As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 4, 2013

Registration No.         

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549

 

Registration Statement
on
FORM S-1

UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

NEPHROS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

 

Delaware		3841		13-3971809
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)		(I. R. S. Employer Identification No.)

41 Grand Avenue
River Edge, New Jersey 07661
(201) 343-5202

(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)

John C. Houghton
President & Chief Executive Officer
Nephros, Inc.
41 Grand Avenue
River Edge, New Jersey 07661
(201) 343-5202

(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Agent for Service)

 

Copies to:

Michael T. Rave, Esq.
Day Pitney LLP
One Jefferson Road
Parsippany, NJ 07054
Telephone: (973) 966-8123
Facsimile: (973) 206-6791

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As promptly as practicable after this registration statement becomes effective and the satisfaction or waiver of certain other conditions described herein.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act, check the following box. x

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o		Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if smaller reporting company)		Smaller reporting company x

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

Title of each class of securities to be registered (1) (2)		Amount to be registered				Proposed maximum aggregate offering price per share				Proposed maximum aggregate offering price				Amount of registration fee
Subscription rights to purchase Common Stock (3)			—				—				—				—
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share (4)			5,000,000			$	0.60			$	3,000,000			$	409.20	(4)

(1)

Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act, the shares being registered hereunder include such indeterminate number of shares of common stock as may be issuable with respect to securities being registered hereunder as a result of stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations or similar transactions.

(2)

This registration statement relates to (a) subscription rights to purchase our common stock and (b) shares of our common stock deliverable upon exercise of the subscription rights.

(3)

The subscription rights are being issued without consideration. Pursuant to Rule 457(g), no separate registration fee is payable with respect to the rights being offered hereby since the rights are being registered on the same registration statement as the securities offered pursuant thereto.

(4)

Calculated pursuant to Rule 457(o) based on an estimate of the proposed maximum offering price of our common stock of $0.60.

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine .

 

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The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities or the solicitation of an offer to buy these securities in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale is not permitted.

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS		SUBJECT TO COMPLETION — DATED MARCH 4, 2013

NEPHROS, INC.

Up to 5,000,000 Shares of Common Stock
Issuable Upon Exercise of Non-Transferable Rights
to Subscribe for such Shares

We are distributing, at no charge, to holders of our common stock and/or warrants non-transferable subscription rights to purchase up to 5,000,000 shares of our common stock. We refer to this offering as the “rights offering.” In this rights offering, you will receive one non-transferable subscription right for each share of common stock and/or each share of common stock underlying a warrant owned by you at 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on            , 2013, which we refer to as the record date. Each non-transferable subscription right will entitle you to purchase      of a share of our common stock at a subscription price of $0.60 per share, which we refer to as the basic subscription privilege.

There is no minimum number of shares you must purchase. All exercises of subscription rights are irrevocable. We will not issue any fractional shares. Instead we will round up any fractional shares to the nearest whole share.

If you exercise your basic subscription privilege in full, you may also exercise an over-subscription privilege to subscribe for additional shares not subscribed for by other rights holders in the offering at the same subscription price of $0.60 per share, subject to certain limitations. If an insufficient number of shares is available to fully satisfy all over-subscription privilege requests, the available shares will be allocated proportionately among rights holders who exercise their over-subscription privileges based on the number of shares each such holder subscribed for under the basic subscription privilege. To the extent you properly exercise your over-subscription privilege for an amount of shares that exceeds the number of unsubscribed shares available to you, any excess subscription payment received by the subscription agent will be promptly returned to you, without interest or deduction.

Subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions including compliance with all obligations under a $1.3 million note, related security agreement and the other transaction documents between Lambda Investors and us and no material adverse change having occurred with respect to our business, assets, and financial condition, Lambda Investors has advised us that it intends to exercise its basic subscription privilege in full and to purchase any shares of common stock that are not subscribed for by our other stockholders and warrantholders in the rights offering, if any. Therefore, subject to these conditions, unless we terminate the rights offering, we anticipate that the 5,000,000 shares that we are offering in the rights offering will be purchased regardless of whether any shares are subscribed for by our stockholders and warrantholders other than Lambda Investors pursuant to the exercise of the basic subscription privilege and over-subscription privilege.

The subscription rights will expire if they are not exercised by 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on            , 2013, unless we extend the subscription period in our sole discretion, but in no event by more than 60 days from the date of this prospectus. However, our board of directors reserves the right to cancel the rights offering at any time, for any reason. If the rights offering is cancelled, all subscription payments received by the subscription agent will be returned promptly.

Shares of our common stock are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board under the ticker symbol “NEPH.” On            , 2013, the closing sales price for our common stock was $     per share. The shares of common stock issued in the rights offering will also be quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board under the same ticker symbol. The subscription rights will not be listed for trading on any stock exchange or market or quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board.

This is not an underwritten offering. The shares are being offered directly by us without the services of an underwriter or selling agent.

The purchase of shares involves substantial risks. See “ Risk Factors ” beginning on page 16 of this prospectus to read about important factors you should consider before subscribing for shares.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is            , 2013.

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NEPHROS, INC.

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		Page
Prospectus Summary			1
Questions and Answers Relating to the Rights Offering			10
Risk Factors			16
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements			30
Use of Proceeds			31
Determination of Offering Price			31
Dilution			31
Dividend Policy			32
Capitalization			32
Market for Our Common Stock			33
The Rights Offering			34
Plan of Distribution			43
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			45
Business			53
Management			64
Executive Compensation			71
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions			77
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters			79
Description of Common Stock			81
Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations			82
Legal Matters			84
Experts			84
Where You Can Find More Information			84
Disclosure of SEC Position on Indemnification for Securities Law Violations			84
Financial Statements			F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			F-2

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained in other parts of this prospectus. Because it is a summary, it does not contain all of the information that is important to you. For a more complete understanding of our business and the rights offering, you should read this summary together with the more detailed information and financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. You should read this entire prospectus carefully, including the “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” sections. This prospectus contains important information that you should consider when making your investment decision.

About the Company

Nephros is a commercial stage medical device company that develops and sells high performance liquid purification filters. Our filters, which we call ultrafilters, are primarily used in dialysis centers and healthcare facilities for the production of ultrapure water and bicarbonate. Because our ultrafilters capture contaminants as small as 0.005 microns in size, they eliminate a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and endotoxins harmful to humans.

All of our ultrafilters use proprietary hollow fiber technology. We believe the hollow fiber design allows our ultrafilters to be the only commercially available filters for healthcare applications that optimize the three elements critical to filter performance:

By comparison, competitive filters on the market today are typically effective only to the 0.2 micron level and are prone to clog more quickly, thus reducing their useful lives.

We were founded in 1997 by healthcare professionals affiliated with Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital to develop and commercialize an alternative method to hemodialysis (HD). In 2009, we began to extend our filtration technologies to meet the demand for liquid purification in other areas, in particular water purification.

Our Products

Presently, we offer seven types of ultrafilters for sale to customers in four markets:

We have designed our ultrafilters as either in-line products, filters that are incorporated into the existing plumbing of healthcare facilities, or point-of-use products, filters that can be easily installed onto a faucet or as a replacement shower head or can be used stand-alone to purify small quantities of water immediately prior to use.

Our Target Markets

Dialysis Centers — Water/Bicarbonate .  To perform hemodialysis, all dialysis clinics have dedicated water purification systems to produce pure water and bicarbonate. Water and bicarbonate are essential ingredients for making dialysate, the liquid that removes waste material from the blood. Within the U.S., there are approximately 5,700 clinics with 100,000 dialysis machines providing over 50 million dialysis treatments to 370,000 patients annually.

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Medicare is the main payor for dialysis treatment in the U.S. To be eligible for Medicare reimbursement, dialysis centers must meet the minimum standards for water and bicarbonate quality set by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO). We anticipate that the stricter standards approved by these organizations in 2009 will be adopted by Medicare in the near future.

Published studies have shown that the use of ultrapure dialysate can make patients healthier and reduce their dependence on erythropoietin (EPO), an expensive drug used in conjunction with HD. By reducing the level of dialysate contaminants, specifically cytokine-inducing substances that can pass into a patient’s blood stream, cytokine levels within a patient stay low, thus reducing systemic inflammation. When inflammation is low, inflammatory morbidities are reduced and a patient’s responsiveness to EPO is enhanced, consequently the overall need for the drug is reduced.

We believe that our ultrafilters are attractive to dialysis centers because they exceed currently approved and newly proposed standards for water/bicarbonate purity, assist in achieving those standards and help dialysis centers reduce costs associated with the amount of EPO required to treat a patient. Our in-line filters are easily installed into the fluid circuits supplying water and bicarbonate just prior to entering each dialysis machine.

Hospitals and Other Healthcare Facilities .  According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), healthcare acquired infections (HAIs) annually account for 1.7 million infections, 99,000 deaths, and $4.5 – $6.5 billion in extra costs in U.S. hospitals. At the root of many HAIs are waterborne pathogens such as Legionella and Pseudomonas which can thrive in aging or complex plumbing systems often found in healthcare facilities. According to the CDC, 23% of Legionella infections originate in healthcare facilities and Pseudomonas infections account for 10% of all water-related HAIs. These pathogens are most harmful to patients in intensive care, neonatal, burn, cancer, and transplant units.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) which was passed in March 2010 puts in place comprehensive health insurance reforms that aim to lower costs and enhance quality of care. With its implementation, healthcare providers have substantial incentives to deliver better care or be forced to absorb the expenses associated with repeat medical procedures or complications like HAIs. The ACA encompasses HAIs and shifts the costs associated with their treatment back onto the healthcare provider. As a consequence, hospitals and other healthcare facilities are proactively implementing strategies to reduce the potential for HAIs.

Our ultrafilters are designed to reduce the risk of HAIs in the hospital/healthcare setting by treating water just prior to use. Our products can be used for reactive infection control. For example, during acute disease outbreaks (such as Legionnaires’ disease), our ultrafilters have been used at hospitals and other healthcare facilities to quickly and efficiently assist in the control of such outbreaks. Our ultrafilters are also being used as a preventative measure in healthcare facilities, particularly in areas where high risk patients are being treated. Our point-of-use filters can be easily installed onto the end of faucets or as replacement shower heads.

The plastic casing of our hospital ultrafilters contains BACTiglas ^TM . BACTiglas ^TM releases silver ions at the surface of the plastic casing such that they are imparted to anything that touches it. Silver ions (through chemical bonding with amino acids) result in the killing of the bacteria that remains on the surface of the plastic. This enables our hospital ultrafilters to be bacteriocidal to any touch contamination or any growth on the surface of the plastic in addition to their water treatment effect.

Military .  The military is heavily reliant on the use of bottled water to support its soldiers in the field. Bottled water is not always available, is very costly to move, resource intensive, and prone to constant supply disruptions. Soldiers conducting operations in isolated and rugged terrain must be able to use available local water sources when unable to resupply from bulk drinking water sources or bottled water. Therefore, the soldier needs the capability to purify water from indigenous water sources in the absence of available potable water. Soldiers must have the ability to remove microbiological contaminants in the water to Environmental Protection Agency specified levels; thereby reducing the effects of acute debilitating illnesses to soldiers.

We offer our individual water treatment device (IWTD), which allows a soldier in the field to derive biologically safe water from any fresh water source. Our IWTD is available in both in-line and point-of-use configurations. Our IWTD is one of the few portable filters that have been validated by the military to meet

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the NSF Protocol P248 standard. It has also been approved by U.S. Army Public Health Command (USAPHC) and U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) for deployment. To date, we have received purchase orders for approximately 2,000 IWTDs from individual units of the U.S. armed forces and could become more widely used by soldiers in the future.

In January 2013, the U.S. Army issued a request for proposal (RFP) relating to an IWTD, Nephros submitted its response to this RFP on February 25 ^th . The U.S. Army may award several, one or no contracts as a result of this solicitation. The maximum quantity of all contracts combined is not to exceed 450,000 units or $45,000,000 over a 3 year period. The RFP evaluation period may take up to 6 months before an award is made, if at all.

Dialysis Centers — Blood. The current standard of care in the U.S. for patients with chronic renal failure is HD, a process in which toxins are cleared via diffusion. Patients typically receive HD treatment at least 3 times weekly for 3 – 4 hours per treatment. HD is most effective in removing smaller, easily diffusible toxins. For patients with acute renal failure, the current standard of care in the U.S. is hemofiltration (HF), a process where toxins are cleared via convection. HF offers a much better removal of larger sized toxins when compared to HD. However, HF treatment is performed on a daily basis, and typically takes 12 – 24 hours.

Hemodiafiltration (HDF) is an alternative dialysis modality that combines the benefits of HD and HF into a single therapy by clearing toxins using both diffusion and convection. Though not widely used in the U.S., HDF is much more prevalent in Europe and is performed in approximately 16% of patients. Clinical experience and literature show the following multiple clinical and patient benefits of HDF:

However, like HF, HDF can be resource intensive and can require a significant amount of time to deliver one course of treatment.

We have developed a modified approach to HDF which is more patient-friendly, less resource-intensive, and can be used in conjunction with current HD machines. We refer to our approach as an on-line mid-dilution hemodiafiltration (mid-HDF) system and it consists of our OLpur H2H Module and OLpur MD220 Hemodiafilter. On April 30, 2012, we announced that we received clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to market the OLpur H2H Module and OLpur MD220 Hemodiafilter for use with a UF controlled hemodialysis machine that provides ultrapure dialysate in accordance with current ANSI/AAMI/ISO standards, for the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure in the United States. Like HD, on-line mid-HDF treatment is given to patients at least 3 times weekly for 3 – 4 hours per treatment. Our mid-HDF system is the only HDF system of its kind to be cleared by the FDA to date.

We are currently preparing our OLpur H2H Modules and manufacturing our OLpur MD220 Hemodiafilters in readiness for market release. We expect to place a mid-HDF system in a U.S. dialysis clinic in Q2. We have not begun to broadly market our mid-HDF system and plan to seek a commercialization partner in the U.S.

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Immediate Need for Capital and Recent Loan from Lambda Investors LLC

As of December 31, 2012, we had cash and cash equivalents totaling approximately $47,000 and tangible assets of approximately $1,419,000.

Due to our dwindling cash position, on February 4, 2013, we issued a senior secured note to Lambda Investors LLC in the principal amount of $1,300,000. We expect that the proceeds from the note will allow us to fund our operations only through May 2013. The terms of the Lambda Investors note are discussed in more detail under the heading “The Rights Offering — Background of the Rights Offering — Loan from Lambda Investors.”

As required under the terms of the note, we are conducting this rights offering to raise up to $3,000,000 from our existing stockholders and warrantholders. If we complete the rights offering, we must repay the principal and accrued interest on the note as well as fees and expenses associated with the note with the proceeds from the rights offering. Other conditions to the closing of the rights offering are discussed under the heading “The Rights Offering — Conditions to the Rights Offering.”

As of the date of this prospectus, Lambda Investors is our largest stockholder and beneficially owns approximately 31% of our outstanding common stock and, on a fully-diluted basis, owns approximately 53% of our outstanding common stock. The warrants held by Lambda Investors have an exercise price of $0.40 per share and certain warrants have full ratchet anti-dilution protection.

The shares beneficially owned by Lambda Investors may be deemed beneficially owned by Wexford Capital LP, which is the managing member of Lambda Investors. Arthur H. Amron, a director of Nephros, is a partner and general counsel of Wexford Capital. Paul Mieyal, a director of Nephros, is a vice president of Wexford Capital.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in April 1997. Our principal executive offices are located at 41 Grand Avenue, River Edge, New Jersey, 07661, and our telephone number is (201) 343-5202. We also have an office in Dublin, Ireland. For more information about Nephros, please visit our website at www.nephros.com .

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO THE RIGHTS OFFERING

What is the rights offering?

We are distributing, at no charge, to holders of our common stock and warrants non-transferable subscription rights to purchase shares. You will receive one subscription right for each share of common stock and/or each share of common stock underlying a warrant you owned as of 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on          , the record date. The subscription rights will be evidenced by rights certificates. Each subscription right will entitle the holder to a basic subscription privilege and an over-subscription privilege.

What is the basic subscription privilege?

The basic subscription privilege gives our stockholders the opportunity to purchase      of a share of our common stock at a subscription price of $0.60 per share. You may exercise your basic subscription privilege for some or all of your rights, or you may choose not to exercise your rights.

If you choose to exercise your rights, there is no minimum number of shares you must purchase. We will not issue any fractional shares. Instead we will round up any fractional shares to the nearest whole share.

What is the over-subscription privilege?

If you exercise your basic subscription privilege in full, you may also exercise an over-subscription privilege to subscribe for additional shares not subscribed for by other rights holders in the offering at the same subscription price of $0.60 per share. If an insufficient number of shares is available to fully satisfy all over-subscription privilege requests, the available shares will be allocated proportionately among rights holders who exercise their over-subscription privileges based on the number of shares each such holder subscribed for under the basic subscription privilege. The subscription agent will return any excess payments by mail without interest or deduction promptly after expiration of the subscription period.

Why are we conducting the rights offering?

We are conducting the rights offering to raise capital for our operations. Without additional capital, we will not have sufficient funds to continue our operations. With the proceeds from the note we issued to Lambda Investors, we estimate that we will be able to fund our operations into May 2013. The rights offering is expected to close in            , 2013. Upon the closing of the rights offering, we must first use proceeds to repay the $1,300,000 loan from Lambda Investors, plus all accrued interest thereon, as well as an 8% sourcing/transaction fee ($104,000) in respect of the loan and an aggregate of $100,000 for reimbursement of Lambda Investors’ legal fees incurred in connection with the loan and the rights offering. We intend to use the remaining net proceeds, if any, for general corporate purposes, including working capital and operating expenses. Pending the application of any remaining net proceeds for these purposes, we intend to invest them generally in short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities.

How was the $0.60 per share subscription price determined?

As a condition to making the loan, Lambda Investors required that we undertake a rights offering to raise additional funds to meet our ongoing financial requirements and to repay the loan. In its loan proposal, Lambda Investors specified a rights offering of 5,000,000 shares of our common stock, and that it be made at a subscription price of $0.60 per share to encourage our other stockholders and warrantholders to participate. The loan and the rights offering, as proposed by Lambda Investors, including the $0.60 per share subscription price, were approved by a special committee of our independent directors (none of whom are affiliated with Lambda Investors) after consideration of the financing alternatives available to us.

The $0.60 per share subscription price is not necessarily related to our book value, net worth or any other established criteria of value and may or may not be considered the fair value of our common stock being offered in the rights offering. We did not consult with any financial or other advisor in determining the subscription price.

Am I required to exercise the subscription rights I receive in the rights offering?

No. You may exercise any number of your subscription rights, or you may choose not to exercise any subscription rights. However, if you choose not to fully exercise your basic subscription privilege and other stockholders fully exercise their basic subscription privilege, the percentage of our common stock owned by

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these other stockholders will increase relative to your ownership percentage, and your voting and other rights will likewise be significantly diluted. In addition, if you do not exercise your basic subscription privilege in full, you will not be entitled to subscribe to purchase additional shares pursuant to the over-subscription privilege and your ownership percentage in our common stock and related voting and other rights may be further diluted relative to those stockholders that do.

How soon must I act to exercise my subscription rights?

The subscription rights may be exercised at any time beginning on the date of this prospectus and prior to 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the expiration date, which is            , 2013. We may extend the expiration date, but in no event by more than 60 days from the date of this prospectus, by giving oral or written notice to our subscription agent on or before the expiration date, followed by a press release no later than 9:00 a.m., Eastern Time, on the next business day after the previously scheduled expiration date. If you elect to exercise any rights, the subscription agent must actually receive all required documents and payments from you prior to the expiration of the subscription period. Although we have the option of extending the expiration of the subscription period, we currently do not intend to do so.

May I transfer my subscription rights?

No, you may not sell, transfer or assign your subscription rights to anyone else because they are not transferable, other than by operation of law.

May I revoke, change or cancel my election to exercise my subscription rights?

Once you submit the form of rights certificate to exercise any subscription rights, you may not revoke, change or cancel your exercise or request a refund of monies paid. All exercises of rights are irrevocable, even if you later learn information about us that you consider to be unfavorable. You should not exercise your subscription rights unless you are certain that you wish to purchase shares offered pursuant to this rights offering.

May our board of directors extend, cancel or amend the rights offering?

Yes. We may extend the expiration date at any time. If the rights offering is extended, subscriptions received prior to such extension will remain irrevocable. We may choose to extend the rights offering for any reason, but in no event by more than 60 days from the date of this prospectus. For example, we may decide that changes in the market price of our common stock warrant an extension, or we may decide that the degree of stockholder participation in the rights offering is less than the level we desire. We may cancel the rights offering at any time prior to the expiration of the rights offering for any reason. In the event the rights offering is cancelled, all subscription payments received by the subscription agent will be returned, without interest or deduction, as soon as practicable. We also reserve the right to amend or modify the terms of the rights offering, as appropriate.

Are we requiring a minimum subscription to complete the rights offering?

No. There is no minimum subscription requirement to consummate the rights offering.

If the rights offering is not completed, will my subscription payment be refunded to me?

Yes. The subscription agent will hold all funds it receives in a segregated bank account until completion of the rights offering. If the rights offering is not completed, the subscription agent will return, without interest or deduction, as soon as practicable, all subscription payments. If you own shares in “street name,” it may take longer for you to receive payment because the subscription agent will return payments through the record holder of the shares.

Has our board of directors made a recommendation to our stockholders regarding the rights offering?

No. Our board of directors is making no recommendation regarding your exercise of the subscription rights. Stockholders and warrantholders who exercise subscription rights risk investment loss on new money invested. We cannot assure you that the market price for our common stock will be above the per share subscription price or that anyone purchasing shares at the subscription price will be able to sell the underlying

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shares in the future at the same price or a higher price. You are urged to make your decision based on your own assessment of our business and the rights offering. Among other things, you should carefully consider the risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” in this prospectus.

Are there any conditions to the rights offering?

Yes. The registration statement of which this prospectus is a part must be declared effective by the SEC.

What happens to warrants and options that are outstanding?

As of the record date, warrants to purchase       shares of our common stock were outstanding. In addition to the rights offering, the Company intends to offer a one-time temporary discount relating to those warrants with a $0.40 exercise price issued at the close of the March 2011 rights offering. The Company agreed to temporarily reduce the exercise price of such warrants to $0.30 during the duration of this rights offering. In connection with the loan, Lambda Investors agreed to waive its anti-dilution rights applicable to any of its existing warrants solely with respect to the one-time discount offered to public warrantholders.

Also, in connection with the February 2013 loan from Lambda Investors, the Company agreed to amend the terms of the existing warrants held by Lambda Investors to March 10, 2017 from March 10, 2016. At the time of the rights offering, Lambda Investors has outstanding warrants to purchase an aggregate of 11,589,152 shares of common stock, all at an exercise price of $0.40 per share.

The rights offering will have no effect on any of our outstanding options.

Will members of the board of directors and management be permitted to participate in the rights offering?

Yes. Members of our board and executive management team who own shares of common stock and/or warrants on the record date have the same basic subscription and over-subscription privileges as other stockholders. We caution you that the board of directors or members of the executive management team do not make any recommendation regarding your exercise of subscription rights.

Have any stockholders committed or indicated that they intend to purchase any shares in the rights offering?

Lambda Investors has advised us that it intends to exercise its basic subscription privilege in full and to purchase any shares of common stock that are not subscribed for by our other stockholders in the rights offering, if any, subject to the following conditions being satisfied:

We are obligated to use proceeds from the rights offering to repay the $1,300,000 loan from Lambda Investors, plus all accrued interest thereon, as well as an 8% sourcing/transaction fee ($104,000) in respect of the loan and an aggregate of $100,000 for reimbursement of Lambda Investors’ legal fees incurred in connection with the loan and the rights offering.

See “The Rights Offering — Background of the Rights Offering — Participation of Lambda Investors.”

What will happen if I choose not to exercise my subscription rights?

If you do not exercise any subscription rights, the number of shares of our common stock you own will not change as a result of the rights offering; however, due to the fact that shares will be purchased by other stockholders and warrantholders, including Lambda Investors, your percentage ownership of our Company will be significantly diluted after the completion of the rights offering.

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How do I exercise my subscription rights?

You may exercise your subscription rights by properly completing and executing your rights certificate and delivering it, together with the subscription price for each share for which you subscribe, to the subscription agent on or prior to 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the expiration date. If you use the mail, we recommend that you use insured, registered mail, return receipt requested. If you cannot deliver your rights certificate to the subscription agent on time, you may follow the guaranteed delivery procedures described under “The Rights Offering — Guaranteed Delivery Procedures.” If you hold shares of our common stock through a broker, custodian bank or other nominee, see “The Rights Offering — Beneficial Owners.”

What should I do if I want to participate in the rights offering, but my shares or warrants are held in the name of my broker, custodian bank or other nominee?

If you hold your shares of our common stock or warrants in the name of a broker, custodian bank or other nominee, we will ask your broker, custodian bank or other nominee to notify you of the rights offering. If you wish to exercise your rights, you will need to have your broker, custodian bank or other nominee act for you. To indicate your decision, you should complete and return to your broker, custodian bank or other nominee the form entitled “Beneficial Owner Election Form.” You should receive this form from your broker, custodian bank or other nominee with the other rights offering materials. You should contact your broker, custodian bank or other nominee if you believe you are entitled to participate in the rights offering but you have not received this form.

What should I do if I want to participate in the rights offering, but I am a stockholder or warrantholder with a foreign address or a stockholder or warrantholder with an APO or FPO address?

The subscription agent will not mail rights certificates to you if you are a stockholder or warrantholder whose address is outside the United States or if you have an Army Post Office or a Fleet Post Office address. Instead, we will have the subscription agent hold the subscription rights certificates for your account. To exercise your subscription rights, you must notify the subscription agent prior to 11:00 a.m., Eastern Time, at least three business days prior to the expiration date, and establish to the satisfaction of the subscription agent that it is permitted to exercise your subscription rights under applicable law. If you do not follow these procedures in time, you rights will expire and will have no value. See “The Rights Offering — Foreign Stockholders and Warrantholders.”

When will I receive my new shares?

As soon as practicable after the closing of the rights offering, the subscription agent will arrange for the issuance of the shares of common stock purchased in the rights offering. Subject to state or foreign securities laws and regulations, we have the discretion to delay distribution of any shares you may have elected to purchase by exercise of your rights in order to comply with state or foreign securities laws.

How many shares of our common stock will be outstanding after the rights offering?

As of the record date, we had      shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. We plan to issue 5,000,000 shares of our common stock in the rights offering pursuant to our stockholders’ and/or warrantholders’ basic subscription privilege, their over-subscription privileges and Lambda Investors’ intention, subject to the conditions described herein, to purchase any shares that are not subscribed for by our other stockholders and warrantholders. Assuming all 5,000,000 shares offered are sold, no additional shares of our common stock are issued and no outstanding options or warrants are exercised prior to the completion of the rights offering, approximately      shares of our common stock will be outstanding immediately after the completion of the rights offering.

How much money will the company receive from the rights offering?

There is no minimum subscription requirement that must be met for us to close the rights offering. Assuming all the shares of common stock offered are sold, the gross proceeds from the rights offering will be $3,000,000. It is estimated that the expenses of the rights offering will be $250,000, and an estimated $1,556,000 of the proceeds will be used to pay the principal, interest and fees associated with the note to Lambda Investors.

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Are there risks in exercising my subscription rights?

Yes. The exercise of your subscription rights involves substantial risks. Exercising your subscription rights involves the purchase of shares of our common stock. The purchase of shares should be considered as carefully as you would consider any other equity investment. Among other things, you should carefully consider the risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” in this prospectus.

If the rights offering is not completed, will my subscription payment be refunded to me?

Yes. The subscription agent will hold all funds it receives in a segregated bank account until completion of the rights offering. If the rights offering is not completed, all subscription payments received by the subscription agent will be returned, without interest or deduction, as soon as practicable. If you own shares in “street name,” it may take longer for you to receive payment because payments will be returned through the record holder of your shares.

Will the subscription rights be listed on a stock exchange or national market?

No. The subscription rights to purchase our common stock will not be listed for trading on any stock exchange or market or on the OTC Bulletin Board.

Will the rights offering affect the listing of the common stock?

No. Our common stock will continue to trade on the OTC Bulletin Board under the ticker symbol “NEPH,” and the shares of common stock issued in the rights offering will also be quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board under the same ticker symbol.

May stockholders and/or warrantholders in all states participate in the rights offering?

The issuance and exercise of subscription rights is subject to compliance with state securities laws and regulations. Although we intend to distribute the rights to all stockholders and warrantholders, we reserve the right in some states to require stockholders and warrantholders, if they wish to participate, to state and agree upon exercise of their respective rights that they are acquiring the shares for investment purposes only, and that they have no present intention to resell or transfer any shares acquired. This rights offering is not being made and our securities are not being offered in any jurisdiction where the offer is not permitted under applicable local laws. We have the right, in our sole discretion, to not effect registration or qualification of the subscription rights in any state or other jurisdiction, or take any other action required by any state or other jurisdiction to allow the offer to take place in that state or jurisdiction. If you reside in a state or other jurisdiction in which registration, qualification or other action is necessary with which we choose not to comply, you will not be eligible to participate in the rights offering.

What fees or charges apply if I purchase shares?

We are not charging any fee or sales commission to issue subscription rights to you or to issue shares to our stockholders upon the exercise subscription rights. If you exercise your subscription rights through the record holder of your shares, you are responsible for paying any fees your record holder may charge you.

What are the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of exercising subscription rights?

The receipt and exercise of subscription rights pursuant to the basic subscription privilege or the oversubscription privilege should generally not be taxable for U.S. federal income tax purposes. You should, however, seek specific tax advice from your tax advisor in light of your particular circumstances and as to the applicability and effect of any other tax laws. See “Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

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To whom should I send my forms and payment?

If your shares are held in the name of a broker, dealer or other nominee, then you should send your subscription documents, rights certificate, and subscription payment to that record holder. If you are the record holder, then you should send your subscription documents, rights certificate, and subscription payment by hand delivery, first class mail or courier service to: Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, the subscription agent for the rights offering as follows:

Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company
17 Battery Place, 8 ^th Floor
New York, NY 10004
Attn: Reorganization Department

You also may submit payment by wire transfer of immediately available funds as follows:

JPMorgan Chase
ABA # 021-000021
Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company as agent for Nephros, Inc.
Acct # 475-508351 FBO Nephros, Inc. Subscription

You are solely responsible for completing delivery to the subscription agent of your subscription documents, rights certificate and payment. We urge you to allow sufficient time for delivery of your subscription materials to the subscription agent.

What if I have other questions?

If you have any questions or need further information or assistance concerning the method of subscribing or about the rights offering, please contact Gerald J. Kochanski, our Chief Financial Officer, at (201) 343-5202, ext. 102.

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outside the ordinary course of business, in each case prior to the maturity date. In addition, the net proceeds of any offering, financing, asset disposition or other external liquidity generating transaction would need to be first applied to our existing indebtedness which, while reducing our level of indebtedness, cannot be assured to be sufficient for our continuing cash requirements and cash needs.

In the event that we default under the senior secured note or we are unable to repay the indebtedness when it becomes due, Lambda could foreclose on all of our property and assets. If this were to occur, our stockholders could lose all or a portion of their investment in the Company.

We have a history of operating losses and a significant accumulated deficit, and we may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We have not been profitable since our inception in 1997. As of December 31, 2012, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $97,530,000, primarily as a result of historical operating losses. We expect to continue to incur additional losses for the foreseeable future as a result of a high level of operating expenses, significant up-front expenditures, including the cost of clinical trials, production and marketing activities and very limited revenue from the sale of our products. We began sales of our first product in March 2004, and we may never realize sufficient revenues from the sale of our products or be profitable. Each of the following factors, among others, may influence the timing and extent of our profitability, if any:

We face significant challenges in obtaining market acceptance of our products, which could adversely affect our potential sales and revenues.

Our products are new to the market, and we do not yet have an established market or customer base for our products. Acceptance of our products in the marketplace by both potential users, including chronic renal failure patients, and potential purchasers, including nephrologists, dialysis clinics and other health care providers, is uncertain, and our failure to achieve sufficient market acceptance will significantly limit our ability to generate revenue and be profitable. Market acceptance will require substantial marketing efforts and the expenditure of significant funds by us to inform dialysis patients and nephrologists, dialysis clinics and other health care providers of the benefits of using our products. We may encounter significant clinical and market resistance to our products and our products may never achieve market acceptance. We may not be able to build key relationships with physicians, clinical groups and government agencies, pursue or increase sales opportunities in Europe or elsewhere, or be the first to introduce hemodiafiltration therapy in the United States. Product orders may be cancelled, patients or customers currently using our products may cease to do so and patients or customers expected to begin using our products may not. Factors that may affect our ability to achieve acceptance of our chronic renal failure therapy products in the marketplace include whether:

Acceptance of our water filtration products in the marketplace is also uncertain, and our failure to achieve sufficient market acceptance and sell such products at competitive prices will limit our ability to generate revenue and be profitable. Our water filtration products and technologies may not achieve expected

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reliability, performance and endurance standards. Our water filtration products and technology may not achieve market acceptance, including among hospitals, or may not be deemed suitable for other commercial, military, industrial or retail applications.

Many of the same factors that may affect our ability to achieve acceptance of our chronic renal failure therapy products in the marketplace will also apply to our water filtration products, except for those related to side effects, clinical trials and third party reimbursement.

If we are not able to successfully scale-up production of our products, then our sales and revenues will suffer.

In order to commercialize our products, we need to be able to produce them in a cost-effective way on a large scale to meet commercial demand, while maintaining extremely high standards for quality and reliability. If we fail to successfully commercialize our products, then we will not be profitable.

We expect to rely on a limited number of independent manufacturers to produce our products. Our manufacturers’ systems and procedures may not be adequate to support our operations and may not be able to achieve the rapid execution necessary to exploit the market for our products. Our manufacturers could experience manufacturing and control problems as they begin to scale-up our future manufacturing operations, if any, and we may not be able to scale-up manufacturing in a timely manner or at a commercially reasonable cost to enable production in sufficient quantities. If we experience any of these problems with respect to our manufacturers’ initial or future scale-ups of manufacturing operations, then we may not be able to have our products manufactured and delivered in a timely manner. Our products are new and evolving, and our manufacturers may encounter unforeseen difficulties in manufacturing them in commercial quantities or at all.

If we cannot develop adequate distribution, customer service and technical support networks, then we may not be able to market and distribute our products effectively and/or customers may decide not to order our products and, in either case, our sales and revenues will suffer.

Our strategy requires us to distribute our products and provide a significant amount of customer service and maintenance and other technical service. To provide these services, we have begun, and will need to continue, to develop a network of distribution and a staff of employees and independent contractors in each of the areas in which we intend to operate. We cannot assure that we will be able to organize and manage this network on a cost-effective basis. If we cannot effectively organize and manage this network, then it may be difficult for us to distribute our products and to provide competitive service and support to our customers, in which case customers may be unable, or decide not, to order our products and our sales and revenues will suffer.

We have limited experience selling our products to healthcare facilities, and we might be unsuccessful in increasing our sales.

Our business strategy depends in part on our ability to sell our products to hospitals and other healthcare facilities that include dialysis clinics. We have limited experience with respect to sales and marketing. If we are unsuccessful at manufacturing, marketing and selling our products, our operations and potential revenues will be materially adversely affected.

We cannot sell our products, including certain modifications thereto, until we obtain the requisite regulatory approvals and clearances in the countries in which we intend to sell our products. If we fail to receive, or experience a significant delay in receiving, such approvals and clearances, then we may not be able to get our products to market and enhance our revenues.

Our business strategy depends in part on our ability to get our products into the market as quickly as possible. We have obtained a Conformité Européene, or CE, mark, which demonstrates compliance with the relevant European Union requirements and is a regulatory prerequisite for selling our products in the European Union and certain other countries that recognize CE marking (collectively, “European Community”), for our OLpur mid dilution hemodiafilter series product and our Dual Stage Ultrafilter (“DSU”). We have not yet obtained the CE mark for any of our other products. Recently, we received clearance from the FDA to market our OLpur MD220 Hemodiafilter and OLpur H2H Module for use with a hemodialysis machine that provides

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ultrapure dialysate in accordance with current ANSI/AAMI/ISO standards, for the treatment of chronic renal failure patients. We have not yet begun to market these products in the U.S.

There is no assurance that any existing products that have not yet been approved, or any new products developed by us in the future, will be approved for marketing. The clearance and/or approval processes can be lengthy and uncertain and each requires substantial commitments of our financial resources and our management’s time and effort. We may not be able to obtain further CE marking or regulatory approval for any of our existing or new products in a timely manner or at all. Even if we do obtain regulatory approval, approval may be only for limited uses with specific classes of patients, processes or other devices. Our failure to obtain, or delays in obtaining, the necessary regulatory clearance and/or approvals would prevent us from selling our affected products in the applicable regions. If we cannot sell some of our products in such regions, or if we are delayed in selling while waiting for the necessary clearance and/or approvals, our ability to generate revenues from these products will be limited.

We intend to market our products globally. Requirements pertaining to the sale of our products vary widely from country to country. It may be very expensive and difficult for us to meet the requirements for the sale of our products in many countries. As a result, we may not be able to obtain the required approvals in a timely manner, if at all. If we cannot sell our products in a particular region, then the size of our potential market could be reduced, which would limit our potential sales and revenues.

Clinical studies that may be required for our products are costly and time-consuming, and their outcome is uncertain.

Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any of our products, other than those for which we have already received marketing approval in the United States and elsewhere, we must demonstrate through clinical studies that our products are safe and effective.

For products other than those for which we have already received marketing approval, if we do not prove in clinical trials that our products are safe and effective, we will not obtain marketing approvals from the applicable regulatory authorities. In particular, one or more of our products may not exhibit the expected medical benefits, may cause harmful side effects, may not be effective in treating dialysis patients or may have other unexpected characteristics that preclude regulatory approval for any or all indications of use or limit commercial use if approved. The length of time necessary to complete clinical trials varies significantly and is difficult to predict. Factors that can cause delay or termination of our clinical trials include:

Even if we obtain positive results from clinical studies for our products, we may not achieve the same success in future studies of such products. Data obtained from clinical studies are susceptible to varying interpretations that could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. In addition, we may encounter delays or rejections based upon changes in regulatory policy for device approval during the period of product development and regulatory review of each submitted new device application. Moreover, regulatory approval may entail limitations on the indicated uses of the device. Failure to obtain requisite governmental approvals or failure to obtain approvals of the scope requested will delay or preclude our licensees or marketing partners

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from marketing our products or limit the commercial use of such products and will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, some or all of the clinical trials we undertake may not demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy to obtain the requisite regulatory approvals, which could prevent or delay the creation of marketable products. Our product development costs will increase if we have delays in testing or approvals, if we need to perform more, larger or different clinical trials than planned or if our trials are not successful. Delays in our clinical trials may harm our financial results and the commercial prospects for our products. Additionally, we may be unable to complete our clinical trials if we are unable to obtain additional capital.

We may be required to design and conduct additional clinical trials.

We may be required to design and conduct additional clinical trials to further demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our products, which may result in significant expense and delay. Regulatory agencies may require new or additional clinical trials because of inconclusive results from current or earlier clinical trials, a possible failure to conduct clinical trials in complete adherence to certain regulatory standards, the identification of new clinical trial endpoints, or the need for additional data regarding the safety or efficacy of our products. It is possible that regulatory authorities may not ultimately approve our products for commercial sale in any jurisdiction, even if we believe future clinical results are positive.

We cannot assure you that our medically approved products will be safe and we are required under applicable law to report any product-related deaths or serious injuries or product malfunctions that could result in deaths or serious injuries, and such reports could trigger recalls, class action lawsuits and other events that could cause us to incur expenses and may also limit our ability to generate revenues from such products.

We cannot assure you that our medically approved products will be safe. Under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDC Act), we are required to submit medical device reports, or MDRs, to the FDA to report device-related deaths, serious injuries and product malfunctions that could result in death or serious injury if they were to recur. Depending on their significance, MDRs could trigger events that could cause us to incur expenses and may also limit our ability to generate revenues from such products, such as the following:

If any of these events occur, then we could incur significant expenses and it could become more difficult for us to gain market acceptance of our medically approved products and to generate revenues from sales. Other countries may impose analogous reporting requirements that could cause us to incur expenses and may also limit our ability to generate revenues from sales of our medically approved products.

Product liability associated with the production, marketing and sale of our products, and/or the expense of defending against claims of product liability, could materially deplete our assets and generate negative publicity which could impair our reputation.

The production, marketing and sale of kidney dialysis and water-filtration products have inherent risks of liability in the event of product failure or claim of harm caused by product operation. Furthermore, even meritless claims of product liability may be costly to defend against. Although we have acquired product liability insurance for our products, we may not be able to maintain or obtain this insurance on acceptable terms or at all. Because we may not be able to obtain insurance that provides us with adequate protection against all potential product liability claims, a successful claim in excess of our insurance coverage could materially deplete our assets. Moreover, even if we are able to obtain adequate insurance, any claim against us could generate negative publicity, which could impair our reputation and adversely affect the demand for our products, our ability to generate sales and our profitability.

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Some of the agreements that we may enter into with manufacturers of our products and components of our products may require us:

For example, the agreement with our contract manufacturer, or CM, requires that we obtain and maintain certain minimum product liability insurance coverage and that we indemnify our CM against certain liabilities arising out of our products that they manufacture, provided they do not arise out of our CM’s breach of the agreement, negligence or willful misconduct. If we are not able to obtain and maintain adequate product liability insurance, then we could be in breach of these agreements, which could materially adversely affect our ability to produce our products and generate revenues. Even if we are able to obtain and maintain product liability insurance, if a successful claim in excess of our insurance coverage is made, then we may have to indemnify some or all of our manufacturers for their losses, which could materially deplete our assets.

If we violate any provisions of the FDC Act or any other statutes or regulations, then we could be subject to enforcement actions by the FDA or other governmental agencies.

We face a significant compliance burden under the FDC Act and other applicable statutes and regulations which govern the testing, labeling, storage, record keeping, distribution, sale, marketing, advertising and promotion of our medically approved products. If we violate the FDC Act or other regulatory requirements at any time during or after the product development and/or approval process, we could be subject to enforcement actions by the FDA or other agencies, including:

Any of the above could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Significant additional governmental regulation could subject us to unanticipated delays which would adversely affect our sales and revenues.

Our business strategy depends in part on our ability to get our products into the market as quickly as possible. Additional laws and regulations, or changes to existing laws and regulations that are applicable to our business may be enacted or promulgated, and the interpretation, application or enforcement of the existing laws and regulations may change. We cannot predict the nature of any future laws, regulations, interpretations, applications or enforcements or the specific effects any of these might have on our business. Any future laws, regulations, interpretations, applications or enforcements could delay or prevent regulatory approval or clearance of our products and our ability to market our products. Moreover, changes that result in our failure to comply with the requirements of applicable laws and regulations could result in the types of enforcement actions by the FDA and/or other agencies as described above, all of which could impair our ability to have manufactured and to sell the affected products.

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Protecting our intellectual property in our technology through patents may be costly and ineffective. If we are not able to adequately secure or enforce protection of our intellectual property, then we may not be able to compete effectively and we may not be profitable.

Our future success depends in part on our ability to protect the intellectual property for our technology through patents. We will only be able to protect our products and methods from unauthorized use by third parties to the extent that our products and methods are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. Our 16 granted U.S. patents will expire at various times from 2018 to 2026, assuming they are properly maintained.

The protection provided by our patents, and patent applications if issued, may not be broad enough to prevent competitors from introducing similar products into the market. Our patents, if challenged or if we attempt to enforce them, may not necessarily be upheld by the courts of any jurisdiction. Numerous publications may have been disclosed by, and numerous patents may have been issued to, our competitors and others relating to methods and devices for dialysis of which we are not aware and additional patents relating to methods and devices for dialysis may be issued to our competitors and others in the future. If any of those publications or patents conflict with our patent rights, or cover our products, then any or all of our patent applications could be rejected and any or all of our granted patents could be invalidated, either of which could materially adversely affect our competitive position.

Litigation and other proceedings relating to patent matters, whether initiated by us or a third party, can be expensive and time-consuming, regardless of whether the outcome is favorable to us, and may require the diversion of substantial financial, managerial and other resources. An adverse outcome could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties or require us to cease any related development, product sales or commercialization activities. In addition, if patents that contain dominating or conflicting claims have been or are subsequently issued to others and the claims of these patents are ultimately determined to be valid, then we may be required to obtain licenses under patents of others in order to develop, manufacture, use, import and/or sell our products. We may not be able to obtain licenses under any of these patents on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we do not obtain these licenses, we could encounter delays in, or be prevented entirely from using, importing, developing, manufacturing, offering or selling any products or practicing any methods, or delivering any services requiring such licenses.

If we file patent applications or obtain patents in foreign countries, we will be subject to laws and procedures that differ from those in the United States. Such differences could create additional uncertainty about the level and extent of our patent protection. Moreover, patent protection in foreign countries may be different from patent protection under U.S. laws and may not be as favorable to us. Many non-U.S. jurisdictions, for example, prohibit patent claims covering methods of medical treatment of humans, although this prohibition may not include devices used for such treatment.

If we are not able to secure and enforce protection of our trade secrets through enforcement of our confidentiality and non-competition agreements, then our competitors may gain access to our trade secrets, we may not be able to compete effectively and we may not be profitable. Such protection may be costly and ineffective.

We attempt to protect our trade secrets, including the processes, concepts, ideas and documentation associated with our technologies, through the use of confidentiality agreements and non-competition agreements with our current employees and with other parties to whom we have divulged such trade secrets. If these employees or other parties breach our confidentiality agreements and non-competition agreements, or if these agreements are not sufficient to protect our technology or are found to be unenforceable, then our competitors could acquire and use information that we consider to be our trade secrets and we may not be able to compete effectively. Policing unauthorized use of our trade secrets is difficult and expensive, particularly because of the global nature of our operations. The laws of other countries may not adequately protect our trade secrets.

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If we are not able to maintain sufficient quality controls, then the approval or clearance of our products by the European Union, the FDA or other relevant authorities could be withdrawn, delayed or denied and our sales and revenues will suffer.

Approval or clearance of our products could be withdrawn, delayed or denied by the European Union, the FDA and the relevant authorities of other countries if our manufacturing facilities do not comply with their respective manufacturing requirements. The European Union imposes requirements on quality control systems of manufacturers, which are inspected and certified on a periodic basis and may be subject to additional unannounced inspections. Failure by our manufacturers to comply with these requirements could prevent us from marketing our products in the European Community. The FDA also imposes requirements through quality system requirements, or QSR, regulations, which include requirements for good manufacturing practices, or GMP. Failure by our manufacturers to comply with these requirements could prevent us from obtaining FDA approval of our products and from marketing such products in the United States. Although the manufacturing facilities and processes that we use to manufacture our OLpur MDHDF filter series have been inspected and certified by a worldwide testing and certification agency (also referred to as a notified body) that performs conformity assessments to European Union requirements for medical devices, they have not been inspected by the FDA. A “notified body” is a group accredited and monitored by governmental agencies that inspects manufacturing facilities and quality control systems at regular intervals and is authorized to carry out unannounced inspections. We cannot be sure that any of the facilities or processes we use will comply or continue to comply with their respective requirements on a timely basis or at all, which could delay or prevent our obtaining the approvals we need to market our products in the European Community and the United States.

To market our products in the European Community, the United States and other countries, where approved, manufacturers of such products must continue to comply or ensure compliance with the relevant manufacturing requirements. Although we cannot control the manufacturers of our products, we may need to expend time, resources and effort in product manufacturing and quality control to assist with their continued compliance with these requirements. If violations of applicable requirements are noted during periodic inspections of the manufacturing facilities of our manufacturers, then we may not be able to continue to market the products manufactured in such facilities and our revenues may be materially adversely affected.

We may face significant risks associated with international operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We expect to manufacture and to market our products globally. Our international operations are subject to a number of risks, including the following:

Any one or more of these factors could increase our costs, reduce our revenues, or disrupt our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Risks Related to the Rights Offering

The rights offering may reduce your percentage ownership in the Company.

If you own stock and no warrants of the Company, even if you fully exercise your basic subscription privilege, you may experience dilution to your percentage ownership of our outstanding shares of common stock (but excluding the effect of the warrants) as a result of the rights offering. Current stockholders may be diluted on an actual basis even if they exercise their basic subscription privilege to the extent that warrantholders fully or partially exercise their subscription privileges.

If you choose not to exercise your subscription rights, you will retain your current number of shares of common stock and/or warrants. However, if you choose not to exercise your subscription rights and all of the shares offered are sold to other stockholders and/or warrantholders, you will experience significant dilution in your percentage ownership and voting rights in our company.

Lambda Investors will continue to be able to exercise substantial control over matters requiring stockholder approval upon completion of the rights offering and will likely increase its ownership percentage.

As of the record date, Lambda Investors beneficially owned approximately     % of the outstanding shares of our common stock (which includes warrants to purchase an aggregate of     shares of our common stock). Subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions described herein, Lambda Investors has advised us that it intends to exercise its basic subscription privilege in full and to purchase any shares of common stock that are not subscribed for by our other stockholders in the rights offering, if any. See “The Rights Offering — Background of the Rights Offering — Participation of Lambda Investors.” Lambda Investors may acquire, through the exercise of its basic subscription privilege and over-subscription privilege, as many shares of our common stock as it chooses up to an aggregate of all of the shares offered in the rights offering. As a result, it is likely that Lambda will substantially increase its percentage ownership of the Company both on an actual and fully-diluted basis.

Even assuming a successful completion of the rights offering, we may need additional capital in the future.

If we raise $3,000,000 in gross proceeds from the rights offering, we expect that we will be able to operate through the first quarter of 2014. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to operate until that time. After the proceeds from the rights offering are exhausted, we will likely need additional capital. There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise additional capital at that time. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we may not be able to execute our business strategy and accomplish our objectives, we may be forced to cease operations, and you will lose all or some part of your investment in our company.

The subscription price determined for the rights offering is not an indication of the fair value of our common stock.

As a condition to making the loan, Lambda Investors required that we undertake a rights offering to raise additional funds to meet our ongoing financial requirements and to repay the loan. In its loan proposal, Lambda Investors specified a rights offering of 5,000,000 shares of our common stock, and that it be made at a subscription price of $0.60 per share to encourage our other stockholders to participate. The loan and the rights offering, as proposed by Lambda Investors, including the $0.60 per share subscription price, were approved by a special committee of our independent directors (none of whom are affiliated with Lambda Investors) after consideration of the financing alternatives available to us.

The special committee considered, among other things, that we are not currently in a position to attract an outside investor or investors with a stock offering at a more favorable discount to the current trading price of our stock. The $0.60 per share subscription price is not necessarily related to our book value, net worth or any other established criteria of value and may or may not be considered the fair value of our common stock being offered in the rights offering. We did not consult with any financial or other advisor in determining the subscription price. After the date of this prospectus, our common stock may trade at prices above or below the subscription price.

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The market price of our common stock is volatile and may decline before or after the subscription rights expire.

The market price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control. Once you exercise your subscription rights, you may not revoke them. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not decline after you elect to exercise your subscription rights. If you exercise your subscription rights and, afterwards, the public trading market price of our common stock decreases below the subscription price, you will have committed to buying shares of our common stock at a price above the prevailing market price and could have an immediate unrealized loss. Our common stock is quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board under the ticker symbol “NEPH,” and the last reported sales price of our common stock on the OTC Bulletin Board on            , 2013 was $     per share. Moreover, we cannot assure you that following the exercise of your subscription rights you will be able to sell your common stock at a price equal to or greater than the subscription price. Until shares are delivered upon expiration of the rights offering, you will not be able to sell the shares of our common stock that you purchase in the rights offering.

Our management will have broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from the rights offering; you may not agree with how we use the proceeds, and we may not invest the proceeds successfully.

We must first use proceeds from the rights to repay the $1,300,000 loan from Lambda Investors, plus all accrued interest thereon, as well as an 8% sourcing/transaction fee ($104,000) in respect of the loan and an aggregate of $100,000 for reimbursement of Lambda Investors’ legal fees incurred in connection with the loan and the rights offering. We intend to use the remaining net proceeds, if any, for general corporate purposes, including working capital and operating expenses. Pending the application of any remaining net proceeds for these purposes, we intend to invest them generally in short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities. Market factors may require our management to allocate portions of the proceeds for other purposes. Accordingly, you will be relying on the judgment of our management with regard to the use proceeds from the rights offering, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. It is possible that the proceeds will be invested in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for us.

We may cancel the rights offering at any time prior to the expiration of the rights offering, and neither we nor the subscription agent will have any obligation to you except to return your subscription payments.

We may, in our sole discretion, decide to cancel the rights offering prior to the expiration of the rights offering. If the rights offering is cancelled, all subscription payments received by the subscription agent will be returned, without interest or deduction, as soon as practicable.

If you do not act promptly and follow the subscription instructions, your exercise of subscription rights will be rejected.

Stockholders and warrantholders wishing to purchase shares in the rights offering must act promptly to ensure that all required forms and payments are actually received by the subscription agent prior to the expiration of the rights offering at 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on             2013. If you are a beneficial owner of shares, you must act promptly to ensure that your broker, dealer, custodian bank or other nominee acts for you and that all required forms and payments are actually received by the subscription agent prior to the expiration of the subscription period. We are not responsible if your broker, dealer, custodian bank or nominee fails to ensure that all required forms and payments are actually received by the subscription agent prior to the expiration of the subscription period. If you fail to complete and sign the required subscription forms, send an incorrect payment amount or otherwise fail to follow the subscription procedures that apply to your exercise in the rights offering prior to the expiration of the subscription period, the subscription agent may, depending on the circumstances, reject your subscription or accept it only to the extent of the payment received. Neither we nor the subscription agent will undertake to contact you concerning an incomplete or incorrect subscription form or payment, nor are we under any obligation to correct such forms or payment. We have the sole discretion to determine whether a subscription exercise properly complies with the subscription procedures.

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You will not receive interest on subscription funds, including any funds ultimately returned to you.

You will not earn any interest on your subscription funds while they are being held by the subscription agent pending the closing of this rights offering. In addition, if we cancel the rights offering, or if you exercise your over-subscription privilege and are not allocated all of the shares for which you over-subscribe, neither we nor the subscription agent will have any obligation with respect to the subscription rights except to return, without interest, any subscription payments to you.

Risks Related to Owning Our Common Stock

There currently is a limited trading market for our Common Stock.

Our Common Stock currently does not meet all of the requirements for initial listing on a registered stock exchange. Our Common Stock is quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board. Trading in our Common Stock on the OTC Bulletin Board has been very limited. As a result, an investor may find it difficult to dispose of or to obtain accurate quotations as to the market value of our Common Stock, and our Common Stock may be less attractive for margin loans, for investment by financial institutions, as consideration in future capital raising transactions or other purposes. There is no guarantee that we will ever become listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, or any other exchange, or that a liquid trading market for our Common Stock will develop.

Our Common Stock could be further diluted as a result of the issuance of additional shares of Common Stock, warrants or options.

In the past we have issued Common Stock and warrants in order to raise money. We have also issued stock options as compensation for services and incentive compensation for our employees, directors and consultants. We have shares of Common Stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of certain of these securities and may increase the shares reserved for these purposes in the future. Our issuance of additional Common Stock, convertible securities, options and warrants could affect the rights of our stockholders, could reduce the market price of our Common Stock or could result in adjustments to exercise prices of outstanding warrants (resulting in these securities becoming exercisable for, as the case may be, a greater number of shares of our Common Stock), or could obligate us to issue additional shares of Common Stock.

Market sales of large amounts of our Common Stock, or the potential for those sales even if they do not actually occur, may have the effect of depressing the market price of our Common Stock, the supply of Common Stock available for resale could be increased which could stimulate trading activity and cause the market price of our Common Stock to drop, even if our business is doing well. Furthermore, the issuance of any additional shares of our Common Stock or securities convertible into our Common Stock could be substantially dilutive to holders of our Common Stock if they do not invest in future offerings.

As previously disclosed, we expect to commence a rights offering in March 2013. Holders of our common stock and public warrants that choose not to fully exercise their basic subscription privilege will be diluted as a result of the rights offering if other shareholders fully exercise their basic subscription privilege, and such affected holders’ voting and other rights will likewise be diluted.

The prices at which shares of the Common Stock trade have been and will likely continue to be volatile.

In the two years ended December 31, 2012, our Common Stock has traded at prices ranging from a high of $3.19 to a low of $0.40 per share, after giving effect to the 1:20 reverse stock split effected on March 11, 2011. Due to the lack of an active trading market for our Common Stock, you should expect the prices at which our Common Stock might trade to continue to be highly volatile. The expected volatile price of our stock will make it difficult to predict the value of your investment, to sell your shares at a profit at any given time, or to plan purchases and sales in advance. A variety of other factors might also affect the market price of our Common Stock. These include, but are not limited to:

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We are not able to control many of these factors, and we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our financial results will not necessarily be indicative of our future performance.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for biotechnology companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations in recent years that might have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of individual companies. These broad market and industry factors might seriously harm the market price of our Common Stock, regardless of our operating performance. Securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the overall market and in the market price of a company’s securities. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in very substantial costs, divert our management’s attention and resources and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

We have never paid dividends and do not intend to pay cash dividends.

We have never paid dividends on our Common Stock and currently do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our Common Stock for the foreseeable future. Consequently, any returns on an investment in our Common Stock in the foreseeable future will have to come from an increase in the value of the stock itself. As noted above, the lack of an active trading market for our Common Stock will make it difficult to value and sell our Common Stock. While our dividend policy will be based on the operating results and capital needs of our business, it is anticipated that all earnings, if any, will be retained to finance our future operations.

Because we are subject to the “penny stock” rules, you may have difficulty in selling our Common Stock.

Our Common Stock is subject to regulations of the SEC relating to the market for penny stocks. Penny stock, as defined by the Penny Stock Reform Act, is any equity security not traded on a national securities exchange that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share. The penny stock regulations generally require that a disclosure schedule explaining the penny stock market and the risks associated therewith be delivered to purchasers of penny stocks and impose various sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell penny stocks to persons other than established customers and accredited investors. The broker-dealer must make a suitability determination for each purchaser and receive the purchaser’s written agreement prior to the sale. In addition, the broker-dealer must make certain mandated disclosures, including the actual sale or purchase price and actual bid offer quotations, as well as the compensation to be received by the broker-dealer and certain associated persons. The regulations applicable to penny stocks may severely affect the market liquidity for your Common Stock and could limit your ability to sell your securities in the secondary market.

Several provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our fourth amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, and our second amended and restated bylaws could discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition, which could adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock.

Several provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our fourth amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, and our second amended and restated bylaws could discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, and the market price of our Common Stock could be reduced as a result. These provisions include:

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As a smaller reporting company with little or no name recognition and with several risks and uncertainties that could impair our business operations, we are not likely to generate widespread interest in our Common Stock. Without widespread interest in our Common Stock, our Common Stock price may be highly volatile and an investment in our Common Stock could decline in value.

Unlike many companies with publicly traded securities, we have little or no name recognition in the investment community. We are a relatively new company and very few investors are familiar with either our company or our products. We do not have an active trading market in our Common Stock, and one might never develop, or if it does develop, might not continue.

Additionally, the market price of our Common Stock may fluctuate significantly in response to many factors, many of which are beyond our control. Risks and uncertainties, including those described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section could impair our business operations or otherwise cause our operating results or prospects to be below expectations of investors and market analysts, which could adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock. As a result, investors in our Common Stock may not be able to resell their shares at or above their purchase price and could lose all of their investment.

Securities class action litigation is often brought against public companies following periods of volatility in the market price of such company’s securities. We may become subject to this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type could be extremely expensive and divert management’s attention and resources from running our company.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and the market value of our securities.

Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports, our reputation and operating results may be harmed.

If management is unable to express a favorable opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports. Any failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

Our directors, executive officers and Lambda Investors LLC control a significant portion of our stock and, if they choose to vote together, could have sufficient voting power to control the vote on substantially all corporate matters.

As of December 31, 2012, our directors, executive officers and Lambda Investors LLC, our largest stockholder, beneficially owned approximately 31% of our outstanding Common Stock, representing approximately 55% on a fully-diluted basis. In connection with the rights offering, holders of our common stock and public warrants that choose not to fully exercise their basic subscription privilege will be diluted as a result of the rights offering if Lambda fully exercises its subscription privilege, and, consequently, such affected holders’ voting and other rights will likewise be diluted. If our stockholders do not exercise their subscription privilege in full, and Lambda elects to purchase such shares in the rights offering by exercising an oversubscription right, Lambda would increase its ownership percentage and obtain greater voting power.

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As a result of this ownership, Lambda Investors has the ability to exert significant influence over our policies and affairs, including the election of directors. Lambda Investors, whether acting alone or acting with other stockholders, could have the power to elect all of our directors and to control the vote on substantially all other corporate matters without the approval of other stockholders. Furthermore, such concentration of voting power could enable Lambda Investors, whether acting alone or acting with other stockholders, to delay or prevent another party from taking control of our company even where such change of control transaction might be desirable to other stockholders. The interests of Lambda Investors in any matter put before the stockholders may differ from those of any other stockholder.

Future sales of our Common Stock could cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline.

The market price of our Common Stock could decline due to sales of a large number of shares in the market, including sales of shares by Lambda Investors or any other large stockholder, or the perception that such sales could occur. These sales could also make it more difficult or impossible for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate to raise funds through future offerings of Common Stock. Future sales of our Common Stock by stockholders could depress the market price of our Common Stock.

Shares eligible for future sale may adversely affect the market.

From time to time, certain of our stockholders may be eligible to sell all or some of their shares of Common Stock by means of ordinary brokerage transactions in the open market pursuant to Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act, subject to certain limitations. In general, pursuant to Rule 144, non-affiliate stockholders may sell freely after holding their shares for six months and affiliates may sell freely after holding their shares for one year, in each case, subject to current public information, notice and other requirements. Any substantial sales of our Common Stock pursuant to Rule 144 may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock.

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tangible book value as of December 31, 2012 would have been approximately $2,155,000, or $0.13 per share of common stock. This would represent dilution of $0.47 per share for each share purchased in the offering.

The shares outstanding as of December 31, 2012 used to calculate the information in this section exclude the following items:

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our historical and pro forma cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of December 31, 2012. The pro forma information gives effect to as assumed $3,000,000 equity raise from this rights offering and the $1,300,000 loan from Lambda Investors. For purposes of this table, we have assumed that the rights offering is fully subscribed, resulting in $3,000,000 in gross proceeds. This table should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in this prospectus.

		December 31, 2012
		Actual				Pro Forma (1)
Cash and cash equivalents		$	47,000			$	2,797,000
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		$	1,391,000			$	1,391,000
License and supply fee payable		$	1,318,000			$	1,318,000
Deferred revenue		$	1,414,000			$	1,414,000
Promissory note (2)		$	0			$	1,300,000
Total liabilities		$	4,123,000			$	5,423,000
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value: 5,000,000 shares authorized on an actual and pro forma basis; no shares issued and outstanding on an actual and pro forma basis		$	0			$	0
Common stock, $0.001 par value: 90,000,000 and 90,000,000 shares authorized on an actual and pro forma basis; 11,949,824 and 16,949,824 shares issued and outstanding on an actual and pro forma basis (3)		$	12,000			$	16,000
Additional paid-in capital		$	96,847,000			$	99,593,000
Accumulated other comprehensive income		$	76,000			$	76,000
Accumulated deficit		$	(97,530,000	)		$	(97,530,000	)
Total stockholders’ equity		$	(595,000	)		$	2,155,000
Total capitalization		$	3,528,000			$	7,575,000

(1)

Gives pro forma effect to $3,000,000 of gross proceeds from the rights offering, less $250,000 of offering costs.

(2)

Gives pro forma effect to $1,300,000 of gross proceeds from the loan by Lambda Investors. We are obligated to use proceeds of the rights offering to prepay all amounts due under this note. See “Use of Proceeds.”

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MARKET FOR OUR COMMON STOCK

Our common stock is quoted on the Over the Counter (OTC) Bulletin Board under the symbol “NEPH.” The following table sets forth the high and low bid and ask prices for our common stock as reported on the OTC Bulletin Board for each quarter listed. All prices have been adjusted to reflect the effect of the reverse split effective March 11, 2011. Such over the counter market quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

Quarter Ended		High				Low
March 31, 2011		$	.53			$	.40
June 30, 2011		$	.98			$	.30
September 30, 2011		$	2.19			$	.70
December 31, 2011		$	1.90			$	.41
March 31, 2012		$	1.09			$	.44
June 30, 2012		$	3.19			$	.80
September 30, 2012		$	1.98			$	1.15
December 31, 2012		$	1.40			$	1.02

As of February 20, 2013, there were approximately 20 holders of record and approximately 1,000 beneficial holders of our common stock.

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THE RIGHTS OFFERING

Background of the Rights Offering

Need for Capital

On December 31, 2012, we had cash and cash equivalents totaling approximately $47,000 and tangible assets of approximately $1,419,000. We expect that the $1,300,000 we raised in February 2013 through the issuance of the note to Lambda Investors will allow us to operate into May 2013. We must seek and obtain additional financing to fund our operations. For the past two years, we have significantly reduced expenses while attempting to properly capitalize our company.

Fundraising Activities and Impact on Our Stockholders

We raised $1,200,000 in a private placement in July 2009 at a purchase price which did not trigger the anti-dilution provisions of any of our outstanding warrants. Then in March 2011, we announced the completion of a rights offering and private placement that together resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $3.2 million and estimated net proceeds of approximately $2.3 million for the Company after deducting certain payments to Lambda Investors and after estimated expenses of the rights offering. In the rights offering, Nephros sold 4,964,864 units at $0.40 per unit for gross proceeds of approximately $2.0 million, resulting in the issuance of 4,964,854 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 4,590,171 shares of common stock. The warrants expire on March 10, 2016 and have an exercise price of $0.40 per share. All amounts are reported on a post-reverse stock split basis.

Since then we have been actively attempting to raise additional funding without success. We considered the unfavorable terms we might be required to agree to in order to raise capital from third party investors against our need for capital and our current stockholders’ interests.

At present we have an immediate need for capital. For all of the reasons stated above, we have no other alternative for financing in the immediate term in which it is required. If we do not raise capital through the rights offering, we will likely need to initiate wind down proceedings, and our common stockholders most likely would receive nothing in a bankruptcy.

We believe the February loan and the rights offering provides several benefits to our stockholders:

We believe that stockholders and warrantholders who participate fully in the rights offering will suffer less dilution than they would likely experience in alternative financings. Stockholders and warrantholders who do not participate in the rights offering will suffer substantial dilution. See “Dilution.”

Loan from Lambda Investors

We carefully considered our capital needs and the short time that our cash would allow us to continue operations. Given the imminent shortage of funds and our inability to complete any alternative financing within the necessary time, a special committee of our independent directors (none of whom are affiliated with Lambda Investors) requested that our largest investor, Lambda Investors, loan us funds and propose a means for capitalizing our company.

On February 4, 2013, we issued a senior secured note to Lambda Investors LLC in the principal amount of $1.3 million. We expect that the proceeds from the note will allow us to fund our operations through

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May 2013. The note bears interest at the rate of 12% per annum and matures on August 4, 2013, at which time all principal and accrued interest will be due. However, we have agreed to prepay amounts due under the note with the cash proceeds from (a) a rights offering and an offering of a discounted exercise price to public warrantholders, each as further described in the note, (b) any other equity or debt financing, or (c) the issuance or incurrence of any other indebtedness or the sale of any assets outside the ordinary course of business, in each case prior to the maturity date. If we do not pay principal and interest under the note when due, the interest rate increases to 16% per annum. In connection with the note, we have agreed to pay Lambda Investors an 8%, or $104,000, sourcing/transaction fee. In addition, we will pay Lambda Investors’ legal fees and other expenses incurred in connection with the note in the amount of $50,000 as well as Lambda Investors’ legal fees and other expenses incurred in connection with the rights offering in the amount of $50,000. Those payments will be paid upon the completion of the rights offering or, if earlier, upon the maturity of the note. As additional consideration, we agreed to extend by one year the expiration date of all of Lambda’s outstanding warrants to March 2017. In addition, we have undertaken to conduct the rights offering described in this prospectus. During the period when the rights offering is open, we expect to offer to our public warrantholders holding the warrants issued at the close of the March 2011 rights offering a one-time right, at their option, to exercise such warrants for an exercise price of $0.30 per share discounted from $0.40 per share.

Participation of Lambda Investors

As required under the terms of the note, we are conducting this rights offering to raise up to $3,000,000 from our existing stockholders and warrantholders.

Lambda Investors has advised us that it intends to exercise its basic subscription privilege in full and to purchase any shares of common stock that are not subscribed for by our other stockholders in the rights offering, if any, subject to the following conditions being satisfied:

We are obligated to use proceeds from the rights offering to repay the $1,300,000 loan from Lambda Investors, plus all accrued interest thereon, as well as an 8% sourcing/transaction fee ($104,000) in respect of the loan and an aggregate of $100,000 for reimbursement of Lambda Investors’ legal fees incurred in connection with the loan and the rights offering.

In connection with the February 2013 loan from Lambda Investors, we entered into a registration rights agreement with Lambda Investors whereby we are required to register with the SEC for resale the shares of our common stock purchased by Lambda Investors in this rights offering. See “Plan of Distribution” and “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” for a description of the registration rights agreement with Lambda Investors. A copy of the registration rights agreement with Lambda Investors has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

As of December 31, 2012, Lambda Investors is our largest stockholder and beneficially owns approximately 31% of our outstanding common stock and, on a fully-diluted basis, owns approximately 53% of our outstanding common stock. The warrants held by Lambda Investors have an exercise price of $0.40 per share and certain warrants have full ratchet anti-dilution protection. Lambda Investors has agreed to that the Company could offer public warrantholders of the Company holding warrants issued at the close of the March 2011 rights offering a one-time right, at their option to exercise their warrants for an exercise price of $0.30 per share discounted from $0.40 per share, but such incentive discount would not be afforded to Lambda Investors. In connection with the proposed rights offering, we agreed to amend the terms of the existing warrants held by Lambda Investors to March 10, 2017 from March 10, 2016, and Lambda Investors agreed to waive its anti-dilution rights applicable to any of its existing warrants solely with respect to the one-time incentive discount offered to public warrantholders.

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The shares beneficially owned by Lambda Investors may be deemed beneficially owned by Wexford Capital LP, which is the managing member of Lambda Investors. Arthur Amron, one of our directors, is a partner and general counsel of Wexford Capital and Paul A. Mieyal, another of our directors, is a vice president of Wexford Capital.

Reasons for the Rights Offering

As a condition to making the loan, Lambda Investors required that we undertake a rights offering to raise additional funds to meet our ongoing financial requirements and to repay the loan. In its loan proposal, Lambda Investors specified a rights offering of 5,000,000 shares of our common stock, and that it be made at a subscription price of $0.60 per share to encourage our other stockholders and warrantholders to participate. A special committee of our independent directors (none of whom are affiliated with Lambda Investors) approved the loan and the rights offering after carefully evaluating our imminent need for additional capital. The special committee considered alternative capital raising methods that could be available to us and analyzed, among other things, the low likelihood of effecting another form of financing, as well as the length of time necessary to complete any such alternative financings. It also considered the costs and expenses associated with alternative financings. The special committee also considered the dilution that would be caused by the rights offering as well as by alternative financings.

The Subscription Rights

We are distributing to holders of our common stock and warrants, at no charge, one non-transferable subscription right for each share of our common stock owned as of 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the record date, either as a holder of record or, in the case of shares held of record by brokers, dealers, custodian banks or other nominees on a stockholder’s behalf, as a beneficial owner of such shares. Each subscription right entitles you to purchase       of a share at a subscription price of $0.60 per share.

Basic Subscription Privilege

For each share and/or each share of common stock underlying a warrant that you own, you will have a basic subscription privilege to buy      of a share from us at a subscription price of $0.60 per share. You may exercise your basic subscription privilege for some or all of your rights, or you may choose not to exercise your rights. If you choose to exercise your rights, there is no minimum number of shares you must purchase, but you may not purchase fractional shares. Subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions including compliance with all obligations under the note, security agreement and the other transaction documents relating to the note and no material adverse change having occurred with respect to our business, assets, and financial condition, Lambda Investors has advised us that it intends to exercise its basic subscription privilege in full and to purchase any shares of common stock that are not subscribed for by our other stockholders and warrantholders in the rights offering, if any. We will not issue any fractional shares. Instead we will round up any fractional shares to the nearest whole share.

Over-Subscription Privilege

If you exercise your basic subscription privilege in full, you may also exercise an over-subscription privilege to subscribe for additional shares not subscribed for by other rights holders in the offering at the same subscription price of $0.60 per share. If an insufficient number of shares is available to fully satisfy all over-subscription privilege requests, the available shares will be allocated proportionately among rights holders who exercise their over-subscription privileges based on the number of shares each such holder subscribed for under the basic subscription privilege. The subscription agent will return any excess payments by mail without interest or deduction promptly after expiration of the subscription period. Lambda Investors may elect to exercise its over-subscription privilege for such number of shares as it determines in its sole discretion.

Expiration of Rights Offering and Extensions, Amendments and Termination

You may exercise your subscription rights at any time prior to 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on            , 2013, the expiration date for the rights offering, subject to extension at our sole discretion, but in no event by more than 60 days from the date of this prospectus. If you do not exercise your subscription rights before the expiration date of the rights offering, your subscription rights will expire and will have no value. We will not

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be required to issue shares to you if the subscription agent receives your rights certificate or payment after the expiration date, regardless of when you sent the rights certificate and payment, unless you send the documents in compliance with the guaranteed delivery procedures described under “— Guaranteed Delivery Procedures” below.

We may extend the expiration date at any time. If the rights offering is extended, subscriptions received prior to such extension will remain irrevocable. We may choose to extend the rights offering for any reason. For example, we may decide that changes in the market price of our common stock warrant an extension, or we may decide that the degree of stockholder participation in the rights offering is less than the level we desire. We may cancel the rights offering at any time prior to the expiration of the rights offering for any reason. In the event the rights offering is cancelled, all subscription payments received by the subscription agent will be returned, without interest or deduction, as soon as practicable. We also reserve the right to amend or modify the terms of the rights offering, as appropriate.

We may extend the expiration date by giving oral or written notice to our subscription agent on or before the expiration date, followed by a press release no later than 9:00 a.m., Eastern Time, on the next business day after the previously scheduled expiration date.

Conditions to the Rights Offering

As a condition to the rights offering, the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part must be declared effective by the SEC.

Method of Exercising Subscription Rights

The exercise of subscription rights is irrevocable and may not be cancelled or modified. Your subscription rights will not be considered exercised unless the subscription agent receives from you, your broker, custodian or nominee, as the case may be, all of the required documents properly completed and executed and your full subscription price payment in cash at or prior to 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, on       2013, the expiration date of the rights offering. Rights holders may exercise their rights as follows:

Subscription by Registered Holders or Warrantholders

Rights holders who are registered holders of our common stock or individuals with warrants to purchase our common stock may exercise their subscription privilege by properly completing and executing the rights certificate together with any required signature guarantees and forwarding it, together with payment in full in cash, of the subscription price for each share of the common stock for which they subscribe, to the subscription agent at the address set forth under the subsection entitled “— Delivery of Subscription Materials and Payment,” on or prior to the expiration date.

Subscription by DTC Participants

Banks, trust companies, securities dealers and brokers that hold shares of our common stock or warrants on the rights offering record date as nominee for more than one beneficial owner may, upon proper showing to the subscription agent, exercise their subscription privilege on the same basis as if the beneficial owners were record holders on the rights offering record date through the Depository Trust Company, or DTC. Such holders may exercise these rights through DTC’s PSOP Function on the “agents subscription over PTS” procedure and instructing DTC to charge their applicable DTC account for the subscription payment for the new shares or indicating to DTC that such holder intends to pay for such rights through the delivery to the Company by the holder of an equivalent amount of principal and accrued and unpaid interest of indebtedness owed by the Company to such holder, or a combination thereof, and deliver such amount to the subscription agent. DTC must receive the subscription instructions and payment for the new shares by the rights expiration date. Except as described under the subsection titled “— Guaranteed Delivery Procedures,” subscriptions accepted by the subscription agent via a Notice of Guaranteed Delivery must be delivered to the subscription agent with payment before the expiration of the subscription period.

Subscription by Beneficial Owners

Rights holders who are beneficial owners of shares of our common stock or warrants and whose shares or warrants are registered in the name of a broker, custodian bank or other nominee, and rights holders who hold common stock or warrant certificates and would prefer to have an institution conduct the transaction

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relating to the rights on their behalf, should instruct their broker, custodian bank or other nominee or institution to exercise their rights and deliver all documents and payment on their behalf, prior to the expiration date. A rights holder’s subscription rights will not be considered exercised unless the subscription agent receives from such rights holder, its broker, custodian, nominee or institution, as the case may be, all of the required documents and such holder’s full subscription price payment.

Payment Method

Payments must be made in full in U.S. currency by:

Rights certificates received after 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on           , 2013, the expiration date of the rights offering, will not be honored, and we will return your payment to you as soon as practicable, without interest or deduction.

The subscription agent will be deemed to have received payment upon:

You should read the instruction letter accompanying the rights certificate carefully and strictly follow it. DO NOT SEND RIGHTS CERTIFICATES OR PAYMENTS TO US. Except as described below under “— Guaranteed Delivery Procedures,” we will not consider your subscription received until the subscription agent has received delivery of a properly completed and duly executed rights certificate and payment of the full subscription amount. The risk of delivery of all documents and payments is on you or your nominee, not us or the subscription agent.

The method of delivery of subscription rights certificates and payment of the subscription amount to the subscription agent will be at the risk of the holders of subscription rights. If sent by mail, we recommend that you send those certificates and payments by overnight courier or by registered mail, properly insured, with return receipt requested, and that a sufficient number of days be allowed to ensure delivery to the subscription agent and clearance of payment before the expiration of the subscription period. Because uncertified personal checks may take at least five or more business days to clear, we urge you to pay or arrange for payment by means of certified check made payable to “Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company (acting as subscription agent for Nephros, Inc.)” to avoid missing the opportunity to exercise your subscription rights should you decide to exercise them.

Payment Adjustments

If you send a payment that is insufficient to purchase the number of shares requested, or if the number of shares requested is not specified in the rights certificate, the payment received will be applied to exercise your subscription rights to the extent of the payment. If the payment exceeds the amount necessary for the full exercise of your subscription rights, including any over-subscription privilege exercised and permitted, the excess will be returned to you promptly in cash. You will not receive interest or a deduction on any payments refunded to you under the rights offering.

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Medallion Guarantee May Be Required

Your signature on each subscription rights certificate must be guaranteed by an eligible institution, such as a member firm of a registered national securities exchange or a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., or a commercial bank or trust company having an office or correspondent in the United States, subject to standards and procedures adopted by us, unless:

Subscription Price

As a condition to making the loan, Lambda Investors required that we undertake a rights offering to raise additional funds to meet our ongoing financial requirements and to repay the loan. In its loan proposal, Lambda Investors specified a rights offering of 5,000,000 shares our common stock, and that it be made at a subscription price of $0.60 per share to encourage our other stockholders to participate. The loan and the rights offering, as proposed by Lambda Investors, including the $0.60 per share subscription price, were approved by a special committee of our independent directors (none of whom are affiliated with Lambda Investors) after consideration of the financing alternatives available to us.

The $0.60 per share subscription price is not necessarily related to our book value, net worth or any other established criteria of value and may or may not be considered the fair value of our common stock being offered in the rights offering. We did not consult with any financial or other advisor in determining the subscription price.

We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not decline during or after the rights offering. We also cannot assure you that you will be able to sell shares of our common stock purchased during the rights offering at a price equal to or greater than the $0.60 subscription price per share. We urge you to obtain a current quote for our common stock before exercising your subscription rights or subscribing for a share.

Withdrawal and Termination

We reserve the right to withdraw the rights offering prior to the expiration of the rights offering for any reason. We may terminate the rights offering, in whole or in part, if at any time before completion of the rights offering there is any judgment, order, decree, injunction, statute, law or regulation entered, enacted, amended or held to be applicable to the rights offering that in the sole judgment of our board of directors would or might make the rights offering or its completion, whether in whole or in part, illegal or otherwise restrict or prohibit completion of the rights offering. We may waive any of these conditions and choose to proceed with the rights offering even if one or more of these events occur. If we terminate the rights offering, in whole or in part, all affected subscription rights will expire without value, and all excess subscription payments received by the subscription agent will be returned, without interest, as soon as practicable.

Cancellation Rights

Our board of directors may cancel the rights offering at any time prior to the time the rights offering expires for any reason. If we cancel the rights offering, we will issue a press release notifying stockholders of the cancellation and all subscription payments received by the subscription agent will be returned, without interest or deduction, as soon as practicable.

Subscription Agent

The subscription agent for this rights offering is Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company. We will pay all fees and expenses of the subscription agent related to the rights offering and have also agreed to indemnify the subscription agent from certain liabilities that it may incur in connection with the rights offering.

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Delivery of Subscription Materials and Payment

All subscription rights certificates, payments of the subscription price (unless submitted by wire transfer), nominee holder certifications and/or notice of guaranteed delivery, to the extent applicable to your exercise of rights, must be delivered to Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company as follows:

If delivery by hand/mail/overnight courier:

Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company
17 Battery Place, 8 ^th Floor
New York, NY 10004
(917) 262-2378

Your delivery other than in the manner or to the address listed above will not constitute valid delivery.

You should direct any questions or requests for assistance concerning the method of subscribing for shares or for additional copies of this prospectus to the information agent.

Guaranteed Delivery Procedures

The subscription agent will grant you three business days after the expiration date to deliver the rights certificate if you follow the following instructions for providing the subscription agent notice of guaranteed delivery. On or prior to the expiration date, the subscription agent must receive payment in full in cash and/or securities, as provided herein, for all shares subscribed for through the exercise of the basic subscription privilege and the over-subscription privilege, together with a properly completed and duly executed notice of guaranteed delivery substantially in the form accompanying this prospectus either by mail or overnight carrier, that specifies the name of the holder of the rights and the number of shares subscribed for. If applicable, it must state separately the number of shares subscribed for through the exercise of the over-subscription privilege and a member firm of a registered national securities exchange, a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., or a commercial bank or trust company having an office or correspondent in the United States must guarantee that the properly completed and executed subscription rights certificate for all shares of common stock subscribed for will be delivered to the subscription agent within three business days after the expiration date. The subscription agent will then conditionally accept the exercise of the rights and will withhold the certificates for shares of common stock until it receives the properly completed and duly executed rights certificate within that three-business-day time period.

In the case of holders of rights that are held of record through DTC, those rights may be exercised by instructing DTC to transfer rights from that holder’s DTC account to the subscription agent’s DTC account, together with payment of the full subscription price. The notice of guaranteed delivery must be guaranteed by a commercial bank, trust company or credit union having an office, branch or agency in the United States or by a member of a Stock Transfer Association approved medallion program such as STAMP, SEMP or MSP.

Notices of guaranteed delivery and payments (unless submitted by wire transfer) should be mailed or delivered to the appropriate address (or, for wire transfer payments, to the appropriate account) set forth under “— Delivery of Subscription Materials and Payment.”

Fees and Expenses

We will pay all fees charged by the subscription agent. You are responsible for paying any other commissions, fees, taxes or other expenses incurred in connection with the exercise of the subscription rights or subscribing for shares. Neither the subscription agent nor we will pay such expenses.

Notice to Nominees

If you are a broker, custodian bank or other nominee holder that holds shares of our common stock or warrants for the account of others on the record date, you should notify the beneficial owners of the shares for whom you are the nominee of the rights offering as soon as possible to learn their intentions with respect to exercising their subscription rights. You should obtain instructions from the beneficial owner, as set forth in the instructions we have provided to you for your distribution to beneficial owners. If the beneficial owner so instructs, you should complete the appropriate rights certificate and submit it to the subscription agent with the proper subscription payment. If you hold shares of our common stock or warrants for the account(s) of more

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than one beneficial owner, you may exercise the number of subscription rights to which all beneficial owners in the aggregate otherwise would have been entitled had they been direct holders of our common stock or warrants on the record date, provided that you, as a nominee record holder, make a proper showing to the subscription agent by submitting the form entitled “Nominee Holder Certification,” which is provided with your rights offering materials. If you did not receive this form, you should contact the subscription agent to request a copy.

Beneficial Owners

If you are a beneficial owner of shares of our common stock or warrants or will receive your subscription rights through a broker, custodian bank or other nominee, we will ask your broker, custodian bank or other nominee to notify you of the rights offering. If you wish to exercise your subscription rights, you will need to have your broker, custodian bank or other nominee act for you. To indicate your decision with respect to your subscription rights, you should complete and return to your broker, custodian bank or other nominee the form entitled “Beneficial Owner Election Form.” You should receive this form from your broker, custodian bank or other nominee with the other rights offering materials. If you wish to obtain a separate subscription rights certificate, you should contact the nominee as soon as possible and request that a separate subscription rights certificate be issued to you. You should contact your broker, custodian bank or other nominee if you do not receive this form, but you believe you are entitled to participate in the rights offering. We are not responsible if you do not receive the form from your broker, custodian bank or nominee or if you receive it without sufficient time to respond.

Non-Transferability of Subscription Rights

Your subscription rights are not transferable, other than by operation of law, and may be exercised only by you. You may not sell, transfer or assign your subscription rights to anyone else.

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offering. You will have no right to revoke your subscriptions after your rights certificate or the “Beneficial Owner Election Form,” the full subscription payment and any other required documents have been delivered to the subscription agent.

State Securities Law Matters

The issuance and exercise of subscription rights is subject to compliance with state securities laws and regulations. Although we intend to distribute the rights to all stockholders and warrantholders, we reserve the right in some states to require stockholders and warrantholders, if they wish to participate, to state and agree upon exercise of their respective rights that they are acquiring the shares for investment purposes only, and that they have no present intention to resell or transfer any shares acquired. This rights offering is not being made and our securities are not being offered in any jurisdiction where the offer is not permitted under applicable local laws. We have the right, in our sole discretion, to not effect registration or qualification of the subscription rights in any state or other jurisdiction, or take any other action required by any state or other jurisdiction to allow the offer to take place in that state or jurisdiction. If you reside in a state or other jurisdiction in which registration, qualification or other action is necessary with which we choose not to comply, you will not be eligible to participate in the rights offering.

Foreign Stockholders and Warrantholders

We will not mail this prospectus or rights certificates to stockholders and warrantholders with addresses that are outside the United States or that have an army post office or foreign post office address. The subscription agent will hold these rights certificates for their account. To exercise subscription rights, our foreign stockholders and warrantholders and stockholders and warrantholders that have an army post office or foreign post office address must notify us prior to 11:00 a.m., Eastern Time, at least five business days prior to the expiration of the rights offering and demonstrate to our satisfaction that the exercise of such subscription rights does not violate the laws of the jurisdiction of such stockholder.

No Revocation or Change

Once you submit the form of rights certificate to exercise any subscription rights, you are not allowed to revoke or change the exercise or request a refund of monies paid. All exercises of subscription rights are irrevocable, even if you learn information about us that you consider to be unfavorable. You should not exercise your subscription rights unless you are certain that you wish to purchase shares at the subscription price.

No Recommendation to Rights Holders

Our board of directors is making no recommendation regarding your exercise of the subscription rights. You are urged to make your decision based on your own assessment of our business and the rights offering. Please see “Risk Factors” for a discussion of some of the risks involved in investing in the shares.

Listing

The subscription rights will not be listed for trading on the OTC Bulletin Board or any stock exchange or market. The shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the subscription rights and upon exercise of the warrants will be listed on the OTC Bulletin Board under the ticker symbol “NEPH.”

Shares of Our Common Stock Outstanding After Completion of the Rights Offering

As of the record date, we had      shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. If all of the shares offered are sold, we will issue 5,000,000 shares of our common stock in the rights offering. Assuming all of the shares offered are sold and no additional shares of our common stock are issued and no outstanding options or warrants are exercised prior to the completion of the rights offering, approximately      shares of our common stock will be outstanding immediately after the completion of the rights offering.

Additional Information

If you have any questions or need further information or assistance concerning the method of subscribing or about the rights offering, please contact Gerald J. Kochanski at (201) 343-5202, ext 102.

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We have entered into a registration rights agreement with Lambda Investors in connection with the rights offering. The registration rights agreement covers the shares of our common stock sold to Lambda Investors. See “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” for a description of the registration rights agreement with Lambda Investors.

Other than as described herein, we do not know of any existing agreements between any stockholder, broker, dealer, underwriter or agent relating to the sale or distribution of the shares of common stock.

The issuance and exercise of subscription rights is subject to compliance with state securities laws and regulations. Although we intend to distribute the subscription rights to all stockholders and warrantholders, we reserve the right in some states to require stockholders and warrantholders, if they wish to participate, to state and agree upon exercise of their respective rights that they are acquiring the shares for investment purposes only, and that they have no present intention to resell or transfer any shares acquired. Our securities are not being offered in any jurisdiction where the offer is not permitted under applicable local laws. We have the right, in our sole discretion, to not effect registration or qualification of the subscription rights in any state or other jurisdiction.

We have not entered into any agreements regarding stabilization activities with respect to our securities.

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To the extent we are unable to succeed in accomplishing the foregoing, our sales could be lower than expected and dramatically impair our ability to generate income from operations.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-05, “Comprehensive Income (ASC Topic 220): Presentation of Comprehensive Income,” (“ASU 2011-05”) which amends current comprehensive income guidance. This accounting update eliminates the option to present the components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of shareholders’ equity. Instead, we must report comprehensive income in either a single continuous statement of comprehensive income which contains two sections, net income and other comprehensive income, or in two separate but consecutive statements. ASU 2011-05 will be effective for public companies during the interim and annual periods beginning after Dec. 15, 2011 with early adoption permitted. We adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2012 and since this relates to presentation only, the adoption of this guidance did not have any other effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires application of management’s subjective judgments, often requiring the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. Our actual results may differ substantially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, we believe that the following accounting policies require the application of significant judgments and estimates.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 605. Four basic criteria must be met before revenue can be recognized: (i) persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.

We recognize revenue related to product sales when delivery is confirmed by our external logistics provider and the other criteria of ASC Topic 605 are met. Product revenue is recorded net of returns and allowances. All costs and duties relating to delivery are absorbed by us. Shipments for all products are currently received directly by our customers.

We recognize the fixed license revenue under the Bellco license agreement on a straight line basis over the forty-two month expected obligation period which ends on December 31, 2014. Any difference between payments received and recognized revenue is reported as deferred revenue.

Deferred revenue on the accompanying December 31, 2012 consolidated balance sheet is approximately $1,414,000 and is related to the Bellco license agreement. We have recognized approximately $1,045,000 of revenue related to this license agreement to date and approximately $680,000 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2012, resulting in $1,414,000 being deferred over the remainder of the expected obligation period. We amortize the deferred revenue monthly over the expected obligation period which ends on December 31, 2014. This will result in expected recognized revenue of approximately $707,000 in each of the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014.

The final guaranteed fixed payment of approximately $791,000 is due in January 2013 and is included in current trade receivables on the accompanying December 31, 2012 consolidated balance sheet.

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Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718 by recognizing the fair value of stock-based compensation in net income. The fair value of our stock option awards are estimated using a Black-Scholes option valuation model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions and elections including expected stock price volatility and the estimated life of each award. In addition, the calculation of compensation costs requires that we estimate the number of awards that will be forfeited during the vesting period. The fair value of stock-based awards is amortized over the vesting period of the award. For stock awards that vest based on performance conditions (e.g. achievement of certain milestones), expense is recognized when it is probable that the condition will be met.

Accounts Receivable

We provide credit terms to our customers in connection with purchases of our products. We periodically review customer account activity in order to assess the adequacy of the allowances provided for potential collection issues and returns. Factors considered include economic conditions, each customer’s payment and return history and credit worthiness. Adjustments, if any, are made to reserve balances following the completion of these reviews to reflect our best estimate of potential losses.

Inventory Reserves

Our inventory reserve requirements are based on factors including the products’ expiration date and estimates for the future sales of the product. If estimated sales levels do not materialize, we will make adjustments to our assumptions for inventory reserve requirements.

Accrued Expenses

We are required to estimate accrued expenses as part of our process of preparing financial statements. This process involves identifying services which have been performed on our behalf, and the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for such service as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements. Examples of areas in which subjective judgments may be required include costs associated with services provided by contract organizations for the preclinical development of our products, the manufacturing of clinical materials, and clinical trials, as well as legal and accounting services provided by professional organizations. In connection with such service fees, our estimates are most affected by our understanding of the status and timing of services provided relative to the actual levels of services incurred by such service providers. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed. In the event that we do not identify certain costs, which have begun to be incurred, or we under- or over-estimate the level of services performed or the costs of such services, our reported expenses for such period would be too low or too high. The date on which certain services commence, the level of services performed on or before a given date and the cost of such services are often determined based on subjective judgments. We make these judgments based upon the facts and circumstances known to us in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Results of Operations

Fluctuations in Operating Results

Our results of operations have fluctuated significantly from period to period in the past and are likely to continue to do so in the future. We anticipate that our annual results of operations will be impacted for the foreseeable future by several factors including the progress and timing of expenditures related to our research and development efforts, marketing expenses related to product launches, timing of regulatory approval of our various products and market acceptance of our products. Due to these fluctuations, we believe that the period to period comparisons of our operating results are not a good indication of our future performance.

The Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2012 Compared to the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2011

Revenues

Total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2012 were approximately $1,807,000 compared to approximately $2,214,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011. Total revenues decreased approximately $407,000, or 18% as a result of decreases of approximately $733,000 related to our MD filters in Europe,

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$346,000 related to the Office of Naval Research, whose contract ended as of March 2012, and approximately $33,000 related to the STERIS project. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of approximately $315,000 related to the Bellco license agreement as well as a 63% increase in water filter sales, which increased from $620,000 in 2011 to $1,010,000 in 2012.

Revenues were not significantly impacted by inflation or changing prices for the years ended December 31, 2012 or 2011.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold was approximately $737,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to approximately $1,346,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011. The decrease of approximately $609,000 or 45%, in cost of goods sold is primarily related to a $583,000 reduction in cost of goods sold of our MD filters in Europe. Additional decreases include approximately $208,000 related to the Office of Naval Research, approximately $15,000 related to DSU sales for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the same period in 2011 and a decrease of approximately $29,000 related to the STERIS project. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in cost of goods sold of approximately $226,000 related to filters sold to the military during the year ended December 31, 2012, a 100% increase compared to the same period in 2011. Cost of goods sold includes increases in inventory reserves of approximately $82,000 and $218,000 for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses were approximately $632,000 and $451,000 respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011. This increase of approximately $181,000 or 40% is primarily due to an increase in research and development personnel related costs of approximately $136,000 during the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

Depreciation and amortization expense was approximately $151,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to approximately $91,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011, an increase of 66%. The increase of approximately $60,000 is primarily due to amortization of approximately $142,000 related to the asset recognized in conjunction with the License and Supply Agreement offset partially by several assets having been fully depreciated as of year-end 2011 resulting in no depreciation expense for those assets during the year ended December 31, 2012.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses were approximately $3,620,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to approximately $2,636,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011, an increase of $984,000 or 37%. The increase is primarily due to $489,000 of salary expense, an increase in legal expenses of approximately $330,000, an increase in stock compensation expense of $159,000, and $171,000 of travel related expenses during the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 30, 2011. These increases were partially offset by a reduction in bonus expense of approximately $165,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011.

Interest Income

Interest income was approximately $2,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to approximately $4,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011. The decrease of $2,000 reflects the impact of having less cash on hand in 2012 compared to 2011.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2012 was $0 compared to $12,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2011 relates to interest accrued on the $500,000 senior secured note issued to Lambda Investors LLC, which was paid in March 2011.

Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs

We account for debt issuance costs in accordance with ASC 835, which requires that these costs be reported in the balance sheet as deferred charges and amortized over the term of the associated debt. Amortization of debt issuance costs of $0 and $40,000 for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011,

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respectively, were associated with the senior secured note issued to Lambda Investors LLC. The note was paid in March 2011 and these capitalized costs were fully amortized by the first quarter of 2011.

Other Income/Expense

Other income in the amount of approximately $69,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012 was primarily due to approximately $55,000 arising from the sale of fully depreciated manufacturing equipment sold to Medica in October 2012. In addition, approximately $18,000 was related to the write-offs of vendor invoices which are no longer due. Other income was partially offset by $4,000 related to foreign currency losses on invoices paid to an international supplier.

Other expense in the amount of approximately $2,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011 was due to foreign currency loss on invoices paid to an international supplier.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not engage in any off-balance sheet arrangements during the periods ended December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011.

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Simultaneously with the closing of the rights offering, Lambda Investors, LLC purchased in a private placement 3,009,711 units at the same per unit purchase price of $0.40, pursuant to a purchase agreement between us and Lambda Investors. We issued to Lambda Investors an aggregate of 3,009,711 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,782,577 shares of common stock. We received approximately $1.2 million in gross proceeds from its sale of units to Lambda Investors.

The aggregate net proceeds received by us from the rights offering and private placement were approximately $2.3 million, after deducting the estimated aggregate expenses of these transactions, the repayment of the $500,000 note, plus all accrued interest thereon, issued to Lambda Investors, LLC, the payment of an 8% sourcing/transaction fee ($40,000) in respect of the note and an aggregate of $100,000 for reimbursement of Lambda Investors’ legal fees incurred in connection with the loan and the rights offering.

On March 11, 2011, we effected a reverse stock split, in which every 20 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time, which was 5:00 p.m. on March 11, 2011, were converted into one share of common stock. Fractional shares were not issued and stockholders who otherwise would have been entitled to receive a fractional share as a result of the reverse stock split received an amount in cash equal to $0.04 per pre-split share for such fractional interests. The number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding was reduced from approximately 201,300,000 pre-split to approximately 10,100,000 post-split. The reverse stock split was effected in connection with the rights offering and private placement.

At December 31, 2012, we had an accumulated deficit of $97,530,000, and we expect to incur additional losses in the foreseeable future at least until such time, if ever, that we are able to increase product sales or licensing revenue.

The Bellco license agreement provides us with payments of €500,000, €750,000, and €600,000 on July 1, 2011, January 15, 2012 and January 15, 2013, respectively and all payments have been received. Beginning on January 1, 2015 through and including December 31, 2016, Bellco will pay us a royalty based on the number of units of Products sold per year in the Territory as follows: for the first 103,000 units sold, €4.50 per unit; thereafter, €4.00 per unit. Anticipated payments from this License Agreement will be a positive source of cash flow to us.

On April 23, 2012, we entered into a License and Supply Agreement (the “License and Supply Agreement”) with Medica, an Italy-based medical product manufacturing company, for the marketing and sale of certain filtration products based upon Medica’s proprietary Medisulfone ultrafiltration technology in conjunction with our filtration products (collectively, the “Filtration Products”), and to engage in an exclusive supply arrangement for the Filtration Products. Under the License and Supply Agreement, Medica granted to us an exclusive license, with right of sublicense, to market, promote, distribute, offer for sale and sell the Filtration Products worldwide, excluding Italy for the first three years, during the term of the License and Supply Agreement. In addition, we granted to Medica an exclusive license under our intellectual property to make the Filtration Products during the term of the License and Supply Agreement. In exchange for the rights granted, we have agreed to make minimum annual aggregate purchases from Medica of €300,000, €500,000 and €750,000 for the years 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. In the year ended December 31, 2012, our aggregate purchase commitments totaled approximately €585,000. For calendar years thereafter, annual minimum amounts will be mutually agreed upon between Medica and us. In exchange for the license, we paid Medica €1,100,000 in two installments: €500,000 on April 23, 2012 and €600,000 on February 4, 2013. The remaining €400,000 is to be paid by June 30, 2013. As part of the agreement, we have granted to Medica 300,000 options to purchase our common stock which will vest over the first three years of the agreement.

On February 4, 2013, the Company issued a senior secured note to Lambda Investors LLC in the principal amount of $1.3 million. For a more detailed discussion of the terms of the senior secured note, see “Business — Going Concern.”

As of the date of this report, we expect that the proceeds from the note will allow us to fund our operations through May 2013. Our cash flow currently is not, and historically has not been, sufficient to meet our obligations and commitments. We must seek and obtain additional financing to fund our operations. If we cannot raise sufficient capital, in connection with the contemplated rights offering or through other means, we will be forced to curtail our planned activities and operations or cease operations entirely and you will lose all

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of your investment in our Company. There can be no assurance that we could raise sufficient capital on a timely basis or on satisfactory terms or at all.

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $1,547,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to approximately $1,296,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011. The most significant items contributing to this net increase of approximately $251,000 in cash used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011 are highlighted below:

Offsetting the above changes are the following items:

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2012 was approximately $612,000 related primarily to $8,000 used for the purchase of equipment and $659,000 for the purchase of intangible assets associated with the Medica License and Supply Agreement and partially offset by proceeds received of approximately $55,000 related to the sale of property and equipment. There was no cash used or provided by investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2011.

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $503,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012 as a result of the exercise of warrants. Net cash provided by financing activities of approximately $2,723,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011 resulted from proceeds received related to the issuance of stock of approximately $3,189,000 and from proceeds received related to the exercise of warrants of approximately $174,000. For the year ended December 31, 2011, cash provided by financing activities was partially offset by the payment of debt of approximately $500,000 and the payment of deferred financing costs of approximately $140,000.

Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments

The following tables summarize our approximate minimum contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2012:

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		Payments Due in Period
		Total				Within 1 Year				Years 1 – 3				Years 4 – 5				More than 5 Years
Leases		$	113,000			$	99,000			$	14,000			$	—			$	—
Employment Contracts			1,402,000				550,000				852,000				—				—
Total		$	1,515,000			$	649,000			$	866,000			$	—			$	—

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Published studies have shown that the use of ultrapure dialysate can make patients healthier and reduce their dependence on erythropoietin (EPO), an expensive drug used in conjunction with HD. By reducing the level of dialysate contaminants, specifically cytokine-inducing substances that can pass into a patient’s blood stream, cytokine levels within a patient stay low, thus reducing systemic inflammation. When inflammation is low, inflammatory morbidities are reduced and a patient’s responsiveness to EPO is enhanced, consequently the overall need for the drug is reduced.

We believe that our ultrafilters are attractive to dialysis centers because they exceed currently approved and newly proposed standards for water/bicarbonate purity, assist in achieving those standards and help dialysis centers reduce costs associated with the amount of EPO required to treat a patient. Our in-line filters are easily installed into the fluid circuits supplying water and bicarbonate just prior to entering each dialysis machine.

Hospitals and Other Healthcare Facilities .  According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), healthcare acquired infections (HAIs) annually account for 1.7 million infections, 99,000 deaths, and $4.5-$6.5 billion in extra costs in U.S. hospitals. At the root of many HAIs are waterborne pathogens such as Legionella and Pseudomonas which can thrive in aging or complex plumbing systems often found in healthcare facilities. According to the CDC, 23% of Legionella infections originate in healthcare facilities and Pseudomonas infections account for 10% of all water-related HAIs. These pathogens are most harmful to patients in intensive care, neonatal, burn, cancer, and transplant units.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) which was passed in March 2010 puts in place comprehensive health insurance reforms that aim to lower costs and enhance quality of care. With its implementation, healthcare providers have substantial incentives to deliver better care or be forced to absorb the expenses associated with repeat medical procedures or complications like HAIs. The ACA encompasses HAIs and shifts the costs associated with their treatment back onto the healthcare provider. As a consequence, hospitals and other healthcare facilities are proactively implementing strategies to reduce the potential for HAIs.

Our ultrafilters are designed to reduce the risk of HAIs in the hospital/healthcare setting by treating water just prior to use. Our products can be used for reactive infection control. For example, during acute disease outbreaks (such as Legionnaires’ disease), our ultrafilters have been used at hospitals and other healthcare facilities to quickly and efficiently assist in the control of such outbreaks. Our ultrafilters are also being used as a preventative measure in healthcare facilities, particularly in areas where high risk patients are being treated. Our point-of-use filters can be easily installed onto the end of faucets or as replacement shower heads.

The plastic casing of our hospital ultrafilters contains BACTiglas ^TM . BACTiglas ^TM releases silver ions at the surface of the plastic casing such that they are imparted to anything that touches it. Silver ions (through chemical bonding with amino acids) result in the killing of the bacteria that remains on the surface of the plastic. This enables our hospital ultrafilters to be bacteriocidal to any touch contamination or any growth on the surface of the plastic in addition to their water treatment effect.

Military .  The military is heavily reliant on the use of bottled water to support its soldiers in the field. Bottled water is not always available, is very costly to move, resource intensive, and prone to constant supply disruptions. Soldiers conducting operations in isolated and rugged terrain must be able to use available local water sources when unable to resupply from bulk drinking water sources or bottled water. Therefore, the soldier needs the capability to purify water from indigenous water sources in the absence of available potable water. Soldiers must have the ability to remove microbiological contaminants in the water to Environmental Protection Agency specified levels; thereby reducing the effects of acute debilitating illnesses to soldiers.

We offer our individual water treatment device (IWTD), which allows a soldier in the field to derive biologically safe water from any fresh water source. Our IWTD is available in both in-line and point-of-use configurations. Our IWTD is one of the few portable filters that have been validated by the military to meet the NSF Protocol P248 standard. It has also been approved by U.S. Army Public Health Command (USAPHC) and U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) for deployment. To date, we have received purchase orders for approximately 2,000 IWTDs from individual units of the U.S. armed forces and could become more widely used by soldiers in the future.

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In January 2013, the U.S. Army issued a request for proposal (RFP) relating to an IWTD, Nephros submitted its response to this RFP on February 25 ^th . The U.S. Army may award several, one or no contracts as a result of this solicitation. The maximum quantity of all contracts combined is not to exceed 450,000 units or $45,000,000 over a 3 year period. The RFP evaluation period may take up to 6 months before an award is made, if at all.

Dialysis Centers — Blood.   The current standard of care in the U.S. for patients with chronic renal failure is HD, a process in which toxins are cleared via diffusion. Patients typically receive HD treatment at least 3 times weekly for 3 – 4 hours per treatment. HD is most effective in removing smaller, easily diffusible toxins. For patients with acute renal failure, the current standard of care in the U.S. is hemofiltration (HF), a process where toxins are cleared via convection. HF offers a much better removal of larger sized toxins when compared to HD. However, HF treatment is performed on a daily basis, and typically takes 12 – 24 hours.

Hemodiafiltration (HDF) is an alternative dialysis modality that combines the benefits of HD and HF into a single therapy by clearing toxins using both diffusion and convection. Though not widely used in the U.S., HDF is much more prevalent in Europe and is performed in approximately 16% of patients. Clinical experience and literature show the following multiple clinical and patient benefits of HDF:

However, like HF, HDF can be resource intensive and can require a significant amount of time to deliver one course of treatment.

We have developed a modified approach to HDF which is more patient-friendly, less resource-intensive, and can be used in conjunction with current HD machines. We refer to our approach as an on-line mid-dilution hemodiafiltration (mid-HDF) system and it consists of our OLpur H2H Module and OLpur MD220 Hemodiafilter. On April 30, 2012, we announced that we received clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to market the OLpur H2H Module and OLpur MD220 Hemodiafilter for use with a UF controlled hemodialysis machine that provides ultrapure dialysate in accordance with current ANSI/AAMI/ISO standards, for the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure in the United States. Like HD, on-line mid-HDF treatment is given to patients at least 3 times weekly for 3 – 4 hours per treatment. Our mid-HDF system is the only HDF system of its kind to be cleared by the FDA to date.

We are currently preparing our OLpur H2H Modules and manufacturing our OLpur MD220 Hemodiafilters in readiness for market release. We expect to place a mid-HDF system in a U.S. dialysis clinic in Q2. We have not begun to broadly market our mid-HDF system and plan to seek a commercialization partner in the U.S.

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in April 1997. Our principal executive offices are located at 41 Grand Avenue, River Edge, New Jersey, 07661, and our telephone number is (201) 343-5202. We also have an office in Dublin, Ireland. For more information about Nephros, please visit our website at www.nephros.com .

Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern. Our recurring losses and difficulty in generating sufficient cash flow to meet our obligations and sustain our operations raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

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We have incurred significant losses in operations in each quarter since inception. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, we incurred net losses of $3,262,000 and $2,360,000, respectively. In addition, we have not generated positive cash flow from operations for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. To become profitable, we must increase revenue substantially and achieve and maintain positive gross and operating margins. If we are not able to increase revenue and gross and operating margins sufficiently to achieve profitability, our results of operations and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

On February 4, 2013, we issued a senior secured note to Lambda Investors LLC in the principal amount of $1.3 million. We expect that the proceeds from the note will allow us to fund our operations through May 2013. The note bears interest at the rate of 12% per annum and matures on August 4, 2013, at which time all principal and accrued interest will be due. However, we have agreed to prepay amounts due under the note with the cash proceeds from (a) a rights offering and an offering of a discounted exercise price to public warrantholders, each as further described in the note, (b) any other equity or debt financing, or (c) the issuance or incurrence of any other indebtedness or the sale of any assets outside the ordinary course of business, in each case prior to the maturity date. If we do not pay principal and interest under the note when due, the interest rate increases to 16% per annum. In connection with the note, we have agreed to pay Lambda Investors an 8%, or $104,000, sourcing/transaction fee. In addition, we will pay Lambda Investors’ legal fees and other expenses incurred in connection with the note in the amount of $50,000 as well as Lambda Investors’ legal fees and other expenses incurred in connection with the rights offering in the amount of $50,000. Those payments will be paid upon the completion of the rights offering or, if earlier, upon the maturity of the note. As additional consideration, we agreed to extend by one year the expiration date of all of Lambda’s outstanding warrants to March 2017. In addition, we have undertaken to conduct the rights offering described in this prospectus. During the period when the rights offering is open, we expect to offer to our public warrantholders holding the warrants issued at the close of the March 2011 rights offering a one-time right, at their option, to exercise such warrants for an exercise price of $0.30 per share discounted from $0.40 per share.

There can be no assurance that our future cash flow will be sufficient to meet our obligations and commitments. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations in the future to service our commitments, we will be required to adopt alternatives, such as seeking to raise debt or equity capital, curtailing its planned activities or ceasing its operations. There can be no assurance that any such actions could be effected on a timely basis or on satisfactory terms or at all, or that these actions would enable us to continue to satisfy its capital requirements.

Recent Developments

On April 23, 2012, we entered into a strategic license and supply agreement with Medica S.p.A. for ultrafiltration products granting us global rights, with specific exceptions, to market products based on Medica’s proprietary Medisulfone ultrafiltration technology. Under the terms of the agreement, Medica will provide an exclusive license to us for its ultrafiltration technology for the period April 23, 2012 to December 31, 2022. In exchange for the license, we paid Medica €1,100,000 in two installments €500,000 on April 23, 2012 and €600,000 on February 4, 2013. The remaining €400,000 is to be paid by June 30, 2013. As part of the agreement, we have granted to Medica 300,000 options to purchase our common stock which will vest over the first three years of the agreement. For the period April 23, 2014 through December 31, 2022, we will pay Medica a royalty of 3% of net sales of filtration products related to the licensed technology.

Manufacturing and Suppliers

We do not, and do not intend to in the near future, manufacture any of our products and components. With regard to the OLpur MD190 and MD220, on June 27, 2011, we entered into a license agreement, effective July 1, 2011, with Bellco S.r.l., an Italy-based supplier of hemodialysis and intensive care products, for the manufacturing, marketing and sale of our patented mid-dilution dialysis filters (MD190, MD220), referred to herein as the Products. Under the agreement, we granted Bellco a license to manufacture, market and sell the Products under its own name, label and CE mark in Italy, France, Belgium, Spain and Canada on an exclusive basis, and to do the same on a non-exclusive basis in the United Kingdom and Greece and, upon our written approval, other European countries where we do not sell the Products as well as non-European countries, all such countries herein referred to as the Territory.

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In exchange for the rights granted to it under the Bellco license agreement through December 31, 2014, Bellco agreed to pay us installment payments of €500,000, €750,000, €600,000 on July 1, 2011, January 15, 2012 and January 15, 2013, respectively, and all three payments have been received. Such installment payments, herein referred to as the Installment Payments, are Bellco’s sole financial obligations through December 31, 2014. Beginning on January 1, 2015 through and including December 31, 2016, Bellco will pay to us a royalty based on the number of units of Products sold per year in the Territory as follows: for the first 103,000 units sold, Bellco will pay €4.50 per unit; thereafter, Bellco will pay €4.00 per unit. Bellco must meet minimum sales targets of 15,000 units in each quarter of 2015 and 2016. If Bellco fails to meet a quarterly minimum, the license in Italy, France, Belgium, Spain and Canada will, at our discretion, convert to a non-exclusive one. All sums payable under the agreement will be paid in Euros, as adjusted to account for currency exchange fluctuations between the Euro and the U.S. dollar that occur between July 1, 2011, the effective date of the agreement, and the date of payment.

Sales and Marketing

Under the Bellco license agreement, as discussed above, we granted Bellco a license to manufacture, market and sell the Products under its own name, label and CE mark in the Territory. In addition, if requested by us, Bellco will be required to sell the Products to our distributors in the Territory.

Our New Jersey office oversees global sales and marketing activity of our water filter products. In May 2012 we signed a non-exclusive U.S. distributor agreement with Vantage. In July 2012 we signed non-exclusive U.S. distributor agreements with TQM, Ameriwater and OLS. In February 2013 we announced the signing of a non-exclusive distributor agreement with Chem-Aqua, Inc. to distribute Nephros’s innovative ultrafilters in North American healthcare facilities. Chem-Aqua is a global full service provider of water treatment programs and services. We believe that the addition of Nephros ultrafilters to Chem-Aqua’s product line will enable them to offer a comprehensive multi-barrier approach for prevention of waterborne infection in the healthcare institutions they service. Chem-Aqua is now beginning launch efforts for our products, including scheduling training sessions and promoting ultrafilters to the hospital market.

For each prospective market for our water filter products, we continue to pursue alliance opportunities for joint product development and distribution. Our water filter manufacturer in Europe shares certain intellectual property rights with us for one of our Dual Stage Ultrafilter (DSU) designs.

Research and Development

Our research and development efforts continue on several fronts directly related to our current product lines. We are also working on additional machine devices, next-generation user interface enhancements and other product enhancements.

We were awarded research contracts from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) for development of a potable dual-stage military water purifying filter. The initial research contract was awarded in 2006 for approximately $1 million and work was completed in August 2009. The second research contract was awarded in August 2009 and was an expansion of the 2006 ONR contract which is being performed as part of the Marine Corps Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) project. The primary objective of this expanded research program is to select concepts and functional prototype filter/pump units which were developed during the first phase of the project, and further develop them into smaller field-testable devices that can be used for military evaluation purposes. An advantage of our ultrafilter is the removal of viruses which are not removed with commercially available off-the-shelf microfilter devices. Such devices generally rely on a secondary chemical disinfection step to make the water safe to drink. The expanded contract also includes research geared toward improving membrane performance, improving device durability, developing larger squad-level water purifier devices, and investigating desalination filter/pump devices for emergency-use purposes.

Approximately $317,000 and $463,000 has been billed to the projects during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Approximately $900,000 of revenue has been recognized on the initial research contract which concluded in August 2009. Approximately $1,800,000 has been recognized on the second research contract awarded in August 2009. This research contract project ended in March 2012.

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In March 2010, we entered into a development agreement with STERIS Corporation to jointly develop filtration-based products for medical device applications. We received an initial payment upon entering into the agreement of $40,000 and were eligible to receive additional payments upon successful completion of product development milestones. During 2010, we completed the initial milestone under the joint collaboration agreement with STERIS Corporation and further milestones under the agreement during the first three quarters of 2011. Completion of these milestones resulted in aggregate payments to us of $100,000 during 2010, of which approximately $67,000 was recognized in 2010 and approximately $33,000 was recognized in 2011. The remaining milestones, when completed, will result in additional payments of $60,000.

Major Customers

For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, four customers accounted for 79% and 83%, respectively, of the Company’s sales. In addition, as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, those four customers accounted for 88% and 89%, respectively, of the Company’s accounts receivable.

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Intellectual Property

Patents

We protect our technology and products through patents and patent applications. In addition to the United States, we also applied for patents in other jurisdictions, such as the European Patent Office, Canada and Japan, to the extent we deem appropriate. We have built a portfolio of patents and applications covering our products, including their hardware design and methods of hemodiafiltration.

We believe that our patent strategy will provide a competitive advantage in our target markets, but our patents may not be broad enough to cover our competitors’ products and may be subject to invalidation claims. Our U.S. patents for the “Method and Apparatus for Efficient Hemodiafiltration” and for the “Dual-Stage Filtration Cartridge,” have claims that cover the OLpur MDHDF filter series and the method of hemodiafiltration employed in the operation of the products. Technological developments in ESRD therapy could reduce the value of our intellectual property. Any such reduction could be rapid and unanticipated. We have issued patents on our water filtration products and applications in process to cover various applications in residential, commercial, and remote environments.

As of December 31, 2012, we have eighteen issued U.S. patents; one issued Eurasian patent; seven Mexican patents, four South Korean patents, three Russian patents, six Chinese patents, nine French patents, nine German patents, five Israeli patents, seven Italian patents, three Spanish patents, nine United Kingdom patents, fourteen Japanese patents, three Hong Kong patents, nine Canadian patents, one Australian patent, two patents in Brazil, one patent in Sweden and one patent in Netherlands. Our issued U.S. patents expire between 2018 and 2027. In addition, we have three pending U.S. patent applications, four pending patent applications in Canada, five pending patent applications in the European Patent Office, two pending patent applications in Brazil, one pending patent application in China, four pending patent applications in Israel, two pending patent applications in India and one pending patent application in South Korea. Our pending patent applications relate to a range of dialysis technologies, including cartridge configurations, cartridge assembly, substitution fluid systems, and methods to enhance toxin removal.

Trademarks

As of December 31, 2012, we secured registrations of the trademarks CENTRAPUR, H2H, OLpur and the Arrows Logo in the European Union. Applications for these trademarks are pending registration in the United States. We also have applications for registration of a number of other marks pending in the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

Governmental Regulation

The research and development, manufacturing, promotion, marketing and distribution of our ESRD therapy products in the United States, Europe and other regions of the world are subject to regulation by numerous governmental authorities, including the FDA, the European Union and analogous agencies.

United States

The FDA regulates the manufacture and distribution of medical devices in the United States pursuant to the FDC Act. All of our ESRD therapy products are regulated in the United States as medical devices by

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the FDA under the FDC Act. Under the FDC Act, medical devices are classified in one of three classes, namely Class I, II or III, on the basis of the controls deemed necessary by the FDA to reasonably ensure their safety and effectiveness.

Before a new medical device can be introduced to the market, FDA clearance of a pre-market notification under Section 510(k) of the FDC Act or FDA clearance of a pre-market approval, or PMA, application under Section 515 of the FDC Act must be obtained. A Section 510(k) clearance will be granted if the submitted information establishes that the proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a legally marketed Class I or Class II medical device or to a Class III medical device for which the FDA has not called for pre-market approval under Section 515. The Section 510(k) pre-market clearance process is generally faster and simpler than the Section 515 pre-market approval process.

For any devices cleared through the Section 510(k) process, modifications or enhancements that could significantly affect the safety or effectiveness of the device or that constitute a major change to the intended use of the device will require a new Section 510(k) pre-market notification submission. Accordingly, if we do obtain Section 510(k) pre-market clearance for any of our ESRD therapy and DSU products, we will need to submit another Section 510(k) pre-market notification if we significantly affect that product’s safety or effectiveness through subsequent modifications or enhancements.

On July 1, 2009, we received FDA clearance of the DSU to be used to filter biological contaminants from water and bicarbonate concentrate used in hemodialysis procedures.

On June 30, 2010, we received a final decision letter from the FDA for our 510(k) submission which stated that the FDA could not reach a substantial equivalence determination for our hemodiafiltration (HDF) system. On August 11, 2011, Nephros filed a new 510(k) application with the FDA for clearance of the Company’s hemodiafiltration (HDF) system for end-stage renal disease. On April 30, 2012, the Company announced that it received 510(k) clearance from the FDA to market the OLpur H2H Module and OLpur MD220 Hemodiafilter for use with a UF controlled hemodialysis machine that provides ultrapure dialysate in accordance with current ANSI/AAMI/ISO standards, for the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure in the United States.

The FDC Act requires that medical devices be manufactured in accordance with the FDA’s current QSR regulations which require, among other things, that:

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If violations of the applicable QSR regulations are noted during FDA inspections of our manufacturing facilities or the manufacturing facilities of our contract manufacturers, there may be a material adverse effect on our ability to produce and sell our products.

In addition to the requirements described above, the FDC Act requires that:

European Union

The European Union began to harmonize national regulations comprehensively for the control of medical devices in member nations in 1993, when it adopted its Medical Devices Directive 93/42/EEC. The European Union directive applies to both the manufacturer’s quality assurance system and the product’s technical design and discusses the various ways to obtain approval of a device (dependent on device classification), how to properly CE Mark a device and how to place a device on the market.

The regulatory approach necessary to demonstrate to the European Union that the organization has the ability to provide medical devices and related services that consistently meet customer requirements and regulatory requirements applicable to medical devices requires the certification of a full quality management system by a notified body. Initially, we engaged TÜV Rheinland of North America, Inc. (“TÜV Rheinland”) as the notified body to assist us in obtaining certification to the International Organization for Standardization, or ISO, 13485/2003 standard, which demonstrates the presence of a quality management system that can be used by an organization for design and development, production, installation and servicing of medical devices and the design, development and provision of related services.

European Union requirements for products are set forth in harmonized European Union standards and include conformity to safety requirements, physical and biological properties, construction and environmental properties, and information supplied by the manufacturer. A company demonstrates conformity to these requirements, with respect to a product, by pre-clinical tests, biocompatibility tests, qualification of products and packaging, risk analysis and well-conducted clinical investigations approved by ethics committees.

Once a manufacturer’s full quality management system is determined to be in compliance with ISO 13485/2003 and other statutory requirements, and the manufacturer’s products conform to harmonized European standards, the notified body will recommend and document such conformity. The manufacturer will receive a CE marking and ISO certifications, and then may place a CE mark on the relevant products. The CE mark, which stands for Conformité Européenne, demonstrates compliance with the relevant European Union requirements. Products subject to these provisions that do not bear the CE mark cannot be imported to, or sold or distributed within, the European Union.

In July 2003, we received a certification from TÜV Rheinland that our quality management system conforms to the requirements of the European Community. At the same time, TÜV Rheinland approved our use of the CE marking with respect to the design and production of high permeability hemodialyzer products for ESRD therapy. In April 2010, we changed our notified body from TÜV Rheinland to BSI America, Inc. and expanded our scope to include design and development and production of water filters.

Under the Bellco license agreement, as discussed above, we granted Bellco a license to manufacture, market and sell the Products under its own name, label and CE mark in the Territory. In addition, if requested by us, Bellco will be required to sell the Products to our distributors in the Territory.

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Regulatory Authorities in Regions Outside of the United States and the European Union

We also plan to sell our ESRD therapy products in foreign markets outside the United States which are not part of the European Union. Requirements pertaining to medical devices vary widely from country to country, ranging from no health regulations to detailed submissions such as those required by the FDA. We believe the extent and complexity of regulations for medical devices such as those produced by us are increasing worldwide. We anticipate that this trend will continue and that the cost and time required to obtain approval to market in any given country will increase, with no assurance that such approval will be obtained. Our ability to export into other countries may require compliance with ISO 13485, which is analogous to compliance with the FDA’s QSR requirements. In November 2007 and May 2011, the Therapeutic Products Directorate of Health Canada, the Canadian health regulatory agency, approved our OLpur MD220 Hemodiafilter and our DSU, respectively for marketing in Canada. Other than the CE marking and Canadian approval of our OLpur MD220 Hemodiafilter and DSU products, we have not obtained any regulatory approvals to sell any of our products and there is no assurance that any such clearance or certification will be issued.

Reimbursement

In both domestic markets and markets outside of the United States, sales of our ESRD therapy products will depend in part, on the availability of reimbursement from third-party payers. In the United States, ESRD providers are reimbursed through Medicare, Medicaid and private insurers. In countries other than the United States, ESRD providers are also reimbursed through governmental and private insurers. In countries other than the United States, the pricing and profitability of our products generally will be subject to government controls. Despite the continually expanding influence of the European Union, national healthcare systems in its member nations, reimbursement decision-making included, are neither regulated nor integrated at the European Union level. Each country has its own system, often closely protected by its corresponding national government.

Product Liability and Insurance

The production, marketing and sale of kidney dialysis products have an inherent risk of liability in the event of product failure or claim of harm caused by product operation. We have acquired product liability insurance for our products in the amount of $5 million. A successful claim in excess of our insurance coverage could materially deplete our assets. Moreover, any claim against us could generate negative publicity, which could decrease the demand for our products, our ability to generate revenues and our profitability.

Some of our existing and potential agreements with manufacturers of our products and components of our products do or may require us (1) to obtain product liability insurance or (2) to indemnify manufacturers against liabilities resulting from the sale of our products. If we are not able to maintain adequate product liability insurance, we will be in breach of these agreements, which could materially adversely affect our ability to produce our products. Even if we are able to obtain and maintain product liability insurance, if a successful claim in excess of our insurance coverage is made, then we may have to indemnify some or all of our manufacturers for their losses, which could materially deplete our assets.

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July 1, 2010. The lease term is renewable for 6 month terms with a 2 month notice to discontinue, on a rolling basis. Our monthly cost is 500 Euro (approximately $700).

We use our facilities to house our accounting, operations and customer service departments. We believe this space will be adequate to meet our needs. We do not own any real property for use in our operations or otherwise.

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MANAGEMENT

Director Classes

Our Board of Directors is currently composed of five directors. Our Board of Directors is divided into three classes. Each year, one class is elected to serve for three years. The business address for each director for matters regarding our company is 41 Grand Avenue, River Edge, New Jersey 07661.

In connection with our September 2007 financing, we entered into an investor rights agreement with the 2007 investors pursuant to which we agreed to take such corporate actions as may be required, among other things, to entitle Lambda Investors (i) to nominate two individuals having reasonably appropriate experience and background to our Board to serve as directors until their respective successor(s) are elected and qualified, (ii) to nominate each successor to the Lambda Investors nominees, provided that any successor shall have reasonably appropriate experience and background, and (iii) to direct the removal from the Board of any director nominated under the foregoing clauses (i) or (ii). Under the investor rights agreement, we are required to convene meetings of the Board of Directors at least once every three months. If we fail to do so, a Lambda Investors director will be empowered to convene such meeting.

Class I Directors — Term Expiring 2015

Name		Age (as of 2/26/13)		Director Since		Business Experience For Last Five Years
Arthur H. Amron		56		2007		Arthur H. Amron has served as a director of our company since September 2007. Mr. Amron is a Partner of Wexford Capital LP, an SEC-registered investment advisor and serves as its General Counsel. Mr. Amron also actively participates in various private equity transactions, particularly in the bankruptcy and restructuring areas, and has served on the boards and creditors’ committees of a number of public and private companies in which Wexford has held investments. Mr. Amron has also served as a director of Rhino GP LLC, which is the general partner of Rhino Resource Partners LP, a publicly traded master limited partnership (NYSE-RNO), since October 2010. From 1991 to 1994, Mr. Amron was an Associate at Schulte Roth & Zabel LLP, specializing in corporate and bankruptcy law, and from 1984 to 1991, Mr. Amron was an Associate at Debevoise & Plimpton LLP specializing in corporate litigation and bankruptcy law. Mr. Amron holds a J.D. from Harvard University, a B.A. in Political Theory from Colgate University and is a member of the New York Bar. Among other experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, Mr. Amron’s legal training and experience in the capital markets, as well as his experience serving on boards of directors of other public companies, led to the conclusion of our Board that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure.

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Name		Age (as of 2/26/13)		Director Since		Business Experience For Last Five Years
James S. Scibetta		47		2007		James S. Scibetta has served as a director of our company since November 2007 and as Chairman of our Board since September 2008. Since August 2008, Mr. Scibetta has been the Chief Financial Officer of Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a specialty pharmaceutical company. Prior to that, Mr. Scibetta was Chief Financial Officer of Bioenvision, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from December 2006 until its acquisition by Genzyme, Inc. in October 2007. From September 2001 to November 2006, Mr. Scibetta was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and he was a member of the Board of Directors of Merrimack from April 1998 to March 2004. Mr. Scibetta formerly served as a senior investment banker at Shattuck Hammond Partners, LLC and PaineWebber Inc., providing capital acquisition, mergers and acquisitions, and strategic advisory services to healthcare companies. Mr. Scibetta holds a B.S. in Physics from Wake Forest University, and an M.B.A. in Finance from the University of Michigan. He completed executive education studies in the Harvard Business School Leadership & Strategy in Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology program. Among other experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, Mr. Scibetta’s extensive management experience in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as his investment banking experience, led to the conclusion of our Board that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure.

Class II Directors — Term Expiring 2013

Name		Age (as of 2/26/13)		Director Since		Business Experience For Last Five Years
Paul A. Mieyal		43		2007		Paul A. Mieyal has served as a director of our company since September 2007. Dr. Mieyal has been a Vice President of Wexford Capital LP since October 2006. From January 2000 through September 2006, he was Vice President in charge of healthcare investments for Wechsler & Co., Inc., a private investment firm and registered broker-dealer. Dr. Mieyal is also a director of Nile Therapeutics, Inc., which is a publicly traded company. Dr. Mieyal received his Ph.D. in Pharmacology from New York Medical College, a B.A. in Chemistry and Psychology from Case Western Reserve University, and is a Chartered Financial Analyst. Dr. Mieyal served as acting Chief Executive Officer from April 6, 2010 until April 20, 2012. Among other experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, Dr. Mieyal’s pharmacology and chemistry education, his experience in investment banking in the healthcare industry, as well as his experience serving on boards of directors of other public companies, led to the conclusion of our Board that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure.

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Name		Age (as of 2/26/13)		Director Since		Business Experience For Last Five Years
John C. Houghton		49		2012		Mr. Houghton has over 25 years of commercialization experience in the pharmaceutical and medical device fields. He has direct experience in building out global commercial organizations including marketing, sales, sales operations, customer service, business analytics and new product development and has also been directly responsible for successfully licensing products and leading joint ventures and partnerships. Mr. Houghton most recently served as President and CEO of CorMedix Inc. (NYSE-Amex: CRMD), a pharmaceutical company focused on therapeutic products for the treatment of cardio-renal disease. While President and CEO, Mr. Houghton led the acquisition of the company’s product candidates and the completion of its initial public offering. Prior to assuming the role of President and CEO, he was the Chief Business Officer for CorMedix. Before joining CorMedix, Mr. Houghton established the global sales and marketing infrastructure for the Biotech division of Stryker Corp. (NYSE: SYK). Prior to Stryker, he worked with Aventis (NYSE: SNY) and predecessor companies for more than 14 years. During his time at Aventis he led the global marketing of Nasacort, served as commercial lead on the Aventis-Millennium inflammation collaboration, and functioned as the global new products commercialization head for respiratory, inflammation, cardiovascular, and metabolism products. Mr. Houghton received his B.Sc. from Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom. Mr. Houghton’s extensive experience in leadership roles in connection with sales and marketing in the pharmaceutical and medical device fields, as well as his management experience, led to the conclusion of our Board that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure.

Class III Director — Term Expiring 2014

Name		Age (as of 2/26/13)		Director Since		Business Experience For Last Five Years
Lawrence J. Centella		71		2001		Lawrence J. Centella has served as a director of our company since January 2001. Mr. Centella serves as President of Renal Patient Services, LLC, a company that owns and operates dialysis centers, and has served in such capacity since June 1998. From 1997 to 1998, Mr. Centella served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Gambro Healthcare, Inc., an integrated dialysis company that manufactured dialysis equipment, supplied dialysis equipment and operated dialysis clinics. From 1993 to 1997, Mr. Centella served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Gambro Healthcare Patient Services, Inc. (formerly REN Corporation). Prior to that, Mr. Centella served as President of COBE Renal Care, Inc., Gambro Hospal, Inc., LADA International, Inc. and Gambro, Inc. Mr. Centella is also the founder of LADA International, Inc. Mr. Centella received a B.S. from DePaul University. Among other experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, Mr. Centella’s extensive experience in managing companies engaged in the business of dialysis centers and equipment, led to the conclusion of our Board that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure.

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Board of Director Meetings

The business of our company is under the general oversight of the Board of Directors as provided by the laws of Delaware and our bylaws. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, the Board of Directors held two meetings and took action by unanimous written consent in lieu of a meeting four times. Each person who was a director during 2012 attended at least 75% of the Board of Directors meetings and the meetings of the committees on which he served.

Each of our directors is encouraged to be present at the annual meeting of our stockholders absent exigent circumstances that prevents his attendance. Where a director is unable to attend the annual meeting in person but is able to do so by electronic conferencing, we will arrange for the director’s participation by means where the director can hear, and be heard by, those present at the meeting. One of our then four directors attended the 2012 annual meeting.

Selection of Nominees for the Board of Directors

The entire Board is responsible for nominating members for election to the Board and for filling vacancies on the Board that might occur between annual meetings of the stockholders. The Board is also responsible for identifying, screening, and recommending candidates for prospective Board membership. When formulating its membership recommendations, the Board also considers any qualified candidate for an open Board position timely submitted by our stockholders in accordance with our established procedures.

The Board will evaluate and recommend candidates for membership on the Board consistent with criteria, including: personal qualities and characteristics, accomplishments, and reputation in the business community; financial, regulatory, and business experience; current knowledge and contacts in the industry in which we do business; ability and willingness to commit adequate time to Board and committee matters; fit of the individual’s skills with those of other directors and potential directors in building a Board that is effective and responsive to our needs; independence; and any other factors the Board deems relevant, including diversity of viewpoints, background, experience, and other demographics. In addition, prior to nominating an existing director for re-election, the Board will consider and review an existing director’s Board and committee attendance and performance; length of Board service; experience, skills, and contributions that the existing director brings to the Board; and independence.

To identify nominees, the Board will rely on personal contacts as well as its knowledge of persons in our industry. We have not previously used an independent search firm to identify nominees.

The Board will consider stockholder recommendations of candidates when the recommendations are properly submitted. Stockholder recommendations should be submitted to us under the procedures discussed in “Procedures For Security Holder Submission of Nominating Recommendations” which is available on our website at www.nephros.com , by clicking on the Investor Relations link, then the Corporate Governance link. Written notice of any nomination must be timely delivered to Nephros, Inc., 41 Grand Avenue, River Edge, New Jersey 07661, Attention: Board of Directors, c/o Chief Financial Officer.

The Board uses a variety of methods for identifying and evaluating non-incumbent candidates for director. The Board regularly assesses the appropriate size and composition of the Board, the needs of the Board and the respective committees of the Board as well as the qualifications of candidates in light of these needs. The Board will solicit recommendations for nominees from persons that the Board believes are likely to be familiar with qualified candidates, including members of the Board, our management or a professional search firm. The evaluation of these candidates may be based solely upon information provided to the Board or may also include discussions with persons familiar with the candidate, an interview of the candidate or other actions the Board deems appropriate, including the use of third parties to review candidates.

Director Independence

Our Board of Directors has determined that all of the directors are “independent” within the meaning of the Nasdaq independence standards other than Mr. Houghton.

Committees

Our Board of Directors has established an Audit Committee and a Compensation Committee. These committees are each governed by a specific charter, each of which is available on our website at

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www.nephros.com , by clicking on the Investor Relations link, and then the Corporate Governance link. All members of these committees are independent directors.

The Board of Directors does not currently have a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee given that the entire Board participates in discussions and decisions regarding identifying qualified individuals to become Board members, determining the composition of the Board and its committees, in monitoring a process to assess Board effectiveness and developing and implementing corporate procedures and policies.

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee is composed of James S. Scibetta (Chairman) and Lawrence J. Centella, neither of whom is our employee and each of whom has been determined by the Board of Directors to be independent under the Nasdaq listing standards. The purpose of the Audit Committee is to (i) oversee accounting, auditing, and financial reporting processes; (ii) assess the integrity of our financial statements; (iii) ensure that our internal controls and procedures are designed to promote compliance with accounting standards and applicable laws and regulations; and (iv) appoint and evaluate the qualifications and independence of our independent registered public accounting firm. The Audit Committee held four meetings in 2012.

The Board of Directors has determined that all Audit Committee members are financially literate under the current listing standards of Nasdaq. The Board also determined that Mr. Scibetta qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, rules adopted pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 based on his extensive experience previously outlined.

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee is composed of directors Lawrence J. Centella (Chairman) and Paul A. Mieyal. Neither gentleman is our employee; however, Dr. Mieyal served as acting Chief Executive Officer from April 6, 2010 until April 20, 2012. The purpose of the Compensation Committee is (i) to assist the Board in discharging its responsibilities with respect to compensation of our executive officers and directors, (ii) to evaluate the performance of our executive officers, (iii) to assist the Board in developing succession plans for executive officers, and (iv) to administer our stock and incentive compensation plans and recommend changes in such plans to the Board as needed. The Compensation Committee establishes the compensation of senior executives on an annual basis. The Compensation Committee held two meetings in 2012.

The Compensation Committee reviews and approves, on an annual basis, the corporate goals and objectives with respect to the compensation of the company’s executive officers. The Compensation Committee evaluates, at least once a year, our executive officers’ performance in light of these established goals and objectives, and, based upon these evaluations, recommends to the full Board the annual compensation of such executive officers, including salary, bonus, incentive, and equity compensation. In reviewing and recommending the compensation of the executive officers, the Compensation Committee may consider the compensation awarded to officers of similarly situated companies, the company’s performance, the individuals’ performance, compensation given to the company’s executive officers in past years or any other fact that the Compensation Committee deems appropriate. The Chief Executive Officer participates in the discussions and processes concerning the compensation of Mr. Kochanski, but not his own compensation. The Compensation Committee also reviews and recommends to the full Board appropriate director compensation programs for service as directors and committee members. The Compensation Committee has the authority to delegate any of its responsibilities to subcommittees as the Committee may deem appropriate.

Lawrence J. Centella and Paul Mieyal served as members of our Compensation Committee during all of 2012. Neither of these individuals was at any time during 2012 or at any other time an officer or employee of our company. Dr. Mieyal served as our acting Chief Executive Officer until April 20, 2012 but he received no employee compensation or employee benefits from the company. No interlocking relationship exists between any member of our Compensation Committee and any member of any other company’s board of directors or compensation committee.

Board Leadership Structure and Oversight of Risk

The Board of Directors is responsible for providing oversight of the affairs of our company. Our Board leadership structure currently consists of different persons serving the roles of Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. The Chairman of the Board, among other responsibilities, works with the Chief

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Executive Officer and the Board to prepare Board meeting agendas and schedules, acts as liaison to other members of the Board, and, in conjunction with our Chief Executive Officer, presides at Board meetings.

We believe that the current Board leadership structure is an appropriate structure for the company and its stockholders at this time. This structure allows the Chief Executive Officer to focus his energy on strategy and management of the company and the Board to focus on oversight of strategic planning and risk management of the company.

As explained above, our Board of Directors has two committees — the Audit Committee and the Compensation Committee. Our Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing certain accounting related aspects of the company’s risk management processes while our full Board of Directors focuses on overall risk management. The Audit Committee and the full Board of Directors focus on what they believe to be the most significant risks facing the company and the company’s general risk management strategy, and also attempt to ensure, together with the Chief Executive Officer, that risks undertaken by the company are consistent with the Board’s appetite for risk. While the Board of Directors oversees the company’s risk management, company management is responsible for day-to-day risk management processes. We believe this division of responsibilities at the present time is an appropriate approach for addressing the risks facing our company and that our Board leadership structure supports this approach. We can offer no assurance that this structure, or any other structure, will be effective in all circumstances.

Stockholder Communication with the Board

Stockholders may communicate with the Board of Directors, members of particular committees or to individual directors, by sending a letter to such persons in care of our Chief Financial Officer at our principal executive offices. The Chief Financial Officer has the authority to disregard any inappropriate communications or to take other appropriate actions with respect to any inappropriate communications. If deemed an appropriate communication, the Chief Financial Officer will submit the correspondence to the Chairman of the Board or to any committee or specific director to whom the correspondence is directed. Procedures for sending communications to the Board of Directors can be found on our website at www.nephros.com , by clicking on the Investor Relations link, then the Corporate Governance link. Please note that all such communications must be accompanied by a statement of the type and amount of our securities that the person holds; any special interest, meaning an interest that is not derived from the proponent’s capacity as a stockholder, of the person in the subject matter of the communication; and the address, telephone number and e-mail address, if any, of the person submitting the communication.

Code of Business Conduct and Code of Ethics

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2004, we adopted a Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, which was amended and restated on April 2, 2007, for our employees, officers and directors that complies with SEC regulations. The Code of Ethics is available free of charge on our website at www.nephros.com , by clicking on the Investor Relations link, then the Corporate Governance link. We intend to timely disclose any amendments to, or waivers from, our code of ethics and business conduct that are required to be publicly disclosed pursuant to rules of the SEC by filing such amendment or waiver with the SEC.

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Executive Officer

The following table sets forth certain information concerning our non-director executive officer as of December 31, 2012:

Name		Age (as of 2/26/13)		Position with Nephros and Business Experience for Last Five Years
Gerald J. Kochanski		59		Gerald J. Kochanski has served as our Chief Financial Officer since April 2008 and served as our acting Chief Executive Officer from March 31 through April 5, 2010. Prior to joining us, Mr. Kochanski served as the Financial Services Director of Lordi Consulting LLC, a national consulting firm, from February 2007 through February 2008. From October 2004 until December 2006, Mr. Kochanski was the Chief Financial Officer of American Water Enterprises, Inc., a business unit of a privately owned company in the water and wastewater treatment industry. From November 1998 through September 2004, Mr. Kochanski was the Chief Financial Officer of Scanvec Amiable Ltd., a publicly traded provider of software to the signmaking, digital printing and engraving industries. Mr. Kochanski is a Certified Public Accountant and received his B.S. in Accounting and his M.B.A. in Finance from La Salle University, where he also serves as an adjunct School of Business faculty member.

From April 6, 2010 until April 20, 2012, Paul A. Mieyal, a member of the Board of Directors, served as the acting Chief Executive Officer. Upon the appointment of John C. Houghton, effective April 20, 2012, Paul A. Mieyal resigned as acting Chief Executive Officer, but remains as a member of the Board of Directors of the Company. Dr. Mieyal is a Vice President of Wexford Capital LP, the managing member of Lambda Investors LLC, which, as of December 31, 2012, beneficially owned approximately 31% of our outstanding Common Stock, representing approximately 53% on a fully-diluted basis.

Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance

Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act requires our officers and directors, and persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of our equity securities, to file reports of ownership on Form 3 and changes in ownership on Form 4 or Form 5 with the SEC. Officers, directors and 10% stockholders are also required by SEC rules to furnish us with copies of all such forms that they file. Based solely on a review of the copies of such forms received by us, or written representations from reporting persons, we believe that during fiscal year 2012, all of our officers, directors and 10% stockholders complied with applicable Section 16(a) filing requirements except as follows: Each of Messrs. Amron, Mieyal, Kochanski, Centella, Scibetta and Houghton did not timely file one Form 4 reporting a grant of stock options by the Board, and Mr. Houghton also did not timely file a Form 3 to report that he did not beneficially own any Company securities at the time of his appointment as President and Chief Executive Officer.

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EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The following table sets forth all compensation earned in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 by our Named Executive Officers.

Summary Compensation Table

Name and Principal Position		Year				Salary ($)				Bonus (1) ($)				Option Awards (2) ($)				All Other Compensation (3) ($)				Total
John C. Houghton (5) President and Chief Executive Officer			2012				242,756				—			$	1,125,267			$	20,674			$	1,388,697
Gerald J. Kochanski Chief Financial Officer			2012			$	202,027			$	40,038			$	14,761			$	23,200			$	280,026
			2011			$	198,734			$	38,872			$	110,000			$	22,587			$	370,193
Paul A. Mieyal Acting Chief Executive Officer (4)			2012				—				—			$	7,307			$	14,800			$	22,107
			2011											$	13,982			$	14,800			$	28,782

(1)

The amounts in this column reflect decisions approved by our Compensation Committee and are based on an analysis of the executive’s contribution to our company during fiscal years 2012 and 2011.

(2)

The amount reported is the aggregate grant date fair value of the options granted, computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The assumptions used in determining the grant date fair values of these awards are set forth in Note 2 of these consolidated financial statements.

(3)

See table below for details on “All Other Compensation.”

(4)

Dr. Mieyal served as our acting Chief Executive Officer from April 6, 2010 until April 20, 2012. Upon the appointment of John C. Houghton, effective April 20, 2012, Dr. Mieyal resigned as acting Chief Executive Officer, but will remain as a member of the Board of Directors. Dr. Mieyal received no compensation for his services, except in his capacity as a director of our company, which compensation is disclosed in the columns titled “Option Awards,” and “All Other Compensation” included in this table.

(5)

Mr. Houghton was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer effective April 20, 2012.

All Other Compensation

Name		Year				Matching 401K Plan Contribution				Health Insurance Paid by Company				Life Insurance Paid by the Company				Consulting Fees				Director Fees				Company Paid Transportation Expense				Total Other Compensation
John C. Houghton			2012			$	9,710			$	9,564			$	1,400				—				—				—			$	20,674
Gerald J. Kochanski			2012			$	8,220			$	9,536			$	5,444				—				—							$	23,200
			2011			$	9,504			$	7,930			$	5,153				—				—				—			$	22,587
Paul A. Mieyal			2012				—				—				—				—			$	14,800	(1)			—			$	14,800	(1)
			2011				—				—				—				—			$	14,800	(1)			—			$	14,800	(1)

(1)

At the request of Dr. Mieyal, the director fees were paid directly to Wexford Capital LP.

Option Holdings and Fiscal Year-End Option Values

The following table shows information concerning unexercised options outstanding as of December 31, 2012 for our named executive officers (after giving effect to the 1:20 reverse stock split effected on March 11, 2011).

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Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End 2012

						Option Awards (2)
Name		Grant Date (1)				Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable (2)				Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable (2)				Option Exercise Price ($)				Option Expiration Date
John C. Houghton			April 20, 2012				126,563				548,438			$	0.95				4/20/22
John C. Houghton			July 3, 2012				62,166				269,384			$	1.89				7/3/22
Gerald J. Kochanski			April 1, 2008				12,500				-0-			$	15.00				4/1/18
Gerald J. Kochanski			Jan 6, 2009				938				312			$	2.60				1/6/19
Gerald J. Kochanski			Dec 31, 2009				2,834				945			$	15.40				12/31/19
Gerald J. Kochanski			Mar 24, 2011				150,000				100,000			$	0.51				3/24/21
Gerald J. Kochanski			Feb 16, 2012				-0-				20,000			$	0.83				2/16/22
Paul A. Mieyal (3)			Nov 30, 2007				750				-0-			$	16.00				11/30/17
Paul A. Mieyal (3)			Jan 8, 2010				1,000				-0-			$	19.00				1/8/20
Paul A. Mieyal (3)			Mar 24, 2011				19,200				12,800			$	0.51				3/24/14
Paul A. Mieyal (3)			Feb 16, 2012				3,334				6,666			$	0.83				2/16/22

Grant Date		Vesting
John C. Houghton		April 20, 2012 Grant: 14,063 vest monthly until March 20, 2016.
John C. Houghton		July 3, 2012 Grant: 6,907 vest monthly until March 20, 2016.
Gerald J. Kochanski		January 6, 2009 Grant: 312 vest on January 6, 2013.
Gerald J. Kochanski		December 31, 2009 Grant: 944.5 vest on December 31, 2013.
Gerald J. Kochanski		March 24, 2011 Grant: 50,000 vest on each of March 24, 2013 and March 24, 2014.
Gerald J. Kochanski		February 16, 2012 Grant: 5,000 vest on each of February 16, 2013, February 16, 2014, February 16, 2015 and February 16, 2016.
Paul A. Mieyal		March 24, 2011 Grant: 6,400 vest on each of March 24, 2013 and March 24, 2013.
Paul A. Mieyal		February 16, 2012 Grant: 3,333 vest on each of February 16, 2013 and February 16, 2014.

Employment and Change in Control Agreements

We have used employment agreements as a means to attract and retain executive officers. These are more fully discussed below. We believe that these agreements provide our executive officers with the assurance that their employment is a long-term arrangement and provide us with the assurance that the officers’ services will be available to us for the foreseeable future.

Agreement with Mr. John C. Houghton

On April 20, 2012, the Company entered into an Employment Agreement, effective as of April 20, 2012, with Mr. Houghton (“Employment Agreement”). The Employment Agreement has a term of four years, ending on April 20, 2016. The Employment Agreement provides that Mr. Houghton’s annual base salary will be $350,000. Mr. Houghton will be eligible to receive a target discretionary bonus of 30% of annual base salary, as determined by the Company. The targets with respect to the bonus for the year ending December 31, 2012 were mutually agreed upon between Mr. Houghton and the Compensation Committee of the Board within 60 days following April 20, 2012 and such bonus will be appropriately prorated for such annual period. The targets for each subsequent annual period will be mutually agreed upon at the beginning of each calendar year between Mr. Houghton and the Compensation Committee.

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Upon execution of the Employment Agreement, the Company granted Mr. Houghton options to purchase 675,000 shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the Company’s 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). In addition, the Company was required to grant Mr. Houghton options to purchase an additional 331,550 shares of the Company’s common stock.

The Employment Agreement further provided that, subject to Mr. Houghton meeting and maintaining the director eligibility requirements of the Board, Mr. Houghton would be nominated for election as a director at each stockholders meeting during his employment at which his term as a director would otherwise expire.

The Employment Agreement provides that upon the occurrence of a change in control (as defined in the Employment Agreement), all of Mr. Houghton’s unvested stock options will vest and become exercisable immediately and, unless all such options are cashed-out in the change in control transaction, shall remain exercisable for a period of not less than 360 days (or the expiration of the stock option term, if sooner), regardless of whether Mr. Houghton’s employment is terminated in connection with such change in control transaction.

In the event that Mr. Houghton’s employment is terminated by the Company for “cause” (as defined in the Employment Agreement), then the Company will pay the earned but unpaid base salary for services rendered through the date of termination and any and all unvested stock options shall automatically be cancelled and forfeited by Mr. Houghton as of the date of termination.

In the event that Mr. Houghton’s employment is terminated by reason of Mr. Houghton’s death, or by reason of Mr. Houghton’s resignation or retirement (as to which at least two (2) weeks notice is required), then the Company will pay to Mr. Houghton only the earned but unpaid base salary for services rendered through the date of termination. Any and all unvested stock options will automatically be cancelled and forfeited as of the date of Mr. Houghton’s death, resignation or retirement.

If, as a result of Mr. Houghton’s incapacity due to physical or mental illness, the Company determines that Mr. Houghton has failed to perform his duties on a full time basis for either ninety (90) days within any three hundred sixty-five (365) day period or sixty (60) consecutive days, the Company may terminate his employment hereunder for “disability”. In that event, the Company will pay the earned but unpaid base salary for services rendered through such date of termination. Any and all unvested stock options shall be cancelled as of the date of termination. During any period that Mr. Houghton fails to perform his duties as a result of incapacity due to physical or mental illness, he will continue to receive compensation and benefits provided by the Employment Agreement until his employment is terminated; provided, however, that the amount of compensation and benefits received during such period will be reduced by the aggregate amounts, if any, payable under disability benefit plans and programs of the Company or under the Social Security disability insurance program. Additionally, the vesting of stock options will be tolled during such period and in the event of a termination of the Employment Agreement as a result of disability, any and all unvested stock options will automatically be cancelled and forfeited as of the date of termination.

In the event that Mr. Houghton’s employment is terminated by the Company prior to the expiration of the term of the Employment Agreement for any reason other than as described above or by Mr. Houghton for “good reason” (as defined in the Employment Agreement) any and all unvested stock options shall automatically be cancelled and forfeited by Mr. Houghton as of the date of such termination (except as provided in a change in control), vested stock options shall remain exercisable for ninety days after the date of such termination or the expiration of the stock option term, if sooner (except as otherwise provided in the event of a change in control), and the Company will pay to Mr. Houghton any earned but unpaid base salary for services rendered through the date of termination and continuing payments of severance pay (less applicable withholding taxes) at a rate equal to his base salary rate, as then in effect, for a period equal to three months (or, when Mr. Houghton has been employed for at least one (1) year, a period equal to six (6) months), to be paid periodically in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll policies; provided that if Mr. Houghton continues to be employed in any capacity by a successor entity following a change in control, the severance pay that would otherwise be payable shall be reduced by the amount of base compensation and guaranteed bonus (if any) Mr. Houghton receives in such capacity during or attributable to the severance term. Payment of any severance benefits are subject to the execution by Mr. Houghton of a

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general release and an agreement to continue to be bound by certain provisions of the Employment Agreement relating to, among others, non-competition, non-solicitation and confidentiality.

Mr. Houghton is also subject to non-competition, non-solicitation and confidentiality covenants during the term of his employment.

Agreement with Mr. Gerald J. Kochanski

Mr. Kochanski began serving as our Chief Financial Officer on April 28, 2008, pursuant to an employment agreement dated as of April 1, 2008. Mr. Kochanski’s initial annual base salary is $185,000. For the first year of Mr. Kochanski’s employment, we paid him a non-accountable commuting allowance of $10,000. In addition, we agreed to pay up to $10,000 of Mr. Kochanski’s moving costs. Mr. Kochanski may be awarded a bonus based on performance. In 2011, Mr. Kochanski was awarded a bonus of $38,872. Pursuant to the employment agreement, we granted Mr. Kochanski an option to purchase 12,500 shares of our common stock under our 2004 Stock Incentive Plan. The option vested in three equal annual installments of 3,125 shares on each of March 31, 2009, March 31, 2010, and March 31, 2011. The option to purchase the remaining 3,125 shares vests on March 31, 2012 provided that he remains employed by us at such time, and provided further that such options shall become exercisable in full immediately upon the occurrence of a change in control (as defined in our 2004 Stock Incentive Plan).

Mr. Kochanski’s agreement provides that upon termination by us for cause or disability (as such terms are defined in the agreement) or by Mr. Kochanski for any reason other than his exercise of the change of control termination option (as defined in the agreement), then we shall pay him only his accrued but unpaid base salary and bonuses for services rendered through the date of termination, his unvested options shall immediately be cancelled and forfeited and his vested options shall remain exercisable for 90 days after such termination. If Mr. Kochanski’s employment is terminated by his death or by his voluntary resignation or retirement other than upon his exercise of the change of control termination option, then we shall pay him his accrued but unpaid base salary for services rendered through the date of termination and any bonuses due and payable through such date of termination and those that become due and payable within 90 days after such date. If we terminate Mr. Kochanski’s employment for any other reason, then, provided he continues to abide by certain confidentiality and non-compete provisions of his agreement and executes a release, he shall be entitled to: (1) any accrued but unpaid base salary for services rendered through the date of termination; and (2) the continued payment of his base salary, in the amount as of the date of termination, for a period of six months subsequent to the termination date or until the end of the remaining term of the agreement if sooner.

Upon any sale of all or substantially all of our business or assets, whether direct or indirect, by purchase, merger, consolidation or otherwise, Mr. Kochanski shall have a period of time in which to discuss, negotiate and confer with any successor entity regarding the terms and conditions of his continued employment. If Mr. Kochanski, acting reasonably, is unable to timely reach an agreement through good faith negotiations with such successor, then he may elect to terminate his employment with us and receive any accrued but unpaid salary for services rendered through the date of termination and the continued payment of his salary, in the amount as of the date of termination, for a period of six months. All unvested options that would have vested during the shorter of (a) the subsequent six months or (b) the remainder of the term would also immediately become vested.

The agreement defines “cause” as (1) conviction of any crime (whether or not involving us) constituting a felony in the jurisdiction involved; (2) engaging in any act which, in each case, subjects, or if generally known would subject, us to public ridicule or embarrassment; (3) gross neglect or misconduct in the performance of the employee’s duties under the agreement; or (4) material breach of any provision of the agreement by the employee; provided, however, that with respect to clauses (3) or (4), the employee must have received written notice from us setting forth the alleged act or failure to act constituting “cause”, and the employee shall not have cured such act or refusal to act within 10 business days of his actual receipt of notice.

The agreement defines “disability” as our determination that, because of the employee’s incapacity due to physical or mental illness, the employee has failed to perform his duties under the agreement on a full time basis for either (1) 120 days within any 365-day period, or (2) 90 consecutive days.

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On March 28, 2011, we entered into an employment agreement, to be effective on April 1, 2011, with Mr. Kochanski. The new employment agreement replaces the current agreement and is substantially similar to the prior agreement with the following material changes: Mr. Kochanski’s base annual salary was increased to $200,192, an increase of $15,192; and in the event that Mr. Kochanski’s employment is either terminated by us for other than “cause” (as defined in the agreement), then (i) all of his unvested stock options that would have vested during the shorter of (a) the subsequent six months or (b) the remainder of the term, shall immediately become vested.

Change in Control Payments

If the change in control payments called for in the agreements for Messrs. Houghton and Kochanski had been triggered on December 31, 2012, we would have been obligated to make the following payments:

Name		Cash Payment Per Month (# of months paid)				Number of Options that Would Vest (Market Value) (1)
John C. Houghton		$	29,167			$	131,625
			(3 mos.)				(-0-)
Gerald Kochanski		$	16,833			$	75,200
			(6 mos.)				(-0-)

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Board of Directors. The Chairman of the Board receives an annual retainer of $20,000 and $1,500 per meeting for each quarterly Board meeting attended. The chairperson of our Audit Committee is paid a $5,000 annual retainer and $500 per meeting for meetings of the Audit Committee, with a maximum of eight meetings per year.

We grant each non-employee director who first joins our Board, immediately upon such director’s joining our Board, options to purchase 1,000 shares of our common stock in respect of such first year of service at an exercise price per share equal to the fair market value price per share of our common stock on the date of grant. We also grant annually to each non-employee director options to purchase 500 shares of our common stock (625 shares to the Chairman of the Board, effective in 2009) at an exercise price per share equal to the fair market value price per share of our common stock on the grant date, although inadvertently we did not grant these options in 2008 and 2009, and subsequently granted them in January 2010 with an exercise price of $19.00 per share. These non-employee director options vest in three equal installments on each of the date of grant and the first and second anniversaries thereof.

As a result of the shareholders’ rights offering that was completed on March 10, 2011 and the 1:20 reverse stock-split that was effected as of March 11, 2011, the company’s closing market price per share was $.60 on March 11, 2011. All of the outstanding options at March 11, 2011 had an exercise price in excess of $.60. On March 24, 2011, the company granted its non-employee directors options to purchase 184,000 common shares in the aggregate at an exercise price per share equal to the fair market value price per share on that date, which was $0.51 per share. These non-employee director options vested forty percent (40%) on the date of grant and twenty percent (20%) vest equally on the following three anniversaries thereof.

Our executive officers do not receive additional compensation for service as directors if any of them so serve.

The following table shows the compensation earned by each of our non-employee directors for the year ended December 31, 2012, other than Dr. Mieyal, whose compensation information is presented in the Summary Compensation table above.

Non-Employee Director Compensation in Fiscal Year 2012

Name		Fees Earned or Paid in Cash				Option Awards (1) ($)				Total ($)
Arthur H. Amron (5)		$	14,800			$	7,307	(2)		$	28,880
Lawrence J. Centella		$	14,800			$	7,307	(3)		$	41,200
James S. Scibetta		$	33,000			$	9,133	(4)		$	59,400

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The shares beneficially owned by Lambda Investors may be deemed beneficially owned by Wexford Capital LP, which is the managing member of Lambda Investors. Arthur H. Amron, a director of Nephros, is a partner and general counsel of Wexford Capital. Paul Mieyal, a director of Nephros, is a vice president of Wexford Capital. During 2012, at the request of Messrs. Amron and Mieyal, fees and options in the aggregate amount of approximately $57,760 earned in respect of services they rendered to the company were directed to Wexford Capital LP.

All share amounts and related prices have been adjusted to give effect to the 1:20 reverse stock split effected on March 11, 2011.

In connection with the February 2013 loan from Lambda Investors, we entered into a registration rights agreement with Lambda Investors pursuant to which we will file a registration statement on Form S-1 covering the resale by Lambda Investors of the common stock underlying shares sold to Lambda Investors. Under this registration rights agreement, we will pay all of the expenses, including reasonable legal fees, of Lambda Investors in connection with such registration statement and resale of shares by Lambda Investors under such registration statement, which may be in an underwritten public offering. We will be obligated to use our reasonable best efforts to keep such registration statement continuously effective until such time as all the securities registered on such registration statement have been sold or are eligible for sale without restriction under the applicable securities laws.

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SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table provides information as of December 31, 2012 (adjusted to give effect to the reverse stock split effected on March 11, 2011) about compensation plans under which shares of our common stock may be issued to employees, consultants or members of our Board of Directors upon exercise of options or warrants under all of our existing equity compensation plans. Our existing equity compensation plans consist of our Amended and Restated Nephros 2000 Equity Incentive Plan and our Nephros, Inc. 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (together, our “Stock Option Plans”) in which all of our employees and directors are eligible to participate. Our Stock Option Plans were approved by our stockholders.

Plan category		(a) Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrant and rights				(b) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrant and rights				(c) Number of securities remaining available for issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by our stockholders:
Stock Option Plans			1,643,164			$	0.67				339,904
Equity compensation plans not approved by our stockholders (1) :			331,550			$	0.87				—
None			—								—
All Plans			1,974,714								339,904

(1)

On July 3, 2012, the Company granted Mr. Houghton an option to purchase 331,550 shares of common stock of the Company, under the Non-qualified Stock Option Agreement, dated July 3, 2012, between Mr. Houghton and the Company, in connection with his appointment as the President and Chief Executive Officer. These options vests in equal monthly installments over four years commencing on April 20, 2012, the date Mr. Houghton was appointed; provided that Mr. Houghton remains employed by the Company at such time.

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Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners

The following table sets forth the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of February 20, 2013, by (i) each person known to us to own beneficially more than five percent (5%) of our common stock, based on such persons’ or entities’ filings with the SEC as of that date; (ii) each director, director nominee and executive officer; and (iii) all directors, director nominees and executive officers as a group:

Name and Address of Beneficial Owner		Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership				Percentage of Class (1)
Lambda Investors LLC (2)			15,317,943				53.0	%
Southpaw Asset Management LP (3)			1,003,496				3.5	%
Arthur H. Amron (4)			34,017				*
Lawrence J. Centella (5)			72,684				*
John C. Houghton (6)			272,607				*
Gerald J. Kochanski (7)			221,584				*
Paul A. Mieyal (8)			34,017				*
James S. Scibetta (9)			59,459				*
All executive officers and directors as a group (4)  –  (9)			694,368				2.4

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are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of our common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock which we may designate and issue in the future.

CERTAIN MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following is a general summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the rights offering to U.S. holders (as defined below). This summary is based upon provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (or the Code), applicable Treasury Regulations, administrative rulings, judicial authorities and other applicable existing U.S. federal income tax authorities, all of which are subject to change or differing interpretations, possibly with retroactive effect which could result in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those discussed below. No assurance can be given that the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, will not challenge one or more of the tax results described in this discussion, and no ruling from the IRS has been, or is expected to be, sought with respect to the U.S. federal tax consequences of the rights offering.

This summary does not provide a complete analysis of all potential tax considerations. This summary is only applicable to U.S. holders of common stock and/or warrants who acquire the subscription rights pursuant to the terms of the rights offering, have held the common stock and/or warrants, and will hold the subscription rights, as capital assets (generally, property held for investment) within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code. This summary does not deal with all tax consequences that may be relevant to holders in light of their personal circumstances or particular situations, such as holders who may be subject to special tax treatment under the Code, including (without limitation) dealers in securities or currencies, financial institutions, insurance companies, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, tax-exempt entities or traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities, persons holding subscription rights, common stock, and/or warrants as part of a hedging, integrated or conversion transaction or a straddle, persons deemed to sell common stock and/or warrants, under the constructive sale provisions of the Code, persons whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar, and foreign taxpayers. This summary does not deal with any U.S. federal non-income, state, local or foreign tax consequences, estate or gift tax consequences, or alternative minimum tax consequences, nor does it address any tax considerations to persons other than U.S. holders.

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner of our common stock or warrants that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

If a partnership (including any entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) receives the subscription rights or exercises the subscription rights or the over-subscription rights, the tax treatment of a partner in a partnership generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Such a partner or partnership should consult its tax advisor as to the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the receipt, exercise or lapse of the subscription rights.

Holders of common stock and warrants are urged to consult their own tax advisors as to the specific tax consequences of the rights offering to them, including the applicable federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of the rights offering to them and the effect of possible changes in tax laws.

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Taxation of Subscription Rights

Receipt of Subscription Rights

Your receipt of the subscription rights pursuant to the rights offering should be treated as a nontaxable distribution with respect to your existing common stock and/or warrants for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and the following summary assumes you will qualify for such nontaxable treatment. If, however, the rights offering does not qualify as nontaxable, you would be treated as receiving a taxable distribution equal to the fair market value of the subscription rights on their distribution date. The distribution would be taxed as a dividend to the extent that it qualifies as a dividend and is made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits; any excess would be treated first as a return of your basis (investment) in your common stock and/or warrants and then as a capital gain. If the rights offering does not qualify as nontaxable, expiration of the subscription rights would result in a capital loss.

If the fair market value of the subscription rights you receive is less than 15% of the fair market value of your existing common stock and/or warrants on the date you receive the subscription rights, the subscription rights will be allocated a zero basis for U.S. federal income tax purposes, unless you elect to allocate basis between your existing common stock and/or warrants and the subscription rights in proportion to the relative fair market values of the existing common stock and/or warrants and the subscription rights determined on the date of receipt of the subscription rights. If you choose to allocate basis between your existing common stock and/or warrants and the subscription rights, you must make this election on a statement included with your tax return for the taxable year in which you receive the subscription rights. Such an election is irrevocable. The fair market value of the subscription rights on the date the subscription rights are distributed is uncertain, and we have not obtained, and do not intend to obtain, an appraisal of the fair market value of the subscription rights on that date. In determining the fair market value of the subscription rights, you should consider all relevant facts and circumstances, including any difference between the subscription price of the subscription rights and the trading price of our common stock on the date that the subscription rights are distributed, the length of the period during which the subscription rights may be exercised and the fact that the subscription rights are non-transferable.

On the other hand, if the fair market value of the subscription rights you receive is 15% or more of the fair market value of your existing common stock and/or warrants on the date you receive the subscription rights, then you must allocate your basis in your existing common stock and/or warrants between the existing common stock and/or warrants and the subscription rights you receive in proportion to their fair market values determined on the date you receive the subscription rights.

Your holding period in a subscription right will include your holding period in the common stock and/or warrants with respect to which the subscription right was distributed.

Exercise of Basic Subscription Privilege or Over-Subscription Privilege

Generally, you will not recognize gain or loss on the exercise of a subscription right pursuant to the basic subscription privilege or subscription for shares pursuant to the over-subscription privilege. Your tax basis in new shares of common stock acquired when you exercise a subscription right pursuant to the basic subscription privilege or subscribe for shares pursuant to the over-subscription privilege will be equal to your adjusted tax basis in the subscription right plus the subscription price. The holding period of a share of common stock acquired when you exercise a subscription right pursuant to the basic subscription privilege or subscribe for shares pursuant to the over-subscription privilege will begin on the date of exercise.

If you exercise a subscription right received in the rights offering after disposing of the share of our common stock or the warrant with respect to which such subscription right is received, then certain aspects of the tax treatment of the exercise of the subscription right are unclear, including (1) the allocation of tax basis between the common stock or warrant previously sold and the subscription right, (2) the impact of such allocation on the amount and timing of gain or loss recognized with respect to the common stock or warrant previously sold, and (3) the impact of such allocation on the tax basis of common stock acquired through exercise of the subscription right. If you exercise a subscription right received in the rights offering after disposing of the common stock or warrant with respect to which the subscription right is received, you should consult your tax advisor.

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Non-Exercising Subscription Rights

If the receipt of the subscription rights pursuant to the rights offering was treated as a nontaxable distribution for U.S. federal income tax purposes and you do not exercise your subscription rights, you should not recognize a capital loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes and any portion of the tax basis in your existing shares of common stock and/or warrants previously allocated to the subscription right not exercised should be re-allocated to the existing common stock and/or warrants.

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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

		Page
Annual Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets — December 31, 2012 and 2011			F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations — Years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011			F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity — Years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011			F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011			F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			F-7

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NEPHROS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
 
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In Thousands, Except Share Amounts)

		December 31, 2012				December 31, 2011
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	47			$	1,669
Accounts receivable			935				1,170
Inventory, less allowances of $269 at December 31, 2012 and $218 at December 31, 2011			312				247
Prepaid expenses and other current assets			109				113
Total current assets			1,403				3,199
Property and equipment, net			16				17
Long-term receivable			—				778
Other assets, net of accumulated amortization			2,109				—
Total assets		$	3,528			$	3,994
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		$	1,070			$	284
License and supply agreement fee payable			1,318				—
Accrued expenses			321				195
Deferred revenue, current portion			707				698
Total current liabilities			3,416				1,177
Long-term portion of deferred revenue			707				1,396
Total liabilities			4,123				2,573
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 10)
Stockholders’ equity (deficit):
Preferred stock, $.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2012 and 2011; no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2012 and 2011.			—				—
Common stock, $.001 par value; 90,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2012 and 2011; 11,949,824 and 10,501,477 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively.			12				10
Additional paid-in capital			96,847				95,630
Accumulated other comprehensive income			76				49
Accumulated deficit			(97,530	)			(94,268	)
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)			(595	)			1,421
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit)		$	3,528			$	3,994

 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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NEPHROS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)

		Years Ended December 31,
		2012				2011
Net revenue:
Product revenues		$	1,127			$	1,849
Licensing revenues			680				365
Total net revenues			1,807				2,214
Cost of goods sold			737				1,346
Gross margin			1,070				868
Operating expenses:
Research and development			632				451
Depreciation and amortization			151				91
Selling, general and administrative			3,620				2,636
Total operating expenses			4,403				3,178
Loss from operations			(3,333	)			(2,310	)
Interest income			2				4
Interest expense			—				(12	)
Amortization of debt issuance costs			—				(40	)
Other income (expense)			69				(2	)
Net loss			(3,262	)			(2,360	)
Other comprehensive income, foreign currency translation adjustments			27				27
Total comprehensive loss			(3,235	)			(2,333	)
Net loss per common share, basic and diluted		$	(0.29	)		$	(0.27	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted			11,223,878				8,644,962

 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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NEPHROS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In Thousands, Except Share Amounts)

		Common Stock								Additional Paid-in Capital				Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income				Accumulated Deficit				Total
		Shares				Amount
Balance, December 31, 2010			2,090,552			$	2			$	92,019			$	22			$	(91,908	)		$	135
Comprehensive income:
Net loss																			(2,360	)			(2,360	)
Net unrealized losses on foreign currency translation															27								27
Comprehensive loss																							(2,333	)
Private placement sale of common stock			3,009,711				3				1,201												1,204
Shareholder rights offering			4,964,854				5				1,980												1,985
Fractional shares not issued			(308	)
Exercise of warrants			436,668								174												174
Noncash stock-based compensation											256												256
Balance, December 31, 2011			10,501,477			$	10			$	95,630			$	49			$	(94,268	)		$	1,421
Comprehensive income:
Net loss																			(3,262	)			(3,262	)
Net unrealized gains on foreign currency translation															27								27
Comprehensive loss																							(3,235	)
Exercise of warrants			1,448,347				2				501												503
Noncash stock-based compensation											443												443
Issuance of stock options related to licensing agreement											273												273
Balance, December 31, 2012			11,949,824			$	12			$	96,847			$	76			$	(97,530	)		$	(595	)

 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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NEPHROS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
  
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In Thousands)

		Years Ended December 31,
		2012				2011
Operating activities
Net loss		$	(3,262	)		$	(2,360	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation of property and equipment			9				91
Amortization of other assets			142				—
Non-cash stock-based compensation			443				256
Inventory reserve			82				200
Amortization of debt issuance costs			—				40
Noncash interest			—				12
Gain on disposal of property and equipment			(55	)
Loss on foreign currency transactions			7				—
(Increase) decrease in operating assets:
Accounts receivable			1,006				(832	)
Inventory			(147	)			295
Prepaid expenses and other current assets			4				76
Long-term receivable			—				(778	)
Increase (decrease) in operating liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses			904				(357	)
Deferred revenue			(680	)			2,061
Net cash used in operating activities			(1,547	)			(1,296	)
Investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment			(8	)			—
Purchase of intangible assets			(659	)			—
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment			55
Net cash used in investing activities			(612	)			—
Financing activities
Repayment of debt			—				(500	)
Payment of financing costs			—				(140	)
Proceeds from exercise of warrants			503				174
Proceeds from issuance of common stock			—				3,189
Net cash provided by financing activities			503				2,723
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents			34				2
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents			(1,622	)			1,429
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year			1,669				240
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year		$	47			$	1,669
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for taxes		$	18			$	5
Payable related to license and supply agreement		$	1,318			$	—
Receivable related to license agreement		$	791			$	—
Fair value of stock options granted to Medica		$	273			$	—

 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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NEPHROS, INC.
  
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1 — Organization and Nature of Operations

Nephros, Inc. (“Nephros” or the “Company”) was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on April 3, 1997. Nephros was founded by health professionals, scientists and engineers affiliated with Columbia University to develop advanced End Stage Renal Disease (“ESRD”) therapy technology and products. The Company has two products in various stages of development in the hemodiafiltration, or HDF, modality to deliver improved therapy for ESRD patients. These are the OLpur MDHDF filter series or “dialyzers,” designed expressly for HDF therapy, the OLpur H2H, an add-on module designed to allow the most common types of hemodialysis machines to be used for HDF therapy. In 2009, the Company introduced its Dual Stage Ultrafilter (“DSU”) water filter system, which represents a new and complementary product line to the Company’s existing ESRD therapy business. The DSU incorporates the Company’s unique and proprietary dual stage filter architecture.

On June 4, 2003, Nephros International Limited was incorporated under the laws of Ireland as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. In August 2003, the Company established a European Customer Service and financial operations center in Dublin, Ireland.

Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Nephros International Limited. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

These financial statements were approved by management and the Board of Directors and are available for issuance as of the date of the audit opinion. Subsequent events have been evaluated through this date.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amount of revenues and expenses, during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Going Concern and Management’s Response

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The Company’s recurring losses and difficulty in generating sufficient cash flow to meet its obligations and sustain its operations raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The Company’s consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

The Company has incurred significant losses in operations in each quarter since inception. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company has incurred net losses of $3,262,000 and $2,360,000, respectively. In addition, the Company has not generated positive cash flow from operations for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. To become profitable, the Company must increase revenue substantially and achieve and maintain positive gross and operating margins. If the Company is not able to increase revenue and gross and operating margins sufficiently to achieve profitability, its results of operations and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

On June 27, 2011, the Company entered into a License Agreement, effective July 1, 2011, with Bellco S.r.l., as licensee (“Bellco”), an Italy-based supplier of hemodialysis and intensive care products, for the manufacturing, marketing and sale of Nephros’ patented mid-dilution dialysis filters. This Agreement provides the Company with payments of €500,000, €750,000, and €600,000 on July 1, 2011, January 15, 2012 and January 15, 2013, respectively. All payments have been received. Beginning on January 1, 2015 through and

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NEPHROS, INC.
  
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies  – (continued)

including December 31, 2016, Bellco will pay to Nephros a royalty based on the number of units of products sold per year in the territory as follows: for the first 103,000 units sold, €4.50 per unit; thereafter, €4.00 per unit. Anticipated payments from this License Agreement will be a positive source of cash flow to the Company.

On February 4, 2013, the Company issued a senior secured note to Lambda Investors LLC in the principal amount of $1.3 million. For a more detailed discussion of the terms of the senior secured note, see Note 12, Subsequent Events.

There can be no assurance that the Company’s future cash flow will be sufficient to meet its obligations and commitments. If the Company is unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations in the future to service its commitments the Company will be required to adopt alternatives, such as seeking to raise debt or equity capital, curtailing its planned activities or ceasing its operations. There can be no assurance that any such actions could be effected on a timely basis or on satisfactory terms or at all, or that these actions would enable the Company to continue to satisfy its capital requirements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company invests its excess cash in bank deposits and money market accounts. The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are carried at fair value, which approximate cost, and primarily consist of money market funds maintained at major U.S. financial institutions.

Accounts Receivable

The Company provides credit terms to customers in connection with purchases of the Company’s products. Management periodically reviews customer account activity in order to assess the adequacy of the allowances provided for potential collection issues and returns. Factors considered include economic conditions, each customer’s payment and return history and credit worthiness. Adjustments, if any, are made to reserve balances following the completion of these reviews to reflect management’s best estimate of potential losses. There were no allowances for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2012 or 2011. There was no allowance for sales returns at December 31, 2012 or 2011. There were no write offs of accounts receivable to bad debt expense during 2012 or 2011.

Inventory

The Company engages third parties to manufacture and package inventory held for sale, takes title to certain inventory once manufactured, and warehouses such goods until packaged for final distribution and sale. Inventory consists of finished goods and raw materials (fiber) held at the manufacturers’ facilities, and are valued at the lower of cost or market using the first-in, first-out method. The Company’s inventory reserve requirements are based on factors including the products’ expiration date and estimates for the future sales of the product. If estimated sales levels do not materialize, the Company will make adjustments to its assumptions for inventory reserve requirements.

Patents

The Company has filed numerous patent applications with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and in foreign countries. All costs and direct expenses incurred in connection with patent applications have been expensed as incurred.

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NEPHROS, INC.
  
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies  – (continued)

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. These assets are depreciated over their estimated useful lives of three to seven years using the straight line method.

Impairment for Long-Lived Assets

The Company adheres to Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360 and periodically evaluates whether current facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of its depreciable assets to be held and used may be recoverable. If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows produced by the long-lived assets, or the appropriate grouping of assets, is compared to the carrying value to determine whether impairment exists. If an asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the asset’s fair value and its carrying value. An estimate of the asset’s fair value is based on quoted market prices in active markets, if available. If quoted market prices are not available, the estimate of fair value is based on various valuation techniques, including a discounted value of estimated future cash flows. The Company reports an asset to be disposed of at the lower of its carrying value or its estimated net realizable market value. There were no impairment losses for long-lived assets recorded for the years ended December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized in accordance with ASC Topic 605. Four basic criteria must be met before revenue can be recognized: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.

The Company recognizes revenue related to product sales when delivery is confirmed by its external logistics provider and the other criteria of ASC Topic 605 are met. Product revenue is recorded net of returns and allowances. All costs and duties relating to delivery are absorbed by Nephros. All shipments are currently received directly by the Company’s customers.

Deferred revenue is approximately $1,414,000 and $2,094,000 on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, and is related to the License Agreement with Bellco. The Company has recognized approximately $1,045,000 of revenue related to this license agreement to date, including approximately $680,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012, resulting in $1,414,000 being deferred over the remainder of the expected obligation period. The Company amortizes the deferred revenue monthly over the expected obligation period which ends on December 31, 2014. This will result in expected recognized revenue of approximately $707,000 in each of the years ending December 31, 2013 and 2014.

The Company received cash payments of approximately $709,000 in July 2011 and $951,000 in January 2012. The final guaranteed fixed payment of approximately $791,000 was received in January 2013 and is included in accounts receivables on the accompanying December 31, 2012 consolidated balance sheet.

Shipping and Handling Costs

Shipping and handling costs are recorded as cost of goods sold and are approximately $33,000 and $26,000 for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

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NEPHROS, INC.
  
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies  – (continued)

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC Topic 718 by recognizing the fair value of stock-based compensation in the statement of operations. The fair value of the Company’s stock option awards are estimated using a Black-Scholes option valuation model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions and elections including expected stock price volatility and the estimated life of each award. In addition, the calculation of compensation costs requires that the Company estimate the number of awards that will be forfeited during the vesting period. The fair value of stock-based awards is amortized over the vesting period of the award. For stock-based awards that vest based on performance conditions (e.g. achievement of certain milestones), expense is recognized when it is probable that the condition will be met.

Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs

The Company accounts for debt issuance costs in accordance with ASC 835, which requires that these costs be reported in the balance sheet as deferred charges and amortized over the term of the associated debt. Amortization of debt issuance costs of $40,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011 are associated with the senior secured note issued to Lambda Investors LLC. These capitalized costs were fully amortized by the first quarter of 2011. There were no debt issuance costs for the year ended December 31, 2012.

Other Income

Other income in the amount of approximately $69,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012 was primarily due to approximately $55,000 arising from the sale of fully depreciated manufacturing equipment sold to Medica in October 2012. The remaining approximately $14,000 is a result of a combination of adjustments to liabilities and foreign currency losses.

Other expense in the amount of approximately $2,000 for the year ended December 31, 2011 was due to foreign currency loss on invoices paid to an international supplier.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, which requires accounting for deferred income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable in future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of existing assets and liabilities.

For financial reporting purposes, the Company has incurred a loss in each period since its inception. Based on available objective evidence, including the Company’s history of losses, management believes it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will not be fully realizable. Accordingly, the Company provided for a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2012 and 2011.

ASC Topic 740 prescribes, among other things, a recognition threshold and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a company’s income tax return. ASC 740 utilizes a two-step approach for evaluating uncertain tax positions. Step one, or recognition, requires a company to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. Step two, or measurement, is based on the largest amount of benefit, which is more likely than not to be realized on settlement with the taxing authority. The Company is subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities for all tax years subsequent to 2008. The adoption of the provisions of ASC 740 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. During the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized no adjustments for uncertain tax positions. However, management’s conclusions regarding this policy may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, on-going analyses of and changes to tax laws, regulation and interpretations, thereof.

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NEPHROS, INC.
  
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies  – (continued)

Loss per Common Share

In accordance with ACS 260-10, net loss per common share amounts (“basic EPS”) are computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and excluding any potential dilution. Net loss per common share amounts assuming dilution (“diluted EPS”) is generally computed by reflecting potential dilution from conversion of convertible securities and the exercise of stock options and warrants. The following securities have been excluded from the dilutive per share computation as they are antidilutive.

		2012				2011
Stock options			2,294,714				747,164
Warrants			14,679,971				16,452,368

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign currency translation is recognized in accordance with ASC Topic 830. The functional currency of Nephros International Limited is the Euro and its translation gains and losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive income. The balance sheet is translated at the year-end rate. The statement of operations is translated at the weighted average rate for the year.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss), as defined in ASC 220, is the total of net income (loss) and all other non-owner changes in equity (or other comprehensive income (loss)) such as foreign currency translation adjustments. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the comprehensive loss was approximately $3,235,000 and $2,333,000, respectively.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2011, the FASB issued an update on comprehensive income, which pertains to the deferral of the effective date for amendments to the presentation of reclassification of items out of accumulated other comprehensive income in a previous accounting standard update that pertained to the presentation of comprehensive income. The update defers the presentation on the face of the financial statements the effects of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income on the components of net income and other comprehensive income for all periods. All other requirements the previous accounting standard on the presentation of comprehensive income, issued in June 2011, are not affected. The previous presentation related comprehensive income standard requires entities to report components of comprehensive income in either a continuous statement of comprehensive income or two separate but consecutive statements. Under the continuous statement approach, the statement would include the components and total of net income, the components and total of other comprehensive income and the total of comprehensive income. Under the two statement approach, the first statement would include the components and total of net income and the second statement would include the components and total of other comprehensive income and the total of comprehensive income. It does not change the items that must be reported in other comprehensive income and it is effective retrospectively for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2012 and since this relates to presentation only, the adoption of this guidance did not have any other effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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NEPHROS, INC.
  
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 3 — Inventory

The Company’s inventory components as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 were as follows:

		December 31,
		2012				2011
Total Gross Inventory, Finished Goods		$	581,000			$	465,000
Less: Inventory reserve			(269,000	)			(218,000	)
Total Inventory		$	312,000			$	247,000

Note 4 — Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 were as follows:

		December 31,
		2012				2011
Prepaid insurance premiums		$	78,000			$	88,000
Security deposit			21,000				21,000
Other			10,000				4,000
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		$	109,000			$	113,000

Note 5 — Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 was as follows:

						December 31,
		Life				2012				2011
Manufacturing equipment			3 – 5 years			$	602,000			$	1,980,000
Research equipment			5 years				37,000				37,000
Computer equipment			3 – 4 years				59,000				59,000
Furniture and fixtures			7 years				39,000				39,000
Property and equipment, gross							737,000				2,115,000
Less: accumulated depreciation							721,000				2,098,000
Property and equipment, net						$	16,000			$	17,000

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 was approximately $9,000 and $91,000, respectively, including amortization expense relating to research and development assets.

During 2012, the Company agreed to sell its manufacturing equipment located in the CM to Medica for approximately €42,500 or $55,000. All assets at the manufacturing plant were fully depreciated as of the date of the sale. Approximately €42,500 or $55,000 is recognized as other income on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2012.

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NEPHROS, INC.
  
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 6 — Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 were as follows:

		December 31,
		2012				2011
Accrued Legal		$	90,000			$	52,000
Accrued Directors’ Compensation			77,000				30,000
Accrued Management Bonus			—				79,000
Accrued Accounting			—				15,000
Accrued Travel			84,000				—
Accrued Other			70,000				19,000
Accrued Expenses		$	321,000			$	195,000

Note 7 — Income Taxes

A reconciliation of the income tax provision computed at the statutory tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows:

		2012				2011
U.S. federal statutory rate			35.00	%			35.00	%
State & local taxes			5.36	%			(0.06	)%
Tax on foreign operations			(0.78	)%			(1.27	)%
State research and development credits			1.06	%			1.11	%
Other			(2.29	)%			(3.07	)%
Valuation allowance			(38.35	)%			(31.71	)%
Effective tax rate			—				—

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 are as follows:

		2012				2011
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry forwards		$	25,721,000			$	24,714,000
Research and development credits			1,054,000				1,019,000
Nonqualified stock option compensation expense			1,701,000				1,586,000
Other temporary book – tax differences			441,000				331,000
Total deferred tax assets			28,917,000				27,650,000
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets			(28,917,000	)			(27,650,000	)
Net deferred tax assets		$	—			$	—

A valuation allowance has been recognized to offset the Company’s net deferred tax asset as it is more likely than not that such net asset will not be realized. The Company primarily considered its historical loss and potential Internal Revenue Code Section 382 limitations to arrive at its conclusion that a valuation allowance was required.

At December 31, 2012, the Company had Federal and New Jersey income tax net operating loss carryforwards of $81,616,000 and foreign income tax net operating loss carryforwards of $8,233,000. The Company also had Federal research tax credit carryforwards of $1,054,000 at December 31, 2012 and $1,020,000 at December 31, 2011. The Federal net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards will expire at various times between 2013 and 2026 unless utilized.

It is the Company’s policy to report interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

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NEPHROS, INC.
  
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 8 — Stock Plans, Share-Based Payments and Warrants

Stock Plans

In 2000, the Company adopted the Nephros 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. In January 2003, the Board of Directors adopted an amendment and restatement of the plan and renamed it the Amended and Restated Nephros 2000 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2000 Plan”), under which 106,538 shares of common stock had been authorized for issuance upon exercise of options granted.

As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, 2,053 options had been issued to non-employees under the 2000 Plan and were outstanding. Such options expire at various dates through March 15, 2014, all of which are fully vested. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, 7,230 options had been issued to employees under the 2000 Plan and were outstanding. Such options expire at various dates between January 22, 2013 and March 15, 2014, all of which are fully vested.

The Board retired the 2000 Plan in June 2004, and thereafter no additional awards may be granted under the 2000 Plan.

In 2004, the Board of Directors adopted and the Company’s stockholders approved the Nephros, Inc. 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, and, in June 2005, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to such plan (as amended, the “2004 Plan”), that increased to 40,000 the number of shares of the Company’s common stock that are authorized for issuance by the Company pursuant to grants of awards under the 2004 Plan. In May 2007, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2004 Plan that increased to 65,000 the number of shares of the Company’s common stock that are authorized for issuance by the Company pursuant to grants of awards under the 2004 Plan. In June 2008, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2004 Plan that increased to 134,849 the number of shares of the Company’s common stock that are authorized for issuance by the Company pursuant to grants of awards under the 2004 Plan. In January 2011, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2004 Plan that increased to 1,990,717 the number of shares of the Company’s common stock that are authorized for issuance by the Company pursuant to grants of awards under the 2004 Plan.

As of December 31, 2011, 443,128 options had been issued to employees under the 2004 Plan and were outstanding. The options expire on various dates between April 27, 2015 and March 24, 2021, and vest upon a combination of the following: immediate vesting or straight line vesting of two or four years. At December 31, 2011, there were 1,235,904 shares available for future grants under the 2004 Plan. As of December 31, 2011, 294,753 options had been issued to non-employees under the 2004 Plan and were outstanding. Such options expire at various dates between November 11, 2014 and November 18, 2021, and vest upon a combination of the following: immediate vesting or straight line vesting of two or four years.

As of December 31, 2012, 1,316,628 options had been issued to employees under the 2004 Plan and were outstanding. The options expire on various dates between April 27, 2015 and April 20, 2022, and vest upon a combination of the following: immediate vesting or straight line vesting of two to four years. At December 31, 2012, there were 19,904 shares available for future grants under the 2004 Plan. As of December 31, 2012, 637,253 options had been issued to non-employees under the 2004 Plan and were outstanding. Such options expire at various dates between November 11, 2014 and April 23, 2022, and vest upon a combination of the following: immediate vesting or straight line vesting of two to four years.

An additional 331,550 options were issued to the Company’s CEO per terms of his employment agreement.

Share-Based Payment

Prior to the Company’s initial public offering, options were granted to employees, non-employees and non-employee directors at exercise prices which were lower than the fair market value of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. After the date of the Company’s initial public offering, stock options are granted to

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NEPHROS, INC.
  
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 8 — Stock Plans, Share-Based Payments and Warrants  – (continued)

employees, non-employees and non-employee directors at exercise prices equal to the fair market value of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. Stock options granted have a life of 10 years.

Unvested options as of December 31, 2012 currently vest upon a combination of the following: immediate vesting or straight line vesting of two or four years.

Expense is recognized, net of expected forfeitures, over the vesting period of the options. For options that vest upon the achievement of certain milestones, expense is recognized when it is probable that the condition will be met. Stock based compensation expense recognized for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 was approximately $443,000 or less than $0.04 per share and approximately $256,000 or less than $0.03 per share, respectively.

The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the below assumptions related to risk-free interest rates, expected dividend yield, expected lives and expected stock price volatility.

		Option Pricing Assumptions
Grant Year		2012				2011
Stock Price Volatility			123.48 – 128.54	%			121.96 – 130.06	%
Risk-Free Interest Rates			0.93 – 1.32	%			1.08 – 2.42	%
Expected Life (in years)			5.75 – 6.25				5.00 – 5.50
Expected Dividend Yield			0	%			0	%

Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s common stock at the time of grant. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected life of the options. For the expected life, the Company is using the simplified method as described in the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 107. This method assumes that stock option grants will be exercised based on the average of the vesting periods and the option’s life.

The total fair value of options vested during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 was approximately $506,000. The total fair value of options vested during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011 was approximately $249,000.

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2012:

		Options Outstanding								Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Price		Number Outstanding as of December 31, 2012				Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years				Weighted Average Exercise Price				Number Exercisable as of December 31, 2012				Weighted Average Exercise Price
$0.41 – $2.60			2,251,700				9.01			$	0.94				736,635			$	0.77
$15.00 – $29.80			28,853				5.63			$	17.74				27,240			$	17.78
$34.20 – $96.00			14,161				1.36			$	52.99				14,160			$	52.99
Total Outstanding			2,294,714							$	1.46				778,035			$	2.26