as Medicare and Medicaid; and patients; and, in certain circumstances, hospitals or referring laboratories (who then bill health third-party payors for testing).

Code Assignment. In the United States, a third-party payor's decisions regarding coverage and payment are driven, in large part, by the specific Current Procedural Terminology, or CPT, code used to identify a test. The American Medical Association, or AMA, publishes the CPT, which is a listing of descriptive terms and identifying codes for reporting medical services and procedures. The purpose of the CPT is to provide a uniform language that accurately describes medical, surgical, and diagnostic services and therefore to ensure reliable nationwide communication among healthcare providers, patients, and third-party payors.

A manufacturer of in vitro diagnostic kits or a provider of laboratory services may request establishment of a Category I CPT code for a new product. Assignment of a specific CPT code ensures routine processing and payment for a diagnostic test by both private and government third-party payors.

The AMA has specific procedures for establishing a new CPT code and, if appropriate, for modifying existing nomenclature to incorporate a new test into an existing code. If the AMA concludes that a new code or modification of nomenclature is unnecessary, the AMA will inform the requestor how to use one or more existing codes to report the test.

While the AMA's decision is pending, billing and collection may be sought under an existing, non-specific CPT code. A manufacturer or provider may decide not to request assignment of a CPT code and instead use an existing, non-specific code for reimbursement purposes. However, use of such codes may result in more frequent denials and/or requests for supporting clinical documentation from the third-party payor and in lower reimbursement rates, which may vary based on geographical location.

Coverage Decisions. When deciding whether to cover a particular diagnostic test, private and government third-party payors generally consider whether the test is a covered benefit and, if so, whether it is reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness and injury. Most third-party payors do not cover experimental services. Coverage determinations often are influenced by current standards of practice and clinical data, particularly at the local level. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, which is the government agency responsible for overseeing the Medicare program, has the authority to make coverage determinations on a national basis, but most Medicare coverage decisions are made at the local level by contractors that administer the Medicare program in specified geographic areas. Private and government third-party payors have separate processes for making coverage determinations, and private third-party payors may or may not follow Medicare's coverage decisions. If a third-party payor has a coverage determination in place for a particular diagnostic test, billing for that test must comply with the established policy. Otherwise, the third-party payor makes reimbursement decisions on a case-by-case basis.

Payment . Payment for covered diagnostic tests is determined based on various methodologies, including prospective payment systems and fee schedules. In addition, private third-party payors may negotiate contractual rates with participating providers or set rates as a percentage of the billed charge. Diagnostic tests furnished to Medicare inpatients generally are included in the bundled payment made to the hospital under Medicare's Inpatient Prospective Payment System. Payment for diagnostic tests furnished to Medicare beneficiaries in most other circumstances is made based on the Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule, under which a payment amount is assigned to each covered CPT code. The law technically requires fee schedule amounts to be adjusted annually by the percentage increase in the consumer price index, or CPI, for the prior year, but Congress has frozen payment rates in certain years.  For the 2011 calendar year the Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule, or CLFS, was reduced across all listed tests by 1.75%. Currently, the ceiling for established tests is set at 74% of the median of all contractor fee schedule amounts for a particular test and 100% of the median for diagnostic tests for which no limitation amount was established prior to 2001. Medicaid programs generally pay for diagnostic tests based on a fee schedule, but reimbursement varies by state.

European Union

In the European Union the reimbursement mechanisms used by private and public health insurers vary by country.  For the public systems reimbursement is determined by guidelines established by the legislator or responsible national authority. As elsewhere, inclusion in reimbursement catalogues focuses on the medical usefulness, need, quality and economic benefits to patients and the healthcare system. Acceptance for reimbursement comes with cost, use and often volume restrictions, which again can vary by country.

C.  ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Rosetta Genomics Ltd. is organized under the laws of the State of Israel and has a wholly owned subsidiary, Rosetta Genomics Inc., which is a Delaware corporation, and a controlled subsidiary. In December 2011, we sold our complete ownership interest in Rosetta Green Ltd., a public Israeli company whose shares are traded on the TASE, which represented approximately 50.03% of the outstanding ordinary shares of Rosetta Green.

D.  PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT

We currently rent approximately 875 square feet of office and laboratory space in Rehovot, Israel, under a lease that expires in January 2013. We have the option to renew the lease agreement for an additional 12 months. Our wholly owned subsidiary, Rosetta Genomics Inc., rents approximately 3,649 square feet of office space in Jersey City, New Jersey under a lease that expires in March 2013.  In addition, Rosetta Genomics Inc. rents approximately 6,233 square feet of laboratory space in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania under a lease that expires in December 2013. If our business grows we made need additional space, but expect that alternate facilities will be available on reasonable terms as and when needed.